Split (1)

train · 9.18k rows

text stringlengths 1.05k 2.98M
Clothing worn by people when exercising This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gym_shorts) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gym_shorts) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gym_shorts) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Gym shorts" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gym+shorts%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gym+shorts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gym+shorts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gym+shorts%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gym+shorts%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gym+shorts%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gym_shorts&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gym_shorts) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A pair of black running shorts (/wiki/Running_shorts) Soffe (/wiki/Soffe) gym shorts Gym shorts are an article of clothing typically worn by people when exercising (/wiki/Exercising) . They are typically made out of fabrics that allow for maximum comfort and ease, such as nylon. Brands such as Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) , Gymshark (/wiki/Gymshark) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , and Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) all make gym shorts. Cotton gym shorts were made popular by a cheerleading brand called Soffe (/wiki/Soffe) . Gym shorts or sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) are required for many junior high and high school physical education (/wiki/Physical_education) courses. While gym shorts were traditionally worn by men, from the late 1970s and onward, women began wearing them for better comfort at the gym as well as a modern fashion (/wiki/Fashion) trend. Changes from short to baggy [ edit ] Gym shorts worn by a woman while exercising (/wiki/Exercise) outdoors. Up until around 1993, men's gym shorts were very short. Knee-length shorts were rarely seen outside of safari parks (/wiki/Safari_park) . The first time today's "baggy" or "bermuda" look was publicized was when Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) wore baggy shorts in the Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc.) commercial with Spike Lee (/wiki/Spike_Lee) in 1988. Another basketball team who emphasized today's men modern style, who were inspired by Michael Jordan, was the Fab 5 Wolverines (/wiki/Fab_Five_(University_of_Michigan)) , who included Juwan Howard (/wiki/Juwan_Howard) , Chris Webber (/wiki/Chris_Webber) , and Jalen Rose (/wiki/Jalen_Rose) . After that, the look spread into other NBA (/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) and other sports. The look quickly expanded into mainstream American culture, and baggy shorts soon replaced upper-thigh shorts outside the sportsworld. Even as the short shorts became scarce in the NBA, John Stockton (/wiki/John_Stockton) of the Utah Jazz (/wiki/Utah_Jazz) continued to wear them until his retirement in 2003. Also, during a hardwood classics (/wiki/Hardwood_Classics) night on December 31, 2007, the Los Angeles Lakers (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers) wore the short shorts against their 1980s rival, the Boston Celtics (/wiki/Boston_Celtics) . Today [ edit ] Nowadays, gym shorts [1] (#cite_note-1) are worn by adolescents on a daily basis in the spring and summer months. While some boys prefer shorts that reach the calf, most wear shorts that stop at the knee or just above, propagating the style as fashion. The appeal of these knee length shorts as warm weather wear is diminishing as most adults find the added length of cloth restrictive and counterproductive in truly active or competitive sports. A modern example of this departure was evident during the 2012 Olympics when the USA men's volleyball team opted for the more athletic-friendly thigh length. The international volleyball federation ( FIVB (http://www.fivb.org/) ) now requires men's shorts to have an inseam of at most 10 centimeters (3.9 inches). [2] (#cite_note-2) Shorter cut gym shorts appear to be slowly returning to popularity for those that favor function over fashion. Many gym shorts have an inlay made of a comfortable fabric such as cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , similar to swim shorts (/wiki/Swim_shorts) . These are designed to be worn without underwear. The pre-1990s short shorts remain the standard for men in running (/wiki/Running) activities. Originally, gym shorts were worn by boys and men along with a jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) only underneath. Schools across the country required boys to wear a jock , also known as an athletic supporter, for all PE/gym activities. This provided protection from testicle torsion (/wiki/Testicle_torsion) , from squishing them between the thighs, and for modesty purposes. Nowadays, many boys and men wear boxer shorts, briefs, boxer briefs, compression shorts, swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) or other standard underwear, although jockstraps are now making a comeback. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Boy shorts (/wiki/Boy_shorts) Hot pants (/wiki/Hot_pants) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "46 Types of Shorts for Women and Men (Mega List)" (https://threadcurve.com/different-types-of-shorts/) . ThreadCurve . 2020-07-07 . Retrieved 2021-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Volleyball Sports Material, Team Equipment and Advertising Guidelines" (http://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/Documents/FIVB_Volleyball_Sports_Material_Team_Equipment_and_Advertising_Guidelines_20110301.pdf) (PDF) . Fédération internationale de volleyball. 2011-03-01 . Retrieved 2013-07-21 . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gqd74 Cached time: 20240713185205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.382 seconds Real time usage: 0.548 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1081/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 98252/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9681/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25828/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.204/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5295980/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 419.314 1 -total 33.95% 142.371 3 Template:Ambox 26.47% 110.996 6 Template:Navbox 25.12% 105.342 1 Template:Clothing 24.04% 100.794 1 Template:Reflist 21.31% 89.357 1 Template:Multiple_issues 21.12% 88.567 2 Template:Cite_web 19.05% 79.869 1 Template:Short_description 13.92% 58.382 1 Template:More_citations_needed 11.17% 46.837 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11980063-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713185205 and revision id 1225398216. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gym_shorts&oldid=1225398216 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gym_shorts&oldid=1225398216) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from December 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2013) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_August_2014) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2012)
Namibian model (born 1988) Behati Prinsloo Prinsloo in Georges Chakra (/wiki/Georges_Chakra) in 2010 Born Behati Prinsloo ( 1988-05-16 ) 16 May 1988 (age 36) Grootfontein (/wiki/Grootfontein) , South West Africa (/wiki/South_West_Africa) (territory of South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , today: Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) ) Nationality Namibian Other names Behati Prinsloo Levine Occupation Model Years active 2006–present Spouse Adam Levine (/wiki/Adam_Levine) ( m. 2014) Children 3 Modeling information Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair color Light Brown Eye color Hazel Agency Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (New York) Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) (Paris, Milan) Storm Management (/wiki/Storm_Management) (London) [2] (#cite_note-2) Behati Prinsloo ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) b i ˌ ɑː t i ˈ p r ɪ n s l uː / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) bee-ah-tee prin-sloo , Afrikaans: [ˈbɛɦati (/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans) ˈprənsluə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans) ; [3] (#cite_note-3) born 16 May 1988) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-modelscom-6) is a Namibian [a] (#cite_note-8) model. In 2008, she became a Pink (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) contract model, and moved on to become a Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Angel in 2009. [8] (#cite_note-ask-9) She walked in ten Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) (2007–2015; 2018), and opened consecutive Victoria's Secret Fashion shows in 2014 and 2015. [9] (#cite_note-10) Early life [ edit ] Prinsloo was born in Grootfontein (/wiki/Grootfontein) , Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) (then part of South West Africa (/wiki/South_West_Africa) ). [10] (#cite_note-latimes-11) [11] (#cite_note-teenvogue-12) She is the only child of her father, Boet Prinsloo, who is a church minister (/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)) . Her mother, Magda (née Rossouw), runs a bed and breakfast (/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast) . [12] (#cite_note-nymag-13) [13] (#cite_note-14) The Prinsloo family are Afrikaners (/wiki/Afrikaners) ; Behati was raised speaking Afrikaans (/wiki/Afrikaans) , having only learnt English during her schooling and through meeting more English speakers as she grew up. [14] (#cite_note-15) She attended Grootfontein Secondary School, leaving after grade 9 to pursue modelling. [15] (#cite_note-16) Her modeling career 'began' when she was discovered vacationing in Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) , with her grandparents. Prinsloo recalled: "We went to the grocery store after church and this guy came up to me and asked if I was a model and wrote his number on a piece of paper...". [16] (#cite_note-17) Career [ edit ] This section may contain an excessive number of citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill) . Please help remove low-quality or irrelevant citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill#How_to_trim_excessive_citations) . ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Prinsloo debuted as a Prada [17] (#cite_note-18) /Miu Miu Exclusive. [18] (#cite_note-models.com-19) Soon after, Juergen Teller photographed her for her debut ad campaign, Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , [18] (#cite_note-models.com-19) and she soon was photographed by Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) and Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) for British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) [19] (#cite_note-bellazon.com-20) and David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) for W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) . Prinsloo has walked in fashion shows for Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , [20] (#cite_note-21) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , [21] (#cite_note-22) Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , [22] (#cite_note-23) Versace (/wiki/Versace) , [23] (#cite_note-24) and other brands. [24] (#cite_note-vogue.com-25) [25] (#cite_note-26) [26] (#cite_note-27) [27] (#cite_note-28) [28] (#cite_note-29) [29] (#cite_note-30) [30] (#cite_note-31) [31] (#cite_note-32) [32] (#cite_note-33) [33] (#cite_note-34) [34] (#cite_note-35) She has been on the covers of Vogue Spain , [35] (#cite_note-36) Vogue Turkey , [36] (#cite_note-37) Vogue Brasil , [37] (#cite_note-38) Vogue Mexico , [38] (#cite_note-39) Vogue Russia , [39] (#cite_note-40) Vogue Thailand , [40] (#cite_note-41) Elle France , [41] (#cite_note-42) Elle Spain , [42] (#cite_note-43) Elle Italia , [43] (#cite_note-44) Elle Sweden , [44] (#cite_note-45) L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) Netherlands , [45] (#cite_note-46) Marie Claire Greece , [46] (#cite_note-47) Marie Claire South Africa , [47] (#cite_note-48) i-D Magazine (/wiki/I.D._(magazine)) , [48] (#cite_note-49) V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , [49] (#cite_note-50) Russh Magazine (/wiki/Russh) , [50] (#cite_note-51) 10 Magazine (/wiki/10_Magazine_(British_magazine)) , [51] (#cite_note-52) The Edit , [52] (#cite_note-53) Jalouse , [53] (#cite_note-54) and So It Goes Magazine . [54] (#cite_note-55) Her ad campaigns include I Love Juicy Couture Fragrance, [55] (#cite_note-56) I Am Juicy Couture Fragrance, [56] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-57) Juicy Couture Black Label, [57] (#cite_note-58) Tommy Hilfiger, [58] (#cite_note-59) Alexander Wang 'Do Something', [59] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-60) T by Alexander Wang, [60] (#cite_note-models.com2-61) Marc by Marc Jacobs, [18] (#cite_note-models.com-19) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , [61] (#cite_note-62) Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) , [62] (#cite_note-ReferenceC-63) The Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , [63] (#cite_note-64) Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) , [64] (#cite_note-65) M Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , [65] (#cite_note-66) Sportmax (/wiki/Sportmax) , [66] (#cite_note-67) DKNY Jeans (/wiki/DKNY) , [67] (#cite_note-68) Pepe Jeans (/wiki/Pepe_Jeans) , [68] (#cite_note-models.com1-69) Lancaster, [69] (#cite_note-70) Stefanel, [70] (#cite_note-71) Esprit (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) , [71] (#cite_note-72) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , [72] (#cite_note-models.com3-73) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) , [73] (#cite_note-74) Seafolly (/wiki/Seafolly) , [74] (#cite_note-75) Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) , [75] (#cite_note-76) and Raw Spirit Fragrance. [76] (#cite_note-77) In 2010, Prinsloo designed "Behati Loves Pink" swimsuit capsule collection for Victoria's Secret. [77] (#cite_note-78) In 2014, she designed a line of denim for THVM. [78] (#cite_note-79) Most recently, she designed a fashion and accessories collection for Juicy Couture. [79] (#cite_note-80) Models.com ranks Prinsloo on their lists of 'The Top Sexiest Models' as well as their list of 'The Money Girls'. [80] (#cite_note-81) The night before the 4 December 2012 airing of the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) , Prinsloo and fellow Victoria's Secret models (/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models) Jacquelyn Jablonski (/wiki/Jacquelyn_Jablonski) and Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) guest starred on the 3 December "Ha'awe Make Loa" episode of CBS' Hawaii Five-0 (/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_3)) playing themselves. [81] (#cite_note-82) In June 2014, Prinsloo made a cameo appearance in a preview of Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) protégée Sharaya J (/wiki/Sharaya_J) 's "Shut It Down" via a T by Alexander Wang campaign. [82] (#cite_note-83) Prinsloo appeared in various music videos such as The Virgins (/wiki/The_Virgins) ' " Rich Girls (/wiki/The_Virgins_(album)) " and Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) 's " Animals (/wiki/Animals_(Maroon_5_song)) ", " Girls Like You (/wiki/Girls_Like_You_(Maroon_5_song)) ", and " Middle Ground (/wiki/Middle_Ground_(Maroon_5_song)) ". After taking a two-year hiatus from the Victoria's Secret Fashion show, Prinsloo returned to walk in the brand's 2018 show. [83] (#cite_note-84) Prinsloo was among the models and celebrities who made appearances modeling lingerie at Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) 's Savage x Fenty Vol. 3 (/wiki/Savage_X_Fenty_Show) fashion show in 2021. [84] (#cite_note-85) Philanthropy [ edit ] Prinsloo embarked on a charitable trip following the 2010 Haiti earthquake (/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) . Partnering with LakayPam, an organization dedicated to helping children in developing nations meet their basic needs, she collected and delivered hundreds of letters of hope from all over the world and helped raise funds. [85] (#cite_note-oystermag.com-86) She was accompanied by a cameraman and his friend, and the resulting short film, Letters to Haiti , debuted 7 December 2011 at Milk Gallery in New York. [86] (#cite_note-87) [85] (#cite_note-oystermag.com-86) She also supports Save the Rhino Trust, an organization trying to protect the black rhinoceros (/wiki/Black_rhinoceros) , a critically endangered (/wiki/Critically_endangered) species native to Namibia and other countries in Southern Africa. [87] (#cite_note-88) Personal life [ edit ] Adam Levine and Prinsloo in their Los Angeles home, filmed by Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) magazine in 2021 In 2012, Prinsloo began dating American musician Adam Levine (/wiki/Adam_Levine) of the group Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) ; they married in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) in 2014. [88] (#cite_note-89) They have two daughters (born 2016 and 2018) and a son (born 2023). [89] (#cite_note-90) [90] (#cite_note-91) She is close friends with fellow models Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) and Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) . [91] (#cite_note-ny-mag-92) Prinsloo appeared in the 2018 Maroon 5 video " Girls Like You (/wiki/Girls_Like_You) ," along with husband Levine and their daughter Dusty Rose. [92] (#cite_note-93) Five years later, they appeared again along with Gio Grace in " Middle Ground (/wiki/Middle_Ground_(Maroon_5_song)) " by the band. [93] (#cite_note-94) In 2021, Levine and Prinsloo founded Calirosa, a line of California red wine barrel (/wiki/Wine_barrel) -aged tequila (/wiki/Tequila) . [94] (#cite_note-95) [95] (#cite_note-96) Filmography [ edit ] Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Year Title Role Notes 2008 The City (/wiki/The_City_(2008_TV_series)) Herself Episode: "If She Can Make It Here..." 2011 Letters to Haiti Short film 2012 Hawaii Five-0 (/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)) Episode: "Ha'awe Make Loa" 2014 Fashion Police (/wiki/Fashion_Police) Episode: "Fash Fabness" (guest) 2015–2016 Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) Television special (seasons 1 & 2) 2015 Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Live (/wiki/Taylor_Swift:_The_1989_World_Tour_Live) Concert film 2016 Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (/wiki/Popstar:_Never_Stop_Never_Stopping) Cameo 2021 Savage X Fenty Show: Vol. 3 Television special 2022 Victoria's Secret: Angels and Demons Television documentary series; 3 episodes (archive footage) [96] (#cite_note-97) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Artist(s) Ref. 2009 " Rich Girls (/wiki/The_Virgins_(album)) " The Virgins (/wiki/The_Virgins) [97] (#cite_note-98) 2014 " Animals (/wiki/Animals_(Maroon_5_song)) " Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) [98] (#cite_note-99) 2015 " Hands to Myself (/wiki/Hands_to_Myself) " ( Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) version) Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) [99] (#cite_note-100) 2017 " Cold (/wiki/Cold_(Maroon_5_song)) " Maroon 5 featuring Future (/wiki/Future_(rapper)) [100] (#cite_note-101) 2018 " Girls Like You (/wiki/Girls_Like_You_(Maroon_5_song)) " (Original, Volume 2 and Vertical Video versions) Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) [101] (#cite_note-102) [102] (#cite_note-103) [103] (#cite_note-104) " Wait (/wiki/Wait_(Maroon_5_song)) " ( Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) version) Maroon 5 [104] (#cite_note-105) 2021 " Lost (/wiki/Lost_(Maroon_5_song)) " [105] (#cite_note-106) 2023 " Middle Ground (/wiki/Middle_Ground_(Maroon_5_song)) " [106] (#cite_note-107) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Behati Prinsloo \| Women Paris" (https://www.womenmanagement.fr/thelatest/1713-behati-prinsloo.web) . Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) . Retrieved 18 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Behati Prinsloo - Model Profile - Photos & latest news" (https://models.com/models/Behati) . models.com . Retrieved 18 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "My name is Behati" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2SWZR6vD9k) . rokvillecreative . 12 November 2008. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/N2SWZR6vD9k) from the original on 21 December 2021 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Behati Prinsloo" (https://people.com/music/adam-levine-behati-prinsloo-30th-birthday-instagram-queen/) . People . Retrieved 13 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "behati turns 30" (https://people.com/music/adam-levine-behati-prinsloo-30th-birthday-instagram-queen/) . people . ^ (#cite_ref-modelscom_6-0) "behati 30" (https://people.com/music/adam-levine-behati-prinsloo-30th-birthday-instagram-queen/) . people. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tour Victoria's Secret Angel Behati Prinsloo's L.A. home" (https://www.vogue.com.au/vogue-living/design/tour-victorias-secret-angel-behati-prinsloos-la-home/image-gallery/70366316937f57b9582f41e7485ff372) . Vogue Australia . 19 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-ask_9-0) "Behati Prinsloo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121101095134/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/model/behati-prinsloo/) . AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) . Archived from the original (http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/model/behati-prinsloo/) on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "New Mom Behati Prinsloo Says She'll Return to the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Next Year" (http://people.com/style/behati-prinsloo-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2016/) . 27 November 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-latimes_11-0) "THVM line is a natural fit for model Behati Prinsloo" (https://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/22/image/la-ig-1222-prinsloo-20131222) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-teenvogue_12-0) Wang, Connie. "Behati Prinsloo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120611033004/http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/model/behatiprinsloo#slide=1) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Archived from the original (http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/model/behatiprinsloo#slide=1) on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag_13-0) "Behati Prinsloo's model profile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181113135342/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/bprinsloo/behatiprinsloo/) . New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) . Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/bprinsloo/behatiprinsloo/) on 13 November 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Life With Behati Prinsloo!" (http://fashionista.com/2009/04/life-with-behati-prinsloo) . 2 June 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Interview with Behati Prinsloo (http://fashioninterviews.blogspot.com/2006/07/behati-prinsloo.html) Posted on TUESDAY, 18 July 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Namibian pastor?s daughter makes it big in Europe, US modelling world - Informante" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170729054011/http://www.informante.web.na/node/3158) . www.informante.web.na . Archived from the original (http://www.informante.web.na/node/3158) on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Who Is Behati Prinsloo?" (http://people.com/celebrity/who-is-behati-prinsloo/) . 20 November 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Prada Spring 2006 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2006-ready-to-wear/prada/slideshow/collection#12) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 10 New Faces FW 06: Behati" (https://models.com/oftheminute/?p=917) . ^ (#cite_ref-bellazon.com_20-0) "Behati Prinsloo" (https://www.bellazon.com/main/topic/7139-behati-prinsloo/?do=findComment&comment=572817) . 3 November 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230140223/http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/SS14_ALEXANDER_WANG.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/SS14_ALEXANDER_WANG.jpg) (JPG) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Louis Vuitton Spring 2008 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2008-ready-to-wear/louis-vuitton/slideshow/collection#43) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Miu Miu Spring 2007 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2007-ready-to-wear/miu-miu/slideshow/collection#32) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Versace Spring 2016 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2016-ready-to-wear/versace/slideshow/collection#8) . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue.com_25-0) Okwodu, Janelle (9 April 2015). "Behati's Best: From Prada Exclusive to Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214622/http://www.vogue.com/13284120/behati-best-runway-moments/) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/13284120/behati-best-runway-moments/) on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220708175747/http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW07_COUTURE_CHANEL.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW07_COUTURE_CHANEL.jpg) (JPG) on 8 July 2022 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Alexander McQueen Fall 2006 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2006-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen/slideshow/collection#16) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230140225/http://media.vogue.com/r/w_2560//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_JILSANDER.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/w_2560//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_JILSANDER.jpg) (JPG) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230140219/http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_MARC.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_MARC.jpg) (JPG) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230140203/http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_PROENZA.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW06_PROENZA.jpg) (JPG) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230140210/http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW07_DIOR.jpg) . media.vogue.com . Archived from the original (http://media.vogue.com/r/h_480,w_660//wp-content/uploads/2015/07/16/FW07_DIOR.jpg) (JPG) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Ralph Lauren Fall 2006 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2006-ready-to-wear/ralph-lauren/slideshow/collection#17) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Anna Sui Spring 2011 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2011-ready-to-wear/anna-sui/slideshow/collection#41) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Michael Kors Collection Spring 2007 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2007-ready-to-wear/michael-kors-collection/slideshow/collection#13) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Saint Laurent Fall 2006 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2006-ready-to-wear/saint-laurent/slideshow/collection#20) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Vogue Espana April 2014 Cover (Vogue Espana)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-espana-vogue-espana-april-2014-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Vogue Turkey March 2015: 5th Anniversary Covers (Vogue Turkey)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-turkey-vogue-turkey-march-2015-5th-anniversary-covers) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Vogue Brasil August 2015 Cover (Vogue Brasil)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-brasil-vogue-brasil-august-2015-cover-1) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Vogue Mexico November 2013 Cover (Vogue Mexico)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-mexico-vogue-mexico-november-2013-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Vogue Russia February 2007 Cover (Vogue Russia)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-russia-vogue-russia-february-2007-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Vogue Thailand April 2016 Cover (Vogue Thailand)" (https://models.com/Work/vogue-thailand-vogue-thailand-april-2016-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Elle France February 2012 Cover (Elle France)" (https://models.com/work/elle-france-elle-france-february-2012-cover-1) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Elle Spain July 2015 Cover (Elle Spain)" (https://models.com/work/elle-spain-elle-spain-july-2015-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Elle Italia October 2013 Covers (Elle Italia)" (https://models.com/work/elle-italia-elle-italia-october-2013-covers) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Elle Sweden June 2010 Cover (Elle Sweden)" (https://models.com/work/elle-sweden-elle-sweden-june-2010-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "L'Officiel Netherlands September 2012 Cover (L'Officiel Netherlands)" (https://models.com/work/lofficiel-netherlands-lofficiel-netherlands-september-2012-cover-by-christian-macdonald) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Marie Claire Greece June 2016 Cover (Various Covers)" (https://models.com/work/various-covers-marie-claire-greece-june-2016-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Marie Claire South Africa May 2010 Cover (Various Covers)" (https://models.com/work/various-covers-marie-claire-south-africa-may-2010-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "i-D Magazine Summer 2011 Six Covers (Preview) (i-D Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/i-d-magazine-i-d-magazine-summer-2011-six-covers-preview) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "V Magazine Special Edition: 19 Covers by Paul Rowland (V Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/v-magazine-v-magazine-special-supplement-16-covers-by-paul-rowland) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Russh January/Feb 2009 (Russh)" (https://models.com/work/russh-rusch-januaryfeb-2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "10 Magazine Spring/Summer 2015 Covers (10 Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/10-magazine-victorias-secret-pin-ups/341260) . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "The Edit July 24, 2014 Cover (The Edit (Net-A-Porter Magazine))" (https://models.com/work/the-edit-net-a-porter-magazine-the-edit-july-24-2014-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Jalouse June 2013 Cover (Jalouse)" (https://models.com/work/jalouse-jalouse-june-2013-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "So It Goes Magazine October 2015 Cover (So It Goes Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/so-it-goes-magazine-so-it-goes-magazine-october-2015-cover) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "I Love Juicy Couture Fragrance 2016 (Juicy Couture)" (https://models.com/work/juicy-couture-i-love-juicy-couture-fragrance-2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0) "I am Juicy Couture Fragrance 2015 (Juicy Couture)" (https://models.com/work/juicy-couture-im-a-juicy-couture-fragrance-2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Juicy Couture Black Label S/S 2016 (Juicy Couture)" (https://models.com/work/juicy-couture-juicy-couture-black-label-ss-2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Tommy Hilfiger S/S 16 (Tommy Hilfiger)" (https://models.com/work/tommy-hilfiger-tommy-hilfiger-ss-16/471476) . ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0) "Alexander Wang Do Something Campaign 2015 (Alexander Wang)" (https://models.com/work/alexander-wang-alexander-wang-do-something-2015/418513) . ^ (#cite_ref-models.com2_61-0) "T by Alexander Wang Summer 2014 (Alexander Wang)" (https://models.com/work/alexander-wang-t-by-alexander-wang-summer-2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "H&M F/W 11 (online) (H&M)" (https://models.com/work/hm-hm-fw-11-online) . ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceC_63-0) "Nina Ricci F/W 2006 (Nina Ricci)" (https://models.com/work/nina-ricci-nina-ricci-fw-2006) . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Photo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161221124353/http://celebsvenue.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/i52640_behati-prinsloo-for-gap-ad-campaign-spring-summer-2008-photo-shoot-005.jpg) . celebsvenue.com . Archived from the original (http://celebsvenue.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/i52640_behati-prinsloo-for-gap-ad-campaign-spring-summer-2008-photo-shoot-005.jpg) (JPG) on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Aquascutum S/S 2006 (Aquascutum)" (https://models.com/work/aquascutum-aquascutum-ss-2006) . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "M Missoni F/W 2007 (Missoni)" (https://models.com/work/missoni-m-missoni-fw-2007) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Sportmax F/W 2007 (Sportmax)" (https://models.com/work/sportmax-sportmax-fw-2007) . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "DKNY Jeans S/S 2008 (DKNY)" (https://models.com/work/dkny-dkny-jeans-ss-2008) . ^ (#cite_ref-models.com1_69-0) "Pepe Jeans S/S 14 (Pepe Jeans)" (https://models.com/work/pepe-jeans-pepe-jeans-ss-14) . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "Lancaster Paris Holiday 2015 (Lancaster Paris)" (https://models.com/work/lancaster-paris-lancaster-paris-holiday-2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Stefanel F/W 13 (Stefanel)" (https://models.com/work/stefanel-stefanel-fw-13) . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "Esprit Bodywear and Swimwear S/S 13 (Esprit)" (https://models.com/work/esprit-esprit-ss-2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-models.com3_73-0) "Lacoste S/S 09 (Lacoste)" (https://models.com/work/lacoste-lacoste-ss-09) . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Desigual F/W 12 (Desigual)" (https://models.com/work/desigual-desigual-fw-12/419805) . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Seafolly Summer 2012 Campaign (preview) by David Gubert (Seafolly)" (https://models.com/work/seafolly-seafolly-summer-2012-campaign) . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Nine West F/W 08 (Nine West)" (https://models.com/work/nine-west-fw-08) . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Raw Spirit Fragrances 2016 (Various Campaigns)" (https://models.com/work/various-campaigns-raw-spirit-fragrances-2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-78) Phelan, Hayley (3 May 2010). "Victoria's Secret Supermodel Behati Prinsloo Dishes on Her New Line" (http://www.teenvogue.com/story/victorias-secret-supermodel-behati-prinsloo-dishes-on-her-new-line) . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Johnston, Emma Chong. "Behati Prinsloo Designs THVM Capsule Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101222/http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Behati-Prinsloo-Designs-THVM-Capsule-Collection) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Behati-Prinsloo-Designs-THVM-Capsule-Collection) on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Behati Prinsloo on her new collection for Juicy Couture" (http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a36942/behati-prinsloo-interview-juicy-couture/) . 18 April 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Behati Prinsloo - Model" (https://models.com/models/Behati) . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "VS Angel Behati Prinsloo Guest Stars on Hawaii Five-0 showing them modeling for Victoria's Secret. This Monday" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121205015618/http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/2012/11/30/vs-angel-behati-prinsloo-guest-stars-on-hawaii-five-0-this-monday) . Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . 30 November 2012. Archived from the original (http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/2012/11/30/vs-angel-behati-prinsloo-guest-stars-on-hawaii-five-0-this-monday/) on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) "Watching The Week > Film > 3. T by Alexander Wang 2014 Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140617151119/http://www.hungertv.com/feature/watching-week-10/) . HUNGERTV.com . 8 June 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.hungertv.com/feature/watching-week-10/) on 17 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Adam Levine's Adorable Reaction to His Wife Behati Prinsloo's Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Return" (https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a24862128/behati-prinsloo-outfits-adam-levine-reaction-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2018/) . ELLE . 9 November 2018 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) Edmounds, Lauren (14 September 2021). "Rihanna's Savage x Fenty fashion show lineup is full of former Victoria's Secret models" (https://www.insider.com/rihannas-savage-x-fenty-fashion-show-former-victorias-secret-models-2021-9) . Insider (/wiki/Insider_(website)) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Letters to Haiti featuring Coco Rocha & Behati Prinsloo - Fashion Magazine - News. Fashion. Beauty. Music. - oystermag.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170817023620/http://www.oystermag.com/letters-to-haiti-featuring-coco-rocha-behati-prinsloo) . Archived from the original (http://www.oystermag.com/letters-to-haiti-featuring-coco-rocha-behati-prinsloo) on 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "Save The Date: Letters To Haiti – December 7 at Milk Gallery" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101804/http://www.womenmanagement.com/save-the-date-letters-to-haiti-december-7-at-milk-gallery/) . Archived from the original (http://www.womenmanagement.com/save-the-date-letters-to-haiti-december-7-at-milk-gallery/) on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) "Save the Rhino Trust Namibia on Instagram: "We received the proceeds from the special merchandise created by @behatiprinsloo. The funds will be used to finish work on our fly-camps that provide some comforts for our trackers in the field when on patrol to monitor and protect our rhinos. #savetherhinotrust #savetherhino" (https://www.instagram.com/p/B9KJLp6loAf/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/B9KJLp6loAf/) . Instagram . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) "Adam Levine and Behati Prinsloo Get Married in Mexico" (https://people.com/celebrity/adam-levine-married-maroon-5-rocker-weds-behati-prinsloo-in-mexico/) . PEOPLE.com . 19 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Pasquini, Maria; Chiu, Melody (21 February 2018). "Adam Levine and Behati Prinsloo Welcome Daughter Gio Grace" (https://people.com/parents/adam-levine-behati-prinsloo-welcome-daughter-gio-grace/) . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 10 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Kaufman, Gil (3 November 2023). "Behati Prinsloo Reveals 3rd Child With Adam Levine Is a Boy, Says Singer Was 'So Nervous' Cutting the Umbilical" (https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/behati-prinsloo-adam-levine-sex-third-child-boy-1235462820/) . Billboard . ^ (#cite_ref-ny-mag_92-0) "Model Profile: Candice Swanepoel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210305051946/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/cswanepoel/candiceswanepoel/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/cswanepoel/candiceswanepoel/) on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Amatulli, Jenna (31 May 2018). "Maroon 5, Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Video Is a Star-Studded Dance Party" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/maroon-5-cardi-bs-girls-like-you-video-is-a-star-studded-dance-party_us_5b0ffa74e4b0fcd6a8345208) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180531173702/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/maroon-5-cardi-bs-girls-like-you-video-is-a-star-studded-dance-party_us_5b0ffa74e4b0fcd6a8345208) from the original on 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Peacock, Tim (29 May 2023). "Maroon 5 Shares Intimate Video For New Single 'Middle Ground' (https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/maroon-5-middle-ground-video/) " (https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/maroon-5-middle-ground-video/) . UDiscover Music . Retrieved 5 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) Malczewski, Kate (22 July 2021). "Maroon 5's Adam Levine backs Calirosa Tequila launch" (https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2021/07/maroon-5s-adam-levine-backs-calirosa-tequila-launch/) . The Spirits Business . Retrieved 31 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) "CALIROSA Tequila Debuts In The U.S. Market With A Line Of California Red Wine Barrel Aged Tequilas" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/calirosa-tequila-debuts-in-the-us-market-with-a-line-of-california-red-wine-barrel-aged-tequilas-301338099.html) . PR News Wire . 21 July 2021 . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Mattanza, Alessandra (14 July 2022). "Victoria's Secret: Angels and Demons, comes the docu-series that tells the dark sides of the brand and it link with Jeffrey Epstein" (https://forbes.it/2022/07/14/victorias-secret-sicu-serie-hulu-brand/) . Forbes Italy . Retrieved 14 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Gruttadaro, Andrew (15 November 2013). "Behati Prinsloo: 5 Things To Know About The Sexy Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190321164328/https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/11/15/behati-prinsloo-victorias-secret-angel-5-things-about-her/) . Hollywood Life (/wiki/Hollywood_Life) . Archived from the original (https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/11/15/behati-prinsloo-victorias-secret-angel-5-things-about-her/) on 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 8 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) Atkinson, Katie (29 September 2014). "Watch Adam Levine Become an American Psycho in Maroon 5's 'Animals' Video" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6266652/maroon-5-animals-video-adam-levine-behati-prinsloo) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved 3 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) McCall, Malorie (1 December 2015). "Selena Gomez & Victoria's Secret Angels Can't Keep Their Hands to Themselves in Lip-Sync Video: Watch" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6784714/selena-gomez-victorias-secret-angels-lip-sync-video-hands-myself) . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Roth, Madeline (15 February 2017). "Adam Levine Is 'Tripping Balls' In Maroon 5 And Future's 'Cold' Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170217191836/http://www.mtv.com/news/2983869/maroon-5-future-cold-video/) . MTV (/wiki/MTV) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/2983869/maroon-5-future-cold-video/) on 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Amatulli, Jenna (31 May 2018). "Maroon 5, Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Video Is a Star-Studded Dance Party" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/maroon-5-cardi-bs-girls-like-you-video-is-a-star-studded-dance-party_us_5b0ffa74e4b0fcd6a8345208) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180531173702/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/maroon-5-cardi-bs-girls-like-you-video-is-a-star-studded-dance-party_us_5b0ffa74e4b0fcd6a8345208) from the original on 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Glicksman, Josh (16 October 2018). "Maroon 5 Releases New Version of 'Girls Like You' Music Video: Watch" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8480249/maroon-5-alternate-version-girls-like-you-music-video) . Billboard . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Maroon 5 – Girls Like You (Vertical Video) featuring Cardi B" (https://open.spotify.com/show/1Lu17oqo8Evy8AzqPKjzLY) . Spotify (/wiki/Spotify) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181219043921/https://open.spotify.com/show/1Lu17oqo8Evy8AzqPKjzLY) from the original on 19 December 2018 . Retrieved 28 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Krzaczek, Katie (17 January 2018). "Maroon 5 Debut Snapchat-Filtered 'Wait' Music Video" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8094417/maroon-5-debut-snapchat-filtered-wait-music-video) . Billboard . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) Hermoso, Sofia (11 June 2021). "Maroon 5 divulga videoclipe do single "Lost", com participação de Behati" (https://br.nacaodamusica.com/posts/maroon-5-videoclipe-lost/) [Maroon 5 releases music video for the single "Lost", featuring Behati]. Nação da Música . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Bowenbank, Starr. "Adam Levine Shares Intimate Family Moments With Behati Prinsloo & Kids in New Maroon 5 Video" (https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/maroon-5-middle-ground-music-video-behati-prinsloo-1235334589/) . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) At the time she was born, Namibia was still called South West Africa (/wiki/South_West_Africa) and under the jurisdiction of South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . As such, she has been described as being "South African-born". [7] (#cite_note-7) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Behati Prinsloo (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Behati_Prinsloo) . Behati Prinsloo (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2940272/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Behati Prinsloo (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/behati_prinsloo/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Behati Prinsloo (https://models.com/models/Behati) on Models.com Behati Prinsloo (https://www.instagram.com/behatiprinsloo/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) v t e Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret#Victoria's_Secret_Angels) Former Angels Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Leomie Anderson (/wiki/Leomie_Anderson) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Laetitia Casta (/wiki/Laetitia_Casta) Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) Alexina Graham (/wiki/Alexina_Graham) Kate Grigorieva (/wiki/Kate_Grigorieva) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) Taylor Hill (/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(model)) Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) Jac Jagaciak (/wiki/Jac_Jagaciak) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) Stella Maxwell (/wiki/Stella_Maxwell) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Inés Rivero (/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Rivero) Sara Sampaio (/wiki/Sara_Sampaio) Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Josephine Skriver (/wiki/Josephine_Skriver) Romee Strijd (/wiki/Romee_Strijd) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) Related articles Edward Razek (/wiki/Edward_Razek) Limited Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) List of Victoria's Secret models (/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models) PINK (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fx2pw Cached time: 20240720164241 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.160 seconds Real time usage: 1.405 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6852/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 182872/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6558/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 386330/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.805/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21526176/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1300.008 1 -total 39.75% 516.776 2 Template:Reflist 31.73% 412.547 95 Template:Cite_web 19.63% 255.214 1 Template:Infobox_model 9.17% 119.157 1 Template:IPA-af 9.03% 117.342 1 Template:IPA 6.13% 79.670 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Angels 6.00% 77.978 1 Template:Navbox 4.87% 63.301 1 Template:Short_description 4.59% 59.705 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12126956-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164241 and revision id 1234769583. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behati_Prinsloo&oldid=1234769583 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behati_Prinsloo&oldid=1234769583) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Namibian female models (/wiki/Category:Namibian_female_models) White Namibian people (/wiki/Category:White_Namibian_people) Namibian Afrikaner people (/wiki/Category:Namibian_Afrikaner_people) Namibian activists (/wiki/Category:Namibian_activists) People from Grootfontein (/wiki/Category:People_from_Grootfontein) People from Vanderbijlpark (/wiki/Category:People_from_Vanderbijlpark) Namibian people of Dutch descent (/wiki/Category:Namibian_people_of_Dutch_descent) Namibian expatriates in the United States (/wiki/Category:Namibian_expatriates_in_the_United_States) Namibian expatriates in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Namibian_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom) Namibian expatriates in South Africa (/wiki/Category:Namibian_expatriates_in_South_Africa) Storm Management models (/wiki/Category:Storm_Management_models) Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Category:Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) Women Management models (/wiki/Category:Women_Management_models) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from December 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2021) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages with Afrikaans IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Afrikaans_IPA) Wikipedia references cleanup from July 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_July_2024) All articles needing references cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_July_2024) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Brazilian model, and television host In this Portuguese name (/wiki/Portuguese_name) , the first or maternal family name (/wiki/Surname) is Pereira and the second or paternal family name is Lima . Fernanda Lima Lima in 2012 Born Fernanda Cama Pereira Lima ( 1977-06-25 ) 25 June 1977 (age 47) Porto Alegre (/wiki/Porto_Alegre) , Rio Grande do Sul (/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul) , Brazil Occupations Television presenter actress model Spouse Rodrigo Hilbert (/wiki/Rodrigo_Hilbert) ( m. 2020) Children 3 Modeling information Height 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Website Official website (http://www.fernandalima.com.br) Fernanda Cama Pereira Lima ( Portuguese pronunciation: [feʁˈnɐ̃dɐ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese) ˈkɐ̃mɐ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese) peˈɾejɾɐ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese) ˈlĩmɐ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese) ; born 25 June 1977) is a Brazilian television presenter and model. In spite of a short career in film and telenovelas (/wiki/Telenovela) , she has established herself in popular culture, as a host to a variety of shows on MTV Brasil (/wiki/MTV_Brasil) , Rede TV! (/wiki/Rede_TV!) , and TV Globo (/wiki/TV_Globo) . In 2014, she has been contracted by FIFA (/wiki/FIFA) to be the muse (/wiki/Muse) of the World Cup (/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup) and of the Ballon d'Or (/wiki/FIFA_Ballon_d%27Or) . Biography [ edit ] Fernanda Lima was born in Porto Alegre (/wiki/Porto_Alegre) , Rio Grande do Sul (/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul) . She is of Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_people) and Catalan (/wiki/Catalonia) descent. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) One of three children – she has two brothers, Rodrigo and Rafael – of two professors of physical education (/wiki/Physical_education) . As a child, she showed interest in journalism and the art world. She often would create choreographies (/wiki/Choreographies) prepared at parties and family gatherings. She also went to the streets with her cousins carrying cameras to do research on voting at elections, and would edit the recorded material at home. [3] (#cite_note-oficial-3) Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] She began her modeling career at the age 14, when she was discovered by a photographer, [4] (#cite_note-4) and she ended up living for five months in Japan, Milan (/wiki/Milan) , and Zurich (/wiki/Zurich) in 1990 as a teenager. [5] (#cite_note-revista-5) When she returned to in Brazil, she moved to São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) . As a model, in Brazil and abroad, she has been photographed for dozens of covers and fashion editorials in publications such as L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) , I-D (/wiki/I-D) , Nova (/wiki/Nova_(Brazilian_magazine)) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , and Trip , [3] (#cite_note-oficial-3) among others, and advertising campaigns for the Benetton Group (/wiki/Benetton_Group) in Italy. [6] (#cite_note-quem-6) Television [ edit ] Lima in 2007 In 1999 she made her television debut on MTV Brazil, in Mochilão MTV . [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) While making this programme, she went to Hawaii, it was there where she decided to study Communications (/wiki/Communications) and she went back to Sao Paulo (/wiki/Sao_Paulo) , where she attended and graduated in journalism from Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (/wiki/Centro_Universit%C3%A1rio_das_Faculdades_Metropolitanas_Unidas) . [3] (#cite_note-oficial-3) [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) In the same year, she went to work for RedeTV! (/wiki/RedeTV!) , debuting in the channel on November presenting two programmes, Interligado , which was aimed at a young audience and conveyed video clips and music and topics of interest to teens, and TV Escolha , [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) a movie session transmitted on Sundays and where viewers chose the films that would be shown. After nine months in RedeTV!, she was invited to return to her previous channel and, in August 2000, she again presented the Mochilão MTV , Luau MTV (/wiki/Luau_MTV) , and Fica Comigo , [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) which premiered in October of that year. In February 2005, she was hired by Rede Globo (/wiki/Rede_Globo) to replace Angélica (/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_(presenter)) of Vídeo Game , presenting the programme Vídeo Show (/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo_Show) , during pregnancy and maternity leave (/wiki/Maternity_leave) of the titular host. [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) Soon after, she was invited to act in the Bang Bang , set in a plot of city directly reflecting the old west Brazil, where she was the protagonist Diana Bullock. Without any training or experience in drama, she accepted the role, taking lessons in martial arts and hiring a speech therapist (/wiki/Speech_therapist) . Due to being inexperienced for the lead role, her portrayal of the character received several criticisms from the press, who said she was the cause of the low ratings of the telenovela. [6] (#cite_note-quem-6) In spite of the criticisms, she was invited to play a role in Carlos Lombardi’s film, Pé na Jaca (/wiki/P%C3%A9_na_Jaca) where she played the role of Maria Bo . She got better reviews from the viewers. [6] (#cite_note-quem-6) After this, She got other roles in Fantástico (/wiki/Fant%C3%A1stico) , Daqui para Frente , and Por Toda Minha Vida (/wiki/Por_Toda_Minha_Vida) . [7] (#cite_note-ig-7) In 2009 until 2018, she started presenting Amor e Sexo (/wiki/Amor_e_Sexo) , a talk show that is directed at a young audience and talks about sexuality and related topics. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Lima during the draw for the FIFA World Cup 2014 (/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2014) She was contracted by FIFA (/wiki/FIFA) in July 2010 to present alongside her husband Rodrigo Hilbert (/wiki/Rodrigo_Hilbert) during the launching the emblem of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil directly from South Africa. In July 2011, with presenter Tadeu Schmidt, she hosted the draw of the 2014 World Cup Qualifiers (/wiki/2014_World_Cup_Qualifiers) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In December 2013, again alongside her husband, she presented the drawing of lots of the World Cup. [12] (#cite_note-12) Her participation in this event was seen live by more than 500 million viewers in 200 countries around the world, [13] (#cite_note-13) Causing her to be called the " goddess (/wiki/Goddess) " or " muse (/wiki/Muses) " of the World Cup by the foreign media. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The neckline of the dress worn by Lima during the presentation of the draw was censored in the live broadcast of the event in Iran, one of the qualified countries of the World Cup. The Iranian media was unhappy with the sexualization of the event, with the TV presenter explaining: “To be honest with you, the dress of the lady who presents the show does not meet our broadcasting guidelines at all.” Casey Stoney (/wiki/Casey_Stoney) , the captain of the England women's team at the time, also thought Lima was the wrong choice for the role. “Giving the job to a model has sent out completely the wrong message,” she said. “Unfortunately I wasn’t surprised. They could have had a woman high up in the game or else a player with proper international standing. This should have been about football.” [16] (#cite_note-16) At the end of 2013, she was included in a list of 10 Brazilians who stood out in the international news that year, prepared by BBC Brasil (/wiki/BBC_Brasil) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In January 2014, she was the official host of the Ballon d'Or (/wiki/FIFA_Ballon_d%27Or) of FIFA (/wiki/FIFA) for Dutch football player Ruud Gullit (/wiki/Ruud_Gullit) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Because of the huge publicity around Lima, she was invited to present an award at the 19th National Television Awards (/wiki/19th_National_Television_Awards) alongside England (/wiki/England_national_football_team) manager Roy Hodgson (/wiki/Roy_Hodgson) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Personal life [ edit ] Lima has a relationship with fellow actor and model Rodrigo Hilbert (/wiki/Rodrigo_Hilbert) , [6] (#cite_note-quem-6) whom she met at a luau (/wiki/Luau) in Ipanema (/wiki/Ipanema) , Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) and with whom she has twin sons and a girl. [20] (#cite_note-20) She is a fan of Grêmio Football Porto Alegrense (/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Football_Porto_Alegrense) , [21] (#cite_note-21) a business partner in a restaurant in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) , a vegetarian (/wiki/Vegetarianism) , and a practitioner of yoga (/wiki/Yoga) . Filmography [ edit ] Television Year Títle Períod Channel 1999 Interligado 1999–2000 RedeTV! (/wiki/RedeTV!) 2000 Mochilão MTV 2000– 2003 MTV Brasil (/wiki/MTV_Brasil) 2000 Fica Comigo 2000–2003 MTV Brasil 2000 Verão MTV 2000–2003 MTV Brasil 2005 Vídeo Show (/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo_Show) 2005 – 2007 – 2008 Rede Globo (/wiki/Rede_Globo) 2006 Por Toda Minha Vida (/wiki/Por_Toda_Minha_Vida) 2006–2011 Rede Globo 2007 Fantástico (/wiki/Fant%C3%A1stico) 2007–2009 Rede Globo 2009 Amor e Sexo (/wiki/Amor_e_Sexo) 2009–2018 Rede Globo 2014 SuperStar (/wiki/Superstar_(Brazil_TV_series)) 2014–present Rede Globo Telenovelas Year Títle Character 2002 Desejos de Mulher (/wiki/Desejos_de_Mulher) Ankita 2005 Bang Bang (/wiki/Bang_Bang_(TV_series)) Ann Diana Bullock Silver 2006 Pé na Jaca (/wiki/P%C3%A9_na_Jaca) Maria Botelho Maria Bô Bulhões Lancelotti 2008 Beleza Pura (/wiki/Beleza_Pura) herself 2013 Sangue Bom (/wiki/Sangue_Bom) herself Film Year Títle Character 2003 Stuck on You (/wiki/Stuck_on_You_(film)) Susie 2004 Didi quer ser criança Sandrinha ( adult ) 2004 A Dona da História Maria Helena 2004 Cine Gibi herself 2008 Maria Ninguém Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) 2009 Flordelis: Basta uma Palavra para Mudar (/wiki/Flordelis:_Basta_uma_Palavra_para_Mudar) Bianca References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Les arrels gironines de la musa del Mundial, Fernanda Lima" (http://www.diaridegirona.cat/fets-gent/2013/12/15/arrels-gironines-musa-del-mundial/648058.html) (in Catalan). Diari de Girona . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Mãe e tia de Fernanda Lima cantam 'Beijinho Doce' no palco do Amor & Sexo" (http://gshow.globo.com/programas/amor-e-sexo/O-Programa/noticia/2014/11/mae-e-tia-de-fernanda-lima-cantam-beijinho-doce-no-palco-do-amor-sexo.html) (in Portuguese). gshow.globo.com . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "DeOndeVim" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131209210933/http://www.fernandalima.com.br/site/index.html) (in Portuguese). SiteOficial. Archived from the original (http://www.fernandalima.com.br/site/index.html) on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fernanda Lima" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131212121313/http://www.glitztv.com.br/noticias-br/fernanda-lima/) (in Portuguese). Glitz. Archived from the original (http://www.glitztv.com.br/noticias-br/fernanda-lima/) on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-revista_5-0) "Fernanda Lima" (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/revista/rf2311200309.htm) (in Portuguese). Revista da Folha . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fernanda Lima" (http://revistaquem.globo.com/Revista/Quem/0,,ERT84648-9530,00.html) (in Portuguese). Quem . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fernanda Lima" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180321203839/http://gente.ig.com.br/fernandalima/#topoBiografia) (in Portuguese). IG Gente. Archived from the original (http://gente.ig.com.br/fernandalima/#topoBiografia) on 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Amor&Sexo" (http://tvg.globo.com/programas/amor-e-sexo/) (in Portuguese). Rede Globo . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Amor e Sexo - 1ª Temporada - YouTube" (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6y_0l517HlPnmjZyZ688higVDb55lq0D) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Discurso de Fernanda Lima em Amor & Sexo" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTo4xgsHvkI/) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lobo, Felipe. "Acusação de racismo tem muito a ver com modus operandi da Fifa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131212172641/http://trivela.uol.com.br/mundo/acusacao-de-racismo-tem-muito-a-ver-com-modus-operandi-da-fifa) (in Portuguese). TrivelaUOL. Archived from the original (http://trivela.uol.com.br/mundo/acusacao-de-racismo-tem-muito-a-ver-com-modus-operandi-da-fifa) on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Terra. "Ao lado do marido, Fernanda Lima arranca suspiros e dribla nervosismo" (http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa-2014/ao-lado-do-marido-fernanda-lima-arranca-suspiros-e-dribla-nervosismo,da1a674dbe8c2410VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html) (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Sorteio dos grupos da Copa será visto por 500 milhões de telespectadores" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207014759/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,sorteio-dos-grupos-da-copa-sera-visto-por-500-milhoes-de-telespectadores,1104278,0.htm) (in Portuguese). OESP. Archived from the original (http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,sorteio-dos-grupos-da-copa-sera-visto-por-500-milhoes-de-telespectadores,1104278,0.htm) on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fernanda Lima se robô eu show de sorteo" (http://webmedia.newseum.org/newseum-multimedia/dfp/pdf7/ECUA_HOY.pdf) (PDF) (in Portuguese). Hoy . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Quién es Fernanda Lima, la diosa que presentó el sorteo del Mundial" (http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Fernanda-Lima-presento-sorteo-Mundial_0_1042696119.html) (in Portuguese). Clarin . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The strange history of World Cup draws: dropouts, closed cages and dresses" (https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-agony-and-the-ecstasy/2017/nov/29/world-cup-draw-fifa-russia-football) . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Dez brasileiros que foram notícia no mundo em 2013" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/12/131231_brasileiros_noticianomundo_pai.shtml) (in Portuguese). BBC Brasil . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Acompanhe a disputa da Bola de Ouro da Fifa" (http://oglobo.globo.com/esportes/acompanhe-disputa-da-bola-de-ouro-da-fifa-11286422) (in Portuguese). O Globo . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Chamada de glamurosa e bonita, Fernanda Lima apresenta prêmio em Londres (http://f5.folha.uol.com.br/celebridades/2014/01/1401474-chamada-de-glamorosa-e-bonita-fernanda-lima-apresenta-premiacao-em-londres.shtml) (in Portuguese) ^ (#cite_ref-20) "A chegada dos gêmeos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120112084729/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/edicoes/451/artigo78767-1.htm) (in Portuguese). IstoÉ Gente. Archived from the original (http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/edicoes/451/artigo78767-1.htm) on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Fernanda Lima é musa do Grêmio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131213200728/http://www.portalpower.com.br/gatas/fernanda-lima-e-musa-do-gremio/) (in Portuguese). Portalpower. Archived from the original (http://www.portalpower.com.br/gatas/fernanda-lima-e-musa-do-gremio/) on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fernanda Lima (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fernanda_Lima) . Official website (http://www.fernandalima.com.br/) (in Portuguese) Fernanda Lima (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1518634/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Brazil portal (/wiki/Portal:Brazil) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xvzf4 Cached time: 20240720164942 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.679 seconds Real time usage: 0.901 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3693/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54683/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5003/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 83542/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.485/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 25860964/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 834.044 1 -total 36.50% 304.406 1 Template:Infobox_model 24.50% 204.373 1 Template:Reflist 19.14% 159.670 20 Template:Cite_web 14.93% 124.544 1 Template:IPA-pt 14.75% 123.050 1 Template:IPA 9.02% 75.263 1 Template:Short_description 7.80% 65.071 1 Template:Infobox 7.06% 58.902 1 Template:Marriage 4.75% 39.595 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12147921-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164942 and revision id 1217794790. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernanda_Lima&oldid=1217794790 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernanda_Lima&oldid=1217794790) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1977 births (/wiki/Category:1977_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Porto Alegre (/wiki/Category:People_from_Porto_Alegre) Brazilian people of Portuguese descent (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_people_of_Portuguese_descent) Brazilian people of Catalan descent (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_people_of_Catalan_descent) Brazilian female models (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_female_models) Brazilian television presenters (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_television_presenters) Brazilian emigrants to the United States (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_emigrants_to_the_United_States) Brazilian women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_women_television_presenters) Hidden categories: CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Catalan-language_sources_(ca)) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from December 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2016) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages with Portuguese IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Fox River Mills Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Founded 1900 ; 124 years ago ( 1900 ) Headquarters Osage, Iowa (/wiki/Osage,_Iowa) , United States Products Socks (/wiki/Sock) Website www.foxsox.com (http://www.foxsox.com/) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_River_Mills&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2020 ) Fox River Mills, Inc. , is a sock manufacturer based in Osage, Iowa (/wiki/Osage,_Iowa) . The company was founded in 1900. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 1992, they purchased the Nelson Knitting Company of Rockford, Illinois (/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois) , and in the process acquired the trademark on the Red Heel socks used to make sock monkeys (/wiki/Sock_monkey) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Fox River Mills includes instructions for making a sock monkey in every packet of Red Heel socks. [3] (#cite_note-3) Fox River Mills is also known for their odor-controlling X-Static sock liners [4] (#cite_note-4) and their line of organic (/wiki/Organic_certification) wool socks. [5] (#cite_note-5) In November 2016, Fox River Mills, was acquired by the Texas private equity firm LongWater Opportunities from the family that had owned it for over four decades. The terms of the sale were not disclosed. Following the acquisition, Fox River will become a subsidiary of Standard Merchandising Co., a New Jersey-based sock maker also owned by LongWater. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rose Apodaca. "The Agony of Da' Feet". Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . November 19, 1993. View, 1. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fiona Morgan. "Still life with monkeys". Independent Weekly (/wiki/Independent_Weekly) . September 27, 2006. 34. ^ (#cite_ref-3) David Nammany. " Sock Monkey Mania! Fox River Mills featured in new book about sock-made critters (https://www.globegazette.com/articles/2007/04/24/latest_news/doc462e95ad4c544864538794.txt) ". Globe Gazette (/wiki/Globe_Gazette) . April 24, 2007. Retrieved on September 29, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Annette McGivney. "Fox River X-Static sock liners". Backpacker (/wiki/Backpacker_(magazine)) . April 1999. 87. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Associated Press. " Iowa Company Launches Organic Socks (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/11/ap/business/mainD8EE81IO0.shtml) ". CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . December 11, 2005. Retrieved on September 29, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Iowa sock maker Fox River Mills sold to private equity firm" (https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/2016/11/17/iowa-sock-maker-fox-river-mills-sold-private-equity-firm/94023238/) . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved 2023-11-08 . External links [ edit ] Home Page (http://www.foxsox.com/) Beer Socks (https://www.luckies.co.uk/beer-socks/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐2jp96 Cached time: 20240701043311 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.258 seconds Real time usage: 0.344 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1260/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10577/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 694/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10868/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3486864/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.274 1 -total 42.64% 137.410 1 Template:Infobox_company 34.09% 109.870 1 Template:Infobox 32.96% 106.222 1 Template:Reflist 28.04% 90.358 1 Template:Cite_web 15.88% 51.180 1 Template:Expand_section 14.42% 46.487 1 Template:Ambox 7.16% 23.071 1 Template:Portal 4.97% 16.031 4 Template:Main_other 3.93% 12.681 1 Template:Wikidata Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12415672-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701043311 and revision id 1184146480. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_River_Mills&oldid=1184146480 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_River_Mills&oldid=1184146480) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_States) Companies based in Iowa (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Iowa) Clothing companies established in 1900 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1900) Hosiery brands (/wiki/Category:Hosiery_brands) Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) 1900 establishments in Iowa (/wiki/Category:1900_establishments_in_Iowa) Osage, Iowa (/wiki/Category:Osage,_Iowa) Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded from March 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2020) All articles to be expanded (/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes)
The 2009 Fashion Trashion show at the University of Minnesota, Morris featured outfits created from trash and recycled materials A woman in Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) wearing a dress made of repurposed waste. Trashion (a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of trash (/wiki/Garbage) and fashion (/wiki/Fashion) ) is a term for art, jewellery, fashion and objects for the home created from used, thrown-out, found and repurposed elements. The term was first coined in New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) in 2004 [1] (#cite_note-1) and gained in usage through 2005. [2] (#cite_note-2) Trashion is a subgenre of found object (/wiki/Found_object) art, which is basically using objects that already have some other defined purpose, and turning it into art. In this case, trash is used. Initially trashion was used to describe art- couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) costume usually linked to contests or fashion shows; however, as recycling and 'green' fashion have become more prevalent, trashion has taken a turn for the more wearable. The term is now widely used in creative circles to describe any wearable item or accessory that is constructed using all or part materials recycled materials, including clothing that has been thrifted and reconditioned. Philosophy [ edit ] "LURE #3" by Californian trashion artist Ithaka Darin Pappas was created using a repurposed garbage surfboard and bottle caps. Trashion is a philosophy and an ethic encompassing environmentalism (/wiki/Environmentalism) and innovation (/wiki/Innovation) . Making traditional objects out of recycled materials can be trashion, as can making avant-garde fashion from cast-offs or junk. It springs from a desire to make the best use of limited resources. Trashion is similar to upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) and refashion, although it began with specific fashion aspirations. Like upcycling, trashion generates items that are valued again, but these items may be either low-cost or high-cost. The environmental aim of trashion is to call attention to and reduce the polluting outcome of fashion waste. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] People throughout the world have used salvaged materials to create new objects for an indeterminate number of years. Africans have made bags from rice and juice packets, Haitians have made sculptural jewelry from old oil cans, and American settlers have made quilts and rugs from cast-off clothing and feed sacks. People were making something from nothing long before the word "trashion" was coined; however, Trashion usually refers to "making something from nothing" for aesthetic purposes, not for practical use. [ citation needed ] Trashion has become a style of art since the 1990s. Trashion is also the subject of school projects, [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) local fashion shows, [6] (#cite_note-6) community center exhibits, [7] (#cite_note-7) and fundraisers, [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) among other purposes. [10] (#cite_note-10) Some contemporary trashion artists include Marina DeBris (/wiki/Marina_DeBris) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) and Nancy Judd. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Turn your trash into 'trashion'," (http://threadnz.com/fashion/fashion-shows/turn-your-trash-into-trashion) Thread.co.nz, 2004. Retrieved 19 March 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Scholtus, Petz. "Vaho is Trashion," (http://www.treehugger.com/style/vaho-is-trashion.html) Treehugger.com, 6 June 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/sep/13/trashion-designer-marina-debris-turns-ocean-rubbish-into-high-end-outfits-in-pictures) 'Trashion' designer Marina DeBris turns ocean rubbish into high-end outfits – in pictures" (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/sep/13/trashion-designer-marina-debris-turns-ocean-rubbish-into-high-end-outfits-in-pictures) . The Guardian . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Taylor, Mike (2012-05-18). " (http://thedailynews.cc/2012/05/18/trashion-show-highlights-family-activity-night-at-grenville-middle-school/) 'Trashion Show' highlights Activity Night at Greenville Middle School" (http://thedailynews.cc/2012/05/18/trashion-show-highlights-family-activity-night-at-grenville-middle-school/) . The Daily News . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "It's in the bag for 'Trashion Show' winner" (http://www.bates.edu/food/what-is-bates-doing/bates-values/environmental-sustainability/trashion-show/) . Bates University . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Anderson, Charles (2008-07-26). "Teen turns trash to fashion in 'trashion' show" (http://www.reporternews.com/news/2008/jul/26/teen-turns-trash-to-fashion-in-trashion-show/) . Reporter News . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Trashion features wearable art from recyclables" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130510025852/http://www.sonomanews.com/Web-2011/Trashion-features-wearable-art-from-recyclables/) . Sonoma News . 2011-03-18. Archived from the original (http://www.sonomanews.com/Web-2011/Trashion-features-wearable-art-from-recyclables/) on 2013-05-10 . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sikorski, Colleen (2011-03-27). "Designers present recycled looks at 'Trashion' show Saturday" (http://www.idsnews.com/news/story.aspx?id=80665) . Indiana Daily Student . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Announcement: Second annual Curb Couture Trashion Show seeking submissions" (http://www.abc24.com/content/events/story/Announcement-Second-annual-Curb-Couture-Trashion/PDu1NqfZDkaJUnmFcGXcXA.cspx) . ABC 24 . 2012-07-31 . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Regis, Necee. "Trash to treasure: artful gear with a conscience," (http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/vermont/articles/2008/12/07/trash_to_treasure_artful_gear_with_a_conscience/) Boston Globe , 7 December 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Asoulin, Rebecca (August 5, 2011). "Trash Becomes Art" (https://smdp.com/2011/08/05/trash-becomes-art/) . Santa Monica Daily Press . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Leonardo, Kathy (June 2012). "The Fashion of TRASHion Lights Up Downtown LA" (http://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/up-downtown-la-8232-/2590) . Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Simon, Stephanie (January 13, 2009). " (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123180107217975103) 'Trashion' Trend: Dumpster Couture Gets a Boost at Green Inaugural Ball" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123180107217975103) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2012-06-26 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐mdlfs Cached time: 20240713181450 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.320 seconds Real time usage: 0.397 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 785/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49946/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 576/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45944/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4308823/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 320.340 1 -total 37.80% 121.089 7 Template:Cite_news 33.93% 108.702 1 Template:Fashion 33.91% 108.617 3 Template:Navbox 18.32% 58.696 1 Template:Citation_needed 13.00% 41.652 1 Template:Fix 8.26% 26.464 2 Template:Category_handler 5.39% 17.270 3 Template:Cite_web 3.19% 10.233 1 Template:Portal-inline 1.99% 6.372 1 Template:Delink Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12512882-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713181450 and revision id 1212666413. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trashion&oldid=1212666413 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trashion&oldid=1212666413) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Trashion (/wiki/Category:Trashion) Recycling (/wiki/Category:Recycling) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) 2000s neologisms (/wiki/Category:2000s_neologisms) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020)
Fashion industry event Los Angeles Fashion Week at Smashbox Studios, Culver City, CA 03/11/2008 Mercedes Benz Fashion Week 2008 Fashion Week in Los Angeles occurs biannually. Multiple show producers hold events throughout the Greater Los Angeles area each March and October. Traditionally, the City of Los Angeles identified the third weekend of those respective months as the beginning of its Fashion Week. However, new independent event producers have been transitioning Fashion Week related activities to coincide closer in time with the LA Fashion Market Week. History [ edit ] Los Angeles Fashion Week was created as a West Coast alternative to New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , originally Press Week, which was created by Eleanor Lambert (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) in 1953. [1] (#cite_note-1) Independently produced events, working alongside designers began inviting fashion journalists to see collections from Southern California. [2] (#cite_note-2) Since the late 1990s, Fashion Week has been represented by a community of L.A. fashion producers, designers, journalists, and marketers interested in its success. In 2002, IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) 's fashion division, which produces Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in New York, made its first foray west, with Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) Shows LA in downtown Los Angeles at The Standard hotel. Simultaneously, Davis Factor and Dean Factor produced Smashbox Fashion Week Los Angeles at Smashbox Studios in Culver City. Dozens of designers showed their collections to journalists, celebrities, family and friends at these two centralized venues, while others still chose to show their collections in unique off site venues such as nightclubs, private estates, train stations, churches and lofts. In 2003, IMG and Smashbox united under one banner to streamline services and venues, choosing the Factor-owned Smashbox Studios Culver City location over downtown Los Angeles venues. The relationship between IMG and Smashbox Studios lasted for five years, with the October 2008 shows marking their final presentation together. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) In October 2005, the now-defunct LA Fashion Awards debuted to celebrate and honor the very best of California fashion. The annual Awards were timed at the closing of Fashion Week and the opening of Market Week in October, at the service of both retail store buyers and press. A nominating committee of more than forty of LA's top fashion journalists, merchandisers, stylists, designers and marketplace experts participate in the selection process. Among past winners are educator Rosemary Brantley (/wiki/Rosemary_Brantley) ; retailers Ron Herman, Fred Segal (/wiki/Fred_Segal) , Cameron Silver and Christos Garkinos; designers Trina Turk, Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) and Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) ; fashion innovators Nony Tochterman of Petro Zillia, Rozae Nichols and Juan Carlos Obando; journalist Rose Apodaca; stylist Arianne Phillips (/wiki/Arianne_Phillips) ; web publisher DailyCandy (/wiki/DailyCandy) ; event producer Gen Art (/wiki/Gen_Art) ; brands American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) , Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) , J Brand, Bebe (/wiki/Bebe_stores) , Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) ; and the television show Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . The program was produced by LA Fashion Awards, LLC, which was co-founded by fashion industry veterans Jennifer Uner and Mary Hill with the support of several visionary sponsors and the endorsement of local fashion industry non-profit organizations California Fashion Association, Fashion Group International of Los Angeles, Fashion Business Incorporated, the Fashion District BID, and also the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Economic_Development_Corporation) . The Awards were placed on hiatus in October 2008 after sponsorship support was put on hold in the wake of the financial market meltdown that September. In February 2007, artist Peter Gurnz, developer Gary Warfel, and downtown resident Brady Westwater – all members of the Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council (DLANC) – created an alternative Fashion Week venue in Downtown Los Angeles, It was produced by a local arts organization, BOXeight, founded by artist/designer Peter Gurnz. In Spring 2007, after just six weeks of preparation, BOXeight Fashion Week had its first show at the Los Angeles Theater (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Theater) . In Fall 2007, it moved to Vibiana LA, the newly restored Cathedral of Saint Vibiana (/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Vibiana) . In 2008, it moved again, this time eastward to BOXeight's headquarters on the fringe of downtown's warehouse district (/wiki/Warehouse_district) , which added further patina to its independent street credibility. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) LA Fashion Week (LAFW) Spring/Summer 2016 In October 2007, City of Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa) recognized the contributions of the fashion industry with a compelling speech at the opening of the LA Fashion Awards and visited the Designers & Agents trade show and the wholesale showrooms at the Cooper Design Space, New Mart and California Market Center. Early in 2008, the mayor's office briefly formed a committee to better harness and organise the energies of the loose consortium that has worked diligently to improve the reputation of Los Angeles as a fashion capital and the bottom lines of the businesses operating there. Los Angeles' Fashion Week has traditionally been characterized by the diversity of independent productions operating throughout the metro area. [4] (#cite_note-4) Multiple producers are covered in the press as "LA Fashion Week" [ edit ] The term "LA Fashion Week" dates at least as far back as 2001. [5] (#cite_note-5) As a result, several productions are included in roundups of "LA Fashion Week" coverage, in press outlets such as the LA Times [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) and WWD . [8] (#cite_note-8) According to the LA Times : "Fashion Week (or more accurately weeks) in Los Angeles occurs each spring and fall with multiple organizations (currently including Art Hearts Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Art_Hearts_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) , L.A. Fashion Week and Style Fashion Week) holding events throughout greater Los Angeles shortly after the twice-yearly Paris women’s ready-to-wear shows have wrapped." [9] (#cite_note-9) Trademark and Revolving "Official" Status [ edit ] In 2015, a Canadian named Arthur Chipman produced the first shows under the trademark for "LA Fashion Week", now located at LAFW.net, according to the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . [10] (#cite_note-auto1-10) The press release stated the events had returned from 2008, although the trademark was acquired in 2015: "“Although the ‘official’ LA Fashion Week has been on hiatus since 2008, we are back in full force!”" However, according to the LA Times : "Those who follow these things as closely as we do may recognize 2008 as the year the wheels came off the partnership between Smashbox Studios in Culver City and NYC-based event producer IMG ending the closest thing L.A. had to a unified fashion week. But to the best of our recollection, neither that group nor any of the smaller efforts that unspooled that year claimed to be an “official” fashion week. And to be honest, we're not even sure what that designation exactly means." Previously, Style Fashion Week was declared the "official" LA Fashion Week [11] (#cite_note-11) by Mayor Eric Garcetti (/wiki/Eric_Garcetti) . Subsequently, LA Fashion Week was declared the "official fashion week of Los Angeles" by Garcetti according to Racked . [12] (#cite_note-12) LAFW.net's first show was held in Los Angeles in 2015 according to the Los Angeles Times . [10] (#cite_note-auto1-10) However, various productions are included in the press in roundups of "LA Fashion Week." [13] (#cite_note-13) Attendance [ edit ] Fashion week events are notorious for being exclusive to designers, social media influencers, and celebrities. Los Angeles fashion week has some shows available for the general public, but also counts with shows that are invitation only. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wild, Chris (13 February 2015). "The origin of New York Fashion Week" (https://mashable.com/2015/02/13/fashion-week-press-week/) . Mashable . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Suter, Leanne. "Los Angeles Fashion Week kicks off" (https://abc7.com/archive/7051773/) . ABC7 Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to: a b Vesilind, Emili (7 September 2008). "Set to crash the party?" (https://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/07/image/ig-lafashionweek7) – via LA Times. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Moore, Booth; Tschorn, Adam (19 October 2013). "Los Angeles' fashion shows display vibrant diversity" (https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/19/image/la-ig-los-angeles-fashion-week-20131019) – via LA Times. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Los Angeles Fashion Week Spring 2002: David Cardona \| California Apparel News" (https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2001/nov/09/los-angeles-fashion-week-spring-2002-david-cardona/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "L.A.'s Fashion Week shows serve up a smorgasbord of indie, eclectic and eye-catching collections" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-lafw-ss19-20181018-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 18 October 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Los Angeles fashion weeks' bright spots include armor, angels and a zippy collection of convertible clothes" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-la-fashion-week-spring-2018-htmlstory.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 20 October 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Is L.A. The Future of the American Runway?" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/is-l-a-the-future-of-the-american-runway-1203088046/) . 22 March 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Los Angeles fashion weeks' bright spots include armor, angels and a zippy collection of convertible clothes" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-la-fashion-week-spring-2018-htmlstory.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 20 October 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Tschorn, Adam (30 May 2015). "Can you trademark 'LA Fashion Week'? Someone has, with October shows now in the works" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ar-trademark-la-fashion-week-20150529-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Can you trademark 'LA Fashion Week'? Someone has, with October shows now in the works" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ar-trademark-la-fashion-week-20150529-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 30 May 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Alcala, Natalie (14 September 2015). "Los Angeles Fashion Week Gets an Official Venue and Mayor Eric Garcetti's Blessing" (https://la.racked.com/2015/9/14/9318355/los-angeles-fashion-week-eric-garcetti) . Racked LA . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "L.A.'s Fashion Week shows serve up a smorgasbord of indie, eclectic and eye-catching collections" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-lafw-ss19-20181018-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 18 October 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "La Fashion Week Faq" (https://lafashionweek.net/faq#:~:text=Please%20contact%20the%20producer%20of,others%20are%20by%20invitation%20only.) . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐k4mtx Cached time: 20240712171512 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.633 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 782/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30994/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 410/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58505/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4613882/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 417.938 1 -total 44.60% 186.403 1 Template:Reflist 37.48% 156.664 14 Template:Cite_web 28.97% 121.085 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 28.03% 117.131 1 Template:Navbox 24.39% 101.951 1 Template:Short_description 12.58% 52.561 2 Template:Pagetype 8.00% 33.420 3 Template:Main_other 7.28% 30.414 1 Template:SDcat 3.69% 15.427 1 Template:Portal-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12588191-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171512 and revision id 1218302377. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218302377 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218302377) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : California people in fashion (/wiki/Category:California_people_in_fashion) Events in Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Los_Angeles) Annual events in Los Angeles County, California (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Los_Angeles_County,_California) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Subgenre of the steampunk movement Example of steampunk fashion Steampunk fashion is a subgenre of the steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk) movement in science fiction. It is a mixture of the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) 's romantic view of science in literature and elements from the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) in Europe during the 1800s. Steampunk fashion consists of clothing, hairstyling, jewellery, body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) and make-up. More modern ideals of steampunk can include t-shirts with a variety of designs or the humble jeans being accessorised with belts and gun holsters. History [ edit ] Steampunk fashion is a subgenre of the steampunk movement in science fiction. It is a mixture of the Victorian era's romantic view of science in literature and the industrialisation in most parts of Europe. The aesthetics of the fashion are designed with a post-apocalyptic era in mind. [1] (#cite_note-Durango-1) At the first steampunk convention, "SalonCon", in 2006, steampunk enthusiasts dressed up in costumes reflecting that era. The costumes included clothing, hairstyling, jewellery, body modification and make-up. Steampunk fashion has later gone on to include gadgets and contrasting accoutrements (/wiki/Accoutrements) . [2] (#cite_note-Boston-2) Initially, the clothes such as bustiers (/wiki/Bustier) , bodices (/wiki/Bodice) , jackets and other items were mostly handmade and customized, [3] (#cite_note-Herald-3) but as the steampunk movement grew, entrepreneurs and companies became interested and started to mass-produce steampunk clothing to be sold both online and in stores. [4] (#cite_note-Forbes-4) Since the genre emerged, the aesthetic of steampunk fashion has remained constant. New ideas in literature, and advancements in science and technology have resulted in subtle changes. Even though the genre did not become widely known until the late 20th century, steampunk and its fashion is said to have existed earlier. During the 1980s and 1990s, steampunk fashion grew along with the goth (/wiki/Goth_subculture) and punk (/wiki/Punk_subculture) movements in fashion. Cyberpunk (/wiki/Cybergoth) and dieselpunk (/wiki/Dieselpunk) fashion are variants of the steampunk fashion of the 1980s. Inspiration from literature [ edit ] Works of writers from the end of the 19th century, such as those of Robert Louis Stevenson (/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson) , G. K. Chesterton (/wiki/G._K._Chesterton) and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle) are among the most influential for steampunk fashion. Those works attempted to domesticate Charles Dickens (/wiki/Charles_Dickens) 's London (from his industrial age novels). [5] (#cite_note-Gross-5) Sci-fi critics John Clute (/wiki/John_Clute) and Peter Nicholls (/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)) have noted that steampunk is also inspired by a "strain of nostalgia". [5] (#cite_note-Gross-5) However, modern steampunk literature, which began only in the 1980s, has also influenced the steampunk fashion during the 2010s. Steampunk writers from that period are credited with creating fantasy tales set in cultures with style borrowed from the Victorian, with stories that includes giddy action scenes and elaborate baroque expeditions. [6] (#cite_note-Random-6) Kevin Jeter (/wiki/K._W._Jeter) 's 1979 novel Morlock Night (/wiki/Morlock_Night) is held to be the first steampunk novel, and the beginning of steampunk fashion. [7] (#cite_note-7) Aesthetic [ edit ] Steampunk outfit with leather vest, heavy gun, vambrace (/wiki/Vambrace) , backpack time machine, mask, and Victorian clothes Just like its counterparts in other art forms, primarily literature, steampunk fashion is based on the aesthetic of an alternate history (/wiki/Alternate_history) . Even though critics disagree about it being rooted in fantasy literature (/wiki/Fantasy_literature) , there are elements that suggests that some part of its aesthetic is conceived from books and films that showcase alternate history using fantasy. [5] (#cite_note-Gross-5) Interest in steampunk aesthetics may also be due to an increased interest from the fashion industry in Victorian spiritualism (/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)) , during the 2010s. Within the steampunk fashion, there are a number of personas (/wiki/Persona) , or archetypes, such as the valiant explorer with pith helmet (/wiki/Pith_helmet) , brass telescope and binoculars; the debonair aviator with birdlike gadgets and devices, leather helmet, brass goggles and canvas coat; and the gentleman, [6] (#cite_note-Random-6) with a lab coat over formal clothes and belts for all sorts of implements and instruments. [8] (#cite_note-Talks-8) Styles [ edit ] Brass accessories Steampunk fashion is a mixture of fashion trends from different historical periods. Steampunk clothing adds the looks of characters from the 19th century, explorers, soldiers, lords, countesses and harlots, to the punk, contemporary street fashion, burlesque (/wiki/Burlesque) , goth, fetishism (/wiki/Sexual_fetishism) , vampire (/wiki/Vampire) and frills (/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)) among others. [9] (#cite_note-Huff-9) Related to steampunk fashion is the Lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) , which strand stands for a youthful expression of girlishness. Though they both take inspiration from the Victorian era, [ citation needed ] Lolita is more modest and focused on purchasing clothing from commercial vendors, as opposed to steampunk clothing, which is traditionally created from things bought in thrift stores. [10] (#cite_note-Style-10) Fashion in 1887 The base of steampunk fashion is primarily influenced by the fashion of the mid-19th century. For women this fashion was often dominated by long, flowing dresses and regal jacket bodices. The latter extended over the hips and matched the skirt fabric only occasionally. In the beginning of the 1860s, the bodice ended at the waist. New styles emerged and the Garibaldi blouse (/wiki/Garibaldi_shirt) , made its appearance. During the early 1860s, the hoops (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) of the skirts were also taking on an elliptical shape, with a much fuller back and a narrower front silhouette. [11] (#cite_note-Truly-11) The ensuing conical shaped skirts (/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion) have also inspired the steampunk fashion. At the beginning of the 20th century, skirts that were flared at the hem became popular. Dresses for women were sometimes masculine tailored and made to look intimidating. Evening wear for women were decorated with sparkling beads, bangles (/wiki/Bangle) and gaudy embroideries (/wiki/Embroidery) . The hobble skirt (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) was also introduced at that time. Steampunk fashion did originally not include much jewelry, but a few accoutrements have made their way into the style during the 2010s. [10] (#cite_note-Style-10) In steampunk fashion, corsets (/wiki/Corset) are more of a clothing item than an undergarment. Being rather conspicuous, they have more or less become synonymous with the genre. [3] (#cite_note-Herald-3) Corsets in brocade or leather, with steel-boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) are a form of steampunk clothing inspired by the Victorian era. [9] (#cite_note-Huff-9) Brass goggles have become a trademark for steampunk fashion. [8] (#cite_note-Talks-8) Brass items are also a kind of official, standard steampunk accessory. [3] (#cite_note-Herald-3) Goggles with intricate patterns on large, round frames are the most commonly used ones. Hats in steampunk fashion may include all kinds of headgear like flight helmets (/wiki/Flight_helmet#History_of_flight_helmets) , bowler hats (/wiki/Bowler_hat) , pith helmets and pirates' bandanas. The headgear in steampunk fashion is also inspired by Victorian era fashion styles. [9] (#cite_note-Huff-9) Many of the skirt and dress styles worn in Steampunk fashion are derivative of Victorian era silhouettes (bell skirts, trumpet skirts, bustled skirts, etc.), but with a sexier, modern twist. [12] (#cite_note-SteampunkFashionGuide-12) In popular culture [ edit ] In 2005, Kate Lambert (/wiki/Kate_Lambert) , known professionally as "Kato", founded the first steampunk clothing company, "Steampunk Couture", [13] (#cite_note-Steampunk_Journal-13) mixing Victorian, post-apocalyptic (/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction) and tribal influences as well as sci-fi (/wiki/Science_fiction) , shabby chic (/wiki/Shabby_chic) [13] (#cite_note-Steampunk_Journal-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) and Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) / Mori girl (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion#Mori_girl) elements. [15] (#cite_note-Yell-15) [16] (#cite_note-AltGirl-16) As early as 2010, high fashion lines such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) [18] (#cite_note-18) and Christian Dior [19] (#cite_note-Time-19) began introducing steampunk and neo-Victorian-inspired styles on the fashion runways. And in episode 7 of Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) ' s " Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) : Under the Gunn" reality series (/wiki/Reality_television) , contestants were challenged to create avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) "steampunk chic" looks. [20] (#cite_note-20) Steampunk masks made by Ukrainian design studio Bob Basset (/wiki/Bob_Basset) , named by William Gibson (/wiki/William_Gibson) as "Probably the single best steampunk object I've seen", [21] (#cite_note-21) using by music band members: Sid Wilson (/wiki/Sid_Wilson) from Slipknot (/wiki/Slipknot_(band)) and Zac Baird (/wiki/Zac_Baird) from Korn (/wiki/Korn) . Since the early 2000s, steampunk fashion has been used frequently in films, photography and on television. Guy Ritchie (/wiki/Guy_Ritchie) 's Sherlock Holmes (/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(2009_film)) and Warehouse 13 (/wiki/Warehouse_13) are examples of this. [3] (#cite_note-Herald-3) Films like The Golden Compass (/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)) , Van Helsing (/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)) , ' Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film) (/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)) ' and The Three Musketeers (/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(2011_film)) also include elements of steampunk ideas and steampunk fashion. Steampunk fashion has also been showing up in music, such as in Lindsay Stirling's music video "Roundtable Rival". [22] (#cite_note-22) Members of the alternative band Abney Park (/wiki/Abney_Park_(band)) perform in steampunk attire. [23] (#cite_note-23) The crime show Castle (/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)) had a steampunk-themed episode in which the title character is shown wearing a complete steampunk outfit after meeting with a steampunk society. [24] (#cite_note-24) America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) tackled Steampunk fashion in a 2012 episode where models competed in a Steampunk themed photo shoot, posing in front of a steam train while holding a live owl. [25] (#cite_note-LacedAndWaisted-25) Becky Lynch (/wiki/Becky_Lynch) , a wrestler currently employed by WWE (/wiki/WWE) , uses ring attire influenced by steampunk fashion. Most notable being her goggles she wears in her entrance. Trends [ edit ] Corset by Jean Paul Gaultier Steampunk fashion has evolved into a culture of imaginative dressing, inspired by the aesthetics of the past. Modern-day fashion critics have actively sought to deconstruct steampunk as a term and as a philosophy in the context of fashion. Modern trends in steampunk fashion are grouped into historical recreationists (/wiki/Living_history) and sci-fi (/wiki/Science_fiction) cosplayers (/wiki/Cosplay) . [6] (#cite_note-Random-6) Since the first steampunk convention in 2006, SalonCon, there have been a number of similar conventions where enthusiasts dress up as characters from steampunk culture. Modern steampunk clothing is based more on leather and metal as opposed to cotton or natural fabrics. More recently, steampunk has also been linked to fetishism, the genderqueer (/wiki/Genderqueer) community and modern paganism (/wiki/Paganism) . In 2010, steampunk fashion entered the high-end market of fashion as designer John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) brought elements from the style to his spring haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) show for Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) . [19] (#cite_note-Time-19) Another designer associated with the steampunk style is Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , who frequently shows corsets in different material in his collections. [2] (#cite_note-Boston-2) As of 2015 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steampunk_fashion&action=edit) , steampunk fashion started to influence the more mainstream fashion trends. [2] (#cite_note-Boston-2) [3] (#cite_note-Herald-3) See also [ edit ] Victorian decorative arts (/wiki/Victorian_decorative_arts) Victorian fashion (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) Neo-Victorian (/wiki/Neo-Victorian) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Durango_1-0) Slothower, Chuck (24 January 2015). "What is steampunk? - Snowdown embraces Victorian vision of the future" (http://durangoherald.com/article/20150123/NEWS01/150129767/-1/news01&source=RSS) . durangoherald.com/ . The Durango Herald (/wiki/The_Durango_Herald) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sutton, Tina (20 February 2011). "Meet the steampunkers - They're taking Victorian fashion back to the future" (http://www.boston.com/yourtown/salem/articles/2011/02/20/steampunkers_take_victorian_fashion_back_to_the_future/) . www.boston.com . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Whitten, Elisabeth (26 April 2015). "Steampunk a delight to today's senses" (http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1282890-steampunk-a-delight-to-today%E2%80%99s-senses) . thechronicleherald.ca/ . The Chronicle Herald (/wiki/The_Chronicle_Herald) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_4-0) Pinchefsky, Carol (15 January 2013). "Fashion's Biggest Trend in 2013-2015 (as Predicted by IBM)? Steampunk" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2013/01/15/fashions-biggest-trend-in-2013-2015-as-predicted-by-ibm-steampunk/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gross, Cory (27 August 2010). "A History of Steampunk" (http://steampunkscholar.blogspot.in/2010/08/history-of-steampunk-by-cory-gross.html) . www.steampunkscholar.blogspot.com . Cory Gross . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pryor, Michael. "Steampunk Fashion" (http://www.randomhouse.com.au/blog/steampunk-fashion-1489.aspx) . www.randomhouse.com . Random House (/wiki/Random_House) Australia . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The birth of steampunk" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140830013625/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2011/03/birth-of-steampunk.html) . www.lettersofnote.com . TinyLetter. Archived from the original (http://www.lettersofnote.com/2011/03/birth-of-steampunk.html) on 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tarrant, Shira (2012). Fashion Talks: Undressing the Power of Style . Albany, New York: State University of New York Press (/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press) . pp. 192–199. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1438443218 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Higham, William (17 October 2011). "What The Hell Is Steampunk?" (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/william-higham/steampunk-what-the-hell-is-it_b_1015192.html) . www.huffingtonpost.co.uk . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Jean (2011). Steampunk Style Jewelry: Victorian, Fantasy, and Mechanical Necklaces, Bracelets, and Earrings . London: Creative Publishing international (/wiki/Quarto_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61673-832-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-Truly_11-0) McNaughton, Heather. "Hoop Era 1856–1869" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190716034503/http://trulyvictorian.com/history/1855.html) . www.trulyvictorian.com . Truly Victorian. Archived from the original (http://trulyvictorian.com/history/1855.html) on 16 July 2019 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-SteampunkFashionGuide_12-0) "Steampunk Fashion Guide: Skirts & Dresses" (http://www.steampunkfashionguide.com/p/skirts-dresses.html) . Steampunk Fashion Guide. July 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b "Company Spotlight: Steampunk Couture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092026/http://steampunkjournal.org/2014/02/20/steampunk-couture/) . Steampunk Journal. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original (http://steampunkjournal.org/2014/02/20/steampunk-couture/) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Interview: Kato of Steampunk Couture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072151/http://www.hollywoodnoirmakeup.com/interview-kato-of-steampunk-couture/) . Hollywood Noir Makeup. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.hollywoodnoirmakeup.com/interview-kato-of-steampunk-couture/) on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Yell_15-0) Reese, Danailya (18 February 2014). "Kato (aka, Steamgirl) – Steampunk Never Looked So Good" (http://www.yellmagazine.com/kato-steamgirl-steampunk/78654/) . Yell Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-AltGirl_16-0) "Interview with Kato from Steampunk Couture" (https://archive.today/20140401210421/http://altgirlbotherer.tumblr.com/post/12889437231/kato-from-steampunk-couture) . Archived from the original (https://altgirlbotherer.tumblr.com/post/12889437231/kato-from-steampunk-couture) on 2014-04-01 . Retrieved 2015-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Stubby the Rocket (25 June 2012). "Sci-Fi Actors Wearing Steampunk Clothes Designed by Prada" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131211111549/http://www.tor.com/blogs/2013/11/sci-fi-actors-wearing-steampunk-clothes-designed-by-prada) . Archived from the original (http://www.tor.com/blogs/2013/11/sci-fi-actors-wearing-steampunk-clothes-designed-by-prada) on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Cicatrix13 (3 June 2013). "Steampunk Couture Hot on the Runway (and We're Not Talking Airships)" (http://steampunkworkshop.com/steampunk-couture-hot-runway-and-were-not-talking-airships) . Steampunk Workshop. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Skarda, Eric (17 January 2013). "Will Steampunk Really Be the Next Big Fashion Trend?" (http://style.time.com/2013/01/17/will-steampunk-really-be-the-next-big-fashion-trend/) . style.time.com/ . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Under the Gunn, Episode 7: "Steampunk Chic" (https://www.threadsmagazine.com/item/35702/under-the-gunn-episode-7-steampunk-chic/page/all) " (https://www.threadsmagazine.com/item/35702/under-the-gunn-episode-7-steampunk-chic/page/all) . Threads Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Bob Basset \| VICE \| United Kingdom" (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/bob-basset-steampunk) . 2010-08-17 . Retrieved 2016-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Merrill Barr (22 October 2014). "Lindsey Stirling Goes Steampunk in Her 'Roundtable Rival' Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150624135805/http://nerdist.com/lindsey-stirling-goes-steampunk-in-her-roundtable-rival-video/) . Archived from the original (http://nerdist.com/lindsey-stirling-goes-steampunk-in-her-roundtable-rival-video/) on 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "It's full steampunk ahead as Abney Park heads to Sacramento" (http://www.sacbee.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article4018934.html) . sacbee.com . Retrieved 2016-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Bowman, Rob (2010-10-11), Punked , retrieved 2016-01-25 ^ (#cite_ref-LacedAndWaisted_25-0) "America's Next Top Model goes STEAMPUNK" (http://lacedandwaisted.blogspot.com/2012/09/americas-next-top-model-goes-steampunk.html) . LacedAndWaisted. September 30, 2012. Further reading [ edit ] Gleason, Katherine; Jeter, K W; Pho, Diana M. (2013). Anatomy of Steampunk: The Fashion of Victorian Futurism . New York: Race Point Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-937994-28-0 . Grymm, Dr.; Saint John, Barbe (2011). 1,000 Steampunk Creations: Neo-Victorian Fashion, Gear, and Art . Beverly, Massachusetts: Quarry Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59253-691-7 . Ratcliffe, Spurgeon Vaughn; Ratcliffe, Samuel (2012). Steampunk Fashion . London: Graffito. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9560284-4-0 . Taylor, Calista (2012). Steampunk Your Wardrobe: Easy Projects to Add Victorian Flair to Everyday Fashions . East Petersburg, PA: Design Originals. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57421-417-8 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steampunk costumes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steampunk_costumes) . The Steampunk Workshop (http://steampunkworkshop.com/) 15 Creative Works of Steampunk Art and Fashion: From Steam Tanks to Cufflinks (http://weburbanist.com/2008/07/28/creative-steampunk-art-and-fashion/) Steampunk Fashion examples for more everyday use (https://www.steampunkstyler.com/) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rcmm2 Cached time: 20240720172113 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.422 seconds Real time usage: 0.544 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2217/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 86941/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1824/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 114126/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.257/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5636743/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.705 1 -total 41.09% 184.389 1 Template:Reflist 31.83% 142.811 22 Template:Cite_web 18.87% 84.673 3 Template:Navbox 18.87% 84.669 1 Template:Fashion 14.07% 63.153 1 Template:Short_description 8.14% 36.535 2 Template:Pagetype 8.05% 36.104 1 Template:Commons_category 7.60% 34.124 1 Template:Sister_project 7.27% 32.611 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12674764-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172113 and revision id 1200384665. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steampunk_fashion&oldid=1200384665 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steampunk_fashion&oldid=1200384665) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Steampunk (/wiki/Category:Steampunk) Cosplay (/wiki/Category:Cosplay) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Reduction of environmental impacts of the fashion industry This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sustainable_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( May 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( November 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sustainable fashion displayed by Swedish models, 2020 Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics) about Environmental economics (/wiki/Environmental_economics) Carbon price Carbon credit (/wiki/Carbon_credit) Carbon emission trading (/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading) Carbon fee and dividend (/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend) Carbon finance (/wiki/Carbon_finance) Carbon offset (/wiki/Carbon_offset) Carbon tax (/wiki/Carbon_tax) Emissions trading (/wiki/Emissions_trading) Environmental tax (/wiki/Environmental_tax) Personal carbon trading (/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading) Pigovian tax (/wiki/Pigovian_tax) Social cost of carbon (/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon) Climate change Carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) Climate change mitigation (/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation) Food miles (/wiki/Food_miles) Concepts Bright green environmentalism (/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism) Circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) Climate finance (/wiki/Climate_finance) Corporate sustainability (/wiki/Corporate_sustainability) Degrowth (/wiki/Degrowth) Disinvestment (/wiki/Disinvestment) Eco-capitalism (/wiki/Eco-capitalism) Eco commerce (/wiki/Eco_commerce) Eco-innovation (/wiki/Eco-innovation) Eco-investing (/wiki/Eco-investing) Ecological economics (/wiki/Ecological_economics) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Ecological modernization (/wiki/Ecological_modernization) Ecotechnology (/wiki/Ecotechnology) Efficient energy use (/wiki/Efficient_energy_use) Energy conservation (/wiki/Energy_conservation) Environmental (/wiki/Natural_environment) accounting (/wiki/Environmental_accounting) design (/wiki/Environmental_design) enterprise (/wiki/Environmental_enterprise) finance (/wiki/Environmental_finance) full-cost accounting (/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting) impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) planning (/wiki/Environmental_planning) Ethical banking (/wiki/Ethical_banking) Fiscal environmentalism (/wiki/Fiscal_environmentalism) Green (/wiki/Environmental_friendly) accounting (/wiki/Green_accounting) building (/wiki/Green_building) development (/wiki/Green_development) economy (/wiki/Green_economy) growth (/wiki/Green_growth) job (/wiki/Green_job) marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) paradox (/wiki/Green_paradox) recovery (/wiki/Green_recovery) trading (/wiki/Green_trading) vehicle (/wiki/Green_vehicle) High-performance buildings (/wiki/High-performance_buildings) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Marginal abatement cost (/wiki/Marginal_abatement_cost) Natural resource economics (/wiki/Natural_resource_economics) Pollution haven hypothesis (/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis) Social accounting (/wiki/Social_accounting) Socially responsible business (/wiki/Socially_responsible_business) Social return on investment (/wiki/Social_return_on_investment) Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) accounting (/wiki/Sustainability_accounting) organization (/wiki/Sustainability_organization) reporting (/wiki/Sustainability_reporting) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) agriculture (/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture) capitalism (/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism) consumer behaviour (/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour) consumption (/wiki/Sustainable_consumption) design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) design standards (/wiki/Sustainable_design_standards) development (/wiki/Sustainable_development) development goals (/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals) energy (/wiki/Sustainable_energy) finance (/wiki/Sustainable_finance) food systems (/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems) industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) livelihood (/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood) management (/wiki/Sustainable_management) market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) refurbishment (/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment) sourcing (/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing) tourism (/wiki/Sustainable_tourism) transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Thermoeconomics (/wiki/Thermoeconomics) Used good (/wiki/Used_good) Value of Earth (/wiki/Value_of_Earth) Energy transition 2000-watt society (/wiki/2000-watt_society) Alternative fuel (/wiki/Alternative_fuel) , Carbon neutrality (/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) Carbon-neutral fuel (/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel) Environmental technology (/wiki/Environmental_technology) Feed-in tariff (/wiki/Feed-in_tariff) Fossil fuel divestment (/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment) Fossil fuel phase-out (/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out) Low-carbon economy (/wiki/Low-carbon_economy) Net metering (/wiki/Net_metering) Renewable energy commercialization (/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization) Sustainable energy (/wiki/Sustainable_energy) Policies Carbon leakage (/wiki/Carbon_leakage) Environmental pricing reform (/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform) Environmental tariff (/wiki/Environmental_tariff) Free public transport (/wiki/Free_public_transport) Green industrial policy (/wiki/Green_industrial_policy) Green New Deal (/wiki/Green_New_Deal) Green politics (/wiki/Green_politics) Rail subsidies (/wiki/Rail_subsidies) v t e Sustainable fashion is a term describing efforts within the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) to reduce its environmental impacts (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) , protect workers producing garments, and uphold animal welfare (/wiki/Animal_welfare) . Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) in fashion encompasses a wide range of factors, including cutting CO (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) 2 emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) , addressing overproduction (/wiki/Overproduction) , reducing pollution (/wiki/Pollution) and waste, supporting biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity) , and ensuring that garment workers (/wiki/Garment_workers) are paid a fair wage (/wiki/Fair_wage) and have safe working conditions. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2020, it was found that voluntary self-directed reform of textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) supply chains by large companies to reduce the environmental impact was largely unsuccessful. [2] (#cite_note-destin-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Measures to reform fashion production beyond greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) requires policies for the creation and enforcement of standardized (/wiki/Standardization) certificates, along with related import (/wiki/Import) controls, subsidies, [4] (#cite_note-4) and interventions such as eco-tariffs (/wiki/Eco-tariffs) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Background and history [ edit ] In the early 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , roughly coinciding with the 1992 United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) Conference on Environment and Development, popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit (/wiki/Earth_Summit) , 'green issues' (as they were called at the time) made their way into fashion and textiles publications. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) These publications featured well-known companies such as Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)) and ESPRIT (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) , whose founders Yvon Chouinard (/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard) and Doug Tompkins (/wiki/Doug_Tompkins) , were outdoorsmen who witnessed the environmental harm of overproduction and overconsumption (/wiki/Overconsumption) . Doug Tompkins and Yvon Chouinard were early to note that exponential growth and consumption are not sustainable. [10] (#cite_note-10) In the late 1980s, they brought environmental concerns into their business models, commissioning research into the impact of fibres used in their respective companies. For Patagonia, this resulted in a lifecycle assessment (/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment) of four fibers: cotton, wool, nylon, and polyester. For ESPRIT, the focus was on cotton (/wiki/Cotton) —representing 90% of their production at the time—and finding better alternatives to it. A primary focus on materials' provenance, impact and selection, fibre and fabric processing is still the norm in sustainable fashion 30 years on. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) In 1992, the ESPRIT (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) e-collection based on the Eco Audit guide by the Elmwood Institute, was developed by head designer Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) [12] (#cite_note-12) and launched at retail. In 2011 the brand Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) ran an ad and a PR campaign called "Don't Buy This Jacket" with a picture of Patagonia merchandise. This message was intended to encourage people to consider the effect that consumption (/wiki/Consumption_(economics)) has on the environment, to purchase only what they need. [13] (#cite_note-13) In parallel with industry, research around sustainable fashion has been in development since the early 1990s, with the field now having its own history, dynamics, politics, practices, sub-movements and evolution of analytical and critical language. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-:9-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) The field is broad in scope, including technical projects that seek to improve the resource efficiency of existing operations, [20] (#cite_note-20) the consideration of brands and designers working within currently understood frameworks [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) as well as those which look to fundamentally re-imagine the fashion industry, including the growth logic. [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) In the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) , the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorization_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals) (REACH) regulations required in 2007 that clothing manufacturers and importers identified and quantified the chemicals used in their products. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) In 2012, the world's largest summit on fashion sustainability was held in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , gathering more than 1,000 key stakeholders in the industry to discuss the importance of making the fashion industry sustainable. [24] (#cite_note-24) The Sustainable Apparel Coalition also launched the Higg Index (/wiki/Higg_Index) , a self-assessment standard designed to measure and promote sustainable supply chains in the apparel and footwear industries. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Founded in 2011, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition is a nonprofit organisation whose members include brands producing apparel or footwear, retailers, industry affiliates and trade associations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency) , academic institutions and environmental nonprofits. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) The Global Change Award, is an innovation challenge created by the H&M foundation. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Retailers must take responsibility for the social and environmental cost of clothes. They should use their market power to demand higher environmental and labour standards from suppliers. Offering rental schemes, lifetime repair and providing the consumer with more information about the sourcing and true cost of clothing are all measures that can be more widely adopted. Shifting business practice in this way can not only improve a business' environmental and social impact but also offer market advantage as they respond to the growing consumer demand for responsible, sustainable clothing. Environmental Audit Committee of the UK Parliament (/wiki/UK_Parliament) , "Fixing fashion: clothing consumption and sustainability" [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) : 54 In 2019, the UK Parliament's (/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) Environment Audit Committee published a report and recommendations on the future of fashion sustainability, suggesting wide-ranging systemic change, not least government regulation and tax-incentives for sustainable practices, such as lowered VAT (/wiki/Value-added_tax) for repair services. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) The report highlights the need for wide political and social changes to push the fashion industry towards more sustainable practices and levels of consumption, with the goal of "less harm" being too low to be of any helpful consequence. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) : 54 In the same year, a group of researchers formed the Union for Concerned Researchers in Fashion (UCRF) to advocate for radical and coordinated research activity commensurate with the challenges of biodiversity loss (/wiki/Biodiversity_loss) and climate change. [32] (#cite_note-32) In the fall of 2019, the UCRF received the North Star Award at the Green Carpet Fashion Awards during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [33] (#cite_note-33) Purpose [ edit ] Designers highlighting their designs at Eco Fashion Week Vancouver Canada, 2011 Fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion) followers believe the business sector can act more sustainably by pursuing profit and growth. This is done while adding increased value and wealth to society and the global economy. The goal of sustainable fashion is to create flourishing ecosystems and communities through its activity. [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) The movement believes that clothing companies should incorporate environmental, social, and ethical improvements on management's agenda. [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) [35] (#cite_note-:10-35) This may include: increasing the value of local production and products; prolonging the lifecycle of materials; increasing the value of timeless garments; reducing the amount of waste; and reducing the harm to the environment as a result of production and consumption. Another goal is to educate people to practice environmentally friendly consumption by promoting the "green consumer", which can allow the company itself to gain more support and a larger following. Providing more sustainable option decrease the huge amounts of clothing that end up in landfills. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) Consumption geared towards saving money, lowering utility bills and greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting the country's energy needs is described as green consumerism. In recent years there has been an increase in research centered around consumer reactions to the advent of green products within fast fashion. [38] (#cite_note-38) Critics doubt the effectiveness that this has, but companies have already begun slowly transitioning their business models to fit a more eco-friendly and sustainable future. Thus the industry has to change its basic premise for profit, yet this is slow coming as it requires a large shift in business practices, models and tools for assessment. [39] (#cite_note-39) This became apparent in the discussions following the Burberry report of the brand burning unsold goods worth around £28.6m (about $37.8 million) in 2018, [40] (#cite_note-40) exposing not only overproduction and subsequent destruction of unsold stock as a normal business practice, but behavior amongst brands that actively undermine a sustainable fashion agenda. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) The challenge for making fashion more sustainable often requires systematic reinvention, and this call for action is not new. The UCRF has argued that the industry focus remains the same ideas originally mooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Union observes, "so far, the mission of sustainable fashion has been an utter failure and all small and incremental changes have been drowned by an explosive economy of extraction, consumption, waste and continuous labor abuse." [41] (#cite_note-41) A frequently concern of those working in the area of sustainable fashion is whether the field itself is an oxymoron. [42] (#cite_note-42) This reflects the seemingly irreconcilable possibility of bringing together fashion (understood as constant change, and tied to business models based on continuous replacement of goods) and sustainability (understood as continuity and resourcefulness). [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The apparent paradox dissolves if fashion is seen more broadly, as a process not only aligned to expansionist business models [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) and consumption, but instead as mechanism that leads to more engaged ways of living. [45] (#cite_note-45) [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) Challenges associated with implementing sustainability in fashion design are shaped by the perceptions, attitudes, and involvement of fashion design practitioners in sustainability. Both design and designer roles are key to inspiring sustainable design practices; their role can contribute to sustainability by shaping design production practices and influencing consumption processes. [46] (#cite_note-46) Production models [ edit ] Traditional textile manufacturing in Teotitlán del Valle (/wiki/Teotitl%C3%A1n_del_Valle) . Clothes made with techniques like this are considered more sustainable than fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) . Aesthetic and social preferences (/wiki/Social_preferences) of fashion change over time, leading to some items becoming obsolete and affecting garment lifespans. [47] (#cite_note-KF_1-47) The fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) business model became dominant in the 21st century, leading to an increase in consumption of inexpensive garments. [48] (#cite_note-:11-48) This model disincentives companies from making durable (/wiki/Durability) products, creating more textile waste, [49] (#cite_note-49) and comes with significant health and environmental risks often disproportionately impacting developing countries and garment workers. [48] (#cite_note-:11-48) The " slow (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) " movement, particularly slow food (/wiki/Slow_Food) , has been proposed as an alternative to improve the sustainability of fashion. [50] (#cite_note-:5-50) Fast fashion [ edit ] Main article: Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Protesters holding a placard linking fast fashion to climate change (/wiki/Climate_change) One of the most apparent reasons for the current unsustainable condition of the fashion system is related to the temporal aspects of fashion; the continuous stream of new goods onto the market, or what is popularly called " fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) ." The term fast fashion is used to refer to the fast-paced production of goods at an unethical level which often has a negative impact on the environment. As a way to conform to the latest fashion styles and keep consumers wanting new garments, current fast fashion trends presuppose selling clothing in large quantities. [51] (#cite_note-51) Due to fast fashion being affordable and able to keep up with the trends, there has been an increase in apparel consumption. Consumption has risen to 62 million tonnes annually and is projected to reach 102 million tonnes by 2030. [52] (#cite_note-FF_1-52) This type of fashion is produced in vast quantities with low-quality materials and are sold through chains such as H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , Forever21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , Shein (/wiki/Shein_(company)) , etc. Fast-fashion retailer Shein is one of the most visited fast-fashion websites in the world and ships to 220 countries. However, there are questions about Shein's ethics and sustainability as it was responsible for about 706 billion kilograms of greenhouse gases in 2015 from the production of polyester textiles and uses up hundreds of gallons of water per garment. [53] (#cite_note-SI_1-53) Additionally, leaving an aftermath of 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide while missing 45% of the UN's goal to reduce carbon emissions by 2030. [54] (#cite_note-HOF_1-54) In January 2021, Shein offered over 121,000 garments made from polyester, making up 61% of their clothing total. [55] (#cite_note-55) The fashion industry has a value of three trillion dollars. It is two percent of the world's gross domestic product (GDP) - the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. [56] (#cite_note-:12-56) Out of the three trillion dollars, the majority is made of fast fashion. However, the "fast" aspect of consumption is primarily a problem for the environment when done on a massive scale. As long as fast conspicuous consumption was reserved to the rich, the global impact was not reaching public attention or seen as a problem. That is, "fast" shopping sprees of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) is not seen as a problem, rather it is celebrated (for example in movies such as Pretty Woman (/wiki/Pretty_Woman) ), whereas when people with less means shop fast fashion, it is seen as unethical and a problem. Today, the speed of fast fashion is common across the whole industry as exclusive fashion replicates the fast fashion chains with continuous releases of collections and product drops: the quality of a garment does not necessarily translate to a slower pace of consumption and waste. [57] (#cite_note-57) These releases are only exasperated by the acceleration of fashion trends. As micro-trends are only lasting an average of 3 years, the demand for clothes has also accelerated. [58] (#cite_note-58) In addition to its negative environmental impact, fast fashion is unethical. Keeping up with fashion trends causes clothing to be produced in a harmful manner. "Fast" clothing is made with synthetic fibers as opposed to natural fibers. The synthetic fibers are made using the Earth's fossil fuels. Almost sixty percent of clothes are made this way. [59] (#cite_note-:13-59) Since people spend so much money on these types of clothes and purchase them so frequently, landfills are filling up quickly. Over sixty percent of clothes made every year end up in landfills as consumer waste, and almost twenty percent of the world's waste is constituted by fashion products. [56] (#cite_note-:12-56) Therefore, because fast fashion frequently introduces new collections, consumer consumption increases. Consequently, leading consumers to view low-cost apparel as disposable since there are continuous releases of products. [60] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-60) Production of these types of clothing is also commonly exploitative, with most factories that produce "fast" clothing employing workers on low wages in exploitative environments. Workers from Shein are reported to make as little as ~4 cents per garment produced, as well as operating on 18-hour workdays with 1 day off per month. [61] (#cite_note-BIS_1-61) Exploitative fast fashion production is prevalent in countries like China, Bangladesh and Vietnam. [62] (#cite_note-62) Slow fashion [ edit ] Main article: Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) is a proposed sustainable alternative to fast fashion. [63] (#cite_note-63) The term was coined by Kate Fletcher of the Centre for Sustainable Fashion and inspired by " slow food (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) ". [64] (#cite_note-Archived_copy-64) It intends to challenge growth fashion's obsession with mass-production and globalized style. [65] (#cite_note-65) A slow-fashion garment often consists of durable materials, traditional production techniques, or design concepts that are seasonless or will last for more than a season. Several points of the production chain are affected by slowness. Textile workers in developing countries earn higher wages because of slow fashion. For end-users, slow fashion means that the goods are designed and manufactured with greater care and high-quality products. From an environmental point of view, it means that there are less clothing and industrial waste that is removed from use following transient trends. [66] (#cite_note-66) Examples of stability of expression over long times are abundant in the history of dress, not least in ethnic or folk dress (/wiki/Folk_dress) , ritual or coronation robes, clerical dress (/wiki/Clerical_dress) , or the uniforms of the Vatican Guard (/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard) . [67] (#cite_note-67) One of the earliest brands to emphasise slow fashion is Anglo-Japanese brand People Tree (/wiki/People_Tree_Ltd.) , which was the first fashion company to receive the World Fair Trade Organization (/wiki/World_Fair_Trade_Organization) product label in 2013. [68] (#cite_note-68) The concept of slow fashion is however not without its controversies, as the imperative of slowness is a mandate emerging from a position of privilege. To stop consuming "fast fashion" strikes against low-income consumers whose only means to access trends is through cheap and accessible goods. [69] (#cite_note-69) Those who are already having a high position in society can afford to slow down and cement their status and position, while those on their way up resent being told to stay at the lower rungs of the status hierarchy. [70] (#cite_note-70) "The prestige of slowness allows a cultural signifier for those already have social positions to preserve, and have time and money to take it easy and enjoy the pleasures of reflection and meditate over their moral superiority." [71] (#cite_note-71) Garment use and lifespan [ edit ] Further information: Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) The environmental impact of fashion also depends on how much and how long a garment is used. With the fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) trend, garments tend to be used half as much as compared to 15 years ago. It has been estimated that each year around $172 million worth of garments is expected to be discarded, many of them after being worn only once. [72] (#cite_note-72) There has been a 7.1 kg increase in global per-capita textile production from 1975 to 2018. This means not only an increase in textiles but an increase in the amount of water pollution from dying and treating the textiles. The increase can be contributed to the need for consumers to keep up with the latest fashion trends and the quick disposal of clothing. [73] (#cite_note-73) This is not only due to the inferior quality of fabrics used but also a result of a significant increase in collections that are being released by the fashion industry. To combat this issue at hand, longer lasting materials and products are being promoted to increase sustainability. [47] (#cite_note-KF_1-47) Typically, a garment used daily over years has less impact than a garment used once to then be quickly discarded. Studies have shown that the washing and drying process for a pair of classic jeans is responsible for almost two-thirds of the energy consumed through the whole of the jeans' life, and for underwear about 80% of total energy use comes from laundry processes. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The dyeing process also contributes close to 15%-20% of wastewater. For this reason, innovative techniques are being introduced to reduce energy and water consumption, such as utilizing CO 2 [60] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-60) in the dyeing process where heat and pressure turns liquid CO 2 into dye used for various garments. [74] (#cite_note-74) Thus, use and wear practices affect the lifecycles of garments and needs to be addressed for larger systemic impact. [75] (#cite_note-75) However, there is a significant difference between making a product last from making a long-lasting product. The quality of the product must reflect the appropriate fit into its lifecycle. Certain garments of quality can be repaired and cultivated with emotional durability. Low-quality products that deteriorate rapidly are not as suitable to be "enchanted" with emotional bonds between user and product. [76] (#cite_note-76) It is important to notice that choosing and promoting "emotional bonds" with consumer objects is an endeavor more easily done under circumstances of excess, as the needy have no other option than to keep and care for their belongings. As highlighted in the research of Irene Maldini, slowing down (in the sense of keeping garments longer) does not necessarily translate into lower volumes of purchased units. [77] (#cite_note-77) Maldini's studies expose how slow fashion, in the sense of long-lasting use phase of garments, tends to indicate that garments stay in the wardrobe longer, stored or hoarded, but does not mean fewer resources are used in producing garments. Thus, slowness comes to mean wardrobes with more lasting products, but the consumption volume and in-flow into the wardrobe/storage stay the same. [78] (#cite_note-78) Concerns [ edit ] Environmental [ edit ] Main article: Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) The fashion industry has a disastrous impact on the environment. In fact, it is the second largest polluter in the world, just after the oil industry. And, the environmental damage is increasing as the industry grows. [79] (#cite_note-79) The textiles and fashion industries are amongst the leading industries that affect the environment negatively. One of the industries that greatly jeopardize environmental sustainability is the textiles and fashion industry, which thus also bears great responsibilities. Globalization (/wiki/Globalization) has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low, and collections shifting so fast, that many consumers consider fashion to be disposable. [15] (#cite_note-:9-15) However, fast, and thus disposable, fashion adds to pollution and generates environmental hazards, in production, use, and disposal. The globalization of the textile and fashion industry has also contributed to the uneven distribution of such environmental hazards and consequences. Developing countries who typically produce the textile and clothing bear the burden for developed countries who largely consume the products. [80] (#cite_note-80) Putting the environmental perspective at the center, rather than the logic of the industry, is thus an urgent concern if fashion is to become more sustainable. The Earth Logic fashion research action plan argues for "putting the health and survival of our planet earth and consequently the future security and health of all species including humans, before industry, business, and economic growth." [81] (#cite_note-81) In making this argument the Earth Logic plan explicitly connects the global fashion system with the 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C) . Furthermore, the Earth Logic fashion research action plan sets out a range of possible areas for work in a sustainable fashion that scientific and research evidence suggests are the most likely to deliver a change of the scale and pace needed to respond to challenges like climate change. Earth Logic's point of departure is that the planet, and its people, must be put first, before profit. It replaces the logic of economic growth, which is arguably the single largest factor limiting change towards sustainable fashion, with the logic that puts Earth at its center. [82] (#cite_note-82) Environmental hazards [ edit ] The clothing industry has one of the highest impacts on the planet. Cotton requires approximately 15,000 liters of water to grow for a pair of jeans. [83] (#cite_note-83) High water usage, pollution from chemical treatments used in dyeing and preparation and the disposal of large amounts of unsold clothing through incineration or landfill deposits are hazardous to the environment. [84] (#cite_note-84) There is a growing water scarcity (/wiki/Water_scarcity) , the current usage level of fashion materials (79 billion cubic meters annually) is very concerning because textile production mostly takes place in areas of fresh water stress. [85] (#cite_note-pulse-85) Only around 20% of clothing is recycled or reused, huge amounts of fashion product end up as waste in landfills or are incinerated. [85] (#cite_note-pulse-85) It has been estimated that in the UK alone around 350,000 tons of clothing ends up as landfill every year. According to Earth Pledge, a non-profit organization (/wiki/Non-profit_organization) committed to promoting and supporting sustainable development (/wiki/Sustainable_development) , "At least 8,000 chemicals are used to turn raw materials into textiles and 25% of the world's pesticides (/wiki/Pesticides) are used to grow non-organic cotton. This causes irreversible damage to people and the environment (/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)) , and still two thirds of a garment's carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) will occur after it is purchased." [86] (#cite_note-86) The average American throws away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year. [87] (#cite_note-87) Around 5% of the total waste worldwide stems from the textile industry, the clothing section of the textile industry has elevated the amount of waste contributing to global waste. [88] (#cite_note-88) Microfibers [ edit ] There is increasing concern that microfibers from synthetic and cellulosic fabrics are polluting the earths waters through the process of laundering. Microfibers are tiny threads that are shed from fabric. These microfibers are too small to be captured in wastewater treatment plants filtration systems and they end up entering our natural water systems and as a result, contaminating our food chain. [89] (#cite_note-89) One study found that 34.8% of Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) found in oceans come from the textile and clothing industry and the majority of them were made of polyester, polyethylene, acrylic, and elastane; [90] (#cite_note-90) but a study off the coast of the UK and US by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (/wiki/Plymouth_Marine_Laboratory) in May 2020 suggested there are at least double the number of particles as previously thought. [91] (#cite_note-91) Eliminating synthetic materials used in clothing products can prevent harmful synthetics and microfibers from ending up in the natural environment. While some clothing companies and NGOs support the use of washing bags to filter out microfibers in washing machines and thus reduce microfiber release, microfibers are also shed during wear and disposal. [92] (#cite_note-92) Plastic debris covers the surface of the whole ocean. If no progress is made to reverse the damage, it is calculated that there will be an increase of 850 Mts of plastic debris in the ocean by 2050. [93] (#cite_note-93) Fossil fashion [ edit ] In February 2021, Changing Markets Foundation released a report on the fashion industry's dependence on oil extraction (/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum) . The report analyses the current production model across the fashion industry is dependent on massive fossil-fuel extraction to fuel the production of fibers. [94] (#cite_note-94) The report spotlights how the production of the most popular fibers, primarily polyester, is reliant on oil extraction. Production of polyester has grown ninefold since the 1970s, and is the fastest growing component in fashion production. The popularity of polyester is due to its low price, but also the fiber's flexibility as a material. The report suggests, synthetic fibers in the textile industry currently accounts for 1.35% of global oil consumption, and this is projected to more than double in the coming years: "BP's energy scenario presumes plastic production will account for 95% of future growth in demand for oil demand, while the International Energy Agency (/wiki/International_Energy_Agency) (IEA) predicts petrochemicals will represent up to 50% of growth in oil demand by 2050 and 4% in the projected growth of gas demand." (p. 8) Social [ edit ] One of the main social issues related to fashion concerns labor. Since the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire) in 1911, labor rights in the fashion industry has been at the center of this issue. [95] (#cite_note-95) The 2013 Savar building collapse (/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse) at Rana Plaza, where 1138 people died, put the spotlight once again on the lack of transparency, poor working conditions and hazards in fashion production. [96] (#cite_note-96) [97] (#cite_note-97) Attention is increasingly being placed on labour rights violations in other parts of the whole fashion product lifecycle from textile production and processing, [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) retail and distribution [100] (#cite_note-100) and modeling [101] (#cite_note-101) to the recycling of textiles. [102] (#cite_note-102) Whilst the majority of fashion and textiles are produced in Asia, Central America, Turkey, North Africa, the Caribbean and Mexico, there is still production across Europe where exploitative working conditions are also found such as in Leicester in the UK Midlands [103] (#cite_note-103) and Central and Eastern Europe. [104] (#cite_note-104) The fashion industry benefits from racial, class and gender inequalities. [105] (#cite_note-105) These inequalities and pressure from brands and retailers in the form of low prices and short lead times contribute to exploitative working conditions and low wages. [106] (#cite_note-106) Also "local" production, such as garments labeled as "Made in Italy" are engaged in global sourcing of labor and worker exploitation, bypassing unions and social welfare contracts. [107] (#cite_note-107) It is generally accepted that at least 25 million people, the majority women, work in garment manufacture and up to 300 million in cotton alone. [108] (#cite_note-108) The working conditions for employees working in garment industries are insufferable due to the intake and exposure of toxic substances. [109] (#cite_note-109) The environmental impact of fashion also affects communities located close to production sites. There is little easily accessible information about these impacts, but it is known that water and land pollution from toxic chemicals used to produce and dye fabrics and have serious negative consequences for the people living near factories. [110] (#cite_note-110) The social costs of fast fashion are left on the laborers working long hours to mass-produce the clothing. They bear the weight of the fast fashion industry as they work through environmental health hazards and cheap pay that does not compensate for the work, they put in. [111] (#cite_note-111) This is a big reason why slow fashion is becoming so desirable. Unlike fast fashion, it places a big importance on ethical conduct and caring for people working throughout the supply chain. [112] (#cite_note-Henninger2016-112) Transparency [ edit ] Supply chain transparency has been a recurring controversy for the fashion industry, especially since the Rana Plaza accident. The issue has been pushed by many labor organizations, not least Clean Clothes Campaign (/wiki/Clean_Clothes_Campaign) and Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) . Over the last years, over 150 major brands including Everlane, Filippa K, and H&M have answered by publicizing information about their factories online. Every year, Fashion Revolution publishes a Fashion Transparency Index [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) which rates the world's largest brands and retailers according to how much information they disclose about their suppliers, supply chain policies and practices, and social and environmental impact. The top scorers of the 2019 Fashion Transparency Index included Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . [115] (#cite_note-115) The high place of several fast fashion retailers caused controversy regarding the parameters used for such rankings. [116] (#cite_note-116) Diversity and inclusion [ edit ] In addition, fashion companies are criticized for the lack of size, age, physical ability, gender and racial diversity of models used in photo shoots and catwalks. [117] (#cite_note-117) A more radical and systemic critique of social inequality in fashion concerns the exclusion and aesthetic supremacy inherent and accentuated through fashion that still remains unquestioned under the current environmentally focused discourse on sustainable fashion. [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-Busch_311–327-119) While social "inclusivity" has become almost a norm amongst brands marketing ethical and sustainable fashion, the norm for what is considered a "beautiful" and "healthy" body keeps narrowing down under what researchers have called the current "wellness syndrome." [120] (#cite_note-120) With the positive thinking of inclusivity, the assumption is that a consumer can be whatever he or she wants to be, and thus if the person is not living up to the ideals it is the person's own fault. This optimism hides the diktat of aesthetic wellness, which turns inclusion into an obligation to look good and be dressed in fashionable clothes, a "democratic" demand for aesthetic as well as ethical perfection, as argued by philosopher Heather Widdows (/wiki/Heather_Widdows) . [121] (#cite_note-121) In Asia [ edit ] Further information: Impact of fast fashion in China (/wiki/Impact_of_fast_fashion_in_China) China has emerged as the largest exporter of fast fashion, accounting for 30% of world apparel exports. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) The country exports over approximately US$159 billion worth of clothing garments annually. [122] (#cite_note-122) However, some Chinese workers make as little as 12–18 cents per hour working in poor conditions. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Each year Americans purchase approximately 1 billion garments made in China. Today's biggest factories and mass scale of apparel production emerged from two developments in history. The first involved the opening up of China and Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) in the 1980s to private and foreign capital and investments in the creation of export-oriented manufacturing of garments, footwear, and plastics, part of a national effort to boost living standards, embrace modernity, and capitalism. [123] (#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-123) Second, the retail revolution within the U.S. (example Wal-Mart, Target, Nike) and Western Europe, where companies no longer manufactured but rather contracted out their production and transformed instead into key players in design, marketing, and logistics, introducing many new different product lines manufactured in foreign-owned factories in China. [123] (#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-123) It is the convergence of these two phenomena that has led to the largest factories in history from apparels to electronics. In contemporary global supply chains, it is the retailers and branders who have had the most power in establishing arrangements and terms of production, not factory owners. [124] (#cite_note-124) Fierce global competition in the garment industry translates into poor working conditions for many laborers in developing nations. Developing countries aim to become a part of the world's apparel market despite poor working conditions and low pay. Countries such as Cambodia (/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia#Garment_industry) and Bangladesh (/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh) export large amounts of clothing into the United States (/wiki/United_States) every year. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Economic [ edit ] At the heart of the controversy concerning "fast fashion" lies the acknowledgment that the "problem" of unsustainable fashion is that cheap, accessible, and on-trend clothes have become available to people of poorer means. This means more people across the world have adopted the consumption habits that in the mid-20th century were still reserved for the rich. To put it differently, the economic concern of fashion is that poor (/wiki/Poor) people, or populations in developing economies, now have access to updating their wardrobes as often as the rich, or consumers in Western economies. That is, "fast" fashion is only a problem when poor people engage in it. In alignment with this, the blame for the proliferation of poor-quality, high-quantity and cheap fashion is often put on poorer consumers. The distribution of value within the fashion industry is another economic concern, with garment workers and textile farmers and workers receiving low wages and prices. [125] (#cite_note-125) [126] (#cite_note-126) Business models for sustainable fashion [ edit ] In order to promote more sustainable forms of consumption, there is a multitude of emerging business models that challenge the prevalent ready-to-wear model. Here is an example of a study that provides insight into innovative business models in the fashion industry that are geared towards sustainability. [127] (#cite_note-127) Circular fashion models [ edit ] A number of emerging business models go under the name of " circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) ," inspired by the circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) . While there are many models under development, some are gaining more traction. Much of the work on circular fashion builds on ideas and initiatives explored in the 1990s and onwards, by scholars such as Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) , [128] (#cite_note-128) Kate Fletcher, [129] (#cite_note-129) Rebecca Earley, [130] (#cite_note-130) Mathilda Tham, and Timo Rissanen, [131] (#cite_note-131) especially the thinking around the "metabolism" of garments and wardrobes, "zero waste" production, and the focus on the whole life cycle of garments. [132] (#cite_note-132) The popular terminology around circular fashion, reached the mainstream through a report that has come to define the field, the 2017 "A New Textile Economy: Redesigning Fashion's Future" by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation) . [133] (#cite_note-133) The " cradle-to-cradle (/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design) " model, a circular system named after the influential 2002 book with the same name (/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things) by German chemist Michael Braungart (/wiki/Michael_Braungart) and US architect William McDonough (/wiki/William_McDonough) has been a popular inspiration amongst proponents of circular fashion, it is not easy to achieve. Most textile fibers in consumer fashion are amalgamations of various materials to achieve flexible or aesthetic properties, and thus not optimal for circular reproduction. Industrially shredded fibers often need addition of new materials to achieve elasticity or durability. Up until now, most companies contributing to circular fashion are either mechanical or chemical textile recyclers such as Lenzing (/wiki/Lenzing) , Recover Textile Systems (/wiki/Recover_Textile_Systems) , Renewcell, Evrnu, Spinnova or Infinited Fiber Company. [134] (#cite_note-134) Although all work with textile waste as their raw material, it is often from pre-consumer (/wiki/Pre-consumer_recycling) origins as it is easier to sort and process. More recently, some industry initiatives to develop and scale pre-consumer and post-consumer textile recycling have been emerging around the globe, particularly as a response to new legislation. On March 30, The European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) published the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles, [135] (#cite_note-135) a new strategy that lays out key principles to drive change in the textiles industry. The European Commission's vision of the future of the textiles industry in Europe lays on several pillars that include recycled textiles, ecodesigns, waste management, transparency, labelling, microplastics and extended producer responsibility (EPR). [136] (#cite_note-136) Biomimicry, natural cycles, and processes [ edit ] Biomimicry (/wiki/Biomimetics) suggests a perspective emphasizing the "Wisdom of Nature" where the industry looks into materials in tune with natural cycles. [137] (#cite_note-137) Biomimicry replicates the cycles of nature (/wiki/Natural_Cycles) , seeking to infinitely reuse materials to make commerce compatible with nature. Fashion from the viewpoint of biomimicry tries to make fashion work as a sustainable ecosystem, aligning with natural systems in harmony with the biosphere (/wiki/Biosphere) . Materials should be bio-compatible, combining biodegradable fibers with processes of fermentation (/wiki/Fermentation) and gasification (/wiki/Gasification) , or materials that have been seen as waste could act as a more sustainable method to making new clothing. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Biofabricate materials [ edit ] Fashion companies are also innovating by incorporating biotechnology materials for the production of products such as sustainable fashion and sportswear, leading to a reduction in the impact of climate change. [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Biofabrication (/wiki/Biofabrication) refers to the process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, algae, and fungi, to produce materials and ingredients used by humans, ranging from fuel to food to fibers. With the aim of harnessing biology and microorganisms, biofabrication aims to produce high-value ingredients without relying on fossil or limited land resources. American fashion designer and CEO of Biofabricate, Suzanne Lee (/wiki/Suzanne_Lee) , is developing biofabricate materials for the fashion world and gathering experts in the area to explore the possibilities of this new materials: "We've already seen various automotive concept cars with interiors made from biomaterials rather than animal or petrochemical materials. But it's probably going to be a while before it goes mainstream in the automotive sector because the volumes are so huge." [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Multi-national clothing retailers are making progress in sustainable clothing production utilizing biofabrication materials. In 2022, Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) offered party dresses made of polyester produced from bio ethanol created from the carbon emissions of a steel mill. [139] (#cite_note-139) Similarly, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Move has partnered with LanzaTech, a breakthrough material science company that diverts carbon emissions from the atmosphere, traps them, and transforms them into thread. [140] (#cite_note-140) Although the technology is still in its early stages, it has the potential to be transformative in the coming decades. [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Rental and sharing models [ edit ] Rental models are gaining popularity across the industry, a model that has traditionally been used in attire for masquerades or special events, such as weddings. The idea is that sharing garments ultimately lowers the volume of new purchases and disposal of clothing, which means less waste. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Rent the Runway (/wiki/Rent_the_Runway) is a company building on the "Rent a Closet" approach to consumption, where a consumer leases a garment instead of purchasing it. Fashion rental is a model expected to grow over 10% annually until 2027 across the fashion industry, thus also increasing sales (and expected waste) of garments. [141] (#cite_note-141) Renting and sharing clothing is also known as CFC (collaborative fashion consumption) but its environmental impact and mitigation of pollution are debated. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-:2-143) While convenient for the consumer, reducing the number of items housed in the wardrobe, the environmental impact of rental may however not be reduced as much as advertised. Transportation between users and storage, dry-cleaning, and re-packaging causes more environmental impact than reselling or hand-me-downs. [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) As noted by Levänen et al. (2021), the lowest global warming impacts are achieved be reducing consumption, followed by reusing and recycling, whereas rental services are likely to increase customers' consumption, logistics, and use, making sharing and rental scenarios having the highest Global Warming Potential. [143] (#cite_note-:2-143) As noted by sustainability researcher Timo Rissanen, it is the total amount of clothing units in circulation that needs to be reduced, as well as their environmental impact during their life cycle, and rental services could, if improved, play a role in that. [146] (#cite_note-146) Vintage and resale models [ edit ] Main articles: Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) and Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) The most sustainable fibers in fashion are the ones many people already have. Thus, to recirculate existing garments, new business models engage the resale, revival, and recirculation of used, second-hand or vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) . [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Purchasing second-hand, or vintage clothing is a way to lower the amount of new clothing that gets produced and disposed of and ends up in landfills. Other resale models also contain elements of upcycling and repairs. Repairing and reselling used clothing has less environmental impact than creating, processing, dying, cutting, sewing, and shipping new clothing to the consumer. Through the upcycling process for clothing, the end-of-life management process of clothes is not applied because it extends the life of a clothing article instead of being disposed into a landfill. [112] (#cite_note-Henninger2016-112) Rethinking recycling [ edit ] Community clothing and shoes donation bins A more technologically minded trend is "innovative recycling", which seeks to view waste itself as a source of value. Within the fashion industry, some [ who? ] manufacturers have created incentives for consumers to participate in the recycling of their clothing. Innovative recycling is also aimed at clothing stores themselves, who do not always have sustainable methods to properly dispose of boxes and plastic bags; innovative recycling also looks at the packaging that clothes come in having been sent from manufacturers. A change in approaches towards recycling within the fashion industry could potentially greatly impact the amount of waste the industry creates. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) From collective to connective [ edit ] Using digital technologies and blockchain (/wiki/Blockchain) can promote more "Connected Clothes" which allows for more opportunities in digitalizing clothing for personalization (/wiki/Personalization) , life-tracking, and traceability of its origin. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Tailored resurgence [ edit ] Tailored couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) is another option for the future of a greener fashion industry, for those who can afford it, as it can potentially lead to less waste and more jobs improving the economy. Tailored couture is no longer desired because of the convenience of malls and stores provide but the consequence of the convenience is the pollution of the environment. The idea is that tailored clothing can reduce mass-production, while reusing and redesigning old clothes to fit could reduce the amount of old worn out unfitting clothes thrown out or given away. [147] (#cite_note-DG_1-147) Open-source fashion [ edit ] Open-source content (/wiki/Open_source) has become a popular reference with designers sharing patterns and designs, connecting to the success of the open-source software movement. (/wiki/Open-source-software_movement) By sharing designs freely, using digital technology, the aim is to make consumers more engaged in the design, production, and lifetime use of the garment. [148] (#cite_note-:14-148) While the terminology is new, the concept builds on the sharing of patterns across European courts in 16th century (such as Kleidungsbüchlein or Trachtenbuch (usually translated as "Book of Clothes") of Melchior Lorck (/wiki/Melchior_Lorck) , and the wide range of sewing magazines, such as Burda Style (/wiki/Burda_Style) , in the early 20th century. By making garments more open and adaptable across their lifecycle, the hope is that "garments can be multi-functional, beyond simply clothing our bodies; that fashion should be both useful and inventive; and that what we wear should relate to the world around us." [148] (#cite_note-:14-148) Examples of open-source fashion range from freely available patterns and production techniques, platforms for exchanging materials and patterns, and maker spaces. [149] (#cite_note-149) Reuse and recycling [ edit ] See also: Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) and Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) A large amount of clothing purchased annually is discarded and eventually ends up in landfill (/wiki/Landfill) . [150] (#cite_note-150) [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Sustainability advocates highlight reselling and donating old clothes and buying secondhand (/wiki/Secondhand) fashion as an approach to sustainable fashion. [152] (#cite_note-152) Charity shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) keep a small proportion of donated clothing received. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) These clothes tend to be good quality, fashionable, and high valued fabrics that can easily be sold in charities' thrift shops. Some charities then sell the majority to textile recycling firms. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) Recycling [ edit ] Main article: Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Some efforts have been made to recycling (/wiki/Recycling) textiles and clothing, as the technology to do this has existed for centuries. [154] (#cite_note-154) However, only around 1% of recycled clothes are turned into new items, primarily due to the difficulty and high cost of separating mixed and blended textiles. [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Most discarded clothing is recycled for other uses, such as building insulation or carpet. [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Textile recycling firms process about 70% of the donated clothing into industrial items such as rags or cleaning cloths. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) However, 20–25% of the second-hand (/wiki/Second-hand) clothing is sold into an international market. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) Where possible, used jeans collected from America, for example, are sold to low-income customers in Africa for modest prices, yet most end up in landfill as the average US sized customer is several sizes bigger than the global average. [155] (#cite_note-155) Upcycling [ edit ] Upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) in fashion signifies the process of reusing the unwanted and discarded materials (such as fabric scraps or clothes) into new materials or products without compromising the value and the quality of the used material. The definition of textile waste can be production waste, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste. [156] (#cite_note-156) Typically, upcycling creates something new and better from the old, used or disposed of items. Based on statistics taken globally, the majority of people wear their clothes for at least a few years and pass on unwanted clothes to others to use, but fewer say they avoid buying new clothes and repair their damaged clothes. [157] (#cite_note-157) Hence, upcycling is one of the lesser sought-after methods of sustainable fashion, even though there are plenty of benefits to it.The process of upcycling requires a blend of factors like environmental awareness, creativity, innovation, and hard work and results in a unique sustainable product. Upcycling aims at the development of products truly sustainable, affordable, innovative, and creative. For example, shirts can be upcycled into a value-added product like a unique handmade braided rug, whereas the opposite of upcycling is downcycling such as cleaning rags made from worn T-shirts. [158] (#cite_note-158) Upcycling can be seen as one of the waste management strategies. There are different types of strategies. From least to most resource-intensive, the strategies are the reuse of product, repairing and reconditioning to keep products as long as possible, recycling the raw materials. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) The reuse of textile products 'as is' brings significant environmental savings. In the case of clothing, the energy used to collect, sort and resell second-hand garments in between 10 and 20 times less than that needed to make a new item. [160] (#cite_note-160) It is meant to be innovative by making certain materials into something re-usable and improved, which gives companies and manufacturers higher values for their products. Recycling is a big factor in sustainability, so creating new materials to avoid mass pollution can help improve the economy. [161] (#cite_note-161) The advantages of circular fashion include: reduced dependency on imported raw materials, creation of eco- friendly industries and jobs, eco-friendly brands benefit from a better public image, and reduction in environmental damage caused by resource extraction. On the other hand, disadvantages include dependency on the consumer's actions, creating a new business model on the basis of recycled is tough, and the entire cycle requires integrating product life cycle from raw material to disposal. [162] (#cite_note-162) Clothing swaps [ edit ] Main article: Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Clothes swap in Wrocław (/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw) , Wyspa Tamka. Event is manifesting slow fashion movement, focusing on Fashion Revolution actions. Clothing swapping (/wiki/Clothing_swap) can further promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling clothing. By reusing clothing that has already been made and recycling clothing from one owner to another, source reduction can be achieved. This moves away from usage of new raw materials to make more clothing available for consumption. Through the method of clothing swapping, an alternative resource for consumers to ultimately save in regards to money and time is provided. It reduces transportation emissions, costs, and the time it takes to drive and search through the chaos of most clothing stores. Swapping clothes further promotes the use of sustainable online shopping (/wiki/Online_shopping) and the internet as well as an increase of social bonds through online communication or effective personal communication in "clothing swap parties." The EPA states, that by reusing items, at the source waste can be diverted from ending up in landfills because it delays or avoids that item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system. [163] (#cite_note-163) Consumption [ edit ] There are negative social and environmental impacts at all stages of the fashion product life: materials production and processing, manufacture of garments, retail and marketing, use and maintenance, and at the discard phase. For some products, the environmental impact can be greater at the use phase than material production, [164] (#cite_note-164) leading for instance to the suggestion to wash clothes less. Consumer engagement [ edit ] Sustainability and Style event held during Berlin Fashion Week 2016 Consumer engagement challenges the "passive" mode of ready-to-wear fashion where consumers have few interfaces and little incentive to be active with their garments; to repair, change, update, swap, and learn from their wardrobe. [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) This type of consumer engagement, aiming to promote fashion as an ability rather than primarily as a commodity, has been referred to as "fashion-ability." [165] (#cite_note-165) The term "folk fashion" has been used in the emphasis on craft engagements with garments where the community heritage of skills are in focus. [166] (#cite_note-166) There are currently many designers trying to find ways that experiment with new models of action that deposes passivity and indifference while preserving the positive social dynamics and sensibilities fashion offers, often in relation to Alvin Toffler (/wiki/Alvin_Toffler) 's notion of the " prosumer (/wiki/Prosumer) " (portmanteau of producer and consumer). Notions of participatory design (/wiki/Participatory_design) , open source (/wiki/Open_source) fashion, and fashion hacktivism (/wiki/Hacker_culture) are parts of such endeavors, mixing techniques of dissemination with empowerment, reenchantment and Paulo Freire (/wiki/Paulo_Freire) 's " Pedagogy of the Oppressed (/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed) ." [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) [167] (#cite_note-:6-167) [168] (#cite_note-168) [169] (#cite_note-169) An example of such consumer engagement can be Giana Gonzalez and her project "Hacking Couture", which has tested such methods across the world since 2006. [170] (#cite_note-170) As highlighted in the research of Jennifer Ballie, there is also an increasing interest across industry to produce unique experiences amongst users, connecting co-design with social media (/wiki/Social_media) apps and tools to enhance the user experience of consumers. [171] (#cite_note-171) A recent example has been the Open Source Fashion Cookbook , by the New York-based brand ADIFF, showing how consumers can recycle materials, share and modify patterns, and co-create more engaging forms of fashion consumption. [172] (#cite_note-172) Enhancing the lifespan of products have been yet another approach to sustainability, yet still only in its infancy. Upmarket brands have long supported the lifespan of their products through product-service systems (/wiki/Product-service_system) , such as re-waxing of classic outdoor jackets, or repairs of expensive handbags, yet more accessible brands do still not offer even spare buttons in their garments. One such approach concerns emotionally durable design (/wiki/Emotionally_durable_design) , yet with fashion's dependency on continuous updates, and consumer's desire to follow trends, there is a significant challenge to make garments last long through emotional attachment. As with memories, not all are pleasant, and thus a focus on emotional attachment can result in favoring a normative approach to what is considered a good enough memory to manifest emotionally in a garment. Cultural theorist Peter Stallybrass approaches this challenge in his essay on poverty, textile memory, and the coat of Karl Marx. [173] (#cite_note-173) Technology [ edit ] See also: Manufacture on demand (/wiki/Manufacture_on_demand) and Clothing technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Novel technologies for virtual try-ons of clothes sold via e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) may enable more sustainable fashion and reduce wasted clothes and related transportation and production expenses. [174] (#cite_note-174) [175] (#cite_note-175) Sustainable fashion organizations and companies [ edit ] There is a broad range of organizations purporting to support sustainable fashion, some representing particular stakeholders, some addressing particular issues, and some seeking to increase the visibility of the sustainable fashion movement. They also range from the local to global. It is important to examine the interests and priorities of the organizations. Organizations [ edit ] Clothes swap in Wrocław, Wyspa Tamka. Event is manifesting slow fashion movement, focusing on Fashion Revolution actions. Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) is a not-for-profit global movement founded by Carry Somers (/wiki/Carry_Somers) and Orsola de Castro (/wiki/Orsola_de_Castro) which highlights working conditions and the people behind the garments. With teams in over 100 countries around the world, Fashion Revolution campaigns for systemic reform of the fashion industry with a focus on the need for greater transparency in the fashion supply chain. Fashion Revolution has designated the anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh as Fashion Revolution Day. Fashion Revolution Week takes place annually during the week on which the anniversary falls. Over 1000 events take place around the world, with millions of people engaging online and offline. [176] (#cite_note-176) Fashion Revolution publishes the Fashion Transparency Index annually, ranking the largest fashion brands in the world on how much they disclose about their policies, practices, procedures and social and environmental impact. [177] (#cite_note-177) Red Carpet Green Dress, founded by Suzy Amis Cameron (/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron) , is a global initiative showcasing sustainable fashion on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) at the Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Awards) . [178] (#cite_note-178) Talent supporting the project includes Naomie Harris (/wiki/Naomie_Harris) , Missi Pyle (/wiki/Missi_Pyle) , Kellan Lutz (/wiki/Kellan_Lutz) and Olga Kurylenko (/wiki/Olga_Kurylenko) . Undress Brisbane is an Australian fashion show that sheds light on sustainable designers in Australia. [179] (#cite_note-179) Global Action Through Fashion is an Oakland, California-based ethical fashion organization working to advocate for sustainable fashion. [180] (#cite_note-180) Ecoluxe London, a not-for-profit platform, supports luxury with ethos through hosting a biannual exhibition during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and showcasing eco-sustainable and ethical designers. [181] (#cite_note-vildamagazine.com-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) The Ethical Fashion Initiative, a flagship program of the International Trade Centre (/wiki/International_Trade_Centre) , a joint agency of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development) (UNCTAD) and World Trade Organization (/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) , enables artisans living in urban and rural poverty to connect with the global fashion chain. [183] (#cite_note-183) [184] (#cite_note-184) The Initiative also works with the rising generation of fashion talent from Africa, encouraging the forging sustainable and fulfilling creative collaborations with artisans on the continent. [185] (#cite_note-185) [186] (#cite_note-186) The Ethical Fashion Initiative is headed by Simone Cipriani (/wiki/Simone_Cipriani) . Companies [ edit ] Eco Age, a consultancy company specializing in enabling businesses to achieve growth and add value through sustainability, is an organization that promotes sustainable fashion. Its creative director, Livia Firth, is also the founder of the Green Carpet Challenge which aims to promote ethically made outfits from fashion designers. [187] (#cite_note-187) Organic by John Patrick is a clothing line run by John Patrick (/wiki/John_Patrick_(fashion_designer)) that was one of the earliest adopters of sustainable fashion, [188] (#cite_note-Farra_2018-188) and makes heavy use of organic and recycled materials. [189] (#cite_note-Kosoff_2011-189) [190] (#cite_note-Cho_2021-190) Trans-America Trading Company is one of the biggest of about 3,000 textile recyclers in the United States. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Trans-America has processed more than 12 million pounds of post-consumer textiles per year since 1942. At its 80,000-square-foot sorting facility, workers separate used clothing into 300 different categories by type of item, size, and fiber content. About 30% of the textiles are turned into absorbent wiping rags for industrial uses, and another 25–30% are recycled into fiber for use as stuffing for upholstery, insulation, and the manufacture of paper products. [191] (#cite_note-191) ViaJoes – Sustainable clothing manufacturer producing eco-friendly fabrics from recycled cotton (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) and other sustainable products confirmed to GOTS (/w/index.php?title=Global_Organic_Textile_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1) [192] (#cite_note-192) – Global Organic Textile Standard International Working Group standard Materials [ edit ] In fashion, the consideration of sustainability of materials is critical. The renewability and source of a fiber (/wiki/Fiber) , the process of how a raw fiber is turned into a textile (/wiki/Textile) , the impact of preparation and dyeing of the fibers, energy use in production and preparation, the working conditions (/wiki/Working_conditions) of the people producing the materials, and the material's total carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) , transportation between production plants, chemicals used to keep shipments fresh in containers, shipping to retail and consumer, how the material will be cared for and washed, the processes of repairs and updates, and what happens to it at the end of life. The indexing of the textile journeys is thus extremely complex. In sustainability, there is no such thing as a single-frame approach. Issues dealt with in single frames will almost by definition lead to unwanted and unforeseen effects elsewhere. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) Overall, diversity in the overall fiber mix is needed; in 2013 cotton and polyester accounted for almost 85% of all fibers, and thus their impacts were, and continue to be, disproportionately magnified. [193] (#cite_note-193) Also, many fibers in the finished garments are mixed to acquire desired drape, flexibility or stretch, thus affecting both care and the possibility to recycle the material in the end. Cellulose fibers [ edit ] Natural fibers are fibers which are found in nature (/wiki/Nature) and are not petroleum-based. Natural fibers can be categorized into two main groups, cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) or plant fiber (/wiki/Plant_fiber) and protein (/wiki/Protein) or animal fiber (/wiki/Animal_fiber) . Uses of these fibers can be anything from buttons to eyewear such as sunglasses. [194] (#cite_note-194) Other than cotton, the most common plant-based fiber, cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) fibers include: jute (/wiki/Jute) , flax (/wiki/Flax) , hemp (/wiki/Hemp) , ramie (/wiki/Ramie) , abaca (/wiki/Abaca) , soy (/wiki/Soy) , maize (/wiki/Maize) , banana (/wiki/Banana) , pineapple (/wiki/Pineapple) . Bacterial cellulose (/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose) is currently being tested and better developed as a new fiber alternative. [195] (#cite_note-195) Cotton [ edit ] Main article: Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Textile worker using a bare loom in a Vietnam factory, weaving natural cotton fabrics, 2022 The Minister of State for Commerce, Shri Jairam Ramesh, at an event in India focused on the organic cotton industry, 2008 Cotton is a major source of apparel fiber. Celebrated for its excellent absorbency, durability, and intrinsic softness, cotton accounts for over 50% of all clothing produced worldwide. This makes cotton the most widely used clothing fiber. [196] (#cite_note-196) Up to 1 billion people worldwide depend on the cotton industry for their livelihoods, including 100 million smallholder farmers. [197] (#cite_note-197) Cotton is one of the most chemical-intensive crops in the world, but growers in California (/wiki/California) have reduced their dependence on these chemicals. [198] (#cite_note-SC_1-198) Conventionally grown cotton uses approximately 25% of the world's insecticides (/wiki/Insecticides) and more than 10% of the world's pesticides (/wiki/Pesticides) . [199] (#cite_note-199) However, growing and processing this particular fiber crop is largely unsustainable. For every pound of cotton harvested, a farmer uses up 1/3 lb of chemical, synthetic fertilizer. [200] (#cite_note-200) As a whole, the US cotton production makes up 25% of all pesticides deployed in the United States. Worldwide, cotton takes up 2.4% of all arable lands yet requires 16% of the world's pesticides. [201] (#cite_note-organic-201) The cotton hulls contain the most potent insecticide residues. They are often used as cattle feed, which means that consumers are purchasing meat containing a concentration of pesticides. [201] (#cite_note-organic-201) The processing of cotton into usable fibers also adds to the burden on the environment. Manufacturers prefer cotton to be white so that cotton can easily be synthetically dyed to any shade of color. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Natural cotton is actually beige-brown, and so during processing, manufacturers would add bleach and various other chemicals and heavy metal dyes to make cotton pure white. [203] (#cite_note-savvy-203) Formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) resins would be added in as well to form "easy care" cotton fabric. [203] (#cite_note-savvy-203) Bt cotton [ edit ] Main article: Bt cotton (/wiki/Bt_cotton) To reduce the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals, companies have produced genetically modified (/wiki/Genetically_modified) (GMO) cotton plants that are resistant to pest infestations. Among the GMO are cotton crops inserted with the Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis (/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis) ) gene. [204] (#cite_note-204) Bt cotton (/wiki/Bt_cotton) crops do not require insecticide applications. Insects that consume cotton containing Bt will stop feeding after a few hours, and die, leaving the cotton plants unharmed. [205] (#cite_note-205) As a result of the use of Bt cotton, the cost of pesticide applications decreased between $25 and $65 per acre. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) Bt cotton crops yield 5% more cotton on average compared to traditional cotton crops. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) Bt crops also lower the price of cotton by 0.8 cents per pound. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) However, there are concerns regarding Bt technology, mainly that insects will eventually develop resistance to the Bt strain. According to an article published in Science Daily, researchers have found that members from a cotton bollworm species, Helicoverpa zea (/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea) , were Bt-resistant in some crop areas of Mississippi and Arkansas during 2003 and 2006. [207] (#cite_note-science-207) Fortunately, the vast majority of other agricultural pests remain susceptible to Bt. [207] (#cite_note-science-207) Micha Peled's (/wiki/Micha_Peled) documentary exposé Bitter seeds (/wiki/Bitter_seeds) on BT farming in India claimed to reveal the true impact of genetically modified cotton on India's farmers, with a suicide rate of over a quarter-million Bt cotton farmers since 1995 due to financial stress resulting from massive crop failure and the exorbitantly high price of Monsanto's proprietary BT seed, although the evidence does not support this claim as the suicide rate of Indian famers has decreased since the introduction of Bt cotton. [208] (#cite_note-208) The film also refutes false claims purported by the biotech industry that Bt cotton requires less pesticide and empty promises of higher yields, as farmers discover the bitter truth that in reality, Bt cotton in fact requires a great deal more pesticide than organic cotton, and often suffer higher levels of infestation by Mealybug (/wiki/Mealybug) resulting in devastating crop losses, and extreme financial and psychological stress on cotton farmers. Due to the biotech seed monopoly in India, where Bt cotton seed has become the ubiquitous standard, and the organic seed has become absolutely unobtainable, thus coercing all cotton farmers into signing Bt cotton seed purchase agreements which enforce the intellectual property interests of the biotech multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) Monsanto (/wiki/Monsanto) . [209] (#cite_note-209) Organic cotton [ edit ] Main article: Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) yarn Organic cotton is grown without the use of any genetic modification to the crops, without the use of any fertilizers, pesticides, and other synthetic agro-chemicals harmful to the land. [210] (#cite_note-210) All cotton marketed as organic in the United States is required to fulfill strict federal regulations regarding how the cotton is grown. [211] (#cite_note-211) This is done with a combination of innovation, science, and tradition in order to encourage a good quality of life and environment for all involved. [212] (#cite_note-212) Organic cotton uses 88% less water and 62% less energy than conventional cotton. [213] (#cite_note-213) Naturally colored cotton [ edit ] Main article: Naturally colored cotton (/wiki/Naturally_colored_cotton) Cotton is naturally grown in a variety of colors. Typically, cotton color can come as mauve, red, yellow, and orange hues. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) The use of naturally colored cotton has long been historically suppressed, mainly due to the industrial revolution. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Back then, it was much cheaper to have uniformly white cotton as a raw source for mass-producing cloth and fabric items. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Currently, modern markets have revived a trend in using naturally colored cotton for its noted relevance in reducing harmful environmental impacts. One such example of markets opening to these cotton types would be Sally Fox (/wiki/Sally_Fox_(inventor)) and her Foxfiber business—naturally colored cotton that Fox has bred and marketed. [214] (#cite_note-214) On an additional note, naturally colored cotton is already colored, and thus do not require synthetic dyes during process. Furthermore, the color of fabrics made from naturally colored cotton does not become worn and fade away compared to synthetically dyed cotton fabrics. [215] (#cite_note-215) Soy [ edit ] Main article: Soy (/wiki/Soy) Soybean plant Soy fabrics are derived from the hulls of soybeans—a manufacturing byproduct. Soy fabrics can be blended (i.e. 30%) or made entirely out of soy fibers. [216] (#cite_note-216) Soy clothing is largely biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable) , so it has a minimal impact on environment and landfills (/wiki/Landfills) . Although not as durable as cotton or hemp fabrics, soy clothing has a soft, elastic feel. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) Soy clothing is known as the vegetable cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) for its light and silky sensation. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) Soy fabrics are moisture absorbent, anti-bacterial, and UV resistant. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) However, soy fabrics fell out of public knowledge during World War II, when rayon (/wiki/Rayon) , nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , and cotton sales rose sharply. [218] (#cite_note-218) Hemp [ edit ] Main article: Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Fibers from a Hemp plant Hemp, like bamboo, is considered a sustainable crop. It requires little water to grow, and it is resistant to most pests and diseases. [219] (#cite_note-earth-219) The hemp plant's broad leaves shade out weeds and other plant competitors, and its deep taproot system allows it to draw moisture deep in the soil. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Unlike cotton, many parts of the hemp plant have a use. Hemp seeds, for example, are processed into oil or food. [219] (#cite_note-earth-219) Hemp fiber comes in two types: primary and secondary bast fibers (/wiki/Bast_fiber) . Hemp fibers are durable and are considered strong enough for construction uses. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Compared to cotton fiber, hemp fiber is approximately 8 times the tensile strength and 4 times the durability. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Hemp fibers are traditionally coarse and have been historically used for ropes rather than for clothing. However, modern technology and breeding practices have made hemp fiber more pliable, softer, and finer. Bamboo [ edit ] Main article: Bamboo textile (/wiki/Bamboo_textile) Bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) Bamboo fabrics are made from heavily pulped bamboo grass. Making clothing and textile from bamboo is considered sustainable due to the lack of need for pesticides and agrochemicals. [221] (#cite_note-versus-221) Naturally disease and pest resistant, bamboo is also fast growing. Compared to trees, certain varieties of bamboo can grow 1–4 inches long per day, and can even branch and expand outward because of its underground rhizomes. [222] (#cite_note-222) Like cotton fibers, bamboo fibers are naturally yellowish in color and are bleached white with chemicals during processing. Prior to a regulatory change in 2010, the majority of fiber and textile marketed as bamboo on the market was actually viscose rayon derived from bamboo. Now manufacturers need to label such products as rayon from bamboo. [223] (#cite_note-223) Kombucha (SCOBY) [ edit ] Main article: SCOBY (/wiki/SCOBY) Furnished by a grant from the US. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) , associate professor Young-A Lee and her team are growing vats of gel-like film composed of cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose_fiber) fiber, a byproduct of the same symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast (abbreviated SCOBY (/wiki/SCOBY) ) found in another of the world's popular "live culture" foods: kombucha (/wiki/Kombucha) . Once harvested and dried, the resulting material has a look and feel much like leather. [224] (#cite_note-:03-224) The fibers are 100 percent biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradation) , they also foster a cradle-to-cradle (/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design) cycle of reuse and regeneration that leaves behind virtually zero waste. However, this material takes a long time to grow about three to four weeks under lab-controlled conditions. Hence mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) is an issue. In addition, tests revealed that moisture absorption from the air softens this material makes it less durable. Researchers also discovered that cold conditions make it brittle. [224] (#cite_note-:03-224) Other cellulose fibers [ edit ] Other alternative biodegradable fibers being developed by small companies include: leather alternative using pineapple leaves; [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) bio-composites, fabrics, [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) and leather alternative [226] (#cite_note-226) [227] (#cite_note-227) using various parts of coconut; fabric and paper made from banana plant stalks and stems. [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) garments made from tencel fibers. [228] (#cite_note-228) Protein fibers [ edit ] Protein fibers originate from animal sources and are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in these protein molecules being carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. [229] (#cite_note-229) Wool [ edit ] Just as in cotton production, pesticides are conventionally used in the cultivation of wool (/wiki/Wool) , although quantities are considerably smaller, and it is thought that good practices can significantly limit negative environmental impacts. Sheep are treated either with injectable insecticides, a pour-on preparation or dipped in a pesticide bath to control parasite infections, which if left untreated can have serious health implications for the flock. When managed badly, these pesticides can cause harm to human health and aquatic ecosystems both on the farm and in subsequent downstream processing. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) Silk [ edit ] Most commercially produced silk (/wiki/Silk) is of the cultivated variety and involves feeding the worms a carefully controlled diet of mulberry leaves grown under special conditions. Selected mulberry trees are grown to act as homes for the silkworms. The fibers are extracted by steaming to kill the silk moth chrysalis and then washed in hot water to degum the silk. The silk fiber is known for its strength and is considered a prestigious fiber. Its use in textiles is limited due to its high cost. [230] (#cite_note-230) The silk industry also employs millions of people in rural China. [231] (#cite_note-231) Cashmere [ edit ] Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) is obtained from the fine, soft hairs of a cashmere goat's underbelly coat. This specific breed of goat is found throughout Asia. Due to the rarity of the breed, four goats are needed to produce enough cashmere for one sweater. Initially, cashmere was relatively expensive, but due to increased demand, the industry is beginning to take a toll on animals and the land. More and more goats are needed which results in more mouths to feed. Overpopulation of the goats degrades the land due to increased grazing. The cashmere industry is becoming more and more controversial with the questioning of the working conditions of goat herders and the underpaying of farmers. [232] (#cite_note-232) Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) reported in Spring 2021 on a project in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) being undertaken jointly with the Burberry Foundation (/wiki/Burberry) and PUR Projet, working with goat farmers to improve their business operations and make the Afghan cashmere industry more sustainable. [233] (#cite_note-233) Manufactured fibers [ edit ] Manufactured fibers sit within three categories: [234] (#cite_note-234) Manufactured cellulosic fibers, manufactured synthetic fibers and manufactured protein fiber (azlon). Manufactured cellulosic fibers include modal, Lyocell (/wiki/Lyocell) (also known under the brand name Tencel), rayon/viscose made from bamboo, rayon/viscose made from wood and polylactic acid (/wiki/Polylactic_acid) (PLA). Manufactured synthetic fibers include polyester (/wiki/Polyester) , nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , acrylic fiber (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) , polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) and polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) (PP). Azlon (/wiki/Azlon) is a manufactured protein fiber. Rayon/ viscose is a fiber out of pulp highly used in fast fashion as it is cheaply manufactured. To extract rayon/viscose, plantations cut down 30% of endangered and ancient forests threatening the life of ecosystems. [235] (#cite_note-MG_1-235) PET plastic [ edit ] Main article: PET plastic (/wiki/PET_plastic) PET plastics are also known as Polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PETE). PET's recycling code (/wiki/Recycling_codes) , the number within the three chasing arrows, is one. These plastics are usually beverage bottles (i.e. water, soda, and fruit juice bottles). According to the EPA (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) , plastic accounts for 12% of the total amount of waste we produce. [236] (#cite_note-EPA-236) Recycling plastic (/wiki/Plastic_recycling) reduces air, water, and ground pollution. Recycling is only the first step; investing and purchasing products manufactured from recycled materials is the next of many steps to living sustainably. Recyclables at transfer station, Gainesville, Florida (/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida) Clothing can be made from plastics. Seventy percent of plastic-derived fabrics come from polyester, and the type of polyester most used in fabrics is polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PET). [237] (#cite_note-237) PET plastic clothing come from reused plastics, often recycled plastic bottles. [238] (#cite_note-env-238) The Coca-Cola Company (/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company) , for example, created a "Drink2Wear" line of T-shirts made from recycled bottles. [239] (#cite_note-239) Generally, PET plastic clothing are made from recycled bottles as follows: plastic bottles are collected, compressed, baled, and shipped into processing facilities where they will be chopped into flakes, and melted into small white pellets. Then, the pellets are processed again, and spun into yarn-like fiber where it can be made into clothing. [240] (#cite_note-240) One main benefit of making clothes from recycled bottles is that it keep the bottles and other plastics from occupying landfill space. Another benefit is that it takes 30% less energy to make clothes from recycled plastics than from virgin polyesters. [241] (#cite_note-241) See also: Synthetic fiber (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) and Plastic clothing (/wiki/Plastic_clothing) Fungal species [ edit ] Alexander Bismarck and Mitchell Jones from the University of Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Vienna) have conducted research on the possibility of using fungal species to create sustainable leather alternatives. Leather alternatives can be produced by using byproducts of agricultural products such as sawdust. The sawdust acts as a feedstock for the growth of fungal mycelium. After a few weeks, the fungal mycelium can be processed and chemically treated into a leather-like material. The researchers state that these fungal biomasses exhibit similar material and tactile properties as authentic leather. Using fungal biomass to create a leather alternative is sustainable as the entire process is carbon neutral and all the materials are completely biodegradable when they are done being used. [242] (#cite_note-242) Production [ edit ] Producers [ edit ] The global political economy and legal system supports a fashion system that enables fashion that has devastating environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts to be priced at a lower price than fashion which involves efforts to minimize harm in the growth, manufacturing, and shipping of the products. This results in higher prices for fashion made from reduced impact materials than clothing produced in a socially and environmentally damaging way (sometimes referred to as conventional methods). [243] (#cite_note-e2f-243) Innovative fashion is being developed and made available to consumers at different levels of the fashion spectrum, from casual clothing to haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) which has a reduced social and environmental impact at the materials and manufacture stages of production [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) and celebrities, models, and designers have recently drawn attention to socially conscious and environmentally friendly fashion. 3D seamless knitting [ edit ] 3D seamless knitting (/wiki/Complete_garment_knitting) is a technology that allows an entire garment to be knit with no seams. This production method is considered a sustainable practice due to its reduction in waste and labor. By only using the necessary materials, the producers will be more efficient in their manufacturing process. This production method is similar to seamless knitting, although traditional seamless knitting requires stitching to complete the garment. In contrast 3D seamless knitting creates the entire garment, eliminating additional work. The garments are designed using 3D software unlike traditional flat patterns. Shima Seiki and Stoll are currently the two primary manufacturers of the technology. The technology is produced through the use of solar energy, and they are selling to brands like Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) . [244] (#cite_note-244) Zero waste [ edit ] Zero waste (/wiki/Zero_waste) design in fashion is a concept that aims to reduce material waste throughout the textile and fashion production process. Although the concept has existed for a number of years on the grounds of reducing costs through reducing waste, zero waste design is increasingly being integrated into fashion production for environmental reasons. [167] (#cite_note-:6-167) Zero-waste pattern making (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) designs patterns for a garment so that when the pattern pieces are cut, no fabric is wasted. [245] (#cite_note-245) Dyeing [ edit ] Examples of textiles that have used the AirDye process Traditional methods of dyeing textiles are incredibly harmful towards the Earth's water supply, creating toxic chemicals that affect entire communities. [246] (#cite_note-246) An alternative to traditional water dyeing is scCO 2 dyeing (super critical carbon dioxide). This process creates no waste by using 100% of the dyes, reducing energy by 60% with no auxiliary chemicals, and leaving a quarter of the physical footprint of traditional dyeing. Different names for this process are Drydye and Colordry. [247] (#cite_note-247) Another company called Colorep has patented Airdye, a similar process that they claim uses 95% less water and up to 86% less energy than traditional dyeing methods. [248] (#cite_note-248) Comparison websites and ecolabels [ edit ] No brand is considered by environmental experts to be fully sustainable, and controversy exists over exactly how the concept of sustainability can be applied in relation to fashion, if it can be used at all, or if labels such as "slow" and "sustainable" fashion are inherently an oxymoron. [50] (#cite_note-:5-50) Brands that sell themselves as sustainable often lack systems to deal with oversupply, take back used clothes, fully recycle fibers, offer repair services, or even support the life of the garment during use (such as instructions on washing, care and repair). Almost no brands offer replacement parts, such as buttons, straps or pockets, for their garments.The environmental impact of textile production, dyeing processes, and waste generated by discarded clothing remains a significant concern. Consumers are increasingly demanding transparency and accountability from brands, pushing for more sustainable practices (https://fashionistaarena.com/top-10-eco-friendly-fashion-brands-how-we-can-support/) , but meaningful change requires systemic shifts within the industry. Additionally, the concept of a circular economy, where products are designed to be reused, repaired, and recycled, is gaining traction as a potential solution, yet it remains far from being widely implemented. [ citation needed ] Some comparison websites (/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website) exist which compare fashion brands on their sustainability record, which give some indication to consumers about the sustainability of their products. [249] (#cite_note-249) There are many ecolabels in existence which focus on textile goods. [250] (#cite_note-250) Some notable [251] (#cite_note-251) ecolabels include: EU Ecolabel (/wiki/EU_Ecolabel) Fair Trade Certified (/wiki/Fair_trade_certification) Global Organic Textile Standard Oeko-Tex Standard 1000 (/wiki/Oeko-Tex) Sustainable textile brands [ edit ] Some brands that sell themselves as sustainable are listed below; Eastern European prisoners are designing sustainable prison fashion in Latvia and Estonia under the Heavy Eco (/wiki/Heavy_Eco) label, [252] (#cite_note-252) part of a trend called "prison couture". [253] (#cite_note-253) Other sustainable fashion brands include Elena Garcia, Nancy Dee, By Stamo, Outsider Fashion, Beyond Skin, Oliberté, Hetty Rose, DaRousso, KSkye the Label, [254] (#cite_note-254) and Eva Cassis. [181] (#cite_note-vildamagazine.com-181) [255] (#cite_note-255) [256] (#cite_note-256) [257] (#cite_note-257) [258] (#cite_note-258) [259] (#cite_note-259) [260] (#cite_note-260) The brand Boll & Branch (/wiki/Boll_%26_Branch) make all of their bedding (/wiki/Bedding) products from organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) and have been certified by Fair Trade USA (/wiki/Fair_Trade_USA) . [261] (#cite_note-261) The Hemp Trading Company (/wiki/The_Hemp_Trading_Company) is an ethically driven underground clothing label, specializing in environmentally friendly, politically conscious street wear made of hemp, bamboo, organic cotton and other sustainable fabrics. [262] (#cite_note-roberts-262) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , a major retailer in casual wear, has been selling fleece clothing made from post-consumer plastic soda bottles since 1993. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Designers [ edit ] The Golden Book Gown made of recycled and discarded paper book pages There is no certain stable model among the designers for how to be sustainable in practice, and the understanding of sustainability is always a process or a work-in-progress, and varies by who defines what is "sustainable;" farmers or animals, producers or consumers, managers or workers, local businesses or neighborhoods. [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) Thus critical scholars would label much of the business-driven discourse on sustainability as "greenwashing" as under the current economic paradigm, "sustainability" is primarily defined as keeping the wheels of perpetual production and consumption turning; to keep the "perpetuum mobile" of fashion running and in perpetual motion (/wiki/Perpetual_motion) . [263] (#cite_note-263) There are some designers that experiment in making fashion more sustainable, with various degrees of impact; Ryan Jude Novelline (/wiki/Ryan_Jude_Novelline) created a ballroom gown constructed entirely from the pages of recycled and discarded children's books known as The Golden Book Gown that "prove[d] that green fashion can provide as rich a fantasia as can be imagined." [264] (#cite_note-264) [265] (#cite_note-265) Eco-couture designer Lucy Tammam (/wiki/Lucy_Tammam) uses eri silk (/wiki/Eri_silk) ( ahimsa/peace silk (/wiki/Ahimsa_silk) ) and organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) to create her eco friendly couture evening and bridal wear collections. [266] (#cite_note-266) Amal Kiran Jana is a designer from India and the founder of Afterlife Project which is a sustainability development project supporting global and unique designers in 360 degrees. [267] (#cite_note-267) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) pushes the agenda for sustainable fashion that is animal and eco-friendly. She also uses her name and her brand as a platform to push for a greener fashion industry. The brand uses the EP&L tool which was created to help companies understand their environmental impact by measuring greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, water pollution, air pollution and waste across the entire global supply chain. [268] (#cite_note-268) Gabriela Hearst (/wiki/Gabriela_Hearst) during her tenure at Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) and under her own name has made sustainability a key focus of her work. The runway presentation for her Spring/Summer 2020 eponymous collection was certified carbon neutral. [269] (#cite_note-269) Gabriela Hearst also avoids single use plastic in retail and supply chain networks, using compostable polymers and recycled cardboard. [270] (#cite_note-270) While she was at Chloé, the label became the first major luxury brand to receive a B Corp (/wiki/B_Corporation_(certification)) certification. [271] (#cite_note-271) Controversies [ edit ] This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies) may compromise the article's neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure) . Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus) on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fashion) . ( October 2023 ) Marketing controversies [ edit ] The increase in western consumers' environmental interest is motivating companies to use sustainable and environmental arguments solely to increase sales. Because environmental and sustainability issues are complex, it is also easy to mislead consumers. Companies can use sustainability as a “marketing ploy” something that can be seen as greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) . [272] (#cite_note-272) Greenwashing is the deceptive use of an eco-agenda in marketing strategies. [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) It refers mostly to corporations that make efforts to clean up their reputation because of social pressure or for the purpose of financial gain. Companies continuing to be using greenwashing in turn hurts companies that are true to their environmental goals, losing their competitive edge to bigger corporations. [273] (#cite_note-273) Greenwashing [ edit ] Main article: Greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) A major controversy on sustainable fashion concerns how the "green" imperative is used as a cover-up for systemic labor exploitation, social exclusion and environmental degradation (/wiki/Environmental_degradation) , what is generally labelled as greenwashing. Market-driven sustainability can only address sustainability to a certain degree as brands still need to sell more products in order to be profitable. Thus, almost any initiative towards addressing ecological and social issues still contributes to the damage. In a 2017 report, the industry projects that the overall apparel consumption will rise by 63%, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons in 2030, thus effectively erasing any environmental gains made by current initiatives. [274] (#cite_note-274) Materials controversies [ edit ] Though some designers have marketed bamboo fiber (/wiki/Bamboo_fiber) , as an alternative to conventional cotton, citing that it absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly and plentifully without pesticides, the conversion of bamboo fiber to fabric is the same as rayon and is highly toxic. The FTC ruled that labeling of bamboo fiber should read "rayon from bamboo". Bamboo fabric can cause environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo. [275] (#cite_note-275) Impacts regarding production of new materials make recycled, reclaimed, surplus, and vintage fabric arguably the most sustainable choice, as the raw material requires no agriculture and no manufacturing to produce. [276] (#cite_note-276) However, these are indicative of a system of production and consumption that creates excessive volumes of waste. Second-hand controversies [ edit ] Used clothing is sold in more than 100 countries. In Tanzania, used clothing is sold at Mitumba markets ( Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_language) for "bundles"). Most of the clothing is imported from the United States. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) However, there are concerns that trade in secondhand clothing in African countries decreases development of local industries even as it creates employment in these countries. [277] (#cite_note-277) While the reuse of materials brings resource savings, there are some concerns that the influx of cheap, second-hand clothing, particularly in Africa, has undermined indigenous textile industries, with the result that clothing collected in the West under the guise of 'charitable donations' could actually create more poverty. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) The authors of Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste warn that in the long run, as prices and quality of new clothing continue to decline, the demand for used clothing will also diminish. [278] (#cite_note-278) See also [ edit ] Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Ecodesign (/wiki/Ecodesign) Ethical consumerism (/wiki/Ethical_consumerism) Pollution in the fashion industry (/wiki/Pollution_in_the_fashion_industry) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Product tracing (/wiki/Product_tracing) systems, which allow consumers to see the source factory of a product Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "What Does 'Sustainable Fashion' Actually Mean?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/sustainable-fashion) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . April 19, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-destin_2-0) "Destination Zero: seven years of Detoxing the clothing industry" (https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-international-stateless/2018/07/destination_zero_report_july_2018.pdf) (PDF) . Greenpeace . Retrieved September 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Greenpeace Calls Out Nike, Adidas and Puma for Toxic Clothing" (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS191991010320110809) . Reuters . August 9, 2011 . Retrieved September 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Niu, Baozhuang; Chen, Lei; Zhang, Jie (November 2017). "Punishing or subsidizing? Regulation analysis of sustainable fashion procurement strategies". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review . 107 : 81–96. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.tre.2017.09.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tre.2017.09.010) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Increasing Green Credentials beyond Greenwash" (https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/104378/Mikkonen_Mila.pdf?sequence=1) (PDF) . Retrieved November 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dahl, Richard (June 2010). "Green Washing: Do You Know What You're Buying?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898878) . Environmental Health Perspectives . 118 (6): A246-52. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1289/ehp.118-a246 (https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.118-a246) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2898878 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898878) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20515714 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20515714) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Neuman, Salla (2019). "Sustainability in fashion production – How are the pioneers doing it?" (https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/170211) . www.theseus.fi . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Anon (1991). "Textiles and the Environment". International Textiles . 726 : 40–41. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Anon (1993). "Rethinking Ecology". Textile View . 24 : 201–207. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Meadows, Donella H. (1982). The Limits to growth : a report for the Club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind . Universe Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0876631650 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 977611718 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977611718) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fletcher, Kate (2008). Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London; Washington, DC: Earthscan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415644556 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Lynda Grose – PIONEERING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY – CE NEWS" (http://www.cenews.in/lynda-grose-pioneering-environmental-standards-for-the-clothing-industry/) . CE NEWS . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170312070350/http://www.cenews.in/lynda-grose-pioneering-environmental-standards-for-the-clothing-industry/) from the original on March 12, 2017 . Retrieved March 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Don't Buy This Jacket, Black Friday and the New York Times - Patagonia" (https://www.patagonia.com/stories/dont-buy-this-jacket-black-friday-and-the-new-york-times/story-18615.html) . November 25, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Hethorn, Janet; Ulasewicz, Connie, eds. (2008). Sustainable Fashion: Why Now? . Fairchild Books. ^ Jump up to: a b Gwilt, Alison; Timo Rissanen (2011). Shaping Sustainable Fashion . Earthscan. ^ (#cite_ref-16) S. Walker; J. Giard, eds. (2013). The Handbook of Sustainable Design . Bloomsbury. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Fletcher, Kate; Mathilda Tham, eds. (2015). Routledge Handbook of Sustainability and Fashion . Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Niinimaki, Kirsi (2018). Sustainable Fashion in a Circular Economy . Aalto ARTIS Books. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Rissanen, Timo and Holly McQuillan (2018). Zero Waste Fashion Design . Bloomsbury. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Gardetti, Migel Angel & Ana Laura Torres (2013). Sustainability in Fashion and Textiles . Greenleaf. ^ Jump up to: a b Black, Sandy, ed. (2013). The sustainable fashion handbook . Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500290569 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 800642264 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/800642264) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fletcher, Kate (2016). Craft of Use: Post Growth Fashion . London: Routledge. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Luz, Claudio (2007), "Waste Couture: Environmental Impact of the Clothing Industry", Environmental Health Perspectives , 115 (9) (published September 2007): A448-54, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1289/ehp.115-a449 (https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.115-a449) , PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 1964887 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964887) , PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17805407 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17805407) ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Copenhagen Fashion Summit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120524033610/http://www.copenhagenfashionsummit.com/5steps) . Copenhagen Fashion Summit. May 3, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.copenhagenfashionsummit.com/5steps) on May 24, 2012 . Retrieved May 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Clark, Evan. "Sustainability Index Unveiled" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/forecasts-analysis/sustainability-index-unveiled-6114358) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160529065103/http://wwd.com/business-news/forecasts-analysis/sustainability-index-unveiled-6114358/) 2016-05-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Binkley, Christina. "Which Outfit Is Greenest? A New Rating Tool" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443570904577547610634945308) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524142252/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443570904577547610634945308.html) 2013-05-24 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) , 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "AAFA, SAC Sign MoU" (http://www.textileworld.com/Articles/2012/December/November_December_issue/Departments/AAFA_SAC_Sign_MoU.html) Archived (https://archive.today/20130203133459/http://www.textileworld.com/Articles/2012/December/November_December_issue/Departments/AAFA_SAC_Sign_MoU.html) 2013-02-03 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , Textile World Magazine , November/December 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Gunther, Marc. "Behind the Scenes at the Sustainable Apparel Coalition" (http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/07/26/behind-scenes-sustainable-apparel-coalition) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126233637/https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/07/26/behind-scenes-sustainable-apparel-coalition) 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , GreenBiz , 26 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Current Members" (http://www.apparelcoalition.org/current-members/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150321030130/http://www.apparelcoalition.org/current-members/) 2015-03-21 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Sustainable Apparel Coalition. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Trend report: Future of Sustainable Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132817/https://www.accenture.com/t20170410T044051Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Consulting/Accenture-HM-Global-Change-Award-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://www.accenture.com/t20170410T044051Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Consulting/Accenture-HM-Global-Change-Award-Report.pdf) (PDF) on March 21, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fixing fashion: clothing consumption and sustainability – Report Summary – Environmental Audit Committee" (https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/1952/report-summary.html) . publications.parliament.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210312160931/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/1952/report-summary.html) from the original on March 12, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Researchers set out manifesto for fashion change" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2019022724098/fashion-retail-news/researchers-set-out-manifesto-for-fashion-change.html) . ecotextile.com . February 27, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135839/https://www.ecotextile.com/2019022724098/fashion-retail-news/researchers-set-out-manifesto-for-fashion-change.html) from the original on March 1, 2019 . Retrieved February 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Glover, Simon (September 23, 2019). "Award-winning researchers call for new sustainability approach" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2019092325056/fashion-retail-news/award-winning-researchers-call-for-new-sustainability-approach.html) . Ecotextile News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200724152319/https://www.ecotextile.com/2019092325056/fashion-retail-news/award-winning-researchers-call-for-new-sustainability-approach.html) from the original on July 24, 2020 . Retrieved July 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_34-0) "Pulse of The Fashion Industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190322150525/http://globalfashionagenda.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Pulse-of-the-Fashion-Industry_2017.pdf) (PDF) . Global Fashion Agenda . Archived from the original (http://globalfashionagenda.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Pulse-of-the-Fashion-Industry_2017.pdf) (PDF) on March 22, 2019 . Retrieved October 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:10_35-0) Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda (2019). Earth Logic Fashion Action Research Plan . London: JJ Charitable Trust. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5272-5415-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162546/https://earthlogic.info/) from the original on February 26, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-36) Brown, Sass (2010). Eco fashion . Laurence King. [ page needed ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Gurova, Olga; Morozova, Daria (August 2018). "A critical approach to sustainable fashion: Practices of clothing designers in the Kallio neighborhood of Helsinki". Journal of Consumer Culture . 18 (3): 397–413. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1469540516668227 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469540516668227) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 151351581 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151351581) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Lu, Xiaoqian; Sheng, Tong; Zhou, Xiaolan; Shen, Chaohai; Fang, Bingquan (October 19, 2022). "How Does Young Consumers' Greenwashing Perception Impact Their Green Purchase Intention in the Fast Fashion Industry? An Analysis from the Perspective of Perceived Risk Theory" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu142013473) . Sustainability . 14 (20): 13473. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su142013473 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu142013473) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017). A new textiles economy: redesigning fashion's future (PDF) . Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120200/https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/A-New-Textiles-Economy_Full-Report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Prant, Dara. "Burberry Under Attack for Burning $37.8 Million Worth of Unsold Products" (https://fashionista.com/2018/07/burberry-burning-clothes-thredup-resale) . Fashionista . Retrieved March 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Statement on 2019 Copenhagen Fashion Summit" (http://www.concernedresearchers.org/ucrf-on-2019-copenhagen-fashion-summit/) . Union of Concerned Researchers in Fashion . May 5, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190510041542/http://www.concernedresearchers.org/ucrf-on-2019-copenhagen-fashion-summit/) from the original on May 10, 2019 . Retrieved May 21, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Black, Sandy (2008). Eco Chic The Fashion Paradox . Black Dog. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Fletcher, kate (2010). "Slow Fashion: an invitation for systems change". Journal of Fashion Practice . 2 (2): 259–266. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693810X12774625387594 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693810X12774625387594) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110000414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110000414) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Raworth, Kate (February 22, 2018). Doughnut economics : seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist . Penguin Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847941398 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1038191528 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1038191528) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Dawson, Jonathan; Ross, J. T.; Norberg-Hodge, Helena, eds. (2013). Gaian economics: living well within planetary limits . Permanent Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781856230568 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 920340237 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920340237) . [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-46) Hur, Eunsuk; Cassidy, Tom (May 4, 2019). "Perceptions and attitudes towards sustainable fashion design: challenges and opportunities for implementing sustainability in fashion" (http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141582/2/Accepted-%20Perceptions%20and%20attitudes%20towards%20sustainable%20fashion%20Challenges%20and%20opportunities%20for%20implementing%20sustainability%20in%20fashion.pdf) (PDF) . International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education . 12 (2): 208–217. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/17543266.2019.1572789 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17543266.2019.1572789) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 117248781 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117248781) . ^ Jump up to: a b Fletcher, Kate (2012). "Durability, Fashion, Sustainability: The Processes and Practices of Use". Fashion Practice . 4 (2). Informa UK Limited: 221–238. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693812X13403765252389 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693812X13403765252389) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110677145 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110677145) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bick, Rachel; Halsey, Erika; Ekenga, Christine C. (December 27, 2018). "The global environmental injustice of fast fashion" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6307129) . Environmental Health . 17 (1): 92. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnvHe..17...92B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnvHe..17...92B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12940-018-0433-7) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1476-069X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-069X) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6307129 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6307129) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30591057 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30591057) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Fletcher, Kate (November 2012). "Durability, Fashion, Sustainability: The Processes and Practices of Use". Fashion Practice . 4 (2): 221–238. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693812X13403765252389 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693812X13403765252389) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110677145 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110677145) . ^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Hazel (December 1, 2008). "SLOW + FASHION—an Oxymoron—or a Promise for the Future …?". Fashion Theory . 12 (4): 427–446. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174108X346922 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174108X346922) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 194180788 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180788) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Willett, Joanie; Saunders, Clare; Hackney, Fiona; Hill, Katie (September 2022). "The affective economy and fast fashion: Materiality, embodied learning and developing a sensibility for sustainable clothing" (https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/630120/8/13591835221088524.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of Material Culture . 27 (3): 219–237. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/13591835221088524 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13591835221088524) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 247823706 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247823706) . ^ (#cite_ref-FF_1_52-0) Shukla, N. (February 21, 2022). "Fast Fashion Pollution and Climate Change" (https://earth.org/fast-fashion-pollution-and-climate-change) . Earth.Org . Retrieved January 13, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-SI_1_53-0) Astha Rajvanshi (January 17, 2023). "Shein Is the World's Most Popular Fashion Brand—at a Huge Cost to Us All" (https://time.com/6247732/shein-climate-change-labor-fashion) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Retrieved January 13, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-HOF_1_54-0) McDonald, C.D. (January 26, 2017). "The History of Fast Fashion" (https://www.forcmagazine.com/the-history-of-fast-fashion) . FORÇ Magazine . Retrieved January 13, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Millward-Pena, Isabel (2022). FROM FAST FASHION TO SUSTAINABLE SLOW FASHION (Thesis). ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Industry Waste Statistics" (https://edgexpo.com/fashion-industry-waste-statistics/) . E D G E . July 20, 2016 . Retrieved May 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "COMMON OBJECTIVE- Fashion and Waste: An Uneasy Relationship" (https://www.commonobjective.co/article/fashion-and-waste-an-uneasy-relationship) . Retrieved June 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Nelson, Mariel. "Micro-Trends: The acceleration of fashion cycles and the rise in waste". Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production, May 17, 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-:13_59-0) Schlossberg, Tatiana (September 3, 2019). "How Fast Fashion Is Destroying the Planet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/books/review/how-fast-fashion-is-destroying-the-planet.html) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b Centobelli, Piera; Abbate, Stefano; Nadeem, Simon; Reyes, Jose (September 20, 2022). "Slowing the fast fashion industry: An all-round perspective" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2022.100684) . Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry . 38 : 100684. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022COGSC..3800684C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022COGSC..3800684C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100684 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2022.100684) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 251697285 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251697285) . ^ (#cite_ref-BIS_1_61-0) Sarah Jackson (October 16, 2022). "Shein factory employees are working 18-hour days for pennies per garment and washing their hair on lunch breaks because they have so little time off, new report finds" (https://www.businessinsider.com/shein-factory-workers-18-hour-shifts-paid-low-wages-report-2022-10?r=US&IR=T) . Insider Inc . Retrieved November 1, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Story Map Journal" (https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=74b6302912a948ebb1a98eaecb02d5f3#:~:text=As%20mentioned%20previously,%20some%20of,strict%20environmental%20and%20labour%20regulations.) . www.arcgis.com . Retrieved May 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Fletcher, Kate (2010). "Slow Fashion: An Invitation for Systems Change". Fashion Practice . 2 (2): 259–265. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693810X12774625387594 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693810X12774625387594) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110000414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110000414) . ^ (#cite_ref-Archived_copy_64-0) "What is Slow Fashion? - Good on You" (https://goodonyou.eco/what-is-slow-fashion/) . Goodonyou.eco . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201202034555/https://goodonyou.eco/what-is-slow-fashion/) from the original on December 2, 2020 . Retrieved March 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Fletcher, K., & Grose, L. (2012). Fashion and sustainability: design for change. Laurence King. ^ (#cite_ref-66) Fletcher, Kate. Sustainable Fashion and Textiles- Design Journeys . Earthscan. ^ (#cite_ref-67) Barnard, Malcolm (2002). Fashion as Communication . Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-68) "People Tree is first clothing brand to receive the new WFTO Fair Trade product mark!" (http://blog.peopletree.co.uk/people-tree-is-first-clothing-brand-to-receive-the-new-wfto-product-label/) . The Thread . October 10, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-69) von Busch, Otto (December 9, 2022). " (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15487733.2022.2069996) "What is to be sustained?": Perpetuating systemic injustices through sustainable fashion" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15487733.2022.2069996) . Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy . 18 (1): 400–409. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022SSPP...18..400V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SSPP...18..400V) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/15487733.2022.2069996 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15487733.2022.2069996) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1548-7733 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-7733) . ^ (#cite_ref-70) von Busch, Otto (2020). "The chronopolitics of slow fashion" in S. Kipoz (ed) Slowness in Fashion . London: Dixi Books. pp. 169–177. ^ (#cite_ref-71) von Busch, Otto (2020). The Chronopolitics of Fashion, in S. Kipoz (ed) Slowness in Fashion . London: Dixi Books. p. 175. ^ (#cite_ref-72) Claudio José Galdino da Silva Jr; Alexandre D’Lamare Maia de Medeiros; Julia Didier Pedrosa de Amorim; Helenise Almeida do Nascimento; Attilio Converti; Andrea Fernanda Santana Costa; Leonie Asfora Sarubbo (August 2021). "Bacterial cellulose biotextiles for the future of Sustainable Fashion: A Review". Environmental Chemistry Letters . 19 (4): 2967–2980. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021EnvCL..19.2967D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnvCL..19.2967D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10311-021-01214-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10311-021-01214-x) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 232215342 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232215342) . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Kirsi Niinimäki; Greg Peters; Helena Dahlbo; Patsy Perry; Timo Rissanen; Alison Gwilt (April 2020). "The environmental price of fast fashion" (https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/112926) . Nature Reviews Earth & Environment . 1 (4): 189–200. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020NRvEE...1..189N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NRvEE...1..189N) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-020-0039-9) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 215760302 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215760302) . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Waterless Dyeing of Textiles Using CO (https://goexplorer.org/waterless-dyeing-of-textiles-using-co2) 2 " (https://goexplorer.org/waterless-dyeing-of-textiles-using-co2) . Global Opportunity Explorer . May 6, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-75) Chapman, Adrian (July 2010). Review of Life Cycle Assessments of Clothing (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226231304/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7398/93062680c631c755391f334901c7239f8c5c.pdf) (PDF) (Report). MISTRA Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research. S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 30971880 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30971880) . Archived from the original (http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7398/93062680c631c755391f334901c7239f8c5c.pdf) (PDF) on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Chapman, Jonathan (2015). Emotionally durable design objects, experiences and empathy . Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781315738802 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1086535559 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1086535559) . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Maldini, Irene (2019). "From speed to volume: reframing clothing production and consumption for an environmentally sound apparel sector". PLATE. Product Lifetimes and the Environment Conference Proceedings – via PLATE 2019 Berlin. ^ (#cite_ref-78) Maldini, Irene (2019). Can design confront consumerism? A critical study of clothing volumes, personalization, and the wardrobe . Amsterdam: VU University Amsterdam. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789083002415 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Environmental Impacts of the Fashion Industry" (https://www.sustainyourstyle.org/old-environmental-impacts) . SustainYourStyle . Retrieved August 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) Niinimäki, Kirsi; Peters, Greg; Dahlbo, Helena; Perry, Patsy; Rissanen, Timo; Gwilt, Alison (April 7, 2020). "The environmental price of fast fashion" (https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-020-0039-9) . Nature Reviews Earth & Environment . 1 (4): 189–200. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020NRvEE...1..189N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NRvEE...1..189N) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-020-0039-9) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2662-138X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2662-138X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 215760302 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215760302) . ^ (#cite_ref-81) Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda (2019). Earth Logic Fashion Action Research Plan . London: JJ Charitable Trust. p. 33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5272-5415-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda (2019). Earth Logic Fashion Action Research Plan . London: JJ Charitable Trust. p. 19. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162546/https://earthlogic.info/) from the original on February 26, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Sanghani, Radhika (October 8, 2018). "Stacey Dooley Investigates: Are your clothes wrecking the planet?" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/5a1a43b5-cbae-4a42-8271-48f53b63bd07) . BBC Three . Retrieved June 30, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "What Research Says About Sustainable Fashion Is Our Future!" (https://www.bitslowfashion.com/2021/06/20/what-research-says-about-sustainable-fashion-is-our-future/) . Bit Slow Fashion . June 20, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pulse of the Fashion Industry 2017 , Global Fashion Agenda & The Boston Consulting Group, 2017, p. 11 ^ (#cite_ref-86) Haung, HC (1994). "Classification and general properties of textile fibres" (http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/CGTPaperII.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180328160048/http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/CGTPaperII.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2018 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . [ verification needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-87) Culp, Alice (July 11, 2014). "Thrift stores sell damaged items to textile recyclers" (http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/thrift-stores-sell-damaged-items-to-textile-recyclers/article_21a785fc-08df-11e4-ad94-001a4bcf6878.html) . South Bend Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191107185018/https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/thrift-stores-sell-damaged-items-to-textile-recyclers/article_21a785fc-08df-11e4-ad94-001a4bcf6878.html) from the original on November 7, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) Stanescu, Michaela Dina (March 1, 2021). "State of the art of post-consumer textile waste upcycling to reach the zero waste milestone" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12416-9) . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 28 (12): 14253–14270. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021ESPR...2814253S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESPR...2814253S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11356-021-12416-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-12416-9) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1614-7499 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33515405 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33515405) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 231746977 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231746977) . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Stanton, Thomas; Johnson, Matthew; Nathanail, Paul; MacNaughtan, William; Gomes, Rachel L. (May 20, 2019). "Freshwater and airborne textile fibre populations are dominated by 'natural', not microplastic, fibres" (https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1609708) . Science of the Total Environment . 666 : 377–389. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019ScTEn.666..377S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ScTEn.666..377S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.278 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.02.278) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30798244 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30798244) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 73511816 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73511816) . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Boucher, D.; Friot, D. "Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170301095550/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-002.pdf) (PDF) . Primary micro plastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources . gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Archived from the original (https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-002.pdf) (PDF) on March 1, 2017 . Retrieved February 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Carrington, Damian (May 22, 2020). "Microplastic pollution in oceans vastly underestimated – study" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/22/microplastic-pollution-in-oceans-vastly-underestimated-study) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Harding-Rolls, George. "Fossil fashion" (https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/fossil-fashion/) . Changing Markets . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210329122148/https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/fossil-fashion/) from the original on March 29, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Singh, Rojalin (2020). "Synthetic microfibers: Pollution toxicity and remediation" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653520313928#bib7) . Chemosphere . 257 : 127199. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020Chmsp.25727199S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Chmsp.25727199S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127199 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2020.127199) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32480092 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480092) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 219172281 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219172281) . Retrieved April 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Changing Markets Foundation (February 2021). "Fossil Fashion" (https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/fossil-fashion/) . Changing Markets . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210217122335/https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/fossil-fashion/) from the original on February 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) Parker, Liz "Fashion brands and worker's rights" in Kate Fletcher & Mathilda Tham (2015) Routledge Handbook of Sustainability and Fashion, London: Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-96) admin. "Clean Clothes Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060244/https://cleanclothes.org/welcome) . Clean Clothes Campaign . Archived from the original (https://cleanclothes.org/welcome) on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Welcome \| Maquila Solidarity Network" (http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/) . www.maquilasolidarity.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190211031325/http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/) from the original on February 11, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) "End Uzbek Cotton Crimes" (https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/) . Anti-Slavery International . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226121827/https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/) from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "Bangladesh: Billion Dollar Leather Industry Has a Problem with Child Labor and Toxic Chemicals" (https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/bangladesh-billion-dollar-leather-industry-has-problem-child-labor-and-toxic-chemicals) . Pulitzer Center . March 30, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060144/https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/bangladesh-billion-dollar-leather-industry-has-problem-child-labor-and-toxic-chemicals) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Lawrence, Felicity (August 8, 2017). "How big brands including Sports Direct unwittingly used slave labour" (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/aug/08/how-big-brands-including-sports-direct-unwittingly-used-slave-labour) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-101) "Responsible Trust for Models" (https://www.modelstrust.com/) . Responsible Trust for Models . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060203/https://www.modelstrust.com/) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) "Lucy Norris – Anthropologies of Reuse and Recycling" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060200/http://www.lucynorris.co.uk/) . Archived from the original (http://www.lucynorris.co.uk/) on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-103) "New report published on working conditions in Leicester garment sector — University of Leicester" (https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2015/february/new-report-published-on-working-conditions-in-leiceser-garment-sector) . www2.le.ac.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234156/https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2015/february/new-report-published-on-working-conditions-in-leiceser-garment-sector) from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Living Wage in Eastern Europe and Turkey" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060212/https://cleanclothes.org/livingwage/europe/intro) . Clean Clothes Campaign . 2017. Archived from the original (https://cleanclothes.org/livingwage/europe/intro) on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Entwistle, J (2000). The fashioned body . Cambridge: Polity Press. ^ (#cite_ref-106) "Trading Away Our Rights: Women working in global supply chains \| Oxfam Policy & Practice" (https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/*) . Policy & Practice . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110828124503/http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications) from the original on August 28, 2011 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "Insight – Italy's Chinese garment workshops boom as workers suffer" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-sweatshop-insight-idUKBRE9BS04A20131230) . Reuters . December 30, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060355/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-sweatshop-insight-idUKBRE9BS04A20131230) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) "Cotton farmers \| Fairtrade Foundation" (http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Farmers-and-Workers/Cotton) . www.fairtrade.org.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226150444/http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Farmers-and-Workers/Cotton) from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Geiger, Sonja (2018). "Shopping for Clothes and Sensitivity to the Suffering of Others: The Role of Compassion and Values in Sustainable Fashion Consumption" (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0013916517732109) . Environment and Behavior . 50 (10): 1119–1144. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnvBe..50.1119G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnvBe..50.1119G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0013916517732109 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013916517732109) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 148956057 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148956057) . ^ (#cite_ref-110) "Dirty fashion" (https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/dirty-fashion/) . Changing Markets . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060239/https://changingmarkets.org/portfolio/dirty-fashion/) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) Bick, Rachel; Halsey, Erika; Ekenga, Christine C. (December 2018). "The global environmental injustice of fast fashion" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6307129) . Environmental Health . 17 (1): 92. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnvHe..17...92B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnvHe..17...92B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12940-018-0433-7) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6307129 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6307129) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30591057 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30591057) . ^ Jump up to: a b Henninger, Claudia E.; Alevizou, Panayiota J.; Oates, Caroline J. (October 3, 2016). "What is sustainable fashion?" (http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/99507/1/PDF_Proof%20of%20accepted%20JFMM%20article%209%20May%202016.PDF) (PDF) . Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management . 20 (4): 400–416. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/JFMM-07-2015-0052 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFMM-07-2015-0052) . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Marriott, Hannah (April 20, 2020). "H&M tops 2020 fashion transparency index as 10 brands score zero" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/apr/21/hm-tops-2020-fashion-transparency-index-as-10-brands-score-zero) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-114) "The Fashion Transparency Index: 2019 report ranks world's biggest brands \| Fashion \| The Guardian" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/apr/24/the-fashion-transparency-index-2019-report-ranks-worlds-biggest-brands) . TheGuardian.com (/wiki/TheGuardian.com) . April 24, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145519/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/apr/24/the-fashion-transparency-index-2019-report-ranks-worlds-biggest-brands) from the original on September 20, 2019 . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Fashion Transparency Index 2019" (https://issuu.com/fashionrevolution/docs/fashion_transparency_index_2019) . Issuu . April 24, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233242/https://issuu.com/fashionrevolution/docs/fashion_transparency_index_2019) from the original on October 30, 2020 . Retrieved October 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Farmbrough, Heather. "H&M Is Pushing Sustainability Hard, But Not Everyone Is Convinced" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherfarmbrough/2018/04/14/hm-is-pushing-sustainability-hard-but-not-everyone-is-convinced/) . Forbes . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200127/https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherfarmbrough/2018/04/14/hm-is-pushing-sustainability-hard-but-not-everyone-is-convinced/) from the original on January 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 14, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) "Diversity Report: The Fall 2018 Runways Were the Most Race and Transgender-Inclusive Ever; Not So Much for Age and Size Diversity" (https://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/786015-runway-diversity-report-fall-2018/) . theFashionSpot . March 22, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234130/https://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/786015-runway-diversity-report-fall-2018/) from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Von Busch, Otto; Bjereld, Ylva (June 1, 2016). "A typology of fashion violence". Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty . 7 : 89–107. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1386/csfb.7.1.89_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fcsfb.7.1.89_1) . ^ (#cite_ref-Busch_311–327_119-0) Busch, Otto von (September 2, 2018). "Inclusive Fashion—an Oxymoron—or a Possibility for Sustainable Fashion?". Fashion Practice . 10 (3): 311–327. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/17569370.2018.1507145 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17569370.2018.1507145) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1756-9370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-9370) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 218771542 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218771542) . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Cederström, Carl (2015). Wellness Syndrome . Wiley. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780745688718 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 956676547 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956676547) . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Widdows, Heather (December 31, 2018). Perfect Me . Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.23943/9781400889624 (https://doi.org/10.23943%2F9781400889624) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781400889624 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 193961288 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193961288) . ^ (#cite_ref-122) Niinimäki, Kirsi; Peters, Greg; Dahlbo, Helena; Perry, Patsy; Rissanen, Timo; Gwilt, Alison (April 7, 2020). "The environmental price of fast fashion" (https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-020-0039-9) . Nature Reviews Earth & Environment . 1 (4): 189–200. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020NRvEE...1..189N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NRvEE...1..189N) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-020-0039-9) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2662-138X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2662-138X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 215760302 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215760302) . ^ Jump up to: a b Freeman, Joshua Benjamin (2018). Behemoth : a history of the factory and the making of the modern world (First ed.). New York, NY: WW Norton. p. 274. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780393246315 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 988280720 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988280720) . ^ (#cite_ref-124) Edna., Bonacich (1994). Global production : the apparel industry in the Pacific Rim . Temple University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1566391689 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 28964324 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28964324) . ^ (#cite_ref-125) "Cotton farmers \| Fairtrade Foundation" (http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Farmers-and-Workers/Cotton) . www.fairtrade.org.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226150444/http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Farmers-and-Workers/Cotton) from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) "Living Wage" (https://cleanclothes.org/livingwage/living-wage) . Clean Clothes Campaign . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060724/https://cleanclothes.org/livingwage/living-wage) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) Todeschini, Bruna (2017). "Innovative and sustainable business models in the fashion industry: Entrepreneurial drivers, opportunities, and challenges" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681317301015) . Business Horizons . 60 (6): 759–770. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.bushor.2017.07.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2017.07.003) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 11311/1060972 (https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1060972) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 158529625 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158529625) . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Cernansky, Rachel (March 18, 2021). "Can an end-to-end sustainability standard change fashion?" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/can-an-end-to-end-sustainability-standard-change-fashion) . Vogue Business . ^ (#cite_ref-129) Modefica (February 12, 2020). " (https://medium.com/modefica-global/slow-fashion-is-not-a-movement-its-a-market-an-interview-with-kate-fletcher-ace64db9e0c8) "Slow Fashion is not a movement; it's a market": An Interview With Kate Fletcher" (https://medium.com/modefica-global/slow-fashion-is-not-a-movement-its-a-market-an-interview-with-kate-fletcher-ace64db9e0c8) . Modefica . ^ (#cite_ref-130) Earley, Rebecca (January 4, 2021). "Circular Fashion 2070: Clothing and Textile Cycles, Systems, and Services" (https://www.nae.edu/244942/Circular-Fashion-2070-Clothing-and-Textile-Cycles-Systems-and-Services) . National Academy of Engineering . 50 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) Rissanen, Timo (2015). "Zero Waste Fashion Design", in J. Hethorn & C. Ulasewicz (eds.) Sustainable Fashion: What's Next? . London: Bloomsbury. pp. 179–203. ^ (#cite_ref-132) Von Busch, Otto (2021). Vistas of Vitality: Metabolisms, Circularity, Fashion-abilities . New York: SelfPassage. ^ (#cite_ref-133) Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017). "A new textile economy" (https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/our-work/activities/make-fashion-circular/report) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210426042506/https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/our-work/activities/make-fashion-circular/report) from the original on April 26, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-134) "14 Textile Recycling Companies Pushing for Circularity in Fashion" (https://consciousfashion.co/guides/textile-recycling-companies) . Conscious Fashion Collective . February 25, 2022 . Retrieved August 30, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) "Textiles strategy" (https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/textiles-strategy_en) . environment.ec.europa.eu . March 30, 2022 . Retrieved August 30, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-136) "The EU Textiles Strategy in Motion - What does it mean for the future of this sector? \| European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform" (https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/news-and-events/all-events/eu-textiles-strategy-motion-what-does-it-mean-future-sector) . circulareconomy.europa.eu . July 8, 2022 . Retrieved August 30, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) Biomimicry Institute (2020). "The Nature of Fashion" (https://biomimicry.org/thenatureoffashion/) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Designing with life: Biofabricate's Suzanne Lee envisions a "new material world" (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0017.html) " (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0017.html) . WIPO Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-139) "These gorgeous Zara party dresses are made from carbon emissions" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90705361/zaras-gorgeous-party-dresses-are-made-from-carbon-emissions) . Fast Company . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "H&M Move Partners With Lanzatech to Launch Capsule Collection Using Captured Carbon Emissions" (https://about.hm.com/news/general-news-2023/h-m-move-partners-with-lanzatech-to-launch-capsule-collection-us.html) . H&M . ^ (#cite_ref-141) Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Angela (November 18, 2021). "Online fashion rental market to grow over 10 percent annually" (https://fashionunited.com/news/business/online-fashion-rental-market-to-grow-over-10-percent-annually/2021111843830) . FashionUnited . ^ (#cite_ref-142) Iran, Samira; Schrader, Ulf (September 11, 2017). "Collaborative fashion consumption and its environmental effects". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management . 21 (4): 468–482. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/JFMM-09-2016-0086 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFMM-09-2016-0086) . ^ Jump up to: a b Levänen, Jarkko; Uusitalo, Ville; Härri, Anna; Kareinen, Elisa; Linnanen, Lassi (May 1, 2021). "Innovative recycling or extended use? Comparing the global warming potential of different ownership and end-of-life scenarios for textiles" (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fabfac3) . Environmental Research Letters . 16 (5): 054069. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021ERL....16e4069L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16e4069L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1088/1748-9326/abfac3 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fabfac3) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235289414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235289414) . ^ (#cite_ref-144) Elan, Priya (July 6, 2021). "Renting clothes is 'less green than throwing them away' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jul/06/renting-clothes-is-less-green-than-throwing-them-away) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jul/06/renting-clothes-is-less-green-than-throwing-them-away) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-145) Courier (December 27, 2021). "Inside fashion's rental market" (https://mailchimp.com/courier/article/fashion-rental-market/) . ^ (#cite_ref-146) Rissanen, Timo (July 25, 2021). "brief thoughts on clothing rentals" (https://timorissanen.wordpress.com/2021/07/25/brief-thoughts-on-clothing-rentals/) . ^ (#cite_ref-DG_1_147-0) Maynard, Margaret (June 3, 2004). Dress and Globalization . Manchester University Press (/wiki/Manchester_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780719063893 . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farra, Emily (January 15, 2021). " (https://www.vogue.com/article/adiff-open-source-fashion-cookbook-upcycling-diy-fashion-patterns) "Open Source Fashion Cookbook Is Sharing "Recipes" for Upcycling at Home, With Patterns by Raeburn, Chromat, and More" (https://www.vogue.com/article/adiff-open-source-fashion-cookbook-upcycling-diy-fashion-patterns) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/adiff-open-source-fashion-cookbook-upcycling-diy-fashion-patterns) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-149) Danielepasi_38178 (December 15, 2015). " (https://www.shareable.net/5-projects-leading-the-open-source-revolution-in-fashion/) "5 Projects Leading the Open Source Revolution in Fashion" (https://www.shareable.net/5-projects-leading-the-open-source-revolution-in-fashion/) " (https://www.shareable.net/5-projects-leading-the-open-source-revolution-in-fashion/) . Sharable . ^ (#cite_ref-150) Lee, Matilda (February 6, 2009). "What's the Most Sustainable Fabric" (http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/clothing/268798/whats_the_most_sustainable_fabric.html) . The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171023045847/http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/clothing/268798/whats_the_most_sustainable_fabric.html) from the original on October 23, 2017 . Retrieved April 30, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Beall, Abigail. "Why clothes are so hard to recycle" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200710-why-clothes-are-so-hard-to-recycle) . BBC Future (/wiki/BBC_Future) . Retrieved October 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) Santi, Ana. "How to make your wardrobe sustainable" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230502-how-to-make-your-wardrobe-sustainable) . BBC Future (/wiki/BBC_Future) . Retrieved October 25, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lee, Mike (December 21, 2006). "The Truth About Where Your Donated Clothes End Up" (https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2743456&page=1) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101116034802/http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2743456&page=1) from the original on November 16, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Santi, Ana. "Can clothes ever be fully recycled?" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230227-how-to-recycle-your-clothes) . BBC Future (/wiki/BBC_Future) . Retrieved October 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-155) Chapman, Dan (December 24, 2006). "Your Cast-Offs, Their Profits: Items donated to Goodwill and Salvation Army often end up as part of a $1 billion-a-year used-clothing business" (http://www.gciatl.com/media.html) . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution) . gciatl.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122153800/http://www.gciatl.com/media.html) from the original on November 22, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Aus, Reet (November 30, 2011). "Trash to Trend" (https://issuu.com/runnel/docs/reet-aus) . Issuu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807205123/https://issuu.com/runnel/docs/reet-aus) from the original on August 7, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-157) Revolution, Fashion. "Consumer Survey Key Findings" (https://issuu.com/fashionrevolution/docs/fashrev_consumersurvey_2020_keyfindings/2?ff) . issuu.com . Fashion Revolution . Retrieved February 11, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-158) Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (August 6, 2016). Textiles and clothing sustainability: recycled and upcycled textiles and fashion . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789811021466 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fletcher, K. (2013). Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys. Routledge. [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-160) Laursen, S. E., Hansen, J., Bagh, J., Jensen, O. K., & Werther, I. (1997). Environmental assessment of textiles. Environmental project, (369). ^ (#cite_ref-161) Zimring, Carl A. (2016). "Upcycling in History: Is the Past a Prologue to a Zero-Waste Future? The Case of Aluminum". RCC Perspectives (3): 45–52. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26241375 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26241375) . ^ (#cite_ref-162) "Moving Towards a Circular Fashion Economy" (https://motif.org/news/circular-fashion-economy/) . MOTIF . April 29, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210113102326/https://motif.org/news/circular-fashion-economy/) from the original on January 13, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-163) "Reduce & Reuse" (http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/reduce.htm) . United States Environmental Protection Agency. November 17, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210426042505/https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/land-waste-and-cleanup-topics) from the original on April 26, 2021 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) "Well dressed? The present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom" (https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/insights/sustainability/well-dressed/) . www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060315/https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/insights/sustainability/well-dressed/) from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-165) von Busch, Otto (2008). Fashion-able: Hacktivism and Engaged Fashion Design . Gothenburg: ArtMonitor. ^ (#cite_ref-166) Twigger Holroyd, Amy. (2017). Folk fashion. Understanding homemade clothes . I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781784536497 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1019666656 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1019666656) . ^ Jump up to: a b Rissanen, Timo (September 6, 2018). Zero waste fashion design . Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1350094833 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1040994499 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1040994499) . ^ (#cite_ref-168) Busch, Otto von (2009). Fashion-able : hacktivism and engaged fashion design . Camino. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789197841108 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 703595835 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/703595835) . ^ (#cite_ref-169) Black, S.; et al. (2009). "Considerate Design for Personalized Fashion: Towards Sustainable Fashion Design and Consumption". Mass Matching - Customization, Configuration & Creativity: Proceedings of the MCPC 2009 – via Helsinki, Aalto University School of Art and Design. ^ (#cite_ref-170) Busch, Otto von (2014). "Fashion Hacking". Design as Future-Making : 47–57. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5040/9781474293907-0009 (https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474293907-0009) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781474293907 . ^ (#cite_ref-171) Ballie, Jennifer (2014). e􏰅Co-Textile Design: How can textile design and making, combined with social media tools, achieve a more sustainable fast fashion future? . London: University of the Arts London. ^ (#cite_ref-172) Angela Luna & Loulwa Al Saad (2021). Open Source Fashion Cookbook . New York: ADIFF PBC. ^ (#cite_ref-173) Peter, Stallybrass (1998). Spyer, Patricia (ed.). "Marx' Coat" essay, in Border fetishisms : material objects in unstable spaces . Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0415918561 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 37024820 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37024820) . ^ (#cite_ref-174) Wills, Jennifer. "Saying farewell to a throwaway fashion industry" (https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-farewell-throwaway-fashion-industry.html) . Horizon: The EU Research Innovation Magazine . Retrieved November 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-175) Fadelli, Ingrid. "DeepDraper: A technique that predicts how clothes would look on different people" (https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-deepdraper-technique-people.html) . Tech Xplore . Retrieved November 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-176) Pinnock, Olivia (May 4, 2018). "The Best Answers To #WhoMadeMyClothes This Fashion Revolution Week" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviapinnock/2018/05/04/the-best-answers-to-whomademyclothes-this-fashion-revolution-week/#3835b59c77fe) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232318/https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviapinnock/2018/05/04/the-best-answers-to-whomademyclothes-this-fashion-revolution-week//#3835b59c77fe) from the original on September 27, 2020 . Retrieved March 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-177) Dazed Digital, Morgane Nyfeler (April 24, 2018). "Are fashion brands actually making progress at becoming ethical?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/39855/1/are-fashion-brands-becoming-ethical-fashion-revolution-transparency-index-2018) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed_Digital) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/39855/1/are-fashion-brands-becoming-ethical-fashion-revolution-transparency-index-2018/) from the original on September 27, 2020 . Retrieved March 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-178) Carlson, Jane (October 11, 2013). "Annual red carpet green dress contest kicks off once again" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/annual-red-carpet-green-dress-647241) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151212103314/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/annual-red-carpet-green-dress-647241) from the original on December 12, 2015 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-179) Dunn, Claire (April 8, 2013). "Ethical fashion pops up for fashion week" (http://www.smh.com.au/small-business/ethical-fashion-pops-up-for-fashion-week-20130405-2hawe.html) . Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015510/http://www.smh.com.au/small-business/ethical-fashion-pops-up-for-fashion-week-20130405-2hawe.html) from the original on January 25, 2018 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-180) Sanders, Lorraine (April 24, 2013). "S.F. fashion cheerleader org chart" (https://www.sfgate.com/style/article/S-F-fashion-cheerleader-org-chart-3550151.php) . SF Gate. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190930083538/https://www.sfgate.com/style/article/S-F-fashion-cheerleader-org-chart-3550151.php) from the original on September 30, 2019 . Retrieved September 30, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Camilli, Sascha (February 21, 2014). "Chic With A Conscience: Ecoluxe At London Fashion Week" (http://www.vildamagazine.com/2014/02/chic-with-a-conscience-ecoluxe-at-london-fashion-week/) . Vilda Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101014/http://www.vildamagazine.com/2014/02/chic-with-a-conscience-ecoluxe-at-london-fashion-week/) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-182) Carter, Amber (February 20, 2013). "Event Review: Ecoluxe London A/W 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084532/http://source.ethicalfashionforum.com/article/event-review-ecoluxe-london-aw-2013) . Ethical Fashion Forum . Archived from the original (http://source.ethicalfashionforum.com/article/event-review-ecoluxe-london-aw-2013) on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-183) "The year fashion woke up" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141224182300/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/12/year-fashion-woke.html) . Businessoffashion.com . December 19, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/12/year-fashion-woke.html) on December 24, 2014 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-184) Groom, Avril (November 2014). "Sustainable and Ethical Fashion" (http://howtospendit.ft.com/style/67541-sustainable-and-ethical-fashion) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) How to Spend It (/wiki/How_to_Spend_It) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150108221217/http://howtospendit.ft.com/style/67541-sustainable-and-ethical-fashion) from the original on January 8, 2015 . Retrieved January 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-185) Menkes, Suzy. "The Beat of Africa Resounds on the Catwalk" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/07/16/suzy-menkes-the-beat-of-africa-resounds-from-the-catwalk) . Vogue – Conde Nast. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150110022750/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/07/16/suzy-menkes-the-beat-of-africa-resounds-from-the-catwalk) from the original on January 10, 2015 . Retrieved January 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-186) Maveau, Roger (December 18, 2014). "Afrique-Mode éthique : Simone Cipriani, le bon samaritain" (http://afrique.lepoint.fr/life-style/afrique-mode-ethique-simone-cipriani-le-bon-samaritain-18-12-2014-1890867_2259.php) . Le Point Afrique. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141227092722/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/life-style/afrique-mode-ethique-simone-cipriani-le-bon-samaritain-18-12-2014-1890867_2259.php) from the original on December 27, 2014 . Retrieved January 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Menkes, Suzy (September 13, 2013). "Designing for the Green Carpet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/fashion/London-Fashion-Week-Begins-With-Green-Emphasis.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107122522/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/fashion/London-Fashion-Week-Begins-With-Green-Emphasis.html) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Farra_2018_188-0) Farra, Emily (April 11, 2018). "These One-of-a-Kind Flower-Dyed Dresses Were Handmade by Women in Juárez, Mexico" (https://www.vogue.com/article/john-patrick-communitie-marfa-ni-en-more-dresses) . Vogue . Retrieved April 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kosoff_2011_189-0) Kosoff, Maya (April 19, 2011). "Fashion designer speaks on using organic materials" (https://dailyorange.com/2011/04/fashion-designer-speaks-on-using-organic-materials/) . The Daily Orange . Retrieved April 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cho_2021_190-0) Cho, Alina (September 10, 2021). "John Patrick: The Most Forward-Thinking Fashion Designer You've Never Heard Of" (https://alinacho.substack.com/p/john-patrick-the-most-forward-thinking-21-09-10) . Substack . Retrieved April 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-191) "Trans-Americas Trading Company – World Leader in Recycled Clothing Solutions" (https://tranclo.com/) . tranclo.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091321/https://tranclo.com/) from the original on October 14, 2018 . Retrieved October 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-192) Bhajekar, Rahul. "Global Organic Textile Standard International Working Group (IWG) – Global Standard gGmbH" (https://www.global-standard.org/) . www.global-standard.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180731/https://www.global-standard.org/) from the original on December 1, 2018 . Retrieved December 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-193) Fletcher, Kate (2014). Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415644556 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 846847018 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846847018) . ^ (#cite_ref-194) Capulet, Ian (February 12, 2015). "Go wood: sunglasses for sustainable living" (http://www.cefashion.net/go-wood-sunglasses-for-a-new-wave) . CEFashion.net . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151211150451/http://www.cefashion.net/go-wood-sunglasses-for-a-new-wave) from the original on December 11, 2015 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) Choi, Soon Mo; Kummara, Madhusudana Rao; Zo, Sun Mi; Shin, Eun Joo; Han, Sung Soo (2022). "Bacteria Cellulose and Its Applications" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8949969) . Polymers . 14 (6): 1080. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/polym14061080 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym14061080) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8949969 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8949969) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 35335411 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35335411) . ^ (#cite_ref-196) "Cotton Fabric" (http://knol.google.com/k/cotton-fabric#) . 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100824032733/http://knol.google.com/k/cotton-fabric) from the original on August 24, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Voora, V.; Larrea, C.; Bermudez, S. (2020). "Global Market Report: Cotton" (https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/cotton-coverage/) . State of Sustainability Initiatives . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210212071020/https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/cotton-coverage/) from the original on February 12, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-SC_1_198-0) "Sustainable Cotton Project - About" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050214090311/http://www.sustainablecotton.org/html/who_we_are.html) . Sustainable Cotton Project. 2023. Archived from the original (http://www.sustainablecotton.org/about.html) on February 14, 2005 . Retrieved November 1, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-199) "Cotton and the environment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150416011200/http://www.organicitsworthit.org/get/cotton-and-environment) . Organic Trade Association (/wiki/Organic_Trade_Association) . Archived from the original (http://www.organicitsworthit.org/get/cotton-and-environment) on April 16, 2015 . Retrieved December 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-200) "Your Grandkids Will Thank You" (http://www.sayitgreen.com/organic/fairtrade.html) . sayitgreen.com. April 6, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110131080845/http://www.sayitgreen.com/organic/fairtrade.html) from the original on January 31, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Cotton and the Environment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101123231134/http://www.ota.com/organic/environment/cotton_environment.html) . Organic Trade Association. 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.ota.com/organic/environment/cotton_environment.html) on November 23, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Vreeland, James M. Jr. (April 1999). "The Revival of Colored Cotton" (http://www.perunaturtex.com/scientif.htm) . Scientific American (/wiki/Scientific_American) . perunaturtex.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064850/http://www.perunaturtex.com/scientif.htm) from the original on July 15, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "What's the Problem With Cotton? Part I" (http://savvybrown.com/health/whats-the-problem-with-cotton-part-1/) . savvybrown.com. May 10, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100710044257/http://savvybrown.com/health/whats-the-problem-with-cotton-part-1/) from the original on July 10, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-204) "Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)" (http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/gmo.html) . University of San Diego. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101205060853/http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/gmo.html) from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-205) "How Does Bt Work?" (http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/how_bt_work.html) . University of San Diego. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101209003125/http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/how_bt_work.html) from the original on December 9, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bt Cotton Data" (http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/bt_cotton.html) . University of San Diego. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101213074115/http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/bt_cotton.html) from the original on December 13, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "First Documented Case Of Pest Resistance To Biotech Cotton" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140803.htm) . Science Daily. February 8, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101212214258/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140803.htm) from the original on December 12, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-208) Plewis, Ian (May 13, 2014). "Gm Cotton And Suicide Rates For Indian Farmers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012820/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/documents/Suicides_WP_d1.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/documents/Suicides_WP_d1.pdf) (PDF) on May 13, 2014 . Retrieved November 30, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-209) "Bitter Seeds" (http://www.itvs.org/films/bitter-seeds) . iTVS . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190506183551/https://itvs.org/films/bitter-seeds) from the original on May 6, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-210) "Sustainable Ag Q & A" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090623021024/http://www.vineyardteam.org/resources/sustainableag.php) . Central Coast Vineyard Team. Archived from the original (http://www.vineyardteam.org/resources/sustainableag.php) on June 23, 2009 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) "Production and Handling – Preamble" (https://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3003494&acct=noprulemaking) . USDA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120614175508/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3003494&acct=noprulemaking) from the original on June 14, 2012 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-212) "Find out all you need to know about organic cotton" (http://aboutorganiccotton.org/) . aboutorganiccotton.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191202180639/http://aboutorganiccotton.org/) from the original on December 2, 2019 . Retrieved November 19, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-213) Mankus, Modestas (May 13, 2020). "Sustainable Fashion: What is Organic Cotton?" (https://ourculturemag.com/2020/05/13/sustainable-fashion-what-is-organic-cotton/) . Our Culture . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200808050404/https://ourculturemag.com/2020/05/13/sustainable-fashion-what-is-organic-cotton/) from the original on August 8, 2020 . Retrieved May 13, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-214) "Vreisis Ltd" (http://www.vreseis.com/) . Vreisis Ltd. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110412113403/http://www.vreseis.com/) from the original on April 12, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-215) Dickerson, Dianne K.; Lane, Eric; Rodriguez, Dolores (October 1999), Naturally Colored Cotton: Resistance to changes in color and durability when refurbished with selected laundry aids (PDF) , California Agricultural Technology Institute, p. 5, archived from the original (http://cati.csufresno.edu/ip/rese/99/990901.pdf) (PDF) on July 19, 2011 , retrieved December 7, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-216) "Soy Clothing: The Latest In Eco-Friendly Style" (http://www.natural-living-for-women.com/soy-clothing.html) . Natural Living for Women. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110103021114/http://www.natural-living-for-women.com/soy-clothing.html) from the original on January 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Soy Fabric" (http://www.the-eco-market.com/soy-fabric.html) . the-eco-market.com. 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110203092355/http://www.the-eco-market.com/soy-fabric.html) from the original on February 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) "Soy Clothing: Superior Softness Feels Like Your Second Skin" (http://www.cool-organic-clothing.com/soy-clothing.html) . Cool Organic Clothing. 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101121093911/http://www.cool-organic-clothing.com/soy-clothing.html) from the original on November 21, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hemp Clothing" (http://eartheasy.com/wear_hemp_clothing.htm) . eartheasy.com. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164024/http://eartheasy.com/wear_hemp_clothing.htm) from the original on July 10, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hemp Fibres" (http://www.binhaitimes.com/hemp.html) . Natural Fibers. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127051011/http://www.binhaitimes.com/hemp.html) from the original on November 27, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-versus_221-0) "Bamboo vs. Cotton" (http://www.d6clothing.com/d6/green-info-bamboo-vs-cotton/) . D6 Clothing. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100411220028/http://www.d6clothing.com/d6/green-info-bamboo-vs-cotton/) from the original on April 11, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) "Bamboo Clothing: A new choice in eco-fashion" (http://www.natural-living-for-women.com/bamboo-clothing.html) . Natural Living for Women. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102230005/http://www.natural-living-for-women.com/bamboo-clothing.html) from the original on January 2, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) "Bamboo textiles no more 'natural' than rayon" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/bamboo-textiles-no-more-natural-than-rayon-1.938759) . CBC . February 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 30, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Clothing made from tea byproduct could improve health of fashion industry" (http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2016/04/26/sustainableclothing) . Iowa State University . April 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190421094133/https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2016/04/26/sustainableclothing) from the original on April 21, 2019 . Retrieved April 30, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Look Out Cotton, These 3 Fruits Are Shaking Up the Textile Industry" (https://www.ecowatch.com/look-out-cotton-these-3-fruits-are-shaking-up-the-textile-industry-1882021787.html) . March 12, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122633/https://www.ecowatch.com/look-out-cotton-these-3-fruits-are-shaking-up-the-textile-industry-1882021787.html) from the original on January 19, 2019 . Retrieved January 18, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) "Designers Create Vegan Leather from Coconut Water" (https://vegnews.com/2018/5/designers-create-vegan-leather-from-coconut-water) . VegNews.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174319/https://vegnews.com/2018/5/designers-create-vegan-leather-from-coconut-water) from the original on January 19, 2019 . Retrieved April 23, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-227) "Vegan Leather Made From Coconut Water Launches To Reduce Animal Cruelty" (https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/vegan-leather-made-from-coconut-water-launches-to-reduce-animal-cruelty) . www.plantbasednews.org . May 20, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119120909/https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/vegan-leather-made-from-coconut-water-launches-to-reduce-animal-cruelty) from the original on January 19, 2019 . Retrieved April 23, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-228) Carpenter, Susan (June 19, 2011). "Beyond cotton: Which alternative fabrics are eco-friendly?" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-alternative-natural-textiles-20110619-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . ^ (#cite_ref-229) Haung, HC (1994). "Classification and general properties of textile fibres" (http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/CGTPaperII.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180328160048/http://bieap.gov.in/Pdf/CGTPaperII.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2018 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-230) truents (October 27, 2010). "Natural Protein Fibres" (https://www.textileschool.com/419/natural-protein-fibers/) . Textile School . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108210540/https://www.textileschool.com/419/natural-protein-fibers/) from the original on November 8, 2020 . Retrieved October 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-231) "Material Guide: Is Silk Sustainable?" (https://goodonyou.eco/is-silk-sustainable/) . Good On You . October 3, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201104001011/https://goodonyou.eco/is-silk-sustainable/) from the original on November 4, 2020 . Retrieved October 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-232) "Material Guide: How Ethical Is Cashmere?" (https://goodonyou.eco/material-guide-how-ethical-is-cashmere/) . Good On You . April 11, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201106060026/https://goodonyou.eco/material-guide-how-ethical-is-cashmere/) from the original on November 6, 2020 . Retrieved October 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-233) Oxfam News , Spring 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-234) Annie, Gullingsrud (February 9, 2017). Fashion fibers: designing for sustainability . New York, NY, USA: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781501306648 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 915250289 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/915250289) . ^ (#cite_ref-MG_1_235-0) Robertson, L. (January 12, 2023). "Material Guide: What Is Viscose and Is It Sustainable?" (https://goodonyou.eco/material-guide-viscose-sustainability/#:~:text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20around,land%20grabbing%20from%20Indigenous%20communities) . Good On You . Retrieved January 13, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-EPA_236-0) "Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008" (http://www.epa.gov/osw//nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2008rpt.pdf) (PDF) . United States Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) . November 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110128132124/http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2008rpt.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-237) "Why is Recycled Polyester Considered a Sustainable Textile?" (http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/why-is-recycled-polyester-considered-a-sustainable-textile/) . O Ecotextiles. July 14, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100824203859/http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/why-is-recycled-polyester-considered-a-sustainable-textile/) from the original on August 24, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-env_238-0) "What is Recycled Polyester?" (http://www.natural-environment.com/blog/2008/01/27/what-is-recycled-polyester/) . Natural Environment. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101230015304/http://www.natural-environment.com/blog/2008/01/27/what-is-recycled-polyester/) from the original on December 30, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-239) "Creating Value Through Sustainable Fashion" (http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/creating-value-through-sustainable-fashion) . The Coca-Cola Company. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121125062837/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/creating-value-through-sustainable-fashion) from the original on November 25, 2012 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) "Clothing Made of Recycled Plastic" (http://yesboleh.blogspot.com/2008/05/clothing-made-of-recycled-plastic.html) . yesboleh.blogspot.com. May 8, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072720/http://yesboleh.blogspot.com/2008/05/clothing-made-of-recycled-plastic.html) from the original on July 8, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) "Recycling Plastic into Fabric: Re-Wear Your Bottles" (http://blogs.currentprotocols.com/2010/06/23/recycling-plastic-into-fabric-re-wear-your-bottles/) . currentprotocols.com. June 23, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100912173049/http://blogs.currentprotocols.com/2010/06/23/recycling-plastic-into-fabric-re-wear-your-bottles/) from the original on September 12, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) Jones, Mitchell; Gandia, Antoni; John, Sabu; Bismarck, Alexander (January 2021). "Leather-like material biofabrication using fungi". Nature Sustainability . 4 (1): 9–16. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s41893-020-00606-1 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-020-00606-1) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 221522085 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221522085) . ^ (#cite_ref-e2f_243-0) Singer, Sally; Sullivan, Robert (May 2007). "Earth to fashion". Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 197 (5): 128–132. ^ (#cite_ref-244) Mutha, Subramaniam (2017). SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY . Singer. ^ (#cite_ref-245) Rosenbloom, Stephanie (August 13, 2010). "Fashion Tries on Zero Waste Design" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/fashion/15waste.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-246) Elmaaty, Tarek (March 26, 2017). "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Green Media in Textile Dyeing: A Review". Textile Research Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-247) Fortunake, J., & Blackburn, R. (2017). Sustainablity Challenges of Textiles, Dyeing and Finishing Industries: Opportunities for Innovation. Lecture presented at ACS Webinars. ^ (#cite_ref-248) "air dyeing" (http://textilecore.com/air-dyeing/) . textilecore.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171106222152/http://textilecore.com/air-dyeing/) from the original on November 6, 2017 . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) "Top brands failing on cotton sustainability \| WWF" (http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?269811/Top-brands-failing-on-cotton-sustainability) . wwf.panda.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200213174623/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?269811%2FTop-brands-failing-on-cotton-sustainability) from the original on February 13, 2020 . Retrieved July 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-250) "All ecolabels on textiles" (http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabels/?st=category,textiles) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190801160657/http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabels/?st=category,textiles) from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved August 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-251) "Know your labels" (https://www.eco-business.com/news/eco-fashion-know-your-labels/) . February 11, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190802134307/https://www.eco-business.com/news/eco-fashion-know-your-labels/) from the original on August 2, 2019 . Retrieved August 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-252) "Prison Couture mainlines eco-ethics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324150738/http://news.err.ee/Culture/6927f9ec-b20e-448b-b78d-fefe0d8f009d) . Estonian Public Broadcasting (/wiki/Estonian_Public_Broadcasting) . January 9, 2011. Archived from the original (http://news.err.ee/Culture/6927f9ec-b20e-448b-b78d-fefe0d8f009d) on March 24, 2012 . Retrieved May 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-253) de Leon, Christine (September 15, 2011). "The Malcolm X T-shirt Revisited" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151002071634/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/christine-de-leon/ethical-fashion-malcom-x-t-shirt-revisited_b_960850.html) . Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/christine-de-leon/ethical-fashion-malcom-x-t-shirt-revisited_b_960850.html) on October 2, 2015 . Retrieved May 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-254) "Ethical Style Journal, Issue 2, March 2017 – Page 26-27" (https://view.publitas.com/ethicalstylejournal/issue-2-march-2017/page/26-27) . view.publitas.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181347/https://view.publitas.com/ethicalstylejournal/issue-2-march-2017/page/26-27) from the original on January 18, 2018 . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-255) "By Stamo" (http://www.ecoluxelondon.org/portfolio_detail_stamo.html) . Ecoluxe London . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125707/http://www.ecoluxelondon.org/portfolio_detail_stamo.html) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-256) Wicker, Alden (June 23, 2014). "9 Ethical And Sustainable Brands I Found This Month That I Know You'll Love" (http://ecocult.com/2014/9-curated-brands-i-found-this-month-that-i-know-youll-love/) . Ecocult.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121531/http://ecocult.com/2014/9-curated-brands-i-found-this-month-that-i-know-youll-love/) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-257) "Competition: Design Beyond Skin's Next Vegan Shoe!" (http://www.peta.org.uk/features/beyond-skin-competition/) . PETA . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081141/http://www.peta.org.uk/features/beyond-skin-competition/) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-258) Klein, Victoria. "Hetty Rose Launches Ready-to-Wear Versions of Its Vintage-Kimono Shoes" (http://www.ecouterre.com/hetty-rose-launches-ready-to-wear-versions-of-its-vintage-kimono-shoes/) . Ecouterre . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140926215313/http://www.ecouterre.com/hetty-rose-launches-ready-to-wear-versions-of-its-vintage-kimono-shoes/) from the original on September 26, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-259) Nini, Jennifer (April 16, 2015). "Simple, Stylish & Sustainable: Eva Cassis" (http://ecowarriorprincess.net/2015/04/simple-stylish-sustainable-eva-cassis/) . ecowarriorprincess.net . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527043607/http://ecowarriorprincess.net/2015/04/simple-stylish-sustainable-eva-cassis/) from the original on May 27, 2015 . Retrieved April 16, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-260) Baker, Brandon (November 7, 2013). "Oliberté Becomes World's First Fair Trade USA Certified Shoemaker" (http://www.ecowatch.com/oliberte-becomes-worlds-first-fair-trade-usa-certified-shoemaker-1881813338.html) . Eco Watch . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160915131706/http://www.ecowatch.com/oliberte-becomes-worlds-first-fair-trade-usa-certified-shoemaker-1881813338.html) from the original on September 15, 2016 . Retrieved September 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-261) Gelles, David (June 16, 2016). "With Organic Cotton and Online Ads, Boll & Branch Helps Indian Farmers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/business/with-organic-cotton-and-online-ads-boll-branch-helps-indian-farmers.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-roberts_262-0) Roberts, Zoe. "THTC – Inspiring change; one Hip-Hop head at a time" (http://www.bboynews.co.uk/style/fashion/thtc-%E2%80%93-inspiring-change-one-hip-hop-head-at-a-time/) . B-Boy News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074428/http://www.bboynews.co.uk/style/fashion/thtc-%E2%80%93-inspiring-change-one-hip-hop-head-at-a-time/) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-263) Bauman, Zygmunt (October 1, 2010). "Perpetuum mobile". Critical Studies in Fashion and Beauty . 1 : 55–63. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1386/csfb.1.1.55_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fcsfb.1.1.55_1) . ^ (#cite_ref-264) Pham, Diane (October 1, 2012), "High Fashion as Eco-Friendly Child's Play" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121003072510/http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/eco-friendly-fashion.html) , Chevrolet (/wiki/Chevrolet) , archived from the original (http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/eco-friendly-fashion.html) on October 3, 2012 , retrieved January 23, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-265) Bluemle, Elizabeth (October 11, 2013), "A Talk with the Creator of the Gown Made of Golden Books" (http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/shelftalker/?p=11848) , Publishers Weekly (/wiki/Publishers_Weekly) , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011025407/http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/shelftalker/?p=11848) from the original on October 11, 2014 , retrieved June 11, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-266) Malik Chua, Jasmin. "House of Tammam Debuts U.K.'s Only Ethical Ready-to-Wear Bridal Gowns" (http://www.ecouterre.com/house-of-tammam-debuts-u-k-s-first-ethical-ready-to-wear-wedding-gowns/) . Ecouterre . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070827/http://www.ecouterre.com/house-of-tammam-debuts-u-k-s-first-ethical-ready-to-wear-wedding-gowns/) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-267) "Home" (https://www.afterlifeprojects.com/) . afterlife project . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200111215503/https://www.afterlifeprojects.com/) from the original on January 11, 2020 . Retrieved January 11, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-268) Landon, Peoples. "Is Stella McCartney the Queen of Sustainable Fashion" (https://www.refinery29.com/stella-mccartney-sustainability-fashion-brand-innovation) . Refinery 29 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181023195840/https://www.refinery29.com/stella-mccartney-sustainability-fashion-brand-innovation) from the original on October 23, 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-269) Shihadeh, Jackie (September 20, 2019). "Gabriela Hearst & The Carbon-Neutral Show" (https://cfda.com/news/gabriela-hearst-the-carbon-neutral-show) . Council of Fashion Designers of America . Retrieved October 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-270) Assoune, Alex (December 22, 2020). "Gabriela Hearst" (https://www.panaprium.com/blogs/i/gabriela-hearst) . Panaprium . Retrieved October 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-271) Marshall, Alexandra (October 20, 2022). "Gabriela Hearst's B-Corp values" (https://www.ft.com/content/e9032473-801c-4e04-81ba-e3941499bbf2) . Financial Times . Retrieved October 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-272) Niinimäki, Kirsi (December 2015). "Ethical foundations in sustainable fashion" (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40689-015-0002-1) . Textiles and Clothing Sustainability . 1 (1): 3. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/s40689-015-0002-1 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40689-015-0002-1) . ^ (#cite_ref-273) Furlow, Nancy E. (March 2010). "Greenwashing in the New Millennium" (http://m.www.na-businesspress.com/JABE/jabe106/FurlowWeb.pdf) (PDF) . The Journal of Applied Business and Economics . 10 (6): 22–25. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 506504964 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/506504964) . ^ (#cite_ref-274) "Pulse Fashion Report 2017" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191004220838/http://globalfashionagenda.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Pulse-of-the-Fashion-Industry_2017.pdf) (PDF) . Global Fashion Agenda, Pulse Report . 2017. Archived from the original (https://globalfashionagenda.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Pulse-of-the-Fashion-Industry_2017.pdf) (PDF) on October 4, 2019 . Retrieved May 14, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-275) Smith, Ray A. (May 24, 2008). "Shades of green: decoding eco fashion's claims" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121158336716218711) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160428161022/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121158336716218711) from the original on April 28, 2016 . Retrieved April 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-276) Gould, Hannah (February 26, 2015). "Waste is so last season: recycling clothes in the fashion industry" (https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2015/feb/26/waste-recycling-textiles-fashion-industry) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103909/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2015/feb/26/waste-recycling-textiles-fashion-industry) from the original on March 2, 2018 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-277) Allwood, Julian M. (/wiki/Julian_Allwood) (2006). Well dressed? : the present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom . Univ. of Cambridge Inst. for Manufacturing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1902546520 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 441247814 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441247814) . ^ (#cite_ref-278) "Science Search" (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WR0201_6352_FRP.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121011101547/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WR0201_6352_FRP.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sustainable fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainable_fashion) . Black, Sandy (2008). Eco-chic : the fashion paradox, London: Black Dog. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-906155-09-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906155-09-7) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 966078563 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966078563) . Black, Sandy (2013). The sustainable fashion handbook, New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500290569 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500290569) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 939743661 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939743661) . Choi, Tsan-Ming; Cheng, T. C. Edwin, eds. (2015). Sustainable fashion supply chain management: from sourcing to retailing . Springer series in supply chain management. Vol. 1. New York: Springer (/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-319-12703-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-12703-3) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783319127026 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 907012044 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907012044) . Farley, Jennifer; Hill, Colleen (2015). Sustainable fashion: past, present, and future . New York: Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851857 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 860754344 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/860754344) . Fletcher, Kate (2014) [2008]. Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London; Washington, DC: Earthscan (/wiki/Earthscan) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415644556 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 846847018 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846847018) . Fletcher, Kate; Grose, Lynda (2012). Fashion & sustainability: design for change . London: Laurence King Publishing (/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781856697545 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 778610112 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/778610112) . Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda, eds. (2015). Routledge handbook of sustainability and fashion . Routledge international handbooks. London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415828598 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 820119510 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820119510) . Friedman, Vanessa (May 7, 2022). "Redefining 'Sustainable Fashion' (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/style/redefining-sustainable-fashion.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/style/redefining-sustainable-fashion.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved October 3, 2023 . Gardetti, Miguel Ángel; Torres, Ana Laura, eds. (2013). Sustainability in fashion and textiles: values, design, production and consumption . Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781906093785 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 827952084 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827952084) . Gwilt, Alison; Rissanen, Timo (2010). Shaping sustainable fashion: changing the way we make and use clothes . London; Washington, DC: Earthscan (/wiki/Earthscan) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849712415 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 656849440 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656849440) . Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9-780226-698-22-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9) . External links [ edit ] UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion (https://unfashionalliance.org/) Centre for Sustainable Fashion (https://www.sustainable-fashion.com/) at London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) UK Sustainable Fashion Week (https://www.sustainablefashionweek.uk/) Good on You (https://goodonyou.eco/) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability) Index (/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles) Principles (/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts) Anthropocene (/wiki/Anthropocene) Business action on climate change (/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change) Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Co-benefits of climate change mitigation (/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation) Corporate sustainability (/wiki/Corporate_sustainability) Earth system governance (/wiki/Earth_system_governance) Ecological modernization (/wiki/Ecological_modernization) Environmental governance (/wiki/Environmental_governance) Environmentalism (/wiki/Environmentalism) Ethical consumerism (/wiki/Ethical_consumerism) Global catastrophic risk (/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk) Green economy (/wiki/Green_economy) Green growth (/wiki/Green_growth) Human impact on the environment (/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment) Longtermism (/wiki/Longtermism) Planetary boundaries (/wiki/Planetary_boundaries) Social sustainability (/wiki/Social_sustainability) Stewardship (/wiki/Stewardship) Sustainability studies (/wiki/Sustainability_studies) Capitalism (/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism) Development (/wiki/Sustainable_development) Developmment goals (/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals) Finance (/wiki/Sustainable_finance) Consumption (/wiki/Sustainable_consumption) Anthropization (/wiki/Anthropization) Anti-consumerism (/wiki/Anti-consumerism) Circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) Earth Overshoot Day (/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Ethical (/wiki/Ethical_consumerism) Green (/wiki/Green_consumption) Micro-sustainability (/wiki/Micro-sustainability) Over-consumption (/wiki/Over-consumption) Product stewardship (/wiki/Product_stewardship) Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Social return on investment (/wiki/Social_return_on_investment) Steady-state economy (/wiki/Steady-state_economy) Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainability_advertising) Brand (/wiki/Sustainability_brand) Marketing myopia (/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Consumer behaviour (/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Systemic change resistance (/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance) Tragedy of the commons (/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons) World population (/wiki/World_population) Birth control (/wiki/Birth_control) Demographic transition (/wiki/Demographic_transition) Family planning (/wiki/Family_planning) Control (/wiki/Human_population_control) Sustainable population (/wiki/Sustainable_population) Women's education and empowerment (/wiki/Women%27s_education) Technology Appropriate (/wiki/Appropriate_technology) Digital sustainability (/wiki/Digital_sustainability) Ecotechnology (/wiki/Ecotechnology) Environmental technology (/wiki/Environmental_technology) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) High-performance buildings (/wiki/High-performance_buildings) Natural building (/wiki/Natural_building) Superinsulation (/wiki/Superinsulation) Sustainability science (/wiki/Sustainability_science) Sustainable architecture (/wiki/Sustainable_architecture) Sustainable design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Sustainable design standards (/wiki/Sustainable_design_standards) Sustainable flooring (/wiki/Sustainable_flooring) Sustainable industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Sustainable lighting (/wiki/Sustainable_lighting) Sustainable packaging (/wiki/Sustainable_packaging) Sustainable transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity) Biosecurity (/wiki/Biosecurity) Biosphere (/wiki/Biosphere) Conservation biology (/wiki/Conservation_biology) Endangered species (/wiki/Endangered_species) Holocene extinction (/wiki/Holocene_extinction) Invasive species (/wiki/Invasive_species) Energy (/wiki/Sustainable_energy) Carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) Climate change mitigation (/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation) Conservation (/wiki/Energy_conservation) Descent (/wiki/Energy_descent) Efficiency (/wiki/Efficient_energy_use) Electrification (/wiki/Electrification) Emissions trading (/wiki/Emissions_trading) Energy conservation (/wiki/Energy_conservation) Energy efficiency implementation (/wiki/Energy_efficiency_implementation) Fossil fuel divestment (/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment) Fossil-fuel phase-out (/wiki/Fossil-fuel_phase-out) Peak oil (/wiki/Peak_oil) Poverty (/wiki/Energy_poverty) Rebound effect (/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)) Renewable (/wiki/Renewable_energy) Food (/wiki/Sustainable_food_system) Civic agriculture (/wiki/Civic_agriculture) Climate-smart agriculture (/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture) Community-supported agriculture (/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture) Cultured meat (/wiki/Cultured_meat) Forest gardening (/wiki/Forest_gardening) Foodscaping (/wiki/Foodscaping) Local (/wiki/Local_food) Permaculture (/wiki/Permaculture) Security (/wiki/Food_security) Sustainable agriculture (/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture) Sustainable diet (/wiki/Sustainable_diet) Sustainable fishery (/wiki/Sustainable_fishery) Urban horticulture (/wiki/Urban_horticulture) Vegetable box scheme (/wiki/Vegetable_box_scheme) Water Conservation (/wiki/Water_conservation) Desertification (/wiki/Desertification) Efficiency (/wiki/Water_efficiency) Footprint (/wiki/Water_footprint) Reclaimed (/wiki/Reclaimed_water) Sanitation (/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation) Scarcity (/wiki/Water_scarcity) Security (/wiki/Water_security) Accountability Corporate environmental responsibility (/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility) Corporate social responsibility (/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility) Environmental accounting (/wiki/Environmental_accounting) Environmental full-cost accounting (/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting) Environmental planning (/wiki/Environmental_planning) Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) Accounting (/wiki/Sustainability_accounting) Measurement (/wiki/Sustainability_measurement) Metrics and indices (/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices) Reporting (/wiki/Sustainability_reporting) Standards and certification (/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification) Sustainable yield (/wiki/Sustainable_yield) Applications Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Art (/wiki/Sustainable_art) Building insulation (/wiki/Building_insulation) Business (/wiki/Sustainable_business) City (/wiki/Sustainable_city) Climate finance (/wiki/Climate_finance) College programs (/wiki/North_American_collegiate_sustainability_programs) Community (/wiki/Sustainable_community) Disinvestment (/wiki/Disinvestment) Eco-capitalism (/wiki/Eco-capitalism) Eco-investing (/wiki/Eco-investing) Ecovillage (/wiki/Ecovillage) Education (/wiki/Education_for_Sustainable_Development) Environmental finance (/wiki/Environmental_finance) Ethical banking (/wiki/Ethical_banking) Fashion Gardening (/wiki/Sustainable_gardening) Geopark (/wiki/Geopark) Green (/wiki/Environmentally_friendly) Development (/wiki/Green_development) Development (/wiki/Green_home) Infrastructure (/wiki/Green_infrastructure) Marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) Vehicle (/wiki/Green_vehicle) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Landscape (/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture) Livelihood (/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood) Living (/wiki/Sustainable_living) Low-impact development (/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Music (/wiki/Sustainability_in_music) Organic movement (/wiki/Organic_movement) Organizations (/wiki/Sustainability_organizations) Practices (/wiki/Sustainability_practices_in_organizations) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Radical sustainability (/wiki/Radical_sustainability) Refurbishment (/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment) Social design (/wiki/Social_design) Socially responsible business (/wiki/Socially_responsible_business) Socially responsible marketing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing) Sourcing (/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing) Space (/wiki/Space_sustainability) Sustainability organization (/wiki/Sustainability_organization) Tourism (/wiki/Sustainable_tourism) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Urban drainage systems (/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems) Urban infrastructure (/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure) Urbanism (/wiki/New_Urbanism) Sustainable management (/wiki/Sustainable_management) Environmental (/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management) Fisheries (/wiki/Fisheries_management) Forest (/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management) Humanistic capitalism (/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism) Landscape (/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management) Materials (/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management) Natural resource (/wiki/Natural_resource_management) Planetary (/wiki/Planetary_management) Waste (/wiki/Waste_management) Agreements and conferences UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) (/wiki/Brundtland_Commission) Our Common Future (1987) (/wiki/Our_Common_Future) Earth Summit (1992) (/wiki/Earth_Summit) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development) (1992) Agenda 21 (1992) (/wiki/Agenda_21) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) (/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity) ICPD Programme of Action (1994) (/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development) Lisbon Principles (/wiki/Lisbon_Principles) (1997) Kyoto Protocol (/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol) (1997) Earth Charter (/wiki/Earth_Charter) (2000) UN Millennium Declaration (2000) (/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration) Earth Summit 2002 (/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002) (Rio+10, Johannesburg) UN Conference on Sustainable Development (/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development) (Rio+20, 2012) Sustainable Development Goals (/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals) (2015) Paris Agreement (/wiki/Paris_Agreement) (2015) UN Ocean Conference (/wiki/United_Nations_Ocean_Conference) (2017) Category (/wiki/Category:Sustainability) Lists (/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists) Science (/wiki/Sustainability_science) Studies (/wiki/Sustainability_studies) Degrees (/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees) v t e Environmental humanities (/wiki/Environmental_humanities) Art (/wiki/Environmental_art) Crop art (/wiki/Crop_art) Environmental art (/wiki/Environmental_art) Environmental sculpture (/wiki/Environmental_sculpture) Land art (/wiki/Land_art) Landscape painting (/wiki/Landscape_painting) Photography (/wiki/Photography) conservation (/wiki/Conservation_photography) landscape (/wiki/Landscape_photography) nature (/wiki/Nature_photography) wildlife (/wiki/Wildlife_photography) Sculpture trail (/wiki/Sculpture_trail) Site-specific art (/wiki/Site-specific_art) Sustainable art (/wiki/Sustainable_art) Culture (/wiki/Culture) Cultural ecology (/wiki/Cultural_ecology) Cultural landscape (/wiki/Cultural_landscape) Ecolinguistics (/wiki/Ecolinguistics) Ecological anthropology (/wiki/Ecological_anthropology) Ecosemiotics (/wiki/Ecosemiotics) Environmental anthropology (/wiki/Environmental_anthropology) Ethnoecology (/wiki/Ethnoecology) Traditional ecological knowledge (/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge) Literature (/wiki/Literature) Ecocomposition (/wiki/Ecocomposition) Ecocriticism (/wiki/Ecocriticism) Ecopoetry (/wiki/Ecopoetry) Geocriticism (/wiki/Geocriticism) Nature writing (/wiki/Nature_writing) Outdoor literature (/wiki/Outdoor_literature) Philosophy (/wiki/Environmental_philosophy) Aesthetics of nature (/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature) Critical realism (/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)) Deep ecology (/wiki/Deep_ecology) Ecofeminism (/wiki/Ecofeminism) Ecophenomenology (/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology) Ecosophy (/wiki/Ecosophy) Environmental ethics (/wiki/Environmental_ethics) Environmental justice (/wiki/Environmental_justice) Environmental philosophy (/wiki/Environmental_philosophy) Predation problem (/wiki/Predation_problem) Social ecology (/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)) Religion (/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism) Ecotheology (/wiki/Ecotheology) Environmental theology (/wiki/Environmental_theology) Religion and environmentalism (/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism) Spiritual ecology (/wiki/Spiritual_ecology) Stewardship (/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)) Other Anthrozoology (/wiki/Anthrozoology) Ecomusicology (/wiki/Ecomusicology) Environmental communication (/wiki/Environmental_communication) Environmental education (/wiki/Environmental_education) adult (/wiki/Environmental_adult_education) arts-based (/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education) Environmental history (/wiki/Environmental_history) Environmental interpretation (/wiki/Heritage_interpretation) Environmental journalism (/wiki/Environmental_journalism) Environmental law (/wiki/Environmental_law) Outdoor education (/wiki/Outdoor_education) Psychogeography (/wiki/Psychogeography) Thematic interpretation (/wiki/Thematic_interpretation) Related Animal studies (/wiki/Animal_studies) Bioethics (/wiki/Bioethics) Biophilia hypothesis (/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis) Do it yourself (/wiki/Do_it_yourself) ( ethic (/wiki/DIY_ethic) ) Natural history (/wiki/Natural_history) ( museums (/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums) ) Popular science (/wiki/Popular_science) Property theory (/wiki/Property) ( common property (/wiki/Common-pool_resource) ) Sexecology (/wiki/Sexecology) Science, technology and society (/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society) science studies (/wiki/Science_studies) Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Slow food (/wiki/Slow_Food) Spirit of place (/wiki/Spirit_of_place) Sustainability studies (/wiki/Sustainability_studies) Applied (/wiki/Applied_arts) Arts and Crafts movement (/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement) Acoustic ecology (/wiki/Acoustic_ecology) Biomimicry (/wiki/Biomimetics) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Ecomuseum (/wiki/Ecomuseum) Educational trail (/wiki/Educational_trail) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Landscape architecture (/wiki/Landscape_architecture) assessment (/wiki/Landscape_assessment) planning (/wiki/Landscape_planning) Nature center (/wiki/Nature_center) New Urbanism (/wiki/New_Urbanism) Sustainable architecture (/wiki/Sustainable_architecture) Sustainable design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Sustainable fashion Themed walk (/wiki/Themed_walk) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) Category (/wiki/Category:Environmental_humanities) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_humanities) Journals (/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_humanities) Degrees (/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐kh8cr Cached time: 20240720165422 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.607 seconds Real time usage: 2.923 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16887/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 673709/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18774/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 37/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1105828/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.649/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8903405/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 300 ms 17.9% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 240 ms 14.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 200 ms 11.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 140 ms 8.3% ? 140 ms 8.3% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 80 ms 4.8% type 80 ms 4.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 60 ms 3.6% <mw.lua:694> 60 ms 3.6% list_people <Module:Citation/CS1:1196> 40 ms 2.4% [others] 340 ms 20.2% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2439.189 1 -total 66.99% 1633.997 1 Template:Reflist 29.01% 707.580 144 Template:Cite_web 11.27% 274.974 45 Template:Cite_journal 9.73% 237.341 52 Template:Cite_book 5.60% 136.664 26 Template:Cite_news 5.08% 123.859 5 Template:Ambox 4.72% 115.102 1 Template:Clothing_and_the_environment 3.87% 94.367 1 Template:Short_description 3.54% 86.236 7 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12675756-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165422 and revision id 1232408653. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&oldid=1232408653 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&oldid=1232408653) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Sustainability by subject (/wiki/Category:Sustainability_by_subject) Slow movement (/wiki/Category:Slow_movement) Sustainable development (/wiki/Category:Sustainable_development) Sustainability (/wiki/Category:Sustainability) Environmental economics (/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics) Sustainable business (/wiki/Category:Sustainable_business) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022) All pages needing factual verification (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2019) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use American English from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2021) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2021) Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2020) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_April_2024) Articles that may contain original research from November 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_November_2020) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases) Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2021) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021) Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_October_2023) All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hair_highlighting) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hair highlighting" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hair+highlighting%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hair+highlighting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hair+highlighting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hair+highlighting%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hair+highlighting%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hair+highlighting%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hairstyles where some parts of the hair are lighter than the rest Hair highlighting/lowlighting is changing a person's hair color (/wiki/Hair_color) , using lightener (/wiki/Hair_bleaching) or haircolor (/wiki/Hair_coloring) to lift the level or brightness of hair strands. There are four basic types of highlights: foil highlights , hair painting , frosting , and chunking . Highlights can be any color, as long as it is a lighter level than the surrounding hair. Hair lightened with bleach or permanent color will be permanent until new growth begins to show. Highlighted hair can make the hair appear fuller. Therefore, it is sometimes recommended for people with thin and fine hair. Basic foil highlighting [ edit ] Foil highlighting is the process of using foil (/wiki/Foil_(chemistry)) to some strands of hair which will be lightened from particular sections of hair which will remain its natural color. The process is done by applying lightener to the hair that has been woven and separated using an applicator brush. The foil is then folded to protect the hair and surrounding area during the processing time, which is the amount of time required to achieve the desired results. In highlighting hair, hydrogen peroxide (/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide) mixed with pigment (/wiki/Pigment) is used to change the color of the strand. This process is also used in applying lowlights to the hair; dyes are used to create strands of hair that are darker than the natural color. Hair painting [ edit ] Coloring a young girl's hair with temporary spray paint (/wiki/Spray_paint) Hair painting is a method of highlighting hair that uses free-handed technique to achieve a highlighted effect. Hair painting methods are permanent and employ a hair-painting brush. Foils, plastic wrap (/wiki/Plastic_wrap) , paper, or cotton may be used to separate lightened hair from non-lightened hair. While brushes are commonly used in hair painting, one may also use combs (/wiki/Comb) to paint or highlight thin-sized strands of hair. Balayage (from the French, meaning 'scanning, sweeping') is a technique of free-form painting on clean, styled hair. The results are subtle, and thus more natural-looking than foiling or chunking. [1] (#cite_note-1) Leopard hair highlights , or leopard hair print , are hair highlights with a pattern resembling the spotted coat of a leopard. (/wiki/Leopard_pattern) These spots are created by first bleaching in spots, and then using brown dye to color the outer parts of the bleached spots. It is also common to use fashion colors for this effect. This type of hair process started as a trend in urban street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) and is often combined with eccentric haircuts. It is possible to apply a leopard hair print both on long or short hair. Another similar motif used is the cheetah hair pattern. Frosting [ edit ] Main article: Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Frosting is a process of lightening strands of hair while leaving the adjacent hairs untreated. A highlighting cap may be used with this technique. Hair is pulled through holes in the cap and that hair is then lightened. The effects of this can give the hair a look that is "salt and pepper" with a decent amount of hair left untreated. It creates a stark contrast between the colors and usually does not resemble natural highlights. This is a popular technique for those with shorter hair. Chunking [ edit ] Chunking is a style of highlight which is larger and thicker than a traditional highlight, rather than a method of creating highlights. Chunky highlights are generally offered in a wider variety of bold natural colors, as well as a large number of artificial, or unnatural, colors and are used to create more contrast, rather than subtle texture, as in traditional, thinner highlights. [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mensah, Charlotte (2020). Good hair : the essential guide to afro, textured and curly hair . London: Penguin UK. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-241-42352-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1233294091 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233294091) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kenny, Erin (2017). Beauty around the world : a cultural encyclopedia . Elizabeth Gackstetter Nichols. Santa Barbara, California. p. 140. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61069-944-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 963344637 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963344637) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hair highlighting . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐c8px8 Cached time: 20240720171254 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.222 seconds Real time usage: 0.336 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 503/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18313/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 971/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13034/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.148/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4609045/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 308.464 1 -total 30.39% 93.730 1 Template:Reflist 27.56% 85.010 1 Template:More_citations_needed 26.35% 81.275 2 Template:Cite_book 22.91% 70.663 1 Template:Ambox 17.94% 55.325 1 Template:Short_description 11.07% 34.160 1 Template:Commons 10.57% 32.605 1 Template:Sister_project 9.99% 30.809 1 Template:Side_box 7.87% 24.286 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12686012-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171254 and revision id 1225725237. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair_highlighting&oldid=1225725237 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair_highlighting&oldid=1225725237) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hair coloring (/wiki/Category:Hair_coloring) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles needing additional references from January 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Functional clothing This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heated_clothing) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Heated clothing" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Heated+clothing%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Heated+clothing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Heated+clothing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Heated+clothing%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Heated+clothing%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Heated+clothing%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Carbon tape heated trousers on Instructables (/wiki/Instructables) [1] (#cite_note-1) Heated jacket Heated glove Most heated clothing is designed for cold-weather sports and activities, such as motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle) riding, downhill skiing (/wiki/Downhill_skiing) , diving (/wiki/Diving_(sport)) , winter biking (/wiki/Winter_biking) , and snowmobiling (/wiki/Snowmobile) , trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers (/wiki/Construction_worker) and carpenters (/wiki/Carpenter) . Since the London Olympics, heated clothing has also been used by athletes to keep their muscles warm between the warm-up and the race. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Normal insulation works by trapping body heat, so if it gets wet from sweat or rain, or if a person stops exercising, the insulation may not keep them warm. With heated garments, a person can keep warm even if they are resting and not producing heat, or if their coat is damp from sweat. Types [ edit ] There are many types of heated clothing. Most notably these use 12, 7.4, and 5-volt powerbanks. The 5-volt powerbank allows one to use a common powerbank for both heating apparel and charging personal electronics. The 7.4-volt battery is the most common type of heated clothing battery system, and may be rechargeable. The most popular items sold have traditionally been heated gloves and jackets. 12-volt batteries are designed for use with motorcycles, ATVs, or snowmobiles, and draw their power from the vehicle's battery. As these use a higher voltage than 7.4v systems, they are more powerful and therefore heat a larger area at a higher temperature. Most brands using 12v systems are compatible. For instance, most 12v heated jackets come with built-in power cords that come out at the wrists to power heated gloves/liners and out from the bottom to power heated pants/liners. The pants then have cords coming from the bottom of each leg to power socks/liners/insoles. Most 7.4v garments will power for around 2-8 hours depending on heat setting and outside conditions. Many jackets and vests can be powered for almost double this time with an extended-life battery, available separately. By function [ edit ] The most widely available types of heated clothing are products for the extremities; the hands and feet. These parts are the most likely to suffer frostbite (/wiki/Frostbite) or frostnip in severe cold. As such, many manufacturers make heated gloves, mittens, socks, and boot liners, which can be purchased at workers' supply stores (serving construction workers) and motor sports stores. Heated torso coverings like vests, jackets, or leggings are available from specialty retailers that cater to motorcyclists and downhill skiers. Related products are heated seat covers, throws, and seating pads. Heated seat covers for snowmobiles, motorcycles, and cars and heated throw blankets typically use electrical 12-volt heating elements (/wiki/Heating_element) . Heated seating pads for hunting, canoeing, and stadium use either have rechargeable batteries or use reheatable gel packs. In a joint project of adidas, British Cycling and Loughborough University's Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, the use of heated clothing for reducing the muscle temperature drop in athletes between their warm-up period and the actual race was investigated, and the 'adidas hot pants' were used by the track cycling team at the London Olympics with great success. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The science behind this has been published in a series of papers by Faulkner et al., [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Wilkins and Havenith, [5] (#cite_note-5) and Raccuglia et al. [6] (#cite_note-6) Technology [ edit ] Electrical [ edit ] Heated clothing has tiny wires sewn into a layer of the fabric. These tiny wires are typically made of carbon fiber or a metal composite, like nickel-chromium, that performs well under repeated heating and cooling cycles. These wires are known as the heating element. Heated clothing designed for use on vehicles such as motorbikes or snowmobiling typically use a 12-volt electric current, the standard voltage on motorsport and powersport batteries. While a single heated garment, such as heated gloves, will not usually adversely affect the charge on the battery, riders have to be careful about attaching several heated garments because the battery may not be able to handle the load. The heated garments are usually attached directly onto the battery of the bike. Some heated garments have cigarette lighter plugs. While the least expensive models can only be turned on or off, more expensive models sometimes provide a heating level control. For downhill skiing or winter biking, rechargeable nickel metal or lithium batteries are generally used. The most reliable systems have technologies that have redundancy in case of a heating element breakage. The controller and battery in some models can be detached so that the garment can be worn as a regular garment. Stored heat [ edit ] Garments that use gel have cloth pouches or pockets where plastic packages of the gel can be inserted in the garment. Prior to going outdoors, the gel is heated in a microwave. Once outdoors, the gel pack retains its heat for 30 minutes to two hours, depending on the size of the gel pack, the thickness of the insulation protecting the gel pack from the outdoor temperatures, and wind conditions. Chemical [ edit ] Chemical reaction-based garments have cloth pouches or pockets, where single-use packages of chemical hand warmers (/wiki/Hand_warmer) can be inserted. The warmers are about the size of a package of cards, and they contain chemicals which produce heat. One traditional hand warmer is a small metal box containing charcoal which, when lit, burns very slowly and produces a mild heat. Disposable heat packs typically contain cellulose, iron, water, activated carbon, vermiculite, and salt. When these packs are exposed to air, an exothermic chemical reaction occurs, which provides several hours of heat. Another chemical heating pad uses a gel that can be activated by twisting the package, thus triggering a chemical reaction. The pack can be put in a pot of boiling water to convert the chemical reaction back and allow it to be reused. While these products are commonly called "hand warmers", they can be placed in boots or, with special garments such as vests, in cloth pockets on the inside of the garment. The warmth produced by these tends to be lowest among the above heating methods. See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Electric blanket (/wiki/Electric_blanket) List of battery sizes (/wiki/List_of_battery_sizes) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "DIY Carbon Tape Heated Trousers" (https://www.instructables.com/DIY-carbon-heated-trousers/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Electric Warm-Up Pants" (https://www.runnersworld.com/gear/a20791795/electric-warm-up-pants/) . Runner's World . 2013-09-04 . Retrieved 2018-09-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Faulkner, Steve H.; Ferguson, Richard A.; Hodder, Simon G.; Havenith, George (2013-08-23). "External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone" (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13060) . European Journal of Applied Physiology . 113 (11): 2713–2721. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00421-013-2708-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00421-013-2708-6) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1439-6319 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-6319) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23974847 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974847) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 14362176 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14362176) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) FAULKNER, STEVE H.; FERGUSON, RICHARD A.; GERRETT, NICOLA; HUPPERETS, MAARTEN; HODDER, SIMON G.; HAVENITH, GEORGE (2013). "Reducing Muscle Temperature Drop after Warm-up Improves Sprint Cycling Performance" (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10288) . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise . 45 (2): 359–365. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826fba7f (https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fmss.0b013e31826fba7f) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0195-9131 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22935735 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935735) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wilkins, Emma L; Havenith, George (2016-06-10). "External heating garments used post-warm-up improve upper body power and elite sprint swimming performance" (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21221) . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology . 231 (2): 91–101. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1754337116650322 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754337116650322) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1754-3371 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1754-3371) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 55739976 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55739976) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Raccuglia, Margherita; Lloyd, Alex; Filingeri, Davide; Faulkner, Steve H.; Hodder, Simon; Havenith, George (2015-11-21). "Post-warm-up muscle temperature maintenance: blood flow contribution and external heating optimisation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717164) . European Journal of Applied Physiology . 116 (2): 395–404. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00421-015-3294-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00421-015-3294-6) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1439-6319 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-6319) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4717164 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717164) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26590591 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26590591) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐vl7lm Cached time: 20240713102920 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.317 seconds Real time usage: 0.649 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 667/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26478/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 381/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28855/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4710321/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 593.542 1 -total 41.04% 243.612 1 Template:Short_description 38.19% 226.671 1 Template:Reflist 28.00% 166.219 1 Template:Cite_web 27.10% 160.870 3 Template:Main_other 26.65% 158.161 1 Template:SDcat 14.61% 86.704 1 Template:Refimprove 13.13% 77.952 1 Template:Ambox 11.50% 68.255 2 Template:Pagetype 5.85% 34.717 4 Template:Cite_journal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12842287-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713102920 and revision id 1200098239. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heated_clothing&oldid=1200098239 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heated_clothing&oldid=1200098239) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Protective gear (/wiki/Category:Protective_gear) Hiking apparel (/wiki/Category:Hiking_apparel) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from February 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
A Gurkha (/wiki/Gurkha) policeman wearing the Terai hat The Terai hat is a type of slouch hat (/wiki/Slouch_hat) associated with the Gurkhas (/wiki/Gurkha) and named after the Terai region (/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal#Terai_Region) in Nepal (/wiki/Nepal) . [1] (#cite_note-Cohn1996-1) It is created by fusing two hats into one to make the hat more rigid and is worn at an angle, tilted to the right. [2] (#cite_note-2) The double Terai is a version with a double thickness crown and brim, designed to give extra sun protection. [3] (#cite_note-3) This hat was almost de rigueur in East and Central Africa from the 1930s to 1950s. [4] (#cite_note-Nicholls2005-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In European use during the British Raj (/wiki/British_Raj) in India, the sola topi (/wiki/Sola_topi) might be replaced with the felt Terai hat in the hills or during the cool season. [1] (#cite_note-Cohn1996-1) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Kukri (/wiki/Kukri) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Bernard S. Cohn (1996). Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India . Princeton University Press. pp. 159–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-691-00043-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Chappell, Mike (1993). The Gurkhas . Osprey Publishing. pp 54–55. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85532-357-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-357-5) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Capstick, Peter Hathaway (1984-09-15). Safari: The Last Adventure . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781466803985 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nicholls2005_4-0) Christine Stephanie Nicholls (2005). Red Strangers: The White Tribe of Kenya . Timewell Press. pp. 193–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85725-206-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Twigger, Robert (2013-05-23). Red Nile: The Biography of the World's Greatest River . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780297866503 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai_hat&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐k2shg Cached time: 20240712213643 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.241 seconds Real time usage: 0.737 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 489/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10876/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 200/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23977/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.163/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4109187/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 657.915 1 -total 53.83% 354.163 1 Template:Reflist 33.05% 217.424 4 Template:Cite_book 24.31% 159.951 1 Template:Clothing-stub 23.85% 156.900 1 Template:Asbox 21.82% 143.542 1 Template:Portal 18.10% 119.113 1 Template:ISBN 1.73% 11.361 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 0.54% 3.578 3 Template:Yesno-no 0.37% 2.411 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12867418-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712213643 and revision id 1159269306. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai_hat&oldid=1159269306 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai_hat&oldid=1159269306) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hats (/wiki/Category:Hats) Gurkhas (/wiki/Category:Gurkhas) Nepalese clothing (/wiki/Category:Nepalese_clothing) Military hats (/wiki/Category:Military_hats) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Italian fashion designer (born 1965) Stefano Pilati Born 1965 (age 58–59) Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Lombardy (/wiki/Lombardy) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Occupation Fashion Designer (/wiki/Fashion_Designer) Known for Founder and Creative Director of Random Identities, Creative Director at Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_design) (2004-2012) [1] (#cite_note-Vogue_bio-1) Head designer and creative director for Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) (2012-2016). Website http://www.randomidentites.com (http://www.randomidentites.com) Stefano Pilati (born December 10, 1965, in Milan (/wiki/Milan) ) [2] (#cite_note-fashionmodeldirectory-2) is an Italian (/wiki/Italian_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) . In 2017 he founded Random Identities, a ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) brand. [3] (#cite_note-3) From 2004 until 2012, Pilati was the head designer of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) . [1] (#cite_note-Vogue_bio-1) In late 2012 he left YSL to be head of design at Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) , [4] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk_stefano_pilati-4) where he was responsible for the Italian house's couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collections until February 2016. [5] (#cite_note-5) In tandem with that position, he also headed Zegna's Agnona brand (women's apparel) until July 2015. [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life [ edit ] Pilati grew up in Milan. [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] Having seen his hometown grow into a fashion hotspot in the 1980s, Pilati gave up his course in environmental design (/wiki/Surveying) and joined the fashion house Cerruti (/wiki/Cerruti_1881) as an intern (/wiki/Intern) . [2] (#cite_note-fashionmodeldirectory-2) He thus decided to embrace Milan's fashion scene and set out to learn everything there was to know about ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) apparel materials and production. A velvet (/wiki/Velvet) manufacturer offered him his first job. A few months later, Pilati was designing that company's entire collection, and presenting it to Europe's leading ready-to-wear names. The fashion house Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Armani) hired Pilati as an assistant in its men's ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) department in 1993. The fashion house Prada (/wiki/Prada) employed him to run its fabric (/wiki/Fabric) research and development in 1995. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue_bio-1) In 1998 Prada promoted him to assistant designer at Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , working on men's and women's ready-to-wear clothing and reporting directly to Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Yves Saint Laurent, 2000–2012 [ edit ] In 2000, Pilati joined fashion house Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) to run its ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and accessories design for both men's and women's; in 2004 Pilati succeeded Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) in his role of Creative Director. During his tenure as head designer, Pilati was responsible for creating fashion staples such as the tulip skirt, as well as extremely successful accessories such as the Muse bag, [1] (#cite_note-Vogue_bio-1) and the YSL Tribute sandal. [9] (#cite_note-Cowles-9) After eight years Pilati and the Kering Group parted ways and he left YSL in 2012. [9] (#cite_note-Cowles-9) While at YSL, Pilati re-introduced booking former top Models for YSL’s ad-campaigns and worked with iconic photographers such as Juergen Teller (/wiki/Juergen_Teller) and Inez Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) . He also created a democratic form of street advertising publishing limited edition Manifesto(s). In addition to his work at YSL, he created costumes for the production of Harold Pinter (/wiki/Harold_Pinter) 's play Betrayal (/wiki/Betrayal_(play)) , which opened in June 2011 at the Comedy Theatre (/wiki/Harold_Pinter_Theatre) in London. [10] (#cite_note-van_Hoorn_Alkema-10) Zegna, 2012–2016 [ edit ] In late 2012, Pilati signed on at Ermenegildo Zegna, becoming the head of design at Ermenegildo Zegna and creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of Agnona (/w/index.php?title=Agnona&action=edit&redlink=1) , [11] (#cite_note-wwd.com-11) overseeing Zegna's fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) and the couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection. [12] (#cite_note-Very_Cautiously-12) Zegna created a new label for him, Ermenegildo Zegna Couture. Pilati held his first Zegna Couture show during the Milan menswear collection in June 2013. [13] (#cite_note-13) In the following years, his catwalk collections were critically lauded but barely produced. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2015, he left Agnona. [11] (#cite_note-wwd.com-11) By February 2016, he also stepped down from his role at Zegna. [15] (#cite_note-15) Random Identities, 2017–present [ edit ] In 2017, using his personal Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account, Pilati uploaded 17 looks from a new, self-started brand called Random Identities. [16] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-16) In fall 2020, Fatima Jamal (/wiki/Fatima_Jamal) became the first black trans (/wiki/Transgender) model to model for a major menswear house in the Random Identities show in Florence. [17] (#cite_note-17) Since then, Stefano Pilati works as Creative Director of his own brand, based between Berlin and Milan. In 2023, Pilati was selected by Kim Jones (/wiki/Kim_Jones_(designer)) and Silvia Venturini Fendi to design a collection for Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Personal life [ edit ] Pilati moved to Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) with his partner in 2013. [19] (#cite_note-19) [16] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-16) See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of Italian designers (/wiki/List_of_Italian_designers) List of Milanese people (/wiki/List_of_Milanese_people) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Vogue. "Stefano Pilati Biography" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/stefano-pilati) . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Stefano Pilati - fashion design" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/stefano-pilati/) . fashionmodeldirectory.com . Retrieved 2014-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) White, Ryan (2019-03-07). "random identities by stefano pilati: la nuova collezione è una poesia visiva" (https://i-d.vice.com/it/article/9kp8dy/random-identities-by-stefano-pilati-terza-release) . i-D (in Italian) . Retrieved 2019-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue.co.uk_stefano_pilati_4-0) "Stefano Pilati" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/stefano-pilati) . vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 2014-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) businessoffashion.com Stefano Pilati (http://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/stefano-pilati) ^ (#cite_ref-6) fashionista.com Eliza Brooke, Report: Stefano Pilati Is Leaving Agnona But staying on at Zegna (http://fashionista.com/2015/07/stefano-pilati-leaves-agnona) 2015/07 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lynn Hirschberg (August 29, 2008), The Tastemaker (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/magazine/31pilati-t.html) T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) One Turns Into Four: PPR Expected to Tap Gucci Designers Today (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/one-turns-into-four-ppr-expected-to-tap-gucci-designers-today-602341/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , March 11, 2004. ^ Jump up to: a b Cowles, Charlotte. "Stefano Pilati Out at YSL" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2012/02/stefano-pilati-out-at-ysl.html) . The Cut . ^ (#cite_ref-van_Hoorn_Alkema_10-0) van Hoorn Alkema, Venetia (8 March 2011). "Stefano Pilati" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/stefano-pilati-biography) . Vogue . ^ Jump up to: a b LUISA ZARGANI Stefano Pilati Exits Agnona, Remains at Zegna (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/stefano-pilati-exits-agnona-remains-at-zegna-10181752/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) July 10, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-Very_Cautiously_12-0) Cowles, Charlotte (October 11, 2013). "Stefano Pilati Talks YSL, But Very Cautiously" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131015040702/http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/10/stefano-pilati-talks-ysl-but-very-cautiously.html) . nymag.com . Archived from the original (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/10/stefano-pilati-talks-ysl-but-very-cautiously.html) on 2013-10-15 . Retrieved 2014-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Vanessa Friedman (September 4, 2012), Zegna hires former YSL creative director (https://www.ft.com/content/0f6fcdc8-f69d-11e1-9dff-00144feabdc0) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Charlie Porter (November 10, 2016), Can this man save the suit? (https://www.ft.com/content/6b16afb0-75b1-11e6-bf48-b372cdb1043a) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kim, Gemma (February 3, 2016). "Stefano Pilati Leaves Ermenegildo Zegna" (http://fashionista.com/2016/02/stefano-pilati-leaves-ermenegildo-zegna) . Fashionista.com . Retrieved October 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Matthew Schneier (June 26, 2017), A Surprise Collection, From Stefano Pilati, Revealed on Instagram (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/fashion/mens-style/stefano-pilati-instagram-random-identities.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Abad, Mario (2020-01-13). "Fatima Jamal (FatFemme) Made History on Florence Runway" (https://www.papermag.com/fatima-jamal-fat-femme-runway-2644678699.html?rebelltitem=24#rebelltitem24?rebelltitem=24) . PAPER . Retrieved 2021-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Jack Moss (25 October 2023), Fendi’s 1920s-inspired collaboration with guest designer Stefano Pilati has arrived (https://www.wallpaper.com/fashion-beauty/fendi-stefano-pilati-collaboration) Wallpaper (/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Louise Neri (October 13, 2013), Designer Stefano Pilati Discusses the Future of Menswear (https://www.wsj.com/articles/designer-stefano-pilati-discusses-the-future-of-menswear-1381700244) Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . External links [ edit ] Stefano Pilati (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/stefano-pilati/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Stefano Pilati (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3998809/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐w2jww Cached time: 20240712151630 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.349 seconds Real time usage: 0.483 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2301/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20928/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1454/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42547/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6170673/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.124 1 -total 38.25% 171.395 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 29.71% 133.143 1 Template:Reflist 23.42% 104.934 8 Template:Cite_web 17.36% 77.778 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 15.50% 69.457 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 14.21% 63.660 1 Template:Short_description 9.07% 40.642 2 Template:Pagetype 6.62% 29.652 1 Template:Portal_bar 5.96% 26.691 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12952158-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712151630 and revision id 1219645765. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Pilati&oldid=1219645765 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Pilati&oldid=1219645765) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1965 births (/wiki/Category:1965_births) 20th-century Italian people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_people) 21st-century Italian people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_people) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Architects from Milan (/wiki/Category:Architects_from_Milan) Yves Saint Laurent (brand) (/wiki/Category:Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
Canadian fashion retailer La Senza Corporation Company type Private (/wiki/Privately-owned_company) Industry Clothing Founded 1990 ; 34 years ago ( 1990 ) Founder Laurence Lewin [1] (#cite_note-b2lKW-1) Irving Teitelbaum [1] (#cite_note-b2lKW-1) Headquarters Columbus, Ohio (/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio) , United States (/wiki/United_States) [2] (#cite_note-Ledger2018-02-01-2) Number of locations 277 [3] (#cite_note-StoreCount2020-3) Products Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Owner Regent LP (/wiki/Regent_LP) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) L Brands (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works,_Inc.) (2006–2019) Website LaSenza.ca (https://www.lasenza.ca/) La Senza Corporation is a Canadian fashion retailer that sells women's lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and intimate apparel (/wiki/Apparel) . The La Senza brand is currently owned by Regent (/wiki/Regent,_L.P.) which operates and owns La Senza stores in Canada (/wiki/Canada) and the United States (/wiki/United_States) and uses a franchise model for the operation of stores outside Canada and the United States. [4] (#cite_note-4) At its peak, La Senza was the dominant lingerie retailer in Canada, with 322 corporate-owned stores across the country in January 2009. It also had 497 franchised international stores at that time, for a total of 819 locations. [5] (#cite_note-LBrands2008-5) However, fierce competition by La Vie en Rose (/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose) and other lingerie retailers resulted in La Senza losing its Canadian dominance, closing 248 domestic locations. As of September 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Senza&action=edit) , La Senza owns and operates 74 stores in Canada and one in the United States, and has a franchise agreement with 202 international stores, for a total of 277 locations worldwide. [3] (#cite_note-StoreCount2020-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] La Senza was founded in Canada by Laurence Lewin (/wiki/Laurence_Lewin) and Irving Teitelbaum, who opened the company's first store in 1990. In October 2006, La Senza was purchased by L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) of Columbus, Ohio (/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio) for $710 million CAD (/wiki/Canadian_dollar) in cash, a company which already owned Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . [7] (#cite_note-Globe2006-11-15-7) [8] (#cite_note-Newswire2006-10-15-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) By 2013, La Senza closed over two-thirds of its Canadian locations, including redundant and spin-off stores. [10] (#cite_note-FinancialPost2013February26ShawHollie-10) Reasons for the brand's decline included discontinuing products that Canadians preferred, such as PJs, and to remove internal category duplication with Victoria's Secret. Stuart Burgdoerfer, vice-president and CFO of L Brands, said of La Senza: “There are signs of optimism there, but we are not at all accepting of the current result that we have.” [10] (#cite_note-FinancialPost2013February26ShawHollie-10) By January 2017, there were 329 La Senza stores worldwide, including 122 in Canada and four in the United States. [11] (#cite_note-11) As of 2019, La Senza employed over 2,000 associates globally and currently operates 130 company-owned stores in the United States and Canada and an additional 187 stores via its international franchise partners spanning 36 countries across the Middle East, Northern Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia. In January 2019, L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) sold the La Senza business to Regent (/wiki/Regent,_L.P.) , a Beverly Hills-based private equity firm controlled by investor Michael Reinstein (/wiki/Michael_Reinstein) . [12] (#cite_note-wsj.com-12) Products [ edit ] La Senza's products focus on lingerie and nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) but also include loungewear, daywear, and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . The concept is similar to that of Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , which is owned by La Senza’s previous parent company, L Brands corporation. Operating structure [ edit ] From 2000 to 2006, La Senza was sold by L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) in January 2019 to Regent (/wiki/Regent,_L.P.) and now operates as an independent company. [12] (#cite_note-wsj.com-12) United States [ edit ] La Senza also briefly operated in the United States from 2000 to 2006. [ citation needed ] In 2016, several La Senza stores opened in the United States on an experimental basis. [13] (#cite_note-13) This included two locations in L Brands' hometown Columbus, Ohio (/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio) , at Easton Town Center (/wiki/Easton_Town_Center) and Polaris Fashion Place (/wiki/Polaris_Fashion_Place) , and two locations in other states, including Orland Park, Illinois (/wiki/Orland_Park,_Illinois) and Merrillville, Indiana (/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana) . As of 2022, none of these locations are still in operation. Franchise [ edit ] La Senza UK [ edit ] La Senza, Chichester (/wiki/Chichester) Businessman Theo Paphitis (/wiki/Theo_Paphitis) bought the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) franchise, called La Senza UK, and began expanding it, eventually with sub-franchises in other parts of the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) . In July 2006, Paphitis sold the company to private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) company Lion Capital (/wiki/Lion_Capital_LLP) , for a reported £100m. [14] (#cite_note-14) Paphitis left the board and is no longer a shareholder, [15] (#cite_note-15) and in the spring of 2011 set up the new lingerie firm Boux Avenue (/wiki/Boux_Avenue) . [16] (#cite_note-16) On 23 December 2011, La Senza UK filed for administration (/wiki/Administration_(law)) citing "trading conditions" as one of the conditions for closure. The company stated that it had 2,600 UK staff at 146 stores and 18 concessions, and announced plans to close 80 stores. [17] (#cite_note-17) On 9 January 2012, Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) based international retail franchise operator Alshaya (/wiki/M.H._Alshaya_Co.) announced it had reached agreement to take control of much of the ongoing La Senza business in the UK. Under an agreement with KPMG (/wiki/KPMG) , administrators to La Senza UK, Alshaya UK Limited acquired exclusive franchise rights for the La Senza brand in the UK for an undisclosed sum. Alshaya said it would retain 60 stores, securing around 1,100 jobs while ensuring the continuation of a strong and popular brand on the UK high street. [18] (#cite_note-18) The deal and subsequent plans for the business, which included new product collections and store redesigns, represented a planned investment of around £100m in the UK retail sector over the next two years by Alshaya. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Difficult trading conditions however continued and by June 2014 administrators were once again appointed to the struggling UK sector of the La Senza business. By this time the group was under the ownership of Marnixheath, which was operating 55 stores in the UK, employing 752 people. [21] (#cite_note-21) L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) later acquired all of the assets and intellectual property of the UK business. Production [ edit ] La Senza manufactures some of its products near Kancheepuram (/wiki/Kancheepuram) in South India. [22] (#cite_note-22) La Senza operates out of malls in India as well. [23] (#cite_note-23) Lola and Coco by La Senza was a leisurewear collection launched in 2008, promoted by British dance (/wiki/Dance_music) group (/wiki/Musical_ensemble) Booty Luv (/wiki/Booty_Luv) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Another line launched in 2008 was inspired by The Pussycat Dolls (/wiki/The_Pussycat_Dolls) and designed by the group's creator, Robin Antin (/wiki/Robin_Antin) . The collection uses fabrics imported from Italy (/wiki/Italy) and Spain (/wiki/Spain) . [25] (#cite_note-25) La Senza previously owned and operated other labels, including La Senza Girl clothing stores for teenagers (/wiki/Teenager) as well as clothing for younger children, La Senza Express stores for bras (/wiki/Brassiere) and panties (/wiki/Panties) , and La Senza Spirit for activewear. Models and celebrity endorsements [ edit ] Similar to Victoria's Secret, La Senza uses high-profile fashion models to endorse their product. Models such as Ginta Lapina (/wiki/Ginta_Lapina) , Lauren Gold (/wiki/Lauren_Gold) , Petra Němcová (/wiki/Petra_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1) , Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) , Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) , Yamila Díaz (/wiki/Yamila_D%C3%ADaz) , Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , Daniela Pestova (/wiki/Daniela_Pestova) , Sophie Anderton (/wiki/Sophie_Anderton) , Rebecca Romijn (/wiki/Rebecca_Romijn) , Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) , Emma Heming (/wiki/Emma_Heming) , Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) , Maria Sokolovski (/w/index.php?title=Maria_Sokolovski&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Niclyn Rendall have been featured in an array of campaigns. [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Lingerie retailer La Senza making no secret of its expansion plans" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lingerie-retailer-la-senza-making-no-secret-of-its-expansion-plans-1.599975) . CBC . ^ (#cite_ref-Ledger2018-02-01_2-0) "L Brands (LB) vs. Francesca's (FRAN) Financial Contrast" (https://ledgergazette.com/2018/02/01/financial-comparison-l-brands-lb-and-francescas-fran.html) . Ledger Gazette . 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . It operates in the retail brands, which include Victoria's Secret, PINK, Bath & Body Works and La Senza. La Senza is a specialty retailer of women's intimate apparel. It sells its La Senza products at over 120 La Senza stores in Canada. ^ Jump up to: a b "La Senza Store Directory" (https://www.lasenza.ca/store-directory.html) . La Senza . Retrieved 22 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Moin, David (20 October 2011). "Wexner Wary of Overseas, Sees Limited Sales of $20B" (http://www.wwd.com/wwd-publications/wwd/2011-10-20/) . Women's Wear Daily (WWD) . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-LBrands2008_5-0) L Brands. "2009 Proxy and 2008 Annual Report" (https://materials.proxyvote.com/Approved/532716/20090330/CMBO_37986/HTML2/default.htm) . lb.gcs-web.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Patterson, Craig (8 July 2020). "Wave of Store Closures to Hit Canada in the Summer of 2020" (https://www.retail-insider.com/retail-insider/2020/7/wave-of-store-closures-to-hit-canada-in-the-summer-of-2020) . Retail Insider . Retrieved 22 September 2020 . Quebec-founded lingerie and underwear retailer La Senza will permanently close about 30 of its 100 Canadian storefronts. ^ (#cite_ref-Globe2006-11-15_7-0) "Limited Brands buys La Senza" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/limited-brands-buys-la-senza/article20416570/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) . 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . As part of the deal, Mr. Teitelbaum and vice-chairman Stephen Gross will remain in their respective positions, together with Laurence Lewin, president and chief operating officer who co-founded La Senza in 1990. ^ (#cite_ref-Newswire2006-10-15_8-0) "La Senza takes on Beauty! - Lingerie leader to launch Victoria's Secret Beauty in its Canadian stores" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180203124954/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/la-senza-takes-on-beauty---lingerie-leader-to-launch-victorias-secret-beauty-in-its-canadian-stores-534496021.html) . Newswire (/wiki/Newswire) . Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) . 15 October 2006. Archived from the original (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/la-senza-takes-on-beauty---lingerie-leader-to-launch-victorias-secret-beauty-in-its-canadian-stores-534496021.html) on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Limited Tries La Senza on For Size" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/limited-tries-la-senza-on-for-size/) . New York Times . 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Shaw, Hollie (26 February 2013). "Will Canada's La Senza survive next to more productive, 'sophisticated' U.S. sister Victoria's Secret?" (http://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/canada-la-senza-victorias-secret) . Financial Post . No. Retail & Marketing. Toronto, Canada. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170330085306/http://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/canada-la-senza-victorias-secret) from the original on 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and 2016 Annual Report" (https://www.lb.com/binaries/content/assets/pdfs/investors/2016_combined-ar-proxy_web.pdf) (PDF) . www.lb.com . L Brands. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Prang, Allison (13 December 2018). "L Brands Sells la Senza Lingerie to Private-Equity Firm" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/l-brands-sells-la-senza-lingerie-to-private-equity-firm-11544715322) . Wall Street Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Tim Feran. "L Brands' La Senza to open at Easton, Polaris" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162901/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2016/07/26/1-la-senza-to-openxat-easton-polaris.html) . The Columbus Dispatch (/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch) . Archived from the original (http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2016/07/26/1-la-senza-to-openxat-easton-polaris.html) on 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Martin Waters, president of international operations at the Columbus-based retailer, announced in February that five La Senza stores would open in the United States as part of an experiment to see how customers react to the Canadian chain. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "La Senza sold to Lion Capital" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/news/lingerie.htm) . fashionunited.co.uk. 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 13 July 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Theo-Paphitis-considers-La-Senza-rescue.html" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8964553/Theo-Paphitis-considers-La-Senza-rescue.html) . 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "dragon-takes-the-plunge-into-lingerie-2296348.html" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/dragon-takes-the-plunge-into-lingerie-2296348.html) . The Independent . London. 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "La Senza to enter administration in UK" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16322404#TWEET49924) . BBC News . 23 December 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dunkley, Dan (6 February 2012). "Rescue deals come back into fashion" (http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2012-02-06/rescue-deals-into-fashion?mod=sectionheadlines-TT-PE) . Financial News (/wiki/Financial_News) . Dow Jones & Company (/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company) . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Blacks Leisure sold for £20m while La Senza finds buyer" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16464914) . BBC News . 9 January 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Alshaya successfully acquires la Senza UK \| Alshaya Group \| AMEinfo.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120117073611/http://www.ameinfo.com/286438.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.ameinfo.com/286438.html) on 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "La Senza lingerie chain in UK goes back to administration" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172117/http://www.theuknews.com/index.php/sid/223435463/scat/0f440bf3fff89f01/ht/La-Senza-lingerie-chain-in-UK-goes-back-to-administration) . The UK News. Archived from the original (http://www.theuknews.com/index.php/sid/223435463/scat/0f440bf3fff89f01/ht/La-Senza-lingerie-chain-in-UK-goes-back-to-administration) on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Bhalla, Nita (22 May 2012). "These Indian village women know Victoria's secret" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-these-indian-village-women-know-victorias-secret-1692374) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . Chennai . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Deepika Padukone at La Senza's event" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Deepika-Padukone-at-La-Senzas-event/articleshow/11628483.cms) . Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . Mumbai. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "La Senza to unveil leisurewear" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/la-senza-to-unveil-leisurewear) . 28 February 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Pussycats on the Prowl at La Senza!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080901063239/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS98441+28-Aug-2008+MW20080828) . Reuters . 28 August 2008. Archived from the original (https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS98441+28-Aug-2008+MW20080828) on 1 September 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-26) http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/search/?sub=suchwort_suche&suchtyp=kriterien_suche&suchwort_suche_suchbegriff=%20La%20Senza&advanced_search=1&search_in=array&search_in_select (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/search/?sub=suchwort_suche&suchtyp=kriterien_suche&suchwort_suche_suchbegriff=%20La%20Senza&advanced_search=1&search_in=array&search_in_select) []=advertisements&start=12 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121011083535/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/search/?sub=suchwort_suche&suchtyp=kriterien_suche&suchwort_suche_suchbegriff=%20La%20Senza&advanced_search=1&search_in=array&search_in_select) 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Official website (http://lasenza.com) v t e Bath & Body Works, Inc. (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works,_Inc.) Current Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) C. O. Bigelow (/wiki/C._O._Bigelow) The White Barn Candle Company (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Former Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Express (/wiki/Express,_Inc.) Galyan's (/wiki/Galyan%27s) Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) Lane Bryant (/wiki/Lane_Bryant) Lerner New York (/wiki/New_York_%26_Company) The Limited (/wiki/The_Limited) La Senza The Limited Too (/wiki/Limited_Too) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐qn5jg Cached time: 20240713175839 Cache expiry: 1576882 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.550 seconds Real time usage: 0.682 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3040/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79353/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3225/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 113015/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.352/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6849859/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 608.589 1 -total 36.15% 219.982 1 Template:Reflist 23.46% 142.772 18 Template:Cite_news 19.14% 116.485 3 Template:Navbox 18.38% 111.881 1 Template:L_Brands 15.81% 96.208 1 Template:Infobox_company 14.18% 86.291 1 Template:Infobox 11.38% 69.247 1 Template:Short_description 6.90% 41.985 2 Template:Pagetype 5.45% 33.163 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:12980069-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713175839 and revision id 1203443317. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Senza&oldid=1203443317 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Senza&oldid=1203443317) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Canada (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Canada) Clothing retailers of Canada (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Canada) Canadian companies established in 1990 (/wiki/Category:Canadian_companies_established_in_1990) Clothing companies established in 1990 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1990) Retail companies established in 1990 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1990) 1990 establishments in Quebec (/wiki/Category:1990_establishments_in_Quebec) Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Companies_that_have_entered_administration_in_the_United_Kingdom) Lingerie brands (/wiki/Category:Lingerie_brands) 2006 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:2006_mergers_and_acquisitions) 2019 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:2019_mergers_and_acquisitions) Private equity portfolio companies (/wiki/Category:Private_equity_portfolio_companies) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2020) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020)
This article is about gloves worn by baseball batters. For the glove used by defensive players, see Baseball glove (/wiki/Baseball_glove) . This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Batting_glove##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_glove&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Batting glove" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Batting+glove%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Batting+glove%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Batting+glove%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Batting+glove%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Batting+glove%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Batting+glove%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2019 ) A close-up of a Baltimore Orioles (/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles) player's batting gloves Batting gloves are a component in bat-and-ball games (/wiki/Bat-and-ball_games) sportswear. Typically consisting of a leather palm and back made of nylon or another synthetic fabric, the glove covers one or both hands of a batter, providing comfort, prevention of blisters, warmth, improved grip, and shock absorption when hitting the ball. Batting gloves are considered an essential part of cricket equipment (/wiki/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment) , though they are not mandatory at any level of the game. Purpose [ edit ] Kyle Isbel (/wiki/Kyle_Isbel) of the Omaha Storm Chasers (/wiki/Omaha_Storm_Chasers) grips a bat using gloves during a 2021 game The majority of professional and high-level amateur baseball players wear batting gloves. They are worn because they help increase the quality of the grip on the bat. Maintaining a tight and controlled grip is essential to successful hits. Even the slightest slip or variation in grip can cost the team greatly. [ citation needed ] They also act as a protector of the hand when one slides into a base. Another prime use for batting gloves, especially in amateur leagues that permit aluminum bats, is shock protection. On a cold day, a swing can fracture fingers. [ citation needed ] History in baseball [ edit ] The verifiability (/wiki/Wikipedia:V) of the claims made in this article is disputed. Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_glove&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) its references and removing (/wiki/Template:Citation_needed) any that are not reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) or do not support the article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Batting_glove) . ( December 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) During the 1932 Brooklyn Dodgers season (/wiki/1932_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season) , Lefty O'Doul (/wiki/Lefty_O%27Doul) and Johnny Frederick (/wiki/Johnny_Frederick) began experimenting with accessories as "shock absorbers" to combat hand injuries. O'Doul wore "an ordinary street glove" to the plate during games while Frederick bandaged his hands "with the same sort of material that is used to stuff shoulder pads worn by football players." The Sporting News (/wiki/The_Sporting_News) reported, however, that O'Doul was expected to stop using the glove as soon as his hand was back to full health. [1] (#cite_note-morris-1) Some claim the first player to wear a batting glove was Bobby Thomson (/wiki/Bobby_Thomson) of the Giants (/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Giants_(baseball)) , who wore golf gloves during spring training in 1949. [2] (#cite_note-Dickson-2) Ken "Hawk" Harrelson (/wiki/Ken_Harrelson) has been credited with being the first player to wear a batting glove in an actual game (as opposed to usage during batting practice (/wiki/Batting_practice) ). [2] (#cite_note-Dickson-2) In 2013, an hour-long documentary, called “Hawk: The Colorful life of Ken Harrelson,” began airing on the MLB Network (/wiki/MLB_Network) . At roughly the 22-minute mark of the presentation, Ken describes his involvement in the origin of the batting glove (although he calls it the "hitting" glove in the documentary). Ken does not state the year, but describes that in his first two years in the big leagues, he made more money playing golf, shooting pool, and armwrestling than he did playing major league baseball, and goes right into a story. Ken describes, after playing 27 holes of golf with fellow players, Ted Bowsfield (/wiki/Ted_Bowsfield) , Gino Cimoli (/wiki/Gino_Cimoli) , and Sammy Esposito (/wiki/Sammy_Esposito) , he went straight to the ballpark for a game against the Yankees (/wiki/Yankees) , whereby he developed a blister on his left hand during batting practice. He goes on to say that he remembered he had his golf glove in the pocket of his jeans and that he went to bat wearing the "flaming red golf glove" in the 1st inning to face Whitey [Ford] (/wiki/Whitey_Ford) . He claims that in that 1st-inning at bat, Whitey hung him curveball that he hit it "450 feet" for a home run over the left-center wall. He goes on to say that in about the 6th inning, Whitey hung him another curveball and he hit that one about "480 feet". He concludes the story by saying the next day, all of the Yankees came out of their clubhouse with flaming red golf gloves on, as Ken stated that Mickey [Mantle] (/wiki/Mickey_Mantle) had the "clubby (clubhouse attendant) go out and purchase them. Harrelson laughs and states, "and that's how the hitting glove got started.” [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Baseball portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) Cricket portal (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Golf gloves (/wiki/Golf_gloves) Baseball clothing and equipment (/wiki/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment) Cricket clothing and equipment (/wiki/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-morris_1-0) Morris, Peter (2006). A Game of Inches: The Stories Behind the Innovations that Shaped Baseball : the Game on the Field . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 307. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56663-677-3 . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ a b Dickson, Paul (1989). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary . New York: FactsOnFile Publishing. p. 8 (https://archive.org/details/dicksonbaseballd00dick/page/8) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0816017417 . External links [ edit ] v t e Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) and softball (/wiki/Softball) concepts Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_baseball) · Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms) Rules Rules of baseball (/wiki/Baseball_rules) Ejections (/wiki/Ejection_(baseball)) Ground rules (/wiki/Ground_rules) Infield fly rule (/wiki/Infield_fly_rule) In flight (/wiki/In_flight) Interference (/wiki/Interference_(baseball)) Pitch clock (/wiki/Pitch_clock) Protested game (/wiki/Protested_game) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Suspended game (/wiki/Suspended_game) Unwritten rules (/wiki/Unwritten_rules_of_baseball) Cheating (/wiki/Cheating_in_baseball) Comparison of baseball and softball (/wiki/Comparison_of_baseball_and_softball) fastpitch softball (/wiki/Fastpitch_softball) 16-inch softball (/wiki/16-inch_softball) Ballpark (/wiki/Ballpark) / field (/wiki/Baseball_field) Backstop (/wiki/Backstop_(baseball)) Baseball diamond (/wiki/Baseball_field) Batter's box (/wiki/Batter%27s_box) Batter's eye (/wiki/Batter%27s_eye) Bullpen (/wiki/Bullpen) Dugout (/wiki/Dugout_(baseball)) Foul pole (/wiki/Foul_pole) Foul territory (/wiki/Foul_ball) Infield (/wiki/Infield) On-deck circle (/wiki/On-deck) Outfield (/wiki/Outfield) Warning track (/wiki/Warning_track) Equipment (/wiki/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment) Ball (/wiki/Baseball_(ball)) Bat (/wiki/Baseball_bat) Batting cage (/wiki/Batting_cage) Batting glove Batting helmet (/wiki/Batting_helmet) Cap (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Doughnut (/wiki/Baseball_doughnut) Glove (defense) (/wiki/Baseball_glove) Pitching machine (/wiki/Pitching_machine) Protective cup (/wiki/Jockstrap#Protective_cup) Shin guard (/wiki/Shin_guard) Stirrups (/wiki/Baseball_stirrups) Uniform (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) Uniform number (/wiki/Uniform_number_(Major_League_Baseball)) Game process Batting order (/wiki/Batting_order_(baseball)) Innings (/wiki/Inning) extra innings (/wiki/Extra_innings) Out (/wiki/Out_(baseball)) Positions (/wiki/Baseball_positions) Run (/wiki/Run_(baseball)) Pace of play (/wiki/Pace_of_play) Batting (/wiki/Batting_(baseball)) At bat (/wiki/At_bat) Baltimore chop (/wiki/Baltimore_chop) Bat flip (/wiki/Bat_flip) Batted ball (/wiki/Batted_ball) Batting count (/wiki/Count_(baseball)) Batting out of order (/wiki/Batting_out_of_turn) Bunt (/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)) sacrifice bunt (/wiki/Sacrifice_bunt) slap bunt (/wiki/Slap_bunt) squeeze play (/wiki/Squeeze_play_(baseball)) Charging the mound (/wiki/Charging_the_mound) Checked swing (/wiki/Checked_swing) Cleanup hitter (/wiki/Cleanup_hitter) Designated hitter (/wiki/Designated_hitter) Double (/wiki/Double_(baseball)) Double switch (/wiki/Double_switch_(baseball)) Foul ball (/wiki/Foul_ball) Foul tip (/wiki/Foul_tip) Golden sombrero (/wiki/Golden_sombrero) Ground rule double (/wiki/Ground_rule_double) Hat trick (/wiki/Hat-trick#Baseball) Hit (/wiki/Hit_(baseball)) Hit and run (/wiki/Hit_and_run_(baseball)) Hit by pitch (/wiki/Hit_by_pitch) Hitting for the cycle (/wiki/Hitting_for_the_cycle) Home run (/wiki/Home_run) Grand slam (/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)) Inside-the-park (/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run) Walk-off (/wiki/Walk-off_home_run) Moonshot (/wiki/Moonshot_(baseball)) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_home_run) Infield hit (/wiki/Infield_hit) Leadoff hitter (/wiki/Leadoff_hitter) Lefty-righty switch (/wiki/Lefty-righty_switch) Line drive (/wiki/Line_drive) Mendoza Line (/wiki/Mendoza_Line) On-deck (/wiki/On-deck) Plate appearance (/wiki/Plate_appearance) Platoon system (/wiki/Platoon_system) Pull hitter (/wiki/Pull_hitter) Sacrifice fly (/wiki/Sacrifice_fly) Single (/wiki/Single_(baseball)) Strikeout (/wiki/Strikeout) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Sweet spot (/wiki/Sweet_spot_(sports)) Switch hitter (/wiki/Switch_hitter) Triple (/wiki/Triple_(baseball)) Walk (/wiki/Base_on_balls) Pitching (/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)) (softball) (/wiki/Pitch_(softball)) Balk (/wiki/Balk) Beanball (/wiki/Beanball) Breaking ball (/wiki/Breaking_ball) Brushback pitch (/wiki/Brushback_pitch) Changeup (/wiki/Changeup) Vulcan changeup (/wiki/Vulcan_changeup) Curveball (/wiki/Curveball) Eephus (/wiki/Eephus_pitch) Emery ball (/wiki/Emery_ball) Fastball (/wiki/Fastball) two-seam (/wiki/Two-seam_fastball) four-seam (/wiki/Four-seam_fastball) cutter (/wiki/Cut_fastball) sinker (/wiki/Sinker_(pitch)) split-finger (/wiki/Split-finger_fastball) Full count (/wiki/Full_count) Immaculate inning (/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_pitchers_who_have_thrown_an_immaculate_inning) Inside pitching (/wiki/Inside_pitching) Intentional balk (/wiki/Intentional_balk) Intentional walk (/wiki/Intentional_base_on_balls) Knuckleball (/wiki/Knuckleball) Maddux (/wiki/Maddux_(statistic)) No-hitter (/wiki/No-hitter) Perfect game (/wiki/Perfect_game_(baseball)) Pickoff (/wiki/Pickoff) Pitch count (/wiki/Pitch_count) Pitching position (/wiki/Pitching_position) Pitchout (/wiki/Pitchout) Quick pitch (/wiki/Quick_pitch) Screwball (/wiki/Screwball) Shutout (/wiki/Shutout_(baseball)) Slider (/wiki/Slider_(pitch)) Spitball (/wiki/Spitball) Strikeout (/wiki/Strikeout) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Striking out the side (/wiki/Striking_out_the_side) Time of pitch (/wiki/Time_of_pitch) Wild pitch (/wiki/Wild_pitch) Base running (/wiki/Base_running) Balk (/wiki/Balk) Bases loaded (/wiki/Bases_loaded) Caught stealing (/wiki/Caught_stealing) Hit and run (/wiki/Hit_and_run_(baseball)) Lead off (/wiki/Lead_off) Left on base (/wiki/Left_on_base) Obstruction (/wiki/Obstruction_(baseball)) Rundown (/wiki/Rundown) Safe (/wiki/Safe_(baseball)) Scoring position (/wiki/Scoring_position) Slide (/wiki/Slide_(baseball)) Small ball (/wiki/Small_ball_(baseball)) Squeeze play (/wiki/Squeeze_play_(baseball)) Stolen base (/wiki/Stolen_base) Tag up (/wiki/Tag_up) Tie goes to the runner (/wiki/Tie_goes_to_the_runner) Fielding (positioning) (/wiki/Baseball_positioning) Appeal play (/wiki/Appeal_play) Assist (/wiki/Assist_(baseball)) Blocking the plate (/wiki/Blocking_the_plate) Catch (/wiki/Catch_(baseball)) Caught stealing (/wiki/Caught_stealing) Covering a base (/wiki/Covering_a_base) Defensive indifference (/wiki/Defensive_indifference) Double play (/wiki/Double_play) Error (/wiki/Error_(baseball)) Fielder's choice (/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice) Fifth infielder (/wiki/Fifth_infielder) Force play (/wiki/Force_play) Fourth out (/wiki/Fourth_out) Hidden ball trick (/wiki/Hidden_ball_trick) In-between hop (/wiki/In-between_hop) Infield fly rule (/wiki/Infield_fly_rule) Infield shift (/wiki/Infield_shift) Interference (/wiki/Interference_(baseball)) Neighborhood play (/wiki/Neighborhood_play) Passed ball (/wiki/Passed_ball) Pickoff (/wiki/Pickoff) Putout (/wiki/Putout) Rundown (/wiki/Rundown) Tag out (/wiki/Tag_out) Triple play (/wiki/Triple_play) unassisted (/wiki/Unassisted_triple_play) Uncaught third strike (/wiki/Uncaught_third_strike) Wall climb (/wiki/Wall_climb) Wheel play (/wiki/Wheel_play) Related Baseball card (/wiki/Baseball_card) Baseball statistics (/wiki/Baseball_statistics) Bench jockey (/wiki/Bench_jockey) Bench-clearing brawl (/wiki/Bench-clearing_brawl) Dead ball (/wiki/Dead_ball#Baseball) Doubleheader (/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)) Jargon (/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms) Injured list (/wiki/Injured_list) List of baseball films (/wiki/List_of_baseball_films) Pepper (/wiki/Pepper_(baseball)) Scorekeeping (/wiki/Baseball_scorekeeping) Series (/wiki/Series_(baseball)) Seventh-inning stretch (/wiki/Seventh-inning_stretch) Shagging (/wiki/Shagging_(baseball)) Sign stealing (/wiki/Sign_stealing) Slump (/wiki/Slump_(sports)) Streak losing (/wiki/Losing_streak#Baseball) winning (/wiki/Winning_streak#Baseball) Variations of baseball (/wiki/Variations_of_baseball) Category (/wiki/Category:Baseball) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Baseball) v t e Cricket clothing and equipment (/wiki/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment) Equipment Bat (/wiki/Cricket_bat) Ball (/wiki/Cricket_ball) Stump (/wiki/Stump_(cricket)) Bails (/wiki/Bail_(cricket)) Clothing Pads (/wiki/Pads) Helmet (/wiki/Cricket_helmet) Cap (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Whites (/wiki/Cricket_whites) Wicket-keeper's gloves (/wiki/Wicket-keeper%27s_gloves) Others Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Bowling machine (/wiki/Bowling_machine) Cricket nets (/wiki/Cricket_nets) Hawk-Eye (/wiki/Hawk-Eye) Hot Spot (/wiki/Hot_Spot_(cricket)) Snickometer (/wiki/Snickometer) Stump microphone (/wiki/Stump_microphone) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f856f9b8b‐ct7cl Cached time: 20240716065338 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.446 seconds Real time usage: 0.968 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1222/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 60760/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2693/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32335/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.245/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5490911/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 766.192 1 -total 40.08% 307.054 1 Template:One_source 39.93% 305.931 2 Template:Ambox 23.39% 179.190 2 Template:Navbox 22.70% 173.954 1 Template:Baseball 13.97% 107.062 1 Template:Reflist 12.05% 92.316 2 Template:Cite_book 6.73% 51.576 1 Template:About 5.99% 45.904 1 Template:Flatlist 5.54% 42.478 3 Template:Cn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13281788-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716065338 and revision id 1166461224. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_glove&oldid=1166461224 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_glove&oldid=1166461224) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Baseball equipment (/wiki/Category:Baseball_equipment) Cricket equipment (/wiki/Category:Cricket_equipment) Sports gloves (/wiki/Category:Sports_gloves) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020) Articles needing additional references from May 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2019) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022) Articles lacking reliable references from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2019) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021)
Gown worn by girls at debutante cotillions or for presentation at court Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Debutante dresses in Australia in 1952 58th International Debutante Ball, 2012, New York City (Waldorf-Astoria Hotel) American debutantes, February 2009 A debutante dress is a pure white ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) , accompanied by long white gloves (/wiki/Evening_glove) [1] (#cite_note-1) and pearls (/wiki/Pearls) worn by girls or young women at their debutante cotillion (/wiki/Debutante_ball) , although this may not always be the case. Debutante cotillions were traditional coming of age (/wiki/Coming_of_age) celebrations for eligible young ladies ready to be presented to society as ready for marriage. Required rules of dress [ edit ] A young lady's gown was regulated by a set of meticulously defined rules which were strictly enforced. These rules varied from monarchy to monarchy and didn't always follow the fashion of the time. White was the preferred color for her gown, although soft colors such as ivory or eggshell were acceptable as long as they were over a white background. [2] (#cite_note-Etiquette-2) The headdress always included feathers and a veil although the number and size of the feathers varied with the time. [3] (#cite_note-Presentation-3) History [ edit ] Georgian era [ edit ] During the reign of King George III (/wiki/King_George_III) and Queen Charlotte (/wiki/Queen_Charlotte) , the debutante dress featured a hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) and elaborate trimmings which included a single ostrich plume worn on the head, even though simple dresses with high waists were favored. During the reign of King George IV (/wiki/King_George_IV) , the hoop skirt was excluded and the style for a debutante gown became a variation of whatever was considered popular for formal evening wear during the period. [3] (#cite_note-Presentation-3) Victorian era [ edit ] A debutante dress ca. 1890 Débutante dresses were almost always short-sleeved and had to have a low neckline. [4] (#cite_note-The_Berg-4) However a doctor's certificate could be presented at the time stating that low cut was injurious to the young woman's health. [3] (#cite_note-Presentation-3) After a débutante married, if she had married appropriately, she would be re-presented at Court as a married woman, usually wearing her wedding dress with alterations. [5] (#cite_note-5) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) was said to have hated small feathers, so orders were sent out that Her Majesty wished to see the feathers as the young lady approached. Late in Queen Victoria's reign and into the court of Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) , the necessary headdress was three feathers arranged in a Prince of Wales plume. A center feather slightly higher than the two on each side is worn slightly on the left side of the head. [3] (#cite_note-Presentation-3) For young ladies and women to be present who were in mourning, it was acceptable for their dresses and veils to be black. No matter how cold the weather was on this special day, absolutely no cloaks, shawls, capes, or wraps of any kind were permitted to be worn. Those items remained in the lady's carriage. [3] (#cite_note-Presentation-3) See also [ edit ] Debutante (/wiki/Debutante) Debutante ball (/wiki/Debutante_ball) International Debutante Ball (/wiki/International_Debutante_Ball) Vienna Opera Ball (/wiki/Vienna_Opera_Ball) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "A guide for purchasing gloves for Carnival balls and presentations" (https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/society/article_d3e7d924-298a-5a31-bd4f-e4445e6eec5b.html) . nola.com . 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 24 Jan 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Etiquette_2-0) Post, Emily (2007). Etiquette: In Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home . Cosimo Inc. pp. 276–287. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60206-114-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Aiello, Dawn. "Presentation At Court" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110406122442/http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/society/printerfriendly/nycity_society_presentation_article0011.htm) . www.thehistorybox.com . Victorian Lace. Archived from the original (http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/society/printerfriendly/nycity_society_presentation_article0011.htm) on 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Berg_4-0) Steele, Valerie (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg Publishers. pp. 204–205. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-563-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney (1989). American porcelain, 1770-1920 . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810911789 . v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐fnzvq Cached time: 20240712164639 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.389 seconds Real time usage: 0.601 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1224/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 108904/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2411/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50797/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5916684/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 432.412 1 -total 30.16% 130.406 1 Template:Western_dress_codes 29.75% 128.621 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 27.97% 120.927 1 Template:Reflist 25.87% 111.868 1 Template:Short_description 21.77% 94.141 2 Template:Cite_web 15.53% 67.170 7 Template:Navbox 15.23% 65.857 4 Template:Main_other 14.75% 63.786 1 Template:SDcat 10.73% 46.377 1 Template:Historical_clothing Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13339407-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712164639 and revision id 1216198311. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debutante_dress&oldid=1216198311 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debutante_dress&oldid=1216198311) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 18th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) Gowns (/wiki/Category:Gowns) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) Victorian fashion (/wiki/Category:Victorian_fashion) Debutantes (/wiki/Category:Debutantes) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
Women's undergarment for supporting the breasts For other uses, see Bra (disambiguation) (/wiki/Bra_(disambiguation)) and BRA (disambiguation) (/wiki/BRA_(disambiguation)) . "Brassiere" redirects here. For the type of restaurant, see Brasserie (/wiki/Brasserie) . Full-cup bra Plunge bra Balconette bra A bra , short for brassiere or brassière ( US (/wiki/American_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) b r ə ˈ z ɪər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , UK (/wiki/British_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r æ s ɪər , (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r æ z -/ (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; French: [bʁasjɛʁ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ), is a form-fitting (/wiki/Form-fitting) underwear (/wiki/Underwear) that is primarily used to support and cover a woman's breasts (/wiki/Breast) . A typical bra consists of a chest band that wraps around the torso, supporting two breast cups that are held in place by shoulder straps. A bra usually fastens in the back, using a hook and eye fastener (/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure) , although bras are available in a large range of styles and sizes (/wiki/Bra_size) , including front-fastening and backless designs. Some bras are designed for specific functions, such as nursing bras (/wiki/Nursing_bra) to facilitate breastfeeding (/wiki/Breastfeeding) or sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) to minimize discomfort during exercise. Although women in ancient Greece and Rome wore garments to support their breasts, the first modern bra is attributed to 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) who created the garment in 1913 by using two handkerchiefs and some ribbon. After patenting her design in 1914, she briefly manufactured bras at a two-woman factory in Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) before selling her patent to the Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) , which began mass-producing the garment. The bra gained widespread adoption during the first half of the twentieth century, when it largely replaced the corset (/wiki/Corset) . The majority of Western women today wear bras, with a minority choosing to go braless (/wiki/Bralessness) . Bra manufacturing and retailing are key components of the multi-billion-dollar global lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) industry. Etymology [ edit ] The term brassiere , from French brassière , was used by the Evening Herald in Syracuse, New York, in 1893. [1] (#cite_note-1) It gained wider acceptance in 1904 when the DeBevoise Company used it in their advertising copy—although the word is actually French for a child's undershirt. In French, it is called a soutien-gorge (literally, "throat-supporter"). [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) It and other early versions resembled a camisole (/wiki/Camisole) stiffened with boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApsan2006186-3) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine first used the term brassiere in 1907, [4] (#cite_note-NYMag-4) [5] (#cite_note-USA_Today-5) and by 1911 the word had entered the Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) . [6] (#cite_note-words-6) On 3 November 1914, the newly formed US patent category for "brassieres" was inaugurated with the first patent issued to Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) , later and better known as Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-duron-8) In the 1930s, brassiere / brassière was gradually shortened to bra . [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) History [ edit ] Main article: History of bras (/wiki/History_of_bras) Corset (/wiki/Corset) , 1808 Corset, 2010 The history of the brassière is full of myths in which people like Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) , Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) , Herminie Cadolle (/wiki/Herminie_Cadolle) and Otto Titzling (/wiki/Otto_Titzling) command center stage. [9] (#cite_note-9) Before the spread of brassières, the female bust was encased in corsets (/wiki/Corset) and structured garments called " bust improvers (#Falsies) [ broken anchor ] ", made of boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) and lace. [10] (#cite_note-10) The history of corsets (/wiki/History_of_corsets) indicates they started to go out of fashion by 1917, when metal was needed to make tanks and munitions for World War I, [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) and when 1920s fashions emphasized boyish figures. [12] (#cite_note-JFields-12) When corsets became unfashionable, brassières and padding helped to project, display and emphasize the breasts. In 1893, New Yorker Marie Tucek was granted a patent for a "breast supporter", described as a modification of the corset, and was very similar to a modern push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) designed to support the breasts. It consisted of a plate made of metal, cardboard or other stiff material shaped to fit against the torso under the breasts, following the contour of the breasts. It was covered with silk, canvas or other cloth, which extended above the plate to form a pocket for each breast. The plate curved around the torso and ended near the armpits. [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Early brassières [ edit ] Venus (/wiki/Venus) or Aphrodite (/wiki/Aphrodite) prepares to put on an apodesmos , bronze statuette, 0-400 CE Roman women wearing breast-bands during sport, Villa Romana del Casale (/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale) , Sicily, 4th century AD Wearing a garment to support the breasts may date back to ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) . [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Women wore an apodesmos , [16] (#cite_note-16) later stēthodesmē , [17] (#cite_note-17) mastodesmos [18] (#cite_note-18) and mastodeton , [19] (#cite_note-19) all meaning "breast-band", a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeoty18939-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Roman women wore breast-bands during sport, such as those shown on the Coronation of the Winner mosaic (also known as the "Bikini mosaic"). Fragments of linen textiles found at Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) in East Tyrol (/wiki/East_Tyrol) in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had cups made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two shoulder straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the corset (/wiki/Corset) , which pushed the breasts upwards. In the later 19th century, clothing designers began experimenting with alternatives, splitting the corset into multiple parts: a girdle (/wiki/Girdle) -like restraining device for the lower torso, and devices that suspended the breasts from the shoulder to the upper torso. [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Modern bra [ edit ] "Breast Supporter" c. 1893 Though the first bra, a linen and lace garment that looks almost exactly like a modern bra, was discovered in an early 15th century collection from Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) in Tyrol (/wiki/Tyrol) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) , there is no other evidence of any use of bras in the 1400s. In 1914, the first modern bra was patented by New York publisher, activist, and socialite Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) (born Mary Phelps Jacob). [24] (#cite_note-24) [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) Frustrated with a whale bone (/wiki/Whale_bone) corset that kept popping through a new party dress, [25] (#cite_note-Deccan-25) she created the bra from two handkerchiefs and some ribbon to create cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) . [26] (#cite_note-MKetch-26) Crosby sold bras to friends for one dollar. Soon she founded the Fashion Form Brassière Company (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Form_Brassi%C3%A8re_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) , with a factory in Boston staffed by two women. Crosby patented the first bra as "the backless brassière" in 1914. After making a few hundred bras and some orders from department stores, she was persuaded by her husband to close the company. [ why? ] She sold the patent to The Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Corset_Company) for US$1,500. In the next 30 years, Warner Brothers made more than US$15 million from the design. [26] (#cite_note-MKetch-26) Corset from 1898 Bodice from 1900 According to Cadolle Lingerie House, Herminie Cadolle (/wiki/Herminie_Cadolle) , a French inventor, was the first inventor to patent the modern 'brassiere', called the "corselet-gorge", lingerie which separated the upper bra portion from the lower corset, the first step toward the modern bra. [27] (#cite_note-27) An urban legend (/wiki/Urban_legend) that the brassière was invented by a man named Otto Titzling (/wiki/Otto_Titzling) ("tit sling") who lost a lawsuit with Phillip de Brassière ("fill up the brassière") originated with the 1971 book Bust-Up: The Uplifting Tale of Otto Titzling and the Development of the Bra and was propagated in a comedic song from the movie Beaches (/wiki/Beaches_(1988_film)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) Half the patents filed for the design and manufacture of the bra were created by women. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002-29) The Dresden (/wiki/Dresden) -based German, Christine Hardt, patented the first modern brassière in 1899. [30] (#cite_note-30) Sigmund Lindauer from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany, developed a brassière for mass production and patented it in 1912. It was mass-produced by Mechanische Trikotweberei Ludwig Maier und Cie. in Böblingen, Germany. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) In the United States, Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) received a patent in 1914 for the first brassière design that is recognized as the basis for modern bras. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2005111-34) Mass production in the early 20th century made the garment widely available to women in the United States, England, Western Europe, and other countries influenced by western fashion. [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) Metal shortages in World War I encouraged the end of the corset. Padded bra Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Development of the underwire bra started in the 1930s, [35] (#cite_note-Napoleon-35) though it did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) freed metal for domestic use. [36] (#cite_note-Kanner-36) [37] (#cite_note-Seigel-37) Aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) designed a prototype for an aerodynamic underwire bra for Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) when filming The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) in 1941. According to Hughes, the resultant amount was "the length of the actual cleavage is five and one-quarter inches." [38] (#cite_note-divide-38) Bras in 1940s left a substantial amount of fabric in the center, thus creating a separation of breasts instead of the pushed-together cleavage of today. [39] (#cite_note-39) Frederick Mellinger (/wiki/Frederick_Mellinger) of Frederick's of Hollywood created the first padded bra in 1947, followed by an early push-up bra a year later (dubbed "The Rising Star" [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) ). [25] (#cite_note-Deccan-25) A padded bra adds material (foam, silicone, gel, air, or fluid) to the cups to help the breasts look fuller. [40] (#cite_note-40) There are different designs, from a slight lift to a highly pushed-up effect, that provide coverage and support, hides nipples, add shape to breasts that are far apart and adds comfort. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) Graduated padding uses more padding at the bottom of the cups that gradually tapers off towards the top. [42] (#cite_note-42) There also are semi-padded bras that suits deep neck dresses. [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) With the advent of padded bras, sales of removable pads took a plunge, [44] (#cite_note-44) though some padded bras also have removable inserts. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) Actress Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) was required to wear a custom made silicone gel filled bra for the movie Erin Brockovich (/wiki/Erin_Brockovich_(film)) in order to increase her cleavage. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) Brassières were initially manufactured by small production companies and supplied to retailers. The term "cup" was not used until 1916, and manufacturers relied on stretchable cups to accommodate different sized breasts. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau200273-47) Women with larger or sagging breasts had the choice of long-line bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, Lastex (/wiki/Lastex) , firm bands under the cup, and light boning. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau200273-47) In October 1932, the S.H. Camp and Company correlated the size and pendulousness of breasts to letters A through D. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApsan2006186-3) Camp's advertising featured letter-labeled profiles of breasts in the February 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review . In 1937, Warner began to feature cup sizing in its products. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201073-48) Adjustable bands were introduced using multiple hook and eye closures in the 1930s. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201056,_81-49) By the time World War II ended, most fashion-conscious women in Europe and North America were wearing brassière, and women in Asia, Africa, and Latin America began to adopt it. [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) 1960s–1980s [ edit ] Push up bra Plunge bra In fall 1963 and spring 1964, the Western fashion trends were dominated by plunging necklines, while the movie goers were charmed by movies like Tom Jones (/wiki/Tom_Jones_(1963_film)) that portrayed "aggressive cleavages". Lingerie and Shapewear manufacturers like Warner Brothers (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) , Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) , and Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) took the opportunity to market plunge bras. [50] (#cite_note-Up144-50) A plunge bra covers the nipples and bottom of the breasts while leaving the top part bare making it suitable for low-cut tops and deep V-necks. [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) It also has a lower, shorter and narrower center gore (/wiki/Gore_(fabrics)) that maintains support while increasing cleavage by allowing the gore to drop several inches below the middle of the breasts. [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-CHarr-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) Plunge bras comes in different depths that provide great cleavage. Like a push up bra these have some padding and provide support, [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) as well as to help push the breasts together and create cleavage. [52] (#cite_note-CHarr-52) Bali and Vassarette (/wiki/Vassarette) also marketed lace bras that maximized cleavage. [55] (#cite_note-55) The first push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) was created in 1964 by Canadian Louise Poirier and patented for Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) (trademarked in 1935), then owned by Canadelle, a Canadian lingerie company in 1971. [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) A push up bra is designed to press the breasts upwards and closer together to give a fuller appearance with help of padded cups, [58] (#cite_note-58) differing from other padded bras in location of the pads. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) It leaves the upper and inner area of breasts uncovered adding more cleavage. These are available in many designs and every size starting from A to E (/wiki/Bra_size) . [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) Most of the push-up bras have underwires for added lift and support, [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) while the padding is commonly made of foam. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) 1990s onward [ edit ] Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) (1975) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) (2014) The Wonderbra brand was acquired, in 1994, by Sara Lee Corporation (/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation) and, since 2006, licensed to HanesBrands Inc (/wiki/Hanes) and Sun Capital (/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners) for different markets. [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) It had 54 design elements, including a three-part cup, underwires, a precision-angled back, rigid straps, and removable "cookies". [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) When the push-up plunge bra first appeared in the US market one Wonderbra sold every 15 seconds, driving a first year sale of US$120 million. [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) The bra became one of the most complex pieces of lingerie ever created. [61] (#cite_note-61) In 1994, supermodel Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) 's cleavage photographed by Ellen von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth) for Wonderbra's controversial advertising campaign Hello Boys helped shape the ideal of women, an experience Herzigova described as "empowering". [62] (#cite_note-62) In 1999, the advertising poster was placed at 10th position in the Poster of the Century competition compiled by trade magazine Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_(magazine)) . In 2011, it was voted the top advertising campaign of all time in a poll by Outdoor Media Centre, and advertising and marketing portal, and was featured in an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum. [63] (#cite_note-63) It helped to bring the brand into forefront of the competition for cleavage after 30 years of relative obscurity. [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) On the first Friday of every April in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , brassière (/wiki/Brassi%C3%A8re) marketer Wonderbra sponsors a National Cleavage Day (/wiki/National_Cleavage_Day) . [64] (#cite_note-WONDERBRA-64) [65] (#cite_note-IOLTSDJFYC-65) America's largest lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) was launched by Roy Raymond, a Stanford alumnus, in San Francisco in late 1970s with a similar appeal. [66] (#cite_note-Pelling-66) Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) held its first fashion show at Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Plaza_Hotel) in New York in 1995. [67] (#cite_note-Krueger-67) Even traditional brands, who were producing 1950s style pointy-cups, low-backs, low-fronts and no-straps, [50] (#cite_note-Up144-50) like Maidenform (/wiki/Maidenform) joined the competition in 1995. [68] (#cite_note-68) In 1999 the event was first webcast. By 2001, the event was being aired on network television with 12 million viewers for the first broadcast. Other lingerie manufacturers like Frederick's of Hollywood and Agent Provocateur also joined the competition by that time, [67] (#cite_note-Krueger-67) with the former introducing a design called Hollywood Extreme Cleavage Bra that helped give the impression of a spherical cleavage like augmented breasts that was popularized by stars like Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) . [69] (#cite_note-69) The underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) utilizes a wire sewn into the bra fabric and under each cup, from the center gore to under the wearer's armpit. It helps to lift, separate, shape, and support the breasts. These bras use a thin strip of metal, plastic or resin, usually with a nylon coating at both ends. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) [71] (#cite_note-madaras-71) Some underwire bra styles also come in soft cup versions. [72] (#cite_note-72) Underwire bras accounted for 60% of the United Kingdom bra market in 2000 [73] (#cite_note-73) and 70% in 2005. [74] (#cite_note-74) About 70% of women who wear bras wear a steel underwire bra according to underwear manufacturer industries of New York in 2009. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) In 2001, 70% (350 million) of the bras sold in the United States were underwire bras. [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) In 2005, underwire bras were the fastest growing segment of the market. [75] (#cite_note-Mintel-75) There has been complaints that underwire bras restrict the flow of blood and lymph fluid (/wiki/Lymph_fluid) around the breasts preventing drainage of toxins, though there has been no evidence of that. [76] (#cite_note-76) In the next decade, particularly during the COVID-19 lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) , [77] (#cite_note-77) bralettes (/wiki/Bralette) and soft bras started replacing underwired and padded bras, [78] (#cite_note-78) sometimes also serving as an outerwear. [79] (#cite_note-Dyett-79) At the same time popularity of brands like Victoria's Secret decreased significantly. [80] (#cite_note-80) Because, according to Sarah Shotton, creative director of Agent Provocateur, "Now it's about the athletic body, health and wellbeing", than "about the male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) ," [81] (#cite_note-81) while according to independent lingerie designer Araks Yeramyan "It was #MeToo (#MeToo) [ broken anchor ] that catapulted the bralette movement into what it is today." [79] (#cite_note-Dyett-79) Some bralettes still provide plunging designs, light padding, bottom support or significant cleavage. [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) See also: List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) Manufacture [ edit ] Construction [ edit ] A seamstress sews a bra in Puerto Rico Mass-produced bras are manufactured to fit a prototypical woman standing with both arms at her sides. The design assumes that both breasts are equally sized and symmetrical. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenLaBatBye2010-86) Manufacturing a well-fitting bra is a challenge since the garment is supposed to be form-fitting but women's breasts may sag, vary in volume, width, height, shape, and position on the chest. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenLaBatBye2010-86) [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-cope-88) Manufacturers make standard bra sizes that provide a "close" fit, however even a woman with accurate measurements can have a difficult time finding a correctly fitted bra because of the variations in sizes between different manufacturers. Some manufacturers create " vanity sizes (/wiki/Vanity_sizing) " and deliberately mis-state the size of their bras in an attempt to persuade women that they are slimmer and more buxom. [89] (#cite_note-89) [90] (#cite_note-times2018-90) A bra is one of the most complicated garments to make. A typical design has between 20 and 48 parts, including the band, gore, side panel, cup, apex, neckline, underwire, strap, ring, slider, strap join, and closure. Bras are built on a square frame model. Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) designer Chantal Thomass said, It's a highly technical garment, made of lots of tiny pieces of fabric, with so many sizes to consider for the different cups, etc. It's a garment you wash every day, so the seams and structure need to be extremely robust. It's very different from a piece of clothing; it's in direct contact with the skin, it needs to be super solid. [91] (#cite_note-91) The primary component offering the most support is a chest band that wraps around the torso. It supports two cups that are usually held in place by two shoulder straps (/wiki/Shoulder_strap) . The chest band is usually closed in the back by a hook and eye fastener (/wiki/Fastener) , but smaller busted models may be fastened at the front. [92] (#cite_note-franklin-92) Sleep bras or athletic bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) do not have fasteners and are pulled on over the head and breasts. The section between the cups is called a gore. The section under the armpit where the band joins the cups is called the "back wing". [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Bra components, including the cup top and bottom (if seamed), the central, side and back panels, and straps, are cut to manufacturer's specifications. Many layers of fabric may be cut at the same time using computer-controlled lasers or bandsaw shearing devices. The pieces are assembled by piece workers using industrial sewing machines or automated machines. Coated metal hooks and eyes are sewn in by machine and heat processed or ironed into the back ends of the band and a tag or label is attached or printed onto the bra itself. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) The completed bras are folded (mechanically or manually), and packaged for shipment. [94] (#cite_note-gale-94) The chest band and cups, not the shoulder straps, are designed to support the weight of women's breasts. Strapless bras rely on an underwire (/wiki/Underwire_bra) and additional seaming and stiffening panels to support them. The shoulder straps of some sports bras cross over at the back to take the pressure off the shoulders when arms are raised. Manufacturers continually experiment with proprietary frame designs. For example, the Playtex "18-Hour Bra" model utilizes an M-Frame design. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Materials [ edit ] Selection of bras in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) , Egypt, 2013 Bras were originally made of linen, cotton broadcloth, and twill weaves and sewn using flat-felled or bias-tape seams. They are now made of a variety of materials, including Tricot (/wiki/Tricot_(fabric)) , Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , Spanette, Latex (/wiki/Latex) , microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) , satin (/wiki/Satin) , Jacquard (/wiki/Jacquard_loom) , foam, mesh, and lace (/wiki/Lace) , [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) which are blended to achieve specific purposes. Spandex, a synthetic fiber with built-in "stretch memory", can be blended with cotton, polyester, or nylon. Mesh is a high-tech synthetic composed of ultra-fine filaments that are tightly knit for smoothness. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Sixty to seventy per cent of bras sold in the UK and US have underwired (/wiki/Underwire_bra) cups. The underwire is made of metal, plastic, or resin. [95] (#cite_note-95) [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) The antecedents for underwire in bras date to at least 1893, when Marie Tucek of New York City patented a breast supporter , a sort of early push-up bra made of either metal or cardboard and then covered with fabric. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) Underwire is built around the perimeter of the cup where it attaches to the band, increasing its rigidity to improve support, lift, and separation. [92] (#cite_note-franklin-92) Wirefree or softcup bras have additional seaming and internal reinforcement. By the late 1970s, wire-free bras were emerging both at Hanky Panky and at Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) in Switzerland. Cosabella in Italy and in France followed in the 1980s, as did Eberjey (/w/index.php?title=Eberjey&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1990s. [96] (#cite_note-96) Others use padding or shaping materials to enhance bust size or cleavage. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuciani2009224-97) Size and fitting [ edit ] Main article: Bra size (/wiki/Bra_size) In most countries, bras come in a band and cup size, such as 34C; 34 is the chest band, or the measurement around the torso directly underneath the breasts, and C is the cup size, which refers to the volume of the breasts. Most bras are offered in 36 sizes; the Triumph "Doreen" comes in 67 sizes, up to 46J. [98] (#cite_note-KingJune2005-98) The cup size varies depending on the band size. A D cup on a 38 band is larger in volume than a D cup on a 34 band, as the volume of a woman's breast increases as her chest band dimension increases. [99] (#cite_note-bravissimo_fit-99) In countries that have adopted the European EN 13402 (/wiki/EN_13402) dress-size standard, the measurement is rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 centimetres (2.0 in). [100] (#cite_note-bra_fitting_services-100) [101] (#cite_note-womens_hour_bras-101) 1958 illustration of how to measure cup and band size International manufacturing standards and measurement systems vary widely. Bras are designed for an ideal body, but women's anatomy vary widely. Ten percent of women's breasts are asymmetrical, with the left breast being larger in 62 percent of cases. [102] (#cite_note-102) One woman's breasts may be ptotic and widely spaced, another's might be centered closely on the chest, upright, and very full. As a result, finding a correctly fitting bra is extremely difficult. When women find a bra that appears to fit, they tend to stay with that size, even though they may lose and gain weight. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002-29) [90] (#cite_note-times2018-90) [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2006-104) In a survey in the United Kingdom, 60 per cent of over 2,000 women between the ages of 16 and 75 said they had had a bra fitting, and 99 per cent said that fit was the least important factor when selecting a bra. [105] (#cite_note-robson-105) Increased publicity about the issue of poorly fitted bras has increased the number of women seeking a fitting. The UK retailer Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) stated that about 8,000 women are fitted for bras in their stores weekly. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) Despite this, about 80–85 percent of women still wear the wrong bra size. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2010WoodCameronFitzgerald2008-107) [108] (#cite_note-bbc2008-108) Bra experts recommend professional bra fittings from the lingerie department of a clothing store or a specialty lingerie store, especially for cup sizes D or larger, and particularly if there has been significant weight gain or loss, or if the wearer is continually adjusting her bra. [98] (#cite_note-KingJune2005-98) Women in the UK change their bra size on average six times over their lifetimes. [109] (#cite_note-109) Bra extension for the band Signs of a loose bra band include the band riding up the back. If the band causes flesh to spill over the edges, it is too small. [110] (#cite_note-fantasie-110) A woman can test whether a bra band is too tight or loose by reversing the bra on her torso so that the cups are in the back and then check for fit and comfort. [111] (#cite_note-111) Experts suggest that women choose a band size that fits using the outermost set of hooks. This allows the wearer to use the tighter hooks as the bra stretches during its lifetime. [112] (#cite_note-112) Styles [ edit ] Main article: List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) Bras may be designed to enhance a woman's breast size, or to create cleavage (/wiki/Decolletage) , or for other aesthetic, fashion, or more practical considerations. Nursing bras (/wiki/Nursing_bra) are designed to aid breastfeeding (/wiki/Breastfeeding) . [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Compression bras, such as sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) , push against and minimize breast movement, whereas encapsulation bras have cups for support. [113] (#cite_note-113) Breast support may be built into some swimsuits, camisoles and dresses. [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) Cancer (/wiki/Cancer) bras are designed specifically for breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) patients who have undergone a mastectomy (/wiki/Mastectomy) . The styles provide post-surgical support, and some include pads or pockets for stuffing. Bras come in a variety of styles, including backless, balconette, convertible, shelf, full cup, full coverage bra, demi-cup, minimizing, padded, plunge, lounge bra, posture, push-up, racerback, sheer, strapless, T-shirt, underwire, unlined, and soft cup. [116] (#cite_note-116) Culture [ edit ] Fashion [ edit ] Patti Page (/wiki/Patti_Page) wearing a bullet bra (/wiki/Bullet_bra) , 1955 Women's choices about what bra to wear are consciously and unconsciously affected by social perceptions of the ideal female body shape (/wiki/Female_body_shape) , which changes over time. [117] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino2007-117) As lingerie, women wear bras for sex appeal. Bras can also be used to make a social statement as evidenced by Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) 's designs and the cone-shaped bra Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) wore outside her clothing on her Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) . [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2010-118) In the 1920s in the United States, the flapper (/wiki/Flapper) aesthetic involved flattening the breasts. [ citation needed ] During the 1940s and 1950s, the sweater girl (/wiki/Sweater_girl) became fashionable, supported by a bullet bra (/wiki/Bullet_bra) (known also as a torpedo or cone bra) as worn by Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) and Patti Page (/wiki/Patti_Page) . [119] (#cite_note-toknow-119) In the early 1960s, smaller breasts gained popularity. [ according to whom? ] As outerwear, bras in the form of bikini tops in the 1950s became an acceptable public display. [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2010-118) During the 1960s, designers and manufacturers introduced padded and underwire bras. After the Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) in September 1968, manufacturers were concerned that women would stop wearing bras. In response, many altered their marketing and claimed that wearing their bra was like "not wearing a bra". [120] (#cite_note-Vecchione-120) In the 1970s women sought more comfortable and natural-looking bras. [119] (#cite_note-toknow-119) In the late 1990s larger breasts became more fashionable in England. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) Iris Marion Young (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) described preferences in the United States in 1990: "round, sitting high on the chest, large but not bulbous, with the look of firmness." This is regarded as contradictory in several ways. [121] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200732-121) [ by whom? ] Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) commissions a fantasy bra every autumn. In 2003 it hired the jeweller Mouawad (/wiki/Mouawad) to design one containing more than 2500 carats of diamonds and sapphires; valued at US$10 million, it was the world's most valuable bra at the time. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) Undergarment as outerwear [ edit ] See also: Underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) Amy Winehouse (/wiki/Amy_Winehouse) with a visible bra strap at a 2007 performance in France Women wearing bras as bikini (/wiki/Bikini) tops at the 2011 Woodstock Festival in Poland (/wiki/Woodstock_Festival_(Poland)) A black bralette (/wiki/Bralette) , United States, 2019 Sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) were invented in 1975. Women wore them under other clothing for the next 25 years. [123] (#cite_note-komar-123) But on 10 July 1999, Brandi Chastain (/wiki/Brandi_Chastain) scored the fifth kick in the penalty shootout (/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)) to give the United States the win over China (/wiki/China_women%27s_national_football_team) in the final game of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final (/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Final) . In celebration, she spontaneously whipped off her jersey, exposing her sports bra. Her act is regarded by some as a historical event that boosted wearing sports bras alone. [123] (#cite_note-komar-123) [124] (#cite_note-Distillations-124) From that point forward, sports bras were increasingly worn as outerwear. [125] (#cite_note-krucoff-125) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) was one of the first to start showing her bra straps, in the late 1980s. [126] (#cite_note-126) A corset she wore as outerwear during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) sold for US$52,000 in 2012 at the Christie's Pop Culture auction in London. [127] (#cite_note-127) Versace (/wiki/Versace) 's autumn 2013 couture collection featured fashions that were open in the front, revealing underwire bras. [128] (#cite_note-128) It became fashionable from the early 1990s to wear clothing that showed bra straps. [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-131) [132] (#cite_note-132) Wearing clothes that reveal the bra or straps became so common that Cosmopolitan created guidelines in 2012 on how to expose them. Advice included avoiding plain, flesh-toned, smooth-cup bras, so that the exposure does not appear accidental; making sure the bra is in good condition; and wearing a style that either matches the colour of the outerwear or is dramatically different. [133] (#cite_note-cosmor22Aug-133) Decreasing Western usage [ edit ] While a few women have a medical and surgical need to wear a brassiere, informal surveys have found that many women began wearing bras to be fashionable, to conform to social or maternal pressure, or for physical support. Very few cited comfort as the reason. In fact, many women experience so much discomfort that they remove their bra as soon as they can. [134] (#cite_note-adams-134) [135] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32Sischo200858-135) [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) In Western society, since the 1960s, there has been a slow but steady trend towards bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) among a number of women, especially millennials, who have expressed opposition to and are giving up wearing bras. [136] (#cite_note-136) Being seen in public while not wearing a bra has become more acceptable over the past 6 decades, encouraging more women to go without. In 2016, Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) magazine fashion director Rachael Wang wrote, "Going braless is as old as feminism but it seems to be bubbling to the surface more recently as a direct response to Third Wave (/wiki/Third-wave_feminism) moments like #freethenipple (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(campaign)) hashtag campaign, increased trans-visibility like Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) 's Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) cover ... and Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) 's show Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) (which features young women often without bras)." [137] (#cite_note-mallenbaum-137) Back view and front view of sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) worn by US beach volleyball (/wiki/Beach_volleyball) players In an online survey for All You (/wiki/All_You) magazine in 2013, 25 percent of women reported that they do not wear a bra every day. [138] (#cite_note-usigan-138) Surveys have reported that 5–25 per cent of Western women do not wear a bra. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) [139] (#cite_note-139) [140] (#cite_note-140) A National No Bra Day (/wiki/No_Bra_Day) was first observed in the United States on 9 July 2011. [141] (#cite_note-141) Women posted on Twitter about the relief they felt when taking off their bra. [142] (#cite_note-142) More than 250,000 people expressed an interest in "attending" the day on a Facebook page. [143] (#cite_note-143) No Bra Day is now observed internationally on 13 October. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) A Harris Poll (/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics) commissioned by Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) asked more than 1,000 women what they like in a bra. Among the respondents, 67 per cent said they prefer wearing a bra to going braless, while 85 per cent wanted to wear a "shape-enhancing bra that feels like nothing at all." They were split as regards underwire bras: 49 per cent said they prefer underwire bras, the same percentage as those who said they prefer wireless bras. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuciani2009224-97) According to underwire manufacturer S & S Industries of New York, who supply bras to Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) , Warner's (/wiki/Warner%27s) , Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/VF_Corporation) , and other labels, about 70 per cent of bra-wearing women wear underwire bras. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) COVID-19 lockdowns led to more women adopting wireless bras and bralettes for comfort. The company Knix (/wiki/Joanna_Griffiths) , which manufactures exclusively soft-cup bras, reported a 100 percent increase in sales between January 2020 and January 2021. "I don't think women are going to want to go back to wearing their regular everyday bras," stated the chief product officer for Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) . [144] (#cite_note-144) Usage in the developing world [ edit ] Bras are not universally worn around the world; in some developing countries bras may cost up to 10–30 hours of a woman's wages, making them unaffordable to most of the population. [145] (#cite_note-hooked-145) [146] (#cite_note-hinson-146) [147] (#cite_note-frip-147) As of 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , women in Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) needed to pay up to a week's wages for a new bra. [148] (#cite_note-haxton-148) Bras are highly prized at second-hand markets in West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) . [146] (#cite_note-hinson-146) [147] (#cite_note-frip-147) The Uplift Project provides recycled bras to women in developing countries. [149] (#cite_note-149) Since 2005 they have shipped 330,000, including to Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Cambodia. [145] (#cite_note-hooked-145) In 2009 Somalia's hard-line Islamic group Al-Shabaab (/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)) forced women to shake their breasts at gunpoint to see if they were wearing bras, which they called "un-Islamic". [150] (#cite_note-radiocanada-150) [151] (#cite_note-151) A resident of Mogadishu (/wiki/Mogadishu) whose daughters were whipped said, "The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat." [150] (#cite_note-radiocanada-150) Economic impact [ edit ] Consumers spend around $16 billion a year worldwide on bras. [152] (#cite_note-redbook-152) In the US during 2012, women owned an average of nine bras and wore six on a regular basis. [152] (#cite_note-redbook-152) That increased from 2006, when the average American woman owned six, one of which was strapless, and one in a colour other than white. [153] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActonAdamsPacker200638-153) British women in a 2009 survey reported that they owned an average of 16 bras. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) The average bra size among North American women has changed from 34B in 1983 to a 34DD in 2012–2013, [154] (#cite_note-racked-154) and from 36C in 2013 to 36DD in the UK during 2014–2015. [155] (#cite_note-crook-155) The change in bra size has been linked to growing obesity rates, breast implants, increased birth control usage, estrogen mimicking pollutants, the availability of a larger selection of bras, and women wearing better fitting bras. [154] (#cite_note-racked-154) [156] (#cite_note-156) Bra shirt with built-in breast support (on left), 2015 Bras are made in Asian countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and China. While there has been some social pressure from the anti-sweatshop (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) and anti-globalization movements (/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement) on manufacturers to reduce use of sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) labour, most major apparel manufacturers rely on them directly and indirectly. Prior to 2005, a trade agreement limited textile imports to the European Union and the US. China was exporting US$33.9 billion in textiles and clothing each year to the EU and the US. When those quotas expired on 1 January 2005, the so-called Bra Wars began. Within six months, China shipped 30 million more bras to the two markets: 33 per cent more to the US and 63 per cent more to the EU. [157] (#cite_note-watson-157) As of 2014 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , an average bra cost £29.80. [158] (#cite_note-158) As of 2012 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , Africa imported US$107 million worth of bras, with South Africa accounting for 40 per cent. Morocco was second and Nigeria third, while Mauritius topped purchasing on a per capita (/wiki/Per_capita) basis. [159] (#cite_note-159) In countries where labour costs are low, bras that cost US$5–7 to manufacture sell for US$50 or more in American retail stores. As of 2006 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , female garment workers in Sri Lanka earned about US$2.20 per day. [157] (#cite_note-watson-157) Similarly, Honduran garment factory workers in 2003 were paid US$0.24 for each $50 Sean John (/wiki/Sean_John) sweatshirt they made, less than one-half of one per cent of the retail price. [160] (#cite_note-seanjohn-160) In 2009, residents in the textile manufacturing city of Gurao in the Guangdong (/wiki/Guangdong) province of China made more than 200 million bras. Children were employed to assemble bras and were paid 0.30 yuan (/wiki/Chinese_yuan) for every 100 bra straps they helped assemble. In one day they could earn 20 to 30 yuan. [161] (#cite_note-161) Western feminist opinions [ edit ] In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) , protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included bras, [162] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003-162) which were among items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" [163] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-163) and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . A local news story in the Atlantic City Press erroneously reported that "the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the 'Freedom Trash Can ' ". [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010109–110-165) Individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra. [163] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-163) [166] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-166) However, a female reporter (Lindsy Van Gelder) covering the protest drew an analogy between the feminist protesters and Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) protesters who burned their draft cards (/wiki/Draft-card_burning) , and the parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras was encouraged by some organizers including Robin Morgan (/wiki/Robin_Morgan) . "The media picked up on the bra part", Carol Hanisch (/wiki/Carol_Hanisch) said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us." [166] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-166) [167] (#cite_note-Greenfieldboyce-167) Feminism and "bra-burning" became linked in popular culture. [168] (#cite_note-168) [169] (#cite_note-169) The analogous term jockstrap-burning has since been coined as a reference to masculism (/wiki/Masculism) . [170] (#cite_note-jockburning-170) While feminist women did not literally burn their bras, some stopped wearing them in protest. [171] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornblum2011-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) The feminist author Bonnie J. Dow has suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. [162] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003-162) "Bra-burning" created an image that women were not really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. [173] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003130-173) This might lead individuals to believe, as Susan J. Douglas (/wiki/Susan_J._Douglas) wrote, that the women were merely trying to be "trendy, and to attract men." [174] (#cite_note-174) [175] (#cite_note-175) [176] (#cite_note-176) [177] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2005Spongberg1993-177) Some feminist activists believe that anti-feminists (/wiki/Anti-feminist) use the bra burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish at the feminist 1968 Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) and the feminist movement in general. [178] (#cite_note-178) [179] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow1999-179) [180] (#cite_note-burnbra-180) The trope (/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)) of feminists burning their bras was anticipated by an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation. In 1873, American novelist Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward) wrote: So burn up the corsets! ... No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun. [181] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps187379-181) Some feminists began arguing in the 1960s and 1970s that the bra was an example of how women's clothing shaped and even deformed women's bodies to male expectations. In 1964, Professor Lisa Jardine (/wiki/Lisa_Jardine) described her dinner with Australian writer and public intellectual Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) during a formal college dinner in Newnham College, Cambridge (/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge) : At the graduates' table, Germaine was explaining that there could be no liberation for women, no matter how highly educated, as long as we were required to cram our breasts into bras constructed like mini-Vesuviuses, two stitched white cantilevered cones which bore no resemblance to the female anatomy. The willingly suffered discomfort of the Sixties bra, she opined vigorously, was a hideous symbol of female oppression. [182] (#cite_note-dangermouth-182) Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) 's book The Female Eunuch (/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch) (1970) became associated with the anti-bra movement because she pointed out how restrictive and uncomfortable a bra could be. [183] (#cite_note-183) "Bras are a ludicrous invention," she wrote, "but if you make bralessness a rule, you're just subjecting yourself to yet another repression." [184] (#cite_note-184) Susan Brownmiller (/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller) in her book Femininity (1984) took the position that women without bras shock and anger men because men "implicitly think that they own breasts and that only they should remove bras." [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) The feminist author Iris Marion Young (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) wrote in 2005 that the bra "serves as a barrier to touch" and that a braless woman is " deobjectified (/wiki/Sexual_objectification) ", eliminating the "hard, pointy look that phallic culture posits as the norm." Without a bra, in her view, women's breasts are not consistently shaped objects but change as the woman moves, reflecting the natural body. [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) Other feminist anti-bra arguments from Young in 2005 include that training bras (/wiki/Training_bra) are used to indoctrinate girls into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects and to accentuate their sexuality. [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) Young also wrote in 2007 that, in American culture, breasts are subject to "[c]apitalist, patriarchal (/wiki/Patriarchy) American media-dominated culture [that] objectifies breasts before such a distancing glance that freezes and masters." [186] (#cite_note-186) The academic Wendy Burns-Ardolino wrote in 2007 that women's decision to wear bras is mediated by the " male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) ". [187] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32-187) Health [ edit ] Fit [ edit ] Some women experience generalized breast discomfort and tenderness from fibrocystic breast changes (/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes) , and their breast tissue is often described as "lumpy", "rope-like", or "doughy". [188] (#cite_note-NEJM2005-188) Doctors often recommend that women wear a well-fitted, supportive bra to help resolve the symptoms. [189] (#cite_note-189) [190] (#cite_note-Fer2019-190) Exercise [ edit ] Swimsuit sports bra Biomechanical studies have demonstrated that, depending on the activity and the size of a woman's breast, when she walks or runs braless, her breasts may move up and down by 4 to 18 centimetres (1.6 to 7.1 in) or more, and also oscillate side to side. [191] (#cite_note-nhsuk-191) Researchers have also found that as women's breast size increased, they took part in less physical activity, especially vigorous exercise. Few very-large-breasted women jogged, for example. To avoid exercise-related discomfort and pain, medical experts suggest women wear a well-fitted sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) during activity. [191] (#cite_note-nhsuk-191) Breast sagging [ edit ] Women sometimes wear bras because they mistakenly believe they prevent breasts from sagging ( ptosis (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) ) as they get older. [192] (#cite_note-burn-192) Physicians, lingerie retailers, teenagers, and adult women used to believe that bras were medically required to support breasts. In a 1952 article in Parents' Magazine , Frank H. Crowell erroneously reported that it was important for teen girls to begin wearing bras early. According to Crowell, this would prevent sagging breasts, stretched blood vessels, and poor circulation later on. [193] (#cite_note-brumberg-193) This belief was based on the false idea that breasts cannot anatomically support themselves. [192] (#cite_note-burn-192) [194] (#cite_note-007b_Breast-194) A 2013 study by Jean-Denis Rouillon said that wearing a bra may actually weaken supportive tissue. [195] (#cite_note-195) Bra manufacturers are careful to claim that bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn. [194] (#cite_note-007b_Breast-194) [196] (#cite_note-cawthorne-196) The key factors influencing breast ptosis (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) over a woman's lifetime are cigarette (/wiki/Cigarette) smoking, her number of pregnancies (/wiki/Gravidity) , gravity (/wiki/Gravity) , higher body mass index (/wiki/Body_mass_index) , larger bra cup size, and significant weight gain and loss. [197] (#cite_note-thompson-197) [198] (#cite_note-:0-198) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Basque (clothing) (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Handbra (/wiki/Handbra) , covering the breasts with one's hands Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Pasties (/wiki/Pasties) References [ edit ] Notes ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Empire Corset". Evening Herald . Syracuse. March 1893. Still of course the short-waisted gowns mean short-waisted corsets and those ladies who wish to be in the real absolute fashion are adopting for evening wear the six-inch straight boned band or brassiere which Sarah Bernhardt made a necessity with her directoire gowns. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Brassiere" (http://angelasancartier.net/brassiere) . Clothing and Fashion Encyclopedia . 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043157/http://angelasancartier.net/brassiere) from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Apsan 2006 (#CITEREFApsan2006) , p. 186. ^ (#cite_ref-NYMag_4-0) Berry, Cheree (2007). "Boom and Busts" (http://nymag.com/guides/everything/bras/41548/) . New York . Vol. 40, no. 44. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203101106/http://nymag.com/guides/everything/bras/41548/) from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-USA_Today_5-0) Mendehlson, Matt (4 December 2007). "The Bra Has Held up Famously for 100 years" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-12-03-bra-history_n.htm) . USA Today . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141116203446/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-12-03-bra-history_n.htm) from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-words_6-0) Quinion, Michael. "Brassiere" (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bra5.htm) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927180544/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bra5.htm) from the original on 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 November 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) US patent 1115674 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1115674) , Mary Phelps Jacob, "Backless Brassiere", issued 1914-November-3 ^ (#cite_ref-duron_8-0) Duron, Alexandra. "History of the Bra" (http://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/bra-history) . Women's Health . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121209031941/http://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/bra-history) from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page XI, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 81, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "A Brief History of the Bra" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a15269/history-of-the-bra/) . ELLE . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-JFields_12-0) Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 75, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ Jump up to: a b c Riordan, Teresa (28 October 2002). "Patents; In bra technology, an incremental improvement can translate into comfort" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090423032636/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all) . The New York Times . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all) on 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) US patent 494397 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US494397) , Marie Tucek, "Breast Supporter", issued 1893-03-28 ^ Jump up to: a b c Wells, Jacquelyn. "The History of Lingerie [INFOGRAPHIC]" (http://blog.herroom.com/infographic/history-lingerie-infographic/) . HerRoom. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140219022053/http://blog.herroom.com/infographic/history-lingerie-infographic/) from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) ἀπόδεσμος (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=a%29po%2Fdesmos&lang=greek) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-17) στηθοδέσμη (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716230402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh) 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-18) μαστόδεσμος (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140718002742/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos) 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-19) μαστόδετον (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716221456/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton) 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeoty18939_20-0) Leoty 1893 (#CITEREFLeoty1893) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "The Figure and Corsets. Mataura Ensign (New Zealand) November 11, 1887" (http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151103190025/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all) from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Medieval Bras Discovered at Austrian Castle" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle) . The Guardian . Associated Press. 18 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131017224851/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle) from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Jahn, George (19 July 2012). "600-Year-Old Linen Bras Found in Austrian Castle" (https://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html) . Yahoo! News . Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222209/http://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "600-Year-Old Bras Uncovered in Austrian Castle" (http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/07/600-year-old-bras-uncovered-in-austrian-castle) . ABC News . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Correspondent, D. C. (4 November 2014). "100 years of everyone's favourite undergarment" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141104/lifestyle-health-and-wellbeing/article/100-years-everyones-favourite-undergarment) . Deccan Chronicle (/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle) . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b McGhee, Deirdre (5 November 2014). "The story of … the bra" (https://theconversation.com/the-story-of-the-bra-32169) . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Our story - Cadolle" (https://www.cadolle.com/en/content/14-our-story) . www.cadolle.com . Retrieved 28 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Brassiere (origin of name)" (http://www.snopes.com/business/origins/bra.asp) . Snopes.com Urban Legends. November 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farrell-Beck & Gau 2002 (#CITEREFFarrell-BeckGau2002) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Hardt, Christine (1899) German Patent 110888A (https://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=DE000000110888A) . dpma.de ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Vom Korsett zum Büstenhalter" (http://www.wirtemberg.de/sigmund-lindauer.htm) (in German). wirtemberg.de . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Lyon Sussmann und die "Hautana" (https://zeitreise-bb.de/hautana/) " (https://zeitreise-bb.de/hautana/) (in German). Zeitreise. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Thomas, Pauline Weston (September 2004). "Bra History: Bras and Girdles" (http://www.fashion-era.com/bras_and_girdles.htm) . Fashion-Era.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110111143703/http://www.fashion-era.com/bras_and_girdles.htm) from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2005111_34-0) Jenkins 2005 (#CITEREFJenkins2005) , p. 111. ^ (#cite_ref-Napoleon_35-0) Napoleon, Anthony (2003). "Wardrobe" (https://books.google.com/books?id=AyJLqNcfM3IC&q=history+underwire+bra&pg=PA130) . Awakening Beauty: An Illustrated Look at Mankind's Love and Hatred of Beauty (Illustrated ed.). Virtual Bookworm Publishing. pp. 31, 130–131. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58939-378-3 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kanner_36-0) Kanner, Bernice (12 December 1983). "The Bra's not for Burning" (https://books.google.com/books?id=KdgBAAAAMBAJ&q=history+underwire+bra+1938&pg=RA1-PA29) . New York Magazine . Vol. 16, no. 49. pp. 26–30. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-7369 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369) . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seigel_37-0) Seigel, Jessica (13 February 2004). "The Cups Runneth Over" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/the-cups-runneth-over.html?pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-divide_38-0) Daphne Merkin, " The Great Divide (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/style/tmagazine/TW1792179.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0) ", New York Times , August 28, 2005 ^ (#cite_ref-39) Debbie Wells, 1940's Style Guide , page 33, CreateSpace, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781460916889 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781460916889) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Amy Wallace, California or Bust , page 43, Los Angeles Magazine, Vol. 47, No. 1, ISSN 1522-9149 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patricia O'Grady, The Guide to Breast Reconstruction , page 85, AuthorHouse, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781491866924 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491866924) ^ (#cite_ref-42) Jene' Luciani, The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra , page 32, BenBella Books, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781933771946 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933771946) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "31 Types of Bras Every Woman Should Know - A Complete Guide" (https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/types-of-bra/) . STYLECRAZE . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Jene Luciani (2013). The Bra Book , page 14, BenBella Books Inc., 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) ^ (#cite_ref-45) Dennis Bingham, Whose Lives Are They Anyway? , page 341, Rutgers University Press, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813549309 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813549309) ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Julia Roberts' Erin Brockovich lingerie up for sale" (https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/472335/Julia-Roberts-Erin-Brockovich-lingerie-up-for-sale) . Express.co.uk . 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farrell-Beck & Gau 2002 (#CITEREFFarrell-BeckGau2002) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201073_48-0) Farrell-Beck & Gau 2002 (#CITEREFFarrell-BeckGau2002) ; Steele 2010 (#CITEREFSteele2010) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201056,_81_49-0) Farrell-Beck & Gau 2002 (#CITEREFFarrell-BeckGau2002) ; Steele 2010 (#CITEREFSteele2010) , p. 56, 81. ^ Jump up to: a b Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page 144, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ (#cite_ref-51) Aleesha Harris, The Fit Fight (https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20170128/281981787309739) , Press Reader, 2017-01-28 ^ Jump up to: a b Cora Harrington, In Intimate Detail: How to Choose, Wear, and Love Lingerie , page 64, Rodale, 2018, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780399580642 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399580642) ^ (#cite_ref-53) Kathryn Kemp-Griffin, Paris Undressed: The Secrets of French Lingerie , page 34, Atlantic Books, 2017, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781952535901 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781952535901) ^ (#cite_ref-54) Jene Luciani (2013). The Bra Book , page 34, BenBella Books Inc., 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) ^ (#cite_ref-55) Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page 141, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ Jump up to: a b c Sam Stall, Lou Harry and Julia Spalding, The Encyclopedia of Guilty Pleasures , page 308, Quirk Books, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781931686549 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931686549) ^ (#cite_ref-57) Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page 167, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ (#cite_ref-58) Jene Luciani (2013). The Bra Book , page 35, BenBella Books Inc., 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Sara Lee sells European branded apparel business" (http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/stories/2006/02/06/daily11.html) . The Business Journal of the Greater Triad Area . 6 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Sun Capital Partners Press Release" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071013182504/http://suncappart.com/index.php?page=pressreleases2&press=92) . Sun Capital Partners. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.suncappart.com/index.php?page=pressreleases2&press=92) on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Marcelo M. Soares and Francesco Rebelo, Advances in Usability Evaluation , page 621, CRC Press, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781439870242 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439870242) ^ (#cite_ref-62) "The bra: An uplifting tale" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150220-the-bra-an-uplifting-tale) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Reporter, Standard (21 November 2014). "Eva Herzigova: Wonderbra ad empowered women" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/eva-herzigova-wonderbra-ad-empowered-women-9875267.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-WONDERBRA_64-0) National Cleavage Day (http://www.wonderbra.co.za/nationalcleavageday.aspx) Archived (https://archive.today/20070406222144/http://www.wonderbra.co.za/nationalcleavageday.aspx) 6 April 2007 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) Wonderbra.co.za ^ (#cite_ref-IOLTSDJFYC_65-0) There's a special day just for your cleavage (http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20020404112258488C41228) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090407082434/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20020404112258488C41228) 7 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Independent Online ^ (#cite_ref-Pelling_66-0) Pelling, Rowan. "100 years of the bra - a girl's best friend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200822192605/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10357764/100-years-of-the-bra-a-girls-best-friend.html) . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10357764/100-years-of-the-bra-a-girls-best-friend.html) on 22 August 2020 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Vogue's fashion encyclopaedia: The history of the bra" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/bra-history-origin-victorias-secret-marilyn-monroe-vogue-encyclopaedia) . Vogue India . 22 August 2019 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Daniel Delis Hill, As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising , page 153, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896726161 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896726161) ^ (#cite_ref-69) Jene Luciani (2013). The Bra Book , page 183, BenBella Books Inc., 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kehaulani, Sara (10 December 2004). "Functional Fashion Helps Some Through Airport Checkpoints" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2004/12/10/AR2005033112495_pf.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . p. 2 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-madaras_71-0) Madaras, Lynda (2007). The "what's happening to my body?" book for girls (Third ed.). Newmarket Press (/wiki/Newmarket_Press) . pp. 48–50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55704-764-9 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Bonnie August and Ellen Count, Looking Thin , page 63, Rawson Associates, 1982, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780892562220 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892562220) ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Charnos takes the plunge with a brand new bra" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200425080842/https://www.just-style.com/analysis/charnos-takes-the-plunge-with-a-brand-new-bra_id92918.aspx) . UK: Aroq Ltd. 25 October 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.just-style.com/article.aspx?id=92918) on 25 April 2020 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Boom in Bras as Women Go Busty" (http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16236813&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=boom-in-bras-as-women-go-busty-name_page.html) . Daily Record (/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)) . 12 October 2005 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mintel_75-0) "Lingerie – UK – September 2005 – Market Research Report" (http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/reports/display/id=125741) . Mintel (/wiki/Mintel) . September 2005 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Jene Luciani (2013). The Bra Book , page 122, BenBella Books Inc., 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) ^ (#cite_ref-77) Baker, Alicia Lansom,Ebony-Renee. "Trade In Your Underwired Bra For Something A Little More Comfortable" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/comfortable-underwear) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-78) Safe, Georgina (6 February 2020). "Cup half full: the lingerie brands ditching padding and underwire" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/feb/07/cup-half-full-the-lingerie-brands-ditching-padding-and-underwire) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dyett, Linda (31 July 2019). "The Bralette Is Back. This Time Blouses Are Optional" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/31/fashion/bralettes-bras-no-underwire.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) VerityJohnson, Woke millennials didn't kill Victoria's Secret, pale stale males did (https://www.stuff.co.nz/opinion/119318478/woke-millennials-didnt-kill-victorias-secret-pale-stale-males-did) , Stuff , 2020-02-07 ^ (#cite_ref-81) Finnigan, Kate (8 July 2020). "Soft focus: the new lingerie evolution" (https://www.ft.com/content/69ef346e-6ccf-451b-bee2-03bdf4b77a02) . Financial Times . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Say Goodbye to Underwire Bras that Poke and Prod" (https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/clothing/bra-reviews/g32406007/best-bralettes/) . Good Housekeeping . 29 January 2024 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Deron, Bernadette (27 June 2020). "Mae Plunge Racerback Bralette That You Wish You Bought Sooner" (https://www.usmagazine.com/shop-with-us/news/mae-plunge-racerback-lace-bralette-comfy-bra-amazon-fashion/) . Us Weekly . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "19 bralettes that are equal parts comfy, sexy and supportive" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/fashion/style/g31927197/bralette/) . Cosmopolitan . 16 July 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) "This $20 Bralette Actually Supports My Big Boobs" (https://www.nylon.com/old-navy-bralette-review) . Nylon . 27 September 2019 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chen, LaBat & Bye 2010 (#CITEREFChenLaBatBye2010) . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Bengtson, Bradley P.; Glicksman, Caroline A. (October 2015). "The Standardization of Bra Cup Measurements: Redefining Bra Sizing Language". Clinics in Plastic Surgery . 42 (4): 405–411. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.cps.2015.06.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cps.2015.06.002) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26408432 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408432) . ^ (#cite_ref-cope_88-0) Cope, Samantha (26 April 2013). "Are you wearing the right bra? We go back to boob school" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/you-wearing-right-bra-go-1822813) . Mirror. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210917/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/you-wearing-right-bra-go-1822813) from the original on 12 November 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) "Vanity Bra Sizing: How Popular Bra Retailers Are Misleading Women" (https://www.kirbyplasticsurgery.com/popular/vanity-bra-sizing-how-popular-bra-retailers-are-misleading-women/) . Kirby Plastic Surgery . 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holson, Laura M. (8 April 2009). "Women Are Shocked by Their New Bra Size" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/fashion/09bra.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180711204922/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/fashion/09bra.html) from the original on 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Foreman, Katya (20 February 2015). "The Bra: An Uplifting Tale" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150220-the-bra-an-uplifting-tale) . BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151009025019/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150220-the-bra-an-uplifting-tale) from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Franklin, Deborah (October 1992). "Vanities: Femininity's Seamy Underside". Health . Vol. 6, no. 6. San Francisco: Time. pp. 24–30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bra Finder One Hanes Place Bra Glossary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111117190216/http://www.onehanesplace.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/hanesb_BraGlossary_10151_-1_11001) . Hanesbrands Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.onehanesplace.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/hanesb_BraGlossary_10151_-1_11001) on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-gale_94-0) "Gale's How Products Are Made: How Is a Brassiere Made?" (http://www.answers.com/topic/brassiere) . Answers.com (/wiki/Answers.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110228203823/http://www.answers.com/topic/brassiere) from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Charnos takes the plunge with a brand new bra" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200425080842/https://www.just-style.com/analysis/charnos-takes-the-plunge-with-a-brand-new-bra_id92918.aspx) . Aroq Ltd. 25 October 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.just-style.com/article.aspx?id=92918) on 25 April 2020 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . The underwired bra accounts for 60 per cent of the market, but women with average or fuller busts must wonder why it is so popular. It is uncomfortable, non-machine washable, and difficult to make, but there has been nothing to replace it ^ (#cite_ref-96) Dyett, Linda (31 July 2019). "The Bralette Is Back. This Time Blouses Are Optional" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/31/fashion/bralettes-bras-no-underwire.html) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b Luciani 2009 (#CITEREFLuciani2009) , p. 224. ^ Jump up to: a b King, Stephanie (1 June 2005). "Doreen: The Bra That Conquered the World" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/doreen-the-bra-that-conquered-the-world-492762.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171004084753/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/doreen-the-bra-that-conquered-the-world-492762.html) from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-bravissimo_fit_99-0) "Bravissimo – The Perfect Fit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110815083615/http://bravissimo.com/perfectfit/) . Archived from the original (http://www.bravissimo.com/perfectfit/) on 15 August 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-bra_fitting_services_100-0) Cohen, Tracey (2024). "Bra Sizing: Understanding The Complexity" (https://illusionslingerie.com.au/blogs/news/understanding-bra-sizing) . Illusions Lingerie . [ marketing material? ] ^ (#cite_ref-womens_hour_bras_101-0) "BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour – Bras" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2004_37_wed_02.shtml) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090403230830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2004_37_wed_02.shtml) from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Losken A, Fishman I, Denson DD, Moyer HR, Carlson GW (December 2005). "An objective evaluation of breast symmetry and shape differences using 3-dimensional images". Annals of Plastic Surgery . 55 (6): 571–5. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1097/01.sap.0000185459.49434.5f (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sap.0000185459.49434.5f) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16327452 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16327452) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 35994039 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35994039) . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Van Buren, Abagail (/wiki/Jeanne_Phillips) (11 May 2004). "Dear Abby: Women Tired of Shouldering Burden of Bad Bra Design" (http://www.uexpress.com/dearabby/?uc_full_date=20040511) . uexpress . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050532/http://www.uexpress.com/dearabby/?uc_full_date=20040511) from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2006_104-0) McGhee & Steele 2006 (#CITEREFMcGheeSteele2006) . ^ (#cite_ref-robson_105-0) Robson, Steve (11 September 2015). "Britain's Average Bra Size Has Grown as Region with the Biggest Boobs Is Revealed" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-average-bra-size-grown-6423192) . Daily Mirror . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151118093656/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-average-bra-size-grown-6423192) from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fisher, Alice (15 May 2010). "Why Are British Women's Breasts Getting Bigger?" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/16/womens-breasts-are-getting-bigger) . The Observer . London: Guardian Media Group. p. 44. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0029-7712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002833/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/16/womens-breasts-are-getting-bigger) from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2010WoodCameronFitzgerald2008_107-0) McGhee & Steele 2010 (#CITEREFMcGheeSteele2010) ; Wood, Cameron & Fitzgerald 2008 (#CITEREFWoodCameronFitzgerald2008) . ^ (#cite_ref-bbc2008_108-0) "Right Bra 'Could Halt Breast Ops' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7342144.stm) " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7342144.stm) . BBC News . 11 April 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080414210846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7342144.stm) from the original on 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) "Bra Facts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063038/http://www.thegreatbritishbrasurvey.co.uk/bra-facts/) . The Great British Bra Survey . Archived from the original (http://www.thegreatbritishbrasurvey.co.uk/bra-facts/) on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-fantasie_110-0) "Lingerie Bra Fitting Video" (http://www.fantasie.com/advice/ask_the_experts.aspx) . Fantasie. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101227102426/http://www.fantasie.com/advice/ask_the_experts.aspx) from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) "Bra fitting tips from the German bra fitting forum busenfreundinnen.net" (http://www.busenfreundinnen.net) . busenfreundinnen.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110223034303/http://busenfreundinnen.net/) from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) "10 Bra Mistakes You're Probably Making (And How To Fix Them)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/bra-mistakes-fix_n_3854055.html) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . 5 August 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150917011933/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/bra-mistakes-fix_n_3854055.html) from the original on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Krupnick, Ellie (21 January 2014). "You're Probably Wearing the Wrong Sports Bra" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/21/wrong-sports-bra_n_4590756.html) . The Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171008034443/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/21/wrong-sports-bra_n_4590756.html) from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) "Bravado Essential Nursing Bra Tank" (http://www.figure8maternity.com/viewItem.cfm?pid=103894) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101226192236/http://www.figure8maternity.com/viewItem.cfm?pid=103894) from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) US Patent Application No. 20070000009 (http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=netahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=20070000009.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070000009&RS=DN/20070000009) Stretchable Nursing Tank Top With Invisible Breast Support ^ (#cite_ref-116) Luciani, Jené (2017) The Bra Book , BenBella Books, ISBN 9781944648398 ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino2007_117-0) Burns-Ardolino 2007 (#CITEREFBurns-Ardolino2007) . ^ Jump up to: a b Scott 2010 (#CITEREFScott2010) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bullet Bras" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090419170432/http://lingerie.lovetoknow.com/Bullet_Bras) . LoveToKnow.com. Archived from the original (http://lingerie.lovetoknow.com/Bullet_Bras) on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vecchione_120-0) Vecchione, Lanajean (2004). "The Bra Advertising Gallery—Bra Ads" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090826031037/http://www.fashion-flashbacks.com/bra-ads.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashion-flashbacks.com/bra-ads.html) on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200732_121-0) Burns-Ardolino 2007 (#CITEREFBurns-Ardolino2007) , p. 32. ^ Jump up to: a b c Walsh, John (15 August 2007). "Breast Supporting Act: A Century of the Bra" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/breast-supporting-act-a-century-of-the-bra-5334510.html) . The Independent . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101134/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/breast-supporting-act-a-century-of-the-bra-5334510.html) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Komar, Marlen (7 August 2017). "The Surprising Feminist History Of The Sports Bra Will Make You Seriously Angry" (https://www.bustle.com/p/the-history-of-the-sports-bra-is-surprisingly-feminist-68920) . Bustle . Retrieved 22 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Distillations_124-0) Roberts, Jacob (2017). "Women's work" (https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/womens-work) . Distillations . 3 (1): 6–11 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-krucoff_125-0) Krucoff, Carol (9 August 1999). "Sports Bras Are a Bust for Some" (http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/09/health/he-63977) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090406170555/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/09/health/he-63977) from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) Dachille, Arielle. "10 Visible Bra Straps That Changed The World for the Better, a Definitive Ranking" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/33325-10-visible-bra-straps-that-changed-the-world-for-the-better-a-definitive-ranking) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092253/http://www.bustle.com/articles/33325-10-visible-bra-straps-that-changed-the-world-for-the-better-a-definitive-ranking) 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Bustle , 26 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-127) DelliCarpini, Gregory Jr. (3 December 2012). "Madonna's Iconic Cone Bra Sells for $52,000" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/473934/madonnas-iconic-cone-bra-sells-for-52000) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130820055259/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/473934/madonnas-iconic-cone-bra-sells-for-52000) from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) O'Connor, Maureen (2 July 2013). "Everyone Is Showing the Centers of Their Bras" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/07/everyone-is-showing-the-centers-of-their-bras.html) . New York . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130707050410/http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/07/everyone-is-showing-the-centers-of-their-bras.html) from the original on 7 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) Armstrong, Aurora Mackey (11 April 1991). "Underwear Is In" (http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-11/news/vl-307_1_bra-straps) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074751/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-11/news/vl-307_1_bra-straps) from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) "Bra Turns Hundred This Year" (http://www.lifeinitaly.com/fashion/bra-history.asp) . Life in Italy. 31 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130429151011/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/fashion/bra-history.asp) from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) "Show off Our Straps" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-08-14/news/0308140423_1_bra-straps-beads-spaghetti-strap-dress) . Chicago Tribune . 14 August 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211443/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-08-14/news/0308140423_1_bra-straps-beads-spaghetti-strap-dress) from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) Warren, Ellen (5 August 2010). "Playing Peekaboo" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-08-05/news/sc-cons-0805-ellen-warren-bra-straps-20100804_1_bra-straps-fashion-statement-underwear) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130823112019/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-08-05/news/sc-cons-0805-ellen-warren-bra-straps-20100804_1_bra-straps-fashion-statement-underwear) from the original on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-cosmor22Aug_133-0) Cardellino, Carly (25 July 2012). "How to Show Off Your Bra in Style" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/selena-gomez-shows-off-her-bra) . Cosmopolitan . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130716173007/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/selena-gomez-shows-off-her-bra) from the original on 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-adams_134-0) Adams, Stephen (13 November 2012). "Bad Back, Neck Pain and Headaches: The Perils of Wearing a Poorly Fitting Bra" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207230509/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9675935/Bad-back-neck-pain-and-headaches-the-perils-of-wearing-a-poorly-fitting-bra.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9675935/Bad-back-neck-pain-and-headaches-the-perils-of-wearing-a-poorly-fitting-bra.html) on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32Sischo200858_135-0) Burns-Ardolino 2007 (#CITEREFBurns-Ardolino2007) , pp. 30–32; Sischo 2008 (#CITEREFSischo2008) , p. 58. ^ (#cite_ref-136) Mallenbaum, Carly (19 July 2016). "Why Millennials are going braless" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2016/07/19/braless-millenials-bralette/87111292/) . USA TODAY . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084248/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2016/07/19/braless-millenials-bralette/87111292/) from the original on 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-mallenbaum_137-0) Mallenbaum, Carly (19 July 2016). "Why Millennials are going braless" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2016/07/19/braless-millenials-bralette/87111292/) . USA TODAY . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084248/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2016/07/19/braless-millenials-bralette/87111292/) from the original on 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-usigan_138-0) Usigan, Ysolt (25 April 2013). "The Results of Our Bra Survey: How Often Do You Wear a Bra and Wash Your Bras? Plus, How Much You Spend on One?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130502004716/http://dailysavings.allyou.com/2013/04/25/results-bra-survey/) . All You. Archived from the original (http://dailysavings.allyou.com/2013/04/25/results-bra-survey/) on 2 May 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-139) "Bra Cup Sizes—Getting Fitted with the Right Size" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100218132215/http://www.1stbras.com/Bra_Cup_Sizes.html) . 1stbras.com. Archived from the original (http://www.1stbras.com/Bra_Cup_Sizes.html) on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "The Right Bra" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090328083521/http://www.liv.com/right_bra.php) . Liv.com. Archived from the original (http://www.liv.com/right_bra.php) on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) "July 9, 2012 Is the Second Annual 'National No Bra Day' (http://kygl.com/july-9-2012-is-the-second-annual-national-no-bra-day/) " (http://kygl.com/july-9-2012-is-the-second-annual-national-no-bra-day/) . 9 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120815101041/http://kygl.com/july-9-2012-is-the-second-annual-national-no-bra-day/) from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-142) Gray, Emma (9 July 2012). "No Bra Day: Women Tweet About the Merits of Not Wearing Lingerie" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/09/no-bra-day-tweets-women_n_1659541.html) . Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120713060647/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/09/no-bra-day-tweets-women_n_1659541.html) from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) "National No Bra Day gains support, boosts spirits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120715235024/http://now.msn.com/national-no-bra-day-gains-support-boosts-spirits) . Archived from the original (https://now.msn.com/national-no-bra-day-gains-support-boosts-spirits) on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) Rubin, Courtney (18 March 2021). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/style/underwear-women-dont-want-to-be-harnessed-anymore.html) 'Women Don't Want to Be Harnessed Anymore.' (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/style/underwear-women-dont-want-to-be-harnessed-anymore.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/style/underwear-women-dont-want-to-be-harnessed-anymore.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hooked on Bra Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150701133030/http://www.times.co.nz/news/hooked-on-bra-collection.html) . Times of New Zealand. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.times.co.nz/news/hooked-on-bra-collection.html) on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hinson, Tamara (1 April 2012). "The Breast Way to Support Women in Africa" (http://metro.co.uk/2012/04/01/the-breast-way-to-support-women-in-africa-373675/) . Metro. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150710174809/http://metro.co.uk/2012/04/01/the-breast-way-to-support-women-in-africa-373675/) from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Frip Ethique" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150725113024/https://bosomgalore.com/frip-ethique/) . Bosom Galore Lingerie . Archived from the original (https://bosomgalore.com/frip-ethique/) on 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-haxton_148-0) Haxton, Nance (25 May 2011). "Fijian Bra Program Sparks Charity Debate" (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-02/fijian-bra-program-sparks-charity-debate/461632) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150702235008/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-02/fijian-bra-program-sparks-charity-debate/461632) from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-149) "Uplift Bras" (http://www.upliftbras.org/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150803091250/http://www.upliftbras.org/) from the original on 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fouettées pour un soutien-gorge" (http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2009/10/16/008-somalie-soutien-gorge.shtml) [Lashes for a Bra]. Radio-Canada Info (in French). Société Radio-Canada. Reuters. 16 October 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120916010907/http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2009/10/16/008-somalie-soutien-gorge.shtml) from the original on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) "Somali Islamists Whip Women for Wearing Bras" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170211120303/http://af.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idAFTRE59F1K420091016?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0) . Reuters . 16 October 2009. Archived from the original (https://af.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idAFTRE59F1K420091016?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0) on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Victoria's Secrets: 6 Surprising Bra Stats" (http://www.redbookmag.com/beauty-fashion/tips-advice/fun-bra-facts) . Redbook Magazine. 16 September 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120103161009/http://www.redbookmag.com/beauty-fashion/tips-advice/fun-bra-facts) from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActonAdamsPacker200638_153-0) Acton, Adams & Packer 2006 (#CITEREFActonAdamsPacker2006) , p. 38. ^ Jump up to: a b Graham, Erika (22 July 2013). "The Average American Bra Size Is Now a 34 DD" (http://racked.com/archives/2013/07/22/bra-size-increase.php) . Racked . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130822201653/http://racked.com/archives/2013/07/22/bra-size-increase.php) from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-crook_155-0) Crook, Nicola Rodney (16 September 2015). "The Great British Bra Survey Results" (http://www.brasandhoney.com/blog/2015/09/16/the-great-british-bra-survey-results/) . Bras and Honey. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151118194052/http://www.brasandhoney.com/blog/2015/09/16/the-great-british-bra-survey-results/) from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Jones, Hardy (9 February 2012). "Larger Breast Size, Obesity and Diabetes Tied to Estrogen-Mimicking Pollutants" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hardy-jones/toxic-chemicals-fish_b_1258231.html) . The Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131111125340/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hardy-jones/toxic-chemicals-fish_b_1258231.html) from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Watson, Noshua. "MAS Holdings: Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry" (http://www.unprme.org/reports/masholdingsfinalinseadcasefeb28th2006.pdf) (PDF) . INSEAD. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160108235002/http://www.unprme.org/reports/masholdingsfinalinseadcasefeb28th2006.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-158) "Average Price of Bras and Knickers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2012 and 2014* (in GBP)" (http://www.statista.com/statistics/427019/bras-and-knickers-average-price-united-kingdom-uk/) . Statistica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150702162122/http://www.statista.com/statistics/427019/bras-and-knickers-average-price-united-kingdom-uk/) from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Mungai, Christine (14 November 2014). "The Plus-Size tax: Women Who Buy Bigger Bras Tend to Spend More, So What Does It Reveal About Africa?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150702160840/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-11-13-the-plus-size-tax-women-who-buy-bigger-bra-sizes-tend-to-spend-more) . Mail and Guardian Africa. Archived from the original (http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-11-13-the-plus-size-tax-women-who-buy-bigger-bra-sizes-tend-to-spend-more) on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-seanjohn_160-0) "Sean John Setisa Report" (http://www.nlcnet.org/article.php?id=103) . National Labor Committee (/wiki/National_Labor_Committee) . October 2003. Archived (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070522173501/http://www.nlcnet.org/article.php?id%3D103) from the original on 22 May 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-161) "The Dirty Secret Behind Jeans and Bras" (http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/stories/toxics/2010/textile-pollution-xintang-gurao/) . 1 December 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150711065413/http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/stories/toxics/2010/textile-pollution-xintang-gurao/) from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dow 2003 (#CITEREFDow2003) . ^ Jump up to: a b Duffett, Judith (October 1968). "WLM vs. Miss America". Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement . p. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-164) Boucher, John L. (8 September 1968). "Bra-Burners Blitz Boardwalk". (Atlantic City) Press . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010109–110_165-0) Campbell 2010 (#CITEREFCampbell2010) , pp. 109–110. ^ Jump up to: a b Collins 2003 (#CITEREFCollins2003) . ^ (#cite_ref-Greenfieldboyce_167-0) Greenfieldboyce, Nell (5 September 2008). "Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth" (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94240375&from=mobile) . NPR. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121109083508/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94240375&from=mobile) from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-168) "Rush Blasts Greenstone" (http://radioequalizer.blogspot.com/2006/09/rush-limbaugh-gloria-steinem-jane.html) . Radio Equalizer. 14 September 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231246/http://radioequalizer.blogspot.com/2006/09/rush-limbaugh-gloria-steinem-jane.html) from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-169) "The So-Called 'Ginsburg Standard' (http://heuriskein.blogspot.com/2006/01/so-called-ginsburg-standard.html) " (http://heuriskein.blogspot.com/2006/01/so-called-ginsburg-standard.html) . heuriskein. 9 January 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231251/http://heuriskein.blogspot.com/2006/01/so-called-ginsburg-standard.html) from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-jockburning_170-0) "Search for Male Contraceptive Makes Gains" (http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-31/news/mn-29889_1_male-contraception) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 31 July 1995. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150217063442/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-31/news/mn-29889_1_male-contraception) from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornblum2011_171-0) Kornblum 2011 (#CITEREFKornblum2011) . ^ (#cite_ref-172) Shearer, Violet A. "Motherhood, Feminism and the Graveyard of Unwearable Bras" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073458/http://www.hipmama.com/node/755) . Archived from the original (http://www.hipmama.com/node/755) on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDow2003130_173-0) Dow 2003 (#CITEREFDow2003) , p. 130. ^ (#cite_ref-174) Douglas, Susan (/wiki/Susan_J._Douglas) (1994). Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media . New York: Random House. p. 160. Cited in Dow 2003 (#CITEREFDow2003) , p. 130. ^ (#cite_ref-175) Loughran, Jane (11 January 2005). "You Don't Have to Be a Bra-Burning Feminist to Want to Keep Your Name" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230647/http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?id=299050) . News & Star. Archived from the original (http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?id=299050) on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-176) Williams, Ginny (October 1996). "Women of Goodwill" (http://menz.org.nz/menz-issues/october-1996) . MENZ Issues . Vol. 1, no. 4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180717013212/https://menz.org.nz/menz-issues/october-1996/) from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2005Spongberg1993_177-0) Campo 2005 (#CITEREFCampo2005) ; Spongberg 1993 (#CITEREFSpongberg1993) . ^ (#cite_ref-178) Lee, Jennifer (11 June 2014). "Feminism Has a Bra-Burning Myth Problem" (http://time.com/2853184/feminism-has-a-bra-burning-myth-problem) . Time . New York. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180723220901/http://time.com/2853184/feminism-has-a-bra-burning-myth-problem/) from the original on 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDow1999_179-0) Dow 1999 (#CITEREFDow1999) . ^ (#cite_ref-burnbra_180-0) "Red Hot Mamas (bra-burning)" (http://www.snopes.com/history/american/burnbra.htm) . Snopes.com Urban Legends. 27 November 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps187379_181-0) Phelps 1873 (#CITEREFPhelps1873) , p. 79. ^ (#cite_ref-dangermouth_182-0) Merritt, Stephanie (/wiki/Stephanie_Merritt) (5 October 2003). "Danger Mouth" (http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,1057077,00.html) . The Observer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080418060254/http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,1057077,00.html) from the original on 18 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-183) "German Greer Biography" (http://www.biographyonline.net/writers/germaine-greer.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110818073844/http://www.biographyonline.net/writers/germaine-greer.html) from the original on 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-184) Greer, Germaine (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) (2001) [1970]. The Female Eunuch . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-374-52762-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Young 2005 (#CITEREFYoung2005) , p. 192. ^ (#cite_ref-186) Cited in Burns-Ardolino 2007 (#CITEREFBurns-Ardolino2007) , p. 31. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32_187-0) Burns-Ardolino 2007 (#CITEREFBurns-Ardolino2007) , pp. 30–32. ^ (#cite_ref-NEJM2005_188-0) Santen, RJ; Mansel, R (21 July 2005). "Benign breast disorders". The New England Journal of Medicine . 353 (3): 275–85. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1056/NEJMra035692 (https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra035692) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16034013 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034013) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 438770 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:438770) . ^ (#cite_ref-189) "Fibrosis and Simple Cysts in the Breast \| American Cancer Society" (https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibrosis-and-simple-cysts-in-the-breast.html) . www.cancer.org . Retrieved 10 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fer2019_190-0) Ferri, Fred F. (2018). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019: 5 Books in 1 . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 548. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780323550765 . ^ Jump up to: a b "How a well-fitted sports bra can reduce breast pain" (https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/right-sports-bra-can-reduce-breast-pain/) . nhs.uk . 30 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Don't burn your bra just yet" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/dont-burn-your-bra-just-yet-622008.html) . The Independent . 22 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180717232012/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/dont-burn-your-bra-just-yet-622008.html) from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-brumberg_193-0) Brumberg, Joan Jacobs (1998). The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls . Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 336. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-679-73529-1 . Archived from the original (http://course1.winona.msus.edu/pjohnson/e111/e111f99/brumberg.htm) on 28 March 2002. ^ Jump up to: a b "Female Intelligence Agency: Why Do Women Wear Bras?" (http://www.007b.com/why_wear_bras.php) . 007b Breast. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110831044824/http://www.007b.com/why_wear_bras.php) from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "French scientist bemused by buzz over bra research" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-bras/french-scientist-bemused-by-buzz-over-bra-research-idUSBRE93B0Y020130412) . Reuters . 12 April 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-cawthorne_196-0) Cawthorne, Simon (November 2000). "Bras, the Bare Facts" (http://breathing.com/articles/brassieres-2.htm) . Channel 4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120713004943/http://breathing.com/articles/brassieres-2.htm) from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-thompson_197-0) Rinker, B.; Veneracion, M.; Walsh, C. (2008). "The Effect of Breastfeeding on Breast Aesthetics" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2008.07.004) . Aesthetic Surgery Journal . 28 (5): 534–537. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2008.07.004) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19083576 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19083576) . Andrea Thompson (2 November 2007). "Breastfeeding Does Not Make Breasts Sag, Study Suggests" (http://www.livescience.com/1998-breastfeeding-breasts-sag-study-suggests.html) . LiveScience . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120703153917/http://www.livescience.com/1998-breastfeeding-breasts-sag-study-suggests.html) from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_198-0) Rinker, Brian; Veneracion, Melissa; Walsh, Catherine P. (May 2010). "Breast ptosis: causes and cure". Annals of Plastic Surgery . 64 (5): 579–584. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181c39377 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSAP.0b013e3181c39377) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1536-3708 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1536-3708) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20354434 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354434) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 8953778 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8953778) . Bibliography Acton, Johnny (/wiki/John_Lyon-Dalberg-Acton,_5th_Baron_Acton) ; Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006). Origin of Everyday Things . New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4027-4302-3 . Apsan, Rebecca (2006). The Lingerie Handbook . New York: Workman Publishing Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7611-4323-9 . Burns-Ardolino, Wendy (2007). Jiggle: (Re)Shaping American Women . Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7391-1299-1 . Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-26209-6 . Campo, Natasha (2005). " 'Having It All' or 'Had Enough'? Blaming Feminism in the Age and the Sydney Morning Herald , 1980–2004". Journal of Australian Studies . 28 (84): 63–72. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/14443050509387992 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14443050509387992) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1835-6419 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1835-6419) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145446215 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145446215) . Chen, Chin-Man; LaBat, Karen; Bye, Elizabeth (2010). "Physical Characteristics Related to Bra Fit". Ergonomics . 53 (4): 514–24. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00140130903490684 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140130903490684) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20309747 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20309747) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 11425741 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11425741) . Collins, Gail (/wiki/Gail_Collins) (2003). America's Women: Four Hundred Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines . New York: HarperCollins. Dow, Bonnie J. (1999). "Spectacle, Spectatorship, and Gender Anxiety in Television News Coverage of the 1970 Women's Strike for Equality". Communication Studies . 50 (2): 143–157. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10510979909388481 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10510979909388481) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1745-1035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-1035) . Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology" (http://www.public.asu.edu/~kleong/missamericacommodificationfeminist.pdf) (PDF) . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . 6 (1): 127–149. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/rap.2003.0028 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2003.0028) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1094-8392 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8392) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41939812 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41939812) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143094250 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143094250) . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Farrell-Beck, Jane; Gau, Colleen (2002). Uplift: The Bra in America . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8122-3643-9 . Jenkins, Simon P. R. (2005). Sports Science Handbook: The Essential Guide to Kinesiology, Sport and Exercise Science . Vol. 1. Multi-Science Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-906522-36-3 . Kornblum, William (2011). Sociology in a Changing World (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-111-30157-6 . Leoty, Ernest (1893). Le Corset à travers les âges (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Corset_%C3%A0_travers_les_%C3%A2ges) [ The Corset Through the Ages ] (in French). Paris: Paul Ollendorf – via Wikisource. Luciani, Jene (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra . Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 . McGhee, D. E.; Steele, J. R. (2006). "How Do Respiratory State and Measurement Method Affect Bra Size Calculations?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577461) . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 40 (12): 970–974. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.025171 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2005.025171) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2577461 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577461) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17021004 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17021004) . McGhee, Deirdre E.; Steele, Julie R. (2010). "Optimising Breast Support in Female Patients Through Correct Bra Fit: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport . 13 (6): 568–572. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsams.2010.03.003) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20451452 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20451452) . Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward) (1873). What to Wear? . Boston, Massachusetts: James R. Osgood and Company. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 09022399 (https://lccn.loc.gov/09022399) . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Scott, Lesley (2010). Lingerie: A Modern Guide . London: Quantum Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7858-2672-9 . Sischo, Lacey (2008). Women's Experiences with Breast Augmentation and Reconstruction: Bodies, Emotions, and the Self (PhD dissertation). Tallahassee, Florida: Florida State University. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-549-94998-5 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Spongberg, Mary (1993). "If She's So Great, How Come So Many Pigs Dig Her? Germaine Greer and the Malestream Press" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029300200036) . Women's History Review . 2 (3): 407–419. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/09612029300200036 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029300200036) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1747-583X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1747-583X) . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-592-0 . Wood, Katherine; Cameron, Melainie; Fitzgerald, Kylie (2008). "Breast Size, Bra Fit and Thoracic Pain in Young Women: A Correlational Study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275741) . Chiropractic & Osteopathy . 16 : 1. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/1746-1340-16-1 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-1340-16-1) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2275741 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275741) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18339205 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18339205) . Young, Iris Marion (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) (2005). On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays . New York: Oxford University Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/0195161920.001.0001 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195161920.001.0001) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-516192-2 . Further reading Casselman, Anne (2005). "The Physics of Bras" (http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/physics-of-bras) . Discover . Vol. 26, no. 11. Chicago. pp. 18–19. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0274-7529 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0274-7529) . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Eisenberg, Ted; Eisenberg, Joyne K. (2012). The Scoop on Breasts: A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Incompra Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9857249-0-0 . Ewing, Elizabeth (1971). Fashion in Underwear . London: Batsford. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7134-0857-7 . Freeman, Susan K. (2004). "In Style: Femininity and Fashion Since the Victorian Era". Journal of Women's History . 16 (4): 191–206. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/jowh.2004.0081 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2004.0081) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1527-2036 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145072148 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145072148) . " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7136248.stm) 'Intelligent Bra' Battles Bounce" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7136248.stm) . BBC News . 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Love, Susan M. (/wiki/Susan_Love) ; Lindsey, Karen (2000). Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7382-0235-8 . Pedersen, Stephanie (2004). Bra: A Thousand Years of Style, Support and Seduction . Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7153-2067-9 . Seigel, Jessica (13 February 2004). "The Cups Runneth Over" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/the-cups-runneth-over.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (1998). " Le Corset : A Material Culture Analysis of a Deluxe French Book". The Yale Journal of Criticism . 11 (1): 29–38. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/yale.1998.0023 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fyale.1998.0023) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1080-6636 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6636) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 161904223 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161904223) . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (2001). The Corset: A Cultural History . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-09953-9 . Stoppard, Miriam (/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard) (1996). The Breast Book: The Essential Guide to Breast Care & Breast Health for Women of All Ages . New York: DK Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7894-0420-6 . Summers, Leigh (2001). Bound to Please: A History of the Victorian Corset . Oxford: Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-510-7 . Warner, Lucien T. (1948). Always Starting Things: Through 75 Eventful Years . Bridgeport, Connecticut: Warner Brothers. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 7054524 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7054524) . Yu, W.; Fan, J.; Harlock, S. C.; Ng, S. P. (2006). Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel . Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8493-9105-7 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassieres (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brassieres) . US PAT No. 2,433 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US24033) —1859 Combined breast pads and arm-pit shield US PAT No. 844,242 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US844242) —1907 Bust supporter US PAT No. 1,115,674 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US1115674) —1914 Mary Phelps Jacob's (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) Brassiere v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) Bra at Wikipedia's sister projects : Definitions (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bra) from Wiktionary Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brassieres) from Commons Texts (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Bra) from Wikisource Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13716) from Wikidata Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12327985r) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12327985r) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4692910-1) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282528605171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016492) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph814508&CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qlnt9 Cached time: 20240720164234 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.853 seconds Real time usage: 2.132 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 18602/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 445094/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14065/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 40/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 730483/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.113/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20122655/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 180 ms 15.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 160 ms 13.3% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 140 ms 11.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 120 ms 10.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 60 ms 5.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::sub 60 ms 5.0% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 60 ms 5.0% select_one <Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426> 60 ms 5.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements 40 ms 3.3% <mw.lua:694> 40 ms 3.3% [others] 280 ms 23.3% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1808.840 1 -total 43.51% 786.985 1 Template:Reflist 15.38% 278.141 80 Template:Cite_web 10.74% 194.316 37 Template:Cite_news 8.06% 145.874 31 Template:Sfn 6.34% 114.649 30 Template:Cite_book 5.55% 100.325 8 Template:Navbox 5.00% 90.514 1 Template:Clothing 4.47% 80.911 16 Template:Cite_journal 4.38% 79.210 1 Template:IPA-fr Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13502823-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164234 and revision id 1234305777. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&oldid=1234305777 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&oldid=1234305777) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1880s fashion (/wiki/Category:1880s_fashion) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st-century fashion (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) Brassieres (/wiki/Category:Brassieres) Breast (/wiki/Category:Breast) Feminism and health (/wiki/Category:Feminism_and_health) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) American inventions (/wiki/Category:American_inventions) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from January 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2024) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from January 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2018) Use Oxford spelling from July 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2016) Pages with French IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images) Pages with broken anchors (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2022) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022) All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases) Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2011) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2006) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers)
Bi-annual fashion week This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "India Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22India+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22India+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22India+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22India+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22India+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22India+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Disha Patani (/wiki/Disha_Patani) at India Fashion Week, 2016 Salman Khan (/wiki/Salman_Khan) walking the ramp, India Fashion Week India Fashion Week is a bi-annual fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) organized and promoted by the Fashion Design Council of India (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_India) . Wills Lifestyle sponsored it from 2006–2014 before Amazon became the sponsor. [1] (#cite_note-1) The first event in 2000 featured the work of 33 designers. [2] (#cite_note-2) There were also over thirty presenters at the Spring Fashion Week in March 2013. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2010, fire permits were not secured in time for the first-day events which caused an extra day to be added to accommodate the presentations that had been canceled on the first day. [4] (#cite_note-2010reuters-4) The WIFW autumn-winter 2014 started on 26 March 2014 with actress Shilpa Shetty (/wiki/Shilpa_Shetty) walking the ramp wearing the collections of designer Tarun Tahiliani (/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The WIFW spring-summer 2015 event started on 8 October 2014 at New Delhi. [6] (#cite_note-6) The Indian fashion industry has become a growing industry with international events such as the India Fashion Week and annual shows by fashion designers being held across major cities of the country. [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Bangalore Fashion Week (/wiki/Bangalore_Fashion_Week) Lakme Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) India Runway Week (/wiki/India_Runway_Week) The Runway Stories (/w/index.php?title=The_Runway_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "India Fashion Week - Sponsor Page" (https://baeblush.com/collections/face) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fashion week in India" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/884706.stm) . BBC News. 18 August 2000 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ramp fun begins: Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week Autumn/Winter 2013 opens today" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130315022012/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Ramp-fun-begins-Wills-Lifestyle-India-Fashion-Week-Autumn-Winter-2013-opens-today/Article1-1025245.aspx) . Hindustan Times . 12 March 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Ramp-fun-begins-Wills-Lifestyle-India-Fashion-Week-Autumn-Winter-2013-opens-today/Article1-1025245.aspx) on 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2010reuters_4-0) David Lalmalsawma (29 March 2010). "Fashion diary – clothes, controversies and a finale that wasn't" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100401030821/http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2010/03/29/fashion-diary-clothes-controversies-and-a-finale-that-wasnt/) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2010/03/29/fashion-diary-clothes-controversies-and-a-finale-that-wasnt/) on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shilpa Shetty shines in Tarun Tahiliani's Collections at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week" (http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/shilpa-shetty-shines-in-tarun-tahilianis-collections-at-wills-lifestyle-india-fashion-week/) . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Monica Dogra goes bold at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week" (http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/10/monica-dogra-goes-bold-at-wills-lifestyle-india-fashion-week/) . news.biharprabha.com. IANS. 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Cover Story: Global Design for Indian Fashion" (http://web.mit.edu/hauser/www/Hauser%20Articles%205.3.12/Hauser%20Interview%20Markathon%20April%202012.pdf) (PDF) . Markathon . 3 (10). 2012. v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dwdcm Cached time: 20240715075059 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.297 seconds Real time usage: 0.429 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 836/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33973/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 883/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36213/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.210/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5629667/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 388.639 1 -total 29.06% 112.926 1 Template:Reflist 21.94% 85.277 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 21.45% 83.351 1 Template:Navbox 19.83% 77.081 2 Template:Cite_web 15.69% 60.988 1 Template:Primary_sources 15.68% 60.942 1 Template:Short_description 15.15% 58.885 1 Template:Ambox 12.10% 47.022 1 Template:Authority_control 8.97% 34.876 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13628739-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715075059 and revision id 1234618429. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Fashion_Week&oldid=1234618429 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Fashion_Week&oldid=1234618429) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Events in New Delhi (/wiki/Category:Events_in_New_Delhi) Annual events in India (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_India) Culture of Delhi (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Delhi) Recurring events established in 2000 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2000) Fashion weeks in India (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_India) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2018) Use Indian English from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_August_2018) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English) Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2015) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)
Italian luxury fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. Location on 5th Avenue (/wiki/5th_Avenue) , Manhattan Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) ( società per azioni (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) ) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) BIT (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) : SFER (https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/scheda/IT0004712375.html?lang=en) ISIN (/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number) IT0004712375 (https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=IT0004712375) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1927 ; 97 years ago ( 1927 ) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy Founder Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) Headquarters Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy Number of locations 447 (2022) Area served Worldwide Key people Leonardo Ferragamo ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) ) Marco Gobbetti ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Maximilian Davis (/wiki/Maximilian_Davis) ( Creative Director (/wiki/Creative_Director) ) Products Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) leather goods (/wiki/Leather) apparel (/wiki/Apparel) fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) perfumes (/wiki/Perfumes) Revenue € (/wiki/Euro) 1.136 billion [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) € (/wiki/Euro) 143.480 million [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) € (/wiki/Euro) 81.137 million [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) € (/wiki/Euro) 1.010 billion [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) € (/wiki/Euro) 785.879 million [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Owner Ferragamo Family (65%) [2] (#cite_note-FerragamoFamily-2) Number of employees 3887 [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) (2021) Website ferragamo.com (https://www.ferragamo.com) Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. , doing business as (/wiki/Trade_name) Ferragamo , ( Italian: [salvaˈtoːre (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) fɛrraˈɡaːmo] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ) is an Italian luxury fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_design) focused on apparel, footwear, and accessories headquartered in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy. It specializes in designing and manufacturing footwear (/wiki/Footwear) and leather goods, which together account for over 86% of its revenue. [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) [3] (#cite_note-LBM_2012_53-3) The remaining products include ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) , silk products, fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , and licensed eyewear, watches, and perfumes. [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) It operates 447 mono-brand stores worldwide as of September 2022. [4] (#cite_note-stores-4) The company was founded in 1927 by Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy. It went public on the Borsa Italiana (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) in 2011, but the Ferragamo family has remained majority shareholders with approximately 65% stakes in the company. [2] (#cite_note-FerragamoFamily-2) British designer Maximilian Davis (/wiki/Maximilian_Davis) has been the creative director of Ferragamo since March 2022. [5] (#cite_note-Davis-5) History [ edit ] Founding [ edit ] Palazzo Spini Feroni (/wiki/Palazzo_Spini_Feroni) : The headquarters of Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. in Florence, 2021 In 1915, Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) emigrated from southern Italy to the United States to join his siblings who had already emigrated to the U.S. [6] (#cite_note-Emigrate-6) He briefly worked at Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory (/wiki/Thomas_Gustave_Plant) in Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston) , before moving to Santa Barbara, California (/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California) , to join his brothers. [6] (#cite_note-Emigrate-6) He opened the Hollywood Boot Shop in 1923 and made shoes for movie stars, such as Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) and Gloria Swanson (/wiki/Gloria_Swanson) , as well as for films, such as Cecil B. DeMille (/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille) 's feature film The Ten Commandments (/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)) . [3] (#cite_note-LBM_2012_53-3) [7] (#cite_note-80_years-7) Following his success in California, Ferragamo returned to Florence, Italy, in 1927 to incorporate his eponymous label and open a factory to produce his shoes, due to a lack of artisan shoemakers in the U.S. [8] (#cite_note-Factory-8) His factory combined the city's artisanal techniques with the efficient production system of American factories, which became a training ground for apprentices. [8] (#cite_note-Factory-8) As a result of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) and the company's reliance on businesses in the U.S., Ferragamo struggled financially and filed for bankruptcy in 1933. [9] (#cite_note-Bankruptcy-9) By 1938, he had recovered financially and purchased Palazzo Spini Feroni (/wiki/Palazzo_Spini_Feroni) in Florence, which has housed the company's headquarters, flagship store, and Salvatore Ferragamo Museum (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_Museum) since. [7] (#cite_note-80_years-7) [10] (#cite_note-Recovery-10) In 1948, the company opened its first directly operated store in the U.S. at 424 Park Avenue in New York City. [11] (#cite_note-NY_Store-11) Wanda Miletti Ferragamo (/wiki/Wanda_Ferragamo) , wife of Salvatore and former CEO of Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A., 1987 Death of Salvatore Ferragamo [ edit ] Salvatore Ferragamo died in August 1960, leaving control of the growing company to his wife, Wanda Ferragamo (/wiki/Wanda_Ferragamo) . [12] (#cite_note-Death-12) She expanded its operations to include silk scarves, fragrances, [13] (#cite_note-Silk-13) leather handbags, [14] (#cite_note-Bags-14) ready-to-wear, and small leather goods. [15] (#cite_note-Apparel-15) Recent developments [ edit ] Despite several changes of leaderships and growth, the company remained privately held by the Ferragamo family until it went public on the Milan stock exchange (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) in 2011. [2] (#cite_note-FerragamoFamily-2) As of 2022, members of the Ferragamo family remain majority shareholders with approximately 65% combined stakes in the company, which is chaired by Leonardo Ferragamo, the fifth son of Salvatore and Wanda Ferragamo. [2] (#cite_note-FerragamoFamily-2) Marco Gobbetti (/wiki/Marco_Gobbetti) , former CEO of Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , has been the CEO of the company since January 2022, succeeding Micaela le Divelec, who led the company since July 2018. [16] (#cite_note-Gobbetti-16) Salvatore Ferragamo announced it did not own stores in Russia and shipments to the franchise operation ceased after the Russian invasion of Ukraine (/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2022, in an effort to modernize the brand, Salvatore Ferragamo was rebranded as "Ferragamo" (stylized as FERRAGAMO) and debuted a new logo ahead of its SS23 show during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . The show was the first under the creative direction of Maximilian Davis and was met with generally favorable responses, with critics noting the modernized tailoring. [18] (#cite_note-18) Davis described the collection as being about "ease and sensuality". [19] (#cite_note-19) Although revenue in the first nine months of 2023 was down 8.3% (with a 20% decline in US sales) compared to the same time period in 2022, CEO Marco Gobetti was "pleased by the early results" of Davis's work for Ferragamo. [20] (#cite_note-20) Products [ edit ] Salvatore Ferragamo store in Ginza (/wiki/Ginza) , Tokyo, 2013 Salvatore Ferragamo Fall 2011 Shoes on display in Salvatore Ferragamo Museum (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_Museum) , 2017 Throughout its history, the company has been known for innovative designs and use of materials; in California, Salvatore studied human anatomy in effort to make more comfortable shoes. Notable innovations include the wedge heel; the shell-shaped sole; the ‘invisible’ sandal; metal heels and soles, made famous by Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) ; the 18-carat gold sandal; the sock-shoe; sculpture heels; and the gloved arch shoe, created for the Maharani of Cooch Behar (/wiki/Indira_of_Baroda) in 1938. [7] (#cite_note-80_years-7) The company is also known for its ‘Gancini’ decoration, the ‘Vara’ patent ballet pump, the Salvatore bag, and its use of patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) . [7] (#cite_note-80_years-7) Footwear and leather goods are the focus of the brand, representing over 86% of its revenue in 2021. [1] (#cite_note-AnnualReport2021-1) It also has an extensive range of women's and men's footwear, from formal, evening, to leisure wear. [21] (#cite_note-Footwear-21) Men's footwear is manufactured using several techniques, including lasted, tubular, stitched, and "Tramezza" stitched welting. [21] (#cite_note-Footwear-21) Leather goods, such as handbags, suitcases, belts, and wallets often feature the distinctive and signature "Gancino" clasp, which was originally designed as a handbag fastening. [22] (#cite_note-LeatherGoods-22) The company also offers made-to-order products for customers seeking unique designs not found in stores. [21] (#cite_note-Footwear-21) Other products include men and women's ready-to-wear [23] (#cite_note-ReadyToWear-23) and the brand's signature silk products, including ties, foulards, pocket square, and scarves. [24] (#cite_note-SilkProducts-24) Ferragamo fragrances are produced and distributed by Inter Parfums, Inc. through an exclusive licensing agreement. [25] (#cite_note-LicensedFragrances-25) The company also produces licensed eyewear and Swiss-made watches in partnership with Marchon (/wiki/Marchon_Eyewear) and Timex Group (/wiki/Timex_Group) . In 2014, Ferragamo began adding NFC tags (/wiki/Near-field_communication) to their products in an effort to discourage counterfeits. [26] (#cite_note-26) Creative directors [ edit ] 2011–2016: Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) [27] (#cite_note-27) 2019–2022: Paul Andrew (/wiki/Paul_Andrew_(designer)) [28] (#cite_note-28) 2022–present: Maximilian Davis (/wiki/Maximilian_Davis) [5] (#cite_note-Davis-5) Advertising [ edit ] For its advertising campaigns, Salvatore Ferragamo has been working with photographers including David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) (2013), [29] (#cite_note-29) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) (2016), [30] (#cite_note-30) Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) (2017), [31] (#cite_note-31) Walter Pfeiffer (/wiki/Walter_Pfeiffer) (2017), [32] (#cite_note-32) Luca Guadagnino (/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino) (2020), [33] (#cite_note-33) Rafael Pavarotti (2023) [34] (#cite_note-34) and Tyler Mitchell (/wiki/Tyler_Mitchell_(photographer)) (2023). [35] (#cite_note-35) Notable clients [ edit ] Salvatore worked with film stars and celebrities from his earliest days in Hollywood. Clients over the years included Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) , and Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) , as well as Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) , Seulgi (/wiki/Seulgi_(singer)) , Grace Mugabe (/wiki/Grace_Mugabe) , Princess Diana (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , and Namal Rajapaksha (/wiki/Namal_Rajapaksa) . [7] (#cite_note-80_years-7) The company made handbags for Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) [36] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley-36) and boots for Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck (/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyal_Wangchuck) during his coronation on November 6, 2008, in Thimpu (/wiki/Thimpu) , Bhutan. [37] (#cite_note-37) See also [ edit ] Fashion in Italy (/wiki/Italian_fashion) , France (/wiki/French_fashion) , and the United States (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Christian Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , and Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (/wiki/LVMH) (LVMH), Kering (/wiki/Kering) , and Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Annual Report 2021" (https://group.ferragamo.com/wps/wcm/connect/a5f8bbbe-6e48-479c-a74c-07373dc8728a/Annual+report+2021.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=a5f8bbbe-6e48-479c-a74c-07373dc8728a) (PDF) . Group.ferragamo.com . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Barbaglia, Pamela; Cristoferi, Claudia (October 21, 2020). "EXCLUSIVE-Ferragamo family explores stake sale to drive Italian fashion brand revamp - sources" (https://www.reuters.com/article/ferragamo-ma/exclusive-ferragamo-family-explores-stake-sale-to-drive-italian-fashion-brand-revamp-sources-idUSL8N2HC5SS) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chevalier, Michel; Mazzalovo, Gerald (2012). "3". Luxury Brand Management (2nd ed.). Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-17176-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909366849 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909366849) . ^ (#cite_ref-stores_4-0) "All Salvatore Ferragamo Stores" (https://store.ferragamo.com/en-us/index.html) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Yotka, Steff (March 14, 2022). "Maximilian Davis Takes the Top Job at Ferragamo" (https://www.vogue.com/article/maximilian-davis-creative-director-ferragamo) . Vogue . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Emigration to the United States" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1910s_1915) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Salvatore Ferragamo celebrates its 80th Anniversary in Shanghai" (http://217.27.79.30/web/schedeing.pdf) (PDF) . Salvatore Ferragamo Italia SpA . Retrieved April 20, 2008 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Arrival in Florence" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1920s_1927) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bankruptcy_9-0) "The Wall Street crash and bankruptcy" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1920s_1929-1933) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Recovery_10-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. is founded, and Ferragamo begins the process of buying Palazzo Spini Feroni and Palagio" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1930s_1938) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-NY_Store_11-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo opens its first New York store" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1940s_1948) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Death_12-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo's death" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1960s_1960) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Silk_13-0) "A silk scarf by an artist" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1960s_1961) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bags_14-0) "Magazine articles about the first Ferragamo bags" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1960s_1969) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Apparel_15-0) "Continuous production of accessories and men's apparel begins" (https://www.ferragamo.com/shop/us/en/sf/stories/timeline#group1970s_1976) . Ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gobbetti_16-0) Conti, Samantha (June 28, 2021). "Marco Gobbetti to Step Down From Burberry, Join Ferragamo as CEO" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/marco-gobbetti-leaving-burberry-ferragamo-ceo-1234865958/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Pro-military symbols adorn shop windows of western brands in Moscow" (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/pro-military-symbols-adorn-shop-windows-western-brands-moscow-2022-05-09/) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . May 9, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Ferragamo Spring 2023 Ready-to-Wear Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2023-ready-to-wear/salvatore-ferragamo) . Vogue . September 24, 2022 . Retrieved September 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Ferragamo Enters Its Sexy Era Under Maximilian Davis" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/ferragamo-ss23-runway-show-collection-milan/) . Highsnobiety . September 24, 2022 . Retrieved September 25, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Ewin, Laura (October 20, 2023). "Ferragamo revenues slide 8.3% as retail and wholesale channels lag" (https://www.fashiondive.com/news/Ferragamo-revenues-down-nine-months-2023/697358/) . Fashion Dive . Retrieved November 8, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Salvatore Ferragamo Footwear" (https://group.ferragamo.com/en/business/footwear) . Group.ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-LeatherGoods_22-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo Leather goods" (https://group.ferragamo.com/en/business/leather-goods) . Group.ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-ReadyToWear_23-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo Ready To Wear" (https://group.ferragamo.com/en/business/ready-to-wear) . Group.ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-SilkProducts_24-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo Accessories" (https://group.ferragamo.com/en/business/accessories) . Group.ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-LicensedFragrances_25-0) "Salvatore Ferragamo eyewear-watches and parfumes" (https://group.ferragamo.com/en/business/eyewear-and-watches) . Group.ferragamo.com . Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Donaldson, Tara (March 11, 2016). "Ferragamo Adds RFID Tags to Shoes and Bags to Fight Fakes" (https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/technology/ferragamo-adds-rfid-tags-shoes-bags-fight-fakes-43334/) . Sourcing Journal . Retrieved February 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Luisa Zargani (24 March 2016), Ferragamo Focuses on In-house Team as Giornetti Exits (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/massimiliano-giornetti-exits-ferragamo-10397930/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Luisa Zargani (21 February 2019), Salvatore Ferragamo Promotes Paul Andrew to Role of Creative Director (https://wwd.com/feature/salvatore-ferragamo-promotes-paul-andrew-to-role-of-creative-director-1203043477/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Rosemary Feitelberg (24 June 2013), Salvatore Ferragamo Reveals Fall Ad Campaign (https://wwd.com/feature/interiors-and-exteriors-7010415-296236/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Luisa Zargani (13 July 2016), Salvatore Ferragamo Fall Ad Campaign Photographed by Craig McDean (https://wwd.com/feature/salvatore-ferragamo-fall-ads-craig-mcdean-10487560/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Luisa Zargani (19 January 2017), Peter Lindbergh Photographs Salvatore Ferragamo’s Spring 2017 Ads (https://wwd.com/feature/peter-lindbergh-photographs-salvatore-ferragamo-spring-2017-ads-10756386/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Luisa Zargani (13 July 2017), Salvatore Ferragamo Taps Walter Pfeiffer for Fall Ads (https://wwd.com/feature/salvatore-ferragamo-walter-pfeiffer-fall-ads-10945636/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Sandra Salibian (13 August 2020), A Midsummer Day’s Set With Salvatore Ferragamo (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/a-midsummer-days-set-with-salvatore-ferragamo-1203698091/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Olivia Novato (21 February 2023), [The Unfolding of a New Dawn: Ferragamo SS23 Campaign] V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Angelica Vila (25 August 2023), Ferragamo Taps Tyler Mitchell for Renaissance-Inspired Campaign at the Uffizi Gallery (https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/ferragamo-tyler-mitchell-uffizi-gallery-campaign-1234677630/) ARTnews (/wiki/ARTnews) . ^ (#cite_ref-CartnerMorley_36-0) Cartner-Morley, Jess (March 29, 2008). "From Florence to Shanghai, Ferragamo eyes a makeover" (http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/fashion/story/0,,2269167,00.html) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved April 20, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Ferragamo boots for King of Bhutan" (https://www.italymagazine.com/italy/fashion/ferragamo-boots-king-bhutan) . Italy Magazine . November 17, 2008 . Retrieved September 29, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) . Official website (https://www.ferragamo.com/) v t e FTSE MIB (/wiki/FTSE_MIB) companies of Italy A2A (/wiki/A2A) Amplifon (/wiki/Amplifon) Atlantia (/wiki/Atlantia_(company)) Azimut (/wiki/Azimut_Holding) Banca Generali (/wiki/Banca_Generali) Banca Mediolanum (/wiki/Banca_Mediolanum) Banco BPM (/wiki/Banco_BPM) BPER Banca (/wiki/BPER_Banca) Buzzi Unicem (/wiki/Buzzi_Unicem) Campari (/wiki/Campari_Group) CNH Industrial (/wiki/CNH_Industrial) DiaSorin (/wiki/DiaSorin) Enel (/wiki/Enel) Eni (/wiki/Eni) Exor (/wiki/Exor_(company)) Ferrari (/wiki/Ferrari) FinecoBank (/wiki/FinecoBank) Generali (/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali) Hera (/wiki/Hera_Group) Interpump (/wiki/Interpump_Group) Intesa Sanpaolo (/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo) INWIT (/wiki/INWIT) Italgas (/wiki/Italgas) Leonardo (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Mediobanca (/wiki/Mediobanca) Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) Nexi (/wiki/Nexi) Pirelli (/wiki/Pirelli) Poste Italiane (/wiki/Poste_Italiane) Prysmian (/wiki/Prysmian_Group) Recordati (/w/index.php?title=Recordati&action=edit&redlink=1) Saipem (/wiki/Saipem) Snam (/wiki/Snam) Stellantis (/wiki/Stellantis) STMicroelectronics (/wiki/STMicroelectronics) Telecom Italia (/wiki/Telecom_Italia) Tenaris (/wiki/Tenaris) Terna (/wiki/Terna_Group) UniCredit (/wiki/UniCredit) Unipol (/wiki/Unipol) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐l4lwq Cached time: 20240720172443 Cache expiry: 974119 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.574 seconds Real time usage: 0.771 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3622/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 83875/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5883/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 125749/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.370/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17926123/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 674.036 1 -total 30.37% 204.719 1 Template:Reflist 22.73% 153.206 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.30% 143.593 1 Template:Infobox 20.44% 137.790 23 Template:Cite_web 15.87% 106.953 1 Template:IPA-it 15.68% 105.669 1 Template:IPA 10.11% 68.178 1 Template:Short_description 7.46% 50.258 1 Template:FTSE_MIB_companies 7.22% 48.647 1 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13698316-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172443 and revision id 1225011923. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.&oldid=1225011923 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.&oldid=1225011923) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Category:Salvatore_Ferragamo) 1927 establishments in Italy (/wiki/Category:1927_establishments_in_Italy) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1927 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1927) Manufacturing companies based in Florence (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Florence) Culture in Florence (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Florence) Design companies established in 1927 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1927) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Jewellery companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_companies_of_Italy) Jewellery retailers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_Italy) Leather manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Leather_manufacturers) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Watch manufacturing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_Italy) Eyewear brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_Italy) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Perfume houses (/wiki/Category:Perfume_houses) Italian companies established in 1927 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1927) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from January 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from September 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2022) Pages with Italian IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Italian fashion company For other uses, see Trussardi (disambiguation) (/wiki/Trussardi_(disambiguation)) . Trussardi Company type Private Industry Fashion Founded 1911 Founder Dante Trussardi Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) [1] (#cite_note-MF-1) Key people Alberto Racca (CEO) Website www (http://www.trussardi.com/) .trussardi (http://www.trussardi.com/) .com (http://www.trussardi.com/) Trussardi ( pronounced [trusˈsardi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ) is an Italian (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) house based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , [1] (#cite_note-MF-1) Italy, and specialized in leather goods, ready-to-wear, perfumes, and accessories. [2] (#cite_note-FT-2) [3] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-3) Trussardi was founded in 1911 as a leather (/wiki/Leather) glove manufacturer, [4] (#cite_note-Groom-4) and expanded its line to additional leather goods in the 1970s, after Nicola Trussardi (/wiki/Nicola_Trussardi) took over from his uncle. In the 1980s the company started production of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing, in addition to products including perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) and jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . [2] (#cite_note-FT-2) [3] (#cite_note-encyclopedia-3) By the 1990s Trussardi was selling internationally, with its largest markets being Italy and Japan. From 2024, Trussardi is part of Miroglio Group (/wiki/Miroglio) , which has been operating throughout the fashion and retail supply chain since 1947. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) History [ edit ] Early days [ edit ] Trussardi was founded in 1911 by Dante Trussardi as a leather glove maker, selling to the public and to the Italian army during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) until it surrendered to Allied Forces. After his death, Dante's son Giordano took over the business. [6] (#cite_note-Conti-6) In 1970, Nicola Trussardi took over from his father Giordano, after his brother Dante (named after his grandfather) died in a firearms accident. [7] (#cite_note-IF-7) [8] (#cite_note-CorriereDellaSera-8) His wife Marialuisa also joined the company as the creative director. During the 1970s, Trussardi diversified into other leather goods and accessories, and eventually non-leather apparel (wallets, suitcases, belts and shoes), along with a new greyhound logo. Nicola Trussardi took full control of the company after the death of his father. [6] (#cite_note-Conti-6) Nicola Trussardi in 1982 An iconic model of Trussardi's leather gloves Expansion [ edit ] The company released its first perfume "Trussardi", in 1980, and "Trussardi Uomo" for men in 1983. [9] (#cite_note-9) It also launched the first Trussardi women's ready-to-wear line in 1983, [10] (#cite_note-Barone-10) followed by a men's line in 1984. Trussardi Jeans was founded in 1986. [11] (#cite_note-Highbeam-11) The company later added sport and home lines. By 1985, the brand had 120 stores around the world. The company also developed interior designs for private aircraft and helicopters. Around this time, [ vague ] Trussardi entered the US market, with sections in department stores in addition to boutiques, and initial franchise locations in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) , Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Miami (/wiki/Miami) , and San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) . The first Bloomingdales (/wiki/Bloomingdales) location opened in 1985, [12] (#cite_note-12) with opera singer Luciano Pavarotti in attendance for the grand opening. In 1989, the company launched its first eyewear line. In 1993, the company opened a research and development center in Brindisi (/wiki/Brindisi) , which initially focused on raw material research, new fabrics, and changing packaging to be more environmentally friendly. [13] (#cite_note-USD-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) The three initial lines for the collection were Trussardi Sport, Jeans, and T-store, each produced by the company Sosab—owned by Nicola Trussardi and operating out of Modena, Italy (/wiki/Modena,_Italy) . The T-Stores started in 1996 and sold the company's lifestyle line: jeans, sports lines, bicycles, tableware, and confections. [15] (#cite_note-Contitwo-15) The first three stores opened in 1995 in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) . The company's first New York City store opened in 1996. That year, the turnover for the company, including licenses, was $530 million. [6] (#cite_note-Conti-6) [15] (#cite_note-Contitwo-15) They also opened a new store in Milan within Nicola Trussardi's redeveloped Marino Alla Scala across from the La Scala opera hall. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) By this time the company had seven fragrances, with about one third of fragrance sales being done in Europe and two-thirds abroad. [10] (#cite_note-Barone-10) In 1998, Trussardi launched a new eyewear line, with both prescription and sun glasses. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 1992, Trussardi licensed its Trussardi Levriero and Trussardi Action lines to the Japanese company C. Itoh for about $1.4 billion over five years. At the time, Japan accounted for about 70% of the company's total exports out of Italy, and there were about 200 Trussardi Levriero stores in the country. [19] (#cite_note-19) Following its partnership with C. Itoh, Nicola Trussardi founded Teijin Ltd, intending it to be Trussardi's long-term partner in the country. In 2003, Trussardi took on Mitsui as its partner in Japan, ending its relationship with Teijin. [20] (#cite_note-20) 2000s [ edit ] Francesco Trussardi, Nicola's son, became chairman of the brand after his father's death in 1999. His sister Beatrice also took a leadership position with the company. [21] (#cite_note-21) After her brother's death in 2003, Beatrice became president and CEO of the fashion house, staying president until Maria Luisa Trussardi took over the position. [22] (#cite_note-Colavita-22) In 2006, the brand hired Eric Wright, who had previously designed for Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , to be the house's head designer. [23] (#cite_note-23) In the same year, Trussardi Alla Scala Restaurant was opened, becoming one of the three restaurants in Milan to have been awarded two Michelin stars, [24] (#cite_note-24) which it held until 2015. In 2008, Trussardi launched the super high-end line of brand Trussardi dal 1911, designed by Milan Vukmirovic. [22] (#cite_note-Colavita-22) In 2011, Trussardi released the home décor collection MY Design, named for the initials of industrial designer Michael Young (/wiki/Michael_Young_(industrial_designer)) and inspired by Trussardi's designs of the 1980s and 1990s. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2011, Umit Benan Sahin became the label's creative director, and in 2013, Sahin was replaced by Gaia Trussardi. Prior to becoming creative director for the mainline collections, Gaia had already served as the creative director for Tru Trussardi and Trussardi Jeans. [27] (#cite_note-27) For the 40th anniversary of their logo, Yuko Shimizu (/wiki/Yuko_Shimizu) produced an animated short film entitled "Sky Watcher". [28] (#cite_note-28) In 2017, Trussardi launched its latest men's fragrance Riflesso. Said to have ambrosial wafts of woody and oriental notes. [29] (#cite_note-29) In April 2018, Gaia Trussardi stepped down as creative director of the fashion house. [30] (#cite_note-30) In February 2019, the asset management company Quattro R acquired 60% of Trussardi. [31] (#cite_note-IlSole24Ore-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) A few months later, Maela Mandelli (former PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) director) was named CEO of the company. [33] (#cite_note-33) Then in October 2020, Sebastian Suhl was named CEO of Trussardi. [34] (#cite_note-34) In May 2021, Benjamin Huseby and Serhat Işık were named creative directors Trussardi. [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2023, the company underwent a crisis restructuring procedure at the Milan Court. The members of the Board of Directors, CEO Sebastian Suhl, and the two creatives Serhat Işık and Benjamin A. Huseby, resigned. [36] (#cite_note-36) In March 2024, Trussardi became part of Miroglio Group as an independent brand based in Milan, under the leadership of Alberto Racca as CEO. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) The acquisition aims to fuse Trussardi's enduring elegance and versatility, attributes that have long defined the brand, with a modern customer-centric approach that embraces contemporary lifestyles and values. [37] (#cite_note-37) Collections, partnerships and licenses [ edit ] Collections [ edit ] Trussardi is the collection line of the fashion house, which designs clothing and accessories for both men and women. Past collections Tru Trussardi was the house's more casual collection, with its own stand alone stores. [38] (#cite_note-38) Tru Trussardi releases clothing and accessories. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) As part of the corporate restructuring carried out in 2016, the Tru Trussardi line was closed. [41] (#cite_note-41) Trussardi Jeans is the denim (/wiki/Denim) line for the fashion house, founded in 1986. The line produces casual wear for both men and women. [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) Partnerships [ edit ] In 2011, to celebrate the Maison's centenary, a limited edition of the BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo was launched in collaboration with BMW Italia. In the same year, Trussardi created a special leather helmet in collaboration with MOMODESIGN. [44] (#cite_note-44) In the 2013–2014 season, Trussardi began designing the off-field uniforms for Juventus Football Club (/wiki/Juventus_Football_Club) . [45] (#cite_note-45) In 2014, the brand and Samsung Electronics Italy joined forces for a limited edition of covers for the Galaxy Note 4 and Galaxy S5 smartphones, as well as the Galaxy Tab S 10.5 tablet. [46] (#cite_note-46) In 2015, Trussardi collaborated with Coca-Cola to create the first limited edition collection of bottles and cans to celebrate the brand's 100th anniversary. [47] (#cite_note-47) In 2016, a partnership with Dynamic Yachts was established for the customization of the interiors of the Dynamiq D4 Jetsetter model through Trussardi Casa. [48] (#cite_note-48) In 2019, Trussardi and Fiat presented the Limited Edition "Panda Wears Trussardi," a co-branding project aimed at combining the urban-chic elegance of the fashion house with the functionality of the Italian car. The protagonist of the advertising campaign was the singer Ava Max, who wore iconic Trussardi pieces to shoot the music video for her single "Torn." [49] (#cite_note-49) Licenses [ edit ] Trussardi Orologi In 1983, Trussardi Junior , the children's clothing line of the maison, was launched for the first time. [50] (#cite_note-50) In 2009, Trussardi licensed the management of the brand, both in terms of production and distribution, to Idea and, since 2013, to the Italian company Pinco Pallino. [51] (#cite_note-51) In 2016, the partnership with Brave Kid (of OTB group) began with the first autumn/winter 2017/18 collection. [52] (#cite_note-52) Since 2020, the license for Trussardi Junior collections has been entrusted to Arav Fashion Group. [53] (#cite_note-53) In 2010, Trussardi entered into a licensing agreement with Charmant for the design, production, and distribution of the eyewear line, which transferred to De Rigo in 2015. [54] (#cite_note-54) Since 2022, Trussardi continues to produce its own line of eyeglasses and sunglasses, together with GO Eyewear. [55] (#cite_note-55) The Trussardi Parfums line, admired worldwide for the iconicity of its fragrances, is currently developed by Angelini Beauty, the brand's licensee since 2012. [56] (#cite_note-56) In 2014, a partnership was signed with Morellato for the launch of the Swiss production line Trussardi Orologi, [57] (#cite_note-57) and subsequently, in 2022, for Trussardi Jewels. A collaboration with Manifattura di Valduggia S.p.A. began in 2014 for the creation of Trussardi Beachwear , Underwear , and Nightwear . In 2022, the license for the Beachwear line was entrusted to AREA B. In 2014, a licensing agreement was signed with Club House_ Luxury Living Group, marking the birth of Trussardi Casa , on the occasion of the Milan International Furniture Fair. [58] (#cite_note-58) In 2015, in collaboration with Zambaiti Parati SPA, the distribution of Trussardi Wall Decor products began. In 2023, Trussardi and Luxury Living Groups announced the new project Trussardi Residences, the result of a partnership with MIRA Developments, with the creation of the first fully furnished residential complex Trussardi Casa in Dubai. [59] (#cite_note-59) In 2016, Trussardi partnered with Lardini to create the men's formalwear line Trussardi Elegance, which was inaugurated in Milan with the fall/winter 2017–2018 collection. [60] (#cite_note-60) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Trussardi scommette sul prêt-à-vivre" (https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/trussardi-scommette-sul-pret-a-vivre-201911061908188234) . 11 July 2019 . Retrieved 16 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sanderson, Rachel (13 February 2019). "Italian family-owned luxury brand Trussardi sells out to fund" (https://www.ft.com/content/984510fa-2f70-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Retrieved 28 June 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Trussardi, Spa" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/trussardi-spa) . Retrieved 28 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Groom_4-0) Groom, Nigel (30 June 1997). New Perfume Handbook . Springer (/wiki/Springer_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0751404039 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Miroglio group buys Trussardi from QuattroR - Fashion & Luxury - Ansa.it" (https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/fashion_luxury/2024/03/12/miroglio-group-buys-trussardi-from-quattror_971fbd0d-ad41-46b2-bf3f-7366edd47ba4.html) . Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 2024-03-12 . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Samantha Conti (April 15, 1999). "NICOLA TRUSSARDI DEAD AT 56" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155501/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54398318.html) . WWD. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54398318.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-IF_7-0) Mario, Orian (1981). "Trussardi: ritratto di famiglia". I.F. ITALIAN FASHION (in Italian). No. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-CorriereDellaSera_8-0) "Industriale si uccide mentre pulisce il fucile" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 4 October 1970. ^ (#cite_ref-9) N. Groom (1997). New Perfume Handbook . Springer. p. 332. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780751404036 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Amy B. Barone (June 7, 1996). "Revamped Trussardi returns to basics.(Eye on Fragrance)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145733/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18370277.html) . WWD. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18370277.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Highbeam_11-0) "Nicola Trussardi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191219/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23733630.html) . The Herald. April 27, 1999. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23733630.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Bloomingdale's opens boutique for Trussardi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155038/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-3948901.html) . WWD. September 24, 1985. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-3948901.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-USD_13-0) "Designs on US expansion inspire Nicola Trussardi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155041/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-3950745.html) . WWD. September 26, 1985. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-3950745.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Trussardi plunging into the U.S. market. (leather goods manufacturer introduces sunglasses line)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045534/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10700558.html) . WWD. May 10, 1991. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10700558.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Samantha Conti (January 30, 1996). "Trussardi makes bid to redefine image with new, sportier lines. (Nicola Trussardi)(Italia '96)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145236/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17905177.html) . WWD. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17905177.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Samantha Conti (September 25, 1996). "Trussardi builds his dream palazzo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145938/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18711182.html) . WWD. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18711182.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Dominique Muret (January 30, 2014). "Tomaso Trussardi (AD di Trussardi): "Nel 2014 lanciamo la linea Casa e gli orologi" (http://it.fashionmag.com/news/Tomaso-Trussardi-Nel-2014-lanciamo-la-linea-Casa-e-gli-orologi-,383319.html#.U7qsG-8g9Mt) " (http://it.fashionmag.com/news/Tomaso-Trussardi-Nel-2014-lanciamo-la-linea-Casa-e-gli-orologi-,383319.html#.U7qsG-8g9Mt) . Fashion Magazine . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Trussardi (fashion designer Nicola Trussardi)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151420/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20354093.html) . WWD. February 24, 1998. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20354093.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Sara Gay Forden (September 3, 1992). "Trussardi inks pact for Japan licensing. (Trussardi S.p.A., C. Itoh and Company Ltd.)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122130/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12534772.html) . Daily News Record. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12534772.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "In Brief.(Brief Article)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165550/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-96330779.html) . WWD. January 9, 2003. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-96330779.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Foreign News: Fashion icon tragedy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165833/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99037180.html) . Daily Post (Liverpool, England). January 27, 2003. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99037180.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Courtney Colavita (January 21, 2008). "TRUSSARDI'S TURNING POINT" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144822/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174707476.html) . Daily News Record. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174707476.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Suzy Menkes (January 20, 2006). "Gucci heads for highlands while Anglomania reigns" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172648/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-117580269.html) . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-117580269.html) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) wheremilan.com Michelin-starred Restaurants (http://www.wheremilan.com/discover-milan/dining/michelin-starred-restaurants-milan/) ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Home Style- Trussardi Design Relaunches at the Salone del Mobile in Milan - Sharon Haver - FocusOnStyle.com" (http://www.focusonstyle.com/style/home-style-trussardi-design-relaunches-at-the-salone-del-mobile-in-milan/) . 11 April 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Pavarini, Maria Cristina (23 March 2011). "TRUSSARDI LAUNCHES MY DESIGN PROJECT" (https://www.the-spin-off.com/news/stories/TRUSSARDI-LAUNCHES-MY-DESIGN-PROJECT-4139) . the-spin-off.com . Retrieved 21 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Ella Alexander (February 28, 2013). "Trussardi New Creative Director Named" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/02/28/trussardi-appoints-gaia-trussardi-as-creative-director) . British Vogue . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Zargani, Luisa (3 December 2013). "Trussardi Marks Milestone With Animated Short" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/off-to-the-races-7296765) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Introducing the Trussardi Riflesso" (https://www.menswearstyle.co.uk/2017/12/05/introducing-the-trussardi-riflesso/7972) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Turra, Alessandra (2018-04-13). "Gaia Trussardi Leaves Trussardi Group" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/gaia-trussardi-leaves-trussardi-group-1202649064/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-IlSole24Ore_31-0) "Moda, il fondo QuattroR compra Trussardi" (https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/moda-fondo-quattror-compra-trussardi-ABIFmcTB?refresh_ce=1) (in Italian). Il Sole 24 Ore. 13 February 2019 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "FINALIZZATA L'ACQUISIZIONE: Trussardi: il 60% passa al fondo QuattroR" (https://www.fashionmagazine.it/business/finalizzata-lacquisizione-trussardi-il-60-passa-al-fondo-quattro-r-101856) . www.fashionmagazine.it (in Italian). 13 February 2019 . Retrieved 2021-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Trussardi names new CEO after switch of hands to QuattroR Fund" (https://www.themds.com/companies/trussardi-names-new-ceo-after-switch-of-hands-to-quattror-fund.html) . www.themds.com . 29 July 2019 . Retrieved 2021-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Fraser, Kristopher (2020-10-09). "Trussardi names new CEO" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/people/trussardi-names-new-ceo/2020100951330) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2021-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Snowden, Heather (2021-05-25). "GmbH Founders as Named Trussardi's New Creative Directors" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/trussardi-gmbh-creative-directors/) . Highsnobiety . Retrieved 2021-06-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Nast, Condé (2023-03-03). "Trussardi board resigns and CEO exits as brand repositions" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/trussardi-board-resigns-ceo-sebastian-suhl-exits) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Finanza, MF Milano (2024-05-04). "Miroglio unveils the key strategies for the relaunch of Trussardi - MilanoFinanza News" (https://www.milanofinanza.it/fashion/miroglio-unveils-the-key-strategies-for-the-relaunch-of-trussardi-202404051122315276) . MF Milano Finanza (in Italian) . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Laura Tortora (February 14, 2014). "Tru Trussardi apre da Printemps Haussmann" (http://www.vogue.it/trends/shop-in-the-shops/2014/02/tru-trussardi-apre-da-printemps-haussmann) (in Italian). Vogue Italia . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Tru Trussardi metal, acetate and leather sunglasses" (http://howtospendit.ft.com/personal-luxuries/3597-tru-trussardi-metal-acetate-and-leather-sunglasses) . Financial Times . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Tru Trussardi" (http://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/tru-trussardi) . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Tomaso Trussardi : "Il futuro del levriero è il lusso accessibile" (http://www.lastampa.it/2016/07/18/societa/moda/tomaso-trussardi-il-futuro-del-levriero-il-lusso-accessibile-FT4AsLWQZv2ypuoZAKGHjL/pagina.html) " (http://www.lastampa.it/2016/07/18/societa/moda/tomaso-trussardi-il-futuro-del-levriero-il-lusso-accessibile-FT4AsLWQZv2ypuoZAKGHjL/pagina.html) . LaStampa.it . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Giuliana Garzone & Cornelia Ilie (2007). The Use of English in Institutional and Business Settings: An Intercultural Perspective . Peter Lang. p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783039108893 . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Скляренко В. М.; Вологжина Н. И.; Исаенко О.; Колозинская И. А. (2013). 100 знаменитых мира моды (in Russian). Directmedia. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789660333109 . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) FashionNetwork com IT. "Trussardi 1911 lancia il casco Momodesign" (https://it.fashionnetwork.com/news/trussardi-1911-lancia-il-casco-momodesign,184675.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Novaro, Anna (16 May 2013). "Trussardi Teams With Juventus Football Club" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/trussardi-teams-with-juventus-football-club-6937913) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Nicole Fontana (2015-01-26). "Samsung e Trussardi: cover in limited edition" (https://www.fashiontimes.it/2015/01/samsung-e-trussardi-cover-in-limited-edition/) . Fashion Times (in Italian) . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) NL, FashionNetwork com. "Trussardi redesigns Coca-Cola label for centennial" (https://nl.fashionnetwork.com/news/trussardi-redesigns-coca-cola-label-for-centennial,539185.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Yacht di lusso e griffe di alta moda: Trussardi Casa veste Dynamiq" (http://www.elledecor.it/design/yatch-di-lusso-dynamiq-arredi-trussardi-casa) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Fiat Panda Trussardi, the first" (https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/fiat/press/fiat-panda-trussardi-the-first-luxury-panda) . www.media.stellantis.com . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Trussardi, SPA" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/To-Vi/Trussardi-Spa.html) . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Elena Passeri (May 4, 2013). "Trussardi Junior affidato a Pinco Pallino" (http://it.fashionmag.com/news/Trussardi-Junior-affidato-a-Pinco-Pallino,328020.html#.U4oKeu8U9Ms) . Fashion Magazine . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Trussardi Junior sceglie Brave Kid - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/vogue-bambini/news/2017/01/26/trussardi-junior-sceglie-brave-kid/) . 26 January 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Arav Fashion acquisisce licenza kids di Trussardi" (https://www.pambianconews.com/arav-fashion-acquisisce-licenza-kids-di-trussardi/) . Pambianconews notizie e aggiornamenti moda, lusso e made in Italy (in Italian). 2020-09-24 . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Trussardi affida gli occhiali a De Rigo" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/impresa-e-territori/2015-07-15/trussardi-affida-occhiali-de-rigo-063709.shtml?uuid=AC1KroR) . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Trussardi affida gli occhiali a Go Eyewear \| b2eyes" (https://www.b2eyes.com/news/trussardi-affida-gli-occhiali-go-eyewear) . www.b2eyes.com . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Marika Gervasio (2022-10-14). "Angelini beauty rafforza la partnership con Trussardi" (https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/angelini-beauty-rafforza-partnership-trussardi-AEiBke8B) . Il Sole 24 ORE (in Italian) . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Orologi: Trussardi sceglie Morellato" (http://www.moda24.ilsole24ore.com/art/industria-finanza/2014-07-01/orologi-trussardi-sceglie-morellato-110808.php?uuid=ABchnaWB) . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Trussardi Home / 125" (http://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2014/04/16/trussardi_home.html) . Domus Web. April 16, 2014 . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Trussardi Residences, a Dubai il nuovo complesso residenziale su 11 piani - Pambianco Design" (https://design.pambianconews.com/trussardi-residences-a-dubai-il-nuovo-complesso-residenziale-su-11-piani/) . design.pambianconews.com/ (in Italian). 2023-08-01 . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Moda Uomo: Trussardi e Lardini presentano Trussardi Elegance - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/l-uomo-vogue/news/2016/11/24/moda-uomo-trussardi-lardini-presentano-trussardi-elegance/) . 24 November 2016. External links [ edit ] Trussardi (http://www.trussardi.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7df7778fc8‐ctl96 Cached time: 20240712085224 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.589 seconds Real time usage: 0.748 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3699/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 104718/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1636/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 218954/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.406/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16518726/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 691.365 1 -total 47.84% 330.777 1 Template:Reflist 36.31% 251.051 49 Template:Cite_web 18.76% 129.703 1 Template:IPA-it 18.47% 127.711 1 Template:IPA 11.52% 79.674 1 Template:Infobox_company 10.18% 70.368 1 Template:Infobox 8.89% 61.466 1 Template:Short_description 5.60% 38.696 2 Template:Pagetype 4.45% 30.742 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13770190-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712085224 and revision id 1220683894. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trussardi&oldid=1220683894 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trussardi&oldid=1220683894) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian companies established in 1978 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1978) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1911) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Manufacturing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_of_Italy) Menswear designers (/wiki/Category:Menswear_designers) Privately held companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_of_Italy) Design companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1911) Companies based in Bergamo (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Bergamo) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Pages with Italian IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA) All Wikipedia articles needing clarification (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2021)
Pattern of intersecting vertical and horizontal stripes Check (pattern) Types (#Types) Argyle (pattern) (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Battenburg markings (/wiki/Battenburg_markings) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Madras (cloth) (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Plaid (pattern) (/wiki/Plaid_(pattern)) Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) Square tiling (/wiki/Square_tiling) Stripe (pattern) (/wiki/Stripe_(pattern)) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) v t e Check (also checker , Brit: chequer , or dicing ) is a pattern of modified stripes consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical lines which form squares. The pattern typically contains two colours where a single checker (that is a single square within the check pattern) is surrounded on all four sides by a checker of a different colour. The pattern is commonly placed onto garments and is, in certain social contexts, applied to clothing which is worn to signify cultural or political affiliations. Such is the case with check in ska (/wiki/Ska) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) and on the keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) . [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) The pattern's all-pervasiveness and simple layout has lent to its practical usage in scientific experimentation and observation, optometry, technology (hardware and software), and as a symbol for responders to associate meaning with. Etymology [ edit ] The word is derived from the ancient Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) word shah [3] (#cite_note-3) which means 'king' in the Sasanian game of Shatranj (/wiki/Shatranj) ; an old form of chess (/wiki/Chess) which is played on a squared board of alternating coloured checkers. It is more specifically derived from the expression shah (/wiki/Shah) mat , 'the king is dead', with check-mate (/wiki/Checkmate) the equivalent modern chess term. The word entered the French language (/wiki/French_language) as echec in the eleventh century, [4] (#cite_note-4) thence into English. History [ edit ] The incorporation of the checkerboard pattern in human-made objects has no definitive origin as the pattern has existed in assorted forms with multiple variations across continents and time periods. There are few known instances of its import into the regions and cultures in which it is featured. Its design and incorporation by humans into pattern-making and weaving (/wiki/Weaving) precedes its common etymological characterisation and derivation from the word shah in chess; the language conventions from which the contemporary English word 'check' is extracted are younger than some appearances of the pattern or its variations. Human uses for check predate its notable usage on the checkerboard in the board game chess (/wiki/Chess) , which was developed in its chaturanga (/wiki/Chaturanga) iteration in the late 6th or early 7th century AD. [5] (#cite_note-5) This is illustrated by the comparative age of weaving which creates a checkered pattern as a byproduct of its process, as weaving is estimated to have originated in the neolithic period (/wiki/Neolithic) or approximately 10000 BC. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Weavers (/wiki/Weaving) have long produced checked patterns, but fashion trends and its level of ubiquitousness vary over time. [8] (#cite_note-8) Check's variant tartan (/wiki/Tartan) appears on the 3000-year-old mummy the Cherchen Man (/wiki/Cherchen_Man) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-:32-10) The checkerboard pattern has also been identified in Bronze Age (/wiki/Bronze_Age) pottery [11] (#cite_note-11) and ancient Roman architecture (/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Check may not have a single foundation specific to a practice, region or type of material because it appears within nature and thus can be imitated and adapted. The checkered garter snake (/wiki/Checkered_garter_snake) , chequered skipper (/wiki/Carterocephalus_palaemon) and cleridae (/wiki/Cleridae) , commonly known as checkered beetles exemplify natural occurrences of the pattern which have emerged without human interference or stimuli. Checkered exterior of Hiorn Tower Check appears in architecture as checkerwork (also chequer-work or diapering (/wiki/Diapering) ): a laying of bricks or tiles of two different materials or colours in an arrangement that, when finished, resembles the checkered pattern. This design was popularly used across England and in nearby regions in parish churches (/wiki/Parish_church) and small houses following the 16th-century Reformation (/wiki/Reformation) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Notable instances of its usage in England includes its appearance on the exterior of Hiorne Tower and above the windows in Westminster Hall (/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Scotland [ edit ] Main article: Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) The pattern, in its tartan variation, is prominent in Scottish garment designs and gained notoriety from the 16th century onwards among Scottish Highlanders (/wiki/Scottish_Highlands) . [15] (#cite_note-15) The design was introduced by the Celts (/wiki/Celts) [10] (#cite_note-:32-10) before it became a staple of highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) . Following the battle of Culloden (/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden) , wearing check or tartan was banned through the Dress Act 1746 (/wiki/Dress_Act_1746) in an attempt to control Scottish clans who supported the Jacobite rising of 1745 (/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In the 1930s the checkerboard pattern was incorporated into the design of Scotland's police uniform which was later nicknamed Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) [17] (#cite_note-:12-17) and adopted as a police symbol globally. [18] (#cite_note-:62-18) South India [ edit ] Mural in Veerabhadra temple (/wiki/Veerabhadra_Temple,_Lepakshi) Checkered stripes were prominent in textile designs around the Coromandel Coast (/wiki/Coromandel_Coast) in the 16th-17th Century. [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) According to 17th Century trade records, the use of the check pattern in ornamentation became widespread across South India. [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) Numerous paintings in the Veerabhadra temple (/wiki/Veerabhadra_Temple,_Lepakshi) display figures who dress in checkered cotton [20] (#cite_note-20) and show the prominence of the check pattern in traditional dress. Fashion [ edit ] Check and its variant patterns have been commonly employed as fabric and textile designs used in the making of garments. After WW2, the popularity of check in high fashion increased as it was featured in the linings of Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) coats and worn by celebrities including Humphrey Bogart (/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart) . [21] (#cite_note-21) From 1910 to the late 1970s it was implemented into a variety of dresses manufactured by Nelly Don (/wiki/Nelly_Don) , which Mikyoung Whang [22] (#cite_note-22) suggests, reflected the shifting role of women in the public eye as it offered an alternative to the Mother Hubbard house-dress (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) . The check pattern is often associated with formalwear as it, or its variants, are commonly implemented in dresses, skirts, suits, and coats. [ citation needed ] Variations [ edit ] Louis Vuitton bag with Damier Ebene pattern Damier Patterns This pattern also known as Louis Vuitton checkered pattern, was first introduced in 1888 by George Vuitton ( Louis Vuitton’s (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_(designer)) son) . The name damier (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damier) is actually French word for checkerboard. The design is basically brownish checkerboard patterns with alternating colours between lighter brown square and darker brown square. It was initially created to combat counterfeiters who were replicating the brand’s signature monogram (/wiki/Monogram) pattern. These design is popularly known as Damier Ebene. [23] (#cite_note-23) Later, Damier Azur is introduced, it has a white checkerboard with a light blue background. [24] (#cite_note-24) Buffalo check or buffalo plaid This pattern has black hashes on a red background. In the United States, it got its name around 1850 when a designer at the Woolrich (/wiki/Woolrich) mill at Chatham's Run (/wiki/Chatham%27s_Run) in Pennsylvania (who owned a herd of buffalo (/wiki/Bison) ) copied a pattern known as "Rob Roy" in Scotland, named after the folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor (/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor) . "No. 5310-402 in the Woolrich middleweight fabric collection" became associated with lumberjacks (/wiki/Lumberjack) , as those nearby in the Pennsylvania woods were the main customers for the woollen shirts that used it. It became popular in mainstream fashion in the United States in the 1990s and 2010s. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Windowpane plaid This pattern is "a way to cross warp and weft (/wiki/Warp_and_weft) to create a pattern. A solid background sectioned off by narrow warp and weft stripes creates little "windows", or the windowpane plaid." [27] (#cite_note-27) Usually, a better way to identify this pattern is thru the larger sizes of checkered squares. Others Other variation if checkered squares are tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) , gingham (/wiki/Gingham) and shepherd’s check (/wiki/Shepherd%27s_check) . Ska [ edit ] Music Group Ska Patrol . Member wearing Ska's signature checkered scarf The black-and-white checkerboard pattern is heavily featured within the music genre and subculture ska (/wiki/Ska) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) and the mod subculture (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) . The popularisation of this pattern in ska dress is attributed to the racial roots of the genre due to its symbolic representation of the two-tone (/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)) era, a ska subgenre that emerged in the late 70s and popularised in the United Kingdom in the late 80s. [28] (#cite_note-28) This is because the black and white squares in a check pattern were seen as fusing black and white culture, a notion that constituted the basis for much of the two-tone era of ska music. [29] (#cite_note-29) Some of the most popular garments worn to represent ska are checkerboard Vans shoes (/wiki/Vans) , check fedoras, check overalls [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) and check ties. Symbolism [ edit ] Check's notability as a distinctive and salient pattern has made it a commonly used signifier (/wiki/Signified_and_signifier) even compared with more pervasive descriptions like colour. [30] (#cite_note-30) The pattern check's ubiquity causes concepts or signifiants (/wiki/Signifiant) and signs (/wiki/Sign) associated with the pattern to be contingent on contextual inferences. In trademark law (specifically trademark law concerning but not limited to the American legal system) this ubiquity is recognised, as the commercial uses of check are limited because check connotes identifiable meanings that "exist beyond that of particular products". [31] (#cite_note-31) Keffiyeh [ edit ] Main articles: Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) and Palestinian keffiyeh (/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh) Bedouin (/wiki/Bedouin) wearing red-and-white Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) that resembles a checkered pattern Check is popularly implemented into the keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) , a headdress (/wiki/Headgear) worn throughout the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) . Checkered keffiyeh are most commonly worn in the colours red-and-white and black-and-white but are also available in other variants. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Both favoured colours of the checkered variants of keffiyeh are popular in Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) [34] (#cite_note-34) as a result of the design's import into the region following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight) . Each variation of a keffiyeh holds different symbolic meanings based on its pattern and colour although there is no underlying, universal symbolism to the Keffiyeh. Rather, its interpreted meaning is geographically, culturally and situationally dependent. One iteration of the Keffiyeh is referred to as the Palestinian keffiyeh (/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) which commonly appears in a black-and-white check iteration; they also appear in different colours including red-and-white and non-checkered patterns. It was traditionally associated with rural farmers who worked under Ottoman rule (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) but became a signifier of Palestinian nationalism (/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism) following the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine (/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine) . [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-:9-36) It has maintained prominence throughout the rest of the 20th and into the 21st century and is colloquially cited as Palestine's "unofficial flag" and a Palestinian political symbol. [37] (#cite_note-37) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) [36] (#cite_note-:9-36) The red-and-white check keffiyeh is a symbol of Palestinian Marxists (/wiki/Marxism) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) but is also a common pattern with different symbolic connotations outside of this specific group. Its popularity in Jordan (/wiki/Jordan) is caused by its connection to the nation's heritage and connection with Jordanian Bedouin (/wiki/Bedouin) history and fashion. [40] (#cite_note-40) Freemasonry [ edit ] Former Freemason lodge containing checkered flooring Sites of Masonic lodges (/wiki/Masonic_lodge) commonly utilise checkered carpeting, tiling, parquetry (/wiki/Parquetry) or other types of flooring as the ground upon which Masonic rituals and lectures occur. [41] (#cite_note-:7-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) This flooring is often referred to as a mosaic (/wiki/Mosaic) pavement, but glass and ceramic tiles are not necessary components of the design. The design of this flooring consists of a black-and-white checkerboard pattern surrounded by a border or skirt of tessellating triangles, which too alternate between the colours black and white. Whilst the checkered flooring is not a part of conventional Freemasonry's specialised symbols (/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism) or iconography, it is commonly used as a non-Masonic symbol within ceremonies, rituals and rites because of its connection to medieval stonemason (/wiki/Stonemasonry) craftsmanship. [44] (#cite_note-44) Checkered flooring has become a de facto (/wiki/De_facto) sign of Freemasons (/wiki/Freemasonry) and signifies some members' connection to biblical parables and morals. [45] (#cite_note-45) It also links to the lectures and teachings pertaining to the construction of Solomon's Temple (/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple) . [46] (#cite_note-46) The idea of the pattern check, as a symbol within Freemasonry, is thought to have originated from biblical (/wiki/Bible) representations of King Solomon's Temple. [41] (#cite_note-:7-41) It is believed that the ground level of the temple had a checkered ornamental flooring. [ by whom? ] Thus its placement within the lodge allude to the figure Hiram Abiff (/wiki/Hiram_Abiff) , the chief architect of the temple and the protagonist presented as part of the teachings involved in the third degree masonic stage. [47] (#cite_note-47) The use of this pattern in and outside of ritual is symbolic, utilising contrasting black and white squares to display dualistic cosmology (/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology) concerning the presence of good and evil in human existence. [41] (#cite_note-:7-41) As Mackey's encyclopaedia of Freemasonry states: The mosaic pavement is an old symbol of the order. It is met with the earliest rituals of the last century. It is classed among the ornaments of the lodge along with the indented tessel and the blazing star. Its party-colored stones of black and white have been readily and appropriately interpreted as symbols of the evil and good of human life. [41] (#cite_note-:7-41) [48] (#cite_note-48) The checkered floor's existence as a physical representation of Freemason's moral law, [49] (#cite_note-49) specifically concerning its connection to the principle of good and evil, is derived from the primacy of check in Solomon's temple. [50] (#cite_note-:10-50) This is due to the teachings of allegorical masonic morality plays (/wiki/Morality_play) which are framed around the construction of King Solomon's temple [51] (#cite_note-51) and incorporated into the teachings of Freemason moral law. [50] (#cite_note-:10-50) [52] (#cite_note-52) Check is further utilised as a symbol in freemasonry on some tracing boards (/wiki/Tracing_board) , which are typically used as tools or artworks used to assist the teaching of lectures that explain various concepts of the organisation to new or inexperienced members. [53] (#cite_note-53) Heraldry [ edit ] red and white chequy in coat of arms of Croatia (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia) Main articles: Heraldry (/wiki/Heraldry) and chequy (/wiki/Chequy) Check patterns and variants that are used in heraldry (/wiki/Heraldry) are known to as chequy (/wiki/Variation_of_the_field) . [54] (#cite_note-54) This pattern is sometimes used as an identifying mark on a coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms) . Flag of the English county of Surrey (/wiki/Surrey) A well known display of chequy is on the coat of arms of Croatia (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia) and the coat of arms of the president of Croatia (/wiki/President_of_Croatia) , which are both checkered with white and red squares. Auto racing [ edit ] The check pattern is commonly used as a symbol because of its ability to contain contrasting colours and prominence. In auto racing, a checkered flag (/wiki/Racing_flags#Checkered_flag) is used to indicate that the race has finished because it is identifiable. [55] (#cite_note-55) The origin of this flag and the reason for its usage in racing are undetermined. [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) It is theorised by Fred R. Egloff that the name originates from the 'checkers' who watched the finishing line and checked when cars had finished the race. [58] (#cite_note-58) They began using chequered flags to identify themselves. Emergency services [ edit ] Main articles: Battenburg markings (/wiki/Battenburg_markings) and Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) Ambulance with checkerboard-like Battenburg (/wiki/Battenburg_markings) markings A variation of the checkerboard pattern, named Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) , is commonly used as a symbol to identify police and other emergency services. [17] (#cite_note-:12-17) [18] (#cite_note-:62-18) It is used in numerous countries across the world and is incorporated into the design of police uniforms and stations. [59] (#cite_note-59) Originally developed in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Battenburg markings (/wiki/Battenburg_markings) are used on the side of emergency vehicles for high visibility. [17] (#cite_note-:12-17) [60] (#cite_note-:5-60) These markings resemble a high contrast checkerboard pattern and look similar to Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) . They are usually retroreflective (/wiki/Retroreflective_sheeting) ; [60] (#cite_note-:5-60) this design choice was subsequently implemented into emergency service uniforms for high visibility (/wiki/High-visibility_clothing) . [61] (#cite_note-61) Airports [ edit ] A red-white checkerboard pattern is widely used on airports (/wiki/Airport) because of its recognizability and visibility. Checkerboard is used on roofs, water towers (/wiki/Water_tower) and other buildings around the airports. [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-63) Other uses [ edit ] The versatility and simplicity of the checkerboard pattern mean that the pattern has a wide range of utilities. Because of check's easy application to various instruments, fabrics, and other matter, its practical usages as a tool to assist various tasks has been widespread. [ citation needed ] Science [ edit ] The check pattern has been utilised as a tool within multiple fields of scientific study to analyse the responses of fauna. This is due to the pattern's unanimity, simplicity, and variability in size as multiple iterations of the pattern can measure differing levels of complexity in responses. Animals have responded to checkerboard patterns with different biological mechanisms, allowing scientists to analyse the behaviour, intelligence, and physical limitations of different species. The pattern was used to elicit different camouflage reactions in cuttlefish (/wiki/Cuttlefish) to analyse how they perceive size, light, and colour. [64] (#cite_note-64) The pattern has also been used by Sutherland and Williams [65] (#cite_note-65) as a tool to display the cognitive capabilities of rats (/wiki/Rat) . Optometry [ edit ] In the field of optometry, the check pattern has been utilised in a variety of visual acuity tests (/wiki/Visual_acuity) to measure the responsiveness of the pupil and a patient's ability to discern between different objects. [66] (#cite_note-66) Technology [ edit ] The check pattern has been used to increase the productivity and ease of use of various technologies. In digital images, the checkerboard pattern is used to signal the transparency of a background in a PNG (/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics) file. Check is also noted as a reliable pattern to use for camera calibration (/wiki/Camera_resectioning) according to Chunsheng Yu and Qingjin Peng [67] (#cite_note-67) because of its ability to be easily recognised visually by people and computers. In the creation of solar panels, the check pattern has been used as a configuration to optimise the absorption efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells (/wiki/Solar_cell) . [68] (#cite_note-68) Board games [ edit ] Main articles: Checkerboard (/wiki/Checkerboard) and Chessboard (/wiki/Chessboard) The original check pattern was the ancient oriental chess-board (/wiki/Chessboard) The check pattern has been commonly implemented in the board of tabletop games to create a grid for players to dictate the movement of pieces. The checkerboard (/wiki/Checkerboard) is used in a variety of games including chess (/wiki/Chess) , draughts (/wiki/Draughts) , makruk (/wiki/Makruk) and shantranj (/wiki/Shatranj) . In chess, the checkered board upon which the game is played is referred to as the chessboard (/wiki/Chessboard) and it consists of an 8x8 square grid which holds 64 squares. Chess players use algebraic notation (/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)) to describe the movements of each player and refer to each square and piece with a specific letter and number. [69] (#cite_note-69) The vertical columns of the chessboard are called files (/wiki/File_(chess)) and are labeled alphabetically from a to h , with a starting on the leftmost side of white's pieces, also referred to as the queenside (/wiki/Queenside) . The horizontal rows of the chessboard are named ranks (/wiki/Rank_(chess)) and are attributed a whole number ranging from 1 to 8 where 1 is placed on white's side of the chessboard. Chequers [ edit ] Main article: Exchequer (/wiki/Exchequer) On a board used by the medieval Exchequer (/wiki/Exchequer) , the pattern is utilised to perform financial computations pertaining to taxes and goods. The title of Exchequer is derived from the checkered cloth or table upon which confrontational audits of Barons took place. [70] (#cite_note-70) In art [ edit ] Main articles: M. C. Escher (/wiki/M._C._Escher) and Juan Gris (/wiki/Juan_Gris) The alternating and contrasting blocks within the check pattern are heavily utilised by artist M.C. Escher (/wiki/M._C._Escher) . Notable appearance of this pattern by Escher include the Metamorphosis (/wiki/Metamorphosis_I) series of woodcut prints, The Sky and Water (/wiki/Sky_and_Water_I) Lithograph print series and The Regular Division of the Plane (/wiki/Regular_Division_of_the_Plane) series among several other works. [ citation needed ] The artist Juan Gris (/wiki/Juan_Gris) also frequently incorporates the checkerboard pattern into his paintings. Artworks that feature the pattern include Still Life with Checked Tablecloth (/wiki/Still_Life_with_Checked_Tablecloth) , Violin and Checkerboard and Harlequin with a Guitar (/wiki/Harlequin_with_a_Guitar) . [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Argyle (pattern) (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Battenburg markings (/wiki/Battenburg_markings) Checkered flag (/wiki/Checkered_flag) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Madras (cloth) (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) Square tiling (/wiki/Square_tiling) Stripe (pattern) (/wiki/Stripe_(pattern)) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) , also known as plaid Tattersall (cloth) (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Sources [ edit ] Harrison, E. S.; Our Scottish District Checks ; National Association of Woollen Manufacturers, Edinburgh; 1968 p6. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Checkered (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Checkered) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Traber, Daniel (2013). "Pick It Up! Pick It Up!: The Transnational Localism of Ska" (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007766.2011.600293) . Popular Music and Society . 36 (1): 1–18. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/03007766.2011.600293 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007766.2011.600293) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0300-7766 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7766) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144935152 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144935152) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Renfro, Evan (5 June 2017). "Stitched together, torn apart: The keffiyeh as cultural guide" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877917713266) . International Journal of Cultural Studies . 21 (6): 571–586. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1367877917713266 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367877917713266) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1367-8779 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1367-8779) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 149275034 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149275034) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "check \| Origin and meaning of check by Online Etymology Dictionary" (https://www.etymonline.com/word/check) . etymonline . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180215115604/https://www.etymonline.com/word/check) from the original on 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise , Lexis, Paris, 1993 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Murray, Harold James Ruthven (1913). A History of Chess . London England: Oxford University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-6) St Claire, Kassia (2018). "1 Fibres in the Cave: The Origins of Weaving". The Golden Thread: How Fabric Changed History . United Kingdom: John Murray. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1473659032 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Fowler, Brenda (9 May 1995). "Find Suggests Weaving Preceded Settled Life" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/09/science/find-suggests-weaving-preceded-settled-life.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Brackman, Barbara (/wiki/Barbara_Brackman) (5 November 2010). "Fabric of the Machine Age: 1890-1925 / Ginghams: Checked, Plaid, Striped and Plain". Making History - Quilts & Fabric From 1890-1970\ . Lafayette, California: C&T Publishing Inc (published 2010). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781607053026 . Retrieved 3 May 2019 . Weavers have always been able to produce pattern by crossing colored yarns into stripes and checks [...]. But early-twentieth-century fashion embraced simple woven patterns, so a quilt with an abundance of checks, plaids, and stripes may be from 1910 to 1925. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Barber, E. J. W. (2000). The mummies of Ürümchi . W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-393-32019-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 48426519 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48426519) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein, Richard (13 January 1999). "Silent Giants as Guides on an Ancient Thoroughfare" (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/13/books/books-of-the-times-silent-giants-as-guides-on-an-ancient-thoroughfare.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 15 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ackerman, Robert E. (1982). "The Neolithic-Bronze Age Cultures of Asia and the Norton Phase of Alaskan Prehistory" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316024) . Arctic Anthropology . 19 (2): 11–38. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0066-6939 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6939) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 40316024 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316024) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Butler, Howard Crosby (1901). "The Roman Aqueducts as Monuments of Architecture" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F496768) . American Journal of Archaeology . 5 (2): 175–199. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/496768 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F496768) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 496768 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/496768) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191398212 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191398212) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Checkerwork . Encyclopedia Britannica (published 20 July 1998). 1998 . Retrieved 17 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Early History" (https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/architecture/early-history/) . UK Parliament . 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100526023700/http://www.parliament.uk:80/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/architecture/early-history/) from the original on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Brown, Ian, ed. (2012). From tartan to tartanry : Scottish culture, history and myth . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7486-6464-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 875242958 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875242958) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Kompanje, Ejo (2013). " (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0036933012474600) 'Real men wear kilts'.. The anecdotal evidence that wearing a Scottish kilt has influence on reproductive potential: how much is true?" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0036933012474600) . Scottish Medical Journal . 58 (1): e1–e5. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0036933012474600 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0036933012474600) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0036-9330 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9330) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23596031 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23596031) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 10500427 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10500427) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kohlsted, Kurt (24 December 2020). "Sillitoe's Tartan: The Scottish Origins of a Global Emergency Services Pattern" (https://99percentinvisible.org/article/sillitoes-tartan-the-scottish-origins-of-a-globally-recognizable-pattern/) . 99% Invisible . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201224201055/https://99percentinvisible.org/article/sillitoes-tartan-the-scottish-origins-of-a-globally-recognizable-pattern/) from the original on 24 December 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Sillitoe Tartan – Glasgow Police Museum" (http://www.policemuseum.org.uk/glasgow-police-history/20th-century/sillitoe-tartan/) . Glasgow Police Museum . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200928064552/http://www.policemuseum.org.uk/glasgow-police-history/20th-century/sillitoe-tartan/) from the original on 28 September 2020 . Retrieved 16 May 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Majis, Brigitte (2019). "Stripes, Checks, and Flowers: Textile Patterns in the Murals of Lepakshi, South India' (https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7560/TMJ4603) " (https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7560/TMJ4603) . Textile Museum Journal . 58 : 26–41. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7560/TMJ4603 (https://doi.org/10.7560%2FTMJ4603) (inactive 31 January 2024). {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2024) ) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Varadarajan, Lotika (1984). "Designs in Cotton: Horizons of the Past and Present" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001705) . India International Centre Quarterly . 11 (4): 69–78. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0376-9771 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-9771) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23001705 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001705) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Romano, Pamela (11 December 2020). "History and evolution of the check pattern" (https://www.nssmag.com/en/article/24575) . NSS G-Club Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Whang, Mikyoung; Haar, Sherry (2014). "Nelly Don's 1916 pink gingham apron frock: an illustration of the middle-class American housewife's shifting role from producer to consumer" (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40691-014-0018-1) . Fashion and Textiles . 1 (1): 1–17. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/s40691-014-0018-1 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40691-014-0018-1) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2097/8621 (https://hdl.handle.net/2097%2F8621) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2198-0802 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2198-0802) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146222176 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146222176) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) thedutchladydesigns (30 May 2023). "What Is the Louis Vuitton Checkered Pattern Called?" (https://thedutchladydesigns.com/what-is-the-louis-vuitton-checkered-pattern-called/) . The Dutch Lady Designs . Retrieved 28 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "The history of: Louis Vuitton Damier Ebene Canvas and Damier Azur Canv" (https://etoile-luxuryvintage.com/blogs/the-history-of/the-history-of-louis-vuitton-damier-ebene-and-azur) . l'Étoile de Saint Honoré . 20 August 2021 . Retrieved 28 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Robert Klara (12 November 2015). "Why the 165-Year-Old Buffalo Check Is 2015's Hot Holiday Pattern" (http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/why-165-year-old-buffalo-check-2015s-hot-holiday-pattern-168056/) . Ad Week. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Laura Serino (25 November 2013). "A Brief History of Buffalo Plaid" (http://mainetoday.com/fashion-3/a-brief-history-of-buffalo-plaid/) . Maine Today. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Patrick, Jane, and Sokolov, Stephanie Flynn. (https://books.google.com/books?id=bCNjDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%22a+way+to+cross+warp+and+weft+to+create+a+pattern.+A+solid+background+sectioned+off+by+narrow+warp+and+weft+stripes+creates+little+%22&pg=PP30) Woven Scarves: 26 Inspired Designs for the Rigid Heddle Loom . United States, F+W Media, 2014. (https://books.google.com/books?id=bCNjDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%22a+way+to+cross+warp+and+weft+to+create+a+pattern.+A+solid+background+sectioned+off+by+narrow+warp+and+weft+stripes+creates+little+%22&pg=PP30) ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Ska Revival Music Genre Overview" (https://www.allmusic.com/style/ska-revival-ma0000002403) . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Perry, Leanna (4 January 2018). "Emerging Looks: The Checkerboard Pattern" (https://undergroundunderdogs.com/2018/01/04/emerging-looks-the-checkerboard-pattern/) . Underground Underdogs . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210515094035/https://undergroundunderdogs.com/2018/01/04/emerging-looks-the-checkerboard-pattern/) from the original on 15 May 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Caivano, José Luis (1998). <390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-# "Color and semiotics: A two-way street" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199812)23:6) . Color Research & Application . 23 (6): 390–401. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199812)23:6<390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-# (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6378%28199812%2923%3A6%3C390%3A%3Aaid-col7%3E3.0.co%3B2-%23) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2317 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2317) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Butters, Ronald R. (29 January 2013), "Semiotic Interpretation in Trademark Law: The Empirical Study of Commercial Meanings in American English of {▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄} "Checkered Pattern" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9322-6_13) " (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9322-6_13) , Law, Culture and Visual Studies , Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 261–282, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-90-481-9322-6_13 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9322-6_13) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-481-9321-9 , retrieved 31 May 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-32) Ali Khan, Ghanzanfar (1 July 2015). "Not just a checkered scarf" (https://www.arabnews.com/fashion/news/769871) . Arab News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150704065406/http://www.arabnews.com:80/fashion/news/769871) from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance" (http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/palestine-keffiyeh-resistance-traditional-headdress) . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Corstange, Daniel (28 January 2021). "Non-state order and strategic communication via symbolic dress in Yemen" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463120985322) . Rationality and Society . 33 (1): 3–51. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1043463120985322 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1043463120985322) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1043-4631 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4631) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 231808695 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231808695) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and customs of Israel . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-05036-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 58388859 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58388859) . ^ Jump up to: a b Kirk, Matthew D. (28 March 2021). "Islam, veiling & political agency: the visual performativity of Palestinian female suicide bombers in broadcast news media" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15456870.2021.1903467) . Atlantic Journal of Communication . 30 (3): 278–296. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/15456870.2021.1903467 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15456870.2021.1903467) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1545-6870 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-6870) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 233621947 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233621947) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Farazi Saber, Indlieb (28 May 2021). "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance" (http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/palestine-keffiyeh-resistance-traditional-headdress) . Middle East Eye . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602180613/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/palestine-keffiyeh-resistance-traditional-headdress) from the original on 2 June 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Binur, Yoram (1990). My enemy, my self . Penguin Books. p. 15. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-14-012985-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 20826082 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20826082) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Profile: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30099510) . BBC News . 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Eglash, Ruth (29 January 2010). "Heads up! It's the new 'Israeli keffiyeh' (https://www.jpost.com/israel/heads-up-its-the-new-israeli-keffiyeh) " (https://www.jpost.com/israel/heads-up-its-the-new-israeli-keffiyeh) . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mackey, Albert (2013). Encyclopedia Of Freemasonry Extended Annotated Edition . Altenmünster: Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-8496-3156-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 867191435 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867191435) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "The Masonic Mosaic Pavement" (https://bricksmasons.com/blogs/masonic-education/the-masonic-mosaic-pavement) . Bricks Masons . Retrieved 29 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "MOSAIC PAVEMENT - Tasselated Border of the Lodge" (https://www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com/mosaic-pavement.html) . www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com . Retrieved 29 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Eyer, Shawn (2009). "The Mystery of the Mosaic Pavement" (https://scholar.harvard.edu/seyer/publications/mystery-mosaic-pavement) . Philalethes: The Journal of Masonic Research and Letters . 62 : 90–97. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Horne, Alex (1972). King Solomon's temple in the Masonic tradition . Aquarian Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85030-767-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 24246861 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24246861) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Gardner, Laurence (2009). The shadow of Solomon : the lost secret of the Freemasons revealed . HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-00-734356-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 878981740 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/878981740) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Hall, Manly P. (2004). The lost keys of masonry : the legend of Hiram Abiff . NuVision Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-932681-01-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55538062 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55538062) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "The Checkered Flooring" (https://freemasoninformation.com/2009/03/the-checkered-flooring/) . Freemason Information . 7 March 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090330082245/http://www.freemasoninformation.com:80/2009/03/the-checkered-flooring/) from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "The Basic Principles of Freemasons" (https://www.dummies.com/religion/spirituality/the-basic-principles-of-freemasons/) . dummies . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160909185735/http://www.dummies.com:80/religion/spirituality/the-basic-principles-of-freemasons/) from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cobain, Ian (4 February 2018). "Integrity or influence? Inside the world of modern Freemasons" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/04/integrity-or-influence-peering-into-the-world-of-modern-freemasons) . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Clarke, Hyde (4 January 1873). "The temple of Solomon". Notes and Queries . s4-XI (262): 22–23. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/nq/s4-xi.262.22g (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs4-xi.262.22g) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1471-6941 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941) . ^ (#cite_ref-52) The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. "Masonic Library - King Solomon's Temple" (https://www.masoniclibrary.org.au/research/list-lectures/94-king-solomons-temple.html) . masoniclibrary . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160302011357/http://www.masoniclibrary.org.au/research/list-lectures/94-king-solomons-temple.html) from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Museum of Freemasonry - Tracing Boards" (https://www.mof.org.au/articles/items-of-interest/66-tracing-boards.html) . www.mof.org.au . Retrieved 29 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Parker, James (1894). "A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry" (https://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossc.htm#Chequy) . www.heraldsnet.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20041025085335/http://www.heraldsnet.org:80/saitou/parker/Jpglossc.htm) from the original on 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 31 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Marshall, Tim (2017). A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols . New York: Scribner. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5011-6834-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1006812583 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006812583) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Bently, Ross (13 October 2020). "The Mysterious Origins Of The Checkered Flag - Winding Road" (https://www.windingroad.com/articles/blogs/the-mysterious-origins-of-the-checkered-flag/) . www.windingroad.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150728134011/http://www.windingroad.com:80/articles/blogs/the-mysterious-origins-of-the-checkered-flag/) from the original on 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Weaver, Anna (23 May 2018). "How The Checkered Flag Came To Represent The Finish Line At Races" (https://www.simplemost.com/why-checkered-flag-used-end-races/) . Simplemost . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104305/https://www.simplemost.com/why-checkered-flag-used-end-races/) from the original on 6 August 2020 . Retrieved 17 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Egloff, Fred R. (2006). Origin of the checker flag : a search for racing's holy grail . Watkin's Glen: International Motor Racing Research Center. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9785633-0-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 71291549 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71291549) . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Tartan Details - Sillitoe" (https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=3786) . The Scottish Register of Tartans . National Records of Scotland . Retrieved 3 January 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study" (https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_323.pdf) (PDF) . PsycEXTRA Dataset . FEMA. 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111016092032/http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_323.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Beck, Kirby (29 October 2005). "IPMBA" (http://www.ipmba.org/) . IPMBA . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20000229181856/http://www.ipmba.org:80/) from the original on 29 February 2000 . Retrieved 16 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Why do many airports have red and white checkered structures?" (https://www.quora.com/Why-do-many-airports-have-red-and-white-checkered-structures) . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Why is everything in Airports painted with red and white checks?" (https://cockpitvoice.wordpress.com/2015/11/01/why-is-everything-in-airports-painted-with-red-and-white-checks/) . November 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) Chiao, Chuan-Chin; Hanlon, Roger (15 June 2001). "Cuttlefish camouflage: visual perception of size, contrast and number of white squares on artificial checkerboard substrata initiates disruptive coloration" (https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.12.2119) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 204 (12): 2119–2125. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1242/jeb.204.12.2119 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.204.12.2119) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0022-0949 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0949) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11441053 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11441053) . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Sutherland, N. S.; Williams, Clare (1969). "Discrimination of Checkerboard Patterns by Rats" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/14640746908400199) . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology . 21 (4): 330–338. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/14640746908400199 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14640746908400199) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0033-555X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-555X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 5777986 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5777986) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 41184659 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41184659) . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Slooter, J.; van Norren, D. (1980). "Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7350128/) . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 19 (1): 105–108. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0146-0404 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-0404) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 7350128 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7350128) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Yu, Chunsheng; Peng, Qingjin (1 September 2006). "Robust recognition of checkerboard pattern for camera calibration" (http://opticalengineering.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1117/1.2352738) . Optical Engineering . 45 (9): 093201. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2006OptEn..45i3201Y (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OptEn..45i3201Y) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1117/1.2352738 (https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.2352738) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0091-3286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3286) . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Donaldson, Laurie (2021). "Solar panel checkerboard design improves light absorption" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369702120304156) . Materials Today . 42 : 1–2. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.11.008 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mattod.2020.11.008) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 234197982 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234197982) . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Capablanca, José Raúl (1921). Chess fundamentals in Algebraic Notation . independently published. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85744-073-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1142965854 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1142965854) . ^ (#cite_ref-70) The foundations of Western civilization , Thomas F. X. Noble, Teaching Company, Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56585-575-5 , OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 858093928 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858093928) , retrieved 31 May 2021 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) articles Outline of Scotland (/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland) History (/wiki/History_of_Scotland) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history) Prehistoric (/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland) Roman times (/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire) Middle Ages (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages) Early Middle Ages (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages) Kingdom (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland) High Middle Ages (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages) Davidian Revolution (/wiki/Davidian_Revolution) Wars of Independence (/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence) Late Middle Ages (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland) Early modern (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period) Reformation (/wiki/Scottish_Reformation) Colonisation of the Americas (/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas) Glorious Revolution (/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland) 1707 Acts of Union (/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707) Jacobitism (/wiki/Jacobitism) Enlightenment (/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment) Lowland Clearances (/wiki/Lowland_Clearances) Highland Clearances (/wiki/Highland_Clearances) Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland) Romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland) Modern (/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland) Anglo-Scottish border (/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border) Central Belt (/wiki/Central_Belt) Climate (/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland) Conservation (/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland) Fauna (/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland) Flora (/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland) Geology (/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland) Highlands (/wiki/Scottish_Highlands) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland) Lochs (/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland) Lowlands (/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands) Mountains and hills (/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland) Highest (/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland) Protected areas (/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland) Waterfalls (/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland) Glens (/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland) Ecoregions (/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland) Biosphere reserves (/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland) Environment (/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland) Municipalities (/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland) Munro (/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland) Government (/wiki/Government_of_Scotland) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland) Devolution (/wiki/Scottish_devolution) Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland) First Minister (/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland) Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland) Deputy First Minister (/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland) Great Seal of Scotland (/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland) Government (/wiki/Scottish_Government) International relations (/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland) LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland) Independence (/wiki/Scottish_independence) Local government (/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland) History (/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland) Cities (/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland) Armed forces (/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland) Military history (/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland) Monarchs (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs) Members of Parliament (/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland) Parliament (/wiki/Scottish_Parliament) Member of the Scottish Parliament (/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament) Political parties (/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland) Republicanism (/wiki/Scottish_republicanism) Scotland Office (/wiki/Scotland_Office) Secretary of State (/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland) Nationalism (/wiki/Scottish_nationalism) Unionism (/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland) Law (/wiki/Scots_law) Advocate General (/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland) Courts (/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland) ( List (/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland) ) Supreme Courts of Scotland (/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland) ( Court of Session (/wiki/Court_of_Session) , High Court of Justiciary (/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary) , Office of the Accountant of Court (/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court) ) Crown Office (/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service) Lord Advocate (/wiki/Lord_Advocate) Lord President (/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session) Procurator fiscal (/wiki/Procurator_fiscal) Solicitor General (/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland) Sheriff principal (/wiki/Sheriff_principal) College of Justice (/wiki/College_of_Justice) Scots property law (/wiki/Scots_property_law) Udal law (/wiki/Udal_law) Prison population (/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland) Police Scotland (/wiki/Police_Scotland) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland) Bank of Scotland (/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland) Charities (/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland) Fishing (/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland) Forestry (/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland) Harris Tweed (/wiki/Harris_Tweed) Housing (/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland) Media (/wiki/Media_of_Scotland) Oil industry (/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland) ( North Sea oil (/wiki/North_Sea_oil) ) Power stations (/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland) Renewable energy (/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland) Royal Bank of Scotland (/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland) Whisky (/wiki/Scotch_whisky) Silicon Glen (/wiki/Silicon_Glen) Unemployment (/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland) International trade (/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland) Art (/wiki/Scottish_art) Clans (/wiki/Scottish_clan) Cuisine (/wiki/Scottish_cuisine) Education (/wiki/Education_in_Scotland) Hogmanay (/wiki/Hogmanay) Identity (/wiki/Scottish_national_identity) Inventions and discoveries (/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries) Literature (/wiki/Scottish_literature) Museums (/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Scotland) Oldest buildings (/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland) Performing arts (/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland) Philosophy (/wiki/Scottish_philosophy) Placenames (/wiki/Scottish_toponymy) Prostitution (/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland) Royal National Mòd (/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland) Surnames (/wiki/Scottish_surnames) Symbols (/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland) anthem (/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland) coat of arms (/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland) flags (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags) national flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland) tartan (/wiki/Tartan) regimental (/wiki/Regimental_tartan) unicorn (/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland) Festivals (/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland) Comedy (/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland) Highland English (/wiki/Highland_English) Scottish English (/wiki/Scottish_English) Scottish Gaelic (/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic) Scots (/wiki/Scots_language) British Sign Language (/wiki/British_Sign_Language) People (/wiki/Scottish_people) ( list (/wiki/List_of_Scots) ) Actors (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors) Artists (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists) Inventors (/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries) Musicians (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians) Scientists (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists) Writers (/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland) Baháʼí Faith (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland) Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland) Christianity (/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland) Christmas (/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland) Church of Scotland (/wiki/Church_of_Scotland) General Assembly (/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland) Moderators (/wiki/List_of_Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland) Roman Catholicism (/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland) Scottish Episcopal Church (/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church) Baptist Union (/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland) Free Church of Scotland (/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)) Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland) Islam (/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland) Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland) Ethnic minorities (/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland) Category (/wiki/Category:Scotland) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) v t e Ska (/wiki/Ska) Genres Christian ska (/wiki/Christian_ska) Ska jazz (/wiki/Ska_jazz) Ska punk (/wiki/Ska_punk) Spouge (/wiki/Spouge) Third wave ska (/wiki/Ska#Third_wave_ska) Two-tone (/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)) Regional scenes Australia (/wiki/Australian_ska) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_ska) Orange County (/wiki/Orange_County_ska) Influences Calypso (/wiki/Calypso_music) Jazz (/wiki/Jazz) Mento (/wiki/Mento) Reggae (/wiki/Reggae) R&B (/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues) Rocksteady (/wiki/Rocksteady) Record labels Jamaican record producers (/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers) Studio One (/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)) Trojan Records (/wiki/Trojan_Records) Blue Beat Records (/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records) 2 Tone Records (/wiki/2_Tone_Records) Moon Ska Records (/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records) Asian Man Records (/wiki/Asian_Man_Records) Subcultures Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Rude boy (/wiki/Rude_boy) Scooterboy (/wiki/Scooterboy) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Trojan skinhead (/wiki/Trojan_skinhead) Suedehead (/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)) Other topics Caribbean music in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom) Culture of Jamaica (/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica) Dance hall (/wiki/Dance_Hall_(Jamaican)) List of Caribbean music genres (/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres) List of ska musicians (/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians) Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji (/wiki/Man_in_Business_Suit_Levitating_emoji) Music of Jamaica (/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica) Skank (dance) (/wiki/Skank_(dance)) Ska stroke (/wiki/Ska_stroke) Sound system (Jamaican) (/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)) Toasting (/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)) London Regalia History of The Knights Templar (https://londonregalia.com/2021/11/30/history-of-the-knights-templar/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐52mxg Cached time: 20240720164647 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.199 seconds Real time usage: 1.447 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5864/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 290816/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 30280/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 37/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 310657/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.718/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16603114/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1186.458 1 -total 14.29% 169.549 18 Template:Cite_journal 10.79% 127.990 3 Template:Lang 10.25% 121.581 28 Template:Cite_web 8.23% 97.668 1 Template:Sidebar 7.21% 85.517 1 Template:Scotland_topics 6.97% 82.696 1 Template:Country_topics 6.86% 81.380 15 Template:Cite_book 6.75% 80.139 1 Template:Short_description 5.87% 69.649 4 Template:Cn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13847913-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164647 and revision id 1231594329. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Check_(pattern)&oldid=1231594329 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Check_(pattern)&oldid=1231594329) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textile patterns (/wiki/Category:Textile_patterns) Patterns (/wiki/Category:Patterns) Board games (/wiki/Category:Board_games) Ska (/wiki/Category:Ska) Checker vehicles (/wiki/Category:Checker_vehicles) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2024) CS1: long volume value (/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) CS1 maint: others (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Persian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022) Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2022) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from December 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020)
Italien designer fashion brand This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Mandarina_Duck##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandarina_Duck&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Mandarina Duck" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mandarina+Duck%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mandarina+Duck%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mandarina+Duck%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mandarina+Duck%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mandarina+Duck%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mandarina+Duck%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2017 ) Mandarina Duck Location Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Opened 1977 Website mandarinaduck (http://mandarinaduck.com) .com (http://mandarinaduck.com) Mandarina Duck is an Italian fashion brand, most commonly associated with designer (/wiki/Designer_clothing) luggage (/wiki/Luggage) and travel accessories but which has also released sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , fragrances (/wiki/Fragrance) , watches (/wiki/Watch) , perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) and, in 2007, a mobile phone (/wiki/Mobile_phone) . Mandarina Duck is owned by E-Land (/wiki/E-Land) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History [ edit ] Alcatel Mandarina Duck PIC 0962 Mandarina Duck was founded in 1977 by Paolo Trento and Pietro Mannato. Its first collection was called Utility. By 1996, Mandarina Duck had 68 stores worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2004, Mandarina Duck launched a set of 4 luggages designed to fit the Mini Hatch (/wiki/Mini_Hatch) 's size and design. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2007, a limited edition of the Nissan Micra (/wiki/Nissan_Micra) designed by Mandarina Duck was launched. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2008, Italian leather goods retailer Antichi Pelletieri bought Mandarina Duck's parent company Finduck Group for £29.2 million. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2009, Mandarina Duck launched its first mobile phone called Moon and built by phone manufacturer Alcatel (/wiki/Alcatel_(mobile_device_brand)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In July 2011, E-Land (/wiki/E-Land) , a large Korean (/wiki/South_Korea) retailer, purchased the debt-ridden Mandarina Duck. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2014, Virgin Australia (/wiki/Virgin_Australia) chose Mandarina Duck amenity kit bags for its business class (/wiki/Business_class) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In May 2017, Mandarina Duck launched a handbag made from recycled plastic bottles. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2019, Turkish Airlines (/wiki/Turkish_Airlines) collaborated with Mandarina Duck to provide economy class (/wiki/Economy_class) passengers with amenity kits on long-haul flights, available in beige, orange, purple, blue, and green bags. [9] (#cite_note-9) Description [ edit ] The company name and logo come from the Mandarin duck (/wiki/Mandarin_duck) ( Aix galericulata (/wiki/Aix_galericulata) ), a species that inhabits rivers and lakes in East Asia. They opened a flagship outlet in Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) in 2007. The company headquarters are in Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , with branches in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , and London (/wiki/London) , and outlets such as Banbridge Outlet in Northern Ireland (/wiki/Northern_Ireland) . The CEO is Giovanni Bonatti since December 2015. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ Jump up to: a b "E-Land Buys Italy's Mandarina Duck - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea" (https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2011&no=468344) . pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean) . Retrieved 2020-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) (in Spanish) María Irazusta, Para No Quedarse en Cueros (http://www.elmundo.es/su-dinero/noticias/negocio/negoc-25.html) , Elmiundo.es , 7 April 1996 ^ (#cite_ref-3) New Range Of MINI Luggage By Mandarina Duck (http://www.carpages.co.uk/mini/mini-new-range-of-mini-luggage-by-mandarina-duck-21-08-04.asp) , Carpages.co.uk , 21 August 2004 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Daniel Seijo, Nissan Micra Mandarina Duck (https://www.motorpasion.com/utilitarios/nissan-micra-mandarina-duck) , Motorpasion.com , 30 November 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Faithfull, Mark (2008-05-07). "Mandarina Duck sold to Italian leather retailer" (https://www.retail-week.com/mandarina-duck-sold-to-italian-leather-retailer/1325771.article) . Retail Week . Retrieved 2020-05-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dusan Belic, Mandarina Duck launches new phone with Alcatel called MOON (http://www.intomobile.com/2009/02/18/mandarina-duck-launches-new-phone-with-alcatel-called-moon/) , Intomobile.com , 18 February 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-7) David Flynn , Virgin Australia's new Mandarina Duck amenity kits with REN skincare (https://www.ausbt.com.au/virgin-australia-s-new-mandarina-duck-amenity-kits-with-ren-skincare) , Ausbt.com.au , 3 September 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-8) (in Spanish) Paula V. Pinuaga, Mandarina Duck presenta una línea a partir del reciclaje de botellas de plástico (https://fashionunited.es/noticias/moda/mandarina-duck-presenta-una-linea-a-partir-del-reciclaje-de-botellas-de-plastico/2017052423967) , Fashionunited.es , 24 May 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Clark, Jonny. "Turkish launches two new amenity kits, with Versace for Business Class and Mandarina Duck for Economy (You heard us right!)" (https://thedesignair.net/2019/07/05/turkish-launches-two-new-amenity-kits-with-versace-for-business-class-and-mandarina-duck-for-economy-you-heard-us-right/) . Thedesignair.net . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) (in Italian) Giovanni Bonatti nuovo Ceo di Mandarina Duck (http://www.businesspeople.it/People/People-moving/Giovanni-Bonatti-nuovo-Ceo-di-Mandarina-Duck_88756) , Businesspeople.it , 17 December 2015 External links [ edit ] Mandarina Duck Official Site (http://www.mandarinaduck.com/) Mandarina Duck Shop - Official Online Store (http://shop.mandarinaduck.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐76ff5d997‐mwqbp Cached time: 20240710233019 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.373 seconds Real time usage: 0.511 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 888/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19751/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 722/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18961/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.279/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17675903/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 470.314 1 -total 21.47% 100.997 3 Template:In_lang 19.07% 89.676 3 Template:Cite_web 18.80% 88.417 1 Template:Infobox_Brewery 17.65% 83.021 1 Template:Infobox 17.16% 80.711 1 Template:One_source 16.16% 76.019 1 Template:Ambox 14.57% 68.502 1 Template:Short_description 8.84% 41.560 2 Template:Pagetype 7.05% 33.155 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14031995-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710233019 and revision id 1233800434. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandarina_Duck&oldid=1233800434 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandarina_Duck&oldid=1233800434) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Design companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_Italy) Italian companies established in 1977 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1977) Manufacturing companies established in 1977 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1977) Design companies established in 1977 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1977) E-Land Group (/wiki/Category:E-Land_Group) Hidden categories: CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) Articles needing additional references from June 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2017) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
National beauty pageant competition in Vietnam Miss Vietnam Formation 1955 ; 69 years ago ( 1955 ) Type Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) Headquarters Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Location Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) Membership Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) Official language Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) Key people Lê Xuân Sơn Phạm Thị Kim Dung Parent organization Tiền Phong Newspaper (/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Phong_(newspaper)) Sen Vàng Productions Website Official Website (http://hhvn.com.vn/) Miss Vietnam ( Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) : Hoa hậu Việt Nam ) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a beauty contest in Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) that has been held biennially since 1988 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_1988&action=edit&redlink=1) . Miss Vietnam is the oldest and most prestigious national beauty pageant of Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) . Since 2024, Miss Vietnam will represent Vietnam at Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) . This contest was initiated and organized by Tiền Phong Newspaper (/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Phong_(newspaper)) and Sen Vàng Productions. The pageant crowned the Vietnam representatives to compete in two of the major international beauty pageants: Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) and Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) (alternate with Miss World Vietnam). The current Miss Vietnam titleholder is Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanh_Th%E1%BB%A7y) from Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) , who was crowned on December 23, 2022 in Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) . History [ edit ] Miss Vietnam is the biggest beauty pageant and the first nationwide beauty contest after the unification of Vietnam. Before that, there was also a South Vietnamese (/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam) Saigon (/wiki/Saigon) -based beauty contest named Miss Vietnam (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_(South_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1) 1955 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_1955&action=edit&redlink=1) Công Thị Nghĩa (/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ngh%C4%A9a&action=edit&redlink=1) became the first titleholder of the contest as well as the first national beauty pageant titleholder in Vietnamese history. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1965, Miss Vietnam 1965 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_1965&action=edit&redlink=1) was held with the coronation of Thai Kim Huong (/w/index.php?title=Thai_Kim_Huong&action=edit&redlink=1) , who later represented Vietnam at Miss Asia 1965 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Asia_1965&action=edit&redlink=1) in Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The after-unification contest Miss Vietnam was initiated and organized by Tien Phong newspaper, called "Miss Tien Phong Newspaper", starting from 1988 and is held every two years. The first person to hold the title is Bùi Bích Phương (/wiki/B%C3%B9i_B%C3%ADch_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The contest was officially renamed as "Miss Vietnam" in 2002. During the period from 1988 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_1988&action=edit&redlink=1) to 2000 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_2000&action=edit&redlink=1) , beauty queens did not participate in international beauty contests. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 2002 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_2002&action=edit&redlink=1) , they were sent to participate in Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) . [6] (#cite_note-6) However, from 2006 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam_2006&action=edit&redlink=1) to 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2014) , due to many issues surrounding the beauty queens, they could not attend Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) . [7] (#cite_note-MI18-7) From 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2016) to 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2020) , they continued to participate in Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Until 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2022) , Miss Vietnam will attend Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Titleholders [ edit ] Miss World Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World) Miss Universe Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Universe) Miss International Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_International) Miss Earth Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Earth) Miss Grand Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International) Miss Intercontinental Vietnam Miss Tourism Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Tourism_International) Year Miss Vietnam South Vietnam First Runner-up Second Runner-up Venue Number of entrants 1955 Công Thị Nghĩa Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Nguyễn Thị Ninh Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Ngô Yên Thu Can Tho (/wiki/Can_Tho) Lido Cho Lon theater, Sai Gon (/wiki/Sai_Gon) , South Vietnam (/wiki/South_Vietnam) Unknown 1965 Thái Kim Hương Saigon (/wiki/Saigon) Hoàng Kim Uyên Saigon (/wiki/Saigon) Trần Thị Ngọc Tuyết Phnom Penh (/wiki/Phnom_Penh) Hung Dao Theater, Sai Gon (/wiki/Sai_Gon) , South Vietnam (/wiki/South_Vietnam) Unknown Year Miss Vietnam First Runner-up Second Runner-up Venue Number of entrants 1988 Bùi Bích Phương (/wiki/B%C3%B9i_B%C3%ADch_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Nguyễn Thu Mai † Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) — Youth Cultural Palace, Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Unknown 1990 Nguyễn Diệu Hoa (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Di%E1%BB%87u_Hoa) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Trần Vân Anh Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Trần Thu Hằng Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Vietnam-Soviet Friendship Cultural Palace, Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Unknown 1992 Hà Kiều Anh (/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ki%E1%BB%81u_Anh) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Vi Thị Đông Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Nguyễn Minh Phương Tuyen Quang (/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang_Province) Phan Dinh Phung Sports Complex, Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 21 1994 Nguyễn Thu Thuỷ (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thu_Th%E1%BB%A7y_(Miss_Vietnam)) † Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Tô Hương Lan Tuyen Quang (/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang_Province) Trịnh Kim Chi Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Vietnam-Soviet Friendship Cultural Palace, Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Unknown 1996 Nguyễn Thiên Nga (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%C3%AAn_Nga) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Vũ Minh Thúy Hai Phong (/wiki/Hai_Phong) Đỗ Vân Anh Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Unknown 1998 Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Khánh (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Kh%C3%A1nh) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Vũ Thị Thu Quang Ninh (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_Province) Ngô Thúy Hà Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Phan Dinh Phung Sports Complex, Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 23 2000 Phan Thu Ngân (/wiki/Phan_Thu_Ng%C3%A2n) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Lê Thanh Nga Thai Binh (/wiki/Thai_Binh) Nguyễn Ngọc Oanh [10] (#cite_note-10) Hai Phong (/wiki/Hai_Phong) 22 2002 Phạm Thị Mai Phương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) Hai Phong (/wiki/Hai_Phong) Bùi Thị Hoàng Oanh Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Nguyễn Thị Mai Hương Hai Duong (/wiki/Hai_Duong) 22 2004 Nguyễn Thị Huyền (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Huy%E1%BB%81n_(Miss_Vietnam)) Haiphong (/wiki/Haiphong) Trịnh Chân Trân Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bích Ben Tre (/wiki/Ben_Tre) Water music stage at the tourist area Tuan Chau (/wiki/Tu%E1%BA%A7n_Ch%C3%A2u) , Quảng Ninh Province (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_Province) 21 2006 Mai Phương Thúy (/wiki/Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%C3%BAy) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Lưu Bảo Anh Can Tho (/wiki/Can_Tho) Lương Thị Ngọc Lan Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Vinpearl Land Water Musical Stage, Nha Trang (/wiki/Nha_Trang) , Khanh Hoa (/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province) 34 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2008) Trần Thị Thùy Dung (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%B9y_Dung) Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) Phan Hoàng Minh Thư Lam Đong (/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Province) Nguyễn Thụy Vân Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Hoai River Square, Hoi An (/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An) , Quang Nam (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province) 30 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2010) Đặng Thị Ngọc Hân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A2n) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Vũ Thị Hoàng My (/wiki/V%C5%A9_Ho%C3%A0ng_My) Đong Nai (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Province) Đặng Thị Thùy Trang Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Water Show Amphitheater, Tuan Chau (/wiki/Tu%E1%BA%A7n_Ch%C3%A2u) , Quang Ninh (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_Province) 37 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2012) Đặng Thu Thảo (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Thu_Th%E1%BA%A3o) Bac Lieu (/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_Province) Dương Tú Anh Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Đỗ Hoàng Anh Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Tiên Sơn Sports Complex, Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) 40 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2014) Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn_(Miss_Vietnam)) Nam Đinh (/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province) Nguyễn Trần Huyền My Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Nguyễn Lâm Diễm Trang Vinh Long (/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long_Province) Vinpearl Water Show Amphitheater, Phu Quoc (/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c) , Kien Giang (/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_Province) 40 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2016) Đỗ Mỹ Linh (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BB%B9_Linh) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Ngô Thanh Thanh Tú Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Huỳnh Thị Thùy Dung Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Phu Tho Indoor Stadium (/wiki/Phu_Tho_Indoor_Stadium) , Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 36 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2018) Trần Tiểu Vy (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ti%E1%BB%83u_Vy) Quang Nam (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province) Bùi Phương Nga Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Nguyễn Thị Thúy An Kien Giang (/wiki/Kien_Giang) 43 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2020) Đỗ Thị Hà (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Th%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%A0) Thanh Hoa (/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province) Phạm Ngọc Phương Anh Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Nguyễn Lê Ngọc Thảo Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 60 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2022) Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanh_Th%E1%BB%A7y) Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) Trịnh Thùy Linh Thanh Hoa (/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province) Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 58 Regional rankings [ edit ] Province/City Titles Winning years Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) 6 1988, 1990, 1994, 2006, 2010, 2016 Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) 4 1992, 1996, 1998, 2000 Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) 2 2008, 2022 Haiphong (/wiki/Haiphong) 2002, 2004 Thanh Hóa (/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province) 1 2020 Quảng Nam (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province) 2018 Nam Định (/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province) 2014 Bạc Liêu (/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_Province) 2012 Đồng Nai (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Province) 2000 Red River Delta (/wiki/Red_River_Delta) : 9 (Hanoi, Haiphong, Nam Định) Southeast (/wiki/Southeast_(Vietnam)) : 4 (Ho Chi Minh City) South Central Coast (/wiki/South_Central_Coast) : 3 (Đà Nẵng, Quảng Nam) Mekong Delta (/wiki/Mekong_Delta) : 1 (Bạc Liêu) North Central Coast (/wiki/North_Central_Coast) : 1 (Thanh Hóa) Gallery of images of Miss Vietnam winners [ edit ] Miss Vietnam at international pageants [ edit ] Vietnam has been represented in the Big Four international beauty pageants (/wiki/Big_Four_international_beauty_pageants) , the four major international beauty pageants (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) for women. [11] (#cite_note-wallstreet-debris-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) These are Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) , Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) , Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) , and Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Color keys : Declared as Winner : Ended as Runner-up or Top 4/5 : Ended as one of the finalists (Top 12/13) : Ended as one of the semi-finalists (Top 20/30/40) : Ended as special awards winner Miss World [ edit ] Main article: Miss World Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam) Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss World Special Awards 2022 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no pageant in 2022 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) Đỗ Thị Hà (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Th%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%A0) Thanh Hóa Top 13 5 Special Awards Top 28 - Beauty with a Purpose (/wiki/Beauty_with_a_Purpose) Round 2 - Head-to-Head Challenge (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) Top 27 - Miss World Talent (/wiki/Miss_World_Talent) Top 13 - Miss World Top Model (/wiki/Miss_World_Top_Model) Digital Challenge (Winner) 2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no pageant in 2020 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) Trần Tiểu Vy (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ti%E1%BB%83u_Vy) Quảng Nam (/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam) Top 30 3 Special Awards 2nd Runner-up - Beauty with a Purpose (/wiki/Beauty_with_a_Purpose) Top 30 - Talent Top 32 - Top Model 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) Đỗ Mỹ Linh (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BB%B9_Linh) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Top 40 4 Special Awards Winner - Beauty with a Purpose (/wiki/Beauty_with_a_Purpose) Top 9 - Multimedia Top 10 - Miss World People's Choice Winner - Head-to-Head Challenge 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) Nguyễn Thị Loan Thai Binh (/wiki/Thai_Binh) Top 25 3 Special Awards Top 17 - Miss Talent Top 27 - Beauty with a Purpose (/wiki/Beauty_with_a_Purpose) Top 32 - Miss Sport Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn) Nam Dinh (/wiki/Nam_Dinh) Did not compete 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) Vũ Thị Hoàng My (/wiki/V%C5%A9_Ho%C3%A0ng_My) Đồng Nai (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai) Unplaced 2 Special Awards Top 30 - Best in Interview Top 40 - Beach Beauty Đặng Thu Thảo (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Thu_Th%E1%BA%A3o) Bac Lieu (/wiki/Bac_Lieu) Did not compete 2010 (/wiki/Miss_World_2010) Đặng Thị Ngọc Hân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A2n) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Did not compete 2008 (/wiki/Miss_World_2008) Trần Thị Thùy Dung (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%B9y_Dung) Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) Did not compete 2006 (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) Mai Phương Thúy (/wiki/Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%C3%BAy) Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) Top 17 1 Special Awards Top 20 - Designer Dress Award (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) 2004 (/wiki/Miss_World_2004) Nguyễn Thị Huyền Hai Phong (/wiki/Haiphong) Top 15 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) Phạm Thị Mai Phương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) Hai Phong (/wiki/Hai_Phong) Top 20 Miss International [ edit ] Main article: Miss World Vietnam § Vietnam's Representatives at Miss International (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam#Vietnam's_Representatives_at_Miss_International) Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss International Special Awards 2024 (/wiki/Miss_International_2024) Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanh_Th%E1%BB%A7y) Da Nang (/wiki/Da_Nang) Miss Vietnam 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2022) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_International_2022) Phạm Ngọc Phương Anh [16] (#cite_note-16) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Unplaced 2021 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no pageant in 2021 2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no pageant in 2020 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%BAc_Th%C3%B9y_Ti%C3%AAn) Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Unplaced Nguyễn Thị Thúy An Kien Giang (/wiki/Kien_Giang) Did not compete 2017 (/wiki/Miss_International_2017) Huỳnh Thị Thùy Dung Hồ Chí Minh City (/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City) Unplaced 1 Special Award Miss Visit Japan Tourism Ambassador Miss Grand International [ edit ] Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss Grand International Special Awards 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2021) Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%BAc_Th%C3%B9y_Ti%C3%AAn) Hồ Chí Minh City (/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City) Miss Grand International 2021 6 Special Awards Best in Swimsuit (Fans Vote) Lottery Prizes Event Top 5 - Pre-Arrival Top 6 - Miss Popular Vote Top 20 - Best National Costume Miss Grand Pageant Insider's Choice Award 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2020) Nguyễn Lê Ngọc Thảo Hồ Chí Minh City (/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City) Top 20 6 Special Awards How to eat Thai food in 2 minute Challenge How to get to know you in 1 minute Challenge Top 5 - Miss Popular Vote Top 6 - Best National Costume Top 10 - Pre-Arrival Top 20 - Best in Swimsuit 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2018) Bùi Phương Nga Hà Nội (/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i) Top 10 5 Special Awards Miss Popular Vote Top 5 - Hottest Contestants for Preliminary Top 9 - Most-Liked and Shared Official Portrait Photos Top 10 - Pre-Arrival Top 12 - Best National Costume 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2017) Nguyễn Trần Huyền My Hà Nội (/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i) Top 10 6 Special Awards Miss Healthy & Beauty by Dr. Thanh (Sponsor) Top 3 - The Front Row of Opening Dance Top 5 - Official Portraits Top 5 - Pre-Arrival Top 10 - Best National Costume Top 11 - Best in Swimsuit Miss Intercontinental [ edit ] Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss Intercontinental Special Awards 2023 Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng Hồ Chí Minh City (/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City) 2nd Runner-Up 1 Special Awards Miss Intercontinental Asia & Oceania 2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no pageant in 2020 2019 Nguyễn Thị Thúy An Kiên Giang (/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang) Unplaced 2003 Bùi Thị Hoàng Oanh Hồ Chí Minh City (/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City) Unplaced Miss Universe [ edit ] Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss Universe Special Awards 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) Nguyễn Lâm Diễm Trang Vinh Long (/wiki/Vinh_Long) Did not compete 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2011) Vũ Thị Hoàng My (/wiki/V%C5%A9_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ho%C3%A0ng_My) [17] (#cite_note-17) Đồng Nai (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai) Unplaced Miss Earth [ edit ] Year Representative Residence Placement at Miss Earth Special Awards 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2012) Đỗ Hoàng Anh Hà Nội (/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i) Unplaced Notes [ edit ] All 3 Misses Vietnam in 2002, 2004 and 2006 arrived late at Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) since the Miss Vietnam contest was held too close to Miss World. Phạm Thị Mai Phương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) is the first Miss Vietnam to get into the semifinal round at Miss World. See also [ edit ] Miss Universe Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Vietnam) Miss World Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam) Miss Earth Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Vietnam) Miss Grand Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Grand_Vietnam) Miss Supranational Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Vietnam) Miss Vietnamese World (/wiki/Miss_Vietnamese_World) List of Vietnam representatives at international women beauty pageants (/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_representatives_at_international_women_beauty_pageants) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nhan sắc Hoa hậu Việt Nam đầu tiên thi Miss International 2024" (https://laodong.vn/photo/nhan-sac-hoa-hau-viet-nam-dau-tien-thi-miss-international-2024-1319266.ldo) . Lao Động . Monday, 25/03/2024 18:06 (GMT+7) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hoa hậu đầu tiên của Việt Nam: Từng làm điệp viên, bị thực dân Pháp bắt giữ là ai?" (https://baonghean.vn/hoa-hau-dau-tien-cua-viet-nam-tung-lam-diep-vien-bi-thuc-dan-phap-bat-giu-la-ai-post239534.html) . Báo Nghệ An (/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An) . 02/06/2021 07:13 (GMT+7) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Vietnamese Hold First Beauty Event" (https://www.flickr.com/photos/13476480@N07/14276433971/in/photostream/) . Reading Eagle . Oct-24,1965 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Báo Tiền Phong và cuộc thi hoa hậu đầu tiên của nước Việt Nam thống nhất" (https://tienphong.vn/bao-tien-phong-va-cuoc-thi-hoa-hau-dau-tien-cua-nuoc-viet-nam-thong-nhat-post1586971.tpo) . Tiền Phong (/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Phong_(newspaper)) . 18/11/2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_5-0) "Hoa hậu Việt Nam sẽ được toàn quyền thi Miss World từ 2017" (http://www.tienphong.vn/giai-tri/hoa-hau-viet-nam-se-duoc-toan-quyen-thi-miss-world-tu-2017-1178249.tpo) . Tien Phong Online Newspaper (in Vietnamese). 2017-08-17 . Retrieved 2017-09-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nam An. "Lần đầu tiên trong lịch sử, top 3 Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2018 sẽ 'chinh chiến' quốc tế" (https://vietnammoi.vn/lan-dau-tien-trong-lich-su-top-3-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2018-se-chinh-chien-quoc-te-143774.html) . Việt Nam Mới (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-MI18_7-0) Mi Ly. "Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên thay Á hậu 2 Thúy An dự thi Hoa hậu Quốc tế 2018" (https://news.zing.vn/nguyen-thuc-thuy-tien-thay-a-hau-2-thuy-an-du-thi-hoa-hau-quoc-te-2018-post881680.html) . Zing.vn (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Đỗ Thị Hà là Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2020" (https://vnexpress.net/chung-ket-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2020-4194523.html) (in Vietnamese). VnExpress. 20 September 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Dàn hoa hậu khoe nhan sắc rạng rỡ tại họp báo Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022" (https://thanhnien.vn/dan-hoa-hau-khoe-nhan-sac-rang-ro-tai-hop-bao-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-post1475580.html) . Tiền Phong . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Á hậu Ngọc Oanh tham dự Hoa hậu Du lịch quốc tế" (https://vnexpress.net/a-hau-ngoc-oanh-tham-du-hoa-hau-du-lich-quoc-te-1875708.html) . VnExpress (/wiki/VnExpress) . Retrieved 2022-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-wallstreet-debris_11-0) Jun, Kwanwoo (2003-12-03). "Lost in Storm's Debris: A Beauty Pageant" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303562904579230743737206568) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kenya (2011-07-15). "Beauty with scandals" (http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000038924&pageNo=2) . Standard Digital News (/wiki/Standard_Digital_News) . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Vietnam (2008-10-08). "Những scandal của Miss World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022548/http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc/nhung-scandal-cua-miss-world-1898682.html) . Vietnam Express (/wiki/VnExpress) . Archived from the original (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc/nhung-scandal-cua-miss-world-1898682.html) on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ibrahim, Lynda (2013-09-13). "The misses and missuses of the world" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/09/13/urban-chat-the-misses-and-missuses-world.html) . The Jakarta Post (/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post) . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lowe, Aya (2016-01-25). "Philippines' Miss Universe returns home, ignites dreams" (http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/philippines-miss-universe/2455920.html) . Channel NewsAsia (/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia) . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Đỗ Thị Hà là Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2020" (https://vnexpress.net/chung-ket-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2020-4194523.html) (in Vietnamese). VnExpress (/wiki/VnExpress) . 20 September 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Hoang My is Miss Universe Vietnam 2011" (https://vietnamnet.vn/hoang-my-se-di-thi-hoa-hau-hoan-vu-2011-20733.html) . VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2023-07-03 . External links [ edit ] Miss Vietnam on newspaper covers (http://missvietnam.org/miss-vietnam-on-the-newspaper-covers/266/) v t e Miss Vietnam Bùi Bích Phương (/wiki/B%C3%B9i_B%C3%ADch_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) (1988) Nguyễn Diệu Hoa (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Di%E1%BB%87u_Hoa) (1990) Hà Kiều Anh (/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ki%E1%BB%81u_Anh) (1992) Nguyễn Thu Thuỷ (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thu_Th%E1%BB%A7y_(Miss_Vietnam)) (1994) Nguyễn Thiên Nga (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%C3%AAn_Nga) (1996) Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Khánh (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Kh%C3%A1nh) (1998) Phan Thu Ngân (/wiki/Phan_Thu_Ng%C3%A2n) (2000) Phạm Thị Mai Phương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) (2002) Nguyễn Thị Huyền (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Huy%E1%BB%81n_(Miss_Vietnam)) (2004) Mai Phương Thúy (/wiki/Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%C3%BAy) (2006) Trần Thị Thùy Dung (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%B9y_Dung) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2008) ) Đặng Thị Ngọc Hân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A2n) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2010) ) Đặng Thu Thảo (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Thu_Th%E1%BA%A3o) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2012) ) Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn_(Miss_Vietnam)) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2014) ) Đỗ Mỹ Linh (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BB%B9_Linh) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2016) ) Trần Tiểu Vy (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ti%E1%BB%83u_Vy) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2018) ) Đỗ Thị Hà (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Th%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%A0) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2020) ) Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanh_Th%E1%BB%A7y) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2022) ) v t e Beauty pageants (/wiki/Beauty_pageants) in Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) List of Vietnam representatives at international women beauty pageants (/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_representatives_at_international_women_beauty_pageants) Main pageants Female Miss Vietnam Miss Universe Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Vietnam) Miss World Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam) Miss Grand Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Grand_Vietnam) Miss Cosmo Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo_Vietnam) Other pageants Female Miss Earth Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Vietnam) Miss Ethnic Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Ethnic_Vietnam) Miss Supranational Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Vietnam) Miss Tourism Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Tourism_Vietnam) Miss Vietnamese World (/wiki/Miss_Vietnamese_World) Male Mr World Vietnam (/wiki/Mr_World_Vietnam) LGBTQ+ Miss International Queen Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_International_Queen_Vietnam) v t e Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) participant countries and territories (/wiki/List_of_Miss_World_countries) Active (1951–present) Africa Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Botswana) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Ethiopia) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Ghana) Guinea (/wiki/Miss_World_Guinea) Guinea-Bissau (/wiki/Miss_World_Guinea-Bissau) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_World_Kenya) Lesotho (/wiki/Miss_World_Lesotho) Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Liberia) Madagascar (/wiki/Miss_Madagascar) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Mauritius) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Most_Beautiful_Girl_in_Nigeria) Senegal (/wiki/Miss_Senegal) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Miss_Sierra_Leone) Somalia (/wiki/Miss_Somalia) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) South Sudan (/wiki/Miss_South_Sudan) Tanzania (/wiki/Miss_Tanzania) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) Uganda (/wiki/Miss_Uganda) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_World_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Belleza_Argentina) Belize (/wiki/Miss_World_Belize) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil_World) Canada (/wiki/Miss_World_Canada) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cayman_Islands) Chile (/wiki/Miss_World_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Mundo_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) Curaçao (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Cura%C3%A7ao) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Concurso_Nacional_de_Belleza_Ecuador) El Salvador (/wiki/Miss_El_Salvador) Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Guyana) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_World) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) Mexico (/wiki/Miss_Mexico_Organization) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Mundo_Nicaragua) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Miss_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_World_Puerto_Rico) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Trinidad_and_Tobago) United States (/wiki/United_States_representatives_at_Miss_World) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Miss_Bangladesh) Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodian_beauty_pageants) China (/wiki/Miss_China_World) India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Indonesia) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) Japan (/wiki/Miss_World_Japan) Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Miss_World_Laos) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) Macau (/wiki/Miss_Macau) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_World_Malaysia) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_World_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_World_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Nepal) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_World_Philippines) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Singapore_World) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_World_Sri_Lanka) Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Thailand_World) Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_World_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Belgium) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Miss_Bosne_i_Hercegovine) Bulgaria (/wiki/Miss_World_Bulgaria) Croatia (/wiki/Miss_Croatia) Czech Republic (/wiki/Miss_Czech_Republic) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) England (/wiki/Miss_England) Estonia (/wiki/Miss_Estonia) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) France (/wiki/Miss_France) Germany (/wiki/Miss_World_Germany) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) Greece (/wiki/Star_Hellas) Hungary (/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_Sz%C3%A9pe) Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_World_Italy) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) Latvia (/wiki/Mis_Latvija) Malta (/wiki/Miss_World_Malta) Moldova (/wiki/Miss_Moldova) Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Montenegro) Netherlands Northern Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Northern_Ireland) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polonia) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa) Romania (/wiki/List_of_Romania_representatives_at_international_beauty_pageants) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Slovenia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Spain) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_World_Sweden) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_World_Australia) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_at_Miss_World) Inactive (/wiki/Miss_World) since 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) (first edition after the COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) ) Africa Algeria (/wiki/Miss_Algeria) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) ) Cape Verde (/wiki/Miss_Cape_Verde) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Chad (/wiki/Miss_Chad) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RDC)) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Eswatini (/wiki/Miss_Eswatini) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_World_2009) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Gambia (/wiki/Miss_Gambia) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_World_1986) ) Malawi (/wiki/Miss_Malawi) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Rwanda (/wiki/Miss_Rwanda) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Miss_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Seychelles (/wiki/Miss_Seychelles) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Miss_Antigua_and_Barbuda) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Aruba (/wiki/Miss_Aruba) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Bahamas) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Barbados (/wiki/Miss_Barbados_World) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Bermuda (/wiki/Miss_Bermuda) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_British_Virgin_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_World_1975) ) Dominica (/wiki/Miss_Dominica) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Grenada (/wiki/Miss_Grenada_World) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_World_2007) ) Montserrat ( 1964 (/wiki/Miss_World_1964) ) Saint Barthelemy (/wiki/Miss_St._Barthelemy) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Lucia_World) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Sint Maarten (/wiki/Miss_Sint_Maarten) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_World_1994) ) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Turks and Caicos (/wiki/Miss_Turks_and_Caicos) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_World_2004) ) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Asia Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Hong Kong China (/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Jordan (/wiki/Miss_Jordan) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_World_1981) ) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Miss_Kyrgyzstan) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Syria (/wiki/Miss_Syria) ( 1966 (/wiki/Miss_World_1966) ) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Miss_Uzbekistan) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Europe Andorra (/wiki/Miss_Andorra) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_World_2003) ) Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Austria) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Georgia (/wiki/Miss_Georgia_(country)) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Greenland (/wiki/Miss_Greenland) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_World_1992) ) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_World_Iceland) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_World_Kosova) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_Luxembourg) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Monaco (/wiki/Miss_Monaco) ( 1955 (/wiki/Miss_World_1955) ) North Macedonia (/wiki/Miss_Macedonia) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Russia (/wiki/Miss_Russia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_World_Switzerland) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Oceania Cook Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cook_Islands) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) French Polynesia (/wiki/Miss_Tahiti) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_World_2010) ) Guam (/wiki/Miss_World_Guam) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_World_2003) ) Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_World_1990) ) Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Tonga (/wiki/Tonga) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_World_1986) ) Inactive non-existing countries and former territories and others (/wiki/Miss_World) Africa South (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( Miss South Africa for Blacks ) ( 1976 (/wiki/Miss_World_1976) ) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Miss_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_World_1992) ) Hawaii (/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_World) ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_World_2001) ) Guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_World_1975) ) Isle of Man (/wiki/Isle_of_Man) ( 1988 (/wiki/Miss_World_1988) ) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_World_1981) ) Rhodesia and Nyasaland (/wiki/Miss_Rhodesia) ( 1965 (/wiki/Miss_World_1965) ) Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_World_2005) ) Tanganyika ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_World_1960) ) United Kingdom (/wiki/Miss_United_Kingdom) ( 1999 (/wiki/Miss_World_1999) ) (competed as England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) USSR (/wiki/Miss_USSR) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_World_1990) ) Yugoslavia (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) ) v t e Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International) participant countries and territories Active (/wiki/Miss_International) (1960–present) Africa Angola (/wiki/Angola) Cape Verde (/wiki/Miss_Cape_Verde) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_International_Ghana) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_Kenya) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Mauritius) Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Togo (/wiki/Togo) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) Uganda (/wiki/Uganda) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Belleza_Argentina) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_British_Virgin_Islands) Canada (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada) Chile (/wiki/Miss_Internacional_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador) El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_Global) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) Mexico (/wiki/Mexicana_Universal) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Nicaragua_International) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_International_Puerto_Rico) United States (/wiki/Miss_U.S._International) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Asia Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) China (/wiki/Miss_International_China) Hong Kong (/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant) India (/wiki/Miss_India_International) Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Japan (/wiki/Miss_International_Japan) Korea (/wiki/Miss_Korea) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Miss_International_Laos) Macau (/wiki/Miss_Macau) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_International_Malaysia) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_Myanmar_International) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Nepal) Philippines (/wiki/Binibining_Pilipinas) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Singapore_International) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Sri_Lanka) Taiwan (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) Thailand (/wiki/Miss_International_Thailand) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Miss_Uzbekistan) Vietnam Europe Albania (/wiki/Albania) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_International_Belgium) Czech Republic (/wiki/Miss_Czech_Republic) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) France (/wiki/Miss_International_France) Germany (/wiki/Miss_International_Germany) Greece (/wiki/Star_Hellas) Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_Internacional_Italia) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) Moldova (/wiki/Miss_Moldova) Netherlands (/wiki/Miss_International_Netherlands) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polski) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa) Romania (/wiki/List_of_Romania_representatives_at_international_beauty_pageants) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Spain) United Kingdom (/wiki/Miss_United_Kingdom) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_International_Australia) Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_at_Miss_World) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) Inactive (/wiki/Miss_International) since 2022 (/wiki/Miss_International_2022) (first edition in the COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) ) Africa Burkina Faso ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RDC)) ( 1987 (/wiki/Miss_International_1987) ) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Ethiopia) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Liberia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Madagascar (/wiki/Miss_Madagascar) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RC)) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_International_2008) ) Senegal (/wiki/Miss_Senegal) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_International_2004) ) Seychelles (/wiki/Miss_Seychelles) ( 1995 (/wiki/Miss_International_1995) ) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_International_2017) ) South Sudan ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Tanzania ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_International_2011) ) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_International_Zambia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Americas Aruba (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Aruba) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Bahamas ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_International_2010) ) Belize (/wiki/Miss_Belize) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Bermuda (/wiki/Miss_Bermuda) ( 1971 (/wiki/Miss_International_1971) ) Curaçao (/wiki/Miss_International_Cura%C3%A7ao) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Guyana ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_International_2011) ) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) ( 1999 (/wiki/Miss_International_1999) ) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_International_2012) ) Asia Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Jordan (/wiki/Miss_Jordan) ( 1963 (/wiki/Miss_International_1963) ) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Miss_Kyrgyzstan) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) ) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Pakistan ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_International_2002) ) Europe Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Austria) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_International_1994) ) Bulgaria ( 1970 (/wiki/Miss_International_1970) ) Croatia ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_International_2003) ) Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_International_2006) ) Georgia ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_International_2017) ) Hungary (/wiki/Miss_International_Hungary) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_Iceland) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) ) Kazakhstan ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_International_2005) ) Latvia (/wiki/Mis_Latvija) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_International_2012) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_International_Luxembourg) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_International_2015) ) Malta (/wiki/Miss_Malta) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_International_2004) ) North Macedonia (/wiki/North_Macedonia) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_International_2002) ) Russia (/wiki/Miss_International_Russia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) San Marino (/wiki/Miss_San_Marino) ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_International_2001) ) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_International_2014) ) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Sweden) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_Switzerland) ( 1993 (/wiki/Miss_International_1993) ) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_International_2015) ) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Oceania Cook Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cook_Islands) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_International_2018) ) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) ( 1996 (/wiki/Miss_International_1996) ) Guam (/wiki/Miss_Guam) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) Tahiti (/wiki/Miss_Tahiti) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_International_2019) ) New Caledonia (/wiki/New_Caledonia) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_International_2006) ) Palau (/wiki/Palau) ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_International_2001) ) Inactive non-existing countries and former territories (/wiki/Miss_International) Borneo ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_International_1960) ) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Miss_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_International_1992) ) England (/wiki/Miss_England) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_International_1986) ) Latin Mexico (/wiki/Latin_America) ( Ethnic Representation ) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_International_2003) ) Malaya ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_International_1962) ) Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) ( Ethnic Representation ) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_International_2003) ) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_International_1986) ) Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_International_2006) ) South Pacific ( Ethnic Representation ) ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_International_1960) ) USSR (/wiki/Miss_USSR) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_International_1990) ) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_International_1986) ) West Indies (/wiki/West_Indies) ( 1965 (/wiki/Miss_International_1965) ) Yugoslavia (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_International_2002) ) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Vietnam (/wiki/Portal:Vietnam) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐pr4nl Cached time: 20240719184656 Cache expiry: 1055586 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.849 seconds Real time usage: 1.041 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6784/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 217132/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11827/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105145/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.419/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6092692/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 780.300 1 -total 27.75% 216.570 1 Template:Reflist 19.87% 155.076 12 Template:Cite_web 14.06% 109.692 23 Template:Flagicon 13.81% 107.775 8 Template:Navbox 11.45% 89.338 1 Template:Infobox_organization 10.74% 83.826 1 Template:Miss_Vietnam 10.37% 80.948 1 Template:Infobox 8.81% 68.745 1 Template:Short_description 5.34% 41.671 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14312036-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719184656 and revision id 1235525480. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam&oldid=1235525480 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Vietnam&oldid=1235525480) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Miss Vietnam winners (/wiki/Category:Miss_Vietnam_winners) Beauty pageants in Vietnam (/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageants_in_Vietnam) Recurring events established in 1988 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_1988) Vietnamese awards (/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_awards) Hidden categories: CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Clothing worn by some religious groups Not to be confused with Plainclothes (/wiki/Undercover_operation#Plainclothes_law_enforcement) . An Old Order Amish (/wiki/Amish) family in traditional plain dress Plain dress is a practice among some religious groups, primarily some Christian (/wiki/Christianity) churches in which people dress in clothes of traditional modest design, sturdy fabric, and conservative cut. It is intended to show acceptance of traditional gender roles, modesty, and readiness to work and serve, and to preserve communal identity and separation from the ever-changing fashions of the world. For men, this often takes the form of trousers secured by suspenders, while for women, plain dress usually takes the form of a cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) along with a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) (normatively a kapp (/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)) or an opaque hanging veil (/wiki/Hanging_veil) ). [1] (#cite_note-KellerRuetherCantlon2006-1) [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) History [ edit ] Rheba Crawford (/wiki/Rheba_Crawford) in New York City in the 1920s, wearing her Salvation Army (/wiki/The_Salvation_Army) uniform, a dark plain dress and bonnet Christian denominations that observe the wearing of plain dress, such as the Schwarzenau Brethren (/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren) Anabaptists, do so because Jesus (/wiki/Jesus) “condemned anxious thought for raiment” in Matthew 6:25–33 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#6:25) and Luke 12:22–31 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#12:22) . [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) They teach that the wearing of plain dress is scripturally commanded in 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) , 1 Peter 3:3–5 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#3:3) , and 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) , [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) in addition to being taught by the early Church Fathers (/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers) : [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) As, then, in the fashioning of our clothes, we must keep clear of all strangeness, so in the use of them we must beware of extravagance. For neither is it seemly for the clothes to be above the knee, as they say was the case with the Lacedaemonian virgins; nor is it becoming for any part of a woman to be exposed. Though you may with great propriety use the language addressed to him who said, "Your arm is beautiful; yes, but it is not for the public gaze. Your thighs are beautiful but, was the reply, for my husband alone. And your face is comely. Yes; but only for him who has married me." But I do not wish chaste women to afford cause for such praises to those who, by praises, hunt after grounds of censure; and not only because it is prohibited to expose the ankle, but because it has been enjoined that the head should be veiled and the face covered; for it is a wicked thing for beauty to be a snare to men. — Paedagogus (/wiki/Paedagogus) [4] (#cite_note-Alexandria-4) In plain communities, women wear Christian headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul (/wiki/Saint_Paul) in 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) , as well as that of the early Church Fathers. [5] (#cite_note-AlmilaInglis2017-5) [6] (#cite_note-Bercot1992-6) Practicing groups [ edit ] Women of the Old Order River Brethren (/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren) , an Anabaptist Christian denomination, wearing the cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) and kapp (/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)) New Order Amish (/wiki/New_Order_Amish) children playing baseball in plain clothing The practice is generally found among the following Anabaptist (/wiki/Anabaptists) branches: Amish (/wiki/Amish) (Old Order Amish, New Order Amish (/wiki/New_Order_Amish) , Kauffman Amish Mennonites (/wiki/Kauffman_Amish_Mennonite) , Beachy Amish Mennonites (/wiki/Beachy_Amish) ), Para-Amish (/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups) ( Believers in Christ (/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville) , Vernon Community (/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand) , Caneyville Christian Community (/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community) ), Mennonites (/wiki/Mennonite) ( Old Order Mennonites (/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite) , Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) , traditional "Russian" Mennonites (/wiki/Russian_Mennonite) ), Hutterites (/wiki/Hutterite) , the Bruderhof (/wiki/Bruderhof) , Schwarzenau Brethren (/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren) ( Old Brethren (/wiki/Old_Brethren) , Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference (/wiki/Old_German_Baptist_Brethren,_New_Conference) , Dunkard Brethren (/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren) ), and River Brethren (/wiki/River_Brethren) ( Old Order River Brethren (/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren) and Calvary Holiness Church (/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Church_(Philadelphia)) ). [7] (#cite_note-Lewis2002-7) Plain dress is also practiced by Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) and Holiness Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) (Quakers), in which it is part of their testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity) , [8] (#cite_note-CYMF2018-8) as well as Old Regular Baptists (/wiki/Old_Regular_Baptists) , Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) , Cooperites (/wiki/Cooperites) and fundamentalist Mormon (/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism) subgroups. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) Among traditional Anabaptist groups, plain dress is an expression of their beliefs regarding modesty and veiling (/wiki/Anabaptist_theology#Modesty_and_woman's_veiling) , as well as nonconformity to the world (/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world) —which they see as consistent with the Bible (/wiki/Bible) and teachings of the early Church Fathers (/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers) . [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) [11] (#cite_note-Lancaster-11) Plain, simple and serviceable gender-identifying dress is governed by an unwritten code of conduct, called " ordnung (/wiki/Ordnung) " among Anabaptists, which is strictly adhered to by Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and conservative Brethren. [12] (#cite_note-Amish_Facts-12) Many Apostolic Lutherans (/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheran) also wear plain dress. [13] (#cite_note-Scott2008-13) Members of the Moravian Church (/wiki/Moravian_Church) traditionally wore plain dress. [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Historically, Methodists (/wiki/Methodist) were known for wearing plain dress, a tradition carried on by those in the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) , such as communicants of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) and Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) , [15] (#cite_note-AWMC-15) [16] (#cite_note-Lyerly1998-16) as well as some Holiness Pentecostal (/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal) denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian (/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian) tradition. [13] (#cite_note-Scott2008-13) The Church of God (Restoration) (/wiki/Church_of_God_(Restoration)) also observes plain dress. [17] (#cite_note-17) Adventists (/wiki/Adventists) wear plain dress as taught by the founder of that faith Ellen White (/wiki/Ellen_G._White) , who asked that they "adopt a simple, unadorned dress of modest length". [18] (#cite_note-18) The Church Manual of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church) teaches "To dress plainly, and abstain from display of jewelry and ornaments of every kind is in keeping with our faith." [19] (#cite_note-19) Adherents of the Seventh-day Adventist Church have historically not worn wedding rings. [20] (#cite_note-SDA1967-20) Other groups adhering to a conservative dress code include Buddhist and Christian monks (/wiki/Religious_habit) , Orthodox Jews (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) , and more conservative Muslims (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) such as Sufis (/wiki/Sufis) , but these forms of dress normally are not called "plain dress". Practices [ edit ] Plain dress is attributed to reasons of theology (/wiki/Theology) and sociology (/wiki/Sociology) . [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) In general, plain dress involves the covering of much of the body (often including the head, forearms and calves), with minimal ornamentation, rejecting jewelry and sometimes print fabrics, trims, and fasteners. Non-essential elements of garments such as neckties, collars, and lapels may be minimized or omitted. Practical garments such as aprons (/wiki/Apron) and shawls (/wiki/Shawl) may be layered over the basic ensemble. Plain dress garments are often handmade and may be produced by groups of women in the community for efficiency and to ensure uniformity of style. Plain dress practices can extend to the grooming of hair and beards and may vary somewhat to allow children and older people more latitude. [21] (#cite_note-21) In plain communities, women traditionally wear Christian headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul (/wiki/Saint_Paul) in 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) . [5] (#cite_note-AlmilaInglis2017-5) Within these general practices, distinctions abound. Among some groups, the headcovering worn by women is lacy or translucent; in others, it must be opaque. Anabaptist [ edit ] The traditional plain dress worn by the Anabaptists (/wiki/Anabaptists) and other religious groups has long sleeves with a set waist, long skirt, and no adornment. It denotes "utility, modesty, long wear and inconspicuousness", does not display any trademark, and is not dictated by fashion trends. Shawl, aprons, bonnets and cap are part of plain dress. [22] (#cite_note-McKean2013-22) Clothing worn by Bruderhof (/wiki/Bruderhof) women includes a headcovering, [23] (#cite_note-23) as well as long skirts or dresses; men wear contemporary clothes of a modest nature. [ citation needed ] Quaker [ edit ] As a part of their testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity) , Quakers (/wiki/Quakers) (Religious Society of Friends) traditionally wore plain dress; "Ruffles and lace (/wiki/Lace) and other forms of ornamentation, as well as unnecessary cuffs and collars and lapels and buttons, were forbidden." [24] (#cite_note-Hamm2006-24) [25] (#cite_note-F.Hunt-Hurst2015-25) George Fox (/wiki/George_Fox) implored fellow Quakers to wear plain dress: [26] (#cite_note-EvansEvans1837-26) Friends, keep out of the vain fashions of the world; let not your eyes, minds, and spirits run after every fashion (in attire) of the nations; for that will lead you from the solid life into unity with that spirit that leads to follow the fashions of the nations, after every fashion of apparel that gets up: but mind that which is sober and modest, and keep to your plain fashions, that you may judge the world's vanity and spirit, in its vain fashions, and show a constant spirit in the truth and plainness. [26] (#cite_note-EvansEvans1837-26) This classical Quaker belief practice continues to be maintained by Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) , as well as the Holiness Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) . [24] (#cite_note-Hamm2006-24) [8] (#cite_note-CYMF2018-8) For Conservative Friends, plain dress for men usually includes "a broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, trousers with suspenders instead of a belt, and muted colors in the fabrics: blacks, whites, greys, browns", sometimes with "broad-fall trouser cuts". [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Quaker men traditionally are clean-shaven (/wiki/Clean-shaven) . [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Conservative Quaker women practice headcovering by wearing a "scarf, bonnet, or cap" and "wear long-sleeved, long dresses". [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Most Quakers these days wear simple, practical, unpretentious modern clothes. Methodist [ edit ] Wesleyan Methodist (/wiki/AWMC) girls enter the tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)) at a camp meeting (/wiki/Camp_meeting) . Further information: Outward holiness (/wiki/Outward_holiness) Early Methodists (/wiki/Methodists) wore plain dress, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general". [16] (#cite_note-Lyerly1998-16) John Wesley (/wiki/John_Wesley) , the founder of the Methodist movement, recommended that Methodists read his thoughts On Dress , in which he detailed acceptable types and colors of fabrics, in addition to "shapes and sizes of hats, coats, sleeves, and hairstyles"; [27] (#cite_note-27) in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation." [28] (#cite_note-28) He also taught, with respect to headcovering, that women, "especially in a religious assembly", should "keep on her veil". [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-Dunlap1994-30) Those who tried to attend Methodist services (/wiki/Church_attendance) in costly apparel were denied admittance. [31] (#cite_note-31) Wesley's teaching was based on his interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) and 1 Peter 3:3–4 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#3:3) , which he stated led him to conclude that "expensive clothes puff up their wearers, promote vanity, incite anger, inflame lust, retard the pursuit of holiness, and steal from God and the poor." [32] (#cite_note-WarrickJr2013-32) The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)) stated that "we would not only enjoin on all who fear God plain dress, but we would recommend to our preachers and people, according to Mr. Wesley's views expressed in his sermon on the inefficiency of Christianity, published but a few years before his death, and containing his matured judgment, distinguishing plainness— Plainness which will publicly comment them to the maintenance of their Christian profession wherever they may be." [33] (#cite_note-America1858-33) The 1859 novel Adam Bede (/wiki/Adam_Bede) portrayed the Methodist itinerant preacher (/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher) , Dinah Morris (/wiki/Dinah_Morris) , wearing plain dress, with the words "I saw she was a Methodist, or Quaker, or something of that sort, by her dress". [34] (#cite_note-34) Peter Cartwright (/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)) , a Methodist revivalist (/wiki/Christian_revival) , lamented the decline of wearing plain dress among Methodists, stating: [35] (#cite_note-Cartwright1857-35) The Methodists in that early day dressed plain; attended their meetings faithfully, especially preaching, prayer and class meetings; they wore no jewelry, no ruffles; they would frequently walk three or four miles to class-meetings and home again, on Sundays; they would go thirty or forty miles to their quarterly meetings, and think it a glorious priviledge to meet their presiding elder, and the rest of the preachers. They could, nearly every soul of them, sing our hymns and spiritual songs. They religiously kept the Sabbath day: many of them abstained from dram-drinking, not because the temperance reformation was ever heard of in that day, but because it was interdicted in the General Rules of our Discipline. The Methodists of that day stood up and faced their preacher when they sung; they kneedled down in the public congregation as well as elsewhere, when the preacher said, "Let us pray." There was no standing among the members in time of prayer, especially the abominable practice of sitting down during that exercise was unknown among early Methodists. Parents did not allow their children to go to balls or plays; they did not send them to dancing schools; they generally fasted once a week, and almost universally on Friday before each quarterly meeting. If the Methodists had dressed in the same "superfluity of naughtiness" then as they do now, there were very few even out of the Church that would have had any confidence in their religion. But O, how have things changed for the worse in this educational age of the world! [33] (#cite_note-America1858-33) While few wear plain dress in mainline Methodism today, Methodist Churches of the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) , such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) and Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) , continue to dress plainly, [15] (#cite_note-AWMC-15) [36] (#cite_note-Elwell2001-36) also avoiding the wearing of jewelry (inclusive of wedding rings). [37] (#cite_note-37) The Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches (/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches) , which continues to observe the ordinance (/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)) of women's headcovering, stipulates "renouncing all vain pomp and glory" and "adorning oneself with modest attire." [38] (#cite_note-38) Moravian [ edit ] Historically, members of the Moravian Church (/wiki/Moravian_Church) wore plain dress: [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Their strait, unlapelled, dark brown coat, the broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat, the knee-buckled small clothes, the broad, round-toed shoe, were consistent characteristics of a Moravian brother; whilst the plain drab or black silk bonnet, the three-corned white kerchief, the plain silk gown (Sunday dress), the comfortable hood-finished cloack, the "stuff" shoe, for comfort and convenience, were the sisters' concession to St. Peter's advice, "whose adorning, let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and wearing of gold, or putting on of apparel." [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Holiness Pentecostal [ edit ] Certain Holiness Pentecostal (/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal) denominations enjoin dress standards for their members; the Calvary Holiness Association (/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Association) , a Holiness Pentecostal denomination, teaches: [39] (#cite_note-CHA2016-39) We urge people to dress with simplicity and modesty, as becometh holiness. Even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God, of greater price (I Peter 3:3-4; I Tim. 2:9). We consider wearing shorts, bathing suits, ladies' pants, makeup and men without shirts immodest. [39] (#cite_note-CHA2016-39) Theological bases [ edit ] Plain dressing Christians cite Paul's advice to the Romans, "Be not conformed to this world (/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world) ," as one Biblical basis for their distinctive dress. Other scripture passages counsel women to wear head coverings while praying ( 1 Corinthians 11:5 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) ), not to cut their hair ( 1 Corinthians 11:14–15 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:14) ), and for men not to shave or cut their beards ( Leviticus 19:27 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#19:27) ). [40] (#cite_note-40) The rejection of extravagant clothing is further established in 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) : [41] (#cite_note-schwertley-41) [42] (#cite_note-ehlke-42) [T]hat women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; but (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. Some Mormon Fundamentalist (/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism) groups such as the FLDS (/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints) wear plain dress, referring both to Biblical (/wiki/Bible) and unique Latter Day Saint Scriptures (/wiki/Category:Latter_Day_Saint_texts) , such as the Book of Alma (/wiki/Book_of_Alma) and the Doctrine and Covenants (/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants) , which states, "Thou shalt not be proud in thy heart; let all thy garments be plain, and their beauty of the work of thine own hands" (42:40). [43] (#cite_note-43) Social effects [ edit ] Plain dress may establish a sense of belonging within the community while also marking the group's members as different in the wider society. Some practitioners describe their dress as a protection from unwanted attention. Quaker minister Elizabeth Fry (/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry) considered her plain dress to serve as "a hedge against the world", and "a sort of protector". [44] (#cite_note-44) Marketing through the internet has these sites which propagate plain dress: "Quaker Jane", "Plain and Simple Headcoverings", "Rachel's Seamstress Services" and "Mennonite Maidens". [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) Simple dress, considered "sensible and useful" and necessary, is sometimes hard to find as the clothing market is dictated by fashion-conscious people who consider plain dress dull. [45] (#cite_note-45) In literature [ edit ] Dressing heroines in Victorian literature (/wiki/Victorian_literature) in plain dress is often assumed to be a way of making characters appear classless and sexless. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) Others argue that authors like Charlotte Brontë (/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB) , George Eliot (/wiki/George_Eliot) , and Anthony Trollope (/wiki/Anthony_Trollope) use plain dress to highlight the marriageability of the character, sexualizing her by emphasizing the female body within. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) [47] (#cite_note-connerley-47) Additionally, plain dress may signify a character's rejection of societal norms and willingness to leave the household to act on her desires. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) Gallery [ edit ] Pennsylvania Dutch (/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch) Mennonite woman in 1942 An Old Colony Mennonite (/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites) family in Campeche (/wiki/Campeche) , Mexico Old Colony Mennonites on New River (/wiki/New_River_(Belize)) , Belize (/wiki/Belize) Two plain dressed Old Colony Mennonite boys near Lamanai (/wiki/Lamanai) in Belize (/wiki/Belize) Schmiedeleut (/wiki/Schmiedeleut) Hutterites at school Schmiedeleut Hutterites (/wiki/Hutterite) singing a hymn (/wiki/Hymn) Schmiedeleut Hutterite women at work Schmiedeleut Hutterite women return from working in the fields Amish in Aylmer, Ontario (/wiki/Aylmer,_Ontario) Amish women at the beach, Chincoteague, Virginia (/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia) Amish children on the way to school Amish man from one of the very plain "one suspender" groups in southeast Ohio See also [ edit ] Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Christianity portal (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Plain people (/wiki/Plain_people) Cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) Prairie dress (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Journeyman uniform in Germany (/wiki/Journeyman_years#Journeyman_uniform_in_Germany) Normcore (/wiki/Normcore) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) Tazkiyah (/wiki/Tazkiyah) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-KellerRuetherCantlon2006_1-0) Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America . Indiana University Press. p. 266. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-34685-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Q: So what about the funny clothes? Do you dress like the Amish?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809211604/https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) . Stillwater Monthly Meeting of Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends. Archived from the original (https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) on 9 August 2021 . Retrieved 10 April 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Winger, Otho (1919). History and Doctrines of the Church of the Brethren . Brethren Publishing House. p. 218. I. We examined prayerfully the scriptural grounds of Christian attire, and found that Jesus and the apostles taught modesty and simplicity of life and modesty in dress and manners. The scriptures bearing on the subject of dress and adornment are of several classes: First. Jesus condemned anxious thought for raiment (Matt. 6: 25-33; Luke 12:22-31). Second. The direct teachings, such as 1 Tim. 2:9, 10; 1 Peter 3:3-5. Third. Teachings on nonconformity to the world in general, and that apply to dress on general principles, such as Romans 12:1, 2; 1 Cor. 10:31; 1 Peter 1:14-15; 1 John 2:15-17. II. Investigation shows that the early church fathers and our own church fathers taught strongly and uniformly against pride and superfluity in dress, and constantly in favor of gospel plainness. ^ (#cite_ref-Alexandria_4-0) Clement of Alexandria Collection [3 Books] . Aeterna Press. ^ Jump up to: a b Almila, Anna-Mari; Inglis, David (6 July 2017). The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling . Taylor & Francis. p. 296. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-04114-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bercot1992_6-0) Bercot, David W. (1992). Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture . Scroll Publishing Co. p. 68. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-924722-06-6 . Hippolytus, a leader in the church in Rome around the year 200, compiled a record of the various customs and practices in that church from the generations that preceded him. His Apostolic Tradition contains this statement: "And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering." This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil... ^ (#cite_ref-Lewis2002_7-0) Lewis, James R. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions . Prometheus Books. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781615927388 . ^ Jump up to: a b Manual of Faith and Practice of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends . Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) . 2018. pp. 107–10. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Scott, Stephen (/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)) (1986). Why Do They Dress That Way? . Intercourse, PA: Good Books. ^ Jump up to: a b c Yoder, Jeremy (15 September 2010). "Plain Dress: Wednesday Link Potluck: Not Dressing Like Lady Gaga Edition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160817094301/http://emu.edu/now/work-and-hope/tag/plain-dress/) . Eastern Mennonite University. Archived from the original (http://emu.edu/now/work-and-hope/tag/plain-dress/) on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lancaster_11-0) "Amish People and Amish Culture" (http://lancasterpa.com/amish/amish-people/) . LancasterPA.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Amish_Facts_12-0) "Amish: Out of Order Facts – What You Probably Don't Know About the Amish" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150313204223/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/amish-out-of-order/articles/amish-out-of-order-facts/) . National Geographic . Archived from the original (http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/amish-out-of-order/articles/amish-out-of-order-facts/) on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Stephen (1 September 2008). Why Do They Dress That Way? . Good Books. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781680992786 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ritter, Abraham (1857). History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia . Hayes & Zell. p. 145 (https://archive.org/details/historymoravian01rittgoog/page/n173) . Accessed 19 June 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "I. The Church". Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection . Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) . Should we insist on plain and modest dress? Certainly. We should not on any account spend what the Lord has put into our hands as stewards, to be used for His glory, in expensive wearing apparel, when thousands are suffering for food and raiment, and millions are perishing for the Word of life. Let the dress of every member of every Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Church be plain and modest. Let the strictest carefulness and economy be used in these respects. ^ Jump up to: a b Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn (24 September 1998). Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810 . Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195354249 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Grabish, Austin. "Church fighting pandemic restrictions is cult-like, former worshippers, expert allege" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/church-of-god-restoration-manitoba-1.6066688) . CBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Robinson, D. E. (1990). "Adopt%20a%20Simple,%20Unadorned%20Dress" "Seventh-day Adventists and the Reform Dress" (http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/Dressref.html#) . The Ellen G. White Estate, Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) White, Ellen G. (11 April 2021). Evangelism . Good Press. ^ (#cite_ref-SDA1967_20-0) Review and Herald: Official Organ of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church . Seventh-day Adventist Church (/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church) . 1967. p. 14. In the United States, Seventh-day Adventist ministers do not baptize a person wearing a wedding ring, nor do they officiate at a wedding in which the ring ceremony is part of the service. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Reynolds, Margaret C.; Bronner, Simon J. (2001). Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren Penn State Press. pp. 61–96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-271-02138-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02138-6) ^ (#cite_ref-McKean2013_22-0) McKean, Erin (2013). The Hundred Dresses: The Most Iconic Styles of Our Time . A&C Black. p. 20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4081-9050-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Wollaston, Sam (23 July 2019). " (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/23/just-dont-call-it-a-cult-the-strangely-alluring-world-of-the-bruderhof) 'Just don't call it a cult': the strangely alluring world of the Bruderhof" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/23/just-dont-call-it-a-cult-the-strangely-alluring-world-of-the-bruderhof) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 22 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hamm, Thomas D. (2006). The Quakers in America . Columbia University Press. p. 102. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-23112363-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-F.Hunt-Hurst2015_25-0) F., José Blanco; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (23 November 2015). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-161069310-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b Evans, William; Evans, Thomas (1837). The Friends' Library . J. Rakestraw. p. 132 (https://archive.org/details/friendslibraryco01will/page/132) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Wesley, John (1999). "Sermon 88 – On Dress" (http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-88-on-dress/) . The Wesley Center Online . Wesley Center for Applied Theology . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Wesley, John (1987). Wesley's Notes on the Bible . Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p. 570. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61025257-7 . Therefore if a woman is not covered — If she will throw off the badge of subjection, let her appear with her hair cut like a man's. But if it be shameful far a woman to appear thus in public, especially in a religious assembly, let her, for the same reason, keep on her veil. ^ (#cite_ref-Dunlap1994_30-0) Dunlap, David (1 November 1994). "Headcovering—A Historical Perspective" (http://www.uplook.org/1994/11/headcovering-a-historical-perspective/) . Uplook Ministries . Retrieved 24 June 2019 . Although women were allowed to preach in the Methodist ministry, the veil covering a woman's head was required as a sign of her headship to Christ. Concerning the theological significance of the veil, Wesley wrote, "For a man indeed ought not to veil his head because he is the image and glory of God in the dominion he bears over the creation, representing the supreme dominion of God, which is his glory. But the woman is a matter of glory to the man, who has a becoming dominion over her. Therefore she ought not to appear except with her head veiled as a tacit acknowledgement of it." ^ (#cite_ref-31) Rupert Davies, A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, London : Epworth, 1965, p. 197. ^ (#cite_ref-WarrickJr2013_32-0) Yrigoyen, Charles; Warrick, Susan E. (7 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Methodism . Scarecrow Press. p. 124. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-81087894-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, of America . Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America. 1858. pp. 75–6 – via Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "A Few Historical Quaker Plain Dress References" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914145423/http://www.quakerjane.com/spirit.friends/plain_dress-onecloth.html) . Quaker Jane. 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.quakerjane.com/spirit.friends/plain_dress-onecloth.html) on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cartwright1857_35-0) Cartwright, Peter (1857). Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher . Carlton & Porter. p. 74 (https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart/page/74) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elwell2001_36-0) Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology . Baker Academic. p. 564. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-80102075-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches" (http://www.biblemethodist.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2014-Bible-Methodist-Discipline.pdf) (PDF) . 2014. pp. 33–34 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Brief Description" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220126234944/http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm) . Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches (/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches) . 26 January 2022. Archived from the original (http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm) on 26 January 2022 . Retrieved 3 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b 2016 Minutes of the Fortieth Annual Session of the Calvary Holiness Association . Coffee County, Georgia: Calvary Holiness Association. 6 August 2016. p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Torrey, Mary Ide (1838). Ornament, or the Christian Rule of Dress Crocker & Brewster. ^ (#cite_ref-schwertley_41-0) B. Schwertley, Pastor. "3: Modesty and Extravagance" (http://www.reformedonline.com/uploads/1/5/0/3/15030584/chapter_3_modesty.pdf) (PDF) . Modesty in Apparel: Bringing a Believer's Attire into Subjection to the Word of God . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-ehlke_42-0) Cap Ehlke, Roland (2000). "A Woman's Place: The Evangelical Debate over the Role of Women in the Church" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001622/http://www.equip.org/PDF/DW252.pdf) (PDF) . Christian Research Journal . 22 (4). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-43) Winslow, Ben (25 June 2008). "Web site sells FLDS-style clothes" (https://www.deseret.com/2008/6/24/20260185/web-site-sells-flds-style-clothes) . Deseret News . Retrieved 14 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Caton, Mary Anne (2003). " The Aesthetics of Absence: Quaker Women's Plain Dress in the Delaware Valley, 1790–1900" (https://books.google.com/books?id=xfZGThbyn-AC&lpg=PA246) in Emma Jones Lapsansky and Anne A. Verplanck, eds., Quaker Aesthetics: Reflections on a Quaker Ethic in American Design and Consumption, 1720–1920 . University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 246–271. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8122-3692-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3692-7) ^ (#cite_ref-45) Rose, Hilary (29 August 2015). "The joys of a perfectly plain dress" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/magazine/article4536840.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Keen, Suzanne (2002). "Quaker dress, sexuality, and the domestication of reform in the Victorian novel". Victorian Literature and Culture . 30 (1). Cambridge University Press: 211–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S1060150302301104 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150302301104) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25058582 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25058582) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20707027 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20707027) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 32093540 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32093540) . ^ (#cite_ref-connerley_47-0) Connerley, Jennifer L. (2006). "Quaker bonnets and the erotic feminine in American popular culture". Material Religion . 2 (2): 174–203. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/174322006778053636 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F174322006778053636) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 153955468 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153955468) . Further reading [ edit ] Kauffman, Daniel (1898). Manual of Bible Doctrines . Elkhart (/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana) : Mennonite Publishing Co. pp. 186–204. Ruth, Merle (2022). The Significance of the Christian Woman's Veiling . Harrisonburg (/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia) : Christian Light Publications. Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change . Stoneboro (/wiki/Stoneboro,_Pennsylvania) : Ridgeway Publishing. Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019). Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People . Millersburg (/wiki/Millersburg,_Ohio) : Acorn Publishing. External links [ edit ] Understanding Plain Dress (https://justplainmarie.ca/why-do-mennonites-dress-like-that/) (Mennonite) Plain Resources (https://www.quakerranter.org/resources_on_quaker_plain_dres/) (Quaker) On Dress by John Wesley (https://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-88-On-Dress) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111811/https://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-88-On-Dress) 16 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Methodist) fldsdress (https://web.archive.org/web/20080605012516/http://www.fldsdress.com:80/about.php) (Mormon Fundamentalist, archived) v t e Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Practices Barter (/wiki/Barter) Cord-cutting (/wiki/Cord-cutting) DIY ethic (/wiki/DIY_ethic) Downshifting (/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)) Dry toilet (/wiki/Dry_toilet) Fasting (/wiki/Fasting) Forest gardening (/wiki/Forest_gardening) Freeganism (/wiki/Freeganism) Frugality (/wiki/Frugality) Gift economy (/wiki/Gift_economy) Intentional community (/wiki/Intentional_community) Local currency (/wiki/Local_currency) Low-impact development (/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)) No frills (/wiki/No_frills) Off-the-grid (/wiki/Off-the-grid) Permaculture (/wiki/Permaculture) Regift (/wiki/Regift) Sattvic diet (/wiki/Sattvic_diet) Self-sufficiency (/wiki/Self-sufficiency) Subsistence agriculture (/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture) Sustainable living (/wiki/Sustainable_living) Sustainable sanitation (/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation) Veganism (/wiki/Veganism) Vegetarianism (/wiki/Vegetarianism) War tax resistance (/wiki/Tax_resistance) WWOOF (/wiki/WWOOF) Religious and spiritual Amish (/wiki/Amish) Aparigraha (/wiki/Aparigraha) Asceticism (/wiki/Asceticism) Detachment (/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)) Distributism (/wiki/Distributism) Jesus movement (/wiki/Jesus_movement) Mendicant (/wiki/Mendicant) Mindfulness (/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)) Monasticism (/wiki/Monasticism) New Monasticism (/wiki/New_Monasticism) Plain dress Plain people (/wiki/Plain_people) Quakers (/wiki/Quakers) Rastafari (/wiki/Rastafari) Temperance (/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)) Testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity) Tolstoyan movement (/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement) Twelve Tribes communities (/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities) Secular movements Back-to-the-land (/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement) Car-free (/wiki/Car-free_movement) Environmental (/wiki/Environmental_movement) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie) Open Source Ecology (/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology) Slow (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) Small house (/wiki/Small_house_movement) Tiny house (/wiki/Tiny_house_movement) Transition town (/wiki/Transition_town) Notable writers Wendell Berry (/wiki/Wendell_Berry) Ernest Callenbach (/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach) G. K. Chesterton (/wiki/G._K._Chesterton) Duane Elgin (/wiki/Duane_Elgin) Mahatma Gandhi (/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi) Richard Gregg (/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)) Tom Hodgkinson (/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson) Harlan Hubbard (/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard) Satish Kumar (/wiki/Satish_Kumar) Helen Nearing (/wiki/Helen_Nearing) Scott Nearing (/wiki/Scott_Nearing) Peace Pilgrim (/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim) Nick Rosen (/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)) Dugald Semple (/wiki/Dugald_Semple) E. F. Schumacher (/wiki/E._F._Schumacher) George Skene Keith (/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)) Henry David Thoreau (/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau) Leo Tolstoy (/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy) Valluvar (/wiki/Thiruvalluvar) Modern-day adherents Mark Boyle (/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)) Robin Greenfield (/wiki/Robin_Greenfield) Ted Kaczynski (/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski) Pentti Linkola (/wiki/Pentti_Linkola) Jim Merkel (/wiki/Jim_Merkel) Peace Pilgrim (/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim) Suelo (/wiki/Suelo) Thomas (/wiki/Thomas_(activist)) Media " Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral (/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral) " Escape from Affluenza (/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza) The Good Life (/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)) The Moon and the Sledgehammer (/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer) Mother Earth News (/wiki/Mother_Earth_News) The Power of Half (/wiki/The_Power_of_Half) Small Is Beautiful (/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful) Walden (/wiki/Walden) Related Affluenza (/wiki/Affluenza) Agrarianism (/wiki/Agrarianism) Amateurism (/wiki/Amateurism) Anarcho-primitivism (/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism) Anti-consumerism (/wiki/Anti-consumerism) Appropriate technology (/wiki/Appropriate_technology) Bohemianism (/wiki/Bohemianism) Consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) Critique of work (/wiki/Critique_of_work) Deep ecology (/wiki/Deep_ecology) Degrowth (/wiki/Degrowth) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Food miles (/wiki/Food_miles) Front Porch Republic (/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic) Green anarchism (/wiki/Green_anarchism) The good life (/wiki/Eudaimonia) Global warming (/wiki/Global_warming) Hedonophobia (/wiki/Hedonophobia) Intentional living (/wiki/Intentional_living) commune (/wiki/Intentional_community) Rainbow Gathering (/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering) Itinerant (/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe) Low-technology (/wiki/Low-technology) Nonviolence (/wiki/Nonviolence) Peak oil (/wiki/Peak_oil) Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) Work–life interface (/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Methodism (/wiki/Methodism) List of denominations (/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations) Background History (/wiki/Methodism#Origins) in the United States (/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States) Anglicanism (/wiki/Anglicanism) Arminianism (/wiki/Arminianism) First Great Awakening (/wiki/First_Great_Awakening) Moravianism (/wiki/Moravian_Church) Nonconformism (/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)) Pietism (/wiki/Pietism) Wesleyan theology (/wiki/Wesleyan_theology) Doctrine (/wiki/Methodist_doctrine) Doctrinal standards Bible (/wiki/Bible) Old Testament (/wiki/Old_Testament) New Testament (/wiki/New_Testament) Creeds (/wiki/Creed#Christianity) Nicene Creed (/wiki/Nicene_Creed) Apostles' Creed (/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed) Articles of Religion (/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)) Sermons on Several Occasions (/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions) Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament (/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament) Distinctive beliefs and practices Assurance of faith (/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism) Conditional preservation of the saints (/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints) Priesthood of all believers (/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers) Four sources of theological authority (/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral) Covenant theology (/wiki/Covenant_theology) Substitutionary atonement (/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement) Imparted righteousness (/wiki/Imparted_righteousness) Moral law (/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist) New birth (/wiki/Born_again) Free will (/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism) Outward holiness (/wiki/Outward_holiness) Prevenient grace (/wiki/Prevenient_grace) Real presence (/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist) Sanctification (growth in grace) (/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist) Sunday Sabbatarianism (/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism) Christian perfection (/wiki/Christian_perfection) Second work of grace (/wiki/Second_work_of_grace) Baptism with the Holy Spirit (/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification) Views on sin (/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views) Works of piety (/wiki/Works_of_piety) Works of mercy (/wiki/Works_of_mercy) Worship (/wiki/Methodist_worship) The Sunday Service of the Methodists (/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists) Covenant Renewal Service (/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service) Revival service (/wiki/Revival_meeting) Mourner's bench (/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench) Altar call (/wiki/Altar_call) Camp meeting (/wiki/Camp_meeting) Tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)) Tent revival (/wiki/Tent_revival) Brush arbour revival (/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival) Revivalist (/wiki/Revivalist_(person)) Lovefeast (/wiki/Agape_feast) Watchnight service (/wiki/Watchnight_service) People (/wiki/List_of_Methodists) Richard Allen (/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)) Francis Asbury (/wiki/Francis_Asbury) Thomas Coke (/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)) John William Fletcher (/wiki/John_William_Fletcher) William Williams Pantycelyn (/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn) Orange Scott (/wiki/Orange_Scott) Benjamin Titus Roberts (/wiki/B._T._Roberts) Walter Sellew (/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew) Howell Harris (/wiki/Howell_Harris) Albert C. Outler (/wiki/Albert_Outler) James Varick (/wiki/James_Varick) Charles Wesley (/wiki/Charles_Wesley) John Wesley (/wiki/John_Wesley) George Whitefield (/wiki/George_Whitefield) Countess of Huntingdon (/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon) Phoebe Palmer (/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer) Richard Watson (/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)) Bishops (/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops) Theologians (/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians) Related movements Moravian Church (/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province) ( Fetter Lane Society (/wiki/Fetter_Lane_Society) ) Holiness movement (/wiki/Holiness_movement) Conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) Holiness Pentecostalism (/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism) Evangelicalism (/wiki/Evangelicalism) Organization Connexionalism (/wiki/Connexionalism) General Conference (/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)) Methodist Circuit (/wiki/Methodist_Circuit) Pastoral charge (/wiki/Pastoral_charge) Class meeting (/wiki/Class_meeting) Penitent band (/wiki/Penitent_band) Other relevant topics World Methodist Council (/wiki/World_Methodist_Council) Saints in Methodism (/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism) Methodist views on alcohol (/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism) Methodist local preacher (/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher) Itinerant preacher (/wiki/Itinerant_preacher) Circuit rider (/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)) Steward (/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)) Homosexuality and Methodism (/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism) Ordination of women in Methodism (/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism) Bishops in Methodism (/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xj4x6 Cached time: 20240718232242 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.769 seconds Real time usage: 1.058 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 189147/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6775/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 218564/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.424/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6900147/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 811.838 1 -total 40.79% 331.152 1 Template:Reflist 26.79% 217.528 29 Template:Cite_book 18.36% 149.016 9 Template:Navbox 14.19% 115.172 1 Template:Simple_living 11.86% 96.283 1 Template:Short_description 5.65% 45.856 13 Template:Main_other 5.63% 45.733 12 Template:Cite_web 5.16% 41.897 1 Template:SDcat 5.13% 41.632 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14336171-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718232242 and revision id 1234341321. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plain_dress&oldid=1234341321 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plain_dress&oldid=1234341321) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Anabaptism (/wiki/Category:Anabaptism) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Methodism (/wiki/Category:Methodism) Modesty in Christianity (/wiki/Category:Modesty_in_Christianity) Simple living (/wiki/Category:Simple_living) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from August 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2015) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
American fashion company Rodarte Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2005 ; 19 years ago ( 2005 ) Founder Kate Mulleavy (/wiki/Kate_and_Laura_Mulleavy) Laura Mulleavy (/wiki/Kate_and_Laura_Mulleavy) Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , United States Website www (http://www.rodarte.net) .rodarte (http://www.rodarte.net) .net (http://www.rodarte.net) Rodarte ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ r oʊ d ɑːr t eɪ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is an American brand of clothing and accessories founded and headquartered in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California, USA (/wiki/United_States) , by sisters Kate and Laura Mulleavy (/wiki/Kate_and_Laura_Mulleavy) . [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) Rodarte has received a number of fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) awards since the line's inception in 2005. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-NYTimes-3) In addition to their main fashion line, the sisters have also collaborated with Gap (/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)) and Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) on limited edition pieces. [4] (#cite_note-target-4) History [ edit ] Fall-Winter 2009 Rodarte dress. Printed silk crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) embroidered with Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystals ( RISD Museum (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum) ). In 2002 after leaving college, the Mulleavy sisters returned home to Aptos, California (/wiki/Aptos,_California) , where they spent the intervening years saving up USD (/wiki/US_dollar) $16,500 in order to create a capsule collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) with Laura working as a waitress and Kate selling off a collection of rare records. [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) The label Rodarte is the original Spanish pronunciation and spelling of their mother's maiden name, Rodart. [6] (#cite_note-6) After their initial collection of just ten pieces (which included seven dresses and two coats), [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) the Mulleavys traveled to New York City and appeared on the cover of a February 2005 issue of Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) This led to their meeting with Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) editor-in-chief Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) , who personally flew to Los Angeles to meet the sisters. [3] (#cite_note-NYTimes-3) [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) The Mulleavy sisters garnered notoriety early on for their meticulous approach to clothing, with one chiffon dress from their 2006 collection taking over 150 hours to complete. [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) In the spring of 2007, the label released a line of limited-edition exclusive shirts in collaboration with Gap (/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In December 2009, the label released another separate line of limited-edition pieces in collaboration with Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) . [4] (#cite_note-target-4) Style and influences [ edit ] They both credit their West Coast (/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) upbringing as a major source of inspiration for their collections. The natural American landscape is of particular inspiration to the sisters. [8] (#cite_note-8) Rodarte's aesthetic influences have evolved since the label's establishment, with their evolution described in 2010 as "darker, their clothing riskier, more deconstructed, punk, and gothic. Each collection has been stranger than the last, influenced by anime (/wiki/Anime) and horror films (/wiki/Horror_films) , and elements of S & M culture." [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) In an article published by The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) , the label was described as "the fashion equivalent of a Basquiat (/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat) . People in the know really love it, but to everyone else it’s inscrutable or a little bit ugly." [1] (#cite_note-behind-1) Museums and exhibitions [ edit ] Backstage at Fall 2008 Rodarte fashion show Rodarte is in the permanent collections of the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) the Fashion Institute of Technology Museum in New York, [11] (#cite_note-gown-11) the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) , [12] (#cite_note-perez-12) and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Rodarte was featured in the fall 2007 exhibit BLOGMODE at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute, as well as several exhibits at The Museum at FIT including Luxury in spring 2007, Gothic: Dark Glamour in fall 2008, and American Beauty: Aesthetics & Innovation in Fashion in spring 2010. Arnhem Fashion Biennale featured Rodarte vignettes in July 2007, 2009 and 2011. In 2013, the Boston Museum of Fine Art featured their Blue and White Embroidered Spring 2011 Dress and Printed shoes. For the 2013 Punk: Chaos to Couture Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute show, 4 looks of Rodarte's Spring 2009 and Fall 2008 Collections were on display. [11] (#cite_note-gown-11) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2008, Rodarte was featured in Artforum (/wiki/Artforum) , making the Mulleavy sisters the first fashion designers to be featured in the magazine since Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) in 1982. [17] (#cite_note-17) In February 2010, Rodarte had their first solo-exhibition, at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum (/wiki/Cooper-Hewitt_Museum) (the design branch of the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) ). [18] (#cite_note-18) In May 2011, Rodarte contributed artworks to the Los Angeles County Museum of Arts (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) Cell Phone Stories project. Their contribution included sketches based on artworks held in the LACMA's permanent collection. [19] (#cite_note-19) In February 2011, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles) opened Rodarte: States of Matter , the first West Coast museum exhibition of the Rodarte's fashion and costume designs from Fall 2008, Spring 2010, Fall 2010, and pieces from the film Black Swan . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2011, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) (LACMA) acquired the Rodarte Spring 2012 couture collection. [21] (#cite_note-21) LACMA displayed the renaissance-inspired clothing in their Italian renaissance gallery, alongside Italian renaissance artworks, in the exhibition Rodarte: Fra Angelico Collection from December 2011 to February 2012. [22] (#cite_note-22) Accolades [ edit ] Kate and Laura Mulleavy were one of the 50 recipients to win the 2009 United States Artists Fellowship. [23] (#cite_note-United_States_Artists-23) Rodarte was Cooper Hewitt (/wiki/Cooper%E2%80%93Hewitt,_National_Design_Museum) 's National Design Awards (/wiki/National_Design_Awards) Fashion Design Finalist in 2009 and winner in 2010. [24] (#cite_note-National_Design_Awards-24) Rodarte is the first fashion house to be awarded the National Art Award from Americans for the Arts (/wiki/Americans_for_the_Arts) in 2010. The award is a custom Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) gold bunny sculpture. [25] (#cite_note-artsusa-25) Rodarte is awarded the Star Honoree Award from Fashion Group International (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) in 2011. [26] (#cite_note-lb-26) Rodarte was named one of Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) ’s 50 Designers Shaping The Future in October 2012. [27] (#cite_note-27) In May 2014, Rodarte's short film directed by Todd Cole is awarded the People's Choice Webby Award (/wiki/Webby_Award) for Branded Scripted Entertainment. [28] (#cite_note-28) 2014 Webby Award People's Choice- Branded Scripted Entertainment- Won [29] (#cite_note-29) 2011 Fashion Group International's Star Honoree Award- Won [26] (#cite_note-lb-26) 2010 National Art Award from Americans for the Arts- Won [25] (#cite_note-artsusa-25) 2010 Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards- Won [24] (#cite_note-National_Design_Awards-24) 2009 United States Artists Fellowships Recipient [23] (#cite_note-United_States_Artists-23) 2009 CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year - Won [30] (#cite_note-CFDA_Past_Winners-30) 2008 CFDA Swarovski Award for Womenswear - Won [30] (#cite_note-CFDA_Past_Winners-30) 2008 Stella Swiss Textiles Award - Won [31] (#cite_note-31) 2006 Ecco Domani Fashion Foundation Award - Won [32] (#cite_note-32) See also [ edit ] Dice Kayek (/wiki/Dice_Kayek) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) California (/wiki/Portal:California) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Fortini, Amanda (January 18, 2010). "Twisted Sisters" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/01/18/twisted-sisters) . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Rodarte NY Magazine Fashion Bio" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/rodarte/) . Retrieved November 23, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jacobs, Mark (August 28, 2005). "The Talk; Scissor Sisters" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E0DE113CF93BA1575BC0A9639C8B63) . The New York Times . Retrieved November 24, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: a b O'Dell, Amy (December 3, 2009). "The Full Rodarte for Target Look Book, With Prices" (https://www.thecut.com/2009/12/rodarte_for_target_1.html) . The Cut . Retrieved December 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "San Francisco Magazine \| Modern Luxury" (http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/rodarte-kate-laura-mulleavy) . Sanfranmag.com . Retrieved September 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Morrison, Patt (April 16, 2011). "Q&A with Rodarte's Kate and Laura Mulleavy: Fabricators - Behind the cerebral and tactile couture of the Mulleavy sisters" (http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/16/opinion/la-oe-morrison-rodarte-041611) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Krentcil, Faran (April 18, 2007). "Cheap Rodarte Is So Much Better" (https://fashionista.com/2007/04/cheap-rodarte-is-so-much-better) . Fashionista . Retrieved December 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Davis, Allison P. (July 3, 2013). "Rodarte on their true California inspirations" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/07/rodarte-on-their-true-california-inspirations.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Evening dress" (http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/collection_database/the_costume_institute/dress_evening_rodarte//objectview.aspx?OID=80077315&collID=8&dd1=8) . Metmuseum.org. September 16, 2013 . Retrieved September 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Ensemble" (http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/collection_database/the_costume_institute/ensemble_rodarte//objectview.aspx?OID=80088349&collID=8&dd1=8) . Metmuseum.org. September 16, 2013 . Retrieved September 24, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Rodarte Gown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100527213147/http://www.fitnyc.edu/5360.asp) . The Museum at FIT . State University of New York. Archived from the original (http://fashionmuseum.fitnyc.edu/view/people/asitem/items$0040:5866/0?t:state:flow=bc1e48fc-ba92-47d7-ae64-778ba77dc6b1) on May 27, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-perez_12-0) Perez, Eugenia (February 9, 2012). "The Rodarte Effect" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2012/03/rodarte-201203) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "MFA, Boston collections search" (http://www.mfa.org/search/collections?keyword=rodarte) . mfa.org . Retrieved 2014-03-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Costume Institute Collection Database Available on Metropolitan Museum Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110501040705/http://www.metmuseum.org/press_room/full_release.asp?prid=%7B9BDA9A52-D512-43E8-A216-AC7655B06ABF%7D) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . October 2, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.metmuseum.org/press_room/full_release.asp?prid=%7B9BDA9A52-D512-43E8-A216-AC7655B06ABF%7D) on May 1, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-15) PUNK: Chaos to Couture \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/PUNK) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Ming dress (Rodarte)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160813224346/http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/dress-554595) . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Archived from the original (http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/ming-dress-554595) on August 13, 2016 . Retrieved December 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Russeth, Andrew (September 20, 2011). "Ready to Wear: After a Long Flirtation, Art and Fashion Have Wed" (https://observer.com/2011/09/ready-to-wear-after-a-long-fliration-art-and-fashion-have-wed/) . New York Observer . Retrieved December 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Exhibitions Archive \| Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York" (http://www.cooperhewitt.org/exhibitions/quicktake-rodarte) . Cooperhewitt.org . Retrieved September 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) O'Reilly, Kelly (July 14, 2010). "Rodarte Sketches for LACMA "Cell Phone Stories" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151127111514/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/threadny/THREAD-Rodarte-Sketches-for-LACMA-Cell-Phone-Stories-98420089.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20151127111514/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/threadny/THREAD-Rodarte-Sketches-for-LACMA-Cell-Phone-Stories-98420089.html) . NBC New York . Archived from the original (https://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/threadny/THREAD-Rodarte-Sketches-for-LACMA-Cell-Phone-Stories-98420089.html) on November 27, 2015 . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Previewing Rodarte: States of Matter « The Curve" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161633/http://www.moca.org/audio/blog/?p=1382) . MOCA. Archived from the original (http://www.moca.org/audio/blog/?p=1382) on November 10, 2012 . Retrieved September 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Binlot, Anne (June 16, 2011). "LACMA Acquires Rodarte's New Bernini-Inspired Collection, Unveiled at Florence's Pitti W" (http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/37903/lacma-acquires-rodartes-new-bernini-inspired-collection-unveiled-at-florences-pitti-w?comment_sort=desc) . BlouinArtinfo . Retrieved December 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Binlot, Ann (November 30, 2011). "LACMA to Display Rodarte's Fra Angelico-Inspired Couture Collection in Its Renaissance Art Galleries \| BLOUIN ARTINFO" (http://artinfo.com/news/story/752669/lacma-to-display-rodarte%E2%80%99s-fra-angelico-inspired-couture-collection-in-its-renaissance-art-galleries) . Artinfo.com . Retrieved September 24, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kate & Laura Mulleavy Fellow Profile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121756/http://www.usafellows.org/fellow/kate_laura_mulleavy_1) . United States Artists. Archived from the original (http://www.usafellows.org/fellow/kate_laura_mulleavy_1) on May 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "Rodarte National Design Award 2010" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131206161210/http://archive.cooperhewitt.org/national-design-awards/2010/www.nationaldesignawards.org/2010/honoree/Rodarte.html) . Cooper-Hewitt. Archived from the original (http://archive.cooperhewitt.org/national-design-awards/2010/www.nationaldesignawards.org/2010/honoree/Rodarte.html) on December 6, 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "The National Arts Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145604/http://www.artsusa.org/events/2010/naa/001.asp) . Americans for the Arts . Archived from the original (http://www.artsusa.org/events/2010/naa/001.asp) on September 29, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Group International's Starry Night by Lester Brathwaite" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111209140451/https://fashionindie.com/fashion-group-internationals-starry-night) . Fashion Indie . July 12, 2011. Archived from the original (http://fashionindie.com/fashion-group-internationals-starry-night) on December 9, 2011 . Retrieved September 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "50 Designers Shaping The Future: Part 3" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171204145810/https://www.fastcodesign.com/1670702/50-designers-shaping-the-future-part-3) . Co.Design . September 11, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670702/50-designers-shaping-the-future-part-3) on December 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Branded Entertainment Scripted" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150807185142/http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2014/online-film-video/general-film-categories/branded-entertainment-scripted/) . The Webby Awards . Archive. Archived from the original (http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2014/online-film-video/general-film-categories/branded-entertainment-scripted) on August 7, 2015 . Retrieved November 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) webby award rodarte - Google zoeken (https://www.google.com/search?q=webby+award+rodarte&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb) ^ Jump up to: a b "CFDA Past Winners" (http://www.cfda.com/index.php?option=com_cfda_content&task=fashion_awards_display&category_id=31) . Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) . Retrieved August 9, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Stella Fashion Night 2008" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100619231833/http://www.swisstextiles.ch/en/veranstaltungen/swiss_textiles_award/stella_fashion_night_2008/) . Swiss Textile Federation . Archived from the original (http://www.swisstextiles.ch/en/veranstaltungen/swiss_textiles_award/stella_fashion_night_2008/) on June 19, 2010 . Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Six Talented Emerging Designers Win Top Prize" (https://www.fashiontrendsetter.com/content/press/edff2005.html) . FashionTrendSetter . Retrieved November 23, 2007 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rodarte (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rodarte) . Official website (http://www.rodarte.net/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐mxv84 Cached time: 20240720165254 Cache expiry: 976027 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.419 seconds Real time usage: 0.540 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2772/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61479/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1706/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 118082/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7346941/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 481.116 1 -total 45.20% 217.449 1 Template:Reflist 19.23% 92.511 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.11% 91.953 2 Template:Cite_magazine 19.05% 91.661 27 Template:Cite_web 17.51% 84.252 1 Template:Infobox 12.29% 59.138 1 Template:Short_description 8.70% 41.876 1 Template:Portalbar 7.59% 36.516 2 Template:Pagetype 5.29% 25.468 1 Template:IPAc-en Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14391978-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165254 and revision id 1173256299. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodarte&oldid=1173256299 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodarte&oldid=1173256299) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) National Design Award winners (/wiki/Category:National_Design_Award_winners) California people in fashion (/wiki/Category:California_people_in_fashion) Companies based in Manhattan (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Manhattan) American companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_2005) Clothing companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) Design companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2005) 2005 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:2005_establishments_in_California) American brands (/wiki/Category:American_brands) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Italian actress, model and soubrette You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Arcuri) in Italian . (May 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View (https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FManuela_Arcuri&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en) a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Manuela Arcuri]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|it\|Manuela Arcuri}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Manuela_Arcuri) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Manuela Arcuri Arcuri in 1995 Born ( 1977-01-08 ) 8 January 1977 (age 47) Anagni (/wiki/Anagni) , Frosinone (/wiki/Province_of_Frosinone) , Italy Occupations Actress fashion model Years active 1995–present Partner(s) Giovanni di Gianfrancesco 2010–present Children 1 Manuela Arcuri (born 8 January 1977) is an Italian actress, model and soubrette (/wiki/Soubrette) . She was the protagonist of two successful TV series, L'onore e il rispetto (/wiki/L%27onore_e_il_rispetto) [1] (#cite_note-1) and Il peccato e la vergogna (/wiki/Il_peccato_e_la_vergogna) . Biography [ edit ] Arcuri was born in Anagni (/wiki/Anagni) , near Frosinone (/wiki/Frosinone) , to a father from the Province of Crotone (/wiki/Province_of_Crotone) [2] (#cite_note-2) and a mother from Avellino (/wiki/Avellino) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Raised in Latina, Lazio (/wiki/Latina,_Lazio) from an early age, Manuela Arcuri, was often on the covers of tabloids (/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)) . She has a black belt in karate. She was an attendee at former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) 's private parties. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) TV career [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Manuela Arcuri" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Manuela+Arcuri%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) At a very early age she was attracted to show business (/wiki/Show_business) , and she became a fashion model; in 1995 she played parts in soap operas (/wiki/Soap_operas) and in her first film, Black Holes (/wiki/Black_Holes_(film)) directed by Pappi Corsicato (/wiki/Pappi_Corsicato) ; then she had a supporting role in The Graduates (/wiki/The_Graduates_(1995_film)) directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni (/wiki/Leonardo_Pieraccioni) , and a major one in the comedy film Bagnomaria (/wiki/Bagnomaria) by Giorgio Panariello (/wiki/Giorgio_Panariello) , which brought her to the attention of the moviegoing public. She continued acting in other movies and stage productions, such as A Pretty Story of a Woman e Liolà at the side of Gianfranco Jannuzzo and under the direction of Gigi Proietti (/wiki/Gigi_Proietti) . In 2000 Manuela Arcuri, now considered a sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) , appeared in a calendar for the magazine GenteViaggi ; the following year, she posed for another calendar, this time for the magazine Panorama (/wiki/Panorama_(magazine)) , obtaining great success that consolidated her reputation and helped her land a role in the TV series Carabinieri (/wiki/Carabinieri_(TV_series)) . In 2001 she hosted the TV show Mai dire Gol (/wiki/Mai_dire_Gol) with Gialappa's Band (/wiki/Gialappa%27s_Band) . In 2002, she co-hosted the Sanremo Music Festival (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2002) alongside Pippo Baudo (/wiki/Pippo_Baudo) and Vittoria Belvedere (/wiki/Vittoria_Belvedere) . In 2003, she co-hosted with Teo Teocoli (/wiki/Teo_Teocoli) and Anna Maria Barbera the eighth series of the TV comedy show Scherzi a parte (/wiki/Scherzi_a_parte) . Theatre [ edit ] Liolà (/wiki/Liol%C3%A0) (2006) Il primo che mi capita (/w/index.php?title=Il_primo_che_mi_capita&action=edit&redlink=1) (2008) A Pretty Story of Woman (/w/index.php?title=A_Pretty_Story_of_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1) (2010) Filmography [ edit ] Film roles showing year released, title, role played, director and notes Title Year Role Director Notes Diary of a Maniac (/wiki/Diary_of_a_Maniac) 1993 Female vagabond Marco Ferreri (/wiki/Marco_Ferreri) Cameo appearance The Graduates (/wiki/The_Graduates_(1995_film)) 1995 Dancer Leonardo Pieraccioni (/wiki/Leonardo_Pieraccioni) Cameo appearance Black Holes (/wiki/Black_Holes_(film)) Adelaide Pappi Corsicato (/wiki/Pappi_Corsicato) Viaggi di nozze (/wiki/Viaggi_di_nozze) Mara Sorci Carlo Verdone (/wiki/Carlo_Verdone) Gratta e vinci 1996 Michelle Ferruccio Castronovo Uomini senza donne Girl at café Angelo Longoni Cameo appearance A spasso nel tempo (/wiki/A_spasso_nel_tempo) Young Rosanna Carlo Vanzina (/wiki/Carlo_Vanzina) Cuori perduti 1997 Nicla Chiodi Teresio Spalla Finalmente soli Christian's girlfriend Umberto Marino Bagnomaria (/wiki/Bagnomaria) 1999 Mara Giorgio Panariello (/wiki/Giorgio_Panariello) Voglio stare sotto al letto Brunette girl Bruno Colella Teste di cocco 2000 Nina Ugo Fabrizio Giordano Freewheeling (/wiki/Freewheeling_(film)) Mariagrazia Volpetti Vincenzo Salemme (/wiki/Vincenzo_Salemme) Mad Love (/wiki/Mad_Love_(2001_film)) 2001 Aixa Beatriz Vicente Aranda (/wiki/Vicente_Aranda) The Witch Affair (/wiki/The_Witch_Affair) 2003 Maria José Miguel Juárez Non si ruba a casa dei ladri (/wiki/Non_si_ruba_a_casa_dei_ladri) 2016 Lori Carlucci Carlo Vanzina (/wiki/Carlo_Vanzina) Television [ edit ] Television roles showing year released, title, role played, network and notes Title Year Role Network Notes Disokkupati (/wiki/Disokkupati) 1997 Angelina Forcella Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) 40 episodes Il gatto e la volpe Herself/co-host Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 9 episodes Anni '60 1999 Laura Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Episode: "Episode 3" Pepe Carvalho (/wiki/Pepe_Carvalho) Scherezade Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) Episode: "Alla ricerca Scherezade" Mai dire Gol (/wiki/Mai_dire_Gol) 2001 Herself/host Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) 8 episodes Sanremo Music Festival 2002 (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2002) 2002 Herself/co-host Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) Annual music festival Carabinieri (/wiki/Carabinieri_(TV_series)) 2002–2003 Paola Vitali Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 48 episodes Scherzi a parte (/wiki/Scherzi_a_parte) 2003 Herself/co-host Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 13 episodes Con le unghie e con i denti 2004 Barbara Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 2 episodes Imperia, la grande cortigiana 2005 Imperia Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Television film Carabinieri: Sotto copertura (/wiki/Carabinieri_(TV_series)) Paola Vitali Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 2 episodes Regina dei fiori Regina Proietti Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) 2 episodes L'onore e il rispetto (/wiki/L%27onore_e_il_rispetto) 2006 Nella Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 6 episodes Donne sbagliate 2007 Giulia Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Television film Caterina e le sue figlie (/wiki/Caterina_e_le_sue_figlie) 2007–2010 Morena Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 14 episodes Io non dimentico 2008 Angela Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 2 episodes Mogli a pezzi Elisa Negro Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 4 episodes So che ritornerai 2009 Anna Gastaldi Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Television film Il peccato e la vergogna (/wiki/Il_peccato_e_la_vergogna) 2010–2014 Carmen Tabacchi in Fontamara Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 16 episodes Sangue caldo 2011 Antonia Rosi Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 5 episodes Pupetta - Il coraggio e la passione 2013 Assunta "Pupetta" Marico Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 4 episodes Grande Fratello (/wiki/Grande_Fratello) 2014 Herself/ Regular guest Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 13 episodes Miss Italia 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Italia) 2017 Herself/Judge La7 (/wiki/La7) Beauty contest Il bello delle donne… Alcuni anni dopo (/wiki/Il_bello_delle_donne) Jessica Lolli Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) 8 episodes Ballando con le stelle (/wiki/Ballando_con_le_stelle) 2019 Herself/ Contestant Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) 10 episodes Music Video [ edit ] Year Title Artist Role 2007 Somewhere here on Earth Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) Dream Girl References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "L'onore e il rispetto" (http://tvzap.kataweb.it/programmi/55961/lonore-e-il-rispetto/) . tvzap.kataweb.it . 10 December 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Manuela Arcuri e le sue origini calabresi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040647/http://www.calabresi.net/2011/06/16/manuela-arcuri-e-le-sue-origini-calabresi/13892) . Archived from the original (http://www.calabresi.net/2011/06/16/manuela-arcuri-e-le-sue-origini-calabresi/13892) on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Manuela Arcuri: "Volata scudetto? Tifo Napoli, mia madre è di Avellino" (http://www.calcionapoli24.it/?action=read&idnotizia=14916) ^ (#cite_ref-4) " [1] (https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/liberoquotidiano.it/824019/lofferta-alla-arcuri-giochino-lesbo.html) Libero Quotidiano , 17 September 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Berlusconi's 'harem' named (http://www.unita.it/italia/quando-manuela-arcuri-proponeva-il-menage-a-trois-1.332792) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141017221347/http://www.unita.it/italia/quando-manuela-arcuri-proponeva-il-menage-a-trois-1.332792) 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , L'Unità , 16 September 2011 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manuela Arcuri (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manuela_Arcuri) . Wikiquote has quotations related to Manuela Arcuri (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Manuela_Arcuri) . Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20071006095002/http://www.manuelaarcuri.it/) Manuela Arcuri (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0033899/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Manuela Arcuri (https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p198930) at AllMovie (/wiki/AllMovie) Manuela Arcuri (https://www.instagram.com/manuelaarcuri_official/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/233413543) National Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV488552) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐nw52f Cached time: 20240721011417 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.451 seconds Real time usage: 0.623 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3171/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 57118/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7460/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26359/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6807990/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 562.812 1 -total 26.57% 149.526 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.30% 91.723 1 Template:Reflist 14.26% 80.262 2 Template:Ambox 12.78% 71.923 2 Template:Cite_web 11.48% 64.600 1 Template:Short_description 11.29% 63.526 1 Template:Expand_Italian 10.81% 60.817 1 Template:Expand_language 10.69% 60.186 1 Template:Authority_control 8.38% 47.162 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14414184-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721011417 and revision id 1226015617. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuela_Arcuri&oldid=1226015617 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuela_Arcuri&oldid=1226015617) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1977 births (/wiki/Category:1977_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni (/wiki/Category:Accademia_Nazionale_di_Arte_Drammatica_Silvio_D%27Amico_alumni) Italian actresses (/wiki/Category:Italian_actresses) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) People from Latina, Lazio (/wiki/Category:People_from_Latina,_Lazio) Actresses from Lazio (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Lazio) People of Calabrian descent (/wiki/Category:People_of_Calabrian_descent) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from March 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2016) Biography articles needing translation from Italian Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Biography_articles_needing_translation_from_Italian_Wikipedia) Pages using infobox person with multiple partners (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_partners) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) BLP articles lacking sources from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_July_2020) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with ICCU identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ICCU_identifiers)
Australian swimwear manufacturer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Watersun_Swimwear) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Watersun Swimwear" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Watersun+Swimwear%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Watersun Swimwear Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded 1955 Headquarters Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Australia Products Swimwear Website www.watersun.com (http://www.watersun.com/) Watersun Swimwear is the oldest privately owned Australian (/wiki/Australia) swimwear and beachwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) manufacturer. Established in the mid-1950s, Watersun has been synonymous with the Australian way of life in terms of Swimwear and Beach Fashions for nearing half a century. Its trademark Graphic Glamour Swimsuit (/wiki/Swimsuit) Designs of the '60s, '70s and '80s were recently displayed in the Australian National Maritime Museum (/wiki/Australian_National_Maritime_Museum) which paid tribute to the History of Australian Swimwear: Exposed! The Story of Swimwear. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Watersun was founded in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Victoria, in 1955 by David Waters. Operating a retail outlet with manufacturing at the back of a small shop in Brunswick Street (/wiki/Brunswick_Street,_Melbourne) , Fitzroy (/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria) , Watersun employed young new designers to gain notoriety with swimwear designs in a very conservative post-war Australia. Watersun was sold in 1984 to ADA swimwear who subsequently filed for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) in 1987 with the current owner, IAMNSP Pty. Ltd., acquiring the trademarks (/wiki/Trademark) for both Watersun and ADA in 2011. Designs [ edit ] A display of Watersun is featured in the Powerhouse Museum (/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum) in Sydney reflecting the cultural design significance of the brand. Sponsorships [ edit ] Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) 1972 winner Belinda Green (/wiki/Belinda_Green) Official swimsuit sponsor for 2010 Miss Teen Australia and Miss World Supermodel Mrs Australia (/w/index.php?title=Mrs_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) winner 2010 Nikki Eastmure [2] (#cite_note-2) Models [ edit ] Model Pania Rose (/wiki/Pania_Rose) has appeared in Watersun campaigns for 2005, 2006, and 2007 [3] (#cite_note-3) Model Miss Australia Erin McNaught Catherine McNeil [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ANMM.gov.au (http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1558) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Theage.com.au (http://blogs.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/archives/2007/04/) ^ (#cite_ref-3) News.com.au (http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/confidential/wickedwhispers/) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Herald Sun (http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/nikkis-dream-title/story-e6frf96o-1225908627790) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.watersun.com/) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐8kcdz Cached time: 20240721111830 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.628 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1703/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 69548/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1229/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22973/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4116855/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 467.442 1 -total 23.66% 110.605 3 Template:Navbox 21.06% 98.440 1 Template:More_citations_needed 21.04% 98.351 1 Template:Competitive_swimwear 20.39% 95.303 1 Template:Ambox 19.62% 91.713 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.16% 80.206 1 Template:Infobox 16.92% 79.088 1 Template:Short_description 9.36% 43.737 2 Template:Pagetype 5.98% 27.959 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14587450-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721111830 and revision id 1228660677. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watersun_Swimwear&oldid=1228660677 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watersun_Swimwear&oldid=1228660677) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies established in 1955 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1955) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Swimwear brands (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_brands) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Surfwear brands (/wiki/Category:Surfwear_brands) Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Melbourne) Australian companies established in 1955 (/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_1955) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019) Articles needing additional references from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
Ranging from a ban on wearing thongs to celebrities wearing them on stage Two women with body paint (/wiki/Body_painting) on their buttocks wearing thongs at an event in Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) , New York City The social impact of thong underwear has been covered extensively in the media, ranging from bans on wearing thongs (/wiki/Thong) to thongs for children. Overview [ edit ] Monica Lewinsky (/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky) gave evidence during the Lewinsky scandal (/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal) that she was flirting with Bill Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) in Leon Panetta (/wiki/Leon_Panetta) 's office, and that she lifted her jacket to show him the straps of her thong underwear above her pants. [1] (#cite_note-1) Some of the news media in America used thong underwear as a metonym for smut in the Starr Report (/wiki/Starr_Report) . [2] (#cite_note-2) According to feminist commentator Carrie Lukas (/wiki/Carrie_Lukas) , Lewinsky "with her thong-snapping seduction, forever changed the image of the D.C. junior staffer from aspiring policy wonk to sexual temptress." [3] (#cite_note-3) Marketing analysts Marian L. Salzman, Ira Matathia and Ann O'Reilly observed in the book Buzz: Harness the Power of Influence and Create Demand that thong brands are riding on the wide media coverage of thongs to create buzz (/wiki/Word_of_mouth) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Photographer Lauren Greenfield (/wiki/Lauren_Greenfield) wrote in her book Girl Culture , "Understanding the dialectic (/wiki/Dialectic) between the extreme and the mainstream – the anorexic and the dieter, the stripper and the teenager who bares her midriff or wears a thong – is essential to understanding contemporary feminine identity." [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2004, political commentator Cedric Muhammad wrote in essay The Thong versus the Veil , "We wondered at the end of the day, of the two groups of women most prominently featured on American TV these days, who gains more respect for their intellect and spirit – the Afghan woman who is so totally veiled that you can't even see her eyes or the Black woman in the R&B and Hip-Hop video who dances while wearing a bikini and thong?" [6] (#cite_note-6) Christian commentary [ edit ] The rise of thong usage has been asserted by Christian minister Oneil McQuick to be linked to a rise of sexualization (/wiki/Sexualization) in society, [7] (#cite_note-7) and by Christian writer Philo Thelos to be linked to a rise in the desire to go unclothed. [8] (#cite_note-8) When discussing the trend of wearing thongs, Christian writer Sharon Daugherty commented in her book What Guys See That Girls Don't: Or Do They? that the fashion industry "may have changed the mindset of our society". [9] (#cite_note-9) This was followed by her observation that "the whole idea of wearing so that no panty line or bumps can show isn't substantiated" and that "the thong was created by fashion designers to arouse sexual thoughts". [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200663-10) School restrictions [ edit ] In 1999 a Miami University (/wiki/Miami_University) male professor was banned from using the school's recreation center because he refused to stop wearing thong swimwear. The professor challenged the school in court. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2000 a high school principal in Salinas, California (/wiki/Salinas,_California) was in the center of a variety of controversies including bans on certain types of clothing to the extent that "thong panties were unofficially banned." One student alleged that she was given a dress-code violation note for wearing a thong. [12] (#cite_note-Monterey_County_Weekly-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) This story made national headlines in the United States. [12] (#cite_note-Monterey_County_Weekly-12) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2002, a female high school vice principal in San Diego physically checked up to 100 female students' underwear [15] (#cite_note-15) as they entered the school for a dance, with or without student permission, causing an uproar among students and some parents and eliciting an investigation by the school into the vice principal's conduct. [16] (#cite_note-16) In her defense, the vice principal said the checks were for student safety and not specifically because of the wearing of thongs. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2003, the head teacher (/wiki/Head_teacher) of a British primary school voiced her concern after learning that female students as young as 10 were wearing thong underwear to school. This incident led to a media debate about the appropriateness of thong underwear marketed to young girls. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2003 the University of Victoria (/wiki/University_of_Victoria) Law School in Canada briefly put the school logo on thongs, but quickly pulled them from sale after controversy sprang up. [23] (#cite_note-23) In the mid-2000s the dress code for St. Ambrose Academy (/wiki/St._Ambrose_Academy) , a Roman Catholic middle school and high school in Madison, Wisconsin (/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin) , specifically described swimsuits with "thong-cut legs" as inappropriate. [24] (#cite_note-24) In the same decade Dixon High School (/wiki/Dixon_High_School_(California)) in Dixon, California (/wiki/Dixon,_California) had a dress code which specified that all undergarments – specifically listing thongs, along with bras (/wiki/Bra) and briefs (/wiki/Briefs) – must be covered. [25] (#cite_note-25) Sports [ edit ] In 2012 the 4-H (/wiki/4-H) program at the University of California (/wiki/University_of_California) specifically forbade "string, thong or crochet" swimsuits for women. For men, the dress code specified "swim trunks only (no shorts, cut-off pants, or Speedos)." [26] (#cite_note-26) A similar policy by Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) FCCLA (/wiki/FCCLA) bans "skimpy bikini or thong type suits" for women and specifies "swim trunks" for men ("no speedos"). [27] (#cite_note-27) In 2001, Vicky Botwright (/wiki/Vicky_Botwright) , then 16th seeded in women's squash circuit and dubbed the "Lancashire Hot Bot", was prohibited by the Women's International Squash Players Association (/wiki/Women%27s_International_Squash_Players_Association) (WISPA) from wearing a thong and a sports bra in the British Open Championships. [28] (#cite_note-28) Initially, WISPA was "suggesting a thong was inappropriate", but in the end decided no formal ruling was needed against thongs. Botwright stated that "we should be able to wear skimpy clothing if we want to, as some of the more conventional outfits we wear can be quite restrictive..." [29] (#cite_note-29) In 2004, Alexander Putnam competed in the London Marathon (/wiki/London_Marathon) in a green thong and painted as a tropical tree to protest against logging in Congo (/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Female bodybuilders (/wiki/Female_bodybuilder) in America are prohibited from wearing thong or T-back swimsuits if contests are being filmed for television, otherwise they are allowed to do so. [31] (#cite_note-31) For younger girls [ edit ] It is difficult to point out exactly when younger girls, or those under eighteen years old, started to wear thongs. However, in 1997, an owner of a Fort Worth, Texas boutique noted that many high school girls wore thongs under their dresses when attending prom. [32] (#cite_note-32) By 1999, there is at least one documented case of middle-school aged girls wearing them. [33] (#cite_note-33) The popularity of thongs among young girls was to an extent that thong sales for tweens, or those between 7 and 12 years old, totaled about $400,000 in 2000 but increased to about $1.6 million for 2003. [34] (#cite_note-34) The 2000s saw a rise in the popularity of thongs among younger girls, who have been dubbed "thong feminists" by comedian Janeane Garofalo (/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo) . According to child therapist Ron Taffel, when 12-year-old girls wear a thong, "it's not about rebellion against adults"; rather, he says that the thong is a "statement to other kids that they are part of this very, very intense, powerful second family of peer group and pop culture that is shaping kids' wants, needs and feelings." [35] (#cite_note-Wallis-35) Developmental psychologist Deborah Tolman does not agree that all young girl thong-wearing is sexualized; she states that "[k]ids are engaged with their sexuality at younger ages, but they're not necessarily sexually active", and she says tween thong wearers may be facing "...social pressure to look sexy – without crossing over the murky line into seeming slutty". [35] (#cite_note-Wallis-35) Understanding the risqué nature of the underwear, in order to buy thongs, girls adopted a number of strategies. At times, after a bit of prodding, some would receive permission from their parents to buy and wear them. While others did not receive parental permission to purchase thong underwear, they would do so anyway by using their allowance. [36] (#cite_note-36) Knowing that some parents who discovered that their daughters bought thongs without permission would throw the underwear in the garbage, many girls would try their best to hide the underwear during laundry days. [37] (#cite_note-37) The growing popularity of thongs among young girls strongly affected the environment of many middle and high schools across the Western world. By 2004, in at least one American high school, thong exposure was common enough that one student stated that it happened “all the time. Several times a day.” [38] (#cite_note-38) Whether revealed accidentally or purposefully, the underwear became a ubiquitous part of many middle and high schools with girls exposing their thongs walking to school, [39] (#cite_note-39) sitting down in class [40] (#cite_note-40) or in the cafeteria, [41] (#cite_note-41) bending over at a locker, [42] (#cite_note-42) and even while participating at school-sanctioned functions such as dances. [43] (#cite_note-43) The look became so ubiquitous that when describing teenage actress Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , who was described as wearing "baggy trousers hanging off her hips to expose a flash of pink thong," the Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) stated that Knightley "look[ed] like any teenager." [44] (#cite_note-44) With thongs entrenched as a must-have item by the mid-2000s, some girls experienced strong pressure to wear them. In 2005, at one American high school, a high school first-year student, who did not like thongs, noted that she might have been the only student in her physical education class who was not wearing them. As one of the few who did not, while changing in the locker, another student teased her and called her “Granny” due to her decision not to wear thongs. [45] (#cite_note-45) A thirteen-year-old living in Canada (/wiki/Canada) , writing in 2006, expressed similar frustrations; some of her peers made fun of her because she did not wear thongs. Adding insult to injury, she noted that her friends could wear thongs but she could not. [46] (#cite_note-46) While sometimes the pressures to wear thongs were explicit, at other times they may have been purely in one's head. A high school first-year student living in the United States (/wiki/United_States) , writing in 2006, noted the mental difficulties of changing in a locker room where most of the girls wore thongs. While this particular student did not note being explicitly teased by her peers, she imagined that other girls were doing so behind her back. This feeling played a role in her desire to ask her mother for thongs. [47] (#cite_note-47) Actress Evan Rachel Wood (/wiki/Evan_Rachel_Wood) (left), portraying the character Tracy, and actress Nikki Reed (/wiki/Nikki_Reed) (right), portraying the character Evie, revealing thongs while filming Thirteen (/wiki/Thirteen_(2003_film)) . The film presented the exposed thong trend as a trait seen in troubled teens. Entertainment media would pick up on the trend. In one particularly infamous episode from the show Degrassi: Next Generation (/wiki/Degrassi:_Next_Generation) , the teenaged character Manny Santos dropped her innocent look by adopting a more risqué fashion sense that showcased an exposed rhinestone-studded blue thong over low-rise jeans (/wiki/Low-rise_jeans) . The episode may have been inspired by a real-life decision made by her real-life actress Cassie Steele (/wiki/Cassie_Steele) . In an effort “to be taken seriously and be mature and more sexy,” the then-teenager purposefully revealed a whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) during rehearsal. Afterwards, the aforementioned episode would be written and produced. [48] (#cite_note-Hearon2023-48) Degrassi was not the only form of media to showcase the trend. Kaley Cuoco (/wiki/Kaley_Cuoco) , portraying 17-year-old high school student Bridget, would reveal her thong in multiple scenes for the premiere episode of the 2002 show 8 Simple Rules (/wiki/8_Simple_Rules) . When teased, Bridget, perhaps echoing the sentiments of many girls her age, defiantly noted that she is part of the "thong generation." [49] (#cite_note-49) In the 2003 film Thirteen (/wiki/Thirteen_(2003_film)) , Evie Zamora, played by actress Nikki Reed (/wiki/Nikki_Reed) , is portrayed as a free-spirited but troubled middle school student. One key aspect of Evie's behavior is her tendency to expose her thong underwear. Evan Rachel Wood (/wiki/Evan_Rachel_Wood) , who portrayed fellow middle school student Tracy Freeland, befriended Evie and quickly adopted her exposed thong habit. Tracy's appropriation of this behavior is an important part of her character's transformation from being a mild-mannered honor student to a troubled teenager who steals and does drugs. [50] (#cite_note-Bender2020-50) The trend has been attributed to pop idols like Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) and Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) . [51] (#cite_note-auto-51) In 2002 Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) released a line of thong underwear targeted for girls ages 10–16, though critics pointed out that children as young as seven could fit one of the thongs. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-JS_Online-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) A spokesman for A&F, Hampton Carney, stated that he could list "at least 100 reasons why a young girl would want thong underwear." [53] (#cite_note-JS_Online-53) This controversy spawned a great deal of free publicity for Abercrombie, including a chain letter that received wide circulation. [55] (#cite_note-55) In 2007 British retailer Argos (/wiki/Argos_(retailer)) removed from sale its G-string (/wiki/G-string) panties and padded bras for nine-year-old girls, following negative response from the public. [56] (#cite_note-56) In Japan, photobooks and DVDs of underaged girls in T-back thongs have become popular as "T-back Junior Idols", a phenomenon which has been criticised as a disguised form of child pornography. [57] (#cite_note-57) Other incidents [ edit ] In October 2002, Florida officials banned thongs from Daytona Beach (/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida) . [58] (#cite_note-58) In 2007 the Tennessee (/wiki/Tennessee) Department of Correction banned prison visitors from wearing thong or g-string (/wiki/G-string) underwear. In the words of Correction Commissioner George Little, prisoners "don't need any help getting turned on." [59] (#cite_note-59) In 2019, an online retailer's high-cut 'front thong' bodysuit garnered a negative response from women, who felt the garment was too revealing and that it could cause discomfort to the genital area. [60] (#cite_note-60) Popular culture [ edit ] In 1999, R&B (/wiki/R%26B) singer Sisqó (/wiki/Sisq%C3%B3) recorded the " Thong Song (/wiki/Thong_Song) " on his Unleash the Dragon (/wiki/Unleash_the_Dragon) album. Writer-director Glen Weiss made three movies titled the Thong Girl (/wiki/Thong_Girl) , based on the comic book of the same name. [61] (#cite_note-61) The story of the films revolved around the Thong Girl, an independent superhero (/wiki/Superhero) . Parts of the film were shot in Nashville (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) 's mayor's office in 2007. [62] (#cite_note-62) Beermaker Rolling Rock (/wiki/Rolling_Rock) aired a commercial poking fun of male thong wearers during Super Bowl XLI (/wiki/Super_Bowl) . [63] (#cite_note-63) In 2002, Shefali Zariwala (/wiki/Shefali_Zariwala) , a model in India (/wiki/India) , became known as the "thong girl" for her performance in which her thong is visible, in the music video of Kaanta Laga . [64] (#cite_note-64) The album sold two million copies and the music video became an overnight success in India. [65] (#cite_note-65) In 2008, a diamond studded thong worth US$122,000 was featured in a Singapore lingerie fashion show. It had 518 brilliant-cut diamonds, totaling 30 carats (6.0 g), studded into the front of a black lace thong in a floral pattern, as well as 27 white gold tassels hanging off it. [66] (#cite_note-66) Actor Tom Holland (/wiki/Tom_Holland) revealed his experience wearing a thong for his role as Spider-Man (/wiki/Spider-Man) in 2021, citing the garment's unique role in his costume design. This garnered widespread media coverage and sparked discussions about the practicality and impact of thong underwear in modern fashion and film. [67] (#cite_note-67) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Sexual objectification (/wiki/Sexual_objectification) Sexual revolution (/wiki/Sexual_revolution) Underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) Whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Starr, Kenneth (/wiki/Ken_Starr) (September 1998). "Report to the House on President Clinton: Narrative Pt. II: Initial Sexual Encounters (extract)" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/6narritii.htm) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Thong Show" (http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/1998/09/the_thong_show.html) . Slate . 22 September 1998. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lukas, Carrie L. (2006). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Women, Sex And Feminism . Regnery Publishing. p. 21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781596980037 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Salzman, Marian L.; Matathia, Ira; O'Reilly, Ann (2003). Buzz: Harness the Power of Influence and Create Demand . John Wiley and Sons. p. 116. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-471-27345-7 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Greenfield, Lauren (2002). Girl Culture . Chronicle Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8118-3790-4 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Flanders, Laura, ed. (2004). The W Effect: Bush's War on Women . Feminist Press. p. 181. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-55861-471-0 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-7) McQuick, Oneil (2007). The Sexuality Series . L.I.M Publishing. p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4196-4225-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Thelos, Philo (2003). Divine Sex: Liberating Sex from Religious Tradition . Trafford Publishing. p. 52. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55395-400-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Daugherty, Sharon (2006). What Guys See That Girls Don't: Or Do They? . Destiny Image Publishers. p. 61. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7684-2368-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200663_10-0) Daugherty 2006 (#CITEREFDaugherty2006) , p. 63. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Professor sues Miami U to keep thong swimsuit" (http://enquirer.com/editions/1999/03/02/loc_professor_sues_miami.html) . The Cincinnati Enquirer (/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer) . 2 March 1999 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lyons, Jessica (27 September 2001). "Principal to a Fault: Armed with high ideals, Joseph Pawlick enforces a mandate for change at Salinas High--whether teachers, students and parents want it or not" (https://archive.today/20070628153120/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/articles/7128/print) . Monterey County Weekly . Archived from the original (http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/articles/7128/print) on 28 June 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Spicuzza, Mary (14 September 2000). "Panty Ranting" (http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/12.14.00/dresscode-0050.html) . Metro Active . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Salinas High School Students Protest No Thong Underwear Policy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121018202544/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/13/tod.04.html) . CNN. 13 September 2000. Archived from the original (http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/13/tod.04.html) on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Assistant Principal Demoted Over Thong Check" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111120184346/http://www.10news.com/news/1515763/detail.html) . 10news.com. 17 June 2002. Archived from the original (https://www.10news.com/news/1515763/detail.html) on 20 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Panty Check at School Dance Sparks Uproar: Vice Principal Lifted Girls' Skirts in Crackdown on Thongs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011160853/http://www.nbcsandiego.com/News/1427309/detail.html) . NBC San Diego . 30 April 2002. Archived from the original (http://www.nbcsandiego.com/News/1427309/detail.html) on 11 October 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "> News > North County – 2 on RB High staff faulted for checks of undergarments" (http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020605-9999_2m5thong.html) . The San Diego Union-Tribune . 5 June 2002 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "> News > North County – Demotion possible for assistant principal" (http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020616-9999_2m16thong.html) . The San Diego Union-Tribune . 16 June 2002 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Assistant principal demoted after underwear check" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063312/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/06/18/thong-demotion.htm) . USA Today . 18 June 2002. Archived from the original (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/06/18/thong-demotion.htm) on 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Panty-Check Principal Demoted" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121021025539/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/18/national/main512654.shtml) . CBS News. 11 February 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/18/national/main512654.shtml) on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "High School Thong-Troversy Broadcast Nationwide: Jay Leno Jokes About 'Thong Checks' On Tonight Show" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071214172315/http://www.nbcsandiego.com/News/1429777/detail.html) . NBC San Diego . 2 May 2002. Archived from the original (http://www.nbcsandiego.com/News/1429777/detail.html) on 14 December 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Pupils warned not to wear thongs" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2943874.stm) . BBC News . 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "The Great Thong Scandal: Attempted sale of UVic Law thong underwear brings school to its knees" (https://web.archive.org/web/20030810135944/http://www.indissent.com/jan2003/lawnews.htm) . In Dissent, The Law School Bulletin . Canada. 10 August 2003. Archived from the original (http://www.indissent.com/jan2003/lawnews.htm) on 10 August 2003. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Dress Code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040824184416/http://www.ambroseacademy.org:80/dresscode.pdf) (PDF) . St. Ambrose Academy . Archived from the original (http://www.ambroseacademy.org/dresscode.pdf) (PDF) on 24 August 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Dress Code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210154/http://dhs.dixonusd.org/PAGES/Information/rules_dress.htm) . Dixon High School . Archived from the original (http://dhs.dixonusd.org/PAGES/Information/rules_dress.htm) on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "4-H Dress Code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120208005132/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/2557/28364.doc) . University of California, Davis. Archived from the original (http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/2557/28364.doc) on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) VCCS FCCLA website (http://www.me.vccs.edu/fccla/documents/DressCode_000.doc) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-28) "All thong wrong" (https://web.archive.org/web/20021203211540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/other_sports/1408489.stm) . BBC Sport . 26 June 2001. Archived from the original (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/other_sports/1408489.stm) on 3 December 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Nothing wrong with a thong, says squash body" (https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/nothing-wrong-with-a-thong-says-squash-body-68670) . Independent Online . South Africa: IOL. 26 June 2001 . Retrieved 24 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Mara-thong" Man runs from Congo loggers (http://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/s-%93Mara-thong%94%20Man%20runs%20from%20Congo%20loggers) , Rainforest Foundation [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-31) Lowe, Maria R. (1998). Women of steel: female bodybuilders and the struggle for self-definition . New York University Press. p. 191. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8147-5094-X . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Degarmo, Kelly (11 March 1997). "Prom" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-prom/137515016/) . Fort Worth Star-Telegram (/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram) . Section F, Page 9 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Crouch, Michelle (8 August 1999). "Fashionably scant panties suit wearers to a T" (https://www.newspapers.com/image/629345018/?terms=%22Fashionably%20Scant%20Panties%22) . The Charlotte Observer (/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer) . p. 2E . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Thorsen, Eve (11 October 2003). "Dressed to the nines…when you are 7 and 8" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-burlington-free-press-dressed-to-the/133744241/) . The Burlington Free Press (/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press) . p. 10D . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b Wallis, Claudia (28 September 2003). "The Thing About Thongs" (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,490711,00.html) . Time . Retrieved 24 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) O’Reilly, Judith (6 October 2003). "Teen thongs split family" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald-teen-thongs-split-familie/137518819/) . Calgary Herald (/wiki/Calgary_Herald) . Times of London (/wiki/Times_of_London) . p. B12 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-37) English, Bella (12 March 2005). "The Disappearing Tween Years" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-the-disappearing-tween/133607878/) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . p. C4 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-38) Mausolf, Sarah (22 August 2004). "Back-to-school sales racks don't reflect dress codes" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-back-to-school-sales-rac/137521338/) . The Evening Sun . Hanover, PA. p. A8 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Richmond, Vanessa (9 March 2004). "No skimping on style" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-no-skimping-on-style/137522676/) . The Vancouver Sun (/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun) . p. C1 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Sharpe, Alma D.; Tarr, Linda (16 December 2002). "School Addresses Dress Code" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-olympian-school-addresses-dress-code/137523793/) . The Olympian (/wiki/The_Olympian) . p. A2 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-41) Conner, Tracy (30 August 2002). "Teen Thinks This Thong Thing May Have Gone a Little too Far" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-santa-fe-new-mexican-teen-thinks-thi/137520528/) . The Santa Fe New Mexican (/wiki/The_Santa_Fe_New_Mexican) . p. C3 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-42) Schaffer, Alyssa (28 February 2005). "A Fine Line: Is School Dress Appropriate or Over the Line?" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bismarck-tribune-a-fine-line-is-sch/137523202/) . The Bismarck Tribune (/wiki/The_Bismarck_Tribune) . p. 1C . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Sanders, Carleen (16 March 2004). "Dance Chaperons Beware" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/intelligencer-journal-dance-chaperones-b/133611951/) . Intelligencer Journal (/wiki/Intelligencer_Journal) . p. A11 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Simpson, Richard (7 April 2004). "Dressed-down Keira tells of stalker fears" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-dressed-down-keira-tell/137554779/) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . p. 17 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Richardson, Kelly (24 February 2005). "Suicidal thoughts should not remain a secret" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-modesto-bee-suicidal-thoughts-should/137548464/) . Modesto Bee (/wiki/Modesto_Bee) . p. E3 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Varadi, Margo (16 February 2006). "Don't get your knickers in a twist" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-dont-get-your-knickers/137549551/) . Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . p. 2 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Richardson, Kelly (5 May 2006). "She's embarrassed to undress in girl's locker room" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee-shes-embarrassed-to/137548955/) . The Sacramento Bee (/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee) . p. J3 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-Hearon2023_48-0) Hearon, Sarah (26 October 2023). " (https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/degrassis-cassie-steele-gives-oral-history-of-mannys-whale-tail/) 'Degrassi' Alum Cassie Steele Gives Oral History of Manny Santos' Iconic Whale Tail (Exclusive)" (https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/degrassis-cassie-steele-gives-oral-history-of-mannys-whale-tail/) . Us Magazine . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Moore, Frazier (17 September 2002). "Comedies Weigh in on Tuesday" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/sentinel-tribune-comedies-weigh-in-on-tu/137502069/) . Sentinel Tribune (/wiki/Sentinel_Tribune) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . p. 10 . Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-Bender2020_50-0) Bender, Abbey (22 January 2020). "AN ODE TO 'THIRTEEN' AND EARLY 2000S "BAD GIRL" STYLE" (https://www.nylon.com/evan-rachel-wood-thirteen-fashion) . Nylon . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_51-0) Stepp, Laura Sessions (16 June 2002). "Grin and bare it / Younger and younger girls are exposing breasts, bellies and bottoms (even if they don't got it, they flaunt it)" (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/06/16/LV184497.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Abercrombie's sexy undies 'slip' (https://money.cnn.com/2002/05/22/news/companies/abercrombie/) " (https://money.cnn.com/2002/05/22/news/companies/abercrombie/) . CNN. 28 May 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ortiz, Vikki (17 May 2002). "Parents say kid's thong is just plain wrong: Clothier selling skimpy skivvies for girls 10 and older" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071114063620/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=43941) . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original (http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=43941) on 14 November 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-54) Kaufman, Leslie (24 May 2002). "National Briefing – Consumers: Dispute Over Thongs For Youths" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE3D9163BF937A15756C0A9649C8B63) . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Break the Chain website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120122041435/http://www.breakthechain.org/exclusives/aandf.html) . Breakthechain.org. 6 June 2002. Archived from the original (http://www.breakthechain.org/exclusives/aandf.html) on 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "How innocence is stolen by hard sell crazes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191930/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/02/20/ngirls220.xml) . The Telegraph . London. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/02/20/ngirls220.xml) on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Jun Hongo (3 May 2007). "Photos of preteen girls in thongs now big business" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120151/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070503f1.html) . The Japan Times . Archived from the original (http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070503f1.html) on 29 September 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-58) Donna Leinwand (5 January 2003). "Alcohol-soaked spring break lures students abroad" (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-01-05-spring-break-usat_x.htm) . USA Today . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Tennessee Bans Prison Visitors From Wearing G-Strings, Sexy Lingerie" (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290945,00.html) . Fox News. 7 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Bartiromo, Michael (5 February 2019). "Online retailer's high-cut 'front thong' bodysuit gets backlash: 'Crime against humanity' (https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/online-retailers-high-cut-front-thong-bodysuit-gets-backlash-crime-against-humanity) " (https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/online-retailers-high-cut-front-thong-bodysuit-gets-backlash-crime-against-humanity) . Fox News . Retrieved 24 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Lucky Louis Productions Presents the Adventures of Thong Girl" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120104081232/http://www.thonggirlfilms.com/) . Thong Girl Films . Archived from the original (http://www.thonggirlfilms.com/) on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Cornwell, Katrina (15 September 2006). "Gallatin mayor let 'Thong Girl 3' be filmed in his office" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29339532/bcs_race_already_is_getting_ugly/) . The Tennessean (/wiki/The_Tennessean) . The News Examiner (/w/index.php?title=The_News_Examiner&action=edit&redlink=1) . p. 12A . Retrieved 31 December 2023 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Rolling Rock – Man Thong Apology" (http://www.splendad.com/ads/show/443-Rolling-Rock-Man-Thong-Apology) . SplendAD . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) Daithota, Madhu (9 August 2006). "I'm India's original thong girl" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/im-indias-original-thong-girl/articleshow/1874777.cms) . The Times of India . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Chakrabarti, Simi (18 December 2003). "Indian Government censors music videos" (http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s1013035.htm) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Diamond thong shown to the throng" (http://in.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idINSIN13091520080403) . Reuters . 3 April 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Tom Holland Shared Why He Wore a Thong Under His Spider-Man Costume" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/tom-holland-shared-wore-thong-083754573.html) . Yahoo Lifestyle . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2024 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7db4bf6597‐dmsbq Cached time: 20240717180949 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.626 seconds Real time usage: 0.736 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3393/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 114395/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2839/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 237693/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.418/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9681668/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 662.214 1 -total 66.90% 442.996 1 Template:Reflist 36.74% 243.318 37 Template:Cite_news 11.12% 73.624 1 Template:Short_description 10.85% 71.881 18 Template:Cite_web 7.52% 49.808 1 Template:Sfn 6.50% 43.065 2 Template:Pagetype 5.51% 36.480 8 Template:Cite_book 4.96% 32.860 2 Template:Dead_link 4.51% 29.855 2 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14615711-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717180949 and revision id 1234767130. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_impact_of_thong_underwear&oldid=1234767130 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_impact_of_thong_underwear&oldid=1234767130) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lingerie (/wiki/Category:Lingerie) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Swimsuits (/wiki/Category:Swimsuits) Sexuality and society (/wiki/Category:Sexuality_and_society) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Social impact (/wiki/Category:Social_impact) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from January 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2012) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2022) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023)
This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tousse) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Tousse" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tousse%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tousse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tousse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tousse%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tousse%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tousse%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Tousse Running Apparel is an American supplier of custom uniforms for track and field (/wiki/Track_and_field) , which produces track suits, speedsuits, shorts and shirts for teams. It was founded in 1987 by Olympic Silver Medalist Cheryl Toussaint (/wiki/Cheryl_Toussaint) . The uniforms are licensed and manufactured by GK Elite Sportswear in Reading, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania) . See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Tousse Running Apparel (http://www.tousse.com) GK Elite Sportswear homepage (http://www.gk-elitesportswear.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐kh22n Cached time: 20240721171921 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.128 seconds Real time usage: 0.233 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 185/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10118/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3615/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.074/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1464540/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 208.791 1 -total 82.81% 172.890 1 Template:Unreferenced 72.35% 151.064 1 Template:Ambox 14.66% 30.608 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 10.51% 21.935 1 Template:Portal 6.57% 13.724 1 Template:Reflist 0.78% 1.639 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14676088-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721171921 and revision id 1066519320. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tousse&oldid=1066519320 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tousse&oldid=1066519320) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sport of athletics equipment (/wiki/Category:Sport_of_athletics_equipment) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_May_2013) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources)
Headwear worn by cricket players This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cricket_cap) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Cricket cap" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cricket+cap%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cricket+cap%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cricket+cap%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cricket+cap%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cricket+cap%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cricket+cap%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sid Barnes (/wiki/Sid_Barnes) wearing a cricket cap A cricket cap is a type of soft cap (/wiki/Cap) , often made from felt (/wiki/Felt) , that is a traditional form of headwear for players of the game of cricket (/wiki/Cricket) , regardless of age or sex. It is usually a tight-fitting skullcap, usually made of six or eight sections, with a small crescent shaped brim that points downwards over the brow to provide shade for the eyes. It is often, but not always, elasticised at the rear to hold it in place upon the wearer's head. Sometimes, rather than tight-fitting, the cricket cap comes in a baggy variety, that is always kept in place by elastic. Description [ edit ] Australian baggy green cricket cap The style of cap is also often used as official headwear as part of school uniforms (/wiki/School_uniforms) for boys from private schools, particularly in the United Kingdom and throughout the Commonwealth of Nations (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) . Although not common in the modern period, the cricket cap used to be a fashionable form of headwear for people who were casually dressed, and not necessarily worn just for playing the game. Cricket caps are usually, but not always multi-coloured in the colours of the cricket club (/wiki/Cricket_club) or school for which the cap is designed to represent. Sometimes they are particularly elaborately patterned with different sections in different colours, or different coloured rings or hoops around them. At international level, the cap is traditionally made from a single colour. However, in recent years in particular, many cricket teams, particularly for limited overs cricket (/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket) have opted to wear baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_caps) , rather than traditional cricket caps, but the style is still quite popular for first-class cricket (/wiki/First-class_cricket) teams, as well as Test cricket (/wiki/Test_cricket) sides. The origins of the cricket cap are hard to discern, however prints showing the game being played in the eighteenth century, already depict players wearing a variety similar versions of the traditional cricket cap. Perhaps the most famous version of the cricket cap in the modern setting is the baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) cricket cap of the Australian cricket team (/wiki/Australian_cricket_team) , for which the players and fans of Australia hold a degree of reverence. [1] (#cite_note-CC1-1) The cap is treated with a degree of mysticism (/wiki/Mysticism) , and players who have long careers often refuse to replace the original one they receive as they often feel the cap is a lucky talisman. This sometimes results in players who have long careers wearing their cricket caps in quite a tattered state. The Australian side has long worn their baggy cricket cap, rather than alternatives such as a sun hat (/wiki/Sun_hat) , for the first session of each match as a symbol of team solidarity. Other usage [ edit ] See also: Cap (sport) (/wiki/Cap_(sport)) Sophie Ecclestone (/wiki/Sophie_Ecclestone) 's traditional England cricket cap ( number 157 (/wiki/List_of_England_women_Test_cricketers) ) is made of dark blue wool. There are eight panels, with the ECB ensignia at the front. Unlike the Australian style, in the English cap the wool is not baggy and the visor narrower and longer. In this image, the slight 'bagginess' is because it is not being worn Rohit Sharma (/wiki/Rohit_Sharma) being presented his match cap by Indian PM Narendra Modi (/wiki/Narendra_Modi) at the 75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event (/wiki/75_Years_of_Friendship_through_Cricket_Event) . Players who represent international cricket sides are often presented with a cap ceremonially before their debut. This is called "receiving their first cap". The cap is numbered (/wiki/England_Cap_Numbers) according to how many players have represented that side before them. For example, Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar (/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar) was the 187th player to represent India at Test level, and was awarded cap number 187. It is also sometimes used to refer to the number of times a player has played. Tendulkar played 200 Tests for India, so therefore he is said to have received 200 caps. While an actual cap may not necessarily be presented on every occasion, ceremonial cap presentations are often made for milestone appearances such as a player's 50th or 100th Test, in addition to debuts. Some countries also award a domestic type generally known as a "county cap". The latter system is most commonly applied in English county cricket (/wiki/County_cricket) . Most counties do not automatically award caps to players on their first appearance; instead, they have to be "earned" through good performances. Indeed, one can play at the highest domestic level for several years, and have a quite significant career in first-class cricket (/wiki/First-class_cricket) , without ever winning a cap. Records [ edit ] The world record for the number of caps in Test cricket (/wiki/Record_for_the_number_of_caps_in_Test_cricket) is held by Sachin Tendulkar (/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar) of India (/wiki/Indian_cricket_team) , who has, over the course of a 24-year career, collected 200. Tendulkar also holds the record for One Day Internationals (/wiki/One_Day_International) , with 463 caps. See also [ edit ] Cricket portal (/wiki/Portal:Cricket) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Cap (sport) (/wiki/Cap_(sport)) Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Flat cap (/wiki/Flat_cap) List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-CC1_1-0) Gavin Mortimer (2013). A History of Cricket in 100 Objects . Serpent's Tail. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1846689406 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricket caps (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cricket_caps) . v t e Cricket clothing and equipment (/wiki/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment) Equipment Bat (/wiki/Cricket_bat) Ball (/wiki/Cricket_ball) Stump (/wiki/Stump_(cricket)) Bails (/wiki/Bail_(cricket)) Clothing Pads (/wiki/Pads) Helmet (/wiki/Cricket_helmet) Cap Whites (/wiki/Cricket_whites) Wicket-keeper's gloves (/wiki/Wicket-keeper%27s_gloves) Others Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Bowling machine (/wiki/Bowling_machine) Cricket nets (/wiki/Cricket_nets) Hawk-Eye (/wiki/Hawk-Eye) Hot Spot (/wiki/Hot_Spot_(cricket)) Snickometer (/wiki/Snickometer) Stump microphone (/wiki/Stump_microphone) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Hardee (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Jeep (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) Nurse's (/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap) Maintenance (/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance) / Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Military beret (/wiki/Military_beret) / Uniform beret (/wiki/Uniform_beret) Black (/wiki/Black_beret) Blue (/wiki/Blue_beret) Green (/wiki/Green_beret) Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_beret) Red (/wiki/Red_beret) Tan (/wiki/Tan_beret) Patrol (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Mariner's (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Titovka (/wiki/Titovka_(cap)) Triglavka (/wiki/Triglavka) Ski (/wiki/Ski_cap) Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Student (/wiki/Student_cap) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Animal (/wiki/Animal_hat) Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Bobble (/wiki/Bobble_hat) Breton (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Chilote (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Fruit (/wiki/Fruit_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Party (/wiki/Party_hat) Shower (/wiki/Shower_cap) Tin foil (/wiki/Tin_foil_hat) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) Whoopee (/wiki/Whoopee_cap) Sports Cricket Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Bicycle clip (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Horse racing (/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_cap) Rally (/wiki/Rally_cap) Sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Swimming (/wiki/Swim_cap) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo_cap) Historical (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Beaver (/wiki/Beaver_hat) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Boudoir (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Boyar (/wiki/Boyar_hat) Bycocket (/wiki/Bycocket) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coal scuttle bonnet (/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Dolly Varden (/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Pamela (/wiki/Pamela_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Toque (/wiki/Toque) Witch (/wiki/Witch_hat) Gediminas' Cap (/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Aso Oke (/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat) Astrakhan (hat) (/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap) Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Bell-boy (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blue bonnet (/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Coloured (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork (/wiki/Cork_hat) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_cap) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Four Winds (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Fulani (/wiki/Fulani_hat) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) Icelandic tail (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jobawi (/wiki/Jobawi) Kalpak (/wiki/Kalpak) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) Labbade (/wiki/Labbade) Lika (/wiki/Lika_cap) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrin_cap) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Nón quai thao (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Senufo bird (/wiki/Senufo_bird) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Šibenik (/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qnkdn Cached time: 20240720163912 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.489 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 946/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79168/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1040/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24899/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.207/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5211269/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 381.604 1 -total 22.98% 87.680 6 Template:Navbox 22.12% 84.392 1 Template:Reflist 19.15% 73.086 1 Template:Cite_book 18.60% 70.980 1 Template:Cricket_equipment 17.27% 65.906 1 Template:Short_description 15.73% 60.013 1 Template:Refimprove 14.98% 57.166 1 Template:Ambox 9.93% 37.889 2 Template:Pagetype 9.13% 34.827 1 Template:Commonscat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14689400-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720163912 and revision id 1215586495. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket_cap&oldid=1215586495 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket_cap&oldid=1215586495) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cricket equipment (/wiki/Category:Cricket_equipment) Caps (/wiki/Category:Caps) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) EngvarB from July 2016 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2016) Use dmy dates from July 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2016) Articles needing additional references from November 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2017) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Overview of fashion in the United States of America This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States Society History (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States) Language (/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States) People (/wiki/Americans) race and ethnicity (/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) Arts and literature Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States) Art (/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) Dance (/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States) Fashion Literature (/wiki/American_literature) comics (/wiki/American_comic_book) poetry (/wiki/American_poetry) Music (/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) Sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States) Theater (/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States) Other Cuisine (/wiki/American_cuisine) Festivals (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States) newspapers (/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States) radio (/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States) cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) TV (/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States) Internet (/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States) Americana (/wiki/Americana_(culture)) Mythology (/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Sports (/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) Symbols Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) Great Seal (/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States) Monuments (/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)) Motto (/wiki/In_God_We_Trust) Anthem (/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner) Bird (/wiki/Bald_eagle) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) v t e The United States is the leading country in the fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) industry, followed by France (/wiki/French_fashion) , Italy (/wiki/Italian_fashion) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Germany (/wiki/German_fashion) , and Japan (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) . Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. While Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing, particularly those of recent immigrants, cowboy hats (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) , boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , and leather motorcycle jackets (/wiki/Motorcycle_jackets) are emblematic of specifically American styles. New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , and to a lesser extent Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , are the centers of America's fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . They are considered leading fashion capitals (/wiki/Fashion_capital) . New York City is considered to be one of the "big four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , and London (/wiki/London) . A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) 's Garment District (/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) was important to participate in the American fashion ecosystem. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) style icon and first lady. French colonists (/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas) in the Colonial United States (/wiki/Colonial_United_States) wore European fashions from the land of their origin. The pilgrims (/wiki/Pilgrims) of Plymouth colony (/wiki/Plymouth_colony) adopted the new English fashion of King Charles I (/wiki/Charles_I_of_England) , the falling band collar (/wiki/Falling_band_collar) made of lace (/wiki/Lace) or linen (/wiki/Linen) . Men's attire consisted of a linen undergarment, a padded button-down doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) with long sleeves, sometimes worn with cloth collars and white cuffs (/wiki/Cuffs) that contrasted with dark colored garments, baggy knee length breeches, and knee-length stockings of cotton or wool. Felt (/wiki/Felt) hats were worn at all times, even indoors. This was a standard set by the men at that time because, in those days, the men were extremely embarrassed of balding. Women wore a short-sleeved linen undergarment tied with ribbons, stays (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) , ankle length petticoats (/wiki/Petticoats) (sometimes multiple layers), a fitted gown or fitted button down bodice (sleeves could be sewn on or attached at the shoulder with a ribbon) with an ankle length skirt, stockings, and aprons (/wiki/Aprons) . Pilgrim women always wore their hair pulled back and covered with a cap called a coif (/wiki/Coif) . [2] (#cite_note-weber45-2) Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_laws) in colonial Massachusetts forbade lace, embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , ruffs (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) and gold thread in 1634. Perfumed gloves, decorative shoe ornaments, beaver fur (/wiki/Beaver_fur) hats, and multiple pearl necklaces and rings were also not allowed. Additional restrictions were added in 1639 requiring poorer colonists to dress according to their station, forbidding silk scarves and other finery. Loose hair and short sleeves were banned. During the Salem Witch Trials (/wiki/Salem_Witch_Trials) , Bridget Bishop (/wiki/Bridget_Bishop) was accused of witchcraft (/wiki/Witchcraft) for her "showy costume". Her dress, black with a red bodice, and decorated with multi-colored threads, was admitted as evidence against her. Further evidence revealed that she had asked the town dyer (/wiki/Dyer_(occupation)) to dye "sundry pieces of lace" that were said to be of "long and immodest shapes". [3] (#cite_note-weber47-3) Fashion norms have changed greatly between decades. The United States of America has generally followed, and in some cases led, trends in the history of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) . It has some unique regional clothing styles, such as western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) . Blue jeans (/wiki/Jeans) were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) , an American merchant of German origin in San Francisco, and were adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are now widely worn on every continent by people of all ages and social classes. Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are perhaps American culture's primary contribution to global fashion. [4] (#cite_note-4) Other fashion trends started in the US include sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) as fashion along with athletic shoe (/wiki/Athletic_shoe) wear like Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) or Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) was also popularized in the US in the 2010s, and has dominated the US market because of its ability to fill a gap in the market, as clothing was not usually both comfortable, stylish, and functional. [5] (#cite_note-5) Fashion industry [ edit ] See also: Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) walk the runway (/wiki/Catwalk) during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . The headquarters of many leading designer labels (/wiki/Designer_label) such as Ralph Lauren Corporation (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) , J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) , Diane von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_Furstenberg) , Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , and Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , and Shein reside in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . Labels such as Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) and Eckō Unltd. (/wiki/Eck%C5%8D_Unltd.) cater to various niche markets (/wiki/Niche_market) , such as pre teens. A new trend in the United States towards sustainable clothing (/wiki/Sustainable_clothing) has led to the emergence of organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) T-shirts from labels such as BeGood Clothing (/wiki/BeGood_Clothing) . New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) is also one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year. [6] (#cite_note-6) The annual Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) ceremony in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) is widely regarded as the world's most prestigious fashion event and is a venue where fashion designers and their creations are celebrated. Social media (/wiki/Social_media) is also a place where fashion is presented most often. Some influencers are paid huge amounts of money to promote a product or clothing item, where the business hopes many viewers will buy the product off the back of the advertisement. Instagram is the most popular platform for advertising, but Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter and other platforms are also used. [7] (#cite_note-7) In New York, the LGBT fashion design community (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Fashion) contributes very significantly to promulgating fashion trends, and drag celebrities (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Drag) have developed a profound influence upon New York Fashion Week. [8] (#cite_note-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek-8) Regional and cultural variation [ edit ] Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) featured in a spread for Modern Screen magazine in 1954 Dress (/wiki/Clothing) norms in the United States are generally consistent with those of post-industrial Western nations and have become largely informal since the mid-20th century. Clothing in the United States also depends on a variety of factors including location, climate, venue, and demographic factors such as ethnicity. Jeans are a consistent fashion trend among all classes, with variations being vast in both price and style. The western states are commonly noted for being more informal in their manner of dress than those on the Atlantic seaboard. Conspicuous consumption (/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption) and a desire for quality have also led to a strong preference for designer label clothing among many in the middle and upper classes. American actor James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) 's character, Jim Stark, famously wore a red windbreaker jacket throughout the film. The tolerance of body expression that deviates from the mainstream, such as complete body tattoos or nudism, is strongly linked to the sub-culture and location in which an individual may find themself. The tolerance shown for personal expression such as cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) and piercings varies greatly with location and sub-culture, and may be completely appropriate in one venue while being taboo (/wiki/Taboo) in another. [9] (#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-9) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , and Miami (/wiki/Miami) are known for their fashion and cosmetics markets. Smaller, but nonetheless prominent fashion destinations include Boston (/wiki/Boston) , New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , and Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , as well as Aspen (/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado) , Charleston (/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina) , Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) , Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Portland (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , and Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) . Some cities and regions specialize in certain areas of fashion. For example, Miami for swimwear, Boston and the general New England (/wiki/New_England) area for formal menswear, Los Angeles for casual attire and womenswear, and cities like Seattle and Portland for eco-conscious fashion. Chicago is known for its sportswear, and is the premier fashion destination in the middle American market. Dallas, Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Austin (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) , Nashville (/wiki/Nashville) , and Atlanta are big markets for the fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) and cosmetics industries, alongside having their own distinct fashion sense that mainly incorporates cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) and workwear, greater usage of makeup, lighter colors and pastels, “college prep” style, sandals, bigger hairstyles, and thinner, airier fabrics due to the heat and humidity of the region. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Subway shirt (/wiki/Subway_shirt) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Elizabeth Currid-Halkett and Sarah Williams (February 10, 2014). "New York's Fashion Industry Reveals a New Truth About Economic Clusters" (https://hbr.org/2014/02/new-yorks-fashion-industry-reveals-a-new-truth-about-economic-clusters) . Harvard Business Review (/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review) . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-weber45_2-0) Paige Weber (2005). A History of Fashion and Costume: Early America . p. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-weber47_3-0) Paige Weber (2005). A History of Fashion and Costume: Early America . p. 47. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Davis, Fred (1992). Fashion, Culture, and Identity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 69. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-226-13809-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-13809-7) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Team, Trefis. "The Athleisure Trend Is Here To Stay" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/10/06/the-athleisure-trend-is-here-to-stay/#266c8cf728bd) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Guzman, Jacqueline. "The secrets of going sustainable" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business) . The Guardian . Retrieved March 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wetzler, Tiahn (2020). "Social media influencer marketing". Adjust . ^ (#cite_ref-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek_8-0) Tyler McCall (September 15, 2022). "Drag Queens Are the New VIPs of Fashion Week" (https://www.thecut.com/2022/09/nyfw-spring-2023-drag-queens-symone-aquaria-ct-hedden-fashion.html) . The CUT, New York magazine (/wiki/New_York_magazine) . Retrieved September 19, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_9-0) Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (1995). Society in Focus . Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X. Further reading [ edit ] Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) ; Garfinkel, Amanda; Regan, Jessica; Kramer, Stephanie (2022). In America: A Lexicon of Fashion . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-588-39734-8 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e United States (/wiki/United_States) articles History (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States) By period 1776–1789 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)) 1789–1815 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)) 1815–1849 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)) 1849–1865 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)) 1865–1917 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)) 1917–1945 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)) 1945–1964 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)) 1964–1980 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)) 1980–1991 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)) 1991–2008 (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)) 2008–present (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)) By event Pre-colonial era (/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era) Colonial era (/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States) Stamp Act Congress (/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress) Thirteen Colonies (/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) Continental Congress (/wiki/Continental_Congress) Continental Association (/wiki/Continental_Association) United Colonies (/wiki/United_Colonies) military history (/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history) Founding Fathers (/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States) Halifax Resolves (/wiki/Halifax_Resolves) Lee Resolution (/wiki/Lee_Resolution) Declaration of Independence (/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) American Revolution (/wiki/American_Revolution) War (/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) Treaty of Paris (/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)) Articles of Confederation (/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation) Perpetual Union (/wiki/Perpetual_Union) Confederation period (/wiki/Confederation_period) American frontier (/wiki/American_frontier) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) drafting and ratification (/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution) Bill of Rights (/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights) Federalist Era (/wiki/Federalist_Era) War of 1812 (/wiki/War_of_1812) Territorial evolution (/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) Mexican–American War (/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War) Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) Reconstruction era (/wiki/Reconstruction_era) Indian Wars (/wiki/American_Indian_Wars) Native genocide (/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States) Gilded Age (/wiki/Gilded_Age) Progressive Era (/wiki/Progressive_Era) Women's suffrage (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States) Civil rights movement 1865–1896 (/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)) 1896–1954 (/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)) 1954–1968 (/wiki/Civil_rights_movement) Spanish–American War (/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War) Imperialism (/wiki/American_imperialism) World War I (/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I) Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) World War II (/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II) home front (/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II) American Century (/wiki/American_Century) Cold War (/wiki/Cold_War) Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) Space Race (/wiki/Space_Race) Feminist Movement (/wiki/Second-wave_feminism) LGBT Movement (/wiki/Gay_liberation) Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) Post-Cold War (1991–2008) (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)) September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) War on Terror (/wiki/War_on_terror) War in Afghanistan (/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)) Iraq War (/wiki/Iraq_War) Great Recession (/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States) COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) By topic Outline of U.S. history (/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States) Demographic (/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States) Discoveries (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries) Economic (/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States) debt ceiling (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling) Inventions (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions) before 1890 (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)) 1890–1945 (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)) after 1991 (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)) Military (/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States) Postal (/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States) Technological and industrial (/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States) Territory (/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty) Contiguous United States (/wiki/Contiguous_United_States) counties (/wiki/County_(United_States)) federal district (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) federal enclaves (/wiki/Federal_enclave) Indian reservations (/wiki/Indian_reservation) insular zones (/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) minor outlying islands (/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) populated places (/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States) states (/wiki/U.S._state) Earthquakes (/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States) Extreme points (/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States) Mountains (/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States) peaks (/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States) ranges (/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States) Appalachian (/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains) Rocky (/wiki/Rocky_Mountains) Sierra Nevada (/wiki/Sierra_Nevada) National Park Service (/wiki/National_Park_Service) National Parks (/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System) Regions (/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States) East Coast (/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) West Coast (/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) Great Plains (/wiki/Great_Plains) Gulf (/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States) Mid-Atlantic (/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)) Midwestern (/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) New England (/wiki/New_England) Pacific (/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) Central (/wiki/Central_United_States) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_United_States) Northern (/wiki/Northern_United_States) Northeastern (/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) Northwestern (/wiki/Northwestern_United_States) Southern (/wiki/Southern_United_States) Southeastern (/wiki/Southeastern_United_States) Southwestern (/wiki/Southwestern_United_States) Western (/wiki/Western_United_States) Longest rivers (/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States) Arkansas (/wiki/Arkansas_River) Colorado (/wiki/Colorado_River) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_River) Mississippi (/wiki/Mississippi_River) Missouri (/wiki/Missouri_River) Red (South) (/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South) Rio Grande (/wiki/Rio_Grande) Yukon (/wiki/Yukon_River) Time (/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States) Water supply and sanitation (/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States) Federal (/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) Executive President of the United States (/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) powers (/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States) Executive Office (/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States) Vice President (/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States) Cabinet (/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States) Executive departments (/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments) Independent agencies (/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government) Intelligence Community (/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community) Director of National Intelligence (/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence) Central Intelligence Agency (/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) National Security Agency (/wiki/National_Security_Agency) National Reconnaissance Office (/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office) Law enforcement (/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) ATF (/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives) CBP (/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection) Diplomatic Security (/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security) DEA (/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration) FBI (/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) ICE (/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement) Marshals (/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service) Secret Service (/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service) TSA (/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration) Inspector generals (/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)) Civil service (/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service) Public policy (/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States) Legislative (/wiki/United_States_Congress) House of Representatives (/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) current members (/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) Speaker (/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) Sergeant at Arms (/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) Senate (/wiki/United_States_Senate) current members (/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators) President pro tempore (/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate) President (/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate) Sergeant at Arms (/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate) Capitol Police (/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police) Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) Congressional Budget Office (/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office) Government Accountability Office (/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office) Government Publishing Office (/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office) Judicial (/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States) Supreme Court (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) Chief Justice (/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States) Associate Justices (/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) list (/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) Marshal (/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court) Police (/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police) Courts of appeals (/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals) list of judges (/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges) District courts (/wiki/United_States_district_court) / Territorial courts (/wiki/United_States_territorial_court) list of courts (/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts) list of judges (/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges) Other tribunals (/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States) U.S. attorney (/wiki/United_States_Attorney) Law (/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States) Bill of Rights (/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights) civil liberties (/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States) Code of Federal Regulations (/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) federalism (/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States) preemption (/wiki/Federal_preemption) separation of powers (/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution) civil rights (/wiki/Civil_rights_movement) Federal Reporter (/wiki/Federal_Reporter) United States Code (/wiki/United_States_Code) United States Reports (/wiki/United_States_Reports) Uniformed (/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States) Armed Forces (/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) Marine Corps (/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) Navy (/wiki/United_States_Navy) Air Force (/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) Space Force (/wiki/United_States_Space_Force) Coast Guard (/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) National Guard (/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)) NOAA Corps (/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps) Public Health Service Corps (/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps) State (/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States) , Federal District (/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia) , and Territorial (/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) Executive (/wiki/State_constitutional_officer) Governor (/wiki/Governor_(United_States)) list (/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors) Lieutenant governor (/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)) list (/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors) Secretary of state (/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)) Attorney general (/wiki/State_attorney_general) Treasurer (/wiki/State_treasurer) Auditor/Comptroller (/wiki/State_auditor) Agriculture commissioner (/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner) Insurance commissioner (/wiki/Insurance_commissioner) Public utilities commission (/wiki/Public_utilities_commission) State police (/wiki/State_police_(United_States)) list (/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies) Legislative (/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)) List of legislatures (/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures) List of legislators (/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators) Judicial (/wiki/State_court_(United_States)) Supreme courts (/wiki/State_supreme_court) Chief justices (/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices) District attorney (/wiki/District_attorney) list (/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county) Law (/wiki/State_law_(United_States)) State constitutions (/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States) Statutory codes (/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes) Uniform act (/wiki/Uniform_act) Comparison of governments (/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments) Tribal (/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)) Tribal sovereignty (/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States) Native American recognition in the United States (/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States) Federally recognized tribes (/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States) Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes (/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities) State-recognized tribes (/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States) Indian reservation (/wiki/Indian_reservation) list (/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States) Hawaiian home land (/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land) Local (/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States) County (/wiki/County_(United_States)) List of counties and county equivalents (/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents) County executive (/wiki/County_executive) Sheriff (/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States) Clerk (/wiki/Municipal_clerk) Cities Consolidated city-county (/wiki/Consolidated_city-county) Independent city (/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)) Coterminous municipality (/wiki/Coterminous_municipality) Charter (/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States) Mayor–council government (/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government) Council–manager government (/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government) City commission government (/wiki/City_commission_government) Mayor (/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States) City manager (/wiki/City_manager) City council (/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States) Minor divisions (/wiki/Minor_civil_division) Township (/wiki/Civil_township) Town meeting (/wiki/Town_meeting) Special district (/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)) School district (/wiki/School_district) list (/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States) Corruption (/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States) Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States) Electoral College (/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College) Red states and blue states (/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states) Foreign relations (/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States) foreign policy (/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States) Imperial presidency (/wiki/Imperial_presidency) Ideologies (/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States) Anti-Americanism (/wiki/Anti-Americanism) exceptionalism (/wiki/American_exceptionalism) nationalism (/wiki/American_nationalism) Parties (/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States) Democratic (/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) Republican (/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) Third parties (/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)) Scandals (/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) By sector (/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States) Banking (/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States) Communications (/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state) Energy (/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States) Insurance (/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States) Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States) Mining (/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States) Trade (/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States) by state (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state) Currency (/wiki/United_States_dollar) Exports (/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States) Federal budget (/wiki/United_States_federal_budget) Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States) Federal Reserve System (/wiki/Federal_Reserve) Financial position (/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States) Labor unions (/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States) Public debt (/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States) Social welfare programs (/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States) Taxation (/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States) Unemployment (/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States) Wall Street (/wiki/Wall_Street) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States) Aviation (/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States) Driving (/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States) Public transportation (/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States) Rail transportation (/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States) Transportation policy (/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States) Transportation safety (/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States) Trucking industry (/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) Americana (/wiki/Americana_(culture)) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States) Cuisine (/wiki/American_cuisine) Dance (/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States) Death care (/wiki/Death_care_industry_in_the_United_States) Women (/wiki/Women_in_death_care_in_the_United_States) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States) Economic issues (/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) affluence (/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) eviction (/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States) homeownership (/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States) household income (/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States) income inequality (/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States) middle class (/wiki/American_middle_class) personal income (/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States) poverty (/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States) standard of living (/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States) wealth (/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) working class (/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States) Education (/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States) attainment (/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States) literacy (/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States) Family (/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States) Fashion Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) list (/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States) Great American Novel (/wiki/Great_American_Novel) Holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States) Homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) Housing (/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States) American English (/wiki/American_English) Indigenous languages (/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas) ASL (/wiki/American_Sign_Language) Black American Sign Language (/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language) HSL (/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language) Plains Sign Talk (/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language) Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States) French (/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States) German (/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States) Italian (/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States) Russian (/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States) Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States) Literature (/wiki/American_literature) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States) journalism (/wiki/History_of_American_journalism) internet (/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States) newspapers (/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers) radio (/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States) television (/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States) Music (/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) Names (/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States) National symbols (/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_(personification)) Mount Rushmore (/wiki/Mount_Rushmore) Statue of Liberty (/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty) Uncle Sam (/wiki/Uncle_Sam) People (/wiki/Americans) Philosophy (/wiki/American_philosophy) Political ideologies (/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States) Race (/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) Sexuality (/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States) adolescent (/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States) Social class (/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States) Society (/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States) Sports (/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) Theater (/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States) Transportation (/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States) Video games (/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States) Visual art (/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) Social class (/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States) Affluence (/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) American Dream (/wiki/American_Dream) Educational attainment (/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States) Homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) Homeownership (/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States) Household income (/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States) Income inequality (/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States) Middle class (/wiki/American_middle_class) Personal income (/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States) Poverty (/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States) Standard of living (/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States) Health (/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States) Aging (/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States) Healthcare (/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States) Abortion (/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States) Birth control (/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States) Prenatal care (/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States) Hospice care (/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States) Immigrant health care (/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States) Rationing (/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States) Health care finance (/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States) Health insurance costs (/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States) Health care prices (/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States) Prescription drug prices (/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States) Disability (/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States) Health insurance (/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States) Food safety (/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States) Physician shortage (/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States) Poverty and health (/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States) Race and health (/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States) Race and maternal health (/wiki/Race_and_maternal_health_in_the_United_States) Medical racism (/wiki/Medical_racism_in_the_United_States) Obesity (/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States) Medical deserts (/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States) Women's reproductive health (/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States) Maternal mortality (/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States) Life expectancy (/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy) Issues Ages of consent (/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States) Capital punishment (/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States) incarceration (/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States) Criticism of government (/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government) Discrimination (/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States) affirmative action (/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States) antisemitism (/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States) hair texture (/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture_in_the_United_States) intersex rights (/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States) Islamophobia (/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States) LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States) racism (/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States) Native American (/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) African American (/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans) same-sex marriage (/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States) Drug policy (/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States) Energy policy (/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States) Environmental issues (/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States) Environmental movement (/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States) Climate change (/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States) Environmental education (/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States) Gun politics (/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States) Mass shootings (/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States) hunger (/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States) obesity (/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States) smoking (/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States) Immigration (/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States) illegal (/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States) International rankings (/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States) National security (/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States) Mass surveillance (/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States) Terrorism (/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States) Separation of church and state (/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States) Xenophobia (/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States) Index (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States) Category (/wiki/Category:United_States) Portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) v t e Fashion in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1) Bahamas (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1) Barbados (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1) Belize (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1) Canada (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) Costa Rica (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1) Cuba (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1) Dominica (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1) Dominican Republic (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1) El Salvador (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1) Grenada (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1) Guatemala (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1) Haiti (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1) Honduras (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1) Jamaica (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicaragua (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1) Panama (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Lucia (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1) Trinidad and Tobago (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1) United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1) Aruba (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1) Bermuda (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1) Bonaire (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1) British Virgin Islands (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) Cayman Islands (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) Curaçao (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1) Greenland (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1) Guadeloupe (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1) Martinique (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1) Montserrat (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1) Puerto Rico (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Barthélemy (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Martin (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1) Saba (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1) Sint Eustatius (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1) Sint Maarten (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1) Turks and Caicos Islands (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) United States Virgin Islands (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐ts28j Cached time: 20240722013757 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.594 seconds Real time usage: 0.809 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2503/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 266424/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 78110/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 26/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 69514/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.329/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6158926/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 607.995 1 -total 24.54% 149.209 1 Template:Reflist 22.18% 134.849 1 Template:United_States_topics 21.69% 131.883 1 Template:Country_topics 16.87% 102.584 1 Template:Culture_of_the_United_States 16.52% 100.412 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 15.23% 92.628 4 Template:Cite_web 10.99% 66.790 1 Template:Short_description 9.41% 57.235 3 Template:Navbox 9.41% 57.192 1 Template:Fashion Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15146749-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722013757 and revision id 1227275101. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_United_States&oldid=1227275101 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_United_States&oldid=1227275101) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : American fashion (/wiki/Category:American_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from September 2011 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2011)
Australian sportswear company This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "ISC" sportswear (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ISC%22+sportswear) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ISC%22+sportswear+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ISC%22+sportswear&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ISC%22+sportswear+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ISC%22+sportswear) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ISC%22+sportswear&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ISC Company type Public company (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Textile (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded 1991 ; 33 years ago ( 1991 ) in Rosebery, New South Wales (/wiki/Rosebery,_New_South_Wales) Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , New South Wales (/wiki/New_South_Wales) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Key people Norm Gelber ( Director (/wiki/Director_(business)) ) Jason Schulman (Group CEO (/wiki/CEO) and Managing Director (/wiki/Managing_Director) ) Scott Manley ( COO (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) ) Products Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) , accessories Website iscsport.com (https://iscsport.com/home/) ISC ( International Sports Clothing ) is an Australian clothing (/wiki/Clothing) manufacturer. The company was founded in the Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) suburb of Rosebery (/wiki/Rosebery,_New_South_Wales) in 1991. ISC mainly manufactures team uniforms for several sports, including Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) , rugby league (/wiki/Rugby_league) , rugby union (/wiki/Rugby_union) , association football (/wiki/Association_football) , cricket (/wiki/Cricket) , basketball (/wiki/Basketball) , netball (/wiki/Netball) [1] (#cite_note-wear-1) as well as schoolwear. ISC also produces licensed casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) clothing such as polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , and caps (/wiki/Cap) . [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] In the past, ISC has sponsored the Australian national cricket team (/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team) from 1991 to 2002, the 1992 Cricket World Cup (/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup) , the Milton Keynes Dons (/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C.) from 2010 to 2012, the NBL (/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)) from 2014 to 2016, and the English national rugby league team (/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team) from 2010 to 2015. [3] (#cite_note-3) ISC had an exclusive contract with Marvel (/wiki/Marvel_Comics) to design rugby jerseys (/wiki/Rugby_shirt) for nine of their National Rugby League (/wiki/National_Rugby_League) teams to wear that displays some of Marvel's superheroes. There have been three series of "ISC Marvel Heroes" jerseys, the latest series was run in late March and early April 2017. [4] (#cite_note-4) A similar promotion was brought to the Super League (/wiki/Super_League) in May 2017. [5] (#cite_note-5) Current major partnerships [ edit ] Australian Rules Football [ edit ] Australian Football League [ edit ] Hawthorn Football Club (/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club) Soccer [ edit ] Club teams [ edit ] Canberra United (/wiki/Canberra_United_F.C.) (female) Rugby league [ edit ] National Rugby League [ edit ] Canberra Raiders (/wiki/Canberra_Raiders) Rugby union [ edit ] Super Rugby [ edit ] NSW Waratahs (/wiki/NSW_Waratahs) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) List of sporting goods manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sporting_goods_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-wear_1-0) Team wear products (https://iscsport.com/team-wear/) on ISC website, 15 Aug 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Other clothing products (https://iscsport.com/categories/isc-sport.html) on ISC, 15 Aug 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "About" (http://www.iscsport.com/about) . www.iscsport.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "NRL suits-up with all new Marvel Heroes" (http://www.nrl.com/nrl-suits-up-with-all-new-marvel-heroes/tabid/10874/newsid/104856/default.aspx) . NRL - The official site of the National Rugby League - NRL.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "NEWS: ISC launches Super League Marvel Heroes UK jerseys" (https://rugbyshirtwatch.com/2017/05/05/news-isc-launch-super-league-marvel-heroes-uk-jerseys/) . Rugby Shirt Watch . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://iscsport.com/home/) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐895674c4f‐nscb8 Cached time: 20240717021154 Cache expiry: 1288088 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.414 seconds Real time usage: 0.572 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2643/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 69212/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2842/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26112/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5330576/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 475.027 1 -total 20.06% 95.303 1 Template:Reflist 20.01% 95.038 1 Template:Infobox_company 18.06% 85.779 1 Template:Infobox 17.84% 84.731 1 Template:Sports_equipment_brands 17.35% 82.405 1 Template:Navbox 16.06% 76.270 2 Template:Cite_web 13.64% 64.776 1 Template:Short_description 12.81% 60.844 1 Template:Primary_sources 11.78% 55.951 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15230559-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717021154 and revision id 1205950723. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISC_(sportswear)&oldid=1205950723 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISC_(sportswear)&oldid=1205950723) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) 1991 establishments in Australia (/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Australia) Clothing companies established in 1991 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1991) Australian companies established in 1991 (/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_1991) Sporting goods manufacturers of Australia (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_Australia) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Manufacturing companies based in Sydney (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Sydney) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking reliable references from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2022) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019)
Italian luxury fashion house Valentino S.p.A. Company type Società per azioni (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1960 ; 64 years ago ( 1960 ) Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Italy Founder Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) Headquarters Via Turati, 16/18, Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy 45°28′29″N 9°11′34″E / 45.474628°N 9.1929121°E / 45.474628; 9.1929121 Key people Stefano Sassi ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) [1] (#cite_note-Fashion_Crowd_Toasts_Richard_Baker_in_Paris-1) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Watches (/wiki/Watches) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) €1,419 billion (2022) Owner Mayhoola for Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) (70%) Kering (/wiki/Kering) (30%) Website valentino (http://valentino.com) .com (http://valentino.com) White Valentino dresses in celebration of Valentino's 45 years in fashion Valentino store in Hong Kong Valentino S.p.A. is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1960 by Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) and part of the Valentino Fashion Group (/wiki/Valentino_Fashion_Group) . From October 2008, the creative director is Pierpaolo Piccioli (/wiki/Pierpaolo_Piccioli) , jointly with Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) from 2008 to 2016. Piccioli departed Valentino in 2024. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The company is headquartered in Milan, while the creative direction is in Rome. The Valentino Beauty license is held by L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) . History [ edit ] Early history [ edit ] Valentino was founded in 1960, when Garavani opened a fashion house on Via Condotti (/wiki/Via_Condotti) in Rome, Italy, with the backing of his father and his father's associate Giancarlo Giammetti (/wiki/Giancarlo_Giammetti) . [3] (#cite_note-sovery-3) Rise to popularity [ edit ] Valentino's international debut took place in 1962 in Florence, the Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) capital of the time. Valentino gained popularity in 1967 after releasing their “no colour” collection which consisted of white, beige, and ivory apparels. The collection did not use any psychedelic patterns, a commonly used design during this time. The V logo was also introduced and the years following the brand expanded to New York City and Ro [4] (#cite_note-4) The label staged the first Valentino menswear show at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in 1985. [5] (#cite_note-reuters.com-5) Valentino has also, especially, designed wedding dresses for Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , Anne Hathaway (/wiki/Anne_Hathaway) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Courteney Cox (/wiki/Courteney_Cox) , Sophie Hunter (/wiki/Sophie_Hunter) , Nicola Peltz (/wiki/Nicola_Peltz) [6] (#cite_note-6) and Princess Madeleine of Sweden (/wiki/Princess_Madeleine_of_Sweden) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) HdP Group, 1998–2002 [ edit ] In 1998, Garavani and Giammetti sold the company for approximately $300 million to the Holding di Partecipazioni Industriali (HdP), an Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by the late Gianni Agnelli (/wiki/Gianni_Agnelli) , the head of Fiat (/wiki/Fiat) . HdP put Valentino inside the same unit as the apparel producer GFT Net (/w/index.php?title=GFT_Net&action=edit&redlink=1) and alongside the sportswear manufacturer Fila (/wiki/Fila) . [9] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-9) In 2001, Opera – a fund controlled by the Rome jewelry firm Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) – started talks to buy Valentino, but pulled out after it was unable to agree on a price. [9] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-9) Marzotto Apparel, 2002–2007 [ edit ] In 2002, Valentino S.p.A., with revenues of more than $180 million, was sold by HdP to Marzotto (/wiki/Marzotto) Apparel, a Milan-based textile giant, for $210 million. It was rumored that HdP was displeased with Garavani's and Giammetti's personal expenses, a claim at which Giammetti has bristled. [3] (#cite_note-sovery-3) The Marzotto family, which controlled Valentino through several holding companies, including Tidus Srl and PFC Srl, spun off its fashion assets in 2005 to create Valentino Fashion Group (/wiki/Valentino_Fashion_Group) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Permira, 2007–2012 [ edit ] From 2007, Valentino was controlled by private equity group Permira (/wiki/Permira) which had acquired the brand from the Marzotto Group for 2.6 billion euros ($3.5 billion). [11] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-11) Later that year, Valentino and Giammetti announced that both would resign from the company in early 2008. [11] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-11) In 2008, Valentino opened its first boutique in China, at the Peninsula Palace Hotel (/wiki/The_Peninsula_Beijing) in Beijing. [12] (#cite_note-12) By December 2009, hit by the financial crisis (/wiki/Great_Recession) , Valentino had to restructure its debt. [13] (#cite_note-13) Mayhoola, 2012–present [ edit ] In 2012, Qatari aristocrats acquired Valentino for 700 million euros through an investment vehicle called Mayhoola for Investments S.P.C. [14] (#cite_note-14) Mayhoola bought up both Permira's stake and Marzotto's minority interest. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2020, the fashion house announced that it would no longer use alpaca wool and severed ties with Mallkini, the world's largest privately owned alpaca farm in Peru. The move followed revelations of animal abuse within the alpaca industry. [16] (#cite_note-16) Under the leadership of its CEO Jacopo Venturini, Valentino went fur-free in 2022. It also decided to focus on the main Valentino line, ending the Red Valentino one, aimed more at younger customers, with the fall-winter 2023–24 season. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2021, Valentino adopted a co-ed model - the mixing of men's and women's shows - for its presentations. By 2023, it abandoned that model again and returned to Milan Fashion Week. [5] (#cite_note-reuters.com-5) Kering (/wiki/Kering) purchased 30% of Valentino in July 2023, they intend to purchase the entire company by 2028. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2023, Valentino earned the Education of Excellence Award at the CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards for fostering education in Italy. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In March 2024, Valentino announced the departure of creative director Pierpaolo Piccioli (/wiki/Pierpaolo_Piccioli) , as a joint decision. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Piccioli was creative director of Valentino since 2008, sharing the role with Maria Grazia Chirui until her departure in 2016. [21] (#cite_note-21) He was promoted from an accessories designer position. [22] (#cite_note-22) Following the departure of Pierpaolo Piccioli (/wiki/Pierpaolo_Piccioli) , Valentino announced the appointment of Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) as the next creative director. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) Michele rose to global recognition for executing a turn-around at Gucci during the 2010s centering on a quirky androgynous aesthetic. Spring/Summer 2025 will be his debut collection for Valentino. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) Other brands [ edit ] Perfumes [ edit ] Valentino's fragrances have included: Valentino Classique for women (1978), Vendetta By Valentino for women (1991), Very Valentino for women (1998), Very Valentino for Men (1999), Valentino Gold for women (2002), V for women (2005), Valentino V Absolu for women (2006), Valentino V Ete By Valentino for women (2006), Rock'n'Rose for women (2006), [24] (#cite_note-PI-24) V pour Homme for men (2006), [25] (#cite_note-25) Rock n' Rose Couture for women (2007), [26] (#cite_note-26) and Valentina (/wiki/Valentina_(fashion_designer)) for women (2011). [27] (#cite_note-27) In 2020, Valentino Beauty announced the release of a new perfume, Voce Viva , and announced Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) as its égérie. [28] (#cite_note-28) From 2010 to 2018, Valentino Perfumes was licensed to Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) . [29] (#cite_note-Valentino-29) Since then, it has been working with L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) . [30] (#cite_note-30) More International Cigarette (/w/index.php?title=More_International_Cigarette&action=edit&redlink=1) in Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) was launched in the 1980s [31] (#cite_note-31) Eyewear [ edit ] In addition to L’Oréal for beauty and fragrances, Valentino has only one other license, for eyewear. For years, it worked with Marchon Eyewear (/wiki/Marchon_Eyewear) and Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) (2017–2021). [32] (#cite_note-32) In 2021, the label signed a 10-year license agreement with the Switzerland-based Akoni Group for the design, manufacture and worldwide distribution of the brand's prescription frames and sunglasses. [33] (#cite_note-33) Red Valentino [ edit ] In 2003, Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pierpaolo Piccioli, then accessories directors, launched a younger diffusion line (/wiki/Diffusion_line) called Red Valentino. [34] (#cite_note-34) Initially licensed to Sinv SpA, Valentino brought the line’s production in-house in 2009. [35] (#cite_note-35) By 2015, Red Valentino accounted for around 10 percent of Valentino Group’s sales. [36] (#cite_note-36) The line was discontinued in 2022. [37] (#cite_note-37) Creative directors [ edit ] Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) – 1959 to 2007 Alessandra Facchinetti (/wiki/Alessandra_Facchinetti) – 2007 to 2008 Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) & Pierpaolo Piccioli – 2008 to 2016 [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Pierpaolo Piccioli (/wiki/Pierpaolo_Piccioli) – 2008 to 2024 [40] (#cite_note-40) Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) - 2024 [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) Notable campaigns [ edit ] For its advertisement campaigns, Valentino has in the past worked with photographers including Deborah Turbeville (/wiki/Deborah_Turbeville) (2011) [44] (#cite_note-44) Terry Richardson (/wiki/Terry_Richardson) (2016), [45] (#cite_note-45) Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) (2020) [46] (#cite_note-46) and Michael Bailey-Gates (/wiki/Michael_Bailey-Gates) (2022). [47] (#cite_note-47) For Valentino's Spring/Summer 2016 women's ready-to-wear collection, which referenced African culture, sporting prints and motifs commonly seen across the continent, photographer Steve McCurry (/wiki/Steve_McCurry) shot a campaign set against the backdrop of Amboseli National Park (/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park) in Kenya and included local Maasai people (/wiki/Maasai_people) . The campaign sparked criticism on social media regarding perceived racial insensitivities. [48] (#cite_note-48) Amid the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) in 2020, Piccioli enlisted 23 celebrities – including Laura Dern (/wiki/Laura_Dern) , Frances McDormand (/wiki/Frances_McDormand) and Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) – for his campaign. Instead of being paid for their work, all of the Valentino subjects donated their fees (a total of 1 million euros) to the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases (/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani_National_Institute_for_Infectious_Diseases) in Rome; in return, they got to pick who would capture their image, as well as what word they thought represented the values society needed at that time. [49] (#cite_note-49) Gender equality [ edit ] In January 2024, Valentino became one of the first luxury companies to obtain Gender Equality Certification for its efforts in the field of equal pay. The luxury house succeeded in reducing the pay gap to less than 10% and a further reduction is planned over the next three years. [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) Legal issues [ edit ] In 2020, Valentino and Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) filed a joint lawsuit against New York-based Kaitlyn Pan Group for allegedly counterfeiting Valentino's Rockstud shoes and offering them for sale online. [52] (#cite_note-52) Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) , Valentino sought in June 2020 to end the lease for its American flagship on New York's Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) nine years early, saying the pandemic made it impossible to run the store "consistent with the luxury, prestigious, high-quality reputation" of its neighborhood. After a New York state trial judge dismissed that lawsuit, the landlord sued Valentino for $207.1 million, mainly to recover unpaid rent and to repair store damage. By 2023, Valentino settled litigation with the landlord. [53] (#cite_note-53) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Black and white Valentino dress of Julia Roberts (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) Valentino Ready-to-Wear runway collections (/wiki/Valentino_Ready-to-Wear_runway_collections) Valentino: The Last Emperor (/wiki/Valentino:_The_Last_Emperor) Yellow Valentino dress of Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Crowd_Toasts_Richard_Baker_in_Paris_1-0) Diderich, Joelle (22 January 2014). "Fashion Crowd Toasts Richard Baker in Paris" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/fashion-crowd-toasts-richard-baker-in-paris-7386040?src=nl/mornReport/20140123) . WWD . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Valentino ceo Stefano Sassi said it was too early to predict what shape the new Saks would take. ^ Jump up to: a b Kansara, Vikram Aleksei (22 March 2024). "Pierpaolo Piccioli Is Exiting Valentino" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/pierpaolo-piccioli-valentino-step-down-creative-director-designer-luxury-brand/) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 22 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tyrnauer, Matt (8 May 2009) [Updated from August 2004 issue]. "So Very Valentino" (https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/08/valentino200408) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Retrieved 13 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Boze Hadleigh (15 September 2015). 492 Great Things About Being Italian . Skyhorse. p. 219. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781510700802 . ^ Jump up to: a b Elisa Anzolin (16 June 2023), Valentino returns to Milan Fashion Week with flowery menswear show (https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/valentino-returns-milan-fashion-week-with-flowery-menswear-show-2023-06-16/) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nicola Peltz's Custom Valentino Couture Wedding Dress Was Like "A Work Of Art" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/nicola-peltz-wedding-dress) " (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/nicola-peltz-wedding-dress) . British Vogue . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bowles, Hamish. "Sophie Hunter Valentino Couture Wedding Dress" (http://sophiehunter.net/post/114487894930/sophie-hunter-for-american-vogue-april-2015) . Sophie Hunter Central . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Celebrity Brides Who Wore Valentino on their Big Day" (http://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/2013060512914/celebrity-brides-valentino-wedding-dresses/) . Hello Magazine . 5 June 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Robert Galbraith (15 January 2002), Italian Group Eager to Sell Off Valentino (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/15/news/italian-group-eager-to-sell-off-valentino.html) International Herald Tribune (/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Claudia Cristoferi and Rachel Sanderson (18 May 2007), Permira closes in on fashion house Valentino (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-valentino-permira-idUSL1715645620070518) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ Jump up to: a b Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) (5 September 2007), Valentino and Partner Will Be Leaving His Fashion House (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/business/05fashion.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jo Winterbottom (17 January 2008), Italy's Valentino opens first outlets in China (https://www.reuters.com/article/industry-fashion-valentino-dc-idUSL1782990220080117) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lisa Jucca and Simon Meads (12 July 2012), Qatari royal family buys Italian fashion house Valentino (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-valentino-quatar-idUKLNE86B00D20120712) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jucca, Lisa; Meads, Simon; Dinesh, Nair; Ciancio, Antonella; Sovich, Nina (12 July 2012). Walker, Sophie (ed.). "Qatari royals buy Italian fashion icon Valentino" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-valentino-qatar-idUSBRE86B0TH20120712) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved 28 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) John Hooper (12 July 2012), Valentino slips from Italian hands (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/12/valentino-slips-italian-hands-qatari) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Sarah Maisey," Valentino and Prada to halt use of alpaca wool and kangaroo leather (https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/fashion/valentino-and-prada-to-halt-use-of-alpaca-wool-and-kangaroo-leather-1.1064620) ," The National 17 August 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Elisa Anzolin (24 April 2023), Valentino sales up 10% in 2022 boosted by directly-owned shops (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/valentino-sales-up-10-2022-boosted-by-directly-owned-shops-2023-04-24/) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Spencer, Mimosa; Aloisi, Silvia (27 July 2023). "Kering buys 30% of Italy's Valentino as Gucci sales lag" (https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/kering-takes-30-stake-italian-luxury-brand-valentino-2023-07-27/) . Reuters . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023" (https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/cnmi-sustainable-fashion-awards/2023-award-winners) . Ellen MacArthur Foundation . Retrieved 23 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Milan's Sustainable Fashion Awards Take Centre Stage At La Scala" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/milan-sustainable-fashion-awards-2023) . Vogue . Retrieved 23 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Zargani, Luisa (7 July 2016). "Valentino Confirms Maria Grazia Chiuri's Exit, Appoints Pierpaolo Piccioli Creative Director" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/maria-grazia-chiuri-leaving-valentino-pierpaolo-piccioli-sole-creative-director-10483128/) . WWD . Retrieved 22 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Horyn, Cathy (29 January 2009). "More of the Same at Valentino Show" (https://archive.nytimes.com/runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/29/more-of-the-same-at-valentino-show/) . On the Runway Blog . Retrieved 22 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zargani, Luisa (28 March 2024). "Valentino Confirms Alessandro Michele as Creative Director" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/valentino-confirms-alessandro-michele-creative-director-1236286084/) . WWD . Retrieved 28 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-PI_24-0) "Perfume Intelligence - the Encyclopaedia of Perfume" (http://www.perfumeintelligence.co.uk/library/perfume/u/u2/v1p1.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "V pour Homme Valentino – for the Charismatic Man TheScentualist" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170928210628/http://thescentualist.com/v-pour-homme-valentino-for-the-charismatic-man/#.VzoPNPmDGko) . Archived from the original (http://thescentualist.com/v-pour-homme-valentino-for-the-charismatic-man/#.VzoPNPmDGko) on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Reis, Ronald (2013). Valentino . Infobase Learning. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781438148311 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Valentino Valentina" (http://www.fragrantica.com/news/Valentino-Valentina-2380.html) . fragrantica.com . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Yaptangco, Ariana (10 July 2020). "Lady Gaga Is the Face of Valentino Beauty's New Perfume" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/a33278545/lady-gaga-valentino-beauty-perfume/) . ELLE . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Valentino_29-0) "Puig talks with Permira to buy Valentino" (http://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20120112/54244283012/puig-negocia-permira-compra-valentino.html) . La Vanguardia. 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Shannon Barbour (29 May 2018), L’Oréal Inks Major Deal With Valentino (https://www.thecut.com/2018/05/loreal-valentino-sign-beauty-licensing-agreement.html) The Cut (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Contacts > Headquarters" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080506071211/http://corporate.valentino.com/home2.html) . Valentino SpA . Archived from the original (http://corporate.valentino.com/home2.html) on 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Luisa Zargani (1 December 2021), Valentino, Luxottica Eyewear License Ending in June (https://wwd.com/feature/valentino-luxottica-eyewear-license-ending-1235006919/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Luisa Zargani (2 December 2021), EXCLUSIVE: Valentino Signs Eyewear License With Akoni Group (https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/valentino-signs-eyewear-license-akoni-group-1235007579/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Alessandra Turra (15 October 2012), Red Valentino Taps Into Brand’s Dreamy Side (https://wwd.com/feature/valentinos-dreamy-side-6405840-505915/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Alessandra Turra (15 October 2012), Red Valentino Taps Into Brand’s Dreamy Side (https://wwd.com/feature/valentinos-dreamy-side-6405840-505915/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Alessandra Turra (18 September 2015), Red Valentino Unveils Web Site (https://wwd.com/feature/red-valentino-unveils-web-site-10231520/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Elisa Anzolin (24 April 2023), Valentino sales up 10% in 2022 boosted by directly-owned shops (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/valentino-sales-up-10-2022-boosted-by-directly-owned-shops-2023-04-24/) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) " (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/news/a12842/valentino-creative-directors-1215/) "V" is for Victory" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/news/a12842/valentino-creative-directors-1215/) . Harper's Bazaar . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Maria Grazia Chiuri & Pierpaolo Piccioli: Eight years at Valentino" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/fashion-inspiration/diaporama/maria-grazia-chiuri-/20779) . Vogue France . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Zargani, Luisa (7 July 2016). "Valentino Confirms Maria Grazia Chiuri's Exit, Appoints Pierpaolo Piccioli Creative Director" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/maria-grazia-chiuri-leaving-valentino-pierpaolo-piccioli-sole-creative-director-10483128/) . WWD . Retrieved 24 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Valentino: Alessandro Michele est nommé directeur créatif" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Valentino-alessandro-michele-est-nomme-directeur-creatif,1619577.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Valentino nomme Alessandro Michele en tant que directeur artistique" (https://www.numero.com/fr/mode/valentino-nomme-alessandro-michele-en-tant-que-directeur-artistique) . Numéro . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Alessandro Michele est nommé directeur artistique de Valentino" (https://www.vogue.fr/article/alessandro-michele-nomme-directeur-artistique-valentino) . Vogue . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Cynthia Martens (21 December 2011), Valentino Taps Deborah Turbeville (https://wwd.com/feature/say-ole-5438290-757290/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Elisabetta Povoledo (1 October 2016), At Valentino, Pierpaolo Piccioli on His Own (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/fashion/paris-fashion-week-valentino-pierpaolo-piccioli.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Baya Simons (22 September 2020), Valentino’s new fragrance is an ode to Lady Gaga (https://www.ft.com/content/8f691b85-7afe-43ea-b176-489c75564fb4) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Luisa Zargani (2 May 2022), Valentino Launches Ad Campaign Photographed in London (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/valentino-launches-new-ad-campaign-photographed-london-1235168240/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Marysa Greenawalt (16 February 2016), Behind Steve McCurry’s Valentino Ad Campaign (https://time.com/4224900/steve-mccurry-valentino-ad-campaign/) Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Vanessa Friedman (22 July 2020), When Brad Photographed Gwyneth (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/style/gwyneth-paltrow-valentino-ad-campaign.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Valentino obtient la Gender Equality Certification" (https://fashionunited.fr/actualite/business/valentino-obtient-la-gender-equality-certification/2024011834017) . Fashion United . 18 January 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Valentino reçoit une distinction pour ses engagements en matière d'égalité des sexes" (https://www.journalduluxe.fr/fr/mode/valentino-distinction-egalite-sexes-homme-femme) . Journal du Luxe . 19 January 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Agnieszka Flak (18 June 2020), Amazon and Valentino file joint lawsuit over shoe counterfeiting (https://www.reuters.com/article/ctech-us-valentino-amazon-lawsuit-idCAKBN23P2M3-OCATC) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Jonathan Stempel (4 April 2023), Valentino settles litigation over pandemic-shuttered Manhattan boutique (https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/valentino-settles-litigation-over-pandemic-shuttered-manhattan-boutique-2022-04-04/) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valentino (brand) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Valentino_(brand)) . Official website (https://www.valentino.com/) Valentino (fashion house) (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/valentino) – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/129148846) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fkqhw Cached time: 20240720164953 Cache expiry: 976209 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.559 seconds Real time usage: 0.700 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3191/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 76795/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6364/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 128237/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.348/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7180511/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 620.222 1 -total 38.11% 236.389 1 Template:Reflist 27.80% 172.446 23 Template:Cite_web 21.71% 134.656 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.01% 124.122 1 Template:Infobox 13.78% 85.440 1 Template:Authority_control 11.13% 69.037 1 Template:Short_description 6.84% 42.435 2 Template:Pagetype 4.13% 25.616 1 Template:Portal 3.53% 21.916 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15399668-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164953 and revision id 1229435215. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentino_(fashion_house)&oldid=1229435215 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentino_(fashion_house)&oldid=1229435215) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Valentino (fashion house) (/wiki/Category:Valentino_(fashion_house)) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Watch manufacturing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1960 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1960) Design companies established in 1960 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1960) Italian companies established in 1960 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1960) Private equity portfolio companies (/wiki/Category:Private_equity_portfolio_companies) Eyewear brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_Italy) Manufacturing companies based in Milan (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Milan) Valentino Fashion Group (/wiki/Category:Valentino_Fashion_Group) Permira companies (/wiki/Category:Permira_companies) Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
Semi-permanent hair straightening method Brazilian hair straightening is a semi-permanent hair straightening method done by temporarily sealing a liquid solution consisting of formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) or a formaldehyde derivative and a preservative solution into the hair with a hair iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) . The technique has many variations and is known by several other names and brands, including Brazilian Blowout , Breezilian straightening , Brazilian Keratin Treatment , BKT , and Keratin Cure . [1] (#cite_note-1) It is called Escova Progressiva in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) and Alisado brasileiro in Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . The original formulation included formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) H 2 CO or methylene glycol (/wiki/Methylene_glycol) H 2 C(OH) 2 . The two products readily interconvert, and coexist in chemical equilibrium (/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium) , when dissolved in water or body fluids. Since formaldehyde is a known health hazard, the compositions have been banned in several countries including Canada [2] (#cite_note-2) and the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) . [3] (#cite_note-3) It is still performed in the United States, though there are regulations and have been controversies regarding the treatment. [4] (#cite_note-4) Characteristics [ edit ] Brazilian hair straightening treatments are meant to mostly or partially eliminate hair frizz (/wiki/Frizz) and straighten curls and waves. They can be performed on all types of hair, whether natural or chemically treated ( bleached (/wiki/Hair_bleach) , highlighted (/wiki/Hair_highlighting) , colored (/wiki/Hair_coloring) , permed (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) , relaxed or previously straightened). The effect usually lasts about three months. [ citation needed ] Treatment must be repeated every few months to straighten the new hair growth. Although keratin treatment is not long lasting, hair should not be treated with keratin more than three times per year. Excessive keratin can damage hair, causing it to break off. [5] (#cite_note-5) Process [ edit ] The application technique is similar to the Japanese Yuko System (/w/index.php?title=Yuko_System&action=edit&redlink=1) , in that the hair is heated with flat irons to bind the product into the hair cuticle (/wiki/Hair_cuticle) . [ citation needed ] Depending on the treatment used, the customer may have to avoid washing, wetting, pinning or constraining the hair in any way (e.g. with hair clips, pony tails, or headbands) for some period after application, up to three days. [ citation needed ] It is also confused or mistaken for keratina, another hair treatment. [ citation needed ] The name "straightener" is arguably incorrect because it does not chemically alter the structure of the hair. [ citation needed ] Formaldehyde controversy [ edit ] Between 2010 and 2012, there was a dispute between the manufacturers and importers of Brazilian hair straightening products on one hand, and various US federal and state health agencies on the other, about the proper labeling and health warning of the products. The dispute centered about the chemical compounds formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) ( H 2 CO ) and methylene glycol (/wiki/Methylene_glycol) ( H 2 C(OH) 2 ), which are the active ingredients of the process, responsible for binding the keratin to the hair. Formaldehyde is a gas that, when dissolved in water (including fluids in the human body), converts partially to methylene glycol. In the liquid, the two compounds coexist in a chemical equilibrium (/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium) . Regulations about formaldehyde levels [ edit ] Formaldehyde in the air has long been recognized as a major occupational hazard (/wiki/Occupational_hazard) in many industries; such as those using urea-formaldehyde (/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde) (UF) adhesives, or UF-based products like fiberboard (/wiki/Fiberboard) , and UFFI spray foam (/wiki/Spray_foam) insulation. Levels below 0.05 parts per million (ppm) were found to be positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation. [6] (#cite_note-6) It has also been implicated in the development of childhood asthma (/wiki/Asthma) , [7] (#cite_note-7) and, in 2006, the WHO (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified it as a 'known human carcinogen'. [8] (#cite_note-iarc2006-8) Because of these concerns, since 1976 or earlier, European regulations on cosmetics banned products containing or releasing formaldehyde. Products containing any aldehydes more than 0.001% in leave-on products or 0.01% in rinse-off products were required to list the ingredients explicitly in their product labels. [9] (#cite_note-9) The US Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration) (OSHA) sets a long-term permissible exposure limit (/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit) (PEL) of 0.75 ppm of formaldehyde in the air, and a short term exposure limit of 2.0 ppm. [10] (#cite_note-orosha-10) Occupational safety and health hazard alert [ edit ] OSHA issued a hazard alert [11] (#cite_note-11) and created an informational site [12] (#cite_note-12) in response to an investigation into complaints from stylists and hair salon owners about exposure to formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) while using hair smoothing products such as Brazilian Blowout (Acai Professional Smoothing Solution, Professional Brazilian Blowout Solution), Brasil Cacau Cadiveu, Keratin Complex Smoothing Therapy (Natural Keratin Smoothing Treatment, Express Blow Out, Natural Keratin Smoothing Treatment Blonde), and Marcia Teixeira (Advanced Brazilian Keratin Treatment, Extreme De-Frizzing Treatment). OSHA conducted air sampling at multiple salons and found formaldehyde in the air when stylists were using hair smoothing products. Some of these products were labeled "formaldehyde free" or did not list formaldehyde on the product label or in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). In most cases, where the label did not state that the product had formaldehyde in it, OSHA found that hair salon owners using those products did not know that hair smoothing products contain or could expose workers to formaldehyde because manufacturers, importers, and distributors did not include the correct hazard warnings on the product's label or MSDS. During Federal OSHA investigations, air tests showed formaldehyde at levels above OSHA's limits in salons using Brazilian Blowout Acai Professional Smoothing Solution, labeled "formaldehyde free", and Brasil Cacau Cadiveu. Both Federal and State OSHA have found violations at several manufacturers, importers, and distributors (GIB LLC dba Brazilian Blowout, Keratronics Inc., Pro Skin Solutions, M&M International Inc., Copomon, INOVA Professional). The violations include failing to list formaldehyde as a hazardous ingredient on the MSDS (the hazard warning sheet) provided to downstream users (e.g., salon owners, stylists), failing to include proper hazard warnings on product labels, and failing to list the health effects of formaldehyde exposure on the MSDS. Labels must include ingredient and hazard warning information and the MSDS must provide users with information about the chemicals in a product, the hazards to workers, and how to use a product safely. If salon owners decide to use products that may contain or release formaldehyde, they must then follow the requirements in OSHA's formaldehyde and hazard communication standards to protect worker safety. Requirements include steps such as testing salon air during treatments to determine formaldehyde levels, providing adequate ventilation and appropriate personal protective equipment for workers performing treatments, and training workers on the hazards of formaldehyde. Failure to follow the requirements of the formaldehyde and hazard communication standards has consequences. As part of OSHA's enforcement duties, the agency issues citations to five manufacturers, three distributors, two beauty schools and 42 salon owners. [13] (#cite_note-13) Citations were issued for reasons including, but not limited to: failing to communicate the hazards of exposure to formaldehyde, formaldehyde levels were above the OSHA 15-minute short-term exposure level (/wiki/Short-term_exposure_limit) , and not following the requirements of OSHA's formaldehyde standard. California safety and health investigation [ edit ] California Attorney General Kamala Harris announced a settlement with GIB LLC dba Brazilian Blowout requiring a payment of $600,000 in fines and changes to Brazilian Blowout Acai Smoothing Solution and the Brazilian Blowout Professional Smoothing Solution MSDS and labeling. [14] (#cite_note-ag.ca.gov-14) Under the terms of the settlement, GIB is required to: Produce a complete and accurate safety information sheet on the two products that includes a Proposition 65 cancer warning; distribute this information to recent product purchasers who may still have product on hand; and distribute it with all future product shipments. The revised safety information sheet will be posted on the company's web site. Affix "CAUTION" stickers to the bottles of the two products to inform stylists of the emission of formaldehyde gas and the need for precautionary measures, including adequate ventilation. Cease deceptive advertising of the products as formaldehyde-free and safe; engage in substantial corrective advertising, including honest communications to sales staff regarding product risks; and change numerous aspects of Brazilian Blowout's web site content. Retest the two products for total smog-forming chemicals ( volatile organic compounds (/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound) ) at two Department of Justice-approved laboratories, and work with DOJ and the Air Resources Board to ensure that those products comply with state air quality regulations. Report the presence of formaldehyde in its products to the Safe Cosmetics Program at the Department of Public Health. Disclose refund policies to consumers before the products are purchased. Require proof of professional licensing before selling "salon use only" products to stylists. Health concerns [ edit ] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) (FDA) warns that Brazilian Blowouts are hazardous to the health of those who use them and the hairdressers who apply them. [15] (#cite_note-15) Concerns over the presence of formaldehyde in various hair smoothing products at significant concentrations centered whether methylene glycol (/wiki/Methylene_glycol) could legally be synonymous with formaldehyde. Anhydrous formaldehyde gas readily dissolves in and reacts with water to form an equilibrium solution of methylene glycol. When heated, the equilibrium shifts and favors the production of formaldehyde and water. Thus, the manufacturer of Brazilian Blowout argued that methylene glycol is in their products, not formaldehyde, and therefore they can claim that their product was formaldehyde-free. The first involves nomenclature. The second issue is the method by which formaldehyde concentration is measured. The third involves measurements of formaldehyde concentration in bottles of the product in which the reported concentration is dependent upon both the method of measurement and nomenclature. However, the company reached a settlement with the state of California and is no longer claiming their products are formaldehyde free. [14] (#cite_note-ag.ca.gov-14) Nomenclature [ edit ] The Chemical Abstracts Service (/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service) (CAS) [16] (#cite_note-16) lists formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) (50-00-0 [17] (#cite_note-17) ) and methylene glycol (463-57-0 [18] (#cite_note-18) ) as two different substances. The compounds have two different chemical structures, exist in two different chemical families and exhibit different physical properties. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with chemical structure HCHO (/wiki/HCHO) . Formaldehyde is a listed carcinogen (/wiki/Carcinogen) . [19] (#cite_note-19) NTP notes methylene glycol as the primary chemical form of formaldehyde in water. When heat is applied in the Brazilian blowout process causes the methylene glycol to dehydrate, yielding formaldehyde gas (/wiki/Formaldehyde) and water vapours (/wiki/Water_vapor) . According to Golden and Valentini even in worst case experiments less than half of the methylene glycol result in measurable formaldehyde gas, also an unknown portion of this measurement is due to the combining of the volatilised methylene glycol being reported as gaseous formaldehyde, furthermore the reverse reaction is much more rapid and much more favourable at STP equilibrium, which is not taken into account in the analysis. They contend that the chemical equivalence assumption is incorrect. [20] (#cite_note-Golden-20) Method of concentration measurement [ edit ] The Brazilian Blowout company (GIB LLC) has argued that Eastwood's lab and government labs in California and Oregon performed improper tests to determine formaldehyde concentration, arguing instead that an NMR spectroscopy test is superior. Inclusion of methylene glycol as formaldehyde in reported measurements [ edit ] Some manufacturers of products containing formaldehyde and methylene glycol have complained that the method of testing for formaldehyde—which does not distinguish between formaldehyde and methylene glycol—is not a reliable indicator of the toxicity (/wiki/Toxicity) of the product. The American Chemistry Council (/wiki/American_Chemistry_Council) issued an official statement, where they stated the following: "Formaldehyde content—in both gaseous and aqueous forms—should be accounted for when measuring the formaldehyde content of a product. ... Federal OSHA correctly defines formaldehyde as 'formaldehyde gas, its solutions, and materials that release formaldehyde.' This comprehensive standard is the cornerstone for the protection of people who work with and around formaldehyde." [21] (#cite_note-21) However the assumption of chemical and toxicological equivalence between Formaldehyde (a reactive gas) and methylene glycol (a stable reaction product that forms in an aqueous solution forming the main portion of formalin preparations) is disputed as a conservative assumption (mostly due to the methods of testing that are unable to differentiate the forms) instead of based on empirical toxicological data. [20] (#cite_note-Golden-20) Performing air quality monitoring tests to detect the levels of formaldehyde gas in the air at the place of application can give an indication to the seriousness of the health problem the salon workers and customers are (sometimes involuntarily) exposed to. Controversy regarding Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division Advisory [ edit ] In September 2010, the Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (CROET) received complaints of difficulty breathing, nose bleeds and eye irritation from stylists in one salon who claimed to have used one such hair treatment as directed. CROET, renamed the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (/wiki/Oregon_Institute_of_Occupational_Health_Sciences) in 2014, requested consultative assistance from Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division (/wiki/Oregon_Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Division) (OR-OSHA) to chemically analyze the hair straightening product. [22] (#cite_note-22) Oregon OSHA conducted air sampling in salons during this product's treatments. The 8-hour average exposures ranged from 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to 0.33, below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.75 ppm. The short term exposures ranged from 0.11ppm to 1.88 ppm, also below the short-term exposure limit of 2.0 ppm. [10] (#cite_note-orosha-10) HPLC tests on batches of this product from three different Oregon hair salons allegedly determined that there were high levels of formaldehyde. [10] (#cite_note-orosha-10) Oregon OSHA subsequently broadened their warning to include other hair-smoothing products, particularly those described as "keratin-based", and said employers should take steps to protect their workers, while still relying on improper testing and nomenclature methods. [23] (#cite_note-23) One manufacturer responded by issuing a statement to Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) in which it accused Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division of gross negligence because OSHA violated the proper testing protocol by using HPLC rather than using NMR spectroscopy (/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy) and using incorrect nomenclature, thereby invalidating the findings. It subsequently filed a suit against Oregon OSHA. [24] (#cite_note-24) In the lawsuit, the manufacturer maintains that their products, when used as directed, fall well below the federally mandated action level (AL), permissible exposure limit (PEL), and short-term exposure limit (STEL) safety levels. They released their own material safety data sheet (/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet) (MSDS), which have been disputed by several subsequent tests of their products by the FDA and OSHAs. [25] (#cite_note-fda.gov-25) Aldehydes and related compounds [ edit ] Several products contain other aldehydes (/wiki/Aldehyde) and other derivative compounds (/wiki/Chemical_compound) that when heated to a temperature of 230 °C (/wiki/Celsius) are chemically converted (/wiki/Chemical_reaction) into formaldehyde as well as other toxic compounds (/wiki/Toxin) . Reported health effects [ edit ] Adverse events have reported the following injuries associated with Brazilian Blowout: eye disorders (irritation, increased lacrimation (/wiki/Lacrimation) , blurred vision (/wiki/Blurred_vision) , hyperaemia (/wiki/Hyperaemia) ); nervous system disorders (/wiki/Nervous_system_disorder) ( headache (/wiki/Headache) , burning sensation, dizziness, syncope (/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)) ), and respiratory tract (/wiki/Respiratory_tract) ( dyspnea (/wiki/Dyspnea) , cough (/wiki/Cough) , nasal (/wiki/Nose) discomfort, epistaxis (/wiki/Epistaxis) , wheezing, rhinorrhea (/wiki/Rhinorrhea) , throat irritation, nasopharyngitis (/wiki/Nasopharyngitis) ). Other reported symptoms included nausea (/wiki/Nausea) , hypotrichosis (/wiki/Hypotrichosis) , chest pain, chest discomfort, emesis (/wiki/Vomiting) , and rash (/wiki/Rash) . [26] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-26) Class action lawsuits [ edit ] Girard Gibbs filed a class action lawsuit alleging that Brazilian Blowout violated California law by advertising its Brazilian Blowout hair straightening product as safe and formaldehyde free, when it has been found to contain significant amounts of formaldehyde, as NTP defines a "known to be human carcinogen". Other companies have also filed class-action suits against producers of Brazilian Blowout treatments. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Other studies [ edit ] ChemRisk, LLC Study [ edit ] In October 2011, the consulting firm ChemRisk (/wiki/ChemRisk) , LLC published a study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene that also found that some hair-smoothing products, including some labeled formaldehyde-free, contain formaldehyde and could expose workers and customers to formaldehyde at levels above OSHA's short-term exposure limit (STEL). [30] (#cite_note-30) ChemRisk's tests showed that Brazilian Blowout Acai Professional Smoothing Solution contained 11.5% formaldehyde, Global Keratin Juvexin Optimized Functional Keratin contained 8.3% formaldehyde, and Coppola Keratin Complex Blonde Formula contained 3% formaldehyde. Of these, only Global Keratin lists formaldehyde on its label. However, the Global Keratin label indicated it contained less than 4% formaldehyde, less than half of what was found in the product during testing. ChemRisk also tested the air while a stylist performed a simulated treatment process using each product. Formaldehyde was found in the air during all three simulations. During the simulation with Brazilian Blowout Acai Professional Smoothing Solution, formaldehyde levels were above OSHA's 15-minute STEL during blow drying. U.S. Food and Drug Administration report [ edit ] The Food and Drug Administration (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) (FDA) announced on October 8, 2010, that it "was working with state and local organizations, as well as OSHA, to determine whether the products or ingredients would be likely to cause health problems under the intended conditions of use. The composition of the products and the labeling, including use instructions and any warning statements, will be factors in this determination. One safety issue we’ll be evaluating is whether formaldehyde may be released into the air after the product is applied to the hair and heated." [25] (#cite_note-fda.gov-25) On August 22, 2011, the FDA issued its first warning letter to this same manufacturer, telling the company to stop labeling its products as formaldehyde-free, which it considers misleading, and stating that its products are "misbranded" and "adulterated". [26] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-26) The manufacturer responded with a ten-page letter to the FDA, challenging the FDA's assertions that the product was not adulterated because it did not contain formaldehyde, but methylene glycol, and that the FDA was also relying on incorrect nomenclature methods. Therefore, the product was not misbranded because it was, in fact, formaldehyde-free. However, the company voluntarily altered its label to remove the claim that the product was formaldehyde-free, saying it "is committed to ensuring that its products comply with all applicable legal and regulatory standards and seeks to partner with the FDA to achieve this result". [31] (#cite_note-31) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) kibria, Abdul (2022-02-23). "How A Keratin Treatment Can Change Your Hair" (https://www.gkhair.com/blogs/all-blog-posts/how-a-keratin-treatment-can-change-your-hair) . GK Hair USA . Retrieved 2022-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Brazilian Blowout Solution Contains Formaldehyde" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115043/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_167-eng.php) . Health Canada . October 7, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_167-eng.php) on October 11, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Rapid Alert System for non-food consumer products (RAPEX)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071213010304/http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/safety/rapex/index_en.htm) . EUROPA . Archived from the original (http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/safety/rapex/index_en.htm) on December 13, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "moomod" (https://www.moomod.ir/) . moomod . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Keratin Treatment – Definition & Price & DIY & Review & Alternative" (https://cajochy.com/keratin-hair-treatment/) . 2020-10-06 . Retrieved 2020-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Broder, I.; Corey, P.; Brasher, P.; Lipa, M.; Cole, P. (1991). "Formaldehyde exposure and health status in households" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568408) . Environmental Health Perspectives . 95 : 101–104. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1289/ehp.9195101 (https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.9195101) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 1568408 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568408) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 1821362 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1821362) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) McGwin, G.; Lienert, J.; Kennedy, J. I. (2009). "Formaldehyde Exposure and Asthma in Children: A Systematic Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120328113501/http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901143) . Environmental Health Perspectives . 118 (3): 313–317. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1289/ehp.0901143 (https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.0901143) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2854756 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854756) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20064771 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20064771) . Archived from the original (http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901143) on 2012-03-28 . Retrieved 2018-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-iarc2006_8-0) WHO IARC (2006): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 88 (2006): Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol (http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol88/index.php) ". Published by WHO Press ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0768:20100301:en:PDF) (PDF) . 27 July 1976. ^ Jump up to: a b c " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122132422/http://www.orosha.org/pdf/Final_Hair_Smoothing_Report.pdf) "Keratin-Based" Hair Smoothing Products And the Presence of Formaldehyde" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122132422/http://www.orosha.org/pdf/Final_Hair_Smoothing_Report.pdf) (PDF) . October 29, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.orosha.org/pdf/Final_Hair_Smoothing_Report.pdf) (PDF) on November 22, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "OSHA Hazard Alert on Hair Smoothing Products" (https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/hazard_alert.html) . Occupational Safety & Health Administration . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "OSHA Hair Smoothing Safety and Health Page" (https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/hazard_alert.html) . Occupational Safety & Health Administration . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "OSHA Enforcement Response" (https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hairsalons/government_response.html#federal) . Occupational Safety & Health Administration . ^ Jump up to: a b "California Safety and Health Settlement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120926013817/http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/print_release.php?id=2617) . State of California Department of Justice . January 30, 2012. Archived from the original (http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/print_release.php?id=2617) on September 26, 2012 . Retrieved September 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Hendrick, Bill (September 7, 2011). "FDA: Brazilian Blowout Hair Straightener Is Dangerous" (http://www.webmd.com/healthy-beauty/news/20110907/fda-brazilian-blowout-hair-straightener-is-dangerous) . WebMD . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "CAS Content" (http://www.cas.org/expertise/cascontent/index.html) . Chemical Abstracts Service: A division of the American Chemical Society . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Formaldehyde Basic information" (http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB4853677_EN.htm) . Chemical Book . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Methanediol (/wiki/Methanediol) ^ (#cite_ref-19) "NTP Formaldehyde Carcinogen Classification" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140409/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Formaldehyde.pdf) (PDF) . National Toxicology Program . 2011. Archived from the original (https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/formaldehyde.pdf) (PDF) on June 26, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Golden, R.; Valentini, M. (July 2014). "Formaldehyde and methylene glycol equivalence: Critical assessment of chemical and toxicological aspects" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yrtph.2014.03.007) . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . 69 (2): 178–186. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yrtph.2014.03.007) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24709515 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709515) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) SpecialChem. "Industry News" (http://www.specialchem4cosmetics.com/markets/hair-care/news.aspx?id=5947&lr=chal2d161210&li=100091733) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Emerging Issues and Alerts" (http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/oregon-institute-occupational-health-sciences/emerging-issues-and-alerts.cfm) . OHSU . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Oregon OSHA reiterates caution to salons using hair-smoothing products" (http://www.orosha.org/admin/newsrelease/2010/nr2010_28.pdf) (PDF) . Oregon OSHA . October 29, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Brazilian Blowout Complaint" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110304161147/http://www.brazilianblowoutcomplaint.com/storage/BrazilianBlowoutComplaint.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.brazilianblowoutcomplaint.com/storage/BrazilianBlowoutComplaint.pdf) (PDF) on March 4, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "FDA Receives Complaints Associated with the Use of Brazilian Blowout" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101012051719/https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductandIngredientSafety/ProductInformation/ucm228898.htm) . FDA . October 8, 2010. Archived from the original (https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductandIngredientSafety/ProductInformation/ucm228898.htm) on October 12, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "Warning Letter" (https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm270809.htm) . FDA . August 22, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Girard Gibbs Files Brazilian Blowout Class Action Lawsuit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120722004615/http://www.girardgibbs.com/case/49/brazilian-blowout/) . Archived from the original (http://www.girardgibbs.com/case/49/brazilian-blowout/) on July 22, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "In re Brazilian Blowout Litigation Class Action Lawsuit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120705193427/http://brazilianblowoutlitigation.com/) . 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.brazilianblowoutlitigation.com/) on July 5, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Jewett, Christina (November 10, 2010). "Attorney general targets Brazilian Blowout over chemical" (http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/attorney-general-targets-brazilian-blowout-over-chemical-6586) . California Watch . ^ (#cite_ref-30) J. S. Pierce; A. Abelmann; L. J. Spicer; R. E. Adams; M. E. Glynn; K. Neier; B. L. Finley & S. H. Gaffney (2011). "Characterization of Formaldehyde Exposure Resulting from the Use of Four Professional Hair Straightening Products" (http://oeh.informaworld.com/soeh/content~db=all~content=a942151618~frm=titlelink) . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene . 8 (11): 686–699. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/15459624.2011.626259 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15459624.2011.626259) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Re: GIB, LLC and Brazilian Blowout" (http://ftpcontent.worldnow.com/wgcl/fdaresponse.pdf) (PDF) . September 29, 2011. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sdbzs Cached time: 20240713180155 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.434 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3411/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 83679/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5832/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 108131/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5746155/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 372.757 1 -total 53.91% 200.970 1 Template:Reflist 39.50% 147.247 25 Template:Cite_web 18.01% 67.128 1 Template:Short_description 16.06% 59.875 5 Template:Citation_needed 13.55% 50.495 5 Template:Fix 10.14% 37.794 2 Template:Pagetype 7.54% 28.119 10 Template:Category_handler 6.76% 25.192 4 Template:Cite_journal 5.38% 20.052 8 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15421622-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180155 and revision id 1224915393. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_hair_straightening&oldid=1224915393 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_hair_straightening&oldid=1224915393) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hairdressing (/wiki/Category:Hairdressing) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020)
Major fall 2008 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) were held in New York City (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) during February and March 2008. New York Fashion Week [ edit ] Further information: List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows (/wiki/List_of_Fall_2008_New_York_Fashion_Week_fashion_shows) The Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , officially called Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, was held between February 1 and February 8, 2008. Participating designers [ edit ] This list includes shows on the official schedule [1] (#cite_note-1) (note [a] ^ ) and those reviewed at style.com (/wiki/Style.com) [2] (#cite_note-2) (note [b] ^ ). 3.1 Phillip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Phillip_Lim) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Abaeté (/wiki/Abaet%C3%A9_(clothing)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Academy of Art University (/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University) [a] (#endnote_Anone) ADAM (/wiki/Adam_Lippes) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Akiko Ogawa (/w/index.php?title=Akiko_Ogawa&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Alexandre Herchcovitch (/wiki/Alexandre_Herchcovitch) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Angel Sanchez (/wiki/Angel_Sanchez_(designer)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Anne Bowen (/w/index.php?title=Anne_Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Araks (/w/index.php?title=Araks_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) [a] (#endnote_Anone) BCBG Max Azria (/wiki/BCBG_Max_Azria) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Boy by Band of Outsiders (/wiki/Band_of_Outsiders_(clothing_brand)) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Carlos Miele (/wiki/Carlos_Miele) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Carmen Marc Valvo (/wiki/Carmen_Marc_Valvo) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera_(fashion_designer)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Chris Han (/w/index.php?title=Chris_Han&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Cynthia Steffe (/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Steffe&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Dennis Basso (/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Basso&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_S.p.A.) [a] (#endnote_Anone) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Donna Karan Collection (/wiki/Donna_Karan_Collection) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Duckie Brown (/wiki/Duckie_Brown) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Elie Tahari (/wiki/Elie_Tahari) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Erin Fetherston (/wiki/Erin_Fetherston) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Herve Leger (/wiki/Herve_Leger) [a] (#endnote_Anone) by Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) Iodice (/w/index.php?title=Iodice&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Jayson Brunsdon (/w/index.php?title=Jayson_Brunsdon&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Joanna Mastroianni (/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Mastroianni&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Juan Carlos Obando (/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Obando&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Lela Rose (/wiki/Lela_Rose) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Mara Hoffman (/w/index.php?title=Mara_Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Milly (/wiki/Milly_(fashion_brand)) by Michelle Smith [a] (#endnote_Anone) Miss Sixty (/wiki/Miss_Sixty) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Na Be (/w/index.php?title=Na_Be&action=edit&redlink=1) by Victorya Hong (/w/index.php?title=Victorya_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Nanette Lepore (/wiki/Nanette_Lepore) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Nautica (/wiki/Nautica_(clothing_company)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Nicole Miller (/wiki/Nicole_Miller) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Pamella Roland (/wiki/Pamella_Roland) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Peter Som (/wiki/Peter_Som) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Ports 1961 (/wiki/Ports_1961) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_4)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) R. Scott French (/w/index.php?title=R._Scott_French&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Rachel Roy (/wiki/Rachel_Roy) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Rebecca Taylor (/wiki/Rebecca_Taylor) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Reem Acra (/wiki/Reem_Acra) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Richard Chai (/wiki/Richard_Chai) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Rock & Republic (/wiki/Rock_%26_Republic) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Rubin Singer (/wiki/Rubin_Singer) [a] (#endnote_Anone) sass & bide (/wiki/Sass_%26_bide) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Sean John (/wiki/Sean_John) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tadashi Shoji (/wiki/Tadashi_Shoji) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Temperley London (/wiki/Temperley_London) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Terexov (/w/index.php?title=Terexov&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tibi (/wiki/Tibi_(fashion_brand)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tony Cohen (/w/index.php?title=Tony_Cohen_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tracy Reese (/wiki/Tracy_Reese) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Tuleh (/w/index.php?title=Tuleh&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Twinkle (/w/index.php?title=Twinkle_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) by Wenlan (/wiki/Wenlan_Chia) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Venexiana (/w/index.php?title=Venexiana&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) Lavender Label [b] (#endnote_Bnone) Verrier (/wiki/Verrier) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Vivienne Tam (/wiki/Vivienne_Tam) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Willow (/w/index.php?title=Willow_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Y-3 (/wiki/Y-3_(fashion_brand)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Yeohlee (/wiki/Yeohlee) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Yigal Azrouel (/wiki/Yigal_Azrouel) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Z Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) [a] (#endnote_Anone) Zang Toi [a] (#endnote_Anone) London Fashion Week [ edit ] Clothing line Date Notes Link Allegra Hicks (/w/index.php?title=Allegra_Hicks&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 Amanda Wakeley (/wiki/Amanda_Wakeley) February 11 Aminaka Wilmont (/w/index.php?title=Aminaka_Wilmont&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 Ann-Sofie Back (/w/index.php?title=Ann-Sofie_Back&action=edit&redlink=1) February 10 Antoni & Alison (/w/index.php?title=Antoni_%26_Alison&action=edit&redlink=1) February 14 Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) February 12 Armand Basi (/wiki/Armand_Basi) February 13 Ashish (/w/index.php?title=Ashish_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 14 Asprey (/wiki/Asprey) February 14 Basso & Brooke (/wiki/Basso_%26_Brooke) February 12 Ben de Lisi (/wiki/Ben_de_Lisi) February 10 Betty Jackson (/wiki/Betty_Jackson) February 12 Biba (/wiki/Biba) February 10 Bora Aksu (/wiki/Bora_Aksu) February 13 Caroline Charles (/wiki/Caroline_Charles) February 10 Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) February 15 Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) February 12 Duro Olowu (/wiki/Duro_Olowu) February 12 Eley Kishimoto (/wiki/Eley_Kishimoto) February 11 Emma Cook (/w/index.php?title=Emma_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1) February 11 Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moralio%C4%9Flu) February 14 Fashion East February 13 Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) February 13 Gavin Douglas (/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Douglas_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 Giles (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) February 13 Graeme Black (/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Black&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) February 13 Issa (/w/index.php?title=Issa_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 14 Jaeger London (/wiki/Jaeger_London) February 10 Jasper Conran (/wiki/Jasper_Conran) February 11 Jean-Pierre Braganza (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Braganza&action=edit&redlink=1) February 10 Jenny Packham (/wiki/Jenny_Packham) February 14 Jens Laugesen (/w/index.php?title=Jens_Laugesen&action=edit&redlink=1) February 13 John Rocha (/wiki/John_Rocha) February 11 Julien MacDonald (/wiki/Julien_MacDonald) February 15 Krystof Strozyna (/w/index.php?title=Krystof_Strozyna&action=edit&redlink=1) February 12 Louise Goldin (/w/index.php?title=Louise_Goldin&action=edit&redlink=1) February 11 Luella (/wiki/Luella_Bartley) February 14 MAN (/w/index.php?title=MAN_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 Margaret Howell (/wiki/Margaret_Howell) February 14 Marios Schwab (/w/index.php?title=Marios_Schwab&action=edit&redlink=1) February 12 MeadhamKirchoff (/w/index.php?title=MeadhamKirchoff&action=edit&redlink=1) February 12 Modernist (/w/index.php?title=Modernist_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 10 Nathan Jenden (/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Jenden&action=edit&redlink=1) February 12 Nicole Farhi (/wiki/Nicole_Farhi) February 13 Osman Yousefzada (/wiki/Osman_Yousefzada) February 10 Paul Costelloe (/wiki/Paul_Costelloe) February 10 Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) February 11 Peter Jensen (/wiki/Peter_Jensen_(fashion_designer)) February 15 PPQ (/w/index.php?title=PPQ_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 11 Richard Nicoll (/wiki/Richard_Nicoll) February 13 Rodnik (/w/index.php?title=Rodnik_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 13 Roksanda Ilincic (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilincic) February 13 Sinha-Stanic (/w/index.php?title=Sinha-Stanic&action=edit&redlink=1) February 11 Todd Lynn (/wiki/Todd_Lynn) February 12 Unconditional (/w/index.php?title=Unconditional_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 15 Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) Red Label February 14 Source: official fashion week schedule (http://www.londonfashionweek.co.uk/catwalkschedule2.asp?CategoryTypeID=1) . Paris Fashion Week [ edit ] Clothing line Date Notes Link AF Vandevorst (/w/index.php?title=AF_Vandevorst&action=edit&redlink=1) February 24 Agnès B. (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_B.) February 29 Alena Akhmadullina (/w/index.php?title=Alena_Akhmadullina&action=edit&redlink=1) February 29 Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) February 29 Atsuro Tayama (/w/index.php?title=Atsuro_Tayama&action=edit&redlink=1) February 25 Akris (/wiki/Akris) February 27 Andrew Gn (/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Gn&action=edit&redlink=1) February 27 Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) February 26 Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) February 26 Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) February 24 Bernhard Willhelm (/wiki/Bernhard_Willhelm) February 27 Bless (/w/index.php?title=Bless_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 24 Bruno Pieters (/wiki/Bruno_Pieters) February 24 Burfitt (/wiki/Burfitt) February 23 Chado Ralph Rucci (/wiki/Chado_Ralph_Rucci) March 2 Chapurin (/w/index.php?title=Chapurin&action=edit&redlink=1) March 2 Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) February 29 Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) March 1 Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SA) February 25 Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) February 27 Collette Dinnigan (/wiki/Collette_Dinnigan) March 2 Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) February 26 Commuun (/w/index.php?title=Commuun&action=edit&redlink=1) March 1 Costume National (/wiki/Costume_National) February 27 Devastee (/w/index.php?title=Devastee&action=edit&redlink=1) February 23 Dresscamp (/w/index.php?title=Dresscamp&action=edit&redlink=1) February 24 Dries van Noten (/wiki/Dries_van_Noten) February 27 Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) March 1 Emanuel Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) February 27 Es Orchestres (/w/index.php?title=Es_Orchestres&action=edit&redlink=1) February 29 Fatima Lopes (/wiki/Fatima_Lopes) February 23 Gaspard Yurkievich (/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_Yurkievich&action=edit&redlink=1) February 25 Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) February 27 Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) March 1 Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) February 27 Impasse de la Defense (/w/index.php?title=Impasse_de_la_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1) February 23 Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) February 25 Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) February 26 Jean-Charles de Castelbajac (/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Castelbajac) February 29 Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) February 26 Jefen (/w/index.php?title=Jefen&action=edit&redlink=1) February 24 John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) March 1 Jose Castro (/w/index.php?title=Jose_Castro_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 29 Junko Shimada (/w/index.php?title=Junko_Shimada&action=edit&redlink=1) February 29 Junya Watanabe (/wiki/Junya_Watanabe) February 26 Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) February 27 Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) March 1 Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) March 2 Lie Sang Bong (/wiki/Lie_Sang_Bong) February 24 Limi Feu (/wiki/Limi_Feu) March 1 Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) February 26 Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) March 2 Lutz (/w/index.php?title=Lutz_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 26 Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Martin_Margiela) February 25 Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) February 24 Marithe and François Girbaud (/w/index.php?title=Marithe_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Girbaud&action=edit&redlink=1) February 26 Martin Grant (/w/index.php?title=Martin_Grant&action=edit&redlink=1) March 1 Michel Klein (/wiki/Michel_Klein) February 24 Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) March 2 Moon Young Hee (/w/index.php?title=Moon_Young_Hee&action=edit&redlink=1) March 2 Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) March 2 Paul & Joe (/w/index.php?title=Paul_%26_Joe&action=edit&redlink=1) March 1 Rajesh Pratap Singh (/wiki/Rajesh_Pratap_Singh) February 24 Requiem (/w/index.php?title=Requiem_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 27 Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) February 24 Robert Normand (/w/index.php?title=Robert_Normand&action=edit&redlink=1) February 25 Rue du Mail (/wiki/Rue_du_Mail) by Martine Sitbon (/wiki/Martine_Sitbon) February 29 Sakina M'sa (/w/index.php?title=Sakina_M%27sa&action=edit&redlink=1) March 2 Sharon Wauchob (/wiki/Sharon_Wauchob) February 25 Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) February 29 Stella Cadente (/w/index.php?title=Stella_Cadente&action=edit&redlink=1) February 23 Tsumori Chisato (/wiki/Tsumori_Chisato) February 26 Undercover (/w/index.php?title=Undercover_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) February 25 Vanessa Bruno (/wiki/Vanessa_Bruno) March 2 Veronique Branquinho (/wiki/Veronique_Branquinho) February 26 Veronique Leroy (/w/index.php?title=Veronique_Leroy&action=edit&redlink=1) February 25 Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) February 26 Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) February 25 Wunderkind (/w/index.php?title=Wunderkind_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) March 1 Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) February 25 Yuki Torii (/w/index.php?title=Yuki_Torii&action=edit&redlink=1) March 2 Source: Official fashion week schedule (https://web.archive.org/web/20080208110935/http://www.modeaparis.com/va/collections/2008hapap/index.html) . Some dates to be confirmed. Los Angeles Fashion Week [ edit ] Fall '08 collections are shown from March 7 - March 14 Designs featured [ edit ] Reiss (/wiki/Reiss_(brand)) JMARY (/w/index.php?title=JMARY&action=edit&redlink=1) Jesse Kamm (/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Kamm&action=edit&redlink=1) Le Sang des Betes by Trang Chau (/w/index.php?title=Le_Sang_des_Betes_by_Trang_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1) Erin Fetherston (/wiki/Erin_Fetherston) Jack Rabbit Collection (/w/index.php?title=Jack_Rabbit_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) John Varvatos (/wiki/John_Varvatos) Maxine Dillon (/w/index.php?title=Maxine_Dillon&action=edit&redlink=1) Yotom Solomon (/w/index.php?title=Yotom_Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1) Wren (/wiki/Wren) Zachariah Bryant (/w/index.php?title=Zachariah_Bryant&action=edit&redlink=1) Future Fashion LA (/w/index.php?title=Future_Fashion_LA&action=edit&redlink=1) LI CARI designed by Jazmin Whitley (/wiki/Jazmin_Whitley) Sue Wong (/wiki/Sue_Wong) Jared Gold (/wiki/Jared_Gold) ENDOVANERA (/w/index.php?title=ENDOVANERA&action=edit&redlink=1) UNIF (/w/index.php?title=UNIF&action=edit&redlink=1) The Battalion (/wiki/The_Battalion) Mike Vensel (/wiki/Mike_Vensel) Elizabeth Mason Couture (/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Mason_Couture&action=edit&redlink=1) Gregory Parkinson (/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Parkinson&action=edit&redlink=1) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week at Smashbox Studios [3] (#cite_note-3) Alexis La Montagna (/w/index.php?title=Alexis_La_Montagna&action=edit&redlink=1) Ashley Paige (/w/index.php?title=Ashley_Paige&action=edit&redlink=1) Bow & Arrow by Alan Del Rosario (/w/index.php?title=Bow_%26_Arrow_by_Alan_Del_Rosario&action=edit&redlink=1) Elmer Ave. (/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ave.&action=edit&redlink=1) Falguni Shane Peacock (/wiki/Falguni_Shane_Peacock) Farah Angsana (/w/index.php?title=Farah_Angsana&action=edit&redlink=1) IMASU by Kelly Nishimoto (/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Nishimoto&action=edit&redlink=1) Jenny Han (/wiki/Jenny_Han) Joseph Domingo (/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Domingo&action=edit&redlink=1) Julia Clancey (/wiki/Julia_Clancey) Lauren Conrad Collection (/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Conrad_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) Maggie Barry (/wiki/Maggie_Barry) for Xubáz (/w/index.php?title=Xub%C3%A1z&action=edit&redlink=1) Monarchy Collection (/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicholai (/w/index.php?title=Nicholai&action=edit&redlink=1) Octavio Carlin (/w/index.php?title=Octavio_Carlin&action=edit&redlink=1) Orthodox (/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_(fashion)&action=edit&redlink=1) Pussycat Dolls by Robin Antin (/wiki/Robin_Antin) Samora (/wiki/Samora) SUH-TAHN (/w/index.php?title=SUH-TAHN&action=edit&redlink=1) Veronika Jeanvie (/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Jeanvie&action=edit&redlink=1) Whitley Kros (/w/index.php?title=Whitley_Kros&action=edit&redlink=1) THE GREEN INITIATIVE Humanitarian Fashion Show Lilikoi Clothing (/w/index.php?title=Lilikoi_Clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) by Barbara Boswell (/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Boswell&action=edit&redlink=1) Vintage China (/w/index.php?title=Vintage_China&action=edit&redlink=1) by Deacon Yu (/w/index.php?title=Deacon_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1) and Andrew Wong (/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Wong_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Lady Muse (/w/index.php?title=Lady_Muse&action=edit&redlink=1) by Mathilde (/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Andira Rain Tees (/w/index.php?title=Andira_Rain_Tees&action=edit&redlink=1) by Beth Doane (/w/index.php?title=Beth_Doane&action=edit&redlink=1) M the Movement (/w/index.php?title=M_the_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1) by Michael "M" Hererra (/w/index.php?title=Michael_%22M%22_Hererra&action=edit&redlink=1) Rene Geneva Design (/w/index.php?title=Rene_Geneva_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) by Rene Geneva (/w/index.php?title=Rene_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1) Source: fashionweekla.com calendar (http://www.fashionweekla.com/calendar.html) [4] (#cite_note-4) LA Fashion Week 2008 controversy [ edit ] In 2008, there were numerous celebrity fashion designers showcasing their designs at LA's Fashion Week. Many people believed that, because of this new surge of "celebs-as-trendsetters", some fashion regulars and legitimate designers did not attend the 2008 fashion event. Instead, attendees turned their attention to the designs of " The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) " star Lauren Conrad (/wiki/Lauren_Conrad) , who debuted her collection during the week, Nicky Hilton (/wiki/Nicky_Hilton) , and The Pussycat Dolls (/wiki/The_Pussycat_Dolls) . Sue Wong (/wiki/Sue_Wong) was one of the designers that openly voiced her opinion about celebrity designers. [5] (#cite_note-5) Wong calls the emerging trend "absolutely bogus". Wong is usually a regular at the Mercedes-Benz LA Fashion Week, but decided not to show in 2008, claiming she wanted to concentrate on doing something "different". "Sure, every celebrity and his brother wants to be a fashion designer", said Wong, who has been designing since 1968. "It's not like anybody can pick it up and do it. It's a science. You need to know fit and construction." Wong has also claimed that the celebrities are just capitalizing on their "15 minutes of fame". Normally, up-and-coming designers would not get the kind of exposures celebrities get for their clothing lines. Lauren Conrad has tried to defend herself against the criticisms and pressures put on her before her fashion launch. Conrad, who has trained at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising in Los Angeles, said the additional pressure thrust upon her Fashion Week debut made her nervous while working on the line. She described it as "California chic", basing this season on a recent trip to Paris reflected in simple, clean pieces accessorized with berets, netting, leather gloves, bows and lace."I will probably never have the respect I want in the fashion industry, but I can work hard every day to try and prove myself", Conrad said. "Can I really be criticized for taking advantage on an opportunity that allows me to have what I've always wanted?" Wong still voiced her skepticism. "Let's see whether she can survive and thrive. It takes so much dedication", she said. "You gotta really pay your dues to be a serious artist." A review by Jenny Peters of Fashion Wire Daily criticized her debut line, writing, "There was absolutely nothing new or innovative in her collection." [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Spring 2008 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/Spring_2008_New_York_Fashion_Week) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Official schedule" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080204021815/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/newyork/fall2008/schedule/index.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/newyork/fall2008/schedule/index.html) on 2008-02-04. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fall 2008 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Shows" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080731004551/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/runwayshows/index.html) . Style.com . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/runwayshows/index.html) on 31 July 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Random Designer Redirect" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080318184957/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/losangeles/fall2008/designers/) . Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/losangeles/fall2008/designers/) on 2008-03-18 . Retrieved 2008-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) fashionweekla.com (http://www.fashionweekla.com/calendar.html) ^ (#cite_ref-5) omg! news on Yahoo! (http://omg.yahoo.com/l-a-fashion-week-celebrity-by-design/news/7274) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lauren Conrad's First Foray into Fashion (http://www.fashionwiredaily.com/first_word/fashion/article.weml?id=1866) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐vdldw Cached time: 20240715003011 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.386 seconds Real time usage: 0.454 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6308/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58393/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1113/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50303/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.165/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3509897/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 324.857 1 -total 34.61% 112.435 1 Template:Reflist 34.54% 112.198 4 Template:Navbox 31.94% 103.766 1 Template:Fashion 26.19% 85.080 3 Template:Cite_web 17.85% 57.982 90 Template:Ref_label 8.74% 28.379 1 Template:Details 8.28% 26.886 180 Template:Yesno 3.75% 12.172 2 Template:Portal-inline 3.04% 9.868 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15521588-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715003011 and revision id 1234561260. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_2008_fashion_weeks&oldid=1234561260 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_2008_fashion_weeks&oldid=1234561260) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2008 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion)
This is a list of Fall 2008 (/wiki/Fall_2008_fashion_weeks) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) . This list includes shows on the official schedule (https://web.archive.org/web/20080204021815/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/newyork/fall2008/schedule/index.html) ( [a] ^ ) and those reviewed (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/runwayshows/index.html) at style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ( [b] ^ ). Clothing line Date Notes Link 3.1 Phillip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Phillip_Lim) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Abaeté (/wiki/Abaet%C3%A9_(clothing)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 2 A gray palette inspired by medieval armor. Understated (even "anonymous"), commercially appealing clothing. [1] (#cite_note-1) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110052/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/ABAETE) Academy of Art University (/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 ADAM (/wiki/Adam_Lippes) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 3 A Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) -esque collection of hand-knit sweaters and other country-style clothing. [2] (#cite_note-2) [2] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080207084058/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/ADAMEVE) Akiko Ogawa (/w/index.php?title=Akiko_Ogawa&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 2 Mixed masculine and feminine "sexy-tough" pieces, with oversized garments paired with slim-fitting, slinky ones. The show included the designer's eveningwear debut as well as a collection of bags. [3] (#cite_note-3) [3] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110102/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/AWANG) Alexandre Herchcovitch (/wiki/Alexandre_Herchcovitch) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 2 A geometry-inspired, architectural collection. Elements of "sixties futurism and boxy menswear-inflected tailoring". [4] (#cite_note-4) [4] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110057/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/AHERCHCO) Angel Sanchez (/wiki/Angel_Sanchez_(designer)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Anne Bowen (/w/index.php?title=Anne_Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Araks (/w/index.php?title=Araks_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 BCBG Max Azria (/wiki/BCBG_Max_Azria) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 1 The collection was more mature-looking than in previous seasons, with neutral colors, jersey dresses, and crisp tailoring. Most looks were cinched with tough-looking belts. [5] (#cite_note-5) [5] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206112007/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/BCBG) Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Boy (/w/index.php?title=Boy_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) by Band of Outsiders (/w/index.php?title=Band_of_Outsiders_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) January 31 Schoolgirl style with Scottish inspiration. Romantic touches, including luxurious coats. The show was a presentation set in a "1940s living room that looked like it had been invaded by a Scottish forest". [6] (#cite_note-6) [6] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206112018/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/BOUT) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Carlos Miele (/wiki/Carlos_Miele) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Carmen Marc Volvo (/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Marc_Volvo&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera_(fashion_designer)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Charles Nolan (/wiki/Charles_Nolan) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 3 A collection influenced by Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) and Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) , with 18th-century mesh and taffeta mixed with 1960s coats and suits. [7] (#cite_note-7) [7] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080207084722/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/CNOLAN) Chris Han (/w/index.php?title=Chris_Han&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Costello Tagliapietra (/wiki/Costello_Tagliapietra) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 2 Draped dresses influenced by 1940s film noir and the dark fairy-tale illustrations of Arthur Rackham (/wiki/Arthur_Rackham) and Gustaf Tenggren (/wiki/Gustaf_Tenggren) . The waist is emphasized. [8] (#cite_note-8) [8] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110108/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/COSTTAG) Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Cynthia Steffe (/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Steffe&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Dennis Basso (/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Basso&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 3 1940s-influenced tailored clothing, mainly separates. [9] (#cite_note-9) [9] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080207153638/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/DVFURSTE) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_S.p.A.) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 3 Self-described "Eclectic Glamour," with a boisterous combination of color, textures, various knits. Many 1960s babydoll dresses. [10] (#cite_note-10) [10] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080207153630/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/DKNY) Donna Karan Collection (/wiki/Donna_Karan_Collection) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Douglas Hannant (/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Hannant&action=edit&redlink=1) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 1 A feminine collection that was alternately slim-fitting and voluminous. A mix of fabrics, from tactile boucle to plain wool. [11] (#cite_note-11) [11] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206115526/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/DHANNANT) Duckie Brown (/wiki/Duckie_Brown) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Elie Tahari (/wiki/Elie_Tahari) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) January 31 Chunky knitted sweaters cinched at the waist and paired with full pants. A mix of masculine and feminine looks. [12] (#cite_note-12) [12] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114453/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/ETAHARI) Erin Fetherston (/wiki/Erin_Fetherston) [a] (#endnote_Anone) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) February 1 Youthful, girly looks including drop-waist and bell-skirted dresses. [13] (#cite_note-13) [13] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206115531/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/EFETH) Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) [a] (#endnote_Anone) by Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) February 3 The first half of the show featured Leger's classic bandage dresses with a definite Azria signature of beads, feathers, or similar adornments. The second half showcased more archetypal bandage minidresses in jewel tones. [14] (#cite_note-14) [14] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080207084732/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/HLEGER) Iodice (/w/index.php?title=Iodice&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Jayson Brunsdon (/w/index.php?title=Jayson_Brunsdon&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Joanna Mastroianni (/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Mastroianni&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Juan Carlos Obando (/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Obando&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Lela Rose (/wiki/Lela_Rose) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Mara Hoffman (/w/index.php?title=Mara_Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Max Azria (/wiki/Max_Azria) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Milly (/w/index.php?title=Milly_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) by Michelle Smith (/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Smith_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Miss Sixty (/wiki/Miss_Sixty) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Na Be (/w/index.php?title=Na_Be&action=edit&redlink=1) by Victorya Hong (/w/index.php?title=Victorya_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Nanette Lepore (/wiki/Nanette_Lepore) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Nautica (/wiki/Nautica_(clothing_company)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Nicole Miller (/wiki/Nicole_Miller) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Pamella Rolan (/w/index.php?title=Pamella_Rolan&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Peter Som (/wiki/Peter_Som) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Ports 1961 (/wiki/Ports_1961) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_4)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 R. Scott French (/w/index.php?title=R._Scott_French&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 4 Rachel Roy (/wiki/Rachel_Roy) [b] (#endnote_Bnone) January 31 Native American and Colonial influences, with a "mix of rawness and polish". [15] (#cite_note-15) [15] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110118/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/complete/thumb/RROY) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Rebecca Taylor (/wiki/Rebecca_Taylor) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Reem Acra (/wiki/Reem_Acra) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Richard Chai (/wiki/Richard_Chai) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Rock & Republic (/wiki/Rock_%26_Republic) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Rubin Singer (/wiki/Rubin_Singer) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Sass & Bide [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Sean John (/wiki/Sean_John) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Tadashi Shoji (/wiki/Tadashi_Shoji) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Temperley London (/wiki/Temperley_London) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 6 Terexov (/w/index.php?title=Terexov&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Tibi (/w/index.php?title=Tibi_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Tony Cohen (/w/index.php?title=Tony_Cohen_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Tracy Reese (/wiki/Tracy_Reese) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Tuleh (/w/index.php?title=Tuleh&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Twinkle (/w/index.php?title=Twinkle_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) by Wenlan (/wiki/Wenlan_Chia) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Venexiana (/w/index.php?title=Venexiana&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) Lavender Label [b] (#endnote_Bnone) January 31 Inaugural runway show for Wang's lower-priced collection. 1950s and 1960s influences, with classic or even retro clothing. More modern draped dresses drew from the style of Wang's signature collection. [16] (#cite_note-16) [16] (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110339/http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/VWLAV) Verrier (/wiki/Verrier) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Vivienne Tam (/wiki/Vivienne_Tam) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 5 Willow (/w/index.php?title=Willow_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 Y-3 (/wiki/Y-3_(fashion_brand)) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 3 Yeohlee (/wiki/Yeohlee) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Yigal Azrouel (/wiki/Yigal_Azrouel) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 1 Z Zegna (/w/index.php?title=Z_Zegna&action=edit&redlink=1) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 2 Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 7 Zang Toi [a] (#endnote_Anone) February 8 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/ABAETE) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Borrelli-Persson, Laird. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/ADAMEVE) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/AWANG) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/AHERCHCO) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/BCBG) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Phelps, Nicole. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/BOUT) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/CNOLAN) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Borrelli-Persson, Laird. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/COSTTAG) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Phelps, Nicole. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/DVFURSTE) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/DKNY) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Mistry, Meenal. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/DHANNANT) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Borrelli-Persson, Laird. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/ETAHARI) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Phelps, Nicole. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/EFETH) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Borrelli-Persson, Laird. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/HLEGER) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Phelps, Nicole. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/RROY) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Phelps, Nicole. "List of Fall 2008 New York Fashion Week fashion shows Runway Review (Fall 2008)." (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2008RTW/review/VWLAV) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐66546ff478‐bdvxc Cached time: 20240715002925 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.558 seconds Real time usage: 0.654 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7021/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64715/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1714/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47105/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.199/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2007054/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 476.569 1 -total 39.40% 187.771 4 Template:Navbox 37.19% 177.214 1 Template:Fashion 22.85% 108.897 1 Template:Short_description 20.59% 98.148 96 Template:Ref_label 14.22% 67.758 2 Template:Pagetype 9.47% 45.140 192 Template:Yesno 8.60% 40.994 1 Template:Reflist 5.17% 24.628 3 Template:Main_other 4.50% 21.437 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15600003-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715002925 and revision id 1234561210. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fall_2008_New_York_Fashion_Week_fashion_shows&oldid=1234561210 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fall_2008_New_York_Fashion_Week_fashion_shows&oldid=1234561210) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2008 in New York City (/wiki/Category:2008_in_New_York_City) 2008 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States) New York City-related lists (/wiki/Category:New_York_City-related_lists) Fashion-related lists (/wiki/Category:Fashion-related_lists) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
American writer and actress Joan Juliet Buck Study for a portrait of Buck by Reginald Gray (/wiki/Reginald_Gray_(artist)) , Paris 1980s (graphite on canvas) Born 1948 (age 75–76) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Writer, editor, actress Years active 1968–present Spouse John Heilpern (/wiki/John_Heilpern) ( m. 1977; div. 1980 ) Joan Juliet Buck (born 1948) is an American writer and actress. She was the editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) of French (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) Vogue from 1994 to 2001, the only American ever to have edited a French magazine. [1] (#cite_note-Jez-1) She was contributing editor to Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) for many years, and writes for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . The author of two novels, she published a memoir, The Price of Illusion , in 2017. In 2020, she was nominated for the Pushcart Prize (/wiki/Pushcart_Prize) for her short story, “Corona Diary.” Early life and family [ edit ] Born in 1948, [2] (#cite_note-2) she is the only child (/wiki/Only_child) of Jules Buck (/wiki/Jules_Buck) (1917–2001), an American film producer, who moved his family to Europe (/wiki/Europe) in 1952 in reaction to the political repression in the United States at the time. Her mother, Joyce Ruth Getz (aka Joyce Gates, died 1996), was a child model and actress, and interior designer. [3] (#cite_note-TelegraphObit-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Jules Buck served in the Signal Corps (/wiki/Signal_Corps) with John Huston (/wiki/John_Huston) , during the war, [5] (#cite_note-USA2-5) and he subsequently served as a cameraman for the latter. [6] (#cite_note-TimesObit-6) Huston was the best man (/wiki/Best_man) at her parents' 1945 wedding, and Joan Juliet learned to cook from Ricki Huston. [7] (#cite_note-mother-7) Buck grew up in Cannes (/wiki/Cannes) , Paris, and London. [8] (#cite_note-FA-8) As a teenager she met Tom Wolfe (/wiki/Tom_Wolfe) and became the subject of his piece, "The Life and Hard Times of a Teenage London Society Girl," [9] (#cite_note-garag-9) which he republished in The Pump House Gang (/wiki/The_Pump_House_Gang) . [10] (#cite_note-peace-10) Buck's first language is French and she identifies as Jewish. [11] (#cite_note-JEphron-11) Journalism career [ edit ] United States, 1968-1994 [ edit ] Buck dropped out of Sarah Lawrence College (/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College) to work at Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) magazine [12] (#cite_note-WWDmaza-12) as a book reviewer (/wiki/Book_reviewer) in 1968. She became the London correspondent of Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) 's Interview (/wiki/Interview_magazine) magazine, [13] (#cite_note-NYT17-13) then the features editor of British (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) Vogue at the age of 23, then a correspondent (/wiki/Correspondent) for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) in London and Rome. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Buck was an associate editor of the London Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) . From 1975 to 1976 she lived in Los Angeles to work on a novel. [16] (#cite_note-Dore-16) A contributing editor to American Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) from 1980 and also Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , [12] (#cite_note-WWDmaza-12) she also published profiles and essays in The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Condé Nast Traveler (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveler) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Travel + Leisure (/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) Book Review . As movie critic for American Vogue from 1990 to 1994, she served on the New York Film Festival (/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival) selection committee the year its program included Chen Kaige (/wiki/Chen_Kaige) 's Farewell, My Concubine (/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)) , Jane Campion (/wiki/Jane_Campion) 's The Piano (/wiki/The_Piano) , and Robert Altman (/wiki/Robert_Altman) 's Short Cuts (/wiki/Short_Cuts) . [20] (#cite_note-NYT93-20) London [ edit ] She became the features editor of British Vogue at the age of 23, then a correspondent for Women's Wear Daily in London and Rome. She was an associate editor of the London Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) between the times she worked for Women's Wear Daily and her work for Vogue and Vanity Fair in New York City. French Vogue , 1994-2001 [ edit ] She was French Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) 's editor-in-chief from 1994 to 2001, [21] (#cite_note-trebay-21) [12] (#cite_note-WWDmaza-12) having initially refused the offer twice. [8] (#cite_note-FA-8) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described her selection as indication that Condé Nast intended to "modernize the magazine and expand its scope" from its circulation of 80,000. [22] (#cite_note-names-22) Buck replaced Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) with David LaChapelle (/wiki/David_LaChapelle) and other young American photographers and hired American writers and tripled the text. [8] (#cite_note-FA-8) Her first September cover was "La Femme Française," and she had a quantum physics (/wiki/Quantum_Physics) -themed issue. [23] (#cite_note-pavia-23) Buck doubled the magazine's circulation and produced thematic year-end issues on cinema, art, music, sex, and theater. [24] (#cite_note-NYTimes.com-24) Looking back she described what she envisioned for her employees then: "I wanted the magazine to be fun. I wanted everyone who worked on the magazine to go toward what they liked. Again, it’s that distinction between what you should do and what’s expected, and what you feel, what you want." [16] (#cite_note-Dore-16) In the Price of Illusion , she talks about wanting to upend French cliches such as black sweaters and Helmut Newton-referencing shoots; "French women know how to dress when they’re having sex. They need to know how to dress when they’re not having sex." [25] (#cite_note-guard-25) Penelope Green of The New York Times wrote that Buck "upended what had been the magazine's rather staid coverage." [10] (#cite_note-peace-10) United States, 2003-present [ edit ] She was TV critic for US Vogue from 2003 to 2011, also profiling cover subjects such as Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , [26] (#cite_note-26) Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) , [27] (#cite_note-27) Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) , and Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) . [28] (#cite_note-28) She also penned profiles on the playwright Tom Stoppard (/wiki/Tom_Stoppard) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) and Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (/wiki/Carla_Bruni-Sarkozy) for the magazine. [31] (#cite_note-31) For Vanity Fair , she profiled people like Bernard-Henri Lévy (/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy) [32] (#cite_note-32) and Mike Nichols (/wiki/Mike_Nichols) . [33] (#cite_note-33) For the New Yorker her subjects included the actor Daniel Day-Lewis (/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis) , chronicler of Russian émigrés in Paris Nina Berberova (/wiki/Nina_Berberova) , and Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana) 's relics post-death. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) She has appeared in numerous documentaries, among them James Kent's Fashion Victim, the Killing of Gianni Versace , Mark Kidel (/wiki/Mark_Kidel) 's Paris Whorehouse and Architecture of the Imagination . Buck narrated James Crump (/wiki/James_Crump) 's 2007 documentary Black, White + Gray , about art collector Sam Wagstaff (/wiki/Sam_Wagstaff) and photographer Robert Mapplethorpe (/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe) . [37] (#cite_note-37) In the early 2010s, she wrote for T magazine (/wiki/T_(New_York_Times)) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ' s fashion magazine, W , and The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) , among others, [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-NYTimesFH-40) and was the consulting editor to Dasha Zhukova (/wiki/Dasha_Zhukova) 's Garage magazine which The New York Times called "one of the most intriguing magazines to come along in years." [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-TheGrindStone-42) [43] (#cite_note-WSJ-43) Her humorous cultural pieces for T included subjects like the culture of high-end bedding and the cross-country tour of The Moth (/wiki/The_Moth) storytelling series, in which she participated in 2009 and 2012. [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-Tmoth-45) For W she covered photographer Taryn Simon (/wiki/Taryn_Simon) , the history of the social scene in Palm Springs (/wiki/Palm_Springs) , and the contemporary femme fatale (/wiki/Femme_fatale) . [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-W-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Since 2015, she has written for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Her topics have included Patti Smith (/wiki/Patti_Smith) , the art of the retort, the mother she chose, dressing one's age, and her friendship with Leonard Cohen (/wiki/Leonard_Cohen) . [7] (#cite_note-mother-7) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) She released a memoir entitled The Price of Illusion via Atria Books (/wiki/Atria_Books) in March 2017. [53] (#cite_note-SandS-53) She appeared on Sandra Bernhard (/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard) 's radio show on Sirius XM (/wiki/Sirius_XM) in early March. [54] (#cite_note-54) Performance [ edit ] She began studying acting in 2002, and appears in a supporting role in Nora Ephron (/wiki/Nora_Ephron) 's 2009 movie Julie & Julia (/wiki/Julie_%26_Julia) as Madame Elisabeth Brassart (/wiki/Madame_Elisabeth_Brassart) , head of the famed Le Cordon Bleu (/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu) cooking school. [24] (#cite_note-NYTimes.com-24) [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) She wrote about the experience of auditioning for Ephron after the latter died in June 2012. [11] (#cite_note-JEphron-11) In 2009, she appeared in an action theater (/wiki/Action_(theatre)) piece during Performa (/wiki/Performa_(performance_festival)) 09 at New York City's White Slab Palace. [58] (#cite_note-58) Curated by Michael Portnoy (/wiki/Michael_Portnoy) and Sarina Basta, [59] (#cite_note-59) Buck and another actor held a conversation guided by a third actor's random flashing of prompt cards (/wiki/Prompter_(theatre)) . In 2010, Buck played Mrs. Prest in an adaptation of The Aspern Papers (/wiki/The_Aspern_Papers) , a Henry James (/wiki/Henry_James) novella, directed by first-time filmmaker Mariana Hellmund. [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) She played Marguerite Duras (/wiki/Marguerite_Duras) in Irina Brook (/wiki/Irina_Brook) 's La Vie matérielle that spring and again in 2013 at La MaMa E.T.C. theater (/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club) in New York City alongside Deadwood (/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)) ' s Nicole Ansari [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-63) In May 2012, she appeared with comedian Eugene Mirman (/wiki/Eugene_Mirman) , performers Ira Glass (/wiki/Ira_Glass) , Lucy Wainwright Roche (/wiki/Lucy_Wainwright_Roche) , and Amber Tamblyn (/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn) in a night of interpretations of the Joan of Arc narrative at the Littlefield, a Brooklyn performance space. [64] (#cite_note-64) In 2015, Buck appeared in the Supergirl (/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)) episode " Red Faced (/wiki/Red_Faced) ," playing Katherine Grant, the mother of CatCo founder Cat Grant. [65] (#cite_note-65) In February 2017, she appeared in a production of 18th-century playwright Pierre de Marivaux (/wiki/Pierre_de_Marivaux) 's The Constant Players (/wiki/Les_Acteurs_de_bonne_foi) at the Henry Clay Frick House (/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick_House) in New York, directed by Mériam Korichi. [66] (#cite_note-66) The next month she was in a Columbia Stages production of Isak Dinesen (/wiki/Isak_Dinesen) 's Babette's Feast (/wiki/Babette%27s_Feast) in the East Village, adapted and directed by Pálína Jónsdóttir. [67] (#cite_note-67) As a child, Buck was cast as a Scots waif in the Walt Disney film Greyfriars Bobby (/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby_(1961_film)) . [68] (#cite_note-68) Novels and adaptations [ edit ] Buck's novels about multicultural expatriates (/wiki/Expatriates) are The Only Place To Be published by Random House (/wiki/Random_House) in 1982 and Daughter of the Swan published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson (/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson) in 1987. [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-70) She was one of a long line of writers commissioned to adapt D. M. Thomas (/wiki/D._M._Thomas) 's novel The White Hotel . Her version was singled out by Thomas as "faithful and intelligent" among versions that included ones by the writer himself and Dennis Potter (/wiki/Dennis_Potter) but the film has never been made. [71] (#cite_note-71) In 2009, the story "The Ghost of the Rue Jacob" [72] (#cite_note-HuffDuffer-72) was a big hit at The Moth (/wiki/The_Moth) . In February 2012, Buck went on "The Unchained Tour of Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) " headed by George Green (/wiki/George_Dawes_Green) , founder of The Moth, on a remodeled 1975 Bluebird schoolbus funded by Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) . It was a hit of the independent bookstores of the state plus Jacksonville (/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida) . [73] (#cite_note-PublishersWeekly-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) The Price of Illusion and other recent work [ edit ] In 2017, she published her memoir of her life in Paris, Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Los Angeles, New York, London and Santa Fe (/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico) from the '60s through the '90s. It was reviewed favorably by The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) , Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) , USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) , among other places, [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) and was an Amazon Editors' Pick and an " Oprah (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) Pick". [77] (#cite_note-77) It was also a starred Publishers Weekly (/wiki/Publishers_Weekly) review, and Kirkus Reviews (/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews) described it as “relentlessly candid and often absorbing account of a complex life spent in and out of the fashion spotlight." [78] (#cite_note-PW-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) It was excerpted in New York magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) in February 2017 [80] (#cite_note-80) and published in paperback in November 2017. [81] (#cite_note-81) It was released as an audiobook on Audible (/wiki/Audible_(service)) in May 2018. In 2020, Buck contributed to “Corona Diary,” for the literary magazine Stat o Rec' s anthology (/wiki/Anthology) , Writing the Virus . It was nominated for the 2021 Pushcart Prize. [82] (#cite_note-82) Asma al-Assad article [ edit ] In its March 2011 issue, Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) published Buck's profile on Asma al-Assad (/wiki/Asma_al-Assad) , wife of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) , describing her as "glamorous, young and very chic—the freshest and most magnetic of first ladies. Her style is not the couture-and-bling dazzle of Middle Eastern power but a deliberate lack of adornment. She's a rare combination: a thin, long-limbed beauty with a trained analytic mind who dresses with cunning understatement." The piece was strongly criticized in the US media as reports of al-Assad's violent repression [83] (#cite_note-83) began to emerge in mid-March. In April, former Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) writer-editor Max Fisher [84] (#cite_note-84) attacked it as an ill-timed " puff piece (/wiki/Puff_piece) ." [85] (#cite_note-Max-85) The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) ' s Paul Farhi wrote, "It may have been the worst-timed, and most tin-eared, magazine article in decades." [86] (#cite_note-WPFarhi-86) "It seems that Ms. Buck's aim was more public relations spin than reportage,” wrote Bari Weiss (/wiki/Bari_Weiss) and David Feith in The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . [87] (#cite_note-87) Although it acknowledged that the article had taken "more than a year" to cultivate, [85] (#cite_note-Max-85) Vogue removed it from its website in May 2011. [86] (#cite_note-WPFarhi-86) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) subsequently reported that the Assad "family paid the Washington public relations firm Brown Lloyd James $5,000 a month to act as a liaison between Vogue and the first lady, according to the firm." [88] (#cite_note-88) In The Washington Post , Jennifer Rubin (/wiki/Jennifer_Rubin_(columnist)) also wrote: "It was the Washington liberal foreign policy community that, for years, had fancied Bashar al-Assad as a constructive player in the Middle East." Quoting Lee Smith, Rubin pointed out that John Kerry (/wiki/John_Kerry) , Teresa Heinz (/wiki/Teresa_Heinz) , and James A. Baker (/wiki/James_A._Baker) , among others, courted Assad in an attempt to sway him from Iran (/wiki/Iran) . "American liberals and Republican realpolitikers were every bit as sycophantic (/wiki/Sycophancy) and deluded as Buck," she wrote. [89] (#cite_note-89) Buck's contract with Vogue, however, was not renewed. [1] (#cite_note-Jez-1) [12] (#cite_note-WWDmaza-12) (In May 2022, in a business article for Washington Post about a new Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) biography, Bloomberg (/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.) 's Adrian Wooldridge (/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge) wrote that Wintour's decision to commission the piece "went against stiff internal opposition" and that it was Buck, "a Wintour friend," as the author of the piece, "who got the chop." [90] (#cite_note-90) ) Buck subsequently wrote in Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) that she had not wanted to write the story, [91] (#cite_note-DB-91) and the explanation generated controversy. [92] (#cite_note-92) In The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Homa Khaleeli wrote, "It's hard to tell if Buck asked Asma—or Bashar whom she also met—any real questions at all." [93] (#cite_note-93) The Vogue article was satirized in The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) , [94] (#cite_note-94) and it was republished in Gawker (/wiki/Gawker.com) in September 2013. [95] (#cite_note-95) Six years later, Buck recalled that she was "tainted, like a leper" and that "There was so much opprobrium sticking to me. I was so flayed. My life as I knew it had vanished." [10] (#cite_note-peace-10) Will Pavia of the London Times (/wiki/The_Times) later wrote that the magazine "left Buck twisting in the wind.... It's hard not to think that Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) contributed to Buck's woes." [23] (#cite_note-pavia-23) Personal life [ edit ] In 1977, Buck married John Heilpern (/wiki/John_Heilpern) , an English journalist and writer; [23] (#cite_note-pavia-23) they divorced in the 1980s. [24] (#cite_note-NYTimes.com-24) She currently lives in Rhinebeck, New York (/wiki/Rhinebeck,_New_York) , [5] (#cite_note-USA2-5) keeping a part of her 7,000-volume library in storage in Poughkeepsie (/wiki/Poughkeepsie) . [10] (#cite_note-peace-10) Works [ edit ] Novels [ edit ] The Only Place to Be , New York: Random House, 1982 Daughter Of The Swan , New York: Weidenfeld, 1987 [96] (#cite_note-96) Non-fiction [ edit ] The Price of Illusion , New York: Altria Books, 2017 [78] (#cite_note-PW-78) Acting [ edit ] Film and television Year Title Role Notes 1961 Greyfriars Bobby (/wiki/Greyfriars_Bobby_(film)) Ailie 2009 Julie & Julia (/wiki/Julie_%26_Julia) Madame Elisabeth Brassart (/wiki/Madame_Elisabeth_Brassart) 2010 The Aspern Papers (/wiki/The_Aspern_Papers) Mrs. Prest 2013 Supergirl (/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)) Katherine Grant Episode: " Red Faced (/wiki/Red_Faced) " Theater Year Play Role Notes 2009 Action theater piece Ensemble White Slab Palace, Performa (/wiki/Performa_(performance_festival)) 09 2010 La Vie matérielle Marguerite Duras (/wiki/Marguerite_Duras) 2013 La Vie matérielle Marguerite Duras La MaMa E.T.C. theater (/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club) 2017 The Constant Players (/wiki/Les_Acteurs_de_bonne_foi) Ensemble Henry Clay Frick House (/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick_House) [97] (#cite_note-97) 2017 Babette's Feast (/wiki/Babette%27s_Feast) Narrator (16 characters) Connelly Theater References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Sauers, Jenna (June 19, 2012). "Rag Trade: Kate Upton Tells GQ About That Time Her Top Fell Off" (http://jezebel.com/5919553/kate-upton-tells-gq-about-that-time-her-top-fell-off) . Retrieved August 27, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Glowczewska, Klara (2012). The Conde Nast Traveler Book of Unforgettable Journeys, Volume II . Penguin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781101603642 . Retrieved December 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-TelegraphObit_3-0) "Obituaries: Jules Buck" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1336908/Jules-Buck.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London. August 10, 2001 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bacall, Lauren (August 21, 1996). "Obituary: Joyce Buck – People" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryjoyce-buck-1310768.html) . The Independent . London. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryjoyce-buck-1310768.html) from the original on June 9, 2022 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cary, Bill (March 14, 2017). "In the Hudson Valley, Joan Juliet Buck ponders a fashionable future" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/nation-now/2017/03/14/hudson-valley-joan-juliet-buck-ponders-fashionable-future/99191320/) . USA Today Network. ^ (#cite_ref-TimesObit_6-0) Gussow, Mel (July 26, 2001). "Jules Buck, 83, Film Producer And Battlefield Cameraman" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/26/arts/jules-buck-83-film-producer-and-battlefield-cameraman.html?scp=1&sq=%22jules%20buck%22&st=cse) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Buck (May 6, 2017). "The Mother I Chose" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a14870/joan-juliet-buck-mother-0516/) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ Jump up to: a b c Thiery, Clément (October 2, 2021). "Joan Juliet Buck: The American Behind Vogue Paris" (https://france-amerique.com/en/joan-juliet-buck-the-american-behind-vogue-paris/) . France-Amérique. ^ (#cite_ref-garag_9-0) La Force, Thessaly (March 31, 2017). "A Former Fashion Editor's Glamorous Walk Through Life" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/books/review/price-of-illusion-memoir-joan-juliet-buck.html) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Green, Penelope (February 16, 2017). "Shunned by Vogue, Joan Juliet Buck Seeks Inner Peace" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/fashion/joan-juliet-buck-vogue-paris-memoir-conde-nast.html) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b Joan Juliet Buck (June 27, 2012). "Joan Juliet Buck on Being in Awe of Nora Ephron" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/27/joan-juliet-buck-on-being-in-awe-of-nora-ephron.html) . Newsweek the Daily Beast . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Maza, Eric (June 18, 2012). "Joan Juliet Buck: No Longer in Vogue" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/joan-juliet-buck-no-longer-in-vogue-5971770?src=rss/recentstories/20120618) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved June 18, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT17_13-0) Green, Penelope (February 16, 2017). "Shunned by Vogue, Joan Juliet Buck Seeks Inner Peace" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/fashion/joan-juliet-buck-vogue-paris-memoir-conde-nast.html?smid=fb-share) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; French Vogue Names Editor" (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/11/business/the-media-business-french-vogue-names-editor.html?scp=1&sq=%22joan%20juliet%20buck%22%20vogue&st=cse) . The New York Times . April 11, 1994 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Gale Contemporary Fashion: Missoni" (http://www.answers.com/topic/missoniLater) . Answers.com . Retrieved August 23, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Doré, Garance (March 23, 2016). "THE PRICE OF ILLUSION: JOAN JULIET BUCK" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090237/http://www.atelierdore.com/photos/the-price-of-illusion-joan-juliet-buck/) . Atelier Doré. Archived from the original (http://www.atelierdore.com/photos/the-price-of-illusion-joan-juliet-buck/) on April 2, 2019 . Retrieved April 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Contributor: Joan Juliet Buck" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210200/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/joan_juliet_buck/search?contributorName=Joan+Juliet+Buck) . New Yorker . Archived from the original (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/joan_juliet_buck/search?contributorName=Joan+Juliet+Buck) on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 23, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Contributors: Joan Juliet Buck" (http://www.cntraveler.com/contributors/joan-juliet-buck) . Condé Nast Traveler . Retrieved August 23, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Under the Tuscan Sun" (http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/under-the-tucson-sun) . Travel + Leisure . February 2004 . Retrieved August 31, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT93_20-0) William Grimes (August 26, 1993). "Film Festival '93: An Emphasis On the Epic, as Seen Personally" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/26/movies/film-festival-93-an-emphasis-on-the-epic-as-seen-personally.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-trebay_21-0) Trebay, Guy. "She's the face of fashion, and its prophet" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E4DE113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (April 16, 2002). ^ (#cite_ref-names_22-0) "French Vogue names editor" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03EFDC123EF932A25757C0A962958260) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (April 11, 1994). ^ Jump up to: a b c Pavia, Will (March 11, 2017). "Joan Juliet Buck: she's got it" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/shes-got-it-36m3k6nmk) . The London Times . ^ Jump up to: a b c La Ferla, Ruth (September 17, 2009). "Stepping Out of Fashion and into Film, Without Glancing Back" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/17/fashion/17BUCK.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-guard_25-0) Cochrane, Lauren (March 27, 2017). "Joan Juliet Buck: on interviewing Asma al-Assad and teaching the French to dress" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/mar/27/joan-juliet-buck-on-interviewing-asma-al-assad-and-teaching-the-french-to-dress) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Buck. "Voguepedia: Marion Cotillard" (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Marion_Cotillard) . Vogue . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Buck. "The Talented Miss Mulligan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130115020514/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/the-talented-miss-mulligan/#1) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/the-talented-miss-mulligan/#1) on January 15, 2013 . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Buck (March 15, 2010). "Vogue Diaries: Gisele Bundchen" (http://www.vogue.com/videos/vogue-diaries-gisele-b252ndche) . Vogue . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Buck, "Tom Stoppard: Kind Heart and Prickly Mind," Vogue , March 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Kelly, Katherine E. (September 20, 2001). index from The Cambridge Companion to Tom Stoppard (https://books.google.com/books?id=RWCYII2jrGgC&q=tom+stoppard++joan+juliet+buck&pg=PA199) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521645928 . Retrieved September 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Buck. "Carla Bruni: Paris Match" (http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/carla-bruni-paris-match/#1) . Retrieved September 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Buck. "France's Prophet Provocateur" (https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2003/01/levy200301) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Buck, "Live Mike: Interview with Mike Nichols," Vanity Fair , June 1994. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Buck. "Postscript: Nina Berberova" (https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1993/10/25/1993_10_25_094_TNY_CARDS_000366033) . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Buck. "Diana's Relics" (https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1997/09/22/1997_09_22_104_TNY_CARDS_000378271) . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Buck. "Actor from the Shadows" (https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1992/10/12/1992_10_12_046_TNY_CARDS_000359761) . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Weissberg, Jay (May 9, 2007). "Black White + Gray: A Portrait of Sam Wagstaff and Robert Mapplethorpe" (http://www.film-festival.org/pdf/Black%20White%20+%20Gray_%20A%20Portrait%20of%20Sam%20Wagstaff%20and%20Review%20-%20Variety.com.pdf) (PDF) . Variety . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Joan Juliet Buck" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/joan-juliet-buck.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 31, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "wOw Scenes: The Views From Our Windows" (http://www.wowowow.com/lifestyle/wow-scenes-the-views-from-our-windows/) . March 18, 2011 . Retrieved August 31, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYTimesFH_40-0) "Full House" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/05/t-magazine/5well-arman-t.html) . The New York Times . December 4, 2010 . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Wilson, Eric (August 24, 2011). "Art and Fashion in Dasha Zhukova's Garage" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/fashion/art-and-fashion-in-dasha-zhukovas-garage.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-TheGrindStone_42-0) "Entrepreneur Dasha Zhukova Is Launching A Magazine Because She Can" (http://thegrindstone.com/office-politics/entrepreneur-dasha-zhukova-is-launching-a-magazine-because-she-can/) . TheGrindStone . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ_43-0) Helmore, Edward (May 26, 2011). "Dasha, Dasha, Dasha" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576329420182131288) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Deep Sleep" (https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/deep-sleep/?smid=fb-share) . T magazine, The New York Times. October 10, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-Tmoth_45-0) "A Bus Called Wanda" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/t-magazine/telling-tales-with-the-moth.html?src=twr) . The New York Times . September 21, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "No Guts, No Glamour" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160204124455/http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/2015/03/dangerous-women-femme-fatales/) . W magazine . March 11, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/2015/03/dangerous-women-femme-fatales/) on February 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-W_47-0) "Taryn's World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120630040212/http://www.wmagazine.com/artdesign/2011/11/taryn-simon-artist) . W magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.wmagazine.com/artdesign/2011/11/taryn-simon-artist) on June 30, 2012 . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Palm Springs Eternal" (http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/travel/2015/08/leonardo-dicaprio-palm-springs/photos/) . W magazine . August 17, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-49) "The Private World of Patti Smith" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a12479/patti-smith-1115/) . Harper's Bazaar . October 30, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-50) "The Art of the Retort" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a11794/joan-juliet-buck-essay-0915/) . Harper's Bazaar . August 26, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Coming of Age" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a10722/coming-of-age-0515/) . Harper's Bazaar . April 28, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-52) "A Fast Life" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a20558/joan-juliet-buck-a-fast-life/) . Harper's Bazaar . March 9, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-SandS_53-0) Buck, Joan Juliet (November 7, 2017). The Price of Illusion . Simon and Schuster website. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781476762951 . Retrieved October 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Joan Juliet Buck" (http://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Joan-Juliet-Buck/436542627#appearances) . Simon & Schuster website . Retrieved February 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Pols, Mary (August 17, 2009). "Julie & Julia: The Joy of Cooking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100627081217/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1914995,00.html) . TIME . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1914995,00.html) on June 27, 2010 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Reiter, Amy. "Entertainment – entertainment, movies, tv, music, celebrity, Hollywood – latimes.com" (http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/la-et-julie-julia7-2009aug07,0,1975214.story) . Calendarlive.com . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Goldfarb, Michael. " (http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2009/08/07/julie_julia_review/index.html) "Julie & Julia" – France" (http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2009/08/07/julie_julia_review/index.html) . Salon . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "The PROMPT (a night club)" (http://performa-arts.org/blog/the-prompt-a-night-club/) . Performa . Retrieved July 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "11–15 Nov 2009: The Prompt" (http://kunstverein.us/events/the-prompt/) . Kunstverein NY Kunstverein programs . Retrieved February 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "The Aspern Papers (2010)" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468741/) . IMDb . Retrieved August 20, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Mariana Hellmund" (https://www.linkedin.com/pub/mariana-hellmund/8/926/8a) . LinkedIn.com . Retrieved August 20, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "La Vie matérielle" (http://www.lamama.org/archives/2010/LaVie.html) . La Mama website . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Purcell, Carey (September 5, 2013). "Irina Brook Will Make New York Directorial Debut With Shakespeare's Sister at La Mama" (http://www.playbill.com/article/irina-brook-will-make-new-york-directorial-debut-with-shakespeares-sister-at-la-mama-com-209176) . Playbill . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "The Talent Show Brand Variety Show: The Shows" (http://thetalentshowbrandvarietyshow.com/the-shows/) . The Talent Show . Retrieved August 20, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Wheatley, Chet (November 30, 2015). "Supergirl: "Red Faced" Review" (https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/12/01/supergirl-red-faced-review) . IGN . Retrieved December 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Sabino, Catherine (January 25, 2017). "See Former French Vogue Editor Star in New Play at the Frick" (http://hauteliving.com/2017/01/see-former-french-vogue-editor-star-in-new-play-at-the-frick/628135/) . Haute Living . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Babette's Feast" (http://www.columbiastages.org/season/2017/4_Directing%20Thesis%204/index.html) . Columbia Stages . Retrieved April 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Greyfriars Bobby (1961) on IMDb.com (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054944/) ^ (#cite_ref-69) "Daughter of the Swan by Joan Juliet Buck 3.82 stars" (http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2530744.Daughter_Of_The_Swan) . Goodreads.com . Retrieved August 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "Daughter of the Swan by Joan Juliet Buck" (http://www.powells.com/biblio/63-9781555841188-0) . Powell's Books . Retrieved August 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) DM Thomas (August 28, 2004). "DM Thomas: My Hollywood hell \| Film" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/aug/28/books.featuresreviews) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-HuffDuffer_72-0) "The Moth: The Ghost of the Rue Jacob" (https://huffduffer.com/JulieD/9220) . HuffDuffer . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-PublishersWeekly_73-0) Schultz, Marc (February 15, 2012). "The Unchained Tour Rides Again" (http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/50647-the-unchained-tour-rides-again.html) . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) McNair, Charles (March 14, 2012). "The Storytellers Tour: Once Upon a Bus" (https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2012/03/unchained-once-upon-a-bus.html) . Paste magazine . Retrieved February 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) Buck, Joan Juliet (November 7, 2017). The Price of Illusion Joan Juliet Buck . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781476762951 . Retrieved April 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Mondalek, Alexandra (March 10, 2017). "What a Former Vogue Editor Has to Say About Princess Diana, Andy Warhol, and the President of Syria" (https://www.yahoo.com/style/what-a-former-vogue-editor-has-to-say-about-princess-diana-andy-warhol-and-the-president-of-syria-163242597.html) . Yahoo!. ^ (#cite_ref-77) Haber, Leigh (April 2017). "20 Best Books To Pick Up This April" (http://www.oprah.com/book/The-Price-of-Illusion?editors_pick_id=67781) . Oprah.com. ^ Jump up to: a b "PW Picks: Books of the Week, March 6, 2017" (http://ssl.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/tip-sheet/article/72937-pw-picks-books-of-the-week-march-6-2017.html) . Publishers Weekly . March 3, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-79) "THE PRICE OF ILLUSION A MEMOIR" (https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/joan-juliet-buck/the-price-of-illusion/) . December 19, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-80) Buck, Joan Juliet, "Au Revoir to All That," New York, Feb. 6–19, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-81) Buck, Joan Juliet (November 7, 2017). The Price of Illusion: A Memoir . Simon & Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781476762951 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "We're saving up our last #Pushcart nomination for the final day of a, well, storied year: @JoanJulietBuck and her searing, superb "Corona Diary," published in the anthology #WritingtheVirus" (https://twitter.com/StatORec/status/1344626903081226241) . StatORec. December 31, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-83) Holliday, Joseph (December 2011). "The Struggle for Syria in 2011: An Operational and Regional Analysis" (http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf) (PDF) . Institute for the Study of War. ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Max Fisher" (https://www.theatlantic.com/author/max-fisher/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Vogue Defends Profile of Syrian First Lady – Max Fisher – International" (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/vogue-defends-profile-of-syrian-first-lady/71764/) . The Atlantic . April 6, 2012 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farhi, Paul (April 26, 2012). "Style: Vogue's flattering article on Syria's first lady is scrubbed from Web" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/vogue-profile-on-assads-wife-disappears/2012/04/25/gIQAgMWthT_story.html) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "Weiss and Feith: The Dictator's Wife Wears Louboutins - WSJ" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704506004576174623822364258) . Wall Street Journal . March 7, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-88) Carter, Bill; Chozick, Amy (June 10, 2012). "Syria's Assads Turned to West for Glossy P.R." (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/syrian-conflict-cracks-carefully-polished-image-of-assad.html) The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Rubin, Jennifer (August 26, 2012). "Diplomats' delusion on Damascus" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/diplomats-duplicity-on-damascus/2012/04/26/gIQA924EjT_blog.html) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Wooldridge, Adrian (May 16, 2022). "How to Manage Like Anna Wintour" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/how-to-manage-likeanna-wintour/2022/05/16/da28d12e-d4d5-11ec-be17-286164974c54_story.html) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-DB_91-0) Syria's Fake First Family (http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-with-syria-s-first-lady.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110710/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-with-syria-s-first-lady.html) July 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) , July 30, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-92) Chozick, Amy (July 31, 2012). "Defense of Ridiculed Vogue Profile of Assad Leads to More Ridicule" (http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/defense-of-ridiculed-vogue-profile-of-assad-leads-to-more-ridicule/) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Khaleeli, Homa (July 31, 2012). "Asma al-Assad and that Vogue piece: take two!" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2012/jul/31/asma-alassad-vogue-blame-game?newsfeed=true) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "The puff piece and its perils" (https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/inquirer/20120406_The_puff_piece_and_its_perils.html) . April 6, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Asma al-Assad: A Rose in the Desert" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150604013456/http://gawker.com/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert-1265002284) . Gawker. September 6, 2013. Archived from the original (http://gawker.com/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert-1265002284) on June 4, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-96) "Fiction Book Review: Daughter of the Swan by Joan Juliet Buck, Author George Weidenfeld & Nicolson $0 (336p) ISBN 978-1-55584-118-8" (https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781555841188) . ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Past Exhibitions: INTRIGUES AND SENTIMENTS" (https://www.frick.org/exhibitions/gouthiere/salon) . The Frick Collection . External links [ edit ] United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Joan Juliet Buck (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0118371/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Buck's Twitter account (https://twitter.com/JoanJulietBuck) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1450843/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000067260967) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/75184617) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxfHxVwvkHbCFxhwXTpP) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007367194705171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81142809) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073017701) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vr70hj) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hcj4w Cached time: 20240720035010 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.978 seconds Real time usage: 1.145 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5227/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 153565/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2771/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 334506/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.625/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7970621/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1029.625 1 -total 54.72% 563.409 1 Template:Reflist 17.87% 184.020 41 Template:Cite_news 17.54% 180.602 24 Template:Cite_web 17.37% 178.831 1 Template:Infobox_writer 16.86% 173.588 1 Template:Infobox 9.18% 94.557 1 Template:Authority_control 8.44% 86.892 20 Template:Cite_magazine 8.13% 83.750 1 Template:Marriage 7.03% 72.394 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15838435-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720035010 and revision id 1216999437. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Juliet_Buck&oldid=1216999437 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Juliet_Buck&oldid=1216999437) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1948 births (/wiki/Category:1948_births) Vogue (magazine) people (/wiki/Category:Vogue_(magazine)_people) American magazine editors (/wiki/Category:American_magazine_editors) French magazine editors (/wiki/Category:French_magazine_editors) Vanity Fair (magazine) people (/wiki/Category:Vanity_Fair_(magazine)_people) The Guardian journalists (/wiki/Category:The_Guardian_journalists) Sarah Lawrence College alumni (/wiki/Category:Sarah_Lawrence_College_alumni) The New Yorker people (/wiki/Category:The_New_Yorker_people) American fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_journalists) American women journalists (/wiki/Category:American_women_journalists) American film actresses (/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses) Actresses from New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_New_York_(state)) Actresses from California (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_California) People from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:People_from_Los_Angeles) 20th-century American writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers) 21st-century American non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers) Random House (/wiki/Category:Random_House) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) French women writers (/wiki/Category:French_women_writers) 20th-century American women writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_writers) 21st-century American women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_writers) Journalists from California (/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_California) American women magazine editors (/wiki/Category:American_women_magazine_editors) 20th-century French women (/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_women) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from October 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2019) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers)
American TV series or program Janice & Abbey Also known as Abbey & Janice: Beauty & The Best Starring Janice Dickinson (/wiki/Janice_Dickinson) Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abigail_Clancy) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 1 No. of episodes 6 Production Running time 60 minutes Original release Network Living (/wiki/Sky_Witness) (U.K.) Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) (U.S.) Release February 19 ( 2008-02-19 ) – March 19, 2008 ( 2008-03-19 ) Janice & Abbey is a reality-television (/wiki/Reality_television) series following the attempt by British (/wiki/United_Kingdom) model Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abigail_Clancy) to break into the American modeling market under the guidance of American supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) Janice Dickinson (/wiki/Janice_Dickinson) . The show premiered in the United Kingdom on May 14, 2007, under the title Abbey & Janice: Beauty & The Best and had its American debut on the Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) television channel on February 19, 2008. Episodes [ edit ] Title in UK Beauty and The Best; Series Producer Louise Cowmeadow U.S. air date Synopsis Swimming With Sharks February 19, 2008 Janice arrives in Abbey's home town of Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) unannounced. She begins her mentorship of Abbey by having her swim with sharks at a local aquarium. Janice relocates Abbey to London (/wiki/London) where they clash at a photo shoot. London Calling February 26, 2008 Abbey arrives in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . Janice criticizes her modeling portfolio (/wiki/Career_portfolio) , saying Abbey has the same facial expression in every photograph. She sends Abbey to an acting coach for some pointers. Later, Janice sends Abbey out to meetings with three modeling agencies, one of which, Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) , expresses interest in representing her. Janice's hairstylist Duke and makeup artist Gabrial Geismar make Abbey over. California Dreaming March 4, 2008 Janice gives Abbey lessons in networking at a party and sets her up for a casting with Christian Audigier with the Ed Hardy (/wiki/Don_Ed_Hardy#Brands) clothing line. Abbey snatches up $5,000 worth of free clothes from the Ed Hardy store and later works the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) at the Art for Life (/w/index.php?title=Art_for_Life&action=edit&redlink=1) Red Party. Movers & Shakers March 11, 2008 Abbey is thrilled to learn that Christian has cast her for Fashion Week (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) . To try to overcome Abbey's habit of blushing, Janice sends her to Trashy Lingerie, a boutique. Abbey and Janice do some radio interviews and Janice is horrified when Abbey says to an African American DJ that she's allergic to chocolate. Walk the Walk March 19, 2008 Janice sets up castings for Abbey with SaturdayNight (/w/index.php?title=SaturdayNight&action=edit&redlink=1) magazine for its annual swimsuit issue and the online magazine Celebrity Babylon (/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Babylon&action=edit&redlink=1) . British breakfast television (/wiki/Breakfast_television) show GMTV (/wiki/GMTV) tags along to the Celebrity Babylon test shoot. Janice engages photographer Peter Brown to build Abbey's portfolio. They do some Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) -style shots and Abbey is thrilled with the results. Abbey meets again with Christian Audigier and they continue to prepare for Fashion Week. Janice critiques Peter's photos and is extremely pleased. She continues to try to build Abbey's confidence but Abbey grows more and more nervous. Success? March 19, 2008 On the day before the big fashion show, Janice drops by Abbey's hotel for intensive walking practice and Abbey continues to struggle with her self-confidence. On show day, Abbey opens and closes the show and is pleased and excited by her performance. Janice and the designer praise her, although Janice believes Abbey needs to work on firming up her behind. On Abbey's last night in Los Angeles, Janice offers final words of praise and encouragement. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) 2007 in British television (/wiki/2007_in_British_television) 2008 in American television (/wiki/2008_in_American_television) List of reality television programs (/wiki/List_of_reality_television_programs) List of television programs by name (/wiki/List_of_television_programs_by_name) List of television spin-offs (/wiki/List_of_television_spin-offs) External links [ edit ] oxygen.com/janiceandabbey.com (http://oxygen.com/janiceandabbey/) , show's official website Janice & Abbey at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (/wiki/The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency) Episodes Season 1 (/w/index.php?title=The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency_episodes_season_1&action=edit&redlink=1) Season 2 (/w/index.php?title=The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency_episodes_season_2&action=edit&redlink=1) Season 3 (/w/index.php?title=The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency_episodes_season_3&action=edit&redlink=1) Season 4 (/w/index.php?title=The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency_episodes_season_4&action=edit&redlink=1) Spin-offs Christmas with the Dickinsons Janice & Abbey NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐765db6b448‐rdrdp Cached time: 20240718210547 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.310 seconds Real time usage: 0.455 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1963/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18882/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2506/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 29/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12534/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3721857/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 424.280 1 -total 57.71% 244.868 11 Template:Main_other 55.43% 235.160 1 Template:Infobox_television 25.57% 108.498 1 Template:Infobox_television/Short_description 25.51% 108.248 1 Template:Infobox 20.06% 85.108 3 Template:Trim 19.56% 83.009 1 Template:The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency 19.45% 82.509 1 Template:Short_description 18.58% 78.821 1 Template:Navbox 17.02% 72.199 1 Template:IMDb_title Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15852927-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718210547 and revision id 1172706361. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janice_%26_Abbey&oldid=1172706361 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janice_%26_Abbey&oldid=1172706361) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s American reality television series (/wiki/Category:2000s_American_reality_television_series) 2008 American television series debuts (/wiki/Category:2008_American_television_series_debuts) 2008 American television series endings (/wiki/Category:2008_American_television_series_endings) American television spin-offs (/wiki/Category:American_television_spin-offs) Reality television spin-offs (/wiki/Category:Reality_television_spin-offs) The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (/wiki/Category:The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency) Modeling-themed reality television series (/wiki/Category:Modeling-themed_reality_television_series) Oxygen (TV channel) original programming (/wiki/Category:Oxygen_(TV_channel)_original_programming) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Outside mainstream ideals of beauty Malice McMunn, with her trademark mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) . Alternative modeling is a branch of the modeling (/wiki/Model_(profession)) industry that features models who do not conform (/wiki/Conformity) to mainstream ideals of beauty. (/wiki/Ideals_of_Beauty) Alternative models are often niche (/wiki/Niche_market) -specific, with a personal style that represents subcultures like goth (/wiki/Goth_subculture) , steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) , and fetishism (/wiki/Fetishism) . An alternative model may, for example, be tattooed (/wiki/Tattoo) , pierced (/wiki/Body_piercings) , or have other body modifications (/wiki/Body_modification) , have distinctively subcultural hair such as being shaved (/wiki/Shaved_head) , dyed a distinctively unnatural color, or styled into a mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) or dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) . Alternative modeling can be clothed or unclothed (/wiki/Nude_(art)) . Alternative modeling was given substantial mainstream media coverage in the 2000s and 2010s, partly through the creation and popularization of community-based alternative modeling paysites, like GodsGirls and SuicideGirls (/wiki/SuicideGirls) . Alternative modeling community sites usually promote their models for their personalities as well as for their looks and portfolios. Markets [ edit ] Alternative models are often employed to promote niche products, either in shops or online, particular subcultural clothing shops and websites. Notable models [ edit ] Yasmin Benoit (/wiki/Yasmin_Benoit) Anita De Bauch (/wiki/Anita_De_Bauch) Billi Gordon (/wiki/Billi_Gordon) Kato (/wiki/Kate_Lambert) Mosh (/wiki/Mosh_(model)) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Ulorin Vex (/wiki/Ulorin_Vex) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Dita Von Teese (/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese) See also [ edit ] Alternative culture (/wiki/Alternative_culture) Alternative fashion (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Model (profession) (/wiki/Model_(profession)) Fetish model (/wiki/Fetish_model) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mosh - Mosh Interview - IGN Video , 6 October 2009 , retrieved 2016-09-08 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Model Mayhem interview: Mosh" (http://www.modelmayhem.com/education/modeling/3400-the-model-mayhem-interview-mosh) . 2013-04-19 . Retrieved 2016-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Model Mayhem interview: Ulorin Vex" (http://www.modelmayhem.com/education/modeling/5152-the-model-mayhem-interview-ulorin-vex) . 2013-01-11 . Retrieved 2016-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Stygion, Danny. "Ulorin Vex Interview" (http://www.sinicalmagazine.com/interviews/676) . www.sinicalmagazine.com . Retrieved 2016-09-08 . External links [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This photography-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_model&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐5n86r Cached time: 20240720090131 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.257 seconds Real time usage: 0.361 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 438/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10028/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 510/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19882/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4238396/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.820 1 -total 37.88% 122.291 1 Template:Reflist 31.40% 101.361 1 Template:Short_description 27.80% 89.745 1 Template:Citation 23.32% 75.296 1 Template:Photo-stub 22.74% 73.411 1 Template:Asbox 15.30% 49.403 2 Template:Pagetype 11.61% 37.464 3 Template:Main_other 10.89% 35.163 1 Template:SDcat 6.19% 19.990 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15931514-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720090131 and revision id 1150607726. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_model&oldid=1150607726 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_model&oldid=1150607726) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Modeling (profession) (/wiki/Category:Modeling_(profession)) Subcultures (/wiki/Category:Subcultures) Human appearance (/wiki/Category:Human_appearance) Photography stubs (/wiki/Category:Photography_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
This article is about the Italian company. For Spark Ignition Direct Injection, see Gasoline direct injection (/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection) . For other uses, see Sidi (disambiguation) (/wiki/Sidi_(disambiguation)) . This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and neutral (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidi_(company)&action=edit) by replacing them with more appropriate citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to reliable, independent, third-party sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources) . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sidi Sport S.r.l. Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) clothing Cycling (/wiki/Cycling) clothing Founded 1960 ; 64 years ago ( 1960 ) , Maser (/wiki/Maser_(TV)) Founder Dino Signori Headquarters Maser (/wiki/Maser_(TV)) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Area served Worldwide Website www.sidi.com (https://www.sidi.com/) Sidi Carbon road shoes ( Froome (/wiki/Chris_Froome) Edition) SIDI (stylized as SiDI ) is an Italian company founded in 1960 by its current president Dino Signori (/w/index.php?title=Dino_Signori&action=edit&redlink=1) . The company takes its name from his initials. It specializes primarily in protective and technical footwear (/wiki/Footwear) for diverse forms of cycling (/wiki/Cycling) and motorcycling (/wiki/Motorcycle) . SIDI is one of the most well known brands of cycling shoes. Its non-MTB shoes have been used by many famous professional cyclists to win many important races, including world championships. Originally, shoes were made with leather uppers and leather soles. Sidi was one of the first, if not the first cycling shoe company to offer adjustable position cleats. Previous cleats needed to be mounted with tacks by a cobbler or the owner. The first Sidi shoe in 1973 was called the Sidi Titanium, and featured a large rectangular titanium plate that covered the area of the sole in contact with the pedal surface. Since the late 1970s plastics and other man-made materials, including Lorica (/wiki/Artificial_Leather) and carbon fibre (/wiki/Carbon_fibre) have been used (in models such as Sidi Ergo 1 and Sidi Ergo 2). Traditionally the shape of the shoes suited feet with a less broad toe area although there is now a "mega" size which is wider. SIDI also produces some other cycling clothing, such as socks. SIDI sponsors many well known MotoGP (/wiki/MotoGP) riders such as Alex Barros (/wiki/Alex_Barros) , Anthony West (/wiki/Anthony_West_(motorcycle_racer)) , Chris Vermeulen (/wiki/Chris_Vermeulen) , Colin Edwards (/wiki/Colin_Edwards) , Loris Capirossi (/wiki/Loris_Capirossi) and Lukas Pesek (/wiki/Lukas_Pesek) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In December 2022, it was announced SIDI had been acquired by the Milan (/wiki/Milan) -based investment holding company, Italmobiliare S.p.A. [2] (#cite_note-2) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Transport portal (/wiki/Portal:Transport) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sidi (http://www.sidisport.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Newman, Luke (December 17, 2022). "Motorcycle boots manufacturer Sidi Sport acquired by Italmobiliare" (https://www.visordown.com/news/industry/motorcycle-boots-manufacturer-sidi-sport-acquired-italmobiliare) . Visordown . Retrieved 2022-12-19 . External links [ edit ] Company homepage (https://www.sidi.com/) v t e Italian bicycle (/wiki/Bicycle) manufacturers Current 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Abici (/wiki/Abici) ALAN (/wiki/ALAN) Askoll (/wiki/Askoll) Atala (/wiki/Atala_(company)) Basso (/wiki/Basso_Bikes) Battaglin Cicli (/w/index.php?title=Battaglin_Cicli&action=edit&redlink=1) Benotto (/w/index.php?title=Benotto&action=edit&redlink=1) Bianchi (/wiki/Bianchi_(company)) Borile (/wiki/Borile) Bottecchia (/wiki/Bottecchia) Carnielli (/wiki/Carnielli) Carrera Podium (/w/index.php?title=Carrera_Podium&action=edit&redlink=1) C.B.T. Italia (/w/index.php?title=C.B.T._Italia&action=edit&redlink=1) Casati (/wiki/Casati) Chesini (/w/index.php?title=Chesini&action=edit&redlink=1) Cinelli (/wiki/Cinelli) Ciöcc (/w/index.php?title=Ci%C3%B6cc&action=edit&redlink=1) Colnago (/wiki/Colnago) Daccordi (/w/index.php?title=Daccordi&action=edit&redlink=1) De Rosa (/wiki/De_Rosa_(bicycle_company)) Di Blasi Industriale (/wiki/Di_Blasi_Industriale) Faggin (/wiki/Faggin) Frera (/wiki/Frera) Gios (/w/index.php?title=Gios&action=edit&redlink=1) Guerciotti (/wiki/Guerciotti) Kuota (/wiki/Kuota) Legnano (/wiki/Legnano) MCipollini (/w/index.php?title=MCipollini&action=edit&redlink=1) Dario Pegoretti (/wiki/Dario_Pegoretti) Iride (/wiki/Iride_Bicycles) Masciaghi (/w/index.php?title=Masciaghi&action=edit&redlink=1) Moser Cicli Olmo Olympia Pinarello (/wiki/Pinarello) Rewel Bikes (/w/index.php?title=Rewel_Bikes&action=edit&redlink=1) Somec (/wiki/Somec) Stelbel (/wiki/Stelbel) Tommasini (/wiki/Tommasini) Torpado (/wiki/Torpado) Wilier Triestina (/wiki/Wilier_Triestina) Zullo (/wiki/Zullo) Defunct AMF Gloria (/w/index.php?title=AMF_Gloria&action=edit&redlink=1) Chiorda (/w/index.php?title=Chiorda&action=edit&redlink=1) Cimatti (/wiki/Cimatti) Emilio Bozzi & Co. (/wiki/Emilio_Bozzi) Frejus (/wiki/Frejus) Italvega (/wiki/Italvega) Maffeis (/wiki/Maffeis) Maino (/w/index.php?title=Maino_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) Masi (/wiki/Masi_Bicycles) Pogliaghi (/wiki/Pogliaghi) Prinetti & Stucchi (/wiki/Prinetti_%26_Stucchi) Romani Rossin (/wiki/Rossin) Components 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Ambrosio (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_(Fahrradhersteller)) Campagnolo (/wiki/Campagnolo) Cinelli (/wiki/Cinelli) Columbus (/wiki/Columbus_(company)) DM Telai (/w/index.php?title=DM_Telai&action=edit&redlink=1) Fulcrum Wheels (/wiki/Fulcrum_Wheels) Gipiemme (/w/index.php?title=Gipiemme&action=edit&redlink=1) Italmanubri (/w/index.php?title=Italmanubri&action=edit&redlink=1) Marzocchi (/wiki/Marzocchi) Miche (/wiki/Miche_(company)) Modolo (/wiki/Modolo) Paioli (/w/index.php?title=Paioli&action=edit&redlink=1) Pirelli (/wiki/Pirelli) Selle Royal (/wiki/Selle_Royal) Vittoria (/wiki/Vittoria_S.p.A.) Italian cycle designers Antenore Belletti (/wiki/Antenore_Belletti) Stelio Belletti (/wiki/Stelio_Belletti) Edoardo Bianchi (/wiki/Edoardo_Bianchi) Ottavio Bottecchia (/wiki/Ottavio_Bottecchia) Emilio Bozzi (/wiki/Emilio_Bozzi) Tullio Campagnolo (/wiki/Tullio_Campagnolo) Cino Cinelli (/wiki/Cino_Cinelli) Ernesto Colnago (/wiki/Ernesto_Colnago) Maurizio Fondriest (/wiki/Maurizio_Fondriest) Francesco Moser (/wiki/Francesco_Moser) Giuseppe Olmo (/wiki/Giuseppe_Olmo) Dario Pegoretti (/wiki/Dario_Pegoretti) Other Biemme (/w/index.php?title=Biemme&action=edit&redlink=1) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) De Marchi (/wiki/De_Marchi_(clothing)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave_(sportswear)) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/149471396) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7fg47 Cached time: 20240721140303 Cache expiry: 899819 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.388 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1677/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 71346/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30396/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.236/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5350543/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 438.483 1 -total 23.32% 102.262 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.71% 90.798 2 Template:Navbox 20.65% 90.528 1 Template:Infobox 18.85% 82.637 1 Template:Reflist 17.30% 75.858 1 Template:Italian_cycle_manufacturers 16.37% 71.762 1 Template:Cite_web 12.29% 53.903 1 Template:Third-party 11.87% 52.042 1 Template:About 8.93% 39.143 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15934768-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721140303 and revision id 1226338964. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidi_(company)&oldid=1226338964 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidi_(company)&oldid=1226338964) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1960 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1960) Italian companies established in 1960 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1960) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Motorcycle safety gear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Motorcycle_safety_gear_manufacturers) Italian brands (/wiki/Category:Italian_brands) Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Companies based in Veneto (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Veneto) Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2012) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Valentino_Fashion_Group) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Valentino_Fashion_Group) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Valentino_Fashion_Group) . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Italian consortium of luxury fashion companies Valentino Fashion Group Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 2005 ; 19 years ago ( 2005 ) Owner Mayhoola for Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) Website valentinofashiongroup (http://valentinofashiongroup.com) .com (http://valentinofashiongroup.com) The Valentino Fashion Group is an Italian consortium (/wiki/Consortium) of luxury fashion companies currently owned by the Qatari royal family (/wiki/Qatari_royal_family) . In 2002, the Valentino fashion house (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) was purchased by the Marzotto Group (/wiki/Marzotto) , [1] (#cite_note-1) joining a group that included Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , and licensed products for Gianfranco Ferre, M Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , and MCS Marlboro Classics. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2005, Marzotto spun off Valentino and its other fashion brands into the Valentino Fashion Group. [3] (#cite_note-3) As a result of a takeover bid made in the second half of 2007, Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A. passed under the control of Permira (/wiki/Permira) , a private equity fund (/wiki/Private_equity_fund) . Until 23 December 2009, there were three business units (/wiki/Business_unit) , which even included Hugo Boss, a company which was relinquished on that date and therefore no longer a part of the consolidated (/wiki/Consolidation_(business)) group. [ citation needed ] On 11 July 2012, Mayhoola for Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) , sustained by a large private group from Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) , purchased Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) and the M Missoni licence, while MCS Marlboro Classics remains the property of Red & Black, a company indirectly owned by the Permira funds in partnership with the Marzotto family. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kennedy, Alicia; Stoehrer, Emily Banis; Calderin, Jay (February 2013). Fashion Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the History, Language, and ... - Alicia Kennedy, Emily Banis Stoehrer, Jay Calderin - Google Books . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781592536771 . Retrieved 2018-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Valentino sale reveals sour market for high-end firms : Luxury has gone out of fashion - The New York Times" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/28/news/28iht-val_ed3_.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 2002-03-28 . Retrieved 2018-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Microsoft Word - 0900b0da8013f2c1.doc" (http://www.borsaitaliana.it/bitApp/view.bit?lang=it&target=StudiDownloadFree&filename=pdf%2F37624.pdf) (PDF) (in Italian) . Retrieved 2018-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lauren Cochrane (13 July 2012). "Why the Valentino buyout is the future of fashion \| Fashion" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2012/jul/13/valentino-qatar-buy-out) . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Qatari Group to Acquire Valentino for $850 Million" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/qatari-investment-group-to-buy-valentino-for-850-million) . New York Times . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . External links [ edit ] Valentino Fashion Group SpA (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/V:IM) Bloomberg Corporate information (https://www.valentino.com/en-us/experience/corporate-information) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐48b82 Cached time: 20240713210037 Cache expiry: 1565964 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.330 seconds Real time usage: 0.490 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1879/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7633/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28051/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6216862/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 424.781 1 -total 27.45% 116.583 1 Template:Reflist 26.98% 114.623 3 Template:Ambox 24.64% 104.648 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.10% 93.864 1 Template:Multiple 19.55% 83.036 1 Template:Infobox 19.06% 80.976 1 Template:Cite_book 13.21% 56.099 1 Template:Short_description 9.58% 40.710 1 Template:COI 8.21% 34.892 9 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16072347-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713210037 and revision id 1229599124. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentino_Fashion_Group&oldid=1229599124 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentino_Fashion_Group&oldid=1229599124) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Valentino Fashion Group (/wiki/Category:Valentino_Fashion_Group) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Italian companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_2005) Clothing companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) Design companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2005) Multinational companies headquartered in Italy (/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Italy) Companies based in Milan (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Milan) Permira companies (/wiki/Category:Permira_companies) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_possible_conflicts_of_interest_from_August_2018) Wikipedia articles with undisclosed paid content from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_undisclosed_paid_content_from_August_2018) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018)
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Protective equipment in gridiron football" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Protective+equipment+in+gridiron+football%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kevin Grady (/wiki/Kevin_Grady) wearing a winged football helmet (/wiki/Winged_football_helmet) with a clear visor (/wiki/Visor) and a mouthguard Protective equipment in gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) (" football gear ") consists of equipment worn by football players for the protection of the body during the course of a football game. Basic equipment worn by most football players include helmet (/wiki/Football_helmet) , shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)) , gloves, shoes, and thigh and knee pads (/wiki/Knee_pad) , a mouthguard, and a jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) or compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) with or without a protective cup (/wiki/Jockstrap#Protective_cup) . Neck rolls, elbow pads (/wiki/Elbow_pad) , hip pads, tailbone pads, rib pads, and other equipment may be worn in addition to the aforementioned basics. Football protective equipment is made of synthetic materials: foam rubbers (/wiki/Foam_rubber) , elastics (/wiki/Elastomer) , and durable, shock-resistant, molded plastic (/wiki/Plastic) . Football protective equipment has remained consistent in use for decades with some slight modifications made over the years in design and materials. The assignment and maintenance of football gear belongs to the team equipment manager (/wiki/Equipment_manager) . Helmet [ edit ] Main article: Football helmet (/wiki/Football_helmet) American football (/wiki/American_football) helmet The professional football helmet consists of several distinct parts: the shell, jaw pads and abdomen bladders, face mask, chin strap, and mouth guard. The shell is constructed of hard plastic with thick padding on the inside, a face mask made of two or more metal bars (usually two spaced far apart and a third close to the middle), and a chinstrap used to secure the helmet. Helmets are a requirement at all levels of organized football, except for non-tackle variations such as flag football. Although they are protective, players can and do still suffer head injuries such as concussion. Football helmets bear the logo of the team and the team colors. By the mid-1980s, the football helmet had become a complex, highly engineered piece of equipment. The inside of the helmets was lined with foam padding and plastic pods, or an inflatable layer designed to absorb the shock of impact and create as tight as fit as possible. In 1995. the football helmet went high-tech, when a new rule permitted quarterbacks to have a radio transmitter in their helmets, making it possible for a team’s coach to call in plays without the need for elaborate sideline semaphore. [1] (#cite_note-1) There are several styles of face masks and chin straps available. The selection is left to the player, with quarterbacks generally selecting more open masks with maximum visibility. Each position has a different type of face mask to balance protection and visibility. There are at least 15 different facemask styles. New design for the helmet includes an integrated faceguard featuring shock absorbing "Energy Wedges" that reduce the force of impacts to the faceguard. A recent addition to the football helmet is a visor or eye shield, traditionally used to protect players from eye injuries or glare. Former Chicago Bears (/wiki/Chicago_Bears) quarterback Jim McMahon (/wiki/Jim_McMahon) was the first to wear a visor/shield. The visors started out as clear or smoked, but now come in colors ranging from blue, gold, black, rainbow, silver, or amber. The visor/shield is used at the player's discretion. The helmet fitting process starts by measuring the player's head with calipers (/wiki/Calipers) . Based on measurements taken, a helmet shell of the appropriate size and style is chosen. Then, padding is added to ensure that the helmet fits the player's head. Padding consists of both foam rubber pads and inflatable (air) pads. Both the top and side padding include inflatable bladders that customize the fit. Once the helmet is in place on the player's head, the inflater bulb is applied to two points on the outside of the helmet. The jaw pads are fitted to ensure that the lower part of the helmet is snug against the player's face. The helmets that most NFL teams use are remarkably light, and once the pads are in place, there is no movement or shifting on the player's head. Radio [ edit ] The first in-helmet radio transmitter was invented in 1956 by John Campbell and George Sarles, who approached then-Cleveland Browns owner Paul Brown to install a radio inside quarterback George Ratterman's helmet. It only resulted in game time interference, and was outlawed by then-NFL commissioner Bert Bell after only three preseason games. [2] (#cite_note-2) The NFL allowed dummy communication in regular-season games in 1994, 38 years after the Browns' experiment. Rather than coaches calling a time-out in order to give a play to a quarterback, many of today's teams have opted for radios inside their quarterback's helmet. The helmets are set up with a small speaker in each ear hole. Quarterback coaches or offensive coordinators on the sidelines talk to the quarterback with a radio, giving him specific plays and options. Players from the "old school" might argue that this creates an unfair advantage, but proponents say that the radio helmets make for clear coach-to-player communication, even in large, noisy games like the Super Bowl. NFL rules state that all helmets with a headset in them must have a visible green dot on the back. Since only the quarterback can have a wired helmet, it stops other players using the quarterback's helmet. A few times in 2006 the holder on the field goal attempt was told to pull up and throw or run at the last second because of a change the coaches saw on the field. This gave teams an "unfair advantage" in the eyes of the NFL. The new rules let each team know who is wearing a headset and who is hearing the plays being called. There are limitations to the radio helmet though since it can be distracting for players who are not used to them. Additionally helmets with speakers are generally more expensive than traditional helmets, and they require additional maintenance and care to ensure that the speakers and microphone are working properly. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Shoulder pads [ edit ] Main article: Shoulder pads (sport) (/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)) Shoulder pads The shoulder pads consist of a hard plastic outer shell with shock-absorbing foam padding underneath. The pads fit over the shoulders and the chest and rib area, and are secured with various snaps and buckles. Shoulder pads give football players their typical "broad-shouldered" look, and are fitted to an adult player by measuring across the player's back from shoulder blade to shoulder blade with a soft cloth measuring tape and then adding 1/2 inch. For comfort, shoulder pads are sometimes worn in conjunction with a shoulder pads cushion of foam rubber over a cotton half-tee. Shoulder pads accomplish two things for a football player: (1) they absorb some of the shock of impact through deformation. The pads at the shoulders are strung on tight webbing and deform on impact, and (2) they distribute the shock through a larger pad that is designed to regulate players' body temperatures during games and practices and also protects against injury. Jockstrap, or athletic supporter [ edit ] Main article: Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) Protective cup A typical jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) used in football is constructed of a wide elastic waistband with a support pouch of cotton/elastic to contain the genitals. Two wide elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip complete the jock. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact resistant cup (/wiki/Jockstrap#Protective_cup) (protective cup) to protect the testicles and penis from injury. Many youth football players, such as the Pop Warner (/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner) leagues, are often required to wear a protective cup. However, they are now not worn as often at the high school, college, and peewee level, although still highly recommended. [4] (#cite_note-4) The jockstrap is the one piece of equipment used in football that predates the sport itself. In 1874, Charles Bennett of the Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, created the "bicycle jockey strap" for bicycle riders (or, bicycle jockeys as they were then known). Other athletes adopted the jockey strap in their sports. A mass marketing in 1902 claimed the garment, now termed a "small comforter" was "medically installed" for all males that engaged in sports or harmful activity. Jerseys and pants [ edit ] The main purpose of these two garments is to identify the player by name and number (/wiki/Number_(sports)#American_football) , and by his team colors (/wiki/Away_colours) . Jerseys. The front and back of the jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(sport)) are usually nylon, with spandex side panels to keep it taut. The goal is to make it difficult for an opposing player to grab hold of the jersey and use it for leverage. To help this process: Jerseys have an extension at the bottom that wraps around from front to back to keep the jersey tucked in. Jerseys have a wide strip of Velcro at the rear that mates with Velcro inside the waistband of the pants. Many players apply two-sided carpet tape to their shoulder pads so that the jersey sticks to the pads. The players individually choose which of these features (if any) they will use. Each professional football player is usually equipped with a set of practice jerseys as well as four-game jerseys. Players will change jerseys at half time if it is raining. Jerseys will usually have a variety of patches affixed to the shoulders or other parts of the garment. Patches may depict the American flag, the team logo (/wiki/Logo#Sports) , or other significant information. Pants. Pants are manufactured in nylon and mesh (for hot weather practices), and nylon and spandex for a tight fit (with team colors) for games. Most pants are manufactured with the traditional lace-up fly as a zippered fly is impractical and subject to damage due to stress in the rough and tumble of the game. The interior sides of the pants legs contain four individual pockets to hold two thigh pads (one for each leg) and two knee pads. The pads are placed in the pockets before the pants are put on in the locker room. The pants are secured with a belt, sometimes with a traditional metal buckle or with several rings. Game-used jerseys and pants are sports collectibles, with those of celebrity athletes realizing high sums. Footwear [ edit ] Main article: Cleat (shoe) (/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)) Similar to soccer cleats (/wiki/Football_boots) , gridiron football shoewear have soles that consist of spikes called "cleats" purposefully designed for games on grass. Some cleats have removable cleats that can be screwed into specific holes. Cleat sizes are changed, depending on the conditions of the field (longer cleats provide better traction on a wet field, shorter cleats provide greater speed on a dry field). Flat bottomed shoes, called "turf shoes," are worn on artificial turf (/wiki/Artificial_turf) (specifically AstroTurf (/wiki/AstroTurf) due to the lack of soil that causes friction and grip in artificial fields. Other [ edit ] Hip, tail, thigh, and knee pads [ edit ] Further information: Knee pad (/wiki/Knee_pad) Quilted hip pads date to the 1890s and are one of the earliest pieces of protective football gear known. Today, hip and tailbone pads are made of plastic and protect the hips, pelvis (/wiki/Human_pelvis) , and coccyx (/wiki/Coccyx) or tailbone. The pads are inserted into the pockets of a girdle worn under the football pants. Thigh and knee pads are made of plastics and inserted into pockets constructed inside the football pants. Nose guard [ edit ] For the like-named gridiron football defensive lineman position, see Nose guard (/wiki/Nose_guard) . Football nose armor as depicted in The Daily Review (Decatur, Illinois) of December 4, 1892 In the days before helmets, players often wore nose guards or "nose masks" or "nose armor". [5] (#cite_note-Antique-5) Football was a brutal sport before the introduction of helmets and other protective gear. Serious injuries and even deaths were common occurrences in the game. Harvard's All-American center, John Cranston (/wiki/John_Cranston_(American_football)) , was the first player to wear equipment to protect his face during an American football (/wiki/American_football) game. In order to protect Cranston's "weak nose," Harvard captain and 1889 All-American (/wiki/1889_College_Football_All-America_Team) Arthur Cumnock (/wiki/Arthur_Cumnock) invented a device that he called "nose armor." [6] (#cite_note-Armor-6) Cumnock's invention gained popularity, and in 1892, a newspaper article described the growing popularity of the device: "By the invention of nose armor football players who have been hitherto barred from the field because of broken or weak noses are now able to thrust an armor protected nose (even though it be broken) into the center of the roughest scrimmage without danger to the sensitive nasal organ. The armor is made of fine rubber and protects both the nose and teeth." [6] (#cite_note-Armor-6) Percy Langdon Wendell (/wiki/Percy_Langdon_Wendell) later invented the most commonly used version of the nose mask. [5] (#cite_note-Antique-5) Gloves [ edit ] Many receivers wear gloves that have sticky rubber palms, called tack gloves. Spray on sticky substances (such as Stick 'em) have been illegal since the 1980s. Linemen also wear gloves, for using their hands to fight off opposing linemen. The gloves worn by linemen usually are lined with very thick padding to better protect fingers and hands, which sometimes are caught in an opponent's face mask or are stepped on. Players are not permitted to put gels or "stick 'ems" on their gloves. Equipment management [ edit ] The role of an equipment manager has become an important one for football teams. The equipment manager has two main areas of responsibility: first, fitting each player on the team with a customized array of equipment that will provide maximum protection against injury, and, secondly, being responsible for the logistics of handling many pieces of equipment on a daily basis—keeping it repaired and in stock, and moving the equipment for road games. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Stamp, Jimmy (October 1, 2012). "Leatherhead to Radio-Head: The Evolution of the Football Helmet" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/leatherhead-to-radio-head-the-evolution-of-the-football-helmet-56585562/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ratterman's Radio Helmet" (https://www.profootballhof.com/news/ratterman-s-radio-helmet/) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . 2005 . Retrieved September 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_3-0) Smith, Andrew (April 11, 2023). "Are Football Helmets With Speakers The Future Of The Sport?" (https://soundscapehq.com/do-football-helmets-have-speakers/#:~:text=The%20first%20football%20helmets%20with%20speakers%20were%20developed,they%20are%20now%20widely%20used%20in%20the%20sport.) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fleming, David (November 10, 2005). "When Did Cups Become Uncool?" (https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=fleming/040922) . Flem File. Page 2 . ESPN (/wiki/ESPN) . Retrieved April 23, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hornung, Chris (July 2, 2017). "The History of the Football Nose Mask" (http://www.antiquefootball.com/nosemask_history_4.htm) . antiquefootball.com . Retrieved May 3, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Football Nose Armor" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50110224/football-nose-armor/) . The Olean Democrat . Olean, New York (/wiki/Olean,_New_York) . November 29, 1892. p. 6 . Retrieved May 3, 2020 – via newspapers.com. It is said that Captain Cumnock, of Harvard, invented the nose armor so that Cranston, the great Harvard centre rush, who had a weak nose, could play with the crimson eleven. "Vintage Football Equipment" (http://www.antiqueathlete.com/vintage-football-equipment.shtml) . Antique Athlete . Long, Howie & Czarnecki, John (2003). Football for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7645-3936-1 . Newell, Kevin (January 1892). "Gridiron Greats: Football Equipment That Scores!". Coach and Athletic Director . Pronger, Brian (1990). The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex . St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0312050534 . Theismann, Joe & Tarcy, Brian (2010). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Football (2nd ed.). Alpha. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-864167-6 . External links [ edit ] American football portal (/wiki/Portal:American_football) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Media related to American football equipment (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_football_equipment) at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Canadian football equipment (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_football_equipment) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Gridiron football equipment General Ball (/wiki/Ball_(gridiron_football)) Goal posts (/wiki/Goal_(sports)) Helmet (/wiki/Football_helmet) Eyeshield (/wiki/Eyeshield) Face mask (/wiki/Face_mask_(gridiron_football)) Guardian Cap (/wiki/Guardian_Cap) History (/wiki/History_of_the_football_helmet) Revolution (/wiki/Revolution_helmets) Winged (/wiki/Winged_football_helmet) Uniforms Away colours (/wiki/Away_colours) Alternate (/wiki/Third_jersey) Numbers (/wiki/Uniform_number_(American_football)) Throwback (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) Other equipment Cleats (/wiki/Football_boot) Shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)) Athletic Cup (/wiki/Jockstrap) v t e Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) concepts Codes American (/wiki/American_football) Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms) History (/wiki/History_of_American_football) Early (/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football) Modern (/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football) Rules (/wiki/American_football_rules) Arena (/wiki/Arena_football) Canadian (/wiki/Canadian_football) American–Canadian comparison (/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football) Burnside rules (/wiki/Burnside_rules) Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football) 9-man (/wiki/Nine-man_football) 8-man (/wiki/Eight-man_football) 7-man (/wiki/A7FL) 6-man (/wiki/Six-man_football) Flag (/wiki/Flag_football) Touch (/wiki/Touch_football_(American)) Street/Backyard (/wiki/Street_football_(American)) Powderpuff (/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)) Wheelchair (/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)) Rules of gridiron football codes (/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules) Levels of play Youth/midget Pop Warner (/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars) AYF (/wiki/American_Youth_Football) High school (/wiki/High_school_football) Varsity (/wiki/Varsity_team) Junior varsity (/wiki/Junior_varsity_team) College (/wiki/College_football) Club (/wiki/Club_football) Sprint (/wiki/Sprint_football) Semi-pro (/wiki/Semi-professional) Professional (/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football) Women's (/wiki/Women%27s_American_football) International (/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football) Field (/wiki/American_football_field) Lines Yard lines (/wiki/Yard_lines) Hash marks (/wiki/Hash_marks) End line (/wiki/End_line) Goal line (/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)) Sidelines (/wiki/Sidelines) Line of scrimmage (/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage) Field goal range (/wiki/Field_goal_range) Spaces End zone (/wiki/End_zone) Red zone (/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)) Dead zone (/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)) Neutral zone (/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)) Coffin corner (/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)) Flat (/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)) Gap (/wiki/Gap_(American_football)) Hole (/wiki/Hole_(American_football)) Pocket (/wiki/Passing_pocket) Scoring Touchdown (/wiki/Touchdown) One-point conversion (/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)) Two-point conversion (/wiki/Two-point_conversion) Field goal (/wiki/Field_goal) Safety (/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)) Single (rouge) (/wiki/Single_(football)) Ball handling Snap (/wiki/Snap_(football)) Forward pass (/wiki/Forward_pass) Lateral (/wiki/Lateral_pass) Incomplete pass (/wiki/Incomplete_pass) Drop-back pass (/wiki/Drop-back_pass) Hail Mary pass (/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass) Hand-off (/wiki/Hand-off) Rush (/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)) Punt (/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)) Touchback (/wiki/Touchback) Drop kick (/wiki/Drop_kick) Kickoff (/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)) Onside kick (/wiki/Onside_kick) Turnovers (/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)) Fumble (/wiki/Fumble) Interception (/wiki/Interception) Muffed punt (/wiki/Muffed_punt) "Peanut Punch" (/wiki/Charles_Tillman) Turnover on downs (/wiki/Turnover_on_downs) Downs (/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)) First down (/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)) Three-and-out (/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out) Fourth down conversion (/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion) Dead ball (/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football) Play clock (/wiki/Play_clock) Timeout (/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football) Kneel (/wiki/Quarterback_kneel) Spike (/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)) Time warnings 3 min. (/wiki/Three-minute_warning) 2 min. (/wiki/Two-minute_warning) 1 min. (/wiki/One-minute_warning) Clock management (/wiki/Clock_management) Running out the clock (/wiki/Running_out_the_clock) Untimed play (/wiki/Untimed_play) Garbage time (/wiki/Garbage_time) Statistics Carry (/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)) Completion (/wiki/Completion_(American_football)) Rushing yards (/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)) Passing yards (/wiki/Passing_yards) Passer rating (/wiki/Passer_rating) Total quarterback rating (/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating) Reception (/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)) Receiving yards (/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)) Pass deflected (/wiki/Pass_deflected) Sack (/wiki/Quarterback_sack) Return yards (/wiki/Return_yards) Total offense (/wiki/Total_offense) Yards after catch (/wiki/Yards_after_catch) Yards from scrimmage (/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage) All-purpose yardage (/wiki/All-purpose_yardage) Touchdown pass (/wiki/Touchdown_pass) Practice Practice squad (/wiki/Practice_squad) Two-a-days (/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)) Oklahoma drill (/wiki/Oklahoma_drill) Three-cone drill (/wiki/Three-cone_drill) Film session (/wiki/Film_session) Officiating Official (/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)) ( American (/wiki/Official_(American_football)) , Canadian (/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)) ) Chain crew (/wiki/Chain_crew) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)) Penalty flag (/wiki/Penalty_flag) Instant replay (/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football) Related Ball (/wiki/Gridiron_ball) Blocking (/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)) Coaching tree (/wiki/Coaching_tree) Concussions (/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football) Equipment Football IQ (/wiki/Football_IQ) Formations (/wiki/Formation_(American_football)) List (/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football) Letterman (/wiki/Letterman_(sports)) Gatorade shower (/wiki/Gatorade_shower) Overtime (/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football) Plays (/wiki/American_football_plays) Positions (/wiki/American_football_positions) Running up the score (/wiki/Running_up_the_score) Strategy (/wiki/American_football_strategy) Touchdown celebration (/wiki/Touchdown_celebration) Tuck rule (/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)) Trading card (/wiki/American_football_card) Twelfth man (/wiki/12th_man_(football)) v t e Supporter culture General topics Fan loyalty (/wiki/Fan_loyalty) Philosophy of sport (/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport) Racism in sport (/wiki/Racism_in_sport) Spectator sport (/wiki/Spectator_sport) Sports fan (/wiki/Sports_fan) Sports rivalry (/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries) Actions Booing (/wiki/Booing) Cheering (/wiki/Cheering) Crowd abuse (/wiki/Crowd_abuse) Music (/wiki/Music_at_sporting_events) ( Fight song (/wiki/Fight_song) Stadium anthem (/wiki/Stadium_anthem) ) Pitch invasion (/wiki/Pitch_invasion) Trash talk (/wiki/Trash_talk) Violence (/wiki/Violence_in_sports) Associated activities Cheerleading (/wiki/Cheerleading) Groundhopping (/wiki/Groundhopping) Haka (/wiki/Haka_(sports)) Hooliganism (/wiki/Hooliganism) Sports betting (/wiki/Sports_betting) Sports tourism (/wiki/Sports_tourism) Tifo (/wiki/Tifo) Cultures by sport Cricket Barmy Army (/wiki/Barmy_Army) Beer wench (/wiki/Beer_wench) Beer snake (/wiki/Beer_snake) Sledging (/wiki/Sledging_(cricket)) North American sports Collegiate sport rituals (/wiki/Collegiate_sport_ritual_in_the_United_States) Jocks (/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)) Kiss cam (/wiki/Kiss_cam) Surf culture (/wiki/Surf_culture) Tailgate party (/wiki/Tailgate_party) Other Association football culture (/wiki/Association_football_culture) Australian rules football culture (/wiki/Australian_rules_football_culture) Songs (/wiki/Music_at_sporting_events) Stadium anthem (/wiki/Stadium_anthem) Football chant (/wiki/Football_chant) Fight song (/wiki/Fight_song) Sports memorabilia (/wiki/Sports_memorabilia) Clothing (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) General Away colours (/wiki/Away_colours) Third jersey (/wiki/Third_jersey) Throwback uniform (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) Name (/wiki/Name_(sports)) Number (/wiki/Number_(sports)) Rally cap (/wiki/Rally_cap) By sport American football Association football (/wiki/Kit_(association_football)) Australian football (/wiki/Guernsey_(Australian_rules_football)) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball_uniform) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_kit) Ice hockey (/wiki/Hockey_jersey) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_shirt) Other Event programme (/wiki/Event_programme) Pennant (/wiki/Pennant_(sports)) Rally towel (/wiki/Rally_towel) Supporter scarf (/wiki/Supporter_scarf) Types of supporter (/wiki/Supporters%27_groups) Barra brava (/wiki/Barra_brava) Casuals (/wiki/Casual_(subculture)) Hooligan firm (/wiki/Hooligan_firm) Roligan (/wiki/Roligan) Supporters' trust (/wiki/Supporters%27_trust) Tifosi (/wiki/Tifosi) Torcedor organizado (/wiki/Torcida_organizada) Ultras (/wiki/Ultras) Other Sporting man culture (/wiki/Sporting_man_culture) Sports mascots (/wiki/Sports_mascots) Sports-related curses (/wiki/Sports-related_curses) Terrace (stadium) (/wiki/Terrace_(stadium)) Bleacher (/wiki/Bleacher) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐s8bdg Cached time: 20240721202015 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.474 seconds Real time usage: 0.673 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1668/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 103727/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1189/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67037/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.284/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6532868/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 550.021 1 -total 22.15% 121.821 1 Template:Reflist 19.52% 107.374 10 Template:Navbox 17.35% 95.408 5 Template:Cite_web 16.33% 89.802 1 Template:Short_description 15.36% 84.485 1 Template:Gridiron_football_equipment 11.98% 65.895 2 Template:Ambox 7.16% 39.400 2 Template:Pagetype 6.90% 37.936 4 Template:Main_other 6.90% 37.935 1 Template:Refimprove Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16159269-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721202015 and revision id 1235900760. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football&oldid=1235900760 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football&oldid=1235900760) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American football equipment (/wiki/Category:American_football_equipment) Canadian football (/wiki/Category:Canadian_football) Gridiron football (/wiki/Category:Gridiron_football) Protective gear (/wiki/Category:Protective_gear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023) Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2018 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_January_2018) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Articles needing additional references from August 2008 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2008) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Commons category link is locally defined (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined)
Style of women's dress that borrows details from a man's shirt A 1943 shirtdress A shirtdress is a style of women's dress (/wiki/Dress) that borrows details from a man's shirt (/wiki/Dress_shirt) . These can include a collar (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) , a button (/wiki/Button) front (/wiki/Placket) , or cuffed (/wiki/Cuff) sleeves (/wiki/Sleeve) . Often, these dresses are made up in crisp fabrics including cotton (/wiki/Cotton) or silk (/wiki/Silk) , much like a men's dress shirt (/wiki/Dress_shirt) would be. As they are typically cut without a seam (/wiki/Sewing) at the waist, these dresses often have a looser fit, usually relying on a belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) to define the waist. Button fronts and a forgiving fit make this a flattering look for most body types (/wiki/Body_types) . History [ edit ] A shirtdress worn with a belt, 1970s. A 1990s shirtdress. Shirtdresses were sometimes called "shirtwaist dresses" when they were fashionable during the 1950s. The 1950s version of the shirtdress was launched as part of Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's post–World War II " New Look (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.#The_.22New_Look.22) " couture designs, with a full skirt held up by wearing a crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) . [1] (#cite_note-1) They often featured a notched collar, and elbow-length sleeves with cuffs. More informal versions of the shirtdress, made of cotton, but retaining the full skirt and collar, became a staple part of many women's wardrobes during the 1950s, with designers such as Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) becoming known for their versions of this style. [2] (#cite_note-shirtdress-2) A 1957 issue of Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine includes a photo of a typical cotton shirtdress selling for $25 in New York City. [3] (#cite_note-3) A variation of the original shirtdress is the " T-shirt dress ". T-shirt dresses began being produced in the 1960s, and are simply an elongated version of a T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) . [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1945–60 in fashion (/wiki/1945%E2%80%9360_in_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hewitt, Valerie; Ann Kellogg & Lynn Payne (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History, 1900 to the Present: Volume 1, 1900–1949 . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 311. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33395-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-shirtdress_2-0) Popular Shirt Dress Combines Tailored Top with Ruffly Skirt , Reading Eagle , June 30, 1954, p. 26 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion: A Spree on 7th Avenue". Life . Vol. 42, no. 10. 11 Mar 1957. p. 112. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0024-3019 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cumming, Valerie; C. W. Cunnington & P. E. Cunnington (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History . Berg Publishers. p. 211. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-534-0 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Shirtdress (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shirtdress) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dckvq Cached time: 20240719061945 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.336 seconds Real time usage: 0.464 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 728/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64204/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1244/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23625/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.161/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4219546/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 342.572 1 -total 32.43% 111.087 1 Template:Reflist 30.66% 105.046 6 Template:Navbox 29.15% 99.857 1 Template:Clothing 26.64% 91.273 2 Template:Cite_book 25.02% 85.727 1 Template:Short_description 11.02% 37.752 2 Template:Pagetype 10.83% 37.117 3 Template:Main_other 10.29% 35.262 1 Template:SDcat 9.02% 30.913 1 Template:Flatlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16263352-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719061945 and revision id 1166836919. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirtdress&oldid=1166836919 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirtdress&oldid=1166836919) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Fashion trend peaking in the mid-1990s This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grunge_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Grunge_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Grunge fashion" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grunge+fashion%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grunge+fashion%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grunge_fashion) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Grunge fashion" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grunge+fashion%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grunge+fashion%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grunge+fashion%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( May 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs to be updated . The reason given is: article only documents Grunge fashion 'til the 2010s. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 1990s grunge fashion Grunge fashion refers to the clothing, accessories and hairstyles of the grunge (/wiki/Grunge) music genre. This subculture (/wiki/Subculture) emerged in mid-1980s Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , and had reached wide popularity by the mid 1990s. Grunge fashion is characterized by durable and timeless thrift-store clothing (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) , often worn in a loose, androgynous manner to de-emphasize the silhouette. The style was popularized by music bands Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) , Soundgarden (/wiki/Soundgarden) and Pearl Jam (/wiki/Pearl_Jam) . Origins [ edit ] The term grunge was adopted by the music industry for a style of music that had become wildly popular in the American northwest during the early 1990s. [1] (#cite_note-1) The term first appeared in 1972, but it did not become a popular term in widespread media until the late 1980s, influenced by the surge and decline of punk (/wiki/Punk_rock) . [2] (#cite_note-2) This view made its mark on the youth of the time and translated into their choice of fashion. "Punk is anti-fashion, it makes a statement, while grunge is about not making a statement, which is why it's crazy for it to become a fashion statement." Details editor James Truman said. [3] (#cite_note-3) Therefore, grunge look is different from the punk look. Punk musicians usually wear leather jackets, ripped jeans, sleeveless shirts, metal chains, and dark clothes. In contrast, grunge rockers in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) wore mundane everyday clothing everywhere. For example, Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) , singer-guitarist of Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) , would simply wear an oversized striped sweater, ripped jeans, a pair of Converse (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , and an unkempt hair to perform. This low-key style from the Pacific Northwest became popular as grunge entered the mainstream. [4] (#cite_note-4) In a 1998 article for the Journal of Cultural Geography , Thomas Bell said "Flannel shirts and Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) boots were worn as an anti-fashion statement that is undoubtedly related to the unassuming and unvarnished nature of the music itself". [5] (#cite_note-5) Pop-culture influence on 1990s grunge [ edit ] One of the biggest influences on grunge fashion was rock star Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) , the lead singer of the hugely successful band Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) . It is widely believed that Cobain represents the core of the grunge movement and the phenomenon of the grunge scene's influence. Cobain's style was a combination from both male and female fashion, and "his Seattle thrift-store look ran the gamut of masculine lumberjack workwear and 40s-by-way-of-70s feminine dresses." [6] (#cite_note-6) Cobain's wife, Courtney Love (/wiki/Courtney_Love) , was mostly known for her " kinderwhore (/wiki/Kinderwhore) " sense of style used by many female grunge bands. The look consisted of barrettes, tiaras (/wiki/Tiara) , ripped tights, Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) , slips and Peter Pan collared dresses. Love claims that she drew the inspiration for her kinderwhore look from Christina Amphlett (/wiki/Christina_Amphlett) of Divinyls (/wiki/Divinyls) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Pearl Jam (/wiki/Pearl_Jam) made their mark on the grunge fashion scene with leather jackets, corduroy jackets, kilts, shorts-over-leggings, ripped jeans and snapbacks. They were best known for inspiring the Doc Martens trend. [8] (#cite_note-8) Accessories used in grunge fashion Men's fashion [ edit ] Grunge fashion/style was influenced by disheveled and androgynous (/wiki/Androgyny) thrift-store clothing (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) , defined by a looseness, de-emphasizing the body's silhouette. Men wear second-hand or shabby T-shirts with slogans, band logos, etc. A tartan (/wiki/Tartan) shirt might accompany the T-shirt, along with ripped or faded jeans. [9] (#cite_note-9) Black combat-style boots, such as Doc Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) , completes the ensemble. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1992, The New York Times wrote: "This stuff is cheap, it's durable, and it's kind of timeless. It also runs against the grain of the whole flashy aesthetic that existed in the 80's." [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) As for hairstyles, men follow the "hair-sweat-and-guitars look" [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) of Kurt Cobain. Women's fashion [ edit ] See also: Kinderwhore (/wiki/Kinderwhore) In the 1990s, less was more and dressing-down was an acceptable norm. [12] (#cite_note-12) For shoes, women started wearing clunky combat boots and Doc Martens. They typically wore slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) with flannels, flannels and ripped jeans, and tartan in layers. Low-rise and ripped, wide-legged jeans were popular. The clothing was paired with simple jewelry such as chokers and hoop earrings and dark, rich-colored lipstick. [13] (#cite_note-:1-13) Bell-bottom (/wiki/Bell-bottom) jeans from the 1970s were popular again by 1992, along with the baby-doll T-shirt. [14] (#cite_note-14) When flannels were worn, they were oversized and when it became too hot to wear them, they were tied around the waist. [15] (#cite_note-15) Hairstyles included the half-up-half-down style and messy hair that made the impression nothing was done to it. [13] (#cite_note-:1-13) Designer [ edit ] When grunge started to be a popular trend in the early 1990s, fashion designer Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) was the first designer who brought grunge to the luxury platform. In 1993, Jacobs as the creative director of women's design at Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis_(brand)) , debuted a spring collection inspired by grunge. The collection included some iconic grunge items such as flannel shirts, printed granny dresses (/wiki/Granny_dress) , Dr. Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) boots, and knitted skullcaps (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) . Fashion critic Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) declared "Grunge is ghastly." New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine said, "Grunge: 1992–1993, R.I.P." [16] (#cite_note-16) A few years later, Jacobs and his business partner would join the French luxury brand Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Grunge in the 2010s [ edit ] Updated version of grunge fashion According to a 2013 Today (/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)) article, the 1990s made a comeback after New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) (NYFW) when designers shared their interpretations of Seattle's early 1990s boho-chic (/wiki/Boho-chic) . This led to grunge fashion appearing in shopping malls and grunge-inspired back-to-school looks. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2013, Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and Dries van Noten (/wiki/Dries_van_Noten) successfully attempted to re-introduce grunge to the runway, bringing it back into the fashion zeitgeist. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Grunge." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 21 April 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Carla Vadan: Grunge's Influence on Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170519153401/http://www.carlavadan.com/2016/09/grunges-influence-on-fashion.html) . Carla Vadan . Archived from the original (http://www.carlavadan.com/2016/09/grunges-influence-on-fashion.html) on 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Maureen., Callahan (September 2015). Champagne supernovas : Kate Moss, Marc Jacobs, Alexander McQueen, and the '90s renegades who remade fashion (First Touchstone hardcover ed.). New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1451640588 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 852226384 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852226384) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Steven, Felix-Jager (2017). With God on our side towards a transformational theology of rock and roll . Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1498231794 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 973764580 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973764580) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bell, Thomas (1998). "Why Seattle? An Examination of an Alternative Rock Culture Hearth". Journal of Cultural Geography . 18 (1): 40. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/08873639809478311 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873639809478311) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nnadi, Chioma (8 April 2014). "Why Kurt Cobain Was One of the Most Influential Style Icons of Our Times" (http://www.vogue.com/article/kurt-cobain-legacy-of-grunge-in-fashion) . Vogue . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Garis, Mary Grace (9 July 2014). "The Evolution of Courtney Love" (http://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/g9069/the-evolution-of-courtney-love/) . Elle . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harris, James. "11 Ways '90s Grunge Influenced StreetwearPearl Jam vs. A$AP Mob" (http://www.complex.com/style/2013/05/11-ways-90s-grunge-influenced-streetwear/pearl-jam-vs-asap-mob) . Complex . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Grunge Fashion: The History Of Grunge & 90s Fashion" (http://www.rebelsmarket.com/blog/posts/grunge-fashion-where-did-it-come-from-and-why-is-it-back) . RebelsMarket Blog . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Grunge's Influence on Fashion" (http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-history-eras/grunges-influence-fashion) . LoveToKnow . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marin, Rick (15 November 1992). "Grunge: A Success Story" (https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/style/grunge-a-success-story.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Thomas, Pauline. "The 1990s Fashion History Part 1" (http://www.fashion-era.com/the_1990s.htm) . www.fashion-era.com . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brewer, Taylah (31 March 2016). "The 90s Fashion Trend That is Making a Comeback" (https://www.thetrendspotter.net/2016/03/how-to-rock-the-90s-fashion-trend-in-2016.html) . Fashion Trends and Style Blog . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "American Fashion Through the Decades \| InterExchange" (https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2015/09/24/american-fashion-through-decades/) . InterExchange . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Brooke, Taryn (24 January 2016). "Wall St. Cheat Sheet: 6 of the Best Fashion Trends from the 1990s". The Cheat Sheet . ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 1759274405 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/1759274405) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Grunge: 1992–1993". New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . March 1993. p. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Phelps, Nicole. "Perry Ellis Spring 1993 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1993-ready-to-wear/perry-ellis) . Vogue . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Vivinetto, Gina (23 August 2013). "Return of 'Teen Spirit'? Grunge Is Back in Fashion (and That's Not a Bad Thing)" (https://www.today.com/style/return-teen-spirit-grunge-back-fashion-thats-not-bad-thing-6C10984421) . Today (/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)) . Retrieved 14 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Blanks, Tim. "Saint Laurent Fall 2013 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2013-ready-to-wear/saint-laurent) . Vogue . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Blanks, Tim. "Dries Van Noten Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2013-ready-to-wear/dries-van-noten) . Vogue . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐lpnlk Cached time: 20240721150936 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.427 seconds Real time usage: 0.575 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1949/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 128572/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18065/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89977/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.274/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6431206/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 482.389 1 -total 38.22% 184.363 1 Template:Reflist 32.89% 158.644 5 Template:Ambox 22.45% 108.296 8 Template:Cite_news 20.22% 97.523 1 Template:Multiple_issues 20.03% 96.613 3 Template:Navbox 19.85% 95.744 1 Template:Fashion 13.31% 64.230 1 Template:Short_description 11.62% 56.044 1 Template:Notability 7.66% 36.974 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16267164-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721150936 and revision id 1235850074. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grunge_fashion&oldid=1235850074 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grunge_fashion&oldid=1235850074) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Grunge (/wiki/Category:Grunge) 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) Music and fashion (/wiki/Category:Music_and_fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2017) Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability_from_June_2017) All articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Articles needing additional references from June 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2017) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2023) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2023) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues)
Type of crownless hat This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sports_visor) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Sports visor" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sports+visor%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sports+visor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sports+visor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sports+visor%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sports+visor%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sports+visor%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Former President George W. Bush (/wiki/George_W._Bush) wears a sports visor courtesy of the U.S. Beach Volleyball (/w/index.php?title=U.S._Beach_Volleyball&action=edit&redlink=1) team at the 2008 Olympic Games (/wiki/Olympic_Games) in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) Tennis player Ashley Harkleroad (/wiki/Ashley_Harkleroad) wears a sports visor at the 2007 Australian Open (/wiki/Australian_Open) A sports visor , also called a sun visor or visor cap , is a type of crownless hat consisting simply of a visor (/wiki/Visor) or brim with a strap or buckle encircling the head. The top of the head is not covered and the visor protects only the face, including eyes, nose, and cheeks, from the sun. The visor portion of a sun visor may be either curved or flat and the strap is often equipped with an adjustable velcro (/wiki/Velcro) fastener in back. The strap can function as a sweatband (/wiki/Sweatband) although usually not. This type of headgear was designed for use in outdoor sports (especially golf (/wiki/Golf) , tennis (/wiki/Tennis) , volleyball (/wiki/Volleyball) , and softball (/wiki/Softball) ) where eye protection from direct sunlight is desirable, while the missing crown allows for ventilation. It is now often used by non-athletes at beach and other sunny outdoor events. See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Sun hat (/wiki/Sun_hat) References [ edit ] v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Hardee (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Jeep (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) Nurse's (/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap) Maintenance (/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance) / Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Military beret (/wiki/Military_beret) / Uniform beret (/wiki/Uniform_beret) Black (/wiki/Black_beret) Blue (/wiki/Blue_beret) Green (/wiki/Green_beret) Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_beret) Red (/wiki/Red_beret) Tan (/wiki/Tan_beret) Patrol (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Mariner's (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Titovka (/wiki/Titovka_(cap)) Triglavka (/wiki/Triglavka) Ski (/wiki/Ski_cap) Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Student (/wiki/Student_cap) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Animal (/wiki/Animal_hat) Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Bobble (/wiki/Bobble_hat) Breton (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Chilote (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Fruit (/wiki/Fruit_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Party (/wiki/Party_hat) Shower (/wiki/Shower_cap) Tin foil (/wiki/Tin_foil_hat) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) Whoopee (/wiki/Whoopee_cap) Sports Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Bicycle clip (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Horse racing (/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_cap) Rally (/wiki/Rally_cap) Sports visor Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Swimming (/wiki/Swim_cap) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo_cap) Historical (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Beaver (/wiki/Beaver_hat) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Boudoir (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Boyar (/wiki/Boyar_hat) Bycocket (/wiki/Bycocket) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coal scuttle bonnet (/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Dolly Varden (/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Pamela (/wiki/Pamela_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Toque (/wiki/Toque) Witch (/wiki/Witch_hat) Gediminas' Cap (/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Aso Oke (/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat) Astrakhan (hat) (/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap) Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Bell-boy (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blue bonnet (/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Coloured (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork (/wiki/Cork_hat) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_cap) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Four Winds (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Fulani (/wiki/Fulani_hat) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) Icelandic tail (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jobawi (/wiki/Jobawi) Kalpak (/wiki/Kalpak) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) Labbade (/wiki/Labbade) Lika (/wiki/Lika_cap) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrin_cap) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Nón quai thao (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Senufo bird (/wiki/Senufo_bird) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Šibenik (/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_visor&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8hc5h Cached time: 20240712165015 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.309 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 551/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 71071/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 387/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15863/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2813287/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 307.924 1 -total 33.65% 103.612 5 Template:Navbox 30.41% 93.650 1 Template:Hats 27.30% 84.050 1 Template:Unreferenced 26.54% 81.729 1 Template:Short_description 25.18% 77.545 1 Template:Ambox 15.79% 48.626 2 Template:Pagetype 7.15% 22.027 1 Template:Portal 6.21% 19.127 3 Template:Main_other 5.34% 16.428 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16382078-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165015 and revision id 1118264397. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_visor&oldid=1118264397 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_visor&oldid=1118264397) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Caps (/wiki/Category:Caps) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Hats (/wiki/Category:Hats) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking sources from July 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_July_2011) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Australian swimwear and lingerie manufacturer Wicked Weasel Pty. Ltd. Wicked Weasel logo Company type Proprietary Company (/wiki/Proprietary_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded Byron Bay, Australia (/wiki/Byron_Bay,_New_South_Wales) (1994) Founder Peter T. Gifford (/wiki/Peter_Gifford) Headquarters Mullumbimby (/wiki/Mullumbimby,_New_South_Wales) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Number of locations 2 (2014) Area served Worldwide Products Accessories, Bikinis, Lingerie, Swimwear and Underwear Number of employees 45–50 (2011) Website wickedweasel.com (https://www.wickedweasel.com/en-au) A woman wearing a Wicked Weasel bikini Wicked Weasel Pty. Ltd. is an Australian [1] (#cite_note-1) manufacturer of swimwear (/wiki/Bikini) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) for women. [2] (#cite_note-2) It is especially known for its microkinis (/wiki/Microkini) . The company was founded in 1994 by Peter Gifford (/wiki/Peter_Gifford) , formerly the bass player for Midnight Oil (/wiki/Midnight_Oil) , [3] (#cite_note-3) and named after his girlfriend's nickname. Initially, the company's products were trial-marketed to Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) area strippers (/wiki/Stripper) . The first Wicked Weasel retail store was opened in Cairns (/wiki/Cairns) in 1995, but it moved to Byron Bay (/wiki/Byron_Bay) the following year, where the company headquarters had remained until moving to Mullumbimby (/wiki/Mullumbimby) in 2020. Additional stores at Bondi (/wiki/Bondi,_New_South_Wales) and in Melbourne have been opened a number of times with inconsistent success. Wicked Weasel launched www.wickedweasel.com in mid-1999, making it the first Australian swimwear maker to sell online. [4] (#cite_note-4) By 2003, it was the largest Australian retailer of clothing via the internet. As of 2007, the website received over 100,000 unique visitors per day. Wicked Weasel had 45–50 employees as of 2011. [5] (#cite_note-5) As part of a contest, Wicked Weasel also publishes online pictures of women who wear their products. Wicked Weasel products are no longer produced in Australia. The company ceased Australian manufacturing after the relocation to Mullumbimby in 2020 and switched to shipping from the US sometime in 2022 [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) McCullagh, Declan (8 December 2006). "Police blotter: Fired over 'Wicked Weasel' photo" (https://www.cnet.com/news/police-blotter-fired-over-wicked-weasel-photo/) . Police blotter (story series). CNET News (/wiki/CNET_News) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "about wicked weasel" (http://wickedweasel.com/en-au/pages/1-about-wicked-weasel) . Wicked Weasel (Pty. Ltd.) . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Huntington, Patty. "The Wicked Oil: Victoria's new extreme bikini secret" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071225120918/http://blogs.news.com.au/fullychic/index.php/news/comments/the_wicked_oil_victorias_new_extreme_bikini_secret/P0/) . Fully Chic (blog). Australia: news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.news.com.au/fullychic/index.php/news/comments/the_wicked_oil_victorias_new_extreme_bikini_secret/P0/) on 25 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "In ways of web, those who bare, win" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160301221734/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104254026.html) . The Australian (/wiki/The_Australian) . Australasian Business Intelligence (/wiki/Australasian_Business_Intelligence) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104254026.html) on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) McDougall, Bruce (7 December 2011). "Midnight Oil bassist Peter Gifford pouring Oil on troubled Labor" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/midnight-oil-bassist-peter-gifford-pouring-oil-on-troubled-labor/news-story/a309bb80c841562a31e192d283b57e4b?nk=85475e075fc13fd1c7f1464d9066033f-1497867263) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . Sydney . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Album — Postimages" (https://postimg.cc/gallery/CBbscjF) . postimg.cc . Retrieved 8 September 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microkini . Official Website (https://www.wickedweasel.com/en-au) Wicked Weasel (https://www.facebook.com/wickedweasel) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Wicked Weasel (https://x.com/wickedweasel) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Official Wicked Weasel Online Community (https://www.microminimus.com/) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) This article about an Australian corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Weasel&action=edit) . v t e This business-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Weasel&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐bcqvg Cached time: 20240721124052 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.655 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2365/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 86255/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2793/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51126/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.286/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6373154/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 518.889 1 -total 23.27% 120.753 1 Template:Reflist 20.08% 104.197 3 Template:Navbox 19.24% 99.830 5 Template:Cite_web 17.79% 92.332 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.55% 85.866 1 Template:Competitive_swimwear 15.81% 82.055 1 Template:Infobox 12.28% 63.734 1 Template:Short_description 7.42% 38.485 2 Template:Pagetype 5.34% 27.698 1 Template:Commons Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16612159-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721124052 and revision id 1223437324. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Weasel&oldid=1223437324 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Weasel&oldid=1223437324) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1994 establishments in Australia (/wiki/Category:1994_establishments_in_Australia) Byron Bay (/wiki/Category:Byron_Bay) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Companies based in New South Wales (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_New_South_Wales) Midnight Oil (/wiki/Category:Midnight_Oil) Clothing companies established in 1994 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1994) Retail companies established in 1995 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1995) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Surfwear brands (/wiki/Category:Surfwear_brands) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Underwear brands (/wiki/Category:Underwear_brands) Australian company stubs (/wiki/Category:Australian_company_stubs) Business stubs (/wiki/Category:Business_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020) Use Australian English from July 2011 (/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_July_2011) All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English) Commons link is locally defined (/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Italian fashion house This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Costume_National) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Costume_National) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costume_National&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Costume_National) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Costume National" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Costume+National%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Costume+National%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Costume+National%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Costume+National%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Costume+National%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Costume+National%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Costume National Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1986 ; 38 years ago ( 1986 ) Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Products Ready to Wear, Accessories, Eyewear, Perfume Website www.costumenational.com (http://www.costumenational.com/) Costume National is an Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) house, founded in 1986 by Ennio Capasa (/wiki/Ennio_Capasa) , creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) , and his brother Carlo Capasa (/wiki/Carlo_Capasa) , CEO. Costume National's head office is located in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy. The company produces clothing under the brands Costume National , Costume National Homme (for men) and C’N’C (an avant-garde “street-couture” line) [1] (#cite_note-imagesfashion-1) as well as scents (/wiki/Fragrance) including The Trilogy , Scent Gloss , Scent Cool Gloss , Intense , 21 , and Homme . History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1986 in Milan by Ennio Capasa, who worked in Japan (/wiki/Japan) as an assistant to Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) , and his brother Carlo Capasa. Its first womenswear collection was presented in Milan in the same year. In 1991, the ‘Woman Collection’ was presented in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . Between 1995 and 1998 the fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_house) opened stores in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and Paris (/wiki/Paris) . In 2000, a menswear collection was streamed online in collaboration with Kataweb (/wiki/Kataweb) . Over the following three years, the company extended its range of products to include perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) , eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) , ready to wear (/wiki/Ready_to_wear) apparel and footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , plus accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) targeted at the younger generations. Distribution and Production [ edit ] Costume National [ edit ] The company's Thiene factory is responsible for men's and women's Ready To Wear production. The factory is mainly responsible for the cutting room, pattern-making, and finished product quality control. CN shoe factory, based in Fossò, develops and produces footwear. Leather bags and leather accessories are produced by selected partners and commercialized by CN Production. Leather clothing production is licensed to Leather Company, which works exclusively for Costume National. Costume National has 5 flagship stores which were all designed with the same concept of classical edginess and minimalism. [ citation needed ] In October 2008 Costume National launched its online store where the Costume National and Costume National Homme collections and accessories are available. [2] (#cite_note-2) C’N’C Costume National [ edit ] C'N'C Costume National is a fashion brand that produces and distributes Ready To Wear apparel for both Men and Women, in addition to footwear and accessories. The brand operates through a licensing agreement with ITTIERRE. Furthermore, PLUS IT, the accessories division of C'N'C Costume National, offers shoes, bags, and a range of small accessories that are distributed globally. The production facilities of the brand are situated in Italy, whereas its distribution network operates worldwide. Collaborations and co-branding [ edit ] In 2005, Ennio Capasa created the DUCATI Black Dogo, a motorcycle that derives its name from the Argentine mastiff. This collaboration allowed him to design a series of special items of clothing under the C’N’C Costume National Ducati (/wiki/Ducati) label. To celebrate its 21st anniversary in 2007, the company presented the book 21 (a photographic journal of Capasa's career), a version of the Absolut Vodka (/wiki/Absolut_Vodka) bottle dressed in black vinyl with images of two women, the Alfa 147 C’N’C 21 (a limited-edition car costume), a unisex fragrance called ‘Costume National 21’, and a line of luxury sneakers under the name ‘Costume National Active’. During Milan Design Week (/wiki/Milan_Design_Week) of 2009, the Dutch designer Maarten Baas (/wiki/Maarten_Baas) presented his show event entitled “Real Time” in the C’N’C Costume National showroom. C’N’C Costume National showed the SS2010 Collection in Piazza Duomo in front of 40,000 guests, rather than to a limited number of those who are active in the industry. To celebrate Christmas 2009 the company participated in the Water Project, an Amref (/w/index.php?title=Amref&action=edit&redlink=1) initiative. In 2010, C’N’C Costume National showed the FW2010/2011 Collection at the Teatro dell’Arte of the Triennale di Milano. Eco-projects [ edit ] In 2009, the company's ‘Solar Bag’, which featured solar panels (/wiki/Solar_panel) which charged a battery concealed in the lining that was able to supply power to mobile phones (/wiki/Mobile_phone) , iPods (/wiki/IPod) and other digital accessories, received the “ Chi é Chi Award (/w/index.php?title=Chi_%C3%A9_Chi_Award&action=edit&redlink=1) ” for the best eco-friendly fashion product. In 2008 Ennio Capasa designed a limited-edition t-shirt to support the Climate Project, an Al Gore (/wiki/Al_Gore) initiative. To celebrate Christmas 2008 Costume National collaborated with Planete Urgence (https://planete-urgence.org) , an organization dedicated to environmental and social change, in a ‘Plant a Tree’ project. See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-imagesfashion_1-0) ‘Sequedge and Costume National Join Hands’ (http://www.imagesfashion.com/NewsDetails.aspx?Ntype=2&id=247) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100429011505/http://www.imagesfashion.com/NewsDetails.aspx?Ntype=2&id=247) 2010-04-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , imagesfashion.com, 24 April 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CoSTUME NATIONAL Official Online Store" (https://www.costumenational.com/) . www.costumenational.com . Retrieved 2022-11-12 . Further reading [ edit ] Renata Molho, 21 Costume National , Assouline Publishing, 2007 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7594-0169-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7594-0169-7) External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.costumenational.com/) C.N.C. Costume National - Official site (https://www.cnc-costumenational.it/) Costume National collections (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/designerdirectory/CNATIONA/seasons/) at style.com (/wiki/Style.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/134725825) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐w9ljt Cached time: 20240713180200 Cache expiry: 1576682 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.479 seconds Real time usage: 0.738 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2022/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51415/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10560/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20732/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.327/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6233748/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 694.975 1 -total 26.40% 183.498 3 Template:Ambox 18.03% 125.291 1 Template:Portal 17.77% 123.513 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.35% 113.641 1 Template:Multiple_issues 15.51% 107.762 1 Template:Reflist 13.29% 92.370 1 Template:Infobox 13.22% 91.867 1 Template:Short_description 12.64% 87.861 1 Template:Authority_control 12.47% 86.675 1 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16831651-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180200 and revision id 1213720701. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costume_National&oldid=1213720701 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costume_National&oldid=1213720701) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Manufacturing companies based in Milan (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Milan) Privately held companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1986 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1986) Italian companies established in 1986 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1986) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from August 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_August_2010) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) Articles needing additional references from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) in Portuguese . (January 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic (/wiki/Template:Expand_Portuguese#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 468 articles in the main category (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Portuguese_Wikipedia) , and specifying \|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:São Paulo Fashion Week]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|pt\|São Paulo Fashion Week}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . São Paulo Fashion Week Models walks the runway for Osklen, at São Paulo Fashion Week 2017 Location(s) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Inaugurated 1995 ( 1995 ) Founder Paulo Borges Organised by Grupo Luminosidade Website spfw (http://spfw.com.br) .com (http://spfw.com.br) .br (http://spfw.com.br) The São Paulo Fashion Week is a clothing trade show held semi-annually in São Paulo, Brazil (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil) . It is notable as "Latin America's pre-eminent fashion event" [1] (#cite_note-twsH43-1) and it is of the emerging fashion weeks, outside the Big Four of New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) , that have been established since the 1990s. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) It has been controversial in the past because of a "longstanding bias towards white models." In 2009 quotas were imposed that required that 10 percent of models to be "black or indigenous" as a way to foster equal opportunity (/wiki/Equal_opportunity) . [1] (#cite_note-twsH43-1) In its 2019, the show featured a male transgender model, Sam Porto (/wiki/Sam_Porto) , for the first time in its history. [4] (#cite_note-4) In April 2019, male fashion model Tales Soares, artistically known as Tales Cotta, died after collapsing on the runway at the show. Soares was walking the runway when he suddenly stumbled and fell as he was about to exit. Soares received help after falling and was taken to a hospital where he later died. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Brazil fashion week goes equal opportunity" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/news/brazil-fashion-week-goes-equal-opportunity/story-e6frf00r-1225737622432) . The Daily Telegraph . June 20, 2009 . Retrieved 2011-09-08 . the São Paulo Fashion Week - Latin America's pre-eminent fashion event - has imposed quotas requiring at least 10 percent of the models to be black or indigenous. The measure was brought in after intense pressure from anti-racism groups and Brazilian prosecutors who blasted the SPFW's longstanding bias towards white models. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fashion Capitals (2012 and Earlier)" (https://languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/fashion-capitals-2012-and-earlier/) . 21 January 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nunes, Joao Paulo Nunes (2012). "A City of Two Tales: São Paulo Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2014" (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/joao-paulo-nunes/sao-paulo-fashion-week-review_b_2984229.html) . Huffingtonpost . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Conheça a história de Sam Porto, modelo trans que brilhou na SPFW" (https://revistamarieclaire.globo.com/Moda/noticia/2021/06/conheca-historia-de-sam-porto-modelo-trans-que-brilhou-na-spfw.html) . Revista Marie Claire (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-08-25 . Retrieved 2023-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashion model dies after collapsing on runway in Brazil" (http://edition.cnn.com/style/article/brazil-model-tales-soares-collapses-style/index.html?iid=ob_lockedrail_topeditorial) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . 29 April 2019. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to São Paulo Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) . São Paulo Fashion Week (SPFW) official site (http://ffw.com.br/) Information on São Paulo Fashion Week (SPFW) (http://www.brazilmycountry.com/sao-paulo-fashion-week.html) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Visitor attractions in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Monuments and landmarks Bandeirantes TV Tower (/wiki/Torre_da_TV_Bandeirantes) Beco do Pinto (/wiki/Beco_do_Pinto) Latin America Memorial (/wiki/Latin_America_Memorial) Marco Zero (/wiki/Marco_Zero_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Monument to the Bandeiras (/wiki/Monument_to_the_Bandeiras) Monument to the Independence of Brazil (/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil) Monument to Ramos de Azevedo (/wiki/Monument_to_Ramos_de_Azevedo) Obelisk of São Paulo (/wiki/Obelisk_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge (/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Frias_de_Oliveira_Bridge) Buildings Altino Arantes Building (/wiki/Altino_Arantes_Building) Brazil Stock Exchange (/wiki/B3_(stock_exchange)) Butantã's House (/wiki/Butant%C3%A3%27s_House) Centro Comercial Aricanduva (/wiki/Centro_Comercial_Aricanduva) Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas (/wiki/Centro_Empresarial_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas) Conjunto Nacional (/wiki/Conjunto_Nacional_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Copan Building (/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio_Copan) Itália Building (/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio_It%C3%A1lia) Iguatemi São Paulo (/wiki/Iguatemi_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Júlio Prestes Station (/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prestes_(CPTM)) Luz Station (/wiki/Luz_(CPTM)) Mappin Building (/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio_Jo%C3%A3o_Br%C3%ADcola) Martinelli Building (/wiki/Martinelli_Building) Matarazzo Building (/wiki/Matarazzo_Building) Municipal Market (/wiki/Municipal_Market_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Bandeirantes Palace (/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Bandeirantes) São Pedro Theater (/wiki/Teatro_S%C3%A3o_Pedro_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Municipal Theater (/wiki/Theatro_Municipal_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) List of tallest buildings (/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Churches and religious sites Basilica of the Most Blessed Sacrament (/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Most_Blessed_Sacrament,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Imaculado Coração de Maria Church (/wiki/Igreja_do_Imaculado_Cora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Maria_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Nossa Senhora da Consolação Church (/wiki/Igreja_Nossa_Senhora_da_Consola%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Nossa Senhora do Brasil Church (/wiki/Igreja_Nossa_Senhora_do_Brasil) Ordem Terceira do Carmo Church (/wiki/Igreja_da_Ordem_Terceira_do_Carmo_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral (/wiki/Catedral_Metropolitana_Ortodoxa) Pátio do Colégio (/wiki/P%C3%A1tio_do_Col%C3%A9gio) Santo Antônio Church (/wiki/Igreja_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) São Bento Monastery (/wiki/Mosteiro_de_S%C3%A3o_Bento_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) São Cristóvão Church (/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) São Paulo Brazil Temple (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Brazil_Temple) São Paulo Cathedral (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Cathedral) Temple of Solomon (/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Museums and cultural institutions CAIXA Cultural São Paulo (/wiki/CAIXA_Cultural_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Carmo Planetarium (/wiki/Carmo_Planetarium) Casa das Rosas (/wiki/Casa_das_Rosas) Bank of Brazil Cultural Center (/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil) Centro Cultural da Penha (/wiki/Centro_Cultural_da_Penha) Centro Cultural e de Estudos Superiores Aúthos Pagano (/wiki/Centro_Cultural_e_de_Estudos_Superiores_A%C3%BAthos_Pagano) Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation (/wiki/Ema_Gordon_Klabin_Cultural_Foundation) Football Museum (/wiki/Football_Museum) Immigration Museum (/wiki/Immigration_Museum_of_the_State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Butantan Institute (/wiki/Instituto_Butantan) Mário de Andrade Library (/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Andrade_Library) Memória do Bixiga Museum (/wiki/Mem%C3%B3ria_do_Bixiga_Museum) Museu Afro Brasil (/wiki/Museu_Afro_Brasil) Museu Lasar Segall (/wiki/Museu_Lasar_Segall) Museu Paulista (Ipiranga) (/wiki/Museu_do_Ipiranga) São Paulo Museum of Art (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Art) Museum of Art of the Parliament (/wiki/Museum_of_Art_of_the_Parliament_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Museum of Contemporary Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Museum of Fine Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Museum of Image and Sound (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Image_and_Sound) Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Modern_Art) Museum of Sacred Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Sacred_Art_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Museum of the Portuguese Language (/wiki/Museum_of_the_Portuguese_Language) Oca Pavilion (/wiki/Ibirapuera_Park#Oca_do_Ibirapuera_/_Oca_Pavilion) Industries Palace (/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_das_Ind%C3%BAstrias) Pinacoteca do Estado (/wiki/Pinacoteca_do_Estado_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Professor Aristóteles Orsini Planetarium (/wiki/Professor_Arist%C3%B3teles_Orsini_Planetarium) Sala São Paulo (/wiki/Sala_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Stadiums Allianz Parque (/wiki/Allianz_Parque) Anhembi Convention Center (/wiki/Anhembi_Convention_Center) Anhembi Sambadrome (/wiki/Anhembi_Sambadrome) Arena Corinthians (/wiki/Arena_Corinthians) Canindé Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Canind%C3%A9) Morumbi Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Morumbi) Ícaro de Castro Melo Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_%C3%8Dcaro_de_Castro_Melo) Nicolau Alayon Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Nicolau_Alayon) Parque São Jorge Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Parque_S%C3%A3o_Jorge) Rua Javari Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Rua_Javari) Estádio Universitário São Paulo (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1rio_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Ibirapuera Auditorium (/wiki/Ibirapuera_Auditorium) Pacaembu Stadium (/wiki/Pacaembu_Stadium) Via Funchal (/wiki/Via_Funchal) Vibra São Paulo (/wiki/Vibra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Neighborhoods and districts Aclimação (/wiki/Aclima%C3%A7%C3%A3o) Alto de Santana (/wiki/Alto_de_Santana) Bixiga (/wiki/Bixiga) Bom Retiro (/wiki/Bom_Retiro_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue (/wiki/Brigadeiro_Faria_Lima_Avenue) Brooklin Novo (/wiki/Brooklin_Novo) Central Zone (/wiki/Central_Zone_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Japão (/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o) Jardins (/wiki/Jardins) Liberdade (/wiki/Liberdade_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Paulista Avenue (/wiki/Paulista_Avenue) Rua 25 de Março (/wiki/Rua_25_de_Mar%C3%A7o) Rua Augusta (/wiki/Rua_Augusta_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Rua Oscar Freire (/wiki/Rua_Oscar_Freire) University of São Paulo (USP) (/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Vila Madalena (/wiki/Vila_Madalena) Vila Olímpia (/wiki/Vila_Ol%C3%ADmpia) Parks and public squares Albert Löfgren State Park (/wiki/Albert_L%C3%B6fgren_State_Park) Beco do Batman (/wiki/Beco_do_Batman) Botanical Garden (/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Cantareira State Park (/wiki/Cantareira_State_Park) Cemitério da Consolação (/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio_da_Consola%C3%A7%C3%A3o) Ibirapuera Park (/wiki/Ibirapuera_Park) Independence Park (/wiki/Independence_Park_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Jardim da Luz (/wiki/Jardim_da_Luz) Largo da Batata (/wiki/Largo_da_Batata) Largo da Memória (/wiki/Largo_da_Mem%C3%B3ria) Parque do Carmo (/wiki/Parque_do_Carmo) Parque Trianon (/wiki/Parque_Trianon) People's Park (/wiki/People%27s_Park_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Pico do Jaraguá (/wiki/Pico_do_Jaragu%C3%A1) Praça da República (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Praça da Sé (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_S%C3%A9) Praça Roosevelt (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_Roosevelt) São Paulo Zoo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Zoo) Vale do Anhangabaú (/wiki/Vale_do_Anhangaba%C3%BA) Viaduto do Chá (/wiki/Viaduto_do_Ch%C3%A1) Villa-Lobos State Park (/wiki/Villa-Lobos_State_Park) Events Anima Mundi (/wiki/Anima_Mundi_(event)) Brazilian Grand Prix (/wiki/Brazilian_Grand_Prix) Electronic Language International Festival (/wiki/Electronic_Language_International_Festival) March for Jesus (/wiki/March_for_Jesus_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) Saint Silvester Road Race (/wiki/Saint_Silvester_Road_Race) São Paulo Art Biennial (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial) São Paulo Fashion Week São Paulo Gay Pride Parade (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Gay_Pride_Parade) São Paulo Indy 300 (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Indy_300) São Paulo International Film Festival (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_International_Film_Festival) São Paulo International Motor Show (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_International_Motor_Show) Virada Cultural (/wiki/Virada_Cultural) This article related to the culture of Brazil is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐spfx9 Cached time: 20240720192818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.411 seconds Real time usage: 0.608 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1846/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 80444/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4024/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48880/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.247/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4959438/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 483.618 1 -total 23.65% 114.393 1 Template:Reflist 22.22% 107.454 1 Template:Expand_Portuguese 19.55% 94.568 2 Template:Navbox 19.40% 93.813 1 Template:Expand_language 19.02% 91.984 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 18.80% 90.907 3 Template:Cite_news 17.41% 84.208 1 Template:Ambox 12.11% 58.586 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 11.07% 53.559 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16835971-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720192818 and revision id 1171663244. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=São_Paulo_Fashion_Week&oldid=1171663244 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=São_Paulo_Fashion_Week&oldid=1171663244) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Brazil (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Brazil) Recurring events established in 1996 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_1996) Tourist attractions in São Paulo (/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Brazil culture stubs (/wiki/Category:Brazil_culture_stubs) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)) Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Portuguese_Wikipedia) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) São Paulo (state) articles missing geocoordinate data (/wiki/Category:S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data) All articles needing coordinates (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates) Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Fashion movement based on individualism Not to be confused with Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) , a style of casual clothing focused on exclusivity. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Street_style) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Street_style) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Street_style) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Street style" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Street+style%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Street+style%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Street+style%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Street+style%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Street+style%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Street+style%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting (/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting) the article and/or by introducing a disambiguation page (/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation) , or discuss this issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Street_style) . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) in a modern look reflecting street style fashion, Los Angeles, 2019 Street style is fashion (/wiki/Fashion) that is considered to have emerged not from studios, but from the population at large. Street fashion is generally associated with youth culture (/wiki/Youth_culture) , and is most often seen in major urban centers. Magazines and newspapers commonly feature candid photographs of individuals wearing urban, stylish clothing. [1] (#cite_note-1) Mainstream fashion often appropriates (/wiki/Appropriation_(art)) street fashion trends as influences. Most major youth subcultures (/wiki/Youth_subculture) have had an associated street fashion. Street style is different all around the globe. Description [ edit ] The "street" approach to style and fashion is often based on individualism, rather than focusing solely on current fashion trends. Using street style methods, individuals demonstrate their multiple, negotiated identities, in addition to utilizing subcultural and intersecting styles or trends. This, in itself, is a performance, as it creates a space where identities can be explored through the act(ion) of dress. [2] (#cite_note-Neumann-2) Bill Cunningham (/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_(American_photographer)) for The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) pointed street style out as a keen catalogue of ordinary people's clothing. Also, he mentioned that streets tell a great deal about fashion and people, if one listens. According to him the best fashion show is coming to life every day on the streets. Street style is a viral and instant facet of fashion that has changed many of the ways in which fashion is made and consumed. Its fast characteristic links it also to the term consumerism. [3] (#cite_note-3) Given how styles change over time, it also challenges the use of fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in relation to the purchasing and wearing of clothing, as this conceals the complexities of practice. [4] (#cite_note-4) Development [ edit ] Street style has always existed but it has become a phenomenon of 20th century. The increase in the standardization of life after World War II ( suburbanization (/wiki/Suburbanization) , mass marketing (/wiki/Mass_marketing) , the spread of television) may be linked to the appeal of "alternative" lifestyles for individuals in search of "identity". Industrial production, particularly in the sphere of fashion, was not only the popularization of stylists' tastes that move from high fashion, through prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-porter) , to the peripheries of the system. These were also tastes that originated among economically disfavored, marginal groups, the whole range of metropolitan tribes, that are able to trigger new fashion production and diffusion processes. Hipster girls Phenomena of this kind have been studied for a long time in England and have revealed the importance of young people's street styles during the post-war period, which may be linked to the generation of baby boomers, who came to represent a new sociocultural category—the "teenager"—who has money to spend and be an important motivation on economic and cultural world. The history of identity and the history of clothing run on two parallel rails. In this connection, street style works as a facilitator of group identity and subcultural cohesion. Since the close of World War II, Western culture has seen a dramatic decline in the significance of the traditional sociocultural divisions such as race, religion, ethnicity, regionalism, nationalism, in defining and limiting personal identity. The tribe (/wiki/Tribe) groupings, such as bikers, beats, and teddy boys in the 1950s; mods, hippies (/wiki/Hippie) , and skinheads (/wiki/Skinhead) in the 1960s; headbangers (/wiki/Headbanging) , punks (/wiki/Punk_subculture) , and b-boys (/wiki/B-boying) in the 1970s; and goths, new age travelers and ravers in the 1980s got dressed and unusual body decoration as an expression to create a sense of identity. [5] (#cite_note-5) In the first half of the twentieth century, although the unaccompanied figure of the woman in the street was seen increasingly in fashion photographs, she often remained bound by the pursuits of a bourgeois existence, with the reality of the street beautified as a fantasy prop for high-end fashion. As an object of gaze, her position contrasted with that of the flâneur (/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur) and the male privileged code of visual spectatorship. It was not until the post-war (/wiki/Post-war) period, with the emergence of style-conscious magazines aimed at men, that the image of the flaneur, somewhat melded with the more modern notion of the "man about town", began to be visualized in fashion photography. Masculinity was shown to be influenced by the industrial atmosphere of the metropolis. This is illustrated by Terence Donovan (/wiki/Terence_Donovan_(photographer)) 's grainy black-and-white photographs of sharply suited men in "Spy Drama" for the October 1962 issue of Town which became famous as the visual influence for the filmic interpretation of James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) . In this period, the representation of the woman in the street was radicalized by the emergence of youth as a social category and its claiming of street culture as its primary context. [6] (#cite_note-6) Influence of sportswear [ edit ] Influence of sport practices Street style includes ordinary people who regularly wear sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) . However, it is influenced by supermodels who work for various sportswear brands. Therefore, it gets easier to influence ordinary people with the sense of sportive clothing. [7] (#cite_note-7) Skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) particularly influenced the forming of certain street styles. The image of the street style follower often corresponds with skateboarding. Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) that keep the feet from slipping on the board have been adopted by people who do not skateboard. [8] (#cite_note-8) Key sites [ edit ] Designers, street style activists, trendsetters, bloggers, fashion retailers and models influence a city's representation. These trends can mark shopping areas and entertainment locations. From the interdisciplinary perspective of consumption and consumer practices, city tourism is connected to city branding, through which a city's representation is aimed at attracting visitors and consumers. [9] (#cite_note-Skivko-9) Street style in Milan Milan [ edit ] Milan (/wiki/Milan) has several important fashion institutions, agencies and events, including Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . The expression 'capitale della moda' (the capital of fashion) refers to Milan when describing styles, urban life, fashion collections, and designers, motivating other cities to compete for this fashion, branded city status. Paris [ edit ] Paris (/wiki/Paris) 's look can be considered through frameworks of fashion fads, designers, a chic and luxury capital, artists and a bohemian lifestyle (/wiki/Bohemian_lifestyle) . Paris is an example of creating the 'city look', a collective image – certain fashion garments, specifics and lifestyles embody definite urbanity in a city's context. For instance, an image of 'La Parisienne', – the typical Parisian woman – consists not only of clothing but of certain manners, values and behavioural patterns associated with the country and its citizens. One of the most typical associations with Paris is that it is the city of love and fashion, a romantic city full of chic and luxury. The fashion phenomenon can provide strong associations and a clear understanding of Paris as a centre of fashion, love and dreams. [9] (#cite_note-Skivko-9) Japan [ edit ] Japanese fashion has inspired many fashion professionals in the West, starting with Kenzō Takada (/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Takada) 's appearance in Paris in 1970 followed by Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) in 1973, Hanae Mori (/wiki/Hanae_Mori) in 1977, Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) and Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) in 1981. Japan is gradually becoming a country that is a genuine force in the field of fashion. Today's Japanese fashion contributes both to the aesthetics of fashion as well as to how business is made in this industry. Japanese street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) sustains multiple simultaneous highly diverse fashion movements at any given time. It does not come from the famous professional Japanese designers, but is led by high school girls who have become extremely influential in controlling fashion trends. These fashion-conscious, or fashion-obsessed, youngsters indirectly and directly dictate this type of Japanese fashion. It is not an exaggeration to say that they are the agents of fashion, who take part in the production and dissemination of fashion. Japanese street fashion emerges from the social networks among different institutions of fashion as well as various street subcultures, each of which is identified with a unique and original look. These teens rely on a distinctive appearance to proclaim their symbolic, subcultural identity. This identity is not political or ideological; it is simply innovative fashion that determines their group affiliation. [10] (#cite_note-10) London [ edit ] Street style in London London (/wiki/London) is considered a significant fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) , but in contrast to Milan and Paris, London's look is closer to the fashion sense of royalty, traditions and strong street style culture. [ citation needed ] The city was a pioneer in the development and promotion of second-hand markets and underground tendencies in street style. [ citation needed ] Being a multinational city with a diverse cultural background, London is identified as a space where street style embodies not only the general popular fashion concepts, but also works as a tool to express social and cultural identity. Other important aspects of London's peculiar image is a recent collaboration between the Duchess of Cambridge and Alexander McQueen fashion brand. Clothes produced for the Duchess can be called revolutionary in a certain sense, as they are woman-friendly, less pretentious and dramatic. This speaks about a certain democratization of the brand, that becomes more affordable for common consumers and perceived as a street style item rather than high fashion royal attribute. [ citation needed ] One of the major reasons London has proved itself as a street style centre in Europe is that British fashion players are seen as more open and flexible in terms of innovative approaches to fashion and cooperation with young promising talents. This attitude creates more open-mindedness and affability with regard to street style and promotion of sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) practices. [ citation needed ] New York [ edit ] The practice of photo shooting models, still in runway makeup, in front of open warehouse spaces and garages or just on the street came from the fashion capital of the United States. [11] (#cite_note-11) Starting with the Gibson Girl (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) of the 1890s, the free-spirited Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) fashions of the 1920s, and the rugged, masculine work-wear of the 1930s and 40s, American culture has been especially influential in the creation of street style, with music movements like jazz (/wiki/Jazz) , rock (/wiki/Rock_music) , disco (/wiki/Disco) , and hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) , American sports and recreational pursuits like basketball (/wiki/Basketball) , baseball (/wiki/Baseball) , motorcycle riding (/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club) , surfing (/wiki/Surfing) and skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) , countercultural movements like the hippy (/wiki/Hippy) movement, punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) , grunge (/wiki/Grunge) and associated " anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) ", and image-based cultural industries like Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) all having exerted a significant amount of influence on New York's fashion and design. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) was the world's first fashion week. Historic fashion magazines like Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , and Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) have been the world's pre-eminent fashion publications for over a century. Neighborhoods like the East Village (/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan) , Greenwich Village (/wiki/Greenwich_Village) , and Williamsburg, Brooklyn (/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn) have been hot spots for street style, the latter having helped give rise to the hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) revival of the 2000s and 2010s. India [ edit ] Young people posing with fancy headgear, at Science City Kolkata (/wiki/Science_City_Kolkata) , 2018 Street style in India is getting on its way by copying this style generally from Hindi cinema (/wiki/Hindi_cinema) . As Indians are always fascinated by fashion, in India, different religions help in achieving this street style. Effects of social media [ edit ] Fashion bloggers [ edit ] Social media channels have become an efficient way in fashion practices to keep in touch with the consumer base as well as increase it through brand exposure. It allows for immediate feedback from users, which makes it possible to stay up-to-date with the latest changes and trends in street fashion. Blogs that focus on fashion brands and products, street style and personal style in particular are the largest categories of the blogs. Fashion blogs (/wiki/Fashion_blog) , or style blogs, are blogs that focus on fashion and beauty and are produced by bloggers who self-identify as stylists, creating their own authentic looks and exposing them in urban spaces. Blogger Alan Cariño attending París Fashion Week As the result of the immense outspread of fashion blogs, the level of engagement between the individual and fashion industry has risen dramatically, the gap between fashion houses, publications, and individuals is narrowing. Within the everyday people can communicate via the blogosphere, sharing their personal, individualized expressions of self. By utilizing texts, including images and narratives, from fashion blogs, individuals can view, and thus, approach dress from an innovative, individualized perspective. Fashion choices are more visible, accessible, and relatable through the fashion blog space due to these sites’ availability, user-friendliness, and constant change (i.e., uploading of new images and narratives). Blogs, in contrast to traditional fashion practices, represent varied images and bodies. However, it has been found that fashion blog imagery is not that different from those bodies featured in fashion editorials: there is often an emphasis on thinness, height, and whiteness. Yet these sites also include images of women that are raced or gendered, which does present an alternative view, as well as male bodies (not common in mainstream fashion editorials for the female subscriber). [2] (#cite_note-Neumann-2) Instagram [ edit ] Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , a leading mobile application for stylizing and sharing photos on the web, has proved popular among street style amateurs and professional street style photographers with large followings. [14] (#cite_note-14) Instagram is viewed as a relatively cheap, quick, flexible, and widely available platform. It gave life to a specific Instagram-based community of street style photographers and models, who also work as an additional channel of communication from fashion providers and consumers. Consequently, many well-followed photographers started including more street style photography in their portfolios. [ citation needed ] Examples [ edit ] Examples from the 1950s (/wiki/1950s_subcultures) , 1970s (/wiki/1970s_subcultures) , 1980s (/wiki/1980s_youth_fashion) , 1990s (/wiki/1990s_youth_fashion) , 2000s (/wiki/2000s_youth_fashion) , and 2010s (/wiki/2010s_youth_fashion) include: Hippies (/wiki/Hippie) ( denim (/wiki/Denim) , bohemian style, long hair, flower power and psychedelic imagery (/wiki/Psychedelic_imagery) , flared trousers (/wiki/Flared_trousers) ) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boy) (drape jackets, drainpipe trousers, crepe shoes) Punk fashion (/wiki/Punk_fashion) (ripped clothing, safety pins, bondage, provocative T-shirt slogans, Mohican hairstyle) Skinheads (/wiki/Skinhead) (short-cropped hair, fitted jeans, Ben Sherman (/wiki/Ben_Sherman) button-up shirts, Fred Perry (/wiki/Fred_Perry) polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirts) , Harrington jackets (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) , Dr. Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) boots) Gothic fashion (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) (black clothing, heavy coats, poet shirts (/wiki/Poet_shirt) , big boots, makeup) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy#Fashion) ( argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) , Nantucket Reds (/wiki/Nantucket_Reds) , button down (/wiki/Button_down) Oxford cloth (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) shirts, and boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) ). See also ghetto prep (/wiki/Ghetto_prep) for a 21st-century variant influenced by hip-hop fashion. Hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) (ultra-baggy pants, ECKO, Tribal Gear (/wiki/Tribal_Gear) , South Pole (/wiki/Southpole_(clothing)) , Avirex, FUBU (/wiki/FUBU) , Sean Jean, NIKE (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) ) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) or indie (/wiki/Indie_rock) ( glasses (/wiki/Glasses) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , beanies (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) , sneakers (/wiki/Sneaker_(footwear)) , ties (/wiki/Necktie) , suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) , checked shirts, beards (/wiki/Beard) ) Trendies (/wiki/Trendies) ( androgynous (/wiki/Androgyny) big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) , bright neon colors, skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , printed hoodies, keffiyehs (/wiki/Keffiyeh) ) Rasta (/wiki/Rastafari_movement) ( African-inspired clothing (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) , rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) , dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) ) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) (Levis 501 jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) , leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jackets) , sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) or motorcycle boots (/wiki/Motorcycle_boots) , hair gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) ) Urban (/wiki/Urban_culture) (colorful apparel, large accent jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) , skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , jackets (/wiki/Jackets) , T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) ) Feminine ( dresses (/wiki/Dresses) , hats (/wiki/Hat) , sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , hand bags (/wiki/Handbag) , floral prints) Kawaii (/wiki/Kawaii) (tutu skirts, pastel and pink colors, anime (/wiki/Anime) , childish and Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) inspired accessories such as wild hair clips or bows) See also [ edit ] Bread & Butter (tradeshow) (/wiki/Bread_%26_Butter_(tradeshow)) Consumer Behaviour (/wiki/Consumer_Behaviour) Counterculture (/wiki/Counterculture) Cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) Fashion Design (/wiki/Fashion_Design) Haute Couture (/wiki/Haute_Couture) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Subculture (/wiki/Subculture) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cercone, Katie (2012). "Today's Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024422/http://www.revoltmagazine.org/Issue_01/Articles/TODAYS_FASHION_article.htm) . Revolt Magazine . Vol. 1, no. 1. Public Art Squad Project. Archived from the original (http://www.revoltmagazine.org/Issue_01/Articles/TODAYS_FASHION_article.htm) on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Cindy Hinant, a visual artist whose daily trek through Soho makes her a regular target for amateur blogarazzi stalking women for photo copy, remarks, "Street fashion has made me both paranoid and vain. Last week I had my photo taken twice in one day by two different magazines for their street fashion whatever. Now when I'm wearing something that I think is awesome I'm disappointed not to be stopped to have my picture taken. ^ Jump up to: a b Neumann, Jessica (1 January 2011). "Fashioning the Self: Performance, Identity and Difference" (https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/475) . Electronic Theses and Dissertations . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Has Street Style Jumped The Shark?" (https://www.refinery29.com/street-style-history) . Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Woodward, Sophie (1 March 2009). "The Myth of Street Style" (https://doi.org/10.2752/175174109X381355) . Fashion Theory . 13 (1): 83–101. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174109X381355 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174109X381355) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191623215 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191623215) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bovone, Laura (1 December 2006). "Urban style cultures and urban cultural production in Milan: Postmodern identity and the transformation of fashion" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X06000453) . Poetics . Approaches to material culture: the sociology of fashion and clothing. 34 (6): 370–382. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.poetic.2006.10.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.poetic.2006.10.004) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-422X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-422X) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Shinkle, Eugénie (2008). Fashion as Photograph: Viewing and Reviewing Images of Fashion . London: I.B. Tauris (/wiki/I.B._Tauris) . p. 187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4356-9994-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 312682144 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312682144) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Loschek, Ingrid (2009). When Clothes Become Fashion: Design and Innovation Systems . Oxford: Berg (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) . p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85785-144-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 719383437 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/719383437) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Streissguth, Thomas (2008). Skateboarding Street Style . Minneapolis, MN: Bellwether Media. p. 12. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60014-142-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 175054476 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/175054476) . ^ Jump up to: a b Skivko, Maria (2016). "Touring the fashion: Branding the city" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1469540516635806) . Journal of Consumer Culture . 16 (2): 432–446. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1469540516635806 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469540516635806) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1469-5405 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5405) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 147022401 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147022401) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kawamura, Yuniya (September 2006). "Japanese Teens as Producers of Street Fashion" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011392106066816) . Current Sociology . 54 (5): 784–801. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0011392106066816 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011392106066816) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0011-3921 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3921) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144670266 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144670266) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Luvaas, Brent Adam (2016). Street Style: An Ethnography of Fashion Blogging . London: Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) . p. 40. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-6289-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 933297032 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933297032) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Donoghue, Katy (5 July 2019). "The Original Influencers: Hollywood's Impact on American Fashion" (https://whitewall.art/fashion/original-influencers-hollywoods-impact-american-fashion) . Whitewall . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Christian, Scott (27 September 2018). "How Japan Turned a Mythical Version of America Into a World-Renowned Style" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a22804481/japan-tokyo-ame-tra-american-traditionalist-style-fashion/) . Esquire . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Fox, Allison (1 March 2017). "The Best Instagram Accounts for Street Style and Fashion" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/instagram-accounts-for-street-style-and-fashion_us_58b4970ce4b0a8a9b7855866) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . External links [ edit ] "Why Fashion Photographers Are Flocking to Instagram" (http://mashable.com/2011/06/03/street-style-instagram/#5aUOqNz0R8qj) "New Zealand Street Style" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10742470) "When Politics Became a Fashion Statement" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/fashion/the-year-in-style-politics-dressing.html?_r=0) "Why London Deserves to be the Fashion Capital of the World" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8718111/Why-London-deserves-to-be-the-fashion-capital-of-the-world.html) "Letterman jackets" (https://clothoo.com/) by clothoo v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐qxpff Cached time: 20240713200138 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.541 seconds Real time usage: 0.763 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2731/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 158969/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11635/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77403/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.311/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6740483/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 570.090 1 -total 34.18% 194.834 1 Template:Reflist 23.38% 133.270 3 Template:Ambox 20.70% 117.993 9 Template:Navbox 19.45% 110.887 1 Template:Cite_news 16.05% 91.506 1 Template:Fashion 14.54% 82.870 1 Template:Multiple_issues 12.17% 69.397 1 Template:Short_description 11.82% 67.399 5 Template:Citation_needed 10.31% 58.803 5 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16861868-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713200138 and revision id 1232193244. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_style&oldid=1232193244 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_style&oldid=1232193244) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Street fashion (/wiki/Category:Street_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2022) Articles needing additional references from April 2008 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2008) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles lacking focus from September 2017 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_lacking_focus_from_September_2017) All Wikipedia articles lacking focus (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_lacking_focus) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023)
Campaigns to improve the conditions of workers in abusive workplaces This article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length) may be too short to adequately summarize (/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview) of all important aspects of the article. ( February 2021 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-sweatshop_movement) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Anti-sweatshop movement" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anti-sweatshop+movement%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Anti-sweatshop movement refers to campaigns to improve the conditions of workers in sweatshops (/wiki/Sweatshop) , i.e. manufacturing places characterized by low wages, poor working conditions and often child labor (/wiki/Child_labor) . It started in the 19th century in industrialized countries such as the United States (/wiki/United_States) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) and the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) to improve the conditions of workers in those countries. [1] (#cite_note-Blackburn-1) These campaigns are meant to improve the working conditions through advocacy for higher wages, safer conditions, unionization (/wiki/Unionization) and other protections. [2] (#cite_note-2) While they are meant to undermine the reputation of companies using sweatshop labor, they are not statistically significant as intended. History [ edit ] Some of the earliest sweatshop critics were found in the 19th-century abolitionist (/wiki/Abolitionism) movement that had originally coalesced in opposition to chattel slavery (/wiki/Slavery) , and many abolitionists saw similarities between slavery and sweatshop work. As slavery was successively outlawed in industrial countries between 1794 (in France) and 1865 (in the United States), some abolitionists sought to broaden the anti-slavery consensus to include other forms of harsh labor, including sweatshops. As it happened, the first significant law to address sweatshops (the Factory Act of 1833 (/wiki/Factory_Act) ) was passed in the United Kingdom at the same time that the slave trade (1807) and ownership of slaves (1833) were made illegal. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Ultimately, the abolitionist movement split apart. Some advocates focused on working conditions and found common cause with trade unions and Marxists (/wiki/Marxists) and socialist political groups, or progressive movement (/wiki/Progressive_movement) and the muckrakers (/wiki/Muckraker) . Others focused on the continued slave trade and involuntary servitude (/wiki/Involuntary_servitude) in the colonial world. For those groups that remained focused on slavery, sweatshops became one of the primary objects of controversy. Workplaces across multiple sectors of the economy were categorized as sweatshops. However, there were fundamental philosophical disagreements about what constituted slavery. Unable to agree on the status of sweatshops, the abolitionists working with the League of Nations (/wiki/League_of_Nations) and the United Nations ultimately backed away from efforts to define slavery, and focused instead on a common precursor of slavery – human trafficking (/wiki/Human_trafficking) . [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Those focused on working conditions included Friedrich Engels (/wiki/Friedrich_Engels) , whose book The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844) would inspire the Marxist movement named for his collaborator, Karl Marx (/wiki/Karl_Marx) . In the United Kingdom the Factory Act was revised six further times between 1844 and 1878 to help improve the condition of workers by limiting work hours and the use of child labor. The formation of the International Labour Organization (/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) in 1919 under the League of Nations and then the United Nations sought to address the plight of workers the world over. Concern over working conditions as described by muckraker journalists during the Progressive Era (/wiki/Progressive_Era) in the United States saw the passage of new workers rights laws and ultimately resulted in the Fair Labor Standards Act (/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act) of 1938, passed during the New Deal (/wiki/New_Deal) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In the late 20th century, with the advent of globalization (/wiki/Globalization) , movements were formed to protest the exploitation of workers (/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour) in poorer countries by companies based in wealthy countries. Noam Chomsky (/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) said in The Nation (/wiki/The_Nation) that the anti-sweatshop movement is in some ways, he said, "like the Anti-Apartheid Movement (/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement) , except that in this case it's striking at the core of the relations of exploitation. It's another example of how different constituencies are working together." [5] (#cite_note-Chomsky-5) On February 4, 1997, Mayor Ed Boyle of North Olmsted, Ohio, introduced the first piece of legislation actually prohibiting the government of purchasing, renting, or taking on consignment any and all goods made under sweatshop conditions and including in the definition those goods made by political prisoners. This legislation was copied by other American cities such as Detroit, New York, and San Francisco. Later Mayor Boyle introduced the legislation to the Mayors and Managers Association where it was immediately passed and he was invited by President Clinton to address a panel studying the subject in Washington, DC. People working in a sweatshop. With the rise of globalization (/wiki/Globalization) and transnational corporations (/wiki/Transnational_corporations) (TNCs) such as Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) or Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , many sweatshop laborers have lost autonomy and corporations have gained in their invincibility to anti-sweatshop laws within a particular country. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Corporations have the ability to move their production to another country when the laws become too restricting. As corporations globalize, many sweatshop movements have begun to see "worker internationalization" as one of the only viable solution; however, this requires strong labor movements, sufficient resources, and a commitment to mobilizing all workers, including women, which can be difficult to do at an international scale, as has been the case in the Americas. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) #WhoMadeMyClothes [ edit ] The # WhoMadeMyClothes (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution##WhoMadeMyClothes_Hashtag_Movement) hashtag was launched in 2013 by Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) co-founders, Carry Somers and Orsola de Castro. [7] (#cite_note-7) Celebrities including Emma Watson, Kelly Slater, and Fernanda Paes Leme used the hashtag on Twitter to support the issue. [8] (#cite_note-8) The movement also utilized YouTube to spread awareness. To promote the hashtag in 2015, Fashion Revolution released a video titled “The 2 Euro T-Shirt - A Social Experiment". [9] (#cite_note-9) The video showed a vending machine selling T-shirts for 2 Euros. When people went to purchase the shirt, a video played describing the working conditions in which the shirt was made. By the end, people chose to donate to the cause of increasing supply chain transparency instead of buying the T-shirt. The video has over 7.9 million views. Their 2018 campaign film uploaded on April 22, 2018, was awarded the Best Green Fashion Film award at the Fashion Film Festival Milano and has over 54,000 views to date. [10] (#cite_note-10) Effectiveness of the movement [ edit ] A study published in 2011 found that while in most cases anti-sweatshop movements did not affect sales for companies using sweatshops, they did correspond with a decrease in the sales of well-known, more specialized brands and more intense movements caused more significant reduction in the sales. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The same study also found that anti-sweatshop events also seemed to correspond with lower stock prices for the companies that were the target of these events, though some major anti-sweatshop events such the Kaksy lawsuit against Nike, did not result in any discernible change in stock price of the targeted company. The study found that 64.1% of the companies targeted by anti-sweatshop movements saw drops in stock price in the five days following the anti-sweatshop event, and 56.4% saw drops in the two days following the event. Though the study did find these slight negative economic effects, it did not find that, when taking into account companies of all reputations, anti-sweatshop movements or events damaged the reputation of the companies they targeted to a statistically significant degree; however, there does seem to be a slight undercutting of the reputations of companies with positive reputations when they are faced with anti-sweatshop campaigns, particularly intense ones. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Debate on the effects of sweatshops [ edit ] Criticisms [ edit ] Safety regulations [ edit ] The criticisms of sweatshops, and thus the reason for an anti-sweatshop movement, [12] (#cite_note-12) begins with the lack of safety regulations in sweatshops and their exploitative nature. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Matt Zwolinski argues that though sweatshop laborers technically "choose" to work in sweatshops, this decision is not "fully voluntary" and that while sweatshops may provide opportunities that would not otherwise exist, when a worker "consents" to work in a sweatshop, they are also consenting to labor practices that cause more harm than good to the laborer overall. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Another criticism includes the prevalence of child labor working heavy machinery for very low wages. This often requires children to be taken out of school, thus disrupting their education, and exposing them to very dangerous working conditions that may endanger their health. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) Globalization [ edit ] In recent years, the apparel industry has become increasingly globalized which has caused production to move abroad. Over 850,000 jobs were lost in developed countries but that number was matched by growth in the Third World. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) Four-fifths of the employment growth occurred in Asian countries- Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia- while the highest number of clothing job losses were in the United States. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) Although many anti-sweatshop campaigners would like for globalization to be reversed and factories to close, citizens of these developed countries do not have many options for alternative work. In developing countries, the primary alternative work consists of lower-wage agriculture. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) Other criticisms include advocating for humane globalization. This advocacy includes making a distinction between cost of living and the parallel to wage. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) For example, it does not cost a citizen the same to live in Bangladesh as in Europe. Low wages [ edit ] While many sweatshop workers have higher wages compared to other industry workers such as agriculture, they are still exploited by brands and corporations that take an advantage of low wage standards in third world countries. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) For example, according to Bangladeshi labor organizations, the average living wage in Bangladesh is about $60 per month. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) Sweatshop workers in Bangladesh are paid about $40 a month. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) Companies outsource manufacturing labor from rich to poor countries because of the appeal of cheap labor and low costs. Although sweatshop work wages do not necessarily meet the living wage standards, poor workers in such developing countries rely on these companies, because it provides a primary source of work that pays more than others. Arguments in favor [ edit ] Provision of opportunities [ edit ] Some people, such as Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nicholas Kristoff (/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof) , argue that the anti-sweatshop movement "risks harming the very people it is aiming to help." [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) This is because sweatshops signify the start of an industrial revolution in China and offer people a path towards making money and escaping poverty. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) The anti-sweatshop movement, in this view, can harm the impoverished workers by increasing labour costs for factories which, in turn, can incentivize turning to technology instead of people for labour and thus reduce the number of employees needed. Additionally, if anti-sweatshop movements succeed and manage to get stricter guidelines passed, companies may move to countries with less strict laws governing sweatshops, thus removing a source of jobs and money for impoverished countries. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) Effects on employment [ edit ] Even if a company does not move to another country with more relaxed labor laws, economic demand theory says that the more a good cost, the less the demand for it is. Economists argue that even though the labor is "exploitative", it should be permitted, as trying to put regulations on sweatshop labor would only result in sweatshops needing fewer workers, thus reducing opportunities for individuals to make a living. [16] (#cite_note-16) Views of economists [ edit ] Most [ clarification needed ] economists say that sweatshops can be a benefit to Third World workers and the anti-sweatshop movement could reduce [ clarification needed ] Third World employment and investment. The economic ways to think about this issue, employers and employees can both get benefits [ clarification needed ] when they voluntarily sign the contract, no matter how low the wages are from the external's point of view. An economist pointed out "as simple as this: 'Either you believe labor demand curves are downward sloping, or you don't,' as a neoclassical colleague said to me. [ clarification needed ] Of course, not to believe that demand curves are negatively sloped would be tantamount to declaring yourself an economic illiterate." [ clarification needed ] [17] (#cite_note-17) Organizations [ edit ] Clean Clothes Campaign (/wiki/Clean_Clothes_Campaign) - international alliance of labor unions and non-governmental organizations Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) - organization that brings awareness to the ethical, humanitarian, and sustainable issues of global fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) brands Free the Children (/wiki/Free_the_Children) - a Canadian organization that helps raise awareness and put a stop to Child Labour – Also helps other children in need Global Exchange (/wiki/Global_Exchange) - an international human rights organization founded in 1988 dedicated to promoting social, economic and environmental justice (/wiki/Environmental_justice) Green America (/wiki/Green_America) - membership organization based in the United States Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights (/wiki/Institute_for_Global_Labour_and_Human_Rights) - founded to combat sweatshop labor and US government policy in El Salvador and Central America International Labor Rights Forum (/wiki/International_Labor_Rights_Forum) International Labour Organization (/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) - a specialized agency of the United Nations Maquila Solidarity Network (/wiki/Maquila_Solidarity_Network) - a Canadian anti-sweatshop network microRevolt (https://microrevolt.org/) - an organization founded by Cat Mazza (/wiki/Cat_Mazza) , a textile artist who engages in Craftivism (/wiki/Craftivism) Rugmark (/wiki/Rugmark) - a carpet labeling program and rehabilitation centers for former child laborers in India, Pakistan and Nepal UNITE HERE (/wiki/UNITE_HERE) - a labor union based in the United States and Canada dedicated to achieving higher standards for laborers United Students Against Sweatshops (/wiki/United_Students_Against_Sweatshops) - a student organization in the United States and Canada Worker Rights Consortium (/wiki/Worker_Rights_Consortium) - a labor rights organization focused on protecting the rights of workers who make apparel in the United States In Asia [ edit ] China Labour Bulletin (/wiki/China_Labour_Bulletin) - reports on labor concerns in China Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Christian_Industrial_Committee) - empowers workers, acts as a policy watch-dog, and promotes independent trade union movements Prominent campaigners [ edit ] Lady Astor (/wiki/Lady_Astor) Alfred Deakin (/wiki/Alfred_Deakin) Alfred George Gardiner (/wiki/Alfred_George_Gardiner) Vida Goldstein (/wiki/Vida_Goldstein) Florence Kelley (/wiki/Florence_Kelley) Charles Kernaghan (/wiki/Charles_Kernaghan) Mary Reid Macarthur (/wiki/Mary_Reid_Macarthur) Samuel Mauger (/wiki/Samuel_Mauger) R. H. Tawney (/wiki/R._H._Tawney) Rutherford Waddell (/wiki/Rutherford_Waddell) See also [ edit ] Child labour (/wiki/Child_labour) Craftivism (/wiki/Craftivism#Anti-sweatshop) Nicholas D. Kristof's criticism of the anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Nicholas_D._Kristof#Criticism_of_the_anti-sweatshop_movement) National Anti-Sweating League (/wiki/National_Anti-Sweating_League) National Labor Committee in Support of Human and Worker Rights (/wiki/National_Labor_Committee_in_Support_of_Human_and_Worker_Rights) Sweatshop-free (/wiki/Sweatshop-free) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Blackburn_1-0) Sheila Blackburn (1991) The Historical Journal 34 (1) 43-64 "Ideology and Social Policy: The Origins of the Trade Boards Act" ^ (#cite_ref-2) Powell, Benjamin (2014). Out of Poverty: Sweatshops in the Global Economy . Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–22. ^ Jump up to: a b Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem . Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fair Labor Standards Act - FLSA - 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8". finduslaw.com . ^ (#cite_ref-Chomsky_5-0) "Talking 'Anarchy' With Chomsky", (http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000424/chomsky/2) The Nation , April 5, 2000 (http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000424/chomsky/2) ^ Jump up to: a b Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph. "Workers of the world unite? The contemporary anti-sweatshop movement and the struggle for social justice in the Americas." Work and Occupations 32.4 (2005): 464-485. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Blanchard, Tamsin (2019-04-22). "Who Made My Clothes? Stand up for workers' rights with Fashion Revolution Week \| Tamsin Blanchard" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/commentisfree/2019/apr/22/who-made-my-clothes-stand-up-for-workers-rights-with-fashion-revolution-week) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "2018 Impact" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/2018-impact/) . Fashion Revolution . Retrieved 2020-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Dot, Red. "Award-winning design and its makers: "The 2 Euro T-Shirt – A Social Experiment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232345/https://www.red-dot.org/about-red-dot/magazine/2-euro-t-shirt//) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232345/https://www.red-dot.org/about-red-dot/magazine/2-euro-t-shirt//) . www.red-dot.org . Archived from the original (https://www.red-dot.org/about-red-dot/magazine/2-euro-t-shirt/) on 2020-09-27 . Retrieved 2020-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Who Made My Clothes? , retrieved 2020-04-15 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bartley, Tim, and Curtis Child. “Movements, Markets and Fields: The Effects of Anti-sweatshop Campaigns on U.S. Firms, 1993-2000”. Social Forces 90.2 (2011): 425–451. Web. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Adams, Roy J.; Hallock, Margaret (2001). "THE ANTI-SWEATSHOP MOVEMENT and CORPORATE Codes of Conduct" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23271952) . Perspectives on Work . 5 (1): 15–18. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1534-9276 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-9276) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Two Cheers for Sweatshops" (https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000924mag-sweatshops.html) . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2016-02-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mandle, Jay R. (2000). "The Student Anti-Sweatshop Movement: Limits and Potential". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 570 : 92–103. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/000271620057000107 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271620057000107) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1049242 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1049242) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 154404388 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154404388) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Atal, Maha Rafi (2013-04-29). "The Bangladesh factory tragedy and the moralists of sweatshop economics \| Maha Rafi Atal" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/29/bangladesh-factory-tragedy-sweatshop-economics) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Powell, Benjamin, and Matt Zwolinski. "The ethical and economic case against sweatshop labor: A critical assessment." Journal of business ethics 107.4 (2012): 449-472. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Miller, John (2003). Why Economists Are Wrong About Sweatshops and the Antisweatshop Movement . pp. 93–122. v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dk8w7 Cached time: 20240712222312 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.434 seconds Real time usage: 0.548 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1828/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 71418/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2801/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53609/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.276/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5961313/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 460.274 1 -total 36.45% 167.773 1 Template:Reflist 23.45% 107.939 2 Template:Cite_book 21.45% 98.733 3 Template:Navbox 21.37% 98.372 1 Template:Fashion 14.88% 68.481 1 Template:Short_description 13.49% 62.073 2 Template:Ambox 11.13% 51.229 1 Template:Lead_too_short 9.32% 42.877 5 Template:Clarify 8.93% 41.090 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16945262-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712222312 and revision id 1226861115. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-sweatshop_movement&oldid=1226861115 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-sweatshop_movement&oldid=1226861115) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Reform movements (/wiki/Category:Reform_movements) Minimum wage (/wiki/Category:Minimum_wage) Manufacturing (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing) Labour law (/wiki/Category:Labour_law) Ethically disputed working conditions (/wiki/Category:Ethically_disputed_working_conditions) Anti-corporate activism (/wiki/Category:Anti-corporate_activism) Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_February_2021) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_February_2021) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles needing additional references from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2022) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2020)
Dress which has a special significance to a faith group Religious clothing is clothing (/wiki/Clothing) which is worn in accordance with religious practice (/wiki/Religion) , tradition or significance to a faith group (/wiki/Faith_group) . It includes clerical clothing (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) such as cassocks (/wiki/Cassock) , and religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , robes (/wiki/Robe) , and other vestments (/wiki/Vestments) . Accessories include hats (/wiki/Hat) , wedding rings (/wiki/Wedding_ring#religion) , crucifixes (/wiki/Crucifix) , etc. Buddhism [ edit ] Buddhist alms (/wiki/Alms#Buddhism) in Don Det (Si Phan Don, Laos (/wiki/Laos) ) Ordained Buddhist bhikkus (monks) and bhikuunis (nuns) traditionally wear simple robes called kāṣāya (/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)) , named after a brown or saffron dye used to give the fabric their distinctive non-primary colors. Originally, these robes were made of cast-off or donated material because monks lived ascetic (/wiki/Asceticism) lifestyles. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) The dyes were used to distinguish their common clothing from other people. [2] (#cite_note-2) In Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) and Pali (/wiki/Pali) , these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Bhikkus wear the "triple robe" (tricivara) comprises an inner garment or waistcloth (antaravasaka), an upper robe (uttarsanga) and outer robe (sanghati). Bhikkunis wear the "fivefold robe" with an additional vest and skirt. [3] (#cite_note-3) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Sandals are allowed if they are simple and have one lining only, or they may have many linings if they are cast-off sandals. Ordained Buddhists also keep their heads and faces shaved, often including eyebrows, as a symbol of the renunciation of worldly desires. Christianity [ edit ] Main article: Christian clothing (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Il ministrante (/wiki/Altar_server) , by Giacomo di Chirico (/wiki/Giacomo_di_Chirico) (1844–1883). Women who belong to the Hutterite Church (/wiki/Hutterite_Church) , an Anabapist Christian (/wiki/Anabaptism) denomination, wear their headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) daily and only remove it when sleeping. Plate showing historical Christian and other religious clothing. From French encyclopedia Larousse du XXème siècle 1932. Vestments (/wiki/Vestments) are liturgical (/wiki/Christian_liturgy) garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian (/wiki/Christianity) religions, especially Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_Church) , Eastern Orthodox (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) , Anglicans (/wiki/Anglicanism) , Methodists (/wiki/Methodism) , and Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheranism) Churches. Other groups also make use of vestments, but this was a point of controversy (/wiki/Vestments_controversy) in the Protestant Reformation (/wiki/Protestant_Reformation) and sometimes since - notably during the Ritualist controversies (/wiki/Ritualism) in England in the 19th century. Clerical clothing (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) is non- liturgical (/wiki/Christian_liturgy) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn exclusively by clergy (/wiki/Clergy) . It is distinct from vestments in that it is not reserved specifically for services. Women belonging to various Christian denominations (such as those of Conservative Anabaptist Christianity (/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptism) and Orthodox Christianity) practice Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) , a traditional practice since the days of the early Church (/wiki/Early_Church) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Additionally, some Christians practice the wearing of plain dress (/wiki/Plain_dress) , notably traditional Anabaptists (/wiki/Anabaptist) (such as Old Order Mennonites (/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonites) and Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) ), Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) , and Methodists of the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) ; for example, in its 2015 Book of Discipline, the Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) teaches that: [5] (#cite_note-EWC2015-5) We require our women to appear in public with dresses of modest length, sleeves of modest length, modest necklines and modest hose; the wearing of split skirts, slacks, jeans, artificial flowers or feathers is forbidden. Moreover, we require our men to conform to the scriptural standards of decent and modest attire; we require that when they appear in public they wear shirts with sleeves of modest length. We require that all our people appear in public with sleeves below the elbows. Women's hemlines are to be modestly below the knees. Our people are forbidden to appear in public with transparent or immodest apparel, including shorts or bathing suits. Parents are required to dress their children modestly in conformity with our general principles of Christian attire. We further prohibit our people from participating in the practices of body-piercing, tattooing or body art. [5] (#cite_note-EWC2015-5) Latter-day Saints [ edit ] Adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) (LDS Church) and some fundamentalist Latter-day Saint groups often receive temple garments (/wiki/Temple_garment) at the time of receiving their endowment, after taking part in the endowment (/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)) ritual. These garments, which are to be worn at all times (with the exception of certain activities such as exercise) under typical clothing, date back to the early days of the Church, originating with the Church's first latter-day prophet, Joseph Smith, Jr. (/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.) , and have been updated periodically. Members believe that the wearing of these garments serves as a symbolic reminder of eternal covenants they have made with God the Father and Jesus Christ (/wiki/Jesus_Christ) . Special outer temple clothing (/wiki/Temple_robes#Latter-day_Saints_tradition) is also worn for worship and participation in temple (/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)) ceremonies. Temple clothing is not worn outside of the temples (/wiki/Temple_(Latter-day_Saints)) , with an exception for deceased members who may be dressed in temple clothing for burial. Outside of temples, including at weekly sacrament meetings (/wiki/Sacrament_meeting) and at general conferences (/w/index.php?title=General_Conference_(Latter-day_Saints)&action=edit&redlink=1) , respectful clothing is traditionally worn, often with a white, button-down shirt, and a tie for the male members, females typically wear a dress or skirt, emphasizing "modesty" in appearance. White clothes are worn by those undergoing and performing baptism (/wiki/Baptism_(Mormonism)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Islam [ edit ] Main article: Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Islamic modest clothing worn at a wedding ceremony Dress in Islam (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) varies from country to country. The Quranic (/wiki/Quran) sura An-Nur (/wiki/An-Nur) ("The Light") prescribes modesty in dress. Various hadiths (/wiki/Hadith) (teachings of Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad) ) state further criteria for women's dress code and men's dress code in Islam. The hijab (/wiki/Hijab) is recommended for women in the Quran, which says: "O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful." [8] (#cite_note-8) The hijab is commonly worn throughout the Islamic world, with many Muslim countries having adapted it to their culture and traditions. For example, there are Muslim countries like Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) where only a headscarf is common; however, this does not mean that the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) , burqa (/wiki/Burqa) or khimar (/wiki/Khimar) are not worn. In Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , the hijab, niqab, the khimar and the burqa are typical. In Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) and parts of Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) , the burqa and the niqab are both common. In India (/wiki/India) , particularly in the state of Kashmir (/wiki/Kashmir) , Muslim women wear the hijab and the khimar. In Sudan (/wiki/Sudan) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) and Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , the hijab, the khimar and the jilbab (/wiki/Jilbab) are more common. [ citation needed ] Judaism [ edit ] Main article: Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) are specially knotted ritual fringes, or tassels worn by most Jewish men and boys during prayer. Tzitzit are attached to the four corners of the tallit (/wiki/Tallit) (Jewish prayer shawl) and in more traditional communities are tied to all four-cornered garments. Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) are black leather boxes made by hand which contain written passages from the Hebrew Bible, particularly the V'ahavta (/wiki/V%27ahavta) and secured to the arm and head with leather straps. These have been worn for at least the last 2,000 years and originated in pre-diaspora Judaism. [9] (#cite_note-9) These are almost exclusively worn by very religious Jews during weekday prayers, and not worn outside of religious functions in order to prevent one from 'defiling' them. Curiously, while Ashkenazi and some Sephardi men have the custom to wear these during prayer, many outlying communities such as the Beta Israel (/wiki/Beta_Israel) did not, until they were introduced to the custom by Israelis or Ashkenazi missionaries. A kippah (/wiki/Kippah) or yarmulke is a cloth head covering worn by Jews during prayer or other ritual services. Some wear it every day. In the United States, most synagogues and Jewish funeral services keep a ready supply of kippot for the temporary use of visitors who have not brought one. A mitpachat (/wiki/Tichel) , or tichel in Yiddish (/wiki/Yiddish) , is a headscarf worn by some religious Jewish women. It is customary for a married woman, but some women choose to wear them only during religious occasions. Various formal hats are worn by Jewish men in Hasidic Jewish circles and sometimes in other traditional communities, generally on top of a yarmulke , generally reflecting a particular cultural background, and sometimes reflecting one's age, marital status, rabbinical rank or lineage. In general, hats are only worn on top of a yarmulke after a Jewish male reaches bar mitzvah age, although some communities, such as Belz and Viznitz, have boys under bar mitzvah age wear caps known as kaskets (/wiki/Kasket) on top of their yarmulkes . Fedoras (/wiki/Fedora) , generally black with a wide brim, are worn by men from Litvish (/wiki/Litvish) , Yeshivish (/wiki/Yeshivish) , and Chabad-Lubavitch (/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch) communities, and these are worn by both single and married men. Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) style hats are often worn by rabbis of higher rank in Litvish and Yeshivish circles. Derby hats (/wiki/Derby_(hat)) are worn by Hasidic men in certain communities, sometimes signifying lay status as opposed to rabbinical status. Biber hats (/w/index.php?title=Biber_hat&action=edit&redlink=1) are worn by Hasidic men, both married and unmarried, in certain communities, with varied styles signifying which community one belongs to, or sometimes rabbinical status. Shtreimels (/wiki/Shtreimel) are worn by married men (or previously married men, such as divorced men and widowers) in many Hasidic communities and the Sabbath, major holidays, and special occasions such as weddings; and by unmarried boys after bar mitzvah in certain traditional Jerusalemite communities, such as Toldos Aharon. Spodiks (/wiki/Spodik) are worn by married (et al.) men in certain Hasidic communities originating in Poland on the same occasions when a shtreimel is worn in other communities, particularly the communities of Gur, Alexander, and Amshinov. Kolpiks (/wiki/Kolpik) are worn by unmarried boys over bar mitzvah age who are from rabbinical families, and by certain Hasidic rabbis on special occasions that are more than a regular weekday but not warranting the wearing of a shtreimel , such as lighting Hanukkah candles and conducting a tish on Rosh Chodesh or Tu B'Shvat. In Mizrachi communities, these are replaced by the more traditional sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) , or otherwise a turban typically wrapped from a modified keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) . Other communities wear hats similar to the fez (/wiki/Fez_hat) or the more common Bucharian styled kippah . Rekel (/wiki/Rekel) coats are worn by Hasidic lay men during weekdays, and by some on the Sabbath. Some Ashkenazi Jewish men wear a frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) during prayer and other specific occasions. It is commonly worn by Hasidic rabbis and Jewish religious leaders in public. The coat is more commonly known as a frak , a sirtuk , or a kapotteh . Bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) coats or robes are worn by Hasidic lay men on Sabbath and holidays, both single and married. In some non-Hasidic communities a beskishe may be worn either during prayer or at meals as well, on the Sabbath and holidays. Hasidic rabbis will wear a bekishe on weekdays as well, with their weekday hats. The bekishe worn by certain rabbis may have colors other than black, such as white, silver, gold, or blue, and may also be lined with velvet. The kittel (/wiki/Kittel) is a white robe worn on certain occasions by married men (and some women) [10] (#cite_note-10) in Ashkenazic and Hasidic communities, such as Yom Kippur and Passover Seder, and may be worn by those leading prayers (and in some communities by all married men) on Rosh Hashanah, Hoshanah Rabbah, and for Tefilas Tal and Tefilas Geshem. A groom will generally wear a kittel during his wedding ceremony as well. In some Sephardic communities, a rabbi or a hazzan may wear a similar white robe at weddings and at prayer services. The gartel (/wiki/Gartel) is a belt used by some Jewish men during prayer, particularly from Hasidic communities. "Gartel" is Yiddish for "belt." In older traditional Jewish communities, sashes were worn for the same effect, though non-European traditional clothing has fallen out of favor in Israel, and therefore most of these communities. [11] (#cite_note-11) Red string in Kabbalah. Wearing a thin red string (/wiki/Red_string_(Kabbalah)) (as a type of talisman (/wiki/Amulet) ) is a custom, popularly thought to be associated with Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) 's Kabbalah (/wiki/Kabbalah) , in order to ward off misfortune brought about by an " evil eye (/wiki/Evil_eye) " ( עין הרע in Hebrew). In Yiddish, the red string is called a roite bindele . The red string itself is usually made from thin red (/wiki/Red) wool (/wiki/Wool) thread (/wiki/Yarn) . It is worn, or tied, as a type of bracelet (/wiki/Bracelet) or "band" on the left wrist (/wiki/Wrist) of the wearer (the receiving side). [12] (#cite_note-bbcbracelets-12) The connection to traditional Judaism is disputed, and this is mostly worn by secular or non-Jewish spiritualist circles who often misunderstand the origins, or were sold manufactured versions within popular Israeli religious tourist attractions. [13] (#cite_note-13) Sikhism [ edit ] Main article: The Five Ks (/wiki/The_Five_Ks) Sikh Articles of Faith Baptized Khalsa (/wiki/Khalsa) Sikhs (/wiki/Sikhs) are mandated to wear the 5 Ks (/wiki/The_Five_Ks) : Kesh (/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)) (unshorn hair), strapped Kirpan (/wiki/Kirpan) (sword), Kachhehra (/wiki/Kacchera) (prescribed shorts), Kanga (/wiki/Kangha) (Comb tucked in the tied up hair), Karha (/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)) (Steel bracelet). He/she must not have on his/her person any token of any other faith. He/she must not have his/her head bare or be wearing a cap (/wiki/Cap) . He/she must not be wearing any ornaments (/wiki/Jewellery) piercing through any part of the body. [14] (#cite_note-14) Hair is seen as sacred. Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) , trimming, removing, shaving (/wiki/Shaving) , plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) , threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) , dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing_hair) , or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden. [15] (#cite_note-15) In addition to this, every Sikh man is supposed to wear a turban, while it is optional for women. [16] (#cite_note-16) Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women. [17] (#cite_note-17) It is not proper for a Sikh woman to wear veil (/wiki/Veil) or keep her face hidden by veil or cover. [18] (#cite_note-18) Interreligious [ edit ] Main article: Peace Mala (/wiki/Peace_Mala) A Peace Mala is a symbolic bracelet used to promote the message of the Golden Rule (/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity) of mutual respect recognised by many spiritual paths. It consists of 16 beads, forming a double rainbow, which represent Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) , Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) , Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) , Islam (/wiki/Islam) , Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) , Baháʼí (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith) , ISKCON (/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness) , Zoroastrianism (/wiki/Zoroastrianism) , Tribal and Native Religions (/wiki/Folk_religion) , Jainism (/wiki/Jainism) , Earth Religions (/wiki/Earth_religion) , Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) , Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) and Yungdrung Bön (/wiki/B%C3%B6n#Yungdrung_Bön) , with the central white bead representing the wearer and whatever path they may follow. [12] (#cite_note-bbcbracelets-12) In secular contexts [ edit ] Nuns in Germany at a climate change protest Religious clothing — especially that of religious clergy members whose religious clothing tends to be more distinctive — is sometimes worn in secular contexts, even when it is not expected or required. In such cases, clergy especially are often using their presence as a religious figure for a specific purpose. For example, during the George Floyd Protests (/wiki/George_Floyd_Protests) of 2020, clergy and religious leaders of various faiths wore purple reflective vests (/wiki/High-visibility_clothing) as a symbol of their religious witness, sometimes in addition to other religious clothing. [19] (#cite_note-19) There are numerous other instances where clergy have joined protests while in their respective faith's ceremonial dress. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) In many such cases, in addition to bearing witness, clergy have stated the following as part of their decision to join while in their ceremonial (or otherwise formal) religious garb: To deescalate situations between protestors and police, or protestors and counter-protestors. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) To act as legal observers. [23] (#cite_note-:1-23) As a statement that their faith tradition, deities, etc., stands against the injustice the protest is also aimed at addressing. [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) [24] (#cite_note-24) In other contexts, some religious individuals will also don religious attire not solely for their own practice, but as a sign of solidarity with others who may be unable to practice their faith. For instance, some Muslim women in India have articulated that they choose to wear their hijab because other Muslim women in places such as France are legally barred from doing so. [25] (#cite_note-25) Gallery [ edit ] First native Catholic parish priest (/wiki/Catholic_parish_priest) from the Belgian Congo (/wiki/Belgian_Congo) , wearing a Roman cassock (/wiki/Cassock) with the standard 18 buttons ( Gazet van Antwerpen , 2 September 1906). Catholic (/wiki/Catholic) Cardinal (/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)) Tarcisio Bertone (/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone) wearing a tropical white cassock (/wiki/Cassock) trimmed in cardinalatial scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)) in Santo Domingo (/wiki/Santo_Domingo) , Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (2006). Pope Benedict XVI (/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI) in white cassock (sometimes though unofficially called a simar (/wiki/Simar) ) with pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) and fringed white fascia (2007). Pope Francis (/wiki/Pope_Francis) , and Patriarch (/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch) Bartholomew I (/wiki/Bartholomew_I) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre) , Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) (2014). Justin Welby (/wiki/Justin_Welby) , Anglican (/wiki/Anglican) Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury) , and Kim Geun-Sang (/wiki/Paul_Kim_(Anglican_bishop)) , Anglican Primate (/wiki/Primate_(bishop)) of the Anglican Church of Korea (/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea) (2013). Chief Rabbi (/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem) Shlomo Amar (/wiki/Shlomo_Amar) of Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) (right) with Jewish scholar Joseph J. Sherman (/wiki/Joseph_J._Sherman) (left) (2014). U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (/wiki/John_Kerry) sits with Saudi Arabia King Salman (/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) at the Royal Court in Riyadh (/wiki/Riyadh) , Saudi Arabia. Sikh-American politician Gurbir Grewal (/wiki/Gurbir_Grewal) wearing a turban Sikh-Canadian politician Jagmeet Singh (/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh) wearing a turban Sikh woman with turban See also [ edit ] Clerical clothing (Christian) (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) Clothing#Religion (/wiki/Clothing#Religion) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Religion (/wiki/Religion) Religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Religious dress - Eastern Religions, Vestments, Attire \| Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/religious-dress/Types-of-dress-and-vestments-in-Eastern-religions) . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Robes and Clothing \| Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/robes-and-clothing) . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Buddhist World: The Monastic Robes" (https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm) . www.buddhanet.net . Retrieved 2024-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kelley, Dani (2014). "My Headcovering Experiment" (https://www.premierchristianity.com/Past-Issues/2014/November-2014/My-Headcovering-Experiment) . Premier (/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio) . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church . Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) . 2015. pp. 41, 57–58. ^ (#cite_ref-6) LDS Church. "Clothing for Baptism" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/handbook-2-administering-the-church/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings?lang=eng) . ChurchofJesusChrist.org . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. p. 20.3.6 . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Church Changes Burial Guidelines for Deceased, Endowed Women" (http://www.ldsliving.com/Church-Changes-Burial-Guidelines-for-Deceased-Endowed-Women/s/90177) . 29 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Surah Al-Ahzab - 59" (https://quran.com/33/59?translations=21,85,22,20,17) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Yomin D'min Alma (6 November 2011). "Probing the Earliest Origins of Tefillin" (https://toldotyisrael.wordpress.com/2011/11/06/probing-the-earliest-origins-of-tefillin-phylacteries-part-i/) . Toldot Yisrael. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "What Is A Kittel?" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/kittel/) . My Jewish Learning . 2010-11-24. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Elazar, Daniel. "Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?" (http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm) . JCPA . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Do you know your awareness bracelets?" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4233623.stm) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) News Magazine. 2005-02-04 . Retrieved 2008-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) MJL Staff. "Red String Bracelets: What's the Jewish Significance?" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ask-the-expert-red-string-bracelet/) . My Jewish Learning . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India" (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ; Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1. & q. 3. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India" (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, s. (https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Shimron, Yonat (23 July 2020). "In Portland, this rabbi leads the clergy resistance" (https://religionnews.com/2020/07/23/in-portland-this-rabbi-is-called-to-lead-the-resistance/) . Religious News Service . Retrieved 5 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) McGreal, Chris (2014-10-14). "Clergy among dozens arrested on final day of 'Ferguson October' protests" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/oct/13/cornel-west-arrest-clergy-ferguson-protest) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "A moral center: interfaith, multiracial clergy coalition resists white supremacists \| UU World Magazine" (https://www.uuworld.org/articles/clergy-coalition-resists-white-supremacy) . uuworld.org . 2017-08-17 . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Heschel, Susannah (11 January 2011) [9 Sept 2018]. "Two Friends, Two Prophets: Abraham Joshua Heschel and Martin Luther King Jr" (https://www.plough.com/en/topics/community/leadership/two-friends-two-prophets) . Retrieved 10 July 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Philly clergy act as buffers between protesters, police" (https://whyy.org/articles/with-lessons-from-palestine-and-ferguson-philly-clergy-act-as-buffers-between-protesters-police/) . WHYY . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Clergy in the Civil Rights Movement: Introductory Essay" (https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/clergy-in-civil-rights-movement-introductory-essay) . Jewish Women's Archive . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mogul, Rhea (2022-03-12). "In today's India, clothing choices signal a deepening religious divide" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/india-hijab-saffron-clothing-protests-intl-hnk-dst/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2023-07-11 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_clothing) . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fzgkg Cached time: 20240720164443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.707 seconds Real time usage: 0.908 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2425/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133486/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3033/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 115477/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.409/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14182491/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 713.687 1 -total 27.17% 193.897 1 Template:Reflist 22.21% 158.529 20 Template:Cite_web 19.74% 140.852 9 Template:Navbox 16.75% 119.533 28 Template:Transliteration 13.26% 94.636 1 Template:Fashion 11.67% 83.282 1 Template:Short_description 6.93% 49.444 2 Template:Pagetype 6.26% 44.672 1 Template:Commons_category 5.96% 42.505 1 Template:Cn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17167178-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164443 and revision id 1230331724. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_clothing&oldid=1230331724 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_clothing&oldid=1230331724) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Religious_clothing) Anthropology of religion (/wiki/Category:Anthropology_of_religion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American retail company Abercrombie & Fitch Co. Abercrombie store on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) , Manhattan Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : ANF (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:ANF) (Class A) S&P 600 (/wiki/S%26P_600) component Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded June 4, 1892 ; 132 years ago ( 1892-06-04 ) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York City, U.S. Founders David T. Abercrombie (/wiki/David_T._Abercrombie) Ezra Fitch (/wiki/Ezra_Fitch) Headquarters New Albany, Ohio (/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio) , U.S. Number of locations 854 (Feb. 2020) [1] (#cite_note-2019_10-K-1) Area served Worldwide Key people Terry Burman ( chairman (/wiki/Chairman) ) Fran Horowitz (/wiki/Fran_Horowitz) ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Revenue US$3.71 billion (2021) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$355.18 million (2021) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$263.01 million (2021) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$2.93 billion (2021) Number of employees 44,000 (Feb. 2020) [1] (#cite_note-2019_10-K-1) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Abercrombie & Fitch Abercrombie Kids (/wiki/Abercrombie_Kids) Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) Gilly Hicks (/wiki/Gilly_Hicks) Website abercrombie (http://abercrombie.com) .com (http://abercrombie.com) This article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length) may be too short to adequately summarize (/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview) of all important aspects of the article. ( April 2024 ) Abercrombie & Fitch Co. ( A&F ) is an American lifestyle retailer (/wiki/Lifestyle_store) that focuses on contemporary clothing. Its headquarters are in New Albany, Ohio (/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio) . The company operates three offshoot brands: Abercrombie Kids (/wiki/Abercrombie_Kids) , Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) , and Gilly Hicks (/wiki/Gilly_Hicks) . [2] (#cite_note-piperjune-2) As of February 2020, the company operated 854 stores across all its brands. [1] (#cite_note-2019_10-K-1) [2] (#cite_note-piperjune-2) History [ edit ] Main article: History of Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/History_of_Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Cover of A&F catalog from 1909 The Marquess of Camarasa (/wiki/Marquess_of_Camarasa) wearing Abercrombie & Fitch hunting equipment in the Arctic Circle (/wiki/Arctic_Circle) , 1921 The original Abercrombie & Fitch was founded in 1892 in New York City by David T. Abercrombie (/wiki/David_T._Abercrombie) as an outfitter (/wiki/Outfitter) for the elite outdoorsman (/wiki/Outdoorsman) . Ezra Fitch (/wiki/Ezra_Fitch) —a wealthy lawyer, real estate developer, and devoted Abercrombie customer—bought a significant stake in the business in 1900. [3] (#cite_note-BIhist-3) In 1904, it was incorporated and renamed "Abercrombie & Fitch Co." Fitch eventually bought out Abercrombie's share of the business, becoming its sole owner from 1907 to 1928. [3] (#cite_note-BIhist-3) The company was an elite outfitter of sporting and excursion goods, particularly noted for its expensive shotguns, fishing rods, fishing boats, and tents. [3] (#cite_note-BIhist-3) It outfitted Theodore Roosevelt (/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt) 's safari and Admiral Richard E. Byrd (/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd) 's expedition to Antarctica. Ernest Hemingway (/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway) was also a regular customer; the gun with which he committed suicide in 1961 was purchased from Abercrombie & Fitch. [4] (#cite_note-4) Following Hemingway's death, his wife placed several of his guns on consignment (/wiki/Consignment) with the company. [5] (#cite_note-5) By the 1970s, A&F was struggling to compete with lower-priced competitors while trying to maintain its high-end image. It was known for holding an extensive inventory of lavish items, but high operating expenses forced A&F to shed its highest priced items, such as an $18,000 (equivalent to $141,224 in 2023) gold and onyx chess set. Cash flow problems forced the company to also cut its inventory of moderately priced products. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1976, Abercrombie & Fitch filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code) protection. In 1977, the company closed its New York flagship store at Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) and East 45th Street. [7] (#cite_note-7) While Abercrombie & Fitch went out of business during its bankruptcy, the brand survived: in 1978, Oshman's Sporting Goods (/wiki/Oshman%27s_Sporting_Goods) , a Houston (/wiki/Houston) -based retail chain, [8] (#cite_note-8) bought the defunct firm's name and mailing list for $1.5 million [9] (#cite_note-NYMag-9) (equivalent to $7 million in 2023). [10] (#cite_note-10) Oshman's relaunched the company as a mail-order retailer specializing in hunting wear and novelty items. Retail stores were also opened in Beverly Hills, Dallas, and (by the mid-1980s) New York City. In 1988, Oshman's sold the brand and its operations to Columbus, Ohio (/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio) -based The Limited (/wiki/Limited_Brands) (parent company of several retail clothing chains, including Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) ). Under The Limited, which later rebranded itself as L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) , A&F gradually shifted its focus to young adults, was later spun off as a separate, publicly traded company (/wiki/Publicly_traded_company) , [11] (#cite_note-11) and eventually grew into one of the largest apparel firms in the United States. [12] (#cite_note-Portfolio-12) Mike Jeffries (/wiki/Mike_Jeffries_(CEO)) became CEO in the 1990s and refocused the brand on the teen customer. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 1998, the company launched a children's product line (/wiki/Product_line) , Abercrombie Kids, for 7-14 year olds. In 2000, A&F launched its Hollister Co. subsidiary, "a new concept focused on the optimistic, laidback California lifestyle". [14] (#cite_note-14) 2007–present [ edit ] The company overhauled its merchandise mix and closed several underperforming stores. [15] (#cite_note-15) Longtime CEO Michael Jeffries (/wiki/Mike_Jeffries_(CEO)) resigned in December 2014, after 22 years with the company. [16] (#cite_note-16) Fran Horowitz (/wiki/Fran_Horowitz) took over as CEO in February 2017. [17] (#cite_note-17) To combat competition from more downscale fast-fashion rivals like Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , A&F announced light changes to its image. A&F pledged to reduce the level of its sexually charged style of advertising and instead focus more on customer service. A&F also changed the job title of store employees from "models" to "brand representatives", and allowed a less tightly controlled, more individualistic dress code. Additionally, A&F declared that "brand representatives" would focus more on customer service (by offering to help serve customers), versus the past reputation of displaying aloofness toward them. In 2015, the company signaled that it would begin implementing these changes. [18] (#cite_note-models-18) By that May, store models were no longer forced to wear Abercrombie-branded clothes. [18] (#cite_note-models-18) According to recent reports from Q1 2021, it was the "group’s best second-quarter operating income and margin since 2008, with sales exceeding pre- pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) levels." [19] (#cite_note-19) Market value [ edit ] In April 2017, the company was described by Standard & Poor's (/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s) as having a market value of $650 million and about $420 million cash on hand. In May 2017, the company was in talks to sell itself. Potential buyers included rivals Express (/wiki/Express,_Inc.) (a fellow former L Brands subsidiary) and American Eagle Outfitters (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) , and private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) firm Cerberus Capital Management (/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management) . However, negotiations failed by early July, contributing to a 21% drop in A&F's stock price. [20] (#cite_note-20) Headquarters [ edit ] The company's headquarters (aka "The Home Office") is located outside Columbus, Ohio in New Albany, Ohio (/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio) , a small farm town, expanded into a wealthy community planned and developed by L Brands founder Les Wexner (/wiki/Leslie_Wexner) . The Home Office was designed as a campus and internally referred to as such, sitting on 350-acres and consisting of 11 two-story buildings (some connected by skybridge). The company's two merchandise distribution centers (1 million square feet each) are located on campus to help ensure brand protection. Also on campus are model stores, one for each of the company's brands, where store layouts, merchandising and atmosphere are developed and tested. [21] (#cite_note-home_office-21) In January 2017, A&F announced it was terminating 150 Home Office employees. [22] (#cite_note-22) The company also has a European office in Mendrisio (/wiki/Mendrisio) , Switzerland. [23] (#cite_note-23) Marketing, advertising and brand identity [ edit ] The trademark slogan, Casual Luxury A&F was once known for its racy marketing photography by Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) . [24] (#cite_note-consumer-24) It was black and white (/wiki/Black_and_white) and set outdoors, usually with partially nude males and females for an increased tone of sexuality. The company promotes its casting sessions, models, and photo shoots in the "A&F Casting" feature on its website. The website also provides a gallery of current photography. Framed copies at company stores will sometimes name the model and store. The company's brand image (/wiki/Brand_image) is heavily promoted as an international near-luxury lifestyle concept (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) . [25] (#cite_note-25) The company began cultivating a far more upscale image after the 2005 opening of its Fifth Avenue flagship store alongside Prada (/wiki/Prada) and other upscale retailers. Having for years used high-grade materials in the manufacture of its merchandise, and pricing them at "near-luxury" levels, the company introduced the trademark Casual Luxury [26] (#cite_note-mcquadrangle-26) as a fictional dictionary term with multiple definitions such as "[using] the finest cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) , pima cotton (/wiki/Pima_cotton) , and highest quality leather to create the ultimate in casual, body conscious clothing," [27] (#cite_note-Casual_Luxury_2006-27) and "implementing and/or incorporating time honored machinery ...to produce the most exclusive denim..." [27] (#cite_note-Casual_Luxury_2006-27) This upscale image has allowed it to open stores in international high-end locations and further promote the image by pricing its merchandise at almost double the American prices. Echoing the entertainment-based, high-class-aspirational approach L Brands' Les Wexner used to fuel the 1980s-2010s growth of Victoria's Secret, Abercrombie CEO Mike Jeffries has called A&F's brand image a "movie" because of the "fantasy" that plays out in-store. [28] (#cite_note-jeffriestime-28) Following a lighter earnings announcement in August 2014, [29] (#cite_note-logoditch-29) A&F shifted its business strategy to a degree to trendier styles and faster production processes, effectively embracing fast fashion while retaining its upmarket prestige in contrast to its competitors. [30] (#cite_note-logoditch2-30) In 2018, Abercrombie shifted its target market to an older demographic to include not just teenagers but young adults. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Store staff [ edit ] Abercrombie & Fitch models in August 2012 The company is noted for its use of "brand representatives" (aka "models") as in-store customer service staff. [18] (#cite_note-models-18) Previously, the models were required to buy and wear only A&F clothing at work. However, after a 2003 settlement with California state labor regulators (/wiki/Labour_law) , A&F allowed brand reps to wear any logo-free clothing, as long as it corresponded with the season and A&F's style. The California settlement also provided $2.2 million to reimburse former employees for their forced purchases of company-branded clothing. [34] (#cite_note-dresscode-34) An "Impact Team" was created in 2004 to control merchandise within each store and strictly maintain and enforce company standards. Bigger and higher volume stores have a "Full Time Stock" who trains Impact associates, processes shipments, maintains stock room standards, and can even act as a manager if the store is short on management staff. Stores' general manager and assistant managers are responsible for forms, lighting, photo marketing, fragrance presentations, and ensuring brand reps comply with the company's "look policy". [35] (#cite_note-35) Products [ edit ] High-end "Ezra Fitch" clothing marker Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) calls the company's clothing classically "neo-preppy", with an "edgy tone and imagery". [36] (#cite_note-mylibrary2-36) The company's fashions have a reputation for luxury, with the majority of designs trend-driven. There is heavy promotion of "Premium Jeans". In early 2010, the company introduced a leather handbag collection inspired by designs from Ruehl (/wiki/Ruehl_No.925) . Its prices are recognized as the highest in the youth-clothing industry. [37] (#cite_note-dailyfinance-37) Internationally, prices are almost double those in American stores. Retail analyst Chris Boring warns that the company's brands are a "little more susceptible" should recession hit, because their specialties are premium-priced goods rather than necessities. [38] (#cite_note-TODAY_GH-38) Indeed, as the late-2000s recession (/wiki/Late-2000s_recession) continued, the company took a hit financially for its refusal to lower prices or offer discounts. It argued that doing so would "cheapen" its near-luxury image. Analyst Bruce Watson warned that the company risked finding itself transformed into "a cautionary tale of a store that was left by the wayside when it declined to change with the times". [37] (#cite_note-dailyfinance-37) The company's year-to-year revenue, a key indicator of a retailer's health, rose 13% in September 2010. [39] (#cite_note-39) The company has carried men's fragrances Fierce (/wiki/Fierce_(A%26F_fragrance)) , Colden , and has re-branded the original cologne Woods (Christmas Floorset 2010). Women's fragrances have included 8 , Perfume 41 , Wakely , and Perfume #1 . Fierce and 8 are the most heavily marketed fragrances, as they are the signature scents of the brand overall. [40] (#cite_note-40) Product criticism [ edit ] In 2002, the company sold a shirt featuring the slogan "Wong Brothers Laundry Service – Two Wongs Can Make It White," with smiling figures in conical Asian hats (/wiki/Conical_Asian_hat) , an offensive depiction of 19th century Chinese immigrants (/wiki/Chinese_immigrants) to the U.S. [41] (#cite_note-41) A&F discontinued the designs and apologized after a boycott started by a Stanford University (/wiki/Stanford_University) Asian American student group. [42] (#cite_note-ethnic-42) That same year, Abercrombie Kids removed a line of thong (/wiki/Thong) underwear sold for girls in pre-teen children's sizes after parents mounted nationwide storefront protests. The underwear included phrases like "Eye Candy" and "Wink Wink" printed on the front. [43] (#cite_note-43) More T-shirt controversies occurred in 2004. The first incident involved a shirt featuring the phrase, "It's All Relative in West Virginia," playing on the trope that incestuous (/wiki/Incest) relationships are supposedly common in rural America. West Virginia Governor (/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia) Bob Wise (/wiki/Bob_Wise) spoke out against the company for depicting "an unfounded, negative stereotype (/wiki/Stereotype) of West Virginia", but A&F did not remove the shirts. [44] (#cite_note-44) Later, another T-shirt that read "L is for Loser" next to a picture of a male gymnast (implying that male participation in female-dominated sporting activities makes such males less "masculine") gathered publicity. A&F stopped selling the shirt in October 2004 after USA Gymnastics (/wiki/USA_Gymnastics) president Bob Colarossi announced a boycott for mocking the sport. [45] (#cite_note-45) In 2005, the Women and Girls Foundation (/wiki/Women_and_Girls_Foundation) of Southwest Pennsylvania launched a " Girlcott (/wiki/Boycott) " of the store to protest the sale of T-shirts displaying messages such as "Who needs brains when you have these?" ("these" meaning breasts), "Available for parties," and "I had a nightmare I was a brunette (/wiki/Brown_hair) ." The campaign received national coverage on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)) , and the company pulled the shirts from stores on November 5, 2005. [46] (#cite_note-46) Five days after this media coverage, the company pulled two of the shirts from its shelves, released an apology to girls for producing the T-shirts, and agreed to have corporate executives meet with the "Girlcott" girls at the company's headquarters. [47] (#cite_note-47) A T-shirt controversy arose again over the company's Back-to-School 2009 collection of "humor tees". One shirt proclaims "Show the twins" above a picture of a young woman with her blouse open to two men. Two other shirts state "Female streaking encouraged" and "Female Students Wanted for Sexual Research". The American Family Association (/wiki/American_Family_Association) disapproved of the influence of the "sex-as-recreation" lifestyle shirts, and asked the brand to remove its "sexualized shirts" from display. [48] (#cite_note-shirts2009-48) Brand protection [ edit ] Because of extensive counterfeiting (/wiki/Counterfeit) of its products, the company launched a brand protection (/wiki/Brand_protection) program in 2006 to combat the problem worldwide (focusing more on China, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea) by working with law enforcement globally. The program is headed by a former FBI (/wiki/FBI) Supervisory Special Agent who was part of the FBI's Intellectual Property Rights program, and covers all the company's brands. The company says that the program "will improve current practices and strategies by focusing on eliminating the supply of illicit Abercrombie & Fitch products." [49] (#cite_note-protection-49) In August 2011, the company offered Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino (/wiki/Mike_%22The_Situation%22_Sorrentino) and other cast members of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore (/wiki/Jersey_Shore_(TV_series)) a "substantial payment" if they stopped wearing Abercrombie-branded clothes, stating "We are deeply concerned that Mr. Sorrentino's association with our brand could cause significant damage to our image." [50] (#cite_note-50) In November 2011, Sorrentino filed a lawsuit against the company after it allegedly violated his copyrights in making shirts that said "The Fitchuation" and "GTL...You Know The Deal". [51] (#cite_note-tsl-51) The case was dismissed in July 2013. [52] (#cite_note-52) Jeffries' 2006 target demographic quote [ edit ] In 2013, a 2006 Salon (/wiki/Salon.com) interview with then-CEO Mike Jeffries (/wiki/Mike_Jeffries_(CEO)) went viral, causing public backlash against A&F's marketing practices. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) Jeffries comments – that his brand is only suitable for "the good-looking, cool kids," and that there are people who do not belong in his clothes, namely, overweight people – came under fire. [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-salon-57) That's why we hire good-looking people in our stores. Because good-looking people attract other good-looking people, and we want to market to cool, good-looking people. We don't market to anyone other than that. ... In every school there are the cool and popular kids, and then there are the not-so-cool kids. Candidly, we go after the cool kids. We go after the attractive all-American kid with a great attitude and a lot of friends. A lot of people don't belong [in our clothes], and they can't belong. Are we exclusionary? Absolutely. [57] (#cite_note-salon-57) These quotes, which were the basis for the article's "youth, sex and casual superiority" headline, went largely unnoticed when the article was published in 2006, until they resurfaced in May 2013 after actor Kirstie Alley (/wiki/Kirstie_Alley) brought them up in an Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) interview, [58] (#cite_note-58) and prominent daytime talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres (/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres) spoke out against the company. [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) Jeffries issued an official statement on May 17, 2013, regarding the news articles, saying, "I want to address some of my comments that have been circulating from a 2006 interview. While I believe this seven-year-old, resurrected quote has been taken out of context, I sincerely regret that my choice of words was interpreted in a manner that has offended." He also stated, "We are completely opposed to any discrimination, bullying, derogatory characterizations or other anti-social behavior based on race, gender, body type or other individual characteristics." [61] (#cite_note-61) Stores [ edit ] The Modern Canoe store is located at The Mall at Millenia (/wiki/The_Mall_at_Millenia) in Orlando, Florida (/wiki/Orlando,_Florida) with wooden louvers (/wiki/Louver) (featuring the Spring Break 2007 marketing campaign picture). The exterior of the contemporary store design features white molding and formerly black louvers. From 2013 to 2014, the louvers were removed from all locations except from certain flagship stores which had windows above street level. The company stated that the louvers were removed in an effort to eliminate the exclusive atmosphere from stores and to experiment with window marketing. [62] (#cite_note-62) The currently featured marketing image directly faces the entrance. The interior is lit with dim ceiling lights and spot lighting. Electronic dance music (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) meant to create an upbeat atmosphere may be played at sound levels as high as 90 decibels (/wiki/Decibel) , exceeding the corporate policy of 84 decibels and comparable to heavy construction machinery and harmful to the ears. [63] (#cite_note-63) The company operates 854 stores across all four brands. The company's brand has 278 [64] (#cite_note-reuters82212-64) locations in the United States, 5 in Canada (2 in Alberta, 2 in Ontario, and 1 in British Columbia). The company currently operates 70 full-line stores abroad and 10 outlet stores across 16 countries. International expansion [ edit ] The Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store in Ginza (/wiki/Ginza) , Tokyo, Japan – the first one in Asia The Abercrombie & Fitch store in Hong Kong The company's brand is believed to have reached its maximum growth potential in the American market. International expansion began in 2005, with the long-term goal of opening flagships for A&F (and eventually all its brands), in high-profile locations worldwide "at a deliberate pace". [65] (#cite_note-keypoint-65) [66] (#cite_note-savilecomplaints-66) After initially opening at a deliberately slow pace, the company began to accelerate international expansion for its namesake and its Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) brand in 2012. [67] (#cite_note-ABERCROMBIE-FITCH-Feb-2011-8-K-67) [68] (#cite_note-ANFexpansionplans-68) The company's first non-U.S. stores opened in Toronto and Edmonton in 2005, and then expanded to other major cities in Canada. The company first entered the European market in 2007 with the opening of its flagship London (/wiki/London) store at 7 Burlington Gardens (/wiki/7_Burlington_Gardens) , Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) . [69] (#cite_note-biz-69) Since then, the company has opened stores in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) and other major cities in Europe, including six stores in Germany. The company opened its first Asian flagship store in Tokyo in 2009, [70] (#cite_note-japantimes-70) followed by Fukuoka (/wiki/Fukuoka) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) . [71] (#cite_note-71) The company would primarily focus on the Chinese and Japanese markets where luxury consumption is high. [72] (#cite_note-JPNspending-72) The company has also entered a franchise agreement with Grupo AXO to open retail stores in Mexico by 2015. [73] (#cite_note-73) In 2015, the company entered the Middle Eastern market with the opening of its flagship store in Kuwait. [74] (#cite_note-74) Since then the company has opened locations in Dubai and plans to expand deeper into the Middle East with stores in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. [75] (#cite_note-75) Remembrance poppy prohibition in the UK [ edit ] In November 2010, the Southampton, England (/wiki/Southampton) , store prevented 18-year-old Harriet Phipps from wearing a remembrance poppy (/wiki/Remembrance_poppy) , which is worn as part of the Remembrance Day (/wiki/Remembrance_Day) commemorations in the United Kingdom and Canada every November. The official reason for the refusal was reported to be that the poppy is not considered part of the corporate approved uniform, and is therefore prohibited. [76] (#cite_note-76) The ban drew criticisms, and on November 8 the company posted on its Facebook page the following statement: "As an American company that has been around since 1892, we appreciate the sacrifices of the British and American servicemen/women in the World Wars and in military conflicts that continue today. Our company policy is to allow associates to wear a poppy as a token of this appreciation on Remembrance Day. Going forward, ...we will revisit this policy to the days/weeks leading up to Remembrance Day." Abercrombie Kids shop on Savile Row [ edit ] In 2012, the company announced plans that it would open its Abercrombie Kids shop at No. 3 on Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) , next door to Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) . [77] (#cite_note-77) The plans drew criticism and opposition from the tailors of the Row, who were already unhappy about the presence of its main store on Burlington Gardens at the end of the Row to begin with. This eventually led to a protest organized by The Chap (/wiki/The_Chap) magazine on April 23, 2012. [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) During the consultation period, objections were lodged to Westminster City Council (/wiki/Westminster_City_Council) and in February 2013 the Council rejected many of the company's proposals for the store, and branded the entire plans "utterly unacceptable." [80] (#cite_note-80) [81] (#cite_note-81) A&F appealed, managed to overcome the obstacles and opened the store in September 2014. [82] (#cite_note-82) The following year, the company was subject to nearly £16,000 in fines and legal costs when it was ruled that changes it had made in the Grade II-listed (/wiki/Listed_building) building were illegal. [83] (#cite_note-83) Abercrombie opens college campus stores [ edit ] In an attempt to more effectively reach the brand's ideal "college-age" customer, the company tested two experimental campus stores in August 2018, both of which have since closed. [84] (#cite_note-84) Brands [ edit ] The company has operated four concept brands apart from its namesake over the years; they have been referred to as subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) , but operate as divisions under the company's umbrella. Abercrombie Kids (/wiki/Abercrombie_Kids) Prep-school by Abercrombie & Fitch [85] (#cite_note-homepage-85) Themed as "classic cool" for kids 7 through 14, [2] (#cite_note-piperjune-2) this is the children's version of Abercrombie & Fitch. Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) Southern California by Abercrombie & Fitch [85] (#cite_note-homepage-85) Themed after " SoCal (/wiki/SoCal) " for teenagers 14 through 18, [2] (#cite_note-piperjune-2) with significantly lower prices than its parent brand. Gilly Hicks (/wiki/Gilly_Hicks) The cheeky cousin of Abercrombie & Fitch [85] (#cite_note-homepage-85) Themed after " Down Under (/wiki/Down_Under) " Sydney, offers underwear, loungewear and activewear for women 18 and up. [86] (#cite_note-86) Currently sold primarily within Hollister Co. stores and e-commerce channels with a small number of individual store locations. Ruehl No.925 (/wiki/Ruehl_No.925) Post-Grad by Abercrombie & Fitch [85] (#cite_note-homepage-85) Themed after a fictional Greenwich Village (/wiki/Greenwich_Village) heritage, offered clothes for 22 through 35 post-grads. Closed in 2010. [87] (#cite_note-2010_outlook-87) Social Tourist “Social Tourist is the creative vision of Hollister, the teen brand liberating the spirit of an endless summer, and social media personalities Charli and Dixie D’Amelio. The lifestyle brand creates trend forward apparel that allows teens to experiment with their style, while exploring the duality of who they are both on social media and in real life.“ Legal issues [ edit ] The company has been involved in legal conflicts over its employment practices, treatment of customers, and clothing styles. Employment practices [ edit ] See also: Employment Practices Liability (/wiki/Employment_Practices_Liability) In a 2004 lawsuit González v. Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores) , the company was accused of discriminating against African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and women by preferentially offering floor sales positions (called Brand Representatives before the settlement and Models after) and store management positions to Caucasian males. [88] (#cite_note-88) The company agreed to a settlement of the class-action (/wiki/Class_action) suit, which required the company to (1) pay $40 million to African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and women who applied and were not hired or worked in certain store positions, (2) revise its hiring, performance measurement, and promotion policies, (3) revise its internal complaint procedures, (4) appoint a Vice President of Diversity, (5) hire 25 recruiters to seek out minority applicants, (6) discontinue the practice of recruiting employees at primarily white fraternities and sororities (/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities) , (7) include more minorities in marketing materials, (8) report to a neutral court-appointed monitor twice per year regarding its progress in those areas, and (9) report to the court once per year. [89] (#cite_note-NAACP-89) [90] (#cite_note-Greenhouse-90) [91] (#cite_note-website-91) In June 2009, British law student Riam Dean, who had worked at the company's flagship store in London's Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) , took the company to an employment tribunal (/wiki/Employment_tribunal) . Dean, who was born without a left forearm, claimed that although she was initially given special permission to wear clothing that covered her prosthetic limb (/wiki/Prosthetic_limb) , she was soon told that her appearance breached the company's "Look Policy" and sent to work in the stockroom, out of sight of customers. Dean sued the company for disability discrimination (/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995_(UK)) , and sought up to £20,000 in damages. [92] (#cite_note-92) In August 2009, the tribunal ruled the 22-year-old was wrongfully dismissed and unlawfully harassed. She was awarded £8,013 for loss of earnings and wrongful dismissal. [93] (#cite_note-93) [94] (#cite_note-94) In a lawsuit filed in September 2009, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores (/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores) , [95] (#cite_note-95) in U.S. District Court by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission) , 17-year-old Samantha Elauf said she applied, in June 2008, for a sales position at the Abercrombie Kids store in the Woodland Hills Mall (/wiki/Woodland_Hills_Mall) , located in Tulsa, Oklahoma (/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma) . The teenager, who wears a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) in accordance with her religious beliefs, claims the manager told her the headscarf violates the store's "Look Policy". [96] (#cite_note-96) The United States Supreme Court (/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court) agreed to hear the case on February 25, 2015, [97] (#cite_note-97) and ruled 8–1 on June 1, 2015, against the company. [98] (#cite_note-98) In 2010, a Muslim woman working at a Hollister store in San Mateo (/wiki/San_Mateo,_California) , California, was fired. Before being dismissed, Hani Khan had refused Abercrombie & Fitch's human-resources representative's demand that she remove her hijab. The representative reportedly stated that the headscarf, which Khan wears for religious reasons, violated the company's "Look Policy". The Council on American-Islamic Relations (/wiki/Council_on_American-Islamic_Relations) has stated that the dismissal is a violation of non-discrimination laws, and filed a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. [99] (#cite_note-99) In 2011, the Belgian Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (/wiki/Centre_for_Equal_Opportunities_and_Opposition_to_Racism) started an investigation into the company's hiring and remuneration policies. The firm was suspected of only hiring personnel under 25 years old, making heavy demands on the physical appearance of its staff and rewarding a premium to male models that work shirtless. [100] (#cite_note-100) In November 2009, the company was added to the " Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Hall of Shame 2010" by the worker advocacy group International Labor Rights Forum (/wiki/International_Labor_Rights_Forum) . [101] (#cite_note-101) Customer issues [ edit ] In 2009, the company was fined more than $115,000 by the Minnesota Department of Human Rights (/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Human_Rights) for refusing to let a teenage girl help her sister, who has autism (/wiki/Autism) , try on clothes in a fitting room. The amount of the fine reflected "pushback" by the company according to Michael K. Browne, the legal affairs manager of the Minnesota Department of Human Rights. [102] (#cite_note-102) A 16-year-old sued the company after discovering that she was being videotaped in a changing room by an employee, Kenneth Applegate II. Applegate denied the claim, but co-workers discovered his camera days later with the video on it. [103] (#cite_note-103) In 2010, a customer filed a class action relating to a 2009 holiday gift card promotion. The lawsuit alleges that the gift cards said "No Expiration Date" but Abercrombie voided and expired the gift cards in early 2010. In 2012, a judge certified a nationwide class in the case. In May 2013, Class Notice went out to potential a class members. [104] (#cite_note-104) The company settled the case in 2016. [105] (#cite_note-105) Lawsuits against other parties [ edit ] In 2002, the company filed a lawsuit against American Eagle Outfitters (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) , claiming that American Eagle copied the company's garment designs, among other things. The lawsuit was based on a trade-dress (/wiki/Trade_dress) claim, stating that American Eagle had very closely mimicked the company's products' visual appearance and packaging. Specifically, it claimed that American Eagle copied particular articles of clothing, in-store displays and advertisements, and even its product catalog. Despite the admission that American Eagle might have utilized very similar materials, designs, in-store displays, symbols, color combinations, and patterns as A&F, the court ruled that there was not an excessive level of similarity to confuse potential customers, and therefore the court ruled in favor of American Eagle. [106] (#cite_note-106) On October 18, 1999, the company had a lawsuit about making false and misleading statements concerning its growth while knowing the actual growth was less than Wall Street expectations, [107] (#cite_note-107) and paid $6,050,000 for settlement. Privacy concerns [ edit ] In February 2019, TechCrunch (/wiki/TechCrunch) reported that the Abercrombie & Fitch mobile app in the iOS App Store (/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)) was using session-replay (/wiki/Session-replay) functionality to record users' activities and send the data to Israeli firm Glassbox (/wiki/Glassbox) without the users' informed consent, compromising users' privacy and contravening the rules of the iOS App Store. [108] (#cite_note-108) [109] (#cite_note-109) See also [ edit ] Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (A) (/wiki/Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(A)) List of S&P 600 companies (/wiki/List_of_S%26P_600_companies) Lifestyle brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) Retail apocalypse (/wiki/Retail_apocalypse) List of retailers affected by the retail apocalypse (/wiki/List_of_retailers_affected_by_the_retail_apocalypse) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ohio (/wiki/Portal:Ohio) 1990s (/wiki/Portal:1990s) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Abercrombie & Fitch 2019 10-K" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018840/000101884020000021/a201910-k.htm) . Security and Exchange Commission . March 31, 2020 . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Four Iconic Businesses: One 'BRAND' (https://web.archive.org/web/20120105115444/http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/61/617/61701/items/249197/Piper_June_2007.pdf) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120105115444/http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/61/617/61701/items/249197/Piper_June_2007.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/61/617/61701/items/249197/Piper_June_2007.pdf) (PDF) on January 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 9, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Schlossberg, Mallory (January 12, 2016). "The bizarre history of Abercrombie & Fitch — and how the retailer is transforming yet again" (https://www.businessinsider.com/abercrombie-fitch-crazy-history-2011-4#abercrombie-was-the-place-to-go-for-hunters-in-the-early-1900s-1) . Business Insider . Retrieved February 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mellow, James R. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences . Houghton Mifflin. p. 604. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Calabi, Silvio; Helsley, Steve; Sanger, Roger (January 13, 2011). "Hemingway's Beretta" (https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/1/13/hemingways-beretta/) . American Rifleman . Retrieved February 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Barmash, Isadore (August 7, 1976). "Abercrombie & Fitch in Bankruptcy Step" (https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/07/archives/abercrombie-fitch-in-bankruptcy-step-abercrombie-fitch-planning-to.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Abercrombie & Fitch Co. History" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Abercrombie-amp;-Fitch-Co-Company-History.html) . Funding Universe . Retrieved July 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , 1978 [ full citation needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-NYMag_9-0) "Why Abercrombie Is Losing Its Shirt" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/why-abercrombie-is-losing-its-shirt.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved February 12, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "CPI Inflation Calculator" (http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Barmash, Isadore. "Company Information" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/abercrombie-and-fitch-co/index.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-Portfolio_12-0) Banay, Sophia. "Top Company Profiles – Abercrombie & Fitch" (http://www.portfolio.com/resources/company-profiles/3375) . Portfolio.com (/wiki/Portfolio.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124955/http://www.portfolio.com/resources/company-profiles/3375) from the original on June 22, 2007 . Retrieved July 19, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wilson, Matthew. "The rise and fall — and rise again — of Abercrombie & Fitch" (https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-clothing-brand-abercrombie-and-fitch) . Business Insider . Retrieved August 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Company History" (https://corporate.abercrombie.com/our-company/about-us/company-history) . Abercrombie & Fitch . Retrieved August 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Rupp, Lindsey (May 27, 2014). "Abercrombie plans overhaul after steady decline in profits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150712181458/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2014/05/27/af-plans-overhaul-after-steady-decline-in-profits.html) . The Columbus Dispatch (/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch) . Archived from the original (http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2014/05/27/af-plans-overhaul-after-steady-decline-in-profits.html) on July 12, 2015 . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Covert, James (December 9, 2014). "Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Mike Jeffries steps down" (https://nypost.com/2014/12/09/abercrombie-fitch-ceo-mike-jeffries-steps-down/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Wu, Jasmine (October 16, 2019). "Here's how Abercrombie & Fitch ditched its past to try to bring back customers" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/16/how-abercrombie-fitch-ditched-its-past-to-try-to-bring-shoppers-back.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Retrieved April 14, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kell, John (April 24, 2015). "Abercrombie's shirtless models are about to cover up" (http://fortune.com/2015/04/24/abercrombie-models-covering-up/) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Abercrombie & Fitch's Brand Reinvention — Download the Case Study" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/case-studies/retail/abercrombie-fitchs-brand-reinvention-download-the-case-study) . The Business of Fashion . October 28, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Bray, Chad (July 11, 2017). "Abercrombie & Fitch Ends Talks to Sell Itself" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/10/business/dealbook/abercrombie-fitch-ends-talks-to-sell-itself.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved July 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-home_office_21-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Careers, Home Office" (http://www.abercrombie.com/anf/careers/theHomeOffice.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090429062615/http://www.abercrombie.com/anf/careers/theHomeOffice.html) April 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Abercrombie & Fitch . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Eaton, Dan (January 26, 2017). "Struggling Abercrombie cuts 150 jobs at new" (http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2017/01/26/struggling-abercrombie-cuts-150-jobs-at-new.html) . Columbus Business First (/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals) . Retrieved October 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Abercrombie & Fitch Eye Jil Sander" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/news/abercrombie.htm) . Fashion United . July 26, 2005. Retrieved December 15, 2007. [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-consumer_24-0) Reichert, Tom; Jacqueline Lambiase (2006). Sex in Consumer Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing . Mawah, NJ: Erlbaum Associated. pp. 330–331. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8058-5090-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Abercrombie & Fitch Co. F1Q09 (Qtr End 05/02/09) Earnings Call Transcript." ^ (#cite_ref-mcquadrangle_26-0) McNamara, Lauren. "Abercrombie store opens on Fifth Avenue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090907054651/http://media.www.mcquadrangle.org/media/storage/paper663/news/2005/11/30/Features/Abercrombie.Store.Opens.On.Fifth.Avenue-1116689.shtml) . The Quadrangle . Archived from the original (http://media.www.mcquadrangle.org/media/storage/paper663/news/2005/11/30/Features/Abercrombie.Store.Opens.On.Fifth.Avenue-1116689.shtml) on September 7, 2009 . Retrieved November 21, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b Casual Luxury image from abercrombie.com, Christmas 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-jeffriestime_28-0) "Abercrombie's Beefcake Brigade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408210553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,996083,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . February 14, 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,996083,00.html) on April 8, 2008 . Retrieved September 11, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-logoditch_29-0) "Boom! Abercrombie & Fitch Drops Its Logo" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2014/09/02/boom-abercrombie-fitch-drops-its-logo/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . September 2, 2014 . Retrieved September 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-logoditch2_30-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch's decision to ditch its logo is unlikely to revive the brand" (https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/sep/02/abercrombie-fitch-ditch-logo-revive-brand) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London (/wiki/London) . September 2, 2014 . Retrieved September 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Segran, Elizabeth (March 15, 2018). "Inside Abercrombie's Plot To Win Over Gen Z, Where Everyone's A Cool Kid" (https://www.fastcompany.com/40511151/inside-abercrombies-plot-to-win-over-gen-z-where-everyones-a-cool-kid) . Fast Company . Retrieved April 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Wilson, Matthew. "The rise and fall — and rise again — of Abercrombie & Fitch" (https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-clothing-brand-abercrombie-and-fitch) . Business Insider . Retrieved April 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Lam, Katherine (May 30, 2019). "Abercrombie & Fitch eyes smaller stores as it continues to close flagship locations" (https://www.foxbusiness.com/retail/abercrombie-fitch-closes-flagship-locations-eyes-smaller-stores) . FOXBusiness . Retrieved April 15, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-dresscode_34-0) Strasburg, Jenny (June 24, 2003). "Clothier settles dress-code complaint / Abercrombie to pay $2.2 million over workers' 'uniforms' (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/06/24/MN165663.DTL) " (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/06/24/MN165663.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) . Retrieved October 26, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Employees: 'Hierarchy of Hotness' Rules at Abercrombie & Fitch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080902211433/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/082708dnmetabercrombie.4027698.html) . The Dallas Morning News (/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/082708dnmetabercrombie.4027698.html) on September 2, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-mylibrary2_36-0) Lindsay, Greg (December 11, 2003). "Death of A&F Quarterly: Problem Wasn't the Sex but Brand's Loss of Cool" (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/[email protected]&library=) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved November 22, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Abercrombie and Fitch: The biggest brand loser of the recession" (http://www.dailyfinance.com/2009/08/26/abercrombie-and-fitch-the-biggest-brand-loser-of-the-recessio/) . Daily Finance . Retrieved September 11, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-TODAY_GH_38-0) "Abercrombie's New Idea: Down Underwear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080304125248/http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0308/retailing_gilly.php) . Shopping Centers Today . March 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0308/retailing_gilly.php) on March 4, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Abercrombie & Fitch Sept. Revenue Metric Rises" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101011224016/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9IMSE500.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . Associated Press. October 7, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9IMSE500.htm) on October 11, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Men's and Women's division" (http://www.abercrombie.com.html) . Abercrombie & Fitch Co . Retrieved November 26, 2007 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-41) The slogan alludes to Arthur Calwell (/wiki/Arthur_Calwell) 's joke Two Wongs don't make a White , itself a wordplay on " Two wrongs don't make a right (/wiki/Two_wrongs_don%27t_make_a_right) ." ^ (#cite_ref-ethnic_42-0) Guillermo, Emil (April 23, 2002). "Humoring Ethnic America: Abercrombie & Fitch Still Doesn't Get It" (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2002/04/23/eguillermo.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Dial, Karla (undated; copyright 2003). "Megan vs. A&F" (http://www.boundless.org/2002_2003/features/a0000709.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071025234907/http://www.boundless.org/2002_2003/features/a0000709.html) October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Boundless Webzine (/wiki/Boundless_Webzine) . Retrieved October 28, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Dao, James (March 22, 2004). "T-Shirt Slight Has West Virginia in Arms" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/23/national/23WVA.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Sprow, Chris. "L is for Lighten Up" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101203114933/http://flakmag.com/opinion/loser.html) . Flak Magazine (/wiki/Flak_Magazine) . Archived from the original (http://www.flakmag.com/opinion/loser.html) on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Abercrombie & Fitch to pull tees after 'girl-cott' (https://web.archive.org/web/20051109155924/https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051106/us_nm/retail_abercrombiefitch_dc) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20051109155924/https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051106/us_nm/retail_abercrombiefitch_dc) . Yahoo! News . Reuters. November 6, 2005. Archived from the original (https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20051106/us_nm/retail_abercrombiefitch_dc) on November 9, 2005 . Retrieved February 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Abercrombie and Fitch Target of 'Girlcott' (https://web.archive.org/web/20120128161330/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_387780.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120128161330/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_387780.html) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . October 25, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_387780.html) on January 28, 2012 . Retrieved October 26, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-shirts2009_48-0) Moore, Shannon. "Abercrombie & Fitch Draw Heat Over "New College" Line Of T-Shirts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090917081741/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7016369155?Abercrombie%20&%20Fitch%20Draw%20Heat%20Over) . All Headline News (/wiki/All_Headline_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7016369155?Abercrombie%20&%20Fitch%20Draw%20Heat%20Over%20) on September 17, 2009 . Retrieved September 12, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-protection_49-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Expands Anti-Counterfeiting Program" (http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=61701&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=811468&highlight=) . Abercrombie & Fitch Co . Retrieved December 13, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Smith, Aaron (August 17, 2011). "Abercrombie Drops 9% after 'Jersey Shore' Diss" (https://money.cnn.com/2011/08/17/news/companies/abercrombie_jersey_shore/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Retrieved August 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-tsl_51-0) "Mike 'The Situation' sues Abercrombie & Fitch over clothing dispute, report says" (http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2011/11/mike_the_situation_sues_abercr.html) . The Star-Ledger (/wiki/The_Star-Ledger) . Newark, NJ. November 16, 2011 . Retrieved November 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Gardner, Eriq (July 3, 2013). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/jersey-shore-star-loses-fitchuation-579759) 'Jersey Shore' Star Loses 'Fitchuation' Lawsuit to Abercrombie & Fitch" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/jersey-shore-star-loses-fitchuation-579759) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved January 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Connell, Charlie. "Mike Jeffries Abercrombie: Retail Chain Ignores Plus-Sized Women; 'Doesn't Want Large People in His Store' (http://www.hngn.com/articles/2781/20130509/mike-jeffries-abercrombie-retail-chain-ignores-plus-sized-women-doesnt.htm) " (http://www.hngn.com/articles/2781/20130509/mike-jeffries-abercrombie-retail-chain-ignores-plus-sized-women-doesnt.htm) . Headlines & Global News . Retrieved May 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Chan, Jennifer (May 9, 2013). "Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Mike Jeffries Doesn't Want Fat Customers, Says Author Robin Lewis" (http://www.eonline.com/news/416492/abercrombie-fitch-ceo-mike-jeffries-doesn-t-want-fat-customers-says-author-robin-lewis) . E! (/wiki/E!) . Retrieved May 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Murray, Rheana (May 9, 2013). "Abercrombie & Fitch targets skinny shoppers, won't sell larger sizes for plus-sized women" (https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/05/09/abercrombie-fitch-targets-skinny-shoppers-wont-sell-larger-sizes-for-plus-sized-women/) . New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . Retrieved October 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Abcarian, Robin (May 11, 2013). "Abercrombie & Fitch CEO's ugly quest for attractive 'cool kids' (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524080055/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-abercrombie-fitch-ceos-cool-kids-strategy-pretty-ugly-20130511,0,4858017.post) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524080055/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-abercrombie-fitch-ceos-cool-kids-strategy-pretty-ugly-20130511,0,4858017.post) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-abercrombie-fitch-ceos-cool-kids-strategy-pretty-ugly-20130511,0,4858017.post) on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved January 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (January 24, 2006). "The man behind Abercrombie & Fitch: Mike Jeffries turned a moribund company into a multibillion-dollar brand by selling youth, sex and casual superiority. Not bad for a 61-year-old in flip-flops" (http://www.salon.com/2006/01/24/jeffries/) . Salon . Retrieved January 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Winston, Fan (May 15, 2013). "Kirstie Alley Slams Abercrombie and Fitch for CEO's Anti-Fat Remarks" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-style/news/kirstie-alley-slams-abercrombie-and-fitch-for-ceos-anti-fat-remarks-2013155) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Scowen, Peter (May 15, 2013). "Mad at Abercrombie's anti-plus-size stance? Don't do what this guy did" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/the-hot-button/mad-at-abercrombies-anti-plus-size-stance-dont-do-what-this-guy-did/article11940905/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) . Retrieved January 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Video: Ellen DeGeneres Lashes Out Against Abercrombie & Fitch!" (https://www.toofab.com/2013/05/17/ellen-degeneres-abercrombie-fitch-plus-size-video/) . tooFab.com . May 17, 2013 . Retrieved January 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Chen, Joyce (May 17, 2013). "Abercrombie And Fitch CEO Mike Jeffries Apologizes For 'Cool Kids' Comment" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/abercrombie-and-fitch-ceo-mike-jeffries-apologizes-for-cool-kids-comment-2013175) . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Chang, Jane (September 10, 2006). "The Ab in Abercrombie" (http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/10/magazine/tm-abercrombie37) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080930034945/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/10/magazine/tm-abercrombie37) from the original on September 30, 2008 . Retrieved August 18, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "High Volume Sales – A hazard to your hearing?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194023/http://www.abc15.com/content/news/investigators/story.aspx?content_id=48f63d86-3c42-4840-a951-add54ccb16c8) . ABC15 News (/wiki/KNXV-TV) . August 2, 2007. Archived from the original (https://www.abc15.com/content/news/investigators/story.aspx?content_id=48f63d86-3c42-4840-a951-add54ccb16c8) on September 27, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-reuters82212_64-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Reports Second Quarter 2012 Results Board of Directors Declares Quarterly Dividend of $0.175 and Increases Share Repurchase Authorization by Ten Million Shares" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120904093106/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/15/idUS90960+15-Aug-2012+HUG20120815) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . August 15, 2012. Archived from the original (https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/15/idUS90960+15-Aug-2012+HUG20120815) on September 4, 2012 . Retrieved August 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-keypoint_65-0) "Abercrombie Kids' Heads to 5th Ave" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090304063446/http://www.keypointpartners.com/RoundUp/2008/04/abercrombie-kids-heads-to-5th-ave.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.keypointpartners.com/RoundUp/2008/04/abercrombie-kids-heads-to-5th-ave.html) on March 4, 2009 . Retrieved February 17, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-savilecomplaints_66-0) Hazlett, Curt (August 2006). "Brits Get Fitched: Saucy American Brand Shakes Up London's Formal Savile Row" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081202110138/http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0806/retail_abercombie.php) . Shopping Centers Today . Archived from the original (http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0806/retail_abercombie.php) on December 2, 2008 . Retrieved September 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-ABERCROMBIE-FITCH-Feb-2011-8-K_67-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Feb 2011 Current Report, Form 8-K, Filing Date Feb 18, 2011" (http://pdf.secdatabase.com/477/0000950123-11-015695.pdf) (PDF) . Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved December 27, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ANFexpansionplans_68-0) Wohl, Jessica (May 18, 2010). "Abercrombie & Fitch Trims Overseas Store Plans" (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64H2KN20100518?type=globalMarketsNews) . Reuters . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-biz_69-0) "Abercrombie accelerating overseas plans" (http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2007/11/19/daily16.html?ana=from_rss) . Columbus Business First . November 19, 2007 . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-japantimes_70-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch opens Ginza Flagship" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/12/16/business/abercrombie-fitch-opens-ginza-flagship/) . The Japan Times (/wiki/The_Japan_Times) . Tokyo. Kyodo News (/wiki/Kyodo_News) . Retrieved October 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "The Business of Luxury and Culture in China" (http://www.jingdaily.com/here-come-the-abs-abercrombie-fitch-set-to-launch-hong-kong-flagship/19371) . Jing Daily . July 9, 2012 . Retrieved January 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-JPNspending_72-0) "Can the High End Hold Its Own? European Luxury Brands Expand in Japan as the Market Is Starting To Ebb" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090417064823/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_26/b3839107_mz033.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . June 30, 2003. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_26/b3839107_mz033.htm) on April 17, 2009 . Retrieved April 2, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Abercrombie & Fitch Announces Entry Into Mexico" (https://abercrombieandfitchcompany.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/abercrombie-fitch-announces-entry-mexico) (Press release). Abercrombie & Fitch. November 21, 2014 . Retrieved February 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Abercrombie & Fitch Continues Middle East Expansion With First A&F Branded Store In The UAE" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/abercrombie--fitch-continues-middle-east-expansion-with-first-af-branded-store-in-the-uae-300195632.html) (Press release). Abercrombie & Fitch . Retrieved October 27, 2016 – via PR Newswire (/wiki/PR_Newswire) . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Abercrombie and Fitch Is Expanding Further Into the Middle East" (http://fortune.com/2016/05/09/abercrombie-and-fitch-middle-east/) . Fortune . May 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Southampton Hollister Employee Told To Take Off Poppy" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-11708637) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . November 8, 2010 . Retrieved October 26, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Abercrombie & Fitch with its 'crappy clothes' threatens staid Savile Row" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2012/mar/11/1) . The Guardian . London. March 11, 2012 . Retrieved February 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "The Abercrombie & Fitch Protest" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121010074232/http://thechapmagazine.co.uk/content/section_manifesto/protest.html) . The Chap . Archived from the original (http://thechapmagazine.co.uk/content/section_manifesto/protest.html) on October 10, 2012 . Retrieved February 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Sorry chaps, Abercrombie & Fitch simply doesn't fit Savile Row" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/24/abercrombie-fitch-doesnt-fit-savile-row) . The Guardian . London. April 24, 2012 . Retrieved February 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Abercrombie & Fitch's plans for Savile Row branch are 'deeply flawed' (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/abercrombie--fitchs-plans-for-savile-row-branch-are-deeply-flawed-8481357.html) " (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/abercrombie--fitchs-plans-for-savile-row-branch-are-deeply-flawed-8481357.html) . Evening Standard . London. February 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Utterly Unacceptable" (http://www.savilerowbespoke.com/2013/03/utterly-unacceptable/) . Savile Row Bespoke . March 29, 2013 . Retrieved June 21, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Abercrombie Kids lands in the UK with debut store opening" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/design/abercrombie-kids-lands-in-the-uk-with-debut-store-opening-2014082822198) . Fashion United . August 28, 2014 . Retrieved September 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Lynch, Russell (July 7, 2015). "Fashion chain fined for altering Beatles building". Evening Standard . London. p. 7. ^ (#cite_ref-84) Easton, Dan (June 29, 2018). "Abercrombie & Fitch coming to Gateway as it secures its first college campus stores" (https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2018/06/29/abercrombie-secures-its-first-two-college-campus.html) . Columbus Business First . Retrieved August 20, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Abercrombie & Fitch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090805104444/http://www.abercrombie.com/anf/index.html) . Abercrombie & Fitch Co . Archived from the original (http://www.abercrombie.com/anf/index.html) on August 5, 2009 . Retrieved May 16, 2009 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Abercrombie & Fitch F2Q07 Earnings Call Transcript" (https://seekingalpha.com/article/45367-abercrombie-fitch-f2q07-qtr-end-8-4-07-earnings-call-transcript) . Seeking Alpha (/wiki/Seeking_Alpha) . Retrieved October 27, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-2010_outlook_87-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year-End Results" (http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=61701&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=1391095&highlight=) . Abercrombie & Fitch Co . February 16, 2010 . Retrieved February 24, 2010 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-88) "$40 Million Paid to Class Members in December 2005 in Abercrombie & Fitch Discrimination Lawsuit Settlement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070308195814/http://www.afjustice.com/index.htm) (Press release). Lieff Cabraser (/wiki/Lieff_Cabraser) . Archived from the original (http://www.afjustice.com/index.htm) on March 8, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-NAACP_89-0) "National Clothing Retailer Must Pay For Discrimination". The Defender . Winter 2005, 1. Description of the settlement of Gonzalez . ^ (#cite_ref-Greenhouse_90-0) Greenhouse, Steven (/wiki/Steven_Greenhouse) (November 17, 2004). "Abercrombie & Fitch Bias Case Is Settled" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/17/national/17settle.html?_r=1&scp=10&sq=Abercrombie&st=nyt&oref=slogin) . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-website_91-0) "Abercrombie & Fitch Discrimination Lawsuit Settlement Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092538/http://www.afjustice.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.afjustice.com) on July 7, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) "Disabled Woman Sues Clothes Store" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8116231.stm) . BBC News . June 24, 2009 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) "Designer Shop Sued By Disabled Worker" (https://archive.today/20120718053618/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Abercrombie-And-Fitch-Lose-Wrongful-Dismissal-Case-Against-Law-Student-With-False-Arm/Article/200908215360619?lpos=UK_News_Carousel_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15360619_Abercrombie_And_Fitch_Lose_Wrongful_Dismissal_Case_Against_Law_Student_With_False_Arm_) . Sky News (/wiki/Sky_News) . August 13, 2009 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "Woman Wins Clothes Store Tribunal" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8200140.stm) . BBC News . August 13, 2009 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Complaint, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc" (https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/DXPTJKY/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v_Abercrombie_&_Fitch_Stores_Inc__okndce-09-00602__0002.0.pdf) (PDF) . PacerMonitor . Retrieved June 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) Gregory, Sean (September 23, 2009). "Abercrombie Faces a Muslim-Headscarf Lawsuit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090926025427/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1925607,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1925607,00.html) on September 26, 2009 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Supreme Court To Hear Case Of Muslim Who Says Abercrombie & Fitch Denied Her Job Because Of Hijab" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/supreme-court-headscarf-abercrombie_n_6716236.html?cps=gravity_2677_7504862331160640321) . The Huffington Post . February 19, 2015 . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) de Vogue, Ariane (June 1, 2015). "SCOTUS rules in favor of Muslim woman in suit against Abercrombie and Fitch over head covering" (http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/01/politics/supreme-court-abercrombie-fitch-headscarf/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved June 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) Knowles, David (February 26, 2010). "Store Fires Woman for Wearing Muslim Head Scarf" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100612155054/http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/hollister-fires-hani-khan-19-for-wearing-muslim-head-scarf/19373618) . AOL News (/wiki/AOL_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/hollister-fires-hani-khan-19-for-wearing-muslim-head-scarf/19373618) on June 12, 2010 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) De Wilde, Sander (December 9, 2011). "CGKR opent dossier tegen A&F" (http://standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20111209_047) . De Standaard (/wiki/De_Standaard) . Brussels . Retrieved December 9, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) "Sweatshop Hall of Shame 2010" (http://www.laborrights.org/sites/default/files/publications-and-resources/sweatshop_hall_shame_2010.pdf) (PDF) . International Labor Rights Forum . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Shiffer, James Eli; Friedman, Jane (September 9, 2009). "Girl: I Was Treated Like a 'Misfit' at Abercrombie & Fitch" (http://www.startribune.com/local/south/57918152.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090912073101/http://www.startribune.com/local/south/57918152.html) September 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Star Tribune (/wiki/Star_Tribune) . Minneapolis. Retrieved October 27, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-103) Walters, Chris (September 10, 2009). "16-Year-Old Unwittingly Stars in Homemade Abercrombie & Fitch Dressing Room Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091009115436/http://consumerist.com/5356685/16%2Byear%2Bold-unwittingly-stars-in-homemade-abercrombie--fitch-dressing-room-video) . The Consumerist (/wiki/The_Consumerist) . Archived from the original (http://consumerist.com/5356685/16+year+old-unwittingly-stars-in-homemade-abercrombie--fitch-dressing-room-video) on October 9, 2009 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Boundas v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130601193830/http://abercrombieclassaction.com/) . Class Notice Website . Archived from the original (http://www.abercrombieclassaction.com) on June 1, 2013 . Retrieved May 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Milano, Ashley (December 7, 2016). "Hollister, Abercrombie & Fitch Promotional Gift Card Settlement" (https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/closed-settlements/hollister-abercrombie-fitch-promotional-gift-card-settlement/) . Top Class Actions . Retrieved October 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) "Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. American Eagle Outfitters" (http://www.audiocasefiles.com/acf_cases/9996-abercrombie-fitch-stores-inc-v-american-eagle-outfitters) . LexisNexis (/wiki/LexisNexis) . Retrieved July 24, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "Stockholders Sufficiently Plead Investors Relied On Defendants' Misleading Statements To Analysts; In re Abercrombie & Fitch Co. Sec. Litig" (http://origin-www.lexisnexis.com/ap/auth/) . LexisNexis . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Whittaker, Zack (February 6, 2019). "Many popular iPhone apps secretly record your screen without asking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190206230056/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/06/iphone-session-replay-screenshots/) . TechCrunch . Archived from the original (https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/02/06/iphone-session-replay-screenshots/) on February 6, 2019 . Retrieved February 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Clover, Juli (February 6, 2019). "Some Popular iPhone Apps Secretly Record Your Screen for Analytics Purposes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190206234723/https://www.macrumors.com/2019/02/06/iphone-apps-screen-recordings-analytics/) . MacRumors . Archived from the original (https://www.macrumors.com/2019/02/06/iphone-apps-screen-recordings-analytics/) on February 6, 2019 . Retrieved February 8, 2019 . Further reading [ edit ] Walters, Kyla (April–June 2016). "Mall models: how Abercrombie & Fitch sexualizes its retail workers" (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2374623816643283) . Sexualization, Media, and Society (/wiki/Sexualization,_Media,_and_Society) . 2 (2): 237462381664328. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/2374623816643283 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2374623816643283) . Pdf. (http://sme.sagepub.com/content/2/2/2374623816643283.full.pdf+html) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abercrombie & Fitch (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) . Business data for Abercrombie & Fitch: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/ANF:US) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/ANF) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/ANF) SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=ANF) Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ANF) Official website (http://www.abercrombie.com) Abercrombie & Fitch SEC Filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?CIK=ANF&action=getcompany) v t e Abercrombie & Fitch Brands (#Brands) Operating Abercrombie & Fitch Abercrombie Kids (/wiki/Abercrombie_Kids) Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) Gilly Hicks (/wiki/Gilly_Hicks) Defunct Ruehl No.925 (/wiki/Ruehl_No.925) People David T. Abercrombie (/wiki/David_T._Abercrombie) Ezra Fitch (/wiki/Ezra_Fitch) Mike Jeffries (/wiki/Mike_Jeffries_(CEO)) Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) Products A&F Quarterly (/wiki/A%26F_Quarterly) Fierce (/wiki/Fierce_(A%26F_fragrance)) Related topics 7 Burlington Gardens (/wiki/7_Burlington_Gardens) Gonzalez v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores (/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores) History of Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/History_of_Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Why I Hate Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Why_I_Hate_Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) White Hot: The Rise & Fall of Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/White_Hot:_The_Rise_%26_Fall_of_Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) v t e Men's undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) Upper body Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Swim trunks (/wiki/Swim_trunks) Thong (/wiki/Thong#Men's_thongs) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Willy warmer (/wiki/Willy_warmer) Full body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) (long johns) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Hosiery Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Historical Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Garter (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Brands 2(X)IST (/wiki/2(X)IST) 2wink (/wiki/2wink) Abercrombie & Fitch Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) aussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Bonobos (/wiki/Bonobos_(apparel)) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) BVD (/wiki/BVD) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) Duluth Trading Company (/wiki/Duluth_Trading_Company) Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) Finisterre (/wiki/Finisterre_(retailer)) Fleur du Mal (/wiki/Fleur_du_Mal) Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Ibex (/wiki/Ibex_Outdoor_Clothing) J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) John Smedley's (/wiki/John_Smedley_(industrialist)) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) Kotn (/wiki/Kotn) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Munsingwear (/wiki/Munsingwear) Nasty Pig (/wiki/Nasty_Pig) Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) Paul Stuart (/wiki/Paul_Stuart) Pringle (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) River Island (/wiki/River_Island) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Rufskin (/wiki/Rufskin) Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) Smartwool (/wiki/Smartwool) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Stanfield's (/wiki/Stanfield%27s) Sunspel (/wiki/Sunspel) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) Three Gun (/wiki/Three_Gun) Todd Snyder (/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Topman (/wiki/Topman) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) XTG (/wiki/XTG_Extreme_Game) v t e Bath & Body Works, Inc. (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works,_Inc.) Current Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) C. O. Bigelow (/wiki/C._O._Bigelow) The White Barn Candle Company (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Former Abercrombie & Fitch Express (/wiki/Express,_Inc.) Galyan's (/wiki/Galyan%27s) Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) Lane Bryant (/wiki/Lane_Bryant) Lerner New York (/wiki/New_York_%26_Company) The Limited (/wiki/The_Limited) La Senza (/wiki/La_Senza) The Limited Too (/wiki/Limited_Too) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000095638816) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/141055801) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002036435) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐4l869 Cached time: 20240720164017 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.238 seconds Real time usage: 1.517 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9989/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 254619/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8964/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 416190/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.713/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9185348/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1311.792 1 -total 48.11% 631.056 1 Template:Reflist 19.20% 251.806 40 Template:Cite_web 16.02% 210.191 50 Template:Cite_news 13.93% 182.721 1 Template:Infobox_company 13.07% 171.510 1 Template:Infobox 9.03% 118.488 1 Template:Short_description 4.80% 63.020 18 Template:Main_other 4.73% 62.082 4 Template:Navbox 4.35% 57.034 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17255339-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164017 and revision id 1234634059. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abercrombie_%26_Fitch&oldid=1234634059 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abercrombie_%26_Fitch&oldid=1234634059) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Category:Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Abercrombie & Fitch brands (/wiki/Category:Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_brands) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Clothing retailers of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_States) Underwear brands (/wiki/Category:Underwear_brands) American companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1892) Clothing companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1892) Retail companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1892) 1892 establishments in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:1892_establishments_in_New_York_(state)) Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1976 (/wiki/Category:Companies_that_filed_for_Chapter_11_bankruptcy_in_1976) Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_Columbus,_Ohio_metropolitan_area) Re-established companies (/wiki/Category:Re-established_companies) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) 2020s fashion (/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion) Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange) 1988 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:1988_mergers_and_acquisitions) 1996 initial public offerings (/wiki/Category:1996_initial_public_offerings) Hidden categories: All articles with incomplete citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations) Articles with incomplete citations from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2015) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2023) Articles with dead external links from September 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2017) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2015) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_April_2024) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_April_2024) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Rob_Kardashian) on 16 June 2024 . This article is about the television personality. For his father, the attorney, see Robert Kardashian (/wiki/Robert_Kardashian) . American television personality and businessman (born 1987) Rob Kardashian Born Robert Arthur Kardashian ( 1987-03-17 ) March 17, 1987 (age 37) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. Alma mater University of Southern California Marshall School of Business (/wiki/Marshall_School_of_Business) ( BBA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration) ) Occupations Television personality businessman fashion designer Years active 2007–present Television Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Rob & Chyna (/wiki/Rob_%26_Chyna) Partner Blac Chyna (/wiki/Blac_Chyna) (2016–2017) Children 1 Parents Robert Kardashian (/wiki/Robert_Kardashian) (father) Kris Jenner (/wiki/Kris_Jenner) (mother) Relatives Kardashian family (/wiki/Kardashian_family) Notes [1] (#cite_note-1) Robert Arthur Kardashian (born March 17, 1987) is an American television personality. He is known for appearing on Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) , a reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series that centers on his family (/wiki/Kardashian_family) , as well as its spin-offs (/wiki/K_and_K_Take) . In 2011, Kardashian also competed in the thirteenth season of ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) 's Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_TV_series)) , during which he placed second. [ citation needed ] Early life [ edit ] Robert Arthur Kardashian [2] (#cite_note-2) was born March 17, 1987 [3] (#cite_note-3) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , to attorney Robert Kardashian (/wiki/Robert_Kardashian) and wife Kris (/wiki/Kris_Jenner) . He has three older sisters, Kourtney (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) , Kim (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , and Khloé (/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian) . His parents divorced in 1991, and his mother married Olympic decathlete Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) [a] (#cite_note-a-5) the same year. Through their marriage, Kardashian gained step-brothers Burt (/wiki/Burt_Jenner) , Brandon (/wiki/Brandon_Jenner) , and Brody (/wiki/Brody_Jenner) ; step-sister Casey; and half-sisters Kendall (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) and Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) . His father, Robert Kardashian, died in September 2003 from esophageal cancer (/wiki/Esophageal_cancer) . [5] (#cite_note-6) Kardashian graduated from the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) 's Marshall School of Business (/wiki/Marshall_School_of_Business) in 2009. [6] (#cite_note-7) [7] (#cite_note-8) [8] (#cite_note-9) Career [ edit ] Kardashian was a contestant on season 13 of (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_13)) Dancing with the Stars in 2011. He was paired with two-time champion Cheryl Burke (/wiki/Cheryl_Burke) and made it further than his sister Kim (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) did during her appearance in the seventh season (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_7)) . Kardashian was almost eliminated in the fourth week. During the season, Kardashian became the most improved dancer, [ citation needed ] advancing with his partner Cheryl Burke (/wiki/Cheryl_Burke) to the finals, her fifth time doing so. The pair ended up in second place against J.R. Martinez (/wiki/J.R._Martinez) and Karina Smirnoff (/wiki/Karina_Smirnoff) . [9] (#cite_note-10) Kardashian has also taken on several business ventures working with PerfectSkin, Rival Spot, the BG5 and working on his own sock line. Kardashian was one of the final judges of Miss USA 2012 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2012) . [10] (#cite_note-11) Kardashian announced in August 2012 that he would return to the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) and study law later in the year. USC's Gould School of Law (/wiki/Gould_School_of_Law) , however, denied this, and stated via its Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) account that Kardashian had not even applied to the school. [11] (#cite_note-usc-12) In 2012, Kardashian participated in Fox (/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company) 's dating game show The Choice (/wiki/The_Choice_(American_TV_series)) . [12] (#cite_note-13) That same year, he launched his sock line titled Arthur George. [13] (#cite_note-14) [14] (#cite_note-15) The reality series Rob & Chyna (/wiki/Rob_%26_Chyna) premiered on September 11, 2016. It followed Kardashian's relationship with model Blac Chyna (/wiki/Blac_Chyna) as they prepared to welcome their first child. Six hour-long episodes were ordered, excluding a television special featuring the birth of Kardashian and Chyna's newborn. [15] (#cite_note-16) [16] (#cite_note-17) [17] (#cite_note-18) The show concluded that December. Personal life [ edit ] Kardashian dated actress Adrienne Bailon (/wiki/Adrienne_Bailon) from 2007 until 2009. Their relationship was documented on the family reality show Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) . In 2012, he dated singer Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) . [18] (#cite_note-19) [19] (#cite_note-20) In December 2015, it was reported that Kardashian was hospitalized after falling ill and diagnosed with diabetes (/wiki/Diabetes) . [20] (#cite_note-21) In January 2016, Kardashian began dating model Blac Chyna (/wiki/Blac_Chyna) . [21] (#cite_note-blac_chyna-22) On April 5, 2016, Kardashian and Chyna announced their engagement via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) after three months of dating. [22] (#cite_note-engagement-23) In May 2016, it was reported that the couple were expecting their first child together. [23] (#cite_note-24) Their daughter, Dream Renée Kardashian, was born on November 10, 2016. [24] (#cite_note-Dream-25) On December 17, 2016, the couple announced their split on social media after Chyna's Instagram account was hacked. Kardashian told his Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) followers that his fiancée left him, moved out of their home and took their month-old daughter with her. However, the couple reconciled as the split was revealed to be done in the "heat of the moment." [25] (#cite_note-26) [26] (#cite_note-split-27) On December 28, 2016, Kardashian was hospitalized again for diabetes, however, he left the hospital the next day. [27] (#cite_note-28) [28] (#cite_note-29) [29] (#cite_note-30) On July 5, 2017, Kardashian made a series of Instagram posts accusing Chyna of infidelity and posted explicit pictures of her. [30] (#cite_note-31) [31] (#cite_note-32) He was later banned from Instagram for posting revenge porn (/wiki/Revenge_porn) , but an official account managed by Jenner Communications is active. [32] (#cite_note-33) [33] (#cite_note-34) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-a_5-0) Jenner's name changed from Bruce to Caitlyn during a gender transition (/wiki/Gender_transition) in 2015. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Grace Gavilanes (January 8, 2020). "A Complete History of Rob Kardashian & Blac Chyna's Ups and Downs" (https://people.com/tv/rob-kardashian-and-blac-chyna-relationship-timeline/) . people.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180319205716/http://people.com/tv/rob-kardashian-and-blac-chyna-relationship-timeline/the-beginning/) from the original on March 19, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jones, Jenny (October 26, 2012). "Rob Kardashian Talks Socks, Ralph Lauren And Stepping Away From The Kardashian Brand" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131106101143/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/92361/Rob-Kardashian-Talks-Socks-Ralph-Lauren-And-Stepping-Away-From-The-Kardashian-Brand) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived from the original (http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/92361/Rob-Kardashian-Talks-Socks-Ralph-Lauren-And-Stepping-Away-From-The-Kardashian-Brand) on November 6, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Rob Kardashian Biography" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrities/rob-kardashian/biography) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211602/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrities/rob-kardashian/biography) from the original on May 27, 2014 . Retrieved May 26, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Buzz Bissinger (/wiki/Buzz_Bissinger) (June 1, 2015). "Introducing Caitlyn Jenner" (http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/06/caitlyn-jenner-bruce-cover-annie-leibovitz/) . Vanity Fair . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150613015353/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/06/caitlyn-jenner-bruce-cover-annie-leibovitz) from the original on June 13, 2015 . Retrieved June 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Former O.J. Simpson lawyer, Kardashian, dies" (http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/10/01/OJattorney.dead/) . CNN. October 1, 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140815104054/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/10/01/OJattorney.dead/) from the original on August 15, 2014 . Retrieved August 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Braswell, Molly C. (August 8, 2012). "Robert Kardashian Headed to Law School" (http://www.allmediany.com/articles/4530-robert-kardashian-headed-to-law-school) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220303/http://www.allmediany.com/articles/4530-robert-kardashian-headed-to-law-school) from the original on June 10, 2015 . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rob's USC Graduation… A Proud Day for the Family" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611173237/http://www.kimkardashian.com/2009/05/16/a_proud_day_for_the_kardashian/) . Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) 's official blog. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.kimkardashian.com/2009/05/16/a_proud_day_for_the_kardashian/) on June 11, 2015 . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cho, Diane J. (March 21, 2019). "Rob Kardashian, Rumer Willis and More Celeb Kids Who Got Into USC" (https://people.com/celebrity/celebrity-kids-who-went-to-usc/?slide=6693876#6693876) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210811014829/https://people.com/celebrity/celebrity-kids-who-went-to-usc/?slide=6693876#6693876) from the original on August 11, 2021 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Finn, Natalie (November 22, 2011). " (http://www.eonline.com/news/276643/dancing-with-the-stars-finale-and-the-winner-is) Dancing With the Stars Finale: And the Winner Is..." (http://www.eonline.com/news/276643/dancing-with-the-stars-finale-and-the-winner-is) E! Online (/wiki/E!_Online) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150511061309/http://www.eonline.com/news/276643/dancing-with-the-stars-finale-and-the-winner-is) from the original on May 11, 2015 . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ford, Rebecca (June 4, 2012). "Miss USA 2012: Miss Rhode Island Takes the Crown" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/miss-usa-winner-rhode-island-olivia-culpo-332652) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150412123144/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/miss-usa-winner-rhode-island-olivia-culpo-332652) from the original on April 12, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-usc_12-0) Derschowitz, Jessica (August 9, 2012). "Rob Kardashian not attending USC law school, university says" (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-57489895-10391698/rob-kardashian-not-attending-usc-law-school-university-says) . CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120829015300/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-57489895-10391698/rob-kardashian-not-attending-usc-law-school-university-says) from the original on August 29, 2012 . Retrieved September 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hibberd, James (May 8, 2012). "Fox's 'The Choice' cast revealed! Joe Jonas, Dean Cain, The Situation, many more – EXCLUSIVE" (http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/08/fox-choice-celebrities/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130324181002/http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/08/fox-choice-celebrities/) from the original on March 24, 2013 . Retrieved April 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Platon, Adelle (March 5, 2014). "Q&A: Rob Kardashian Talks Arthur George Sock Line, Family Business And Love Lessons" (http://www.vibe.com/photo-gallery/rob-kardashian-interview) . Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141222221615/http://www.vibe.com/photo-gallery/rob-kardashian-interview) from the original on December 22, 2014 . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Caparras, Christine (August 29, 2014). "Arthur George By Rob Kardashian Now Available In Colette Paris" (http://www.ibtimes.com.au/arthur-george-rob-kardashian-now-available-colette-paris-1352324) . International Business Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150929192139/http://www.ibtimes.com.au/arthur-george-rob-kardashian-now-available-colette-paris-1352324) from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 1, 2016). "Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna Land Their Own E! Reality Series" (https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-e-reality-show-pregnancy-1201786696/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160908193124/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-e-reality-show-pregnancy-1201786696/) from the original on September 8, 2016 . Retrieved September 17, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Breaking News – E! Greenlights New Series "Rob & Chyna" (WT)\| TheFutonCritic.com" (http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/06/01/e-greenlights-new-series-rob-and-chyna-wt-508111/20160601e01/) . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 17, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Davis, Clayton (August 15, 2016). "E! Docuseries 'Rob & Chyna' Premieres Sunday, September 11th at 9pm ET/PT" (http://www.awardscircuit.com/2016/08/15/e-docuseries-rob-chyna-premieres-sunday-september-11th-9pm-etpt/) . Awards Circuit . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032709/http://www.awardscircuit.com/2016/08/15/e-docuseries-rob-chyna-premieres-sunday-september-11th-9pm-etpt/) from the original on December 29, 2016 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Monde, Chiderah (July 30, 2014). "Kim Kardashian slams Rob Kardashian's ex Adrienne Bailon for comments kicking him 'when he is down' (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/kim-kardashian-slams-rob-kardashian-adrienne-bailon-article-1.1885153) " (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/kim-kardashian-slams-rob-kardashian-adrienne-bailon-article-1.1885153) . Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . New York. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150311150924/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/kim-kardashian-slams-rob-kardashian-adrienne-bailon-article-1.1885153) from the original on March 11, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Chen, Joyce (December 4, 2012). "Rob Kardashian trashes ex Rita Ora in Twitter tirade, claims he got her pregnant and accuses her of cheating on him with 'nearly 20 dudes' (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/rob-trashes-rita-ora-twitter-tirade-article-1.1213028) " (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/rob-trashes-rita-ora-twitter-tirade-article-1.1213028) . Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . New York. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104643/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/rob-trashes-rita-ora-twitter-tirade-article-1.1213028) from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Respers France, Lisa (December 30, 2015). "Rob Kardashian reportedly hospitalized with diabetes" (http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/30/entertainment/rob-kardashian-diabetes-feat/) . CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160104183035/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/30/entertainment/rob-kardashian-diabetes-feat/) from the original on January 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-blac_chyna_22-0) Karen Mizoguchi (February 24, 2016). "Rob Kardashian Jokes About Dropping His Family and Becoming an 'Orphan' in NSFW Instagram Post" (http://www.people.com/article/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-drop-family-orphan) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160225030034/http://www.people.com/article/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-drop-family-orphan) from the original on February 25, 2016 . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-engagement_23-0) Zach Johnson (April 5, 2016). "Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna are engaged" (http://www.eonline.com/news/754031/rob-kardashian-and-blac-chyna-are-engaged) . E! News (/wiki/E!_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102741/http://www.eonline.com/news/754031/rob-kardashian-and-blac-chyna-are-engaged) from the original on April 6, 2016 . Retrieved April 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Rob Kardashian's Fiancee, Blac Chyna, Is Pregnant (Report)" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blac-chyna-pregnant-rob-kardashians-891454) . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160509144210/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blac-chyna-pregnant-rob-kardashians-891454) from the original on May 9, 2016 . Retrieved May 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dream_25-0) Vivinetto, Gina, Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna welcome baby daughter, Dream Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161111013836/http://www.today.com/parents/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-welcome-baby-daughter-dream-t104894) November 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Today.com (/wiki/Today.com) , November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Hautman, Nicholas (December 20, 2016). "Rob Kardashian, Blac Chyna Back Together After Split: Details" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-back-together-after-split-details-w457098) . UsWeekly.com . Us Weekly. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031640/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/rob-kardashian-blac-chyna-back-together-after-split-details-w457098) from the original on December 22, 2016 . Retrieved December 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-split_27-0) "Rob Kardashian announces Blac Chyna split on Instagram" (http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rob-kardashian-announces-blac-chyna-split-on-instagram-1.3208570) . CTV News (/wiki/CTV_News) . December 18, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002136/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rob-kardashian-announces-blac-chyna-split-on-instagram-1.3208570) from the original on February 2, 2017 . Retrieved January 21, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) King, Brittany (December 29, 2016). "Rob Kardashian taken to emergency room, Kris Jenner and Blac Chyna rush to his side" (http://ew.com/news/2016/12/29/rob-kardashian-emergency-room/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161230094927/http://ew.com/news/2016/12/29/rob-kardashian-emergency-room/) from the original on December 30, 2016 . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Melas, Chloe (December 29, 2016). "Rob Kardashian hospitalized" (http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/entertainment/rob-kardashian-hospitalized/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085952/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/entertainment/rob-kardashian-hospitalized/) from the original on December 30, 2016 . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Ledbetter, Carly (December 29, 2016). "Rob Kardashian Reportedly Hospitalized For Diabetes (UPDATE)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rob-kardashian-reportedly-hospitalized-for-diabetes_us_58643124e4b0eb5864880990) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161230152712/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rob-kardashian-reportedly-hospitalized-for-diabetes_us_58643124e4b0eb5864880990) from the original on December 30, 2016 . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Twitter let a celebrity with millions of followers post revenge porn for 30 minutes before it was taken down" (http://www.businessinsider.com/rob-kardashian-twitter-account-posts-blac-chyna-revenge-porn-isnt-suspended-2017-7) . Business Insider . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170706002247/http://www.businessinsider.com/rob-kardashian-twitter-account-posts-blac-chyna-revenge-porn-isnt-suspended-2017-7) from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved July 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Rob Kardashian's X-rated online rant against Blac Chyna could be a crime" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/07/05/rob-kardashians-x-rated-online-rant-against-blac-chyna-could-be-crime/103453660/) . USA TODAY . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170706041159/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/07/05/rob-kardashians-x-rated-online-rant-against-blac-chyna-could-be-crime/103453660/) from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved July 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The Kardashians Are Trying to Fake a New Instagram Account for Banned Rob" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/amp27782710/rob-kardashian-banned-instagram-new-account/) . Cosmoplitan. June 6, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210607213300/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/amp27782710/rob-kardashian-banned-instagram-new-account/) from the original on June 7, 2021 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Ahlgrim, Callie. "Kris Jenner is running a Rob Kardashian fan account after Instagram banned him for posting revenge porn" (https://www.insider.com/kris-jenner-running-a-rob-kardashian-instagram-fan-account-2019-6) . Insider . Retrieved March 4, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Rob Kardashian (https://x.com/RobKardashian) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Rob Kardashian (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2837493/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Rob Kardashian (https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/-/302049/) at TV Guide (/wiki/TV_Guide) Awards and achievements Preceded by Kirstie Alley (/wiki/Kirstie_Alley) & Maksim Chmerkovskiy (/wiki/Maksim_Chmerkovskiy) Dancing with the Stars (US) (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_TV_series)) runner up Season 13 (Fall 2011 with Cheryl Burke (/wiki/Cheryl_Burke) ) Succeeded by Katherine Jenkins (/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins) & Mark Ballas (/wiki/Mark_Ballas) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Business and economics (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/3716148574392324430009) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4QdPGMK4YP6WhK93qQq) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017001635) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Kardashian&oldid=1229446282 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Kardashian&oldid=1229446282) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1987 births (/wiki/Category:1987_births) American socialites (/wiki/Category:American_socialites) American people of Armenian descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Armenian_descent) Armenian Apostolic Christians (/wiki/Category:Armenian_Apostolic_Christians) Kardashian family (/wiki/Category:Kardashian_family) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Marshall School of Business alumni (/wiki/Category:Marshall_School_of_Business_alumni) Participants in American reality television series (/wiki/Category:Participants_in_American_reality_television_series) Male models from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Male_models_from_Los_Angeles) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages) Use mdy dates from December 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2016) Use American English from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2016) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2015) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Italian politician, former showgirl, and model Honorable (/wiki/Honorable) Maria Rosaria Carfagna President of Action (/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)) Incumbent (/wiki/Incumbent) Assumed office 19 November 2022 Preceded by Matteo Richetti (/wiki/Matteo_Richetti) Minister for the South and Territorial Cohesion (/wiki/Minister_for_the_South) In office 13 February 2021 – 22 October 2022 Prime Minister Mario Draghi (/wiki/Mario_Draghi) Preceded by Peppe Provenzano (/wiki/Peppe_Provenzano) Succeeded by Raffaele Fitto (/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto) Minister for Equal Opportunities (/wiki/Italian_Minister_for_Equal_Opportunities) In office 8 May 2008 – 16 November 2011 Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) Preceded by Barbara Pollastrini (/wiki/Barbara_Pollastrini) Succeeded by Elsa Fornero (/wiki/Elsa_Fornero) Member of the Chamber of Deputies (/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies) Incumbent (/wiki/Incumbent) Assumed office 28 April 2006 Constituency Campania (/wiki/Campania) 2 Personal details Born ( 1975-12-18 ) 18 December 1975 (age 48) Salerno (/wiki/Salerno) , Italy Political party Action (/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)) (since 2022) Other political affiliations Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)) (2013–2022) The People of Freedom (/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom) (2009–2013) Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia_(1994)) (2004–2009) Domestic partner Alessandro Ruben (/wiki/Alessandro_Ruben) (2013–present) Children Vittoria Alma mater (/wiki/Alma_mater) University of Salerno (/wiki/University_of_Salerno) Maria Rosaria " Mara " Carfagna (born 18 December 1975) is an Italian politician (/wiki/Politics_of_Italy) and former showgirl (/wiki/Showgirl) and model. After obtaining a degree in law, [1] (#cite_note-1) Carfagna worked for several years on Italian television shows and as a model. She later entered politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies) for Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia) party in 2006. From 2008 to 2011, she served as Minister for Equal Opportunity in Berlusconi IV Cabinet (/wiki/Berlusconi_IV_Cabinet) . In 2018 she was elected vice president of the Chamber of Deputies. In 2021, she has become the Minister for the South and territorial cohesion in the cabinet presided by Mario Draghi (/wiki/Mario_Draghi) . Carfagna had been named "the most beautiful minister in the world", [2] (#cite_note-2) and was ranked number one on Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) 's "World's Hottest Politicians". [3] (#cite_note-3) [ relevant? ] She has been for a while the spokeswoman of the parliamentary group of Forza Italia at Chamber of Deputies. Early life [ edit ] Carfagna was born in Salerno (/wiki/Salerno) , where she attended the Liceo scientifico (/wiki/Liceo_scientifico) Giovanni da Procida (/wiki/John_of_Procida) . [4] (#cite_note-MC-4) In 2001 she graduated in law from the University of Salerno (/wiki/University_of_Salerno) , with a thesis on information law and broadcasting systems. [4] (#cite_note-MC-4) Career as showgirl and model [ edit ] After having studied dance and piano, she participated in the Miss Italy (/wiki/Miss_Italia) contest in 1997, finishing in sixth place. [4] (#cite_note-MC-4) About the experience she later said: "That competition makes you as a woman, it matures you...all that stress, that desire to win, it makes you understand who you are." [5] (#cite_note-DT_Aus-5) Later she started working in television for the company Mediaset (/wiki/Mediaset) , controlled by the family of Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) . From 2000 to 2006 she participated as a showgirl (/wiki/Showgirl) in the television program La domenica del villaggio ("Sunday in the Village") with Davide Mengacci (/wiki/Davide_Mengacci) . In 2006 she led the program Piazza grande ("Main Square") together with Giancarlo Magalli (/wiki/Giancarlo_Magalli) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Carfagna has also been part of the television programs I cervelloni , Vota la voce and Domenica in (/wiki/Domenica_in) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Carfagna has posed for Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Political career [ edit ] 2000s: Forza Italia and The People of Freedom [ edit ] Carfagna and the Minister of Youth Policy Giorgia Meloni (/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni) with the President of the Italian Republic (/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic) Giorgio Napolitano (/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano) in 2009 Carfagna entered politics in 2004, [9] (#cite_note-9) and became responsible for the women's movement in the political party Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia) . [4] (#cite_note-MC-4) [10] (#cite_note-10) In the elections of 2006 (/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election) she was elected into the Chamber of Deputies (/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies) for Forza Italia, and in the 2008 elections (/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election) – running as the third candidate from The People of Freedom in the district " Campania (/wiki/Campania) 2" – she was reelected. [11] (#cite_note-11) When she first entered parliament Berlusconi jokingly commented that Forza Italia practiced the law of primae noctis (/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur) ; the right of a feudal (/wiki/Feudalism) lord to take the virginity (/wiki/Virginity) of his female subjects. [12] (#cite_note-12) As a deputy she was secretary of the Commission for Constitutional Affairs, [4] (#cite_note-MC-4) and has been described as a diligent, hard-working parliamentarian. [13] (#cite_note-13) On 8 May 2008 she was appointed Minister for Equal Opportunity, [14] (#cite_note-14) in the fourth cabinet (/wiki/Berlusconi_IV_Cabinet) of Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) , an appointment that was widely publicised internationally, with focus on her special background. [5] (#cite_note-DT_Aus-5) [15] (#cite_note-DT-15) In September 2008, Carfagna introduced proposal for a new law making street prostitution (/wiki/Street_prostitution) a crime, with fines for both clients and prostitutes. The bill was her first major initiative as a minister. She said that at present in Italy, "as in the great majority of Western countries", brothels and the exploitation of prostitutes by pimps were illegal but prostitution as such was not. She described street prostitution as a "shameful phenomenon". [16] (#cite_note-new_law-16) In 2009 she became the first political promoter of the law against stalking offence. This law was finally approved on 23 February 2009, introduced as a package of bills known as the Decreto Maroni . In the same year she signed a campaign against homophobia in Italy, with television spots, images on magazines and wall attachments on cities. [17] (#cite_note-17) She has participated in many international conferences, met the UN Secretary General, has intervened four times to the General Assembly, where she promoted an international moratorium against FGM. She organized the first international conference on violence against women in the context of the G8, which was held in the city of L'Aquila, in Italy, in July 2009. [18] (#cite_note-18) 2010s: Forza Italia revival [ edit ] Carfagna as Member of the Chamber of Deputies in 2013 In 2010 during political debate for the International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) celebration Carfagna made a political gaffe , claiming that women gained the right to vote in Italy in 1960 (while they did in 1946) and that the law that rules intrahousehold relationship was reformed in 1970 (while it was in 1975). [19] (#cite_note-19) In the 2010 Campania regional election (/wiki/2010_Campania_regional_election) Carfagna had a record result of 55,695 preferences. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2011, Carfagna proposed a law, which was passed, that provided quotas for women on the boards of companies, which has allowed to involve a larger number of women in the Italian economic system. It approved funding for childcare facilities and in support of motherhood and family that made it possible to increase by a few percentage points the availability of places for working mothers. [21] (#cite_note-21) That same year Carfagna also supported a bill against homophobia, in which homophobia was considered as an aggravating circumstance in bullying events. This bill was then rejected by the People of Freedom (/wiki/People_of_Freedom) majority in the Parliament, causing Carfagna's disappointment. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2013, Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) founded Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)) , an ideological revival of the eponymous party that existed in the 1994–2009 period. [23] (#cite_note-23) Carfagna joined the party, following Berlusconi. In the same year she began a relationship with ex–deputy Alessandro Ruben. [24] (#cite_note-24) In the 2016 Italian local elections (/wiki/2016_Italian_local_elections) , Carfagna was the most voted Forza Italia (/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)) candidate in Naples, with more than 5,500 personal preferences. [25] (#cite_note-25) In November 2018, on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women (/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women) , Carfagna launched a campaign called "Non è normale che sia normale" ("It's not normal that it's normal") involving many parliamentarians of all political parties, VIPs and personalities of sport and entertainment. [26] (#cite_note-26) In August 2019, the Codice Rosso ("Red Code") legislation, proposed by Carfagna, enters into force in Italy to combat violence against women (/wiki/Violence_against_women) with more efficient investigations and more severe penalties. [27] (#cite_note-27) On 13 February 2021, Carfagna returned to a ministerial role in the cabinet (/wiki/Draghi_Cabinet) of Mario Draghi (/wiki/Mario_Draghi) , as Minister for the South (/wiki/Minister_for_the_South) . [28] (#cite_note-28) Political views and controversies [ edit ] Gay pride protest against Carfagna in Catania (/wiki/Catania) , 2008. Carfagna has been vocal on certain issues, such as the level of crime in her home town of Salerno, after having herself been the victim of burglary on three occasions. [29] (#cite_note-29) In 2007 Carfagna opposed gay marriage (/wiki/Gay_marriage) , and said that matrimonial rights should be tied to reproduction. [30] (#cite_note-30) In May 2008 she refused to back a gay pride (/wiki/Gay_pride) march, arguing that discrimination was no longer a problem for homosexuals in Italy because homophobia was just a thinking offence, a statement that was strongly criticized by gay rights groups. [31] (#cite_note-31) In May 2010, during the Quirinal Palace (/wiki/Quirinal_Palace) ceremony on the occasion of International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (/wiki/International_Day_Against_Homophobia,_Transphobia_and_Biphobia) , Carfagna publicly apologized for the statements she made two years earlier, saying "she was helped in breaking through the wall of mistrust of which she was at the same time victim and unconscious responsible". [32] (#cite_note-32) In January 2007, Carfagna was at the center of a controversy that received international attention. On the evening of the Telegatto (/wiki/Telegatto) award show, Berlusconi said about Carfagna: "If I was not already married I would have married her immediately". The comment caused Berlusconi's wife, Veronica Lario (/wiki/Veronica_Lario) , to demand an apology through a national newspaper, something which she also received. [5] (#cite_note-DT_Aus-5) Carfagna herself has later described the comment as "gallant and harmless," and said that she did not quite understand Lario's reaction. [33] (#cite_note-danza-33) On 2 July 2008 the Italian newspaper la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) interviewed the former vice-minister of Foreign Affairs in the Berlusconi II Cabinet (/wiki/Berlusconi_II_Cabinet) and socialist executive Margherita Boniver (/wiki/Margherita_Boniver) , who admitted the existence of some compromising private phone calls about Berlusconi. [34] (#cite_note-34) Few days later, the Argentine (/wiki/Argentina) journal Clarín (/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)) reported about telephone wiretap records authorized for an anti-corruption investigation. Reporter Julio Algañaraz wrote that Carfagna and Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) engaged in a telephone conversation with explicit sexual allusions and regarding a meeting about sexual services. [35] (#cite_note-35) In November 2008 Italian journalist Paolo Guzzanti (/wiki/Paolo_Guzzanti) wrote on his blog about Carfagna, saying: "Is it admissible or ineligible, in a hypothetical democracy, that the head of a government nominate a minister who has the one and only merit of having him personally served, excited and satisfied?", [36] (#cite_note-36) thus highlighting the words spoken by his daughter Sabina Guzzanti (/wiki/Sabina_Guzzanti) at "No Cav Day" anti-Berlusconi protest movement in July 2008. [37] (#cite_note-37) Carfagna sued la Repubblica for having reported Sabina Guzzanti's words that alluded to her sexual activity with Berlusconi. [38] (#cite_note-38) In October 2012 the "Civil Court of Rome" condemned Sabina Guzzanti (/wiki/Sabina_Guzzanti) to compensation of €40,000 to Carfagna. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) On 25 June 2020, Carfagna, as vice president of the Chamber of Deputies, ordered the forced expulsion of Vittorio Sgarbi who, pronouncing himself on the decree amending the law containing urgent measures concerning criminally relevant wiretapping, pronounced the following: "If a criminal commits a crime is normal, but if a Judge does it, it's an institutional earthquake. After the declarations without precedents against you coming from a Judge of Superior Council, after the unprecedented statements of Palamara against Mr. Salvini, we must open a commission of inquiry against the crime of magistrates who do the opposite of their work, worse than criminals". [41] (#cite_note-41) Personal life [ edit ] She has been engaged since 2013 with Alessandro Ruben (/wiki/Alessandro_Ruben) , a former deputy of Future and Freedom (/wiki/Future_and_Freedom) . On 26 October 2020, her first daughter, Vittoria, was born. [42] (#cite_note-42) Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Berlusconi blitzes back to power with old friends and a showgirl" (http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/berlusconi-blitzes-back-to-power-with-old-friends-and-a-showgirl-1370120.html) . Irish Independent (/wiki/Irish_Independent) . 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Veronese, Massimo M. (9 May 2008). "Mara Carfagna? È il ministro più bello del mondo" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID=260204) ["Mara Carfagna? She's the most beautiful minister in the world"]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The World's Hottest Politicians" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140508124237/http://www.maxim.com/slideshow/girls-of-maxim/14682?slide=8) . Maxim's (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.maxim.com/slideshow/girls-of-maxim/14682?slide=8) on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . 1. Mara Carfagna, Italy ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carfagna, Mara. "Mara Carfagna – Chi Sono" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081012065651/http://www.maracarfagna.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=26) [Mara Carfagna – Whom I Am]. Mara Carfagna (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.maracarfagna.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=26) on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pisa, Nick (9 May 2008). "Mara Carfagna is Italy's sexiest minister" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080512155738/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23671053-5001021,00.html) . The Daily Telegraph (Sydney) (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . Archived from the original (http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23671053-5001021,00.html) on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Mara Carfagna, pasionaria azzurra" (http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Politica/2006/03_Marzo/08/cavalli.shtml) [Mara Carfagna, blue pasionaria ] (in Italian). 31 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Mara Carfagna" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080510192204/http://gossip.excite.it/news/2014/Mara-Carfagna) . Excite.it (in Italian). 30 April 2004. Archived from the original (http://gossip.excite.it/news/2014/Mara-Carfagna) on 10 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "I peccati dell'estate" (http://stylemens.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/05/09/maxim_v.jpg) [Summer's sins]. Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Mara Carfagna, biografia della politica ed ex ministro italiana" (https://www.true-news.it/facts/chi-e-mara-carfagna) . True News. (in Italian). 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 11 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Silvio premia Mara: veleni rosa in Fi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071022033200/http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/politica/200710articoli/26836girata.asp) [Silvio rewards Mara: pink venoms in Fi]. La Stampa (/wiki/La_Stampa) (in Italian). 20 October 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/politica/200710articoli/26836girata.asp) on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Quote rosa, lite Carfagna-Prestigiacomo" (http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Politica/2006/05_Maggio/31/carfagna.shtml) [Pink quotas, Carfagna-Prestigiacomo quarrel]. Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) (in Italian). 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Owen, Richard (21 May 2008). "Mara Carfagna: showing her slip" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090507222753/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3970224.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3970224.ece) on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ceccarelli, Filippo (9 May 2008). "Tendenza Carfagna" (https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/05/09/tendenza-carfagna.html?ref=search) [Carfagna tendency]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "I Ministri del Governo Berlusconi IV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080511164602/http://www.governo.it/Governo/Ministeri/ministri_gov.html) [Ministers of Berlusconi IV Cabinet]. Government of Italy (/wiki/Government_of_Italy) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.governo.it/Governo/Ministeri/ministri_gov.html) on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_15-0) Moore, Malcolm (7 May 2008). "Berlusconi appoints former showgirl to cabinet" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1936102/Silvio-Berlusconi-apoints-former-showgirl-to-cabinet.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-new_law_16-0) "Mara Carfagna: "L'Italia non sarà più terra di conquista per chi sfrutta le donne" (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/mara-carfagna-l-italia-non-sar-pi-terra-conquista-chi.html) " (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/mara-carfagna-l-italia-non-sar-pi-terra-conquista-chi.html) [Mara Carfagna: "Italy no longer be a land of conquest for those who exploit women"]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) (in Italian). 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Il ministro Carfagna lancia la campagna contro l'omofobia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100328194506/http://blog.panorama.it/foto/2009/11/10/mara-carfagna-lancia-la-campagna-contro-lomofobia/) [Minister Carfagna launches the campaign against homophobia]. Panorama (in Italian). 10 November 2009. Archived from the original (http://blog.panorama.it/foto/2009/11/10/mara-carfagna-lancia-la-campagna-contro-lomofobia) on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Lo stupro è contro i diritti umani" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/stupro-contro-i-diritti-umani.html) [Rape is against human rights]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) (in Italian). 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Punto di vista" [Point of view]. TG2 (/wiki/TG2) (in Italian). 2010. Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Protagonisti tre candidati alla prova delle amministrative" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120185851/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/marzo/31/Protagonisti_Tre_candidati_alla_prova_co_9_100331020.shtml) [Three candidates protagonists of the administrative test]. Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) (in Italian). 31 March 2010. Archived from the original (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/marzo/31/Protagonisti_Tre_candidati_alla_prova_co_9_100331020.shtml) on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Quote rosa nei cda sono legge. Carfagna: "Decisione storica" (http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/06/28/le-quote-rosa-nei-cda-sono-legge-si-bipartisan-alla-camera-carfagna-decisione-storica/129959/) " (http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/06/28/le-quote-rosa-nei-cda-sono-legge-si-bipartisan-alla-camera-carfagna-decisione-storica/129959/) [Pink quotas on the boards are law. Carfagna: "Historical decision"]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano) (in Italian). 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Omofobia, bocciato il testo del Pd. Insorge la Carfagna: "Voterò a favore" (https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2011/05/18/news/omofobia_carfagna-16435716/) " (https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2011/05/18/news/omofobia_carfagna-16435716/) [Homophobia, Democratic Party's bill rejected. Carfagna rises: "I will vote in favor"]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian). 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Pdl, Berlusconi cancella il Pdl e rifonda Forza Italia. Senza Alfano" (https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/10/25/fonti-pdl-alfano-a-berlusconi-non-entrero-in-questa-forza-italia-estremista/756503/) [People of Freedom, Berlusconi cancels the PoF and re-establishes Forza Italia. Without Alfano]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano) (in Italian). 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Un nuovo amore per Mara Carfagna: è Alessandro Ruben" (https://www.repubblica.it/persone/2013/10/18/foto/un_nuovo_amore_per_mara_carfagna_alessandro_ruben-68889118/1/#1) [New love for Mara Carfagna: Alessandro Ruben]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian). 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Elezioni comunali 2016, candidati e preferenze: dal boom di Maria Stella Gelmini al flop di Simona Tagli ( e degli altri vip)" (http://www.corriere.it/politica/cards/elezioni-comunali-2016-candidati-preferenze-boom-maria-stella-gelmini-flop-simona-tagli-altri-vip/mara-carfagna.shtml) [2016 local elections, candidates and preferences: from Maria Stella Gelmini's boom to Simona Tagli's flop (and other VIPs)]. Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) (in Italian). 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Non è normale che sia normale, Mara Carfagna sostiene la campagna contro la violenza sulle donne" (http://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/non_e_normale_che_sia_normale_mara_carfagna_campagna_violenza_donne-4122807.html) [ It's not normal that it's normal , Mara Carfagna supports campaign against violence on women]. Il Messaggero (/wiki/Il_Messaggero) (in Italian). 21 November 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Entra in vigore il Codice Rosso, Carfagna: "Serve 1 miliardo di euro per le forze dell'ordine" (https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mind_the_gap/codice_rosso_donne_violenza_mariti_carfagna_legge_parlamento-4664270.html) " (https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mind_the_gap/codice_rosso_donne_violenza_mariti_carfagna_legge_parlamento-4664270.html) [Red Code enters into force, Carfagna: "We need 1 billion euros for law enforcement"]. Il Messaggero (/wiki/Il_Messaggero) (in Italian). 8 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Chi è Mara Carfagna, ministra per il Sud del governo Draghi" (https://www.corriere.it/politica/21_febbraio_12/chi-mara-carfagna-ministra-il-sud-governo-draghi-b1b0462e-6d60-11eb-9243-a33dd4e4072e.shtml) [Who is Mara Carfagna, Minister for the South in Draghi's government]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 13 February 2021 . Retrieved 13 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Giannattasio, Gianni (19 November 2007). "Salerno, Mara Carfagna lancia l'allarme: "Ho subito tre furti, altro che città sicura" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071126042013/http://lacittadisalerno.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Salerno-Mara-Carfagna-lancia-lallarme-Ho-subito-tre-furti-altro-che-citta-sicura/1389845) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20071126042013/http://lacittadisalerno.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Salerno-Mara-Carfagna-lancia-lallarme-Ho-subito-tre-furti-altro-che-citta-sicura/1389845) [Salerno, Mara Carfagna raises the alarm "I suffered three thefts, it's nothing like a safe city "]. La Città di Salerno (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://lacittadisalerno.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Salerno-Mara-Carfagna-lancia-lallarme-Ho-subito-tre-furti-altro-che-citta-sicura/1389845) on 26 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Signore, Adalberto (31 January 2007). "Gli italiani non-vogliono questi finti matrimoni" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/interni/gli_italiani_non_vogliono_questi_finti_matrimoni/31-01-2007/articolo-id=153309-page=0-comments=1) [«Italians don't want these fake marriages»]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Italian equal opportunities minister rejects 'gay pride' march" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080521193222/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/19/europe/italy.php) . International Herald Tribune . 19 May 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/19/europe/italy.php) on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "La Carfagna si scusa con il mondo gay: grazie alla Concia ho superato diffidenze" (https://www.corriere.it/politica/10_maggio_18/arachi-carfagna-si-scusa-con-mondo-gay_0df7acd0-6258-11df-92fd-00144f02aabe.shtml) [Carfagna apologizes to the gay world: thanks to [Paola] Concia I have overcome mistrust]. Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) (in Italian). 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-danza_33-0) Perna, Giancarlo (28 January 2008). "Carfagna: nella politica ho la stessa disciplina che dedicavo alla danza" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID=237117) [Carfagna: in politics I have the same discipline I devoted to dance]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Carmelo Lopapa (2 July 2008). " (https://www.repubblica.it/2008/06/sezioni/politica/berlusconi-intercetta-1/camera-gf/camera-gf.html) 'Le telefonate stanno per uscire'. Alla Camera incubo Grande Fratello" (https://www.repubblica.it/2008/06/sezioni/politica/berlusconi-intercetta-1/camera-gf/camera-gf.html) ["Those phone calls are about to come out". The Big Brother nightmare in the Chamber]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Clarín (/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)) (ed.). "Sexgate a la italiana: el escándalo salpica a Berlusconi y una ministra" (http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/07/05/elmundo/i-01708762.htm) [Italian sexgate: the scandal splashes on Berlusconi and a woman minister] (in Spanish) . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Paolo Guzzanti (/wiki/Paolo_Guzzanti) (2 November 2008). "NON PARLIAMO DELLA SIGNORINA MARA CARFAGNA, CALENDARISTA DALLE PARI OPPORTUNITA', MA…" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081106100038/http://www.paologuzzanti.it/?p=856) [LET'S NOT TALK ABOUT LADY MARA CARFAGNA, CALENDARIST OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, BUT ABOUT...]. PaoloGuzzanti.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.paologuzzanti.it/?p=856) on 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "La Guzzanti insulta la Carfagna: "E' uno sfregio che sia ministro" (https://www.repubblica.it/2008/07/sezioni/politica/giustizia-5/guzzanti-navona/guzzanti-navona.html) " (https://www.repubblica.it/2008/07/sezioni/politica/giustizia-5/guzzanti-navona/guzzanti-navona.html) [Guzzanti insults Carfagna: "It's a disfigurement that she's a minister"]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian). 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "La Carfagna querela Repubblica. "Ha riportato frasi ingiuriose della Guzzanti" (https://www.repubblica.it/2009/09/sezioni/politica/berlusconi-divorzio-30/berlusconi-divorzio-30/berlusconi-divorzio-30.html) " (https://www.repubblica.it/2009/09/sezioni/politica/berlusconi-divorzio-30/berlusconi-divorzio-30/berlusconi-divorzio-30.html) [Carfagna sues la Repubblica . "It reported Guzzanti's insulting words"]. la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian). 25 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Sabina Guzzanti diffamò la Carfagna: Dovrà risarcirla con 40mila euro" (http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/sabina-guzzanti-diffam-carfagna-condannata-risarcimento-845053.html) [Sabina Guzzanti defamed Carfagna: she will have to compensate with €40,000]. Il Giornale (/wiki/Il_Giornale) . 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Sabina Guzzanti dovrà pagare 40mila euro a Mara Carfagna per diffamazione" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2012-10-09/sabina-guzzanti-dovra-pagare-153812.shtml?uuid=AbpYUzqG) [Sabina Guzzanti will have to pay €40,000 to Mara Carfagna because defamation]. Il Sole 24 Ore (/wiki/Il_Sole_24_Ore) . 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Ildubbio.news (https://www.ildubbio.news/2020/06/25/sgarbi-contro-lanm-mafiosa-carfagna-lo-espelle-commessi-lo-trascinano-fuori-dallaula/) ^ (#cite_ref-42) Mara Carfagna è diventata mamma di una bimba: è nata Vittoria (https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/10/27/news/mara_carfagna_e_mamma_di_una_bimba_nata_vittoria_ruben-272016386/) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mara Carfagna (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mara_Carfagna) . Ministry biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20080512124602/http://www.governo.it/Governo/Biografie/ministri/Carfagna_Mariarosaria.html) Personal blog (http://www.maracarfagna.net/) Mara Carfagna (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/08/mara-carfagna-former-topl_n_228052.html) – slideshow and video by The Huffington Post v t e Berlusconi IV Cabinet (/wiki/Berlusconi_IV_Cabinet) (2008–2011) Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) Tremonti (/wiki/Giulio_Tremonti) Maroni (/wiki/Roberto_Maroni) Alfano (/wiki/Angelino_Alfano) Palma (/wiki/Nitto_Francesco_Palma) Frattini (/wiki/Franco_Frattini) Sacconi (/wiki/Maurizio_Sacconi) Fazio (/wiki/Ferruccio_Fazio) Gelmini (/wiki/Mariastella_Gelmini) La Russa (/wiki/Ignazio_La_Russa) Scajola (/wiki/Claudio_Scajola) Romani (/wiki/Paolo_Romani) Zaia (/wiki/Luca_Zaia) Romano (/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Romano) Prestigiacomo (/wiki/Stefania_Prestigiacomo) Matteoli (/wiki/Altero_Matteoli) Bondi (/wiki/Sandro_Bondi) Galan (/wiki/Giancarlo_Galan) Bossi (/wiki/Umberto_Bossi) Ronchi (/wiki/Andrea_Ronchi) Bernini (/wiki/Anna_Maria_Bernini) Vito (/wiki/Elio_Vito) Brunetta (/wiki/Renato_Brunetta) Calderoli (/wiki/Roberto_Calderoli) Fitto (/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto) Meloni (/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni) Carfagna Rotondi (/wiki/Gianfranco_Rotondi) Brambilla (/wiki/Michela_Vittoria_Brambilla) Brancher (/wiki/Aldo_Brancher) v t e Draghi Cabinet (/wiki/Draghi_Cabinet) (2021–22) Prime Minister Mario Draghi (/wiki/Mario_Draghi) Ministers Luigi Di Maio (/wiki/Luigi_Di_Maio) Luciana Lamorgese (/wiki/Luciana_Lamorgese) Marta Cartabia (/wiki/Marta_Cartabia) Lorenzo Guerini (/wiki/Lorenzo_Guerini) Daniele Franco (/wiki/Daniele_Franco) Giancarlo Giorgetti (/wiki/Giancarlo_Giorgetti) Stefano Patuanelli (/wiki/Stefano_Patuanelli) Roberto Cingolani (/wiki/Roberto_Cingolani) Enrico Giovannini (/wiki/Enrico_Giovannini) Andrea Orlando (/wiki/Andrea_Orlando) Patrizio Bianchi (/wiki/Patrizio_Bianchi) Maria Cristina Messa (/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Messa) Dario Franceschini (/wiki/Dario_Franceschini) Roberto Speranza (/wiki/Roberto_Speranza) Massimo Garavaglia (/wiki/Massimo_Garavaglia) Federico D'Incà (/wiki/Federico_D%27Inc%C3%A0) Renato Brunetta (/wiki/Renato_Brunetta) Mariastella Gelmini (/wiki/Mariastella_Gelmini) Mara Carfagna Elena Bonetti (/wiki/Elena_Bonetti) Fabiana Dadone (/wiki/Fabiana_Dadone) Vittorio Colao (/wiki/Vittorio_Colao) Erika Stefani (/wiki/Erika_Stefani) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Politics (/wiki/Portal:Politics) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000055025695) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/78969987) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMCd774R368hCddBwKVC) National Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV274030) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009024435) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fdg2k Cached time: 20240720170741 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.901 seconds Real time usage: 1.170 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11739/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 136467/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6660/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 192560/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.602/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8648376/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1070.421 1 -total 32.07% 343.263 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder 27.92% 298.912 2 Template:Reflist 20.01% 214.168 30 Template:Cite_web 13.41% 143.540 2 Template:Navbox 13.36% 142.957 1 Template:Berlusconi_IV_Cabinet 11.14% 119.288 1 Template:Country2nationality 11.09% 118.700 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office 10.68% 114.285 2 Template:ISO_3166_code 7.02% 75.145 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17338329-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170741 and revision id 1194837727. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_Carfagna&oldid=1194837727 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_Carfagna&oldid=1194837727) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1975 births (/wiki/Category:1975_births) 21st-century Italian politicians (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_politicians) 21st-century Italian women politicians (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_women_politicians) Draghi Cabinet (/wiki/Category:Draghi_Cabinet) Government ministers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Italy) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Forza Italia politicians (/wiki/Category:Forza_Italia_politicians) Forza Italia (2013) politicians (/wiki/Category:Forza_Italia_(2013)_politicians) People from Salerno (/wiki/Category:People_from_Salerno) The People of Freedom politicians (/wiki/Category:The_People_of_Freedom_politicians) University of Salerno alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_Salerno_alumni) Women government ministers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Women_government_ministers_of_Italy) Vice presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy) (/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)) Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy) (/wiki/Category:Women_members_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020) All articles that may have off-topic sections (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections) Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_February_2021) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with ICCU identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ICCU_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Type of bobbin lace from Valenciennes, France Valenciennes lace Valenciennes bobbin lace (1850-1900), MoMu (/wiki/MoMu) -collection, Antwerp Type Lace (/wiki/Lace) Production method Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Production process Craft production (/wiki/Craft_production) Place of origin Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes) , France Private collection Valenciennes lace is a type of bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) which originated in Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes) , in the Nord département of France, and flourished from about 1705 to 1780. [1] (#cite_note-other_book-1) [2] (#cite_note-OED-2) [3] (#cite_note-EB-3) Later production moved to Belgium, in and around Ypres (/wiki/Ypres) . [3] (#cite_note-EB-3) [4] (#cite_note-EB1911_L-4) [5] (#cite_note-Lace_book-5) The industry continued onto the 19th century on a diminished scale. [3] (#cite_note-EB-3) By the 19th century Valenciennes lace could be made by machine. [1] (#cite_note-other_book-1) Valenciennes lace is made on a lace pillow (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) [5] (#cite_note-Lace_book-5) [6] (#cite_note-p.20-6) in one piece, with the réseau (the net-like ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) ) being made at the same time as the toilé (the pattern). [1] (#cite_note-other_book-1) [5] (#cite_note-Lace_book-5) [6] (#cite_note-p.20-6) It differentiates itself from other types of lace because the openness of the réseau , the closeness and evenness of the toilé , which resembles cambric (/wiki/Cambric) , and that it lacks any cordonnet (a loosely spun silk cord used to outline and define the pattern). [4] (#cite_note-EB1911_L-4) [5] (#cite_note-Lace_book-5) [7] (#cite_note-p.27-7) Also, in real Flemish Valenciennes lace there are no twisted sides to the mesh; all are closely plaited, and as a rule the shape of the mesh is diamond but without the openings. [4] (#cite_note-EB1911_L-4) The réseau ground is made of four threads braided together, with eight threads at the crosses, [6] (#cite_note-p.20-6) which makes it very strong and firm. [7] (#cite_note-p.27-7) This is simpler and easier to make than the ground for Mechlin lace (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) , though similar in appearance. [7] (#cite_note-p.27-7) Valenciennes lace received an impetus in the seventeenth century, when the Scheldt (/wiki/Scheldt) was channelled for river navigation between Cambrai (/wiki/Cambrai) and Valenciennes, benefiting the export of Valenciennes' wool, fabric and fine arts. To use up flax yarn, women began to make the famous Valenciennes lace. Early Valenciennes lace was grounded with fancy mesh which was thicker and closer than the open réseau used later. The more open version was developed in Valenciennes, and thus the type of lace became known under the name of the town. [5] (#cite_note-Lace_book-5) The open mesh started to evolve in the 18th century and by the 19th century the characteristic ground made of four braided threads was in use. [7] (#cite_note-p.27-7) By the 1900s little of the famous lace was still made in Valenciennes. [8] (#cite_note-EB1911_V-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Haugland, Kristina (May 2006). Grace Kelly: Icon of Style to Royal Bride . Yale University Press. p. 48. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-11644-6 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-OED_2-0) "Valenciennes." The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Valenciennes lace" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074691/Valenciennes-lace) . Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.) . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lace". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sharp, Mary (March 2007). Point and Pillow Lace . Herron Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4067-4562-7 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Powys, Marian (March 2002). Lace and Lace Making . Dover Publications. p. 20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-41811-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Powys, Marian (March 2002). Lace and Lace Making . Dover Publications. pp. 27–29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-41811-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-EB1911_V_8-0) "Valenciennes". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). External links [ edit ] Media related to Point de Valenciennes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Point_de_Valenciennes) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐vtbqm Cached time: 20240719054901 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.485 seconds Real time usage: 0.693 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1005/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43088/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 989/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 38677/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.309/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5240289/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 510.909 1 -total 32.92% 168.206 1 Template:Reflist 30.44% 155.497 3 Template:Navbox 30.01% 153.336 1 Template:Lace_types 25.17% 128.601 4 Template:Cite_book 16.79% 85.802 1 Template:Short_description 11.65% 59.524 1 Template:Infobox_textile 11.09% 56.669 1 Template:Infobox 9.43% 48.168 2 Template:Pagetype 5.80% 29.627 1 Template:Commonscatinline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17352385-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719054901 and revision id 1193837957. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valenciennes_lace&oldid=1193837957 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valenciennes_lace&oldid=1193837957) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Textile arts of France (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_France) Textile arts of Belgium (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Belgium) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Type of Flemish bobbin lace 18th century detail of the ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) 19th century, exclusive quality sample Mechlin lace or Point de Malines is an old bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) , [1] (#cite_note-1) one of the best known Flemish laces, originally produced in Mechelen (/wiki/Mechelen) . [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) Worn primarily during summer, [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) it is fine, transparent, and looks best when worn over another color. [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) Used for women's clothing, it was popular until the first decade of the 20th century. [4] (#cite_note-OED-4) It was made in Mechelen (/wiki/Mechelen) , Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) , Lier (/wiki/Lier,_Belgium) and Turnhout (/wiki/Turnhout) . It was used for coiffures de nuit (evening hair-styling), garnitures de corset (corset trims), ruffles and cravats (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) . History [ edit ] Its history goes back to the Brabant laces. Originally the term 'mechlin lace' was used for any bobbin lace from Flanders (/wiki/Flanders) . [4] (#cite_note-OED-4) [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) Mechlin lace grew in popularity throughout the late 17th century and the 18th century, and was mentioned several times. The 1657 inventory of the Maréchal de la Motte included 'a pair of Mechlin ruffles'. Jean-François Regnard (/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Regnard) , when visiting Flanders in 1681, wrote of the lace and lace-makers. When the English prohibition was removed in 1699, Mechlin lace became the grand fashion in England, and it was advertised in the London Gazette . It was very popular at this time in France and Holland as well. The earliest with a réseau (open net) ground wasn't made until 1720, [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) and at this point the term became specific to this lace with the open net. [5] (#cite_note-Dict-5) In 1755 Mechlin lace went into decline in England, and by 1834 there were only eight manufacturers left. [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) Machine-made Mechlin lace started to be produced in 1819. [5] (#cite_note-Dict-5) Another machine was invented in 1847 which exactly followed the hand movements a lace-maker would make. Manufacture has since died out. [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) Mechlin lace was also very popular with the English royalty. Queen Mary II (/wiki/Mary_II_of_England) , in spite of the prohibition against imported laces, purchased two yards of knotted fringe for her Mechlin ruffles in 1694. Queen Anne (/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain) purchased a sizeable amount of it— 83 yards in 1713. George I (/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain) had a Mechlin cravat, and it was a favorite of Queen Charlotte (/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz) and Princess Amelia (/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom) . [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) Appearance [ edit ] Mechlin lace is known for its rich floral patterns, [6] (#cite_note-6) fine twisted-and-plaited, hexagonal ground, and its outlined designs. [4] (#cite_note-OED-4) [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) It looks much like Brussels lace (/wiki/Brussels_lace) , however it is made all at once, [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) with the réseau or ground made at the same time as the pattern on the pillow (/wiki/Lace_pillow) . Also, the plait is shorter, and the mesh smaller than those of Brussels lace. [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) All Mechlin laces are outlined with a loosely spun silk cord used to define the pattern, whereas Valenciennes lace (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) isn't. [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) Mechlin lace is also more expensive than Valenciennes lace, as it takes more time to make because of the different réseau . Sometimes Mechlin is grounded with an ornamental réseau , instead of the usual hexagons. In the regular hexagonal réseau , the two sides parallel (/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)) to the long axis of the lace are plaited three times, and the other four sides crossed. [3] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-3) The same threads pass across the whole width, and thus form both the ground and the pattern. [2] (#cite_note-P&P_lace-2) Gallery [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Levey, Santina M. (1983). Lace : a history . Victoria and Albert Museum. [London]. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-901286-15-X . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 10437512 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10437512) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sharp, Mary (March 2007). Point and Pillow Lace . Herron Press. pp. 147–148. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4067-4562-7 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Palliser, Bury (/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser) (November 1984). History of Lace . Dover Publications. pp. 111 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n104) –114. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . Mechlin lace. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mechlin." The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989. ^ Jump up to: a b Earnshaw, Pat (February 1999). A Dictionary of Lace . Dover Publications. pp. 108–109. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-40482-X . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Tondern lace" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072855/Tondern-lace) . Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.) . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Mechlin lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mechlin_lace) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐jgq9z Cached time: 20240720170230 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.405 seconds Real time usage: 0.715 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 859/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38759/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 602/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42529/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4197392/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 583.217 1 -total 24.63% 143.667 1 Template:Reflist 20.64% 120.374 3 Template:Navbox 20.60% 120.155 1 Template:Lace_types 20.30% 118.388 1 Template:Short_description 18.75% 109.346 4 Template:Cite_book 17.16% 100.103 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 16.99% 99.109 2 Template:Sister-inline 9.23% 53.833 2 Template:Pagetype 8.19% 47.789 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17359906-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170230 and revision id 1146912428. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechlin_lace&oldid=1146912428 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechlin_lace&oldid=1146912428) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Textile arts of Belgium (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Belgium) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
State of not wearing undergarments under kilts For the logical fallacy, see No true Scotsman (/wiki/No_true_Scotsman) . Satirical caricature of French women curious about kilted Scottish soldiers, c. 1815 " True Scotsman " is a humorous term used in Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) for a man wearing a kilt (/wiki/Kilt) without undergarments. [1] (#cite_note-1) Though the tradition originated in the military, it has entered Scottish lore as a rite, an expression of light-hearted curiosity about the custom, and even as a subversive gesture. [2] (#cite_note-wind-chill-2) However, in 2010, the Director of the Scottish Tartans Authority (/wiki/Scottish_Tartans_Authority) , Brian Wilton, described the tradition of not wearing undergarments as "childish and unhygienic". [3] (#cite_note-3) In response, racing driver David Coulthard (/wiki/David_Coulthard) and some kilt manufacturers spoke in favour of the tradition, while MSP (/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament) Jamie McGrigor (/wiki/Jamie_McGrigor) and Wimbledon (/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon) champion Andy Murray (/wiki/Andy_Murray) admitted to wearing underpants under their kilts. History [ edit ] The earliest forms of the kilt, called a plaid or "great kilt" (feileadh mòr), were worn over the existing garments of the time, such as trews (/wiki/Trews) or breeches (/wiki/Breeches) with hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) or leg wraps. From the late 1600s onward, historical paintings start to show some kilts worn with high socks, with no covering on the visible part of the upper legs. It is unknown exactly why the practice of wearing no undergarments (/wiki/Undergarments) under the kilt began. Despite numerous stories or claims that have been widely circulated, documented evidence is extremely scarce. [4] (#cite_note-cover-up-4) The earliest known reference to the practice is a series of satirical French illustrations in 1815 when Paris was occupied after the Battle of Waterloo (/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Even so, it is unknown if the practice was a dress code requirement, was left to individual soldier's preference, or merely a false rumor that later evolved into an actual practice. The kilt continued to be part of some regimental combat uniforms on the Western Front (/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)) during the First World War (/wiki/World_War_I) : Every day the regiment would be inspected by a senior officer who would have a mirror to look under kilts. Anyone found wearing underpants would be sent back to take them off. [4] (#cite_note-cover-up-4) However, in 1940 the kilt was retired from combat because of the vulnerability of bare skin to chemical agents, [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) although it was retained as the formal dress uniform of the regiments. The practice of not wearing undergarments led to an incident in 1997, when windy conditions during a military ceremony in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) caused a Black Watch (/wiki/Black_Watch) soldier to be exposed in front of the press. [2] (#cite_note-wind-chill-2) [9] (#cite_note-9) 21st century [ edit ] As of 2008 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Scotsman&action=edit) , Highland dancers (/wiki/Highland_dancing) and athletes (/wiki/Highland_Games) have been bound by the nature of their competitions to appropriately and modestly clothe themselves. In Highland Dance competitions and exhibitions, the regulations of the Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (/wiki/Scottish_Official_Board_of_Highland_Dancing) (SOBHD) have stated regarding underwear: "Dark or toning with the kilt should be worn, but not white." [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2015, the Scottish barmen of Hootananny pub in Inverness (/wiki/Inverness) abandoned kilts because customers sexually harassed them by lifting their kilts repeatedly. Ian Howie, the pub's assistant manager, said: "You get large groups of drinking women circling around when you are collecting glasses and asking whether you are true Scotsman – and they find out for themselves. Mainly hen nights." The traditional Scottish garment was initially chosen to give the venue a more authentic feel. Now Tartan shorts will be worn instead. [11] (#cite_note-11) In popular culture [ edit ] Non-Scots and those unfamiliar with kilts seeking to determine the truth of the true Scotsman tradition can leave themselves open to innuendo (/wiki/Innuendo) and double entendre (/wiki/Double_entendre) , as innocent queries can be turned on the questioner; as with the question "Is there anything worn under the kilt?" being answered with examples such as "No, nothing is worn, everything is in perfect working order!" or "Yes, socks, shoes, and talcum powder," and "Yes, socks, shoes, and two shades of lipstick." Humorous "Kilt Inspector" and "Official Kilt Inspector" T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) can be purchased in Scottish tourist shops and online. In the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service (/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)) , James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) removes his kilt to seduce Ruby Bartlett (/wiki/Ruby_Bartlett) . As it falls to the floor, she laughs and cries out, "It's true!" In the 1995 film Braveheart (/wiki/Braveheart) , during the Battle of Stirling Bridge (/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge) scene, the Scottish soldiers lift their kilts to flash the English archers, taunting them after an attack. [12] (#cite_note-12) The plot of the sixteenth Carry On... film (/wiki/Carry_On_films) , Carry On Up the Khyber (/wiki/Carry_On..._Up_the_Khyber) , revolves around the mishaps of a fictional Scottish regiment following the discovery that one of them, Private Widdle, is not a true Scotsman. In the Monty Python's Flying Circus (/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus) sketch, "Ideal Loon Exhibition", [13] (#cite_note-13) one of the more popular attractions at the exhibition is the "Scotsman With Nae Trews Exhibit, Sponsored by Natural Gas". It features John Cleese (/wiki/John_Cleese) , in full Highlander garb, standing solemnly on a pedestal whilst a line of old ladies come up one by one and take a look under his kilt. In the film Wrongfully Accused (/wiki/Wrongfully_Accused) , Leslie Nielsen (/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen) at one point dresses in a kilt to infiltrate a Pipe Band (/wiki/Pipe_Band) . He steps over a sewer grate blowing air a la Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) in the film Seven Year Itch (/wiki/Seven_Year_Itch) , and noise similar to air being blown over an open bottle is heard. In the 1949 film, The Hasty Heart (/wiki/The_Hasty_Heart) , Yank, played by Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) , refuses to believe that nothing is worn under a kilt and during the film, there are several times where the soldiers try to look under the kilt of Richard Todd (/wiki/Richard_Todd) 's character. In the end, someone looks under his kilt and everyone starts laughing, as presumably Todd was indeed wearing nothing. In The Simpsons (/wiki/The_Simpsons) episode " Children of a Lesser Clod (/wiki/Children_of_a_Lesser_Clod) ", when playing basketball at the Springfield YMCA, Groundskeeper Willie (/wiki/Groundskeeper_Willie) completes a lay-up (/wiki/Lay-up) when the other men recoil at the sight of his exposed privates from running in a kilt, In the episode " Who Shot Mr. Burns? (/wiki/Who_Shot_Mr._Burns%3F) ", Groundskeeper Willie does a parody of the Basic Instinct (/wiki/Basic_Instinct) cross-legging scene, where Chief Wiggum, Lou and Eddie recoil after Willie uncrosses his legs and crosses them again. Eddie then points a gun at him and tells him that was his last warning. In the episode " Whacking Day (/wiki/Whacking_Day) ", Willie insults Principal Skinner as a "bath-taking, underpants-wearing lily hugger" under his breath as Skinner forces Willie to take part in the plan of trapping the school troublemakers in the basement while Superintendent Chalmers inspects the school. An advertisement for Lawson's Scotch Whisky shows a Scottish rugby team dressed in kilts and naked above the waist, standing impassive as a Maori (/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture) rugby team perform the haka (/wiki/Haka) , and then respond by silently raising the front of their kilts causing visible intimidation in their foes. In the Greg Davies (/wiki/Greg_Davies) comedy show, Man Down , Stephanie Cole (/wiki/Stephanie_Cole) 's female character Nesta arrives in the room wearing a kilt and Dan (Greg Davies) asks "please tell me you're wearing underwear!", to which Nesta replies "I am of Scottish heritage and proud!", she then lifts her kilt up and Dan recoils and yells "I'm blind!, she's blinded me!" The song "The Scotsman", popularized in 1980 by Bryan Bowers (/wiki/Bryan_Bowers) through airplay on the Dr. Demento (/wiki/Dr._Demento) radio show, finds a pair of young ladies encountering a true Scotsman. [14] (#cite_note-14) A scene in the film Brave (/wiki/Brave_(2012_film)) shows the various Scottish clan leaders climbing down from the castle after a futile chase: they are shown nude from the rear, having used their kilts to make a climbing rope. An earlier scene in the film has one of the lords, Lord Dingwall, mooning (/wiki/Mooning) his companions by lifting up the rear of his kilt. In the 1927 film Putting Pants on Philip (/wiki/Putting_Pants_on_Philip) , Stan Laurel (/wiki/Stan_Laurel) , as a young Scotsman new to the United States, suffers mishaps involving his kilt. He walks over a ventilation grating a couple of times and his kilt is blown up displaying his tartan boxer shorts. Later, after Philip loses his shorts, he again walks over a ventilation grating and the crowd sees more than his boxers, causing a number of ladies to faint instantly. [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Scotland portal (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Going commando (/wiki/Going_commando) No True Scotsman (/wiki/No_True_Scotsman) Caledonian Antisyzygy (/wiki/Caledonian_Antisyzygy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20071031092512/http://www.neil-simpson.com/books.htm) "He was singing on stage in Scotland and inadvertently proving he was a true Scotsman with nothing on underneath his kilt". Neil Simpson, excerpt from Lorraine Kelly: The Biography: The True Story of Lorraine Kelly, TV's Best Loved Presenter , May 31, 2007, Accessed May 12, 2008 ^ a b Royle, Trevor (January 14, 2001). "When a blue moon has more to do with the wind-chill factor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233326/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19041076.html) . The Sunday Herald (/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19041076.html) on November 5, 2013. (subscription required) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A kilt needs underwear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101123115444/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/scotland/8149592/Draught-guidance-a-kilt-need-underwear.html) . UK: The Telegraph. 2010-11-22. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/scotland/8149592/Draught-guidance-a-kilt-need-underwear.html) on 2010-11-23 . Retrieved 2012-08-21 . ^ a b Naughton, Philippe (August 2, 2004). "Scots tradition hit by cover-up ruling" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464594.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . London . Retrieved 2008-05-12 . (subscription required) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "British Museum - Le prétexte" (https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1338999&partId=1) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "British Museum - Le repas du chat, ou Honi soit qui mal y pense" (https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1337934&page=2&partId=1&peoA=115667-2-70&people=115667) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Uniform" (http://gordonhighlanders1914-18.co.uk/uniform.html) , Gordon highlanders 1914–18 , Since most Highland soldiers had nothing but their bare skin under the kilt, they felt particularly exposed to attack by mustard gas. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Army's wartime bloomers revealed" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2221824.stm) . BBC News . August 28, 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Hong Kong's question answered: what's under the kilt?" (https://apnews.com/article/041db71f06ffe95ce0ac8921f1812ff4) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 1997-04-25. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221104220945/https://apnews.com/article/041db71f06ffe95ce0ac8921f1812ff4) from the original on 2022-11-04. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Dress code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170829003349/http://www.sobhd.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Dress-Code.pdf) (PDF) . Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing. Archived from the original (http://www.sobhd.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Dress-Code.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-08-29 . Retrieved 2017-10-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Carr, Simon (2015-07-14). "Find out how randy women forced Scottish barmen to abandon their kilts" (http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/scottish-barmen-abandon-kilts-after-6063885) . mirror . Retrieved 2020-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mel Gibson thought his Irish Braveheart extras were a bunch of smartasses" (https://www.thejournal.ie/mel-gisbon-braveheart-extras-1654169-Sep2014/) . 6 September 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Monty Python's Flying Circus , episode 37, series 3 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Details for The Scotsman – Bryan Bowers. The Demented Music Database (http://dmdb.org/cgi-bin/plinfo_view.pl?SYN070431) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Laurel, Stan (October 17, 2018). "16. Putting Pants on Philip (1927)" (https://laurel-and-hardy-blog.com/2018/10/17/16-putting-pants-on-philip-1927/) . The Laurel and Hardy blog . Patrick Vasey . Retrieved August 12, 2022 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67876cfcf7‐8g6bn Cached time: 20240711165033 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.251 seconds Real time usage: 0.352 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 996/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22614/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1046/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46950/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.145/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5322994/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 304.338 1 -total 54.30% 165.243 1 Template:Reflist 34.35% 104.549 3 Template:Cite_news 23.07% 70.220 1 Template:Short_description 12.82% 39.025 2 Template:Pagetype 10.42% 31.713 8 Template:Cite_web 8.03% 24.432 1 Template:Portal 6.66% 20.262 1 Template:For 6.24% 18.993 4 Template:Main_other 5.47% 16.651 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17374743-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711165033 and revision id 1225416572. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Scotsman&oldid=1225416572 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Scotsman&oldid=1225416572) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Scotland (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Scotland) Highland dress (/wiki/Category:Highland_dress) Military traditions (/wiki/Category:Military_traditions) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content (/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)
Type of bobbin lace from Brussels For the geometer moth, see Cleorodes lichenaria (/wiki/Cleorodes_lichenaria) . Brussels lace Duchesse, 19th, detail Type Lace (/wiki/Lace) Material Linen (/wiki/Linen) Production method Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Production process Craft production (/wiki/Craft_production) Place of origin Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , Belgium Introduced 15th century Point d'Angleterre, 18th A section of Brussels bobbin lace appliqued on a hexagonal mesh Brussels lace is a type of pillow lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) that originated in and around Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) . [1] (#cite_note-OED-1) The term "Brussels lace" has been broadly used for any lace from Brussels; however, strictly interpreted, the term refers to bobbin lace, in which the pattern is made first, and the ground, or réseau added, also using bobbin lace. Brussels lace is not to be confused with Brussels point (or Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) ), which is a type of needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) , though sometimes also called "Brussels lace". [2] (#cite_note-L&L-2) Brussels lace is well known for its delicacy [1] (#cite_note-OED-1) and beauty. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) Originally it was only made from the finest spun (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) linen (/wiki/Linen) thread, which was spun in dark damp rooms to keep the thread from becoming too brittle. Only one ray of light was allowed into the room, and it was arranged so that it fell upon the thread. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) This fine thread was one reason preventing mechanization of the process of making Brussels lace, as well as the production of it in other regions, as it could not be bought anywhere else. It was also what made the lace so costly. Brussels lace cost more than Mechlin lace (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) , and was in high demand in England and France. [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) Brussels lace started to be produced in the 15th century, [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) and was first explicitly mentioned in England in a list of presents given to Princess Mary (/wiki/Mary_I_of_England) for New Years 1543. [5] (#cite_note-5) Production [ edit ] Brussels lace is part lace (/wiki/Part_lace) . This is made in pieces, with the flowers and design made separate from the ground, unlike Mechlin lace (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) or Valenciennes lace (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) ; because of this, the long threads that form the design always follow the curves of the pattern, whereas in bobbin laces (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) made all at the same time, the threads are parallel to the length of the lace. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) Brussels lace is also distinguished by its réseau or background, the toilé or pattern, and the lack of a cordonnet outlining the pattern. The réseau is hexagonal, with four threads plaited four times on two sides, and two threads twisted twice on the remaining four sides. The toilé can be of two types, the standard woven texture like a piece of fabric, or a more open version with more of the appearance of a netted réseau . This allows for shading in the designs, an effect that was used more in later designs. In Brussels lace, instead of a cordonnet , the pattern is edged with open stitches, which are then picked up to form the réseau. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) The first step was to spin the flax thread, which was then given to the lace-makers who made the pattern, which was generally of flowers. Then the lace-makers would make the réseau , hooking onto the open edge of the pattern, and working around the pattern to fill the ground. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) Point d'Angleterre [ edit ] In 1662, [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) the English Parliament (/wiki/Parliament_of_England) passed an act prohibiting the import of all foreign lace as there was considerable alarm at how much money was being spent on foreign lace, and the protection of English lace manufacturers took precedence. However, English lace merchants could not supply lace of the same quality as the Brussels lace, and Flemish lace-makers were reluctant to settle in England. [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) England also produced inferior flax (/wiki/Flax) and thus could not spin the fine thread required, and so the lace produced was of an inferior quality. [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) Since the merchants could not produce the lace at home, they resorted to smuggling and named the smuggled Brussels lace 'Point d'Angleterre', "English point." [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) France also had regulations forbidding the importation of foreign lace, so the Brussels lace sold in France was also sold as 'Point d'Angleterre'. To this day, all Brussels lace is called Point d'Angleterre in France. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) Ladies of the court of Louis XV (/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France) greatly favored this lace. [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) When the English prohibition ended in 1699, Brussels lace gained popularity once more. Queen Anne (/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain) bought a lot of it, despite the high price. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the courts of George I (/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain) and George II (/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain) , the lace became very popular, despite efforts to encourage native lace-making. It was used on ruffles, lappets (/wiki/Lappet) , and flounces. Individual pieces were large and made of many one-inch to two and a half-inch pieces, sewn together seamlessly. This type of lace was made until the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . [4] (#cite_note-Hist_of_Lace-4) Point plat appliqué [ edit ] Unknown artist - Bobbin (Point Plat Appliqué), Machine, and Needlepoint Lace Panel - 1923.977 - Cleveland Museum of Art Point plat appliqué ("Applied flat point") is the term given to Brussels lace where the design is appliqued (/wiki/Applique) to machine net, instead of using handmade réseau. In 1810, in Nottingham, a machine that made extremely regular linen netting was perfected, and machine-made net became common. From this point on, the handmade réseau was only made upon request, and the designs were appliqued directly onto the machine-made net. This resulted in the designs becoming more spread out and less connected. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) This type can be distinguished from handmade net, as often the net is not cut away behind the appliqued design; thus, the net can be seen on the back of the design. Also, the machine-made net was made of diamond-shaped mesh, rather than the hexagonal réseau. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) Point Duchesse [ edit ] Point Duchesse ("Duchess point") is the term for a Belgian lace that does not have a réseau. It was named after the Duchess of Brabant (/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant) , Marie Henriette of Austria (/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria) who was a supporter of the lace production. It is made entirely on the pillow; the pattern is made so that the leaves and flowers naturally join and there is rarely a bar thrown across to connect them. [2] (#cite_note-L&L-2) [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) As there is no réseau, the designs are more continuous. [3] (#cite_note-P&P-3) Modern Brussels laces [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brussels_lace) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) There is still an existing production of Brussels lace made by hand in Belgium. This production is getting smaller and smaller as the workers get older. Two types of laces are still produced: Renaissance lace is a needle work using a machine made tape. Even if the designs are not as intricate as the antique laces such as "Point de Rose" or "Duchess lace," it remains intricate and still demands many hours of work. This lace was developed in the early 20th century, but became famous some years later. This work is strong and easy to wash. It can be adapted to be washed by machine. Princess lace is also a form of needle work. It is an application on a netting. Machine-made nettings have been used since 1850 in the production of this type of lace. These first nettings were produced in the hope it could save time so that lacemakers could be able to finish work faster. In the early 20th century, the machine-made netting that could be produced was of a different quality, more regular, and produced in larger quantities. The production of Princess lace started at that time, but it was only after World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) that this lace really became famous. It is the last handmade lace work that is still fine enough to be used for wedding veil and christening gowns. As these two types of laces are made using a machine (for the tape or the netting), some purists do not believe these techniques should receive the 'Handmade Belgian lace' tag. Discussions are still ongoing about this in lace-making circles. However most people agree that these two modern lace making techniques require a great deal of skill and handwork (80%) to be realized. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Point d'Angleterre (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Point_d%27Angleterre) and Duchesse lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duchesse_lace) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Brussels." The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989. ^ Jump up to: a b Powys, Marian (March 2002). Lace and Lace Making . Dover Publications. pp. 27–29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-41811-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Sharp, Mary (March 2007). Point and Pillow Lace . Herron Press. pp. 127–136. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4067-4562-7 . Retrieved 2008-05-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Palliser, Bury (/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser) (November 1984). History of Lace . Dover. pp. 102 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n116) –120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . Retrieved 2008-05-12 . brussels lace. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Strickland, Agnes (1848). Lives of the Queens of England . p. 155 (https://archive.org/details/livesqueensengl10strigoog/page/n154) . Retrieved 2008-05-12 . brussels lace. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ashton, John (March 2004). Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne . Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-4021-4930-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-12 . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fvcn6 Cached time: 20240720165626 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.391 seconds Real time usage: 0.537 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1192/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50293/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1006/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36695/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.253/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6182065/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.600 1 -total 26.90% 120.655 1 Template:Reflist 25.21% 113.072 3 Template:Navbox 25.08% 112.508 1 Template:Lace_types 22.76% 102.095 5 Template:Cite_book 15.59% 69.917 1 Template:Short_description 11.65% 52.253 1 Template:Unreferenced_section 10.61% 47.592 1 Template:Unreferenced 10.11% 45.337 1 Template:Ambox 8.94% 40.083 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17391046-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165626 and revision id 1224563569. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels_lace&oldid=1224563569 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels_lace&oldid=1224563569) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Culture in Brussels (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Brussels) Belgian fashion (/wiki/Category:Belgian_fashion) Textile arts of Belgium (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Belgium) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
Silken bobbin lace from France This fichu is an example of blonde strapwork technique Queen Adelaide wearing blonde lace, c. 1830 Blonde lace is a continuous bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) from France (/wiki/France) that is made of silk (/wiki/Silk) . The term blonde refers to the natural color of the silk thread. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) Originally this lace was made with the natural-colored silk, and later in black. [2] (#cite_note-Ipswich-2) Most blonde lace was also made in black. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) It was made in the 18th and 19th centuries. [2] (#cite_note-Ipswich-2) The pattern, which is generally of flowers, is made with a soft silk thread, thicker than the thread used for the ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) . [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) [4] (#cite_note-L&L2-4) This causes a big contrast between the flowers and the ground. [4] (#cite_note-L&L2-4) It uses the same stitches as Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) and Lille lace (/wiki/Lille_lace) , [4] (#cite_note-L&L2-4) and is similarly made in strips 5 in (13 cm) wide and invisibly joined. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) [4] (#cite_note-L&L2-4) Blonde lace is not as good as Chantilly lace though, as the ground is not as firm, nor is the pattern as regular. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) Blonde lace became very popular, and replaced Mechlin lace (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) . It is very soft, and thus was well suited to the gathered trimmings fashionable during the nineteenth century. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) Blonde lace was used by royalty, and was worn in the portraits of the daughter of George IV (/wiki/George_IV) , Princess Charlotte (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)) in 1817, and of Queen Adelaide (/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen) in 1830. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) In 1805 blonde lace was popular in Paris. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) Blonde lace was made in Caen from 1744, in parts of Flanders, in Barcelona, and, in small quantities, in the east Midlands of England from about 1806. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) It did not suffer when other lacemakers were reduced to the brink of ruin in 1821 to 1832 by the introduction of machine-made bobbin net. In fact, the demand for blonde actually increased, and Caen (/wiki/Caen) exported great quantities, by smuggling, to England. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) It was one of the earliest laces to be copied by machine - in 1833 the traverse warp machine (invented in 1811) made it for a full season, and it was sold without saying it was machine-made, at handmade prices, with no one the wiser. [1] (#cite_note-Dict-1) By 1840 blonde lace was out of favor. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) Spanish blonde lace [ edit ] Blonde lace from Spain, early 19th century There was a lot of blonde lace made in Spain, mostly in the Catalonia (/wiki/Catalonia) region, and especially in Barcelona. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) It had all the same qualities as blonde lace made elsewhere, with very large flowers. It was used mainly for mantillas (/wiki/Mantilla) and scarves and became part of the archetypical image of a Spanish lady. [5] (#cite_note-Old-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Earnshaw, Pat (February 1999). A Dictionary of Lace . Dover. pp. 16–17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-40482-X . Retrieved 2008-05-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b Raffel, Marta Cotterell (January 2003). The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840 . University Press of New England. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58465-163-6 . Retrieved 2008-05-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palliser, Bury (/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser) (November 1984). History of Lace . Dover Publications. pp. 88 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n102) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . Retrieved 2008-05-16 . Mechlin lace. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Powys, Marian (March 2002). Lace and Lace Making . Dover Publications. p. 31. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-41811-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-16 . Worked with a heavy soft flat thread, the flowers stand out with great effect. ^ (#cite_ref-Old_5-0) Blum, Clara M. (June 2002). Old World Lace: A Concise Illustrated Guide . Dover. p. 64. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-42150-3 . Retrieved 2008-05-16 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Blonde lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blonde_lace) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐b4nf6 Cached time: 20240719051512 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.417 seconds Real time usage: 0.653 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 906/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39473/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 721/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30602/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.246/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6843869/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 468.962 1 -total 30.38% 142.482 3 Template:Navbox 30.33% 142.245 1 Template:Lace_types 29.81% 139.817 1 Template:Reflist 24.85% 116.514 5 Template:Cite_book 22.96% 107.669 1 Template:Short_description 12.09% 56.688 2 Template:Pagetype 6.89% 32.333 1 Template:Convert 6.29% 29.489 4 Template:Main_other 6.18% 28.986 1 Template:Commons_category-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17457765-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719051512 and revision id 1206678063. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blonde_lace&oldid=1206678063 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blonde_lace&oldid=1206678063) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Silk (/wiki/Category:Silk) Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime (/wiki/Category:Arts_and_culture_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime) Textile arts of France (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_France) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Type of bobbin lace from South East England Example of a simple Bucks point edging Bucks Point lace from first half of 19th century Bucks point is a bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) from the South East (/wiki/South_East_England) of England. "Bucks" is short for Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) , which was the main centre of production. The lace was also made in the nearby counties of Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire) and Northamptonshire (/wiki/Northamptonshire) . [1] (#cite_note-L&L-1) Bucks point is very similar to the French Lille lace, [2] (#cite_note-Dict-2) and thus is often called English Lille. [3] (#cite_note-Ipswich-3) It is also similar to Mechlin lace (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) and Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) . Bucks point has a gimp thread (/wiki/Gimp_(thread)#In_lace) outlining the pattern. [2] (#cite_note-Dict-2) It usually has Point ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) or sometimes Honeycomb ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) . It is made in one piece on the lace pillow (/wiki/Lace_pillow) , [2] (#cite_note-Dict-2) [3] (#cite_note-Ipswich-3) at full width and not in strips like Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) . Common designs are floral and geometric. [3] (#cite_note-Ipswich-3) The floral designs are like those in Mechlin and Lille laces, but Bucks lace is generally simpler than the Belgian laces, [2] (#cite_note-Dict-2) and is made of linen or silk. It can have picots (/wiki/Picot) along the edge. History [ edit ] Although Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) was a centre of English lacemaking from as early as the 16th century, [4] (#cite_note-4) the styles of the lace made would have varied at different periods, reflecting what was fashionable at the time. The style referred to as Bucks Point lace did not appear until the end of the 18th century. It seems to have been based on contemporary Mechlin lace, but with Mechlin ground replaced by a simpler point ground to give a lighter lace as had become popular at the time. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-L&L_1-0) Powys, Marian (March 2002). Lace and Lace Making . Dover Publications. p. 31. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-41811-1 . Retrieved 2008-05-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Earnshaw, Pat (February 1999). A Dictionary of Lace . Dover Publications. p. 25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-40482-X . Retrieved 2008-05-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Raffel, Marta Cotterell (January 2003). The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840 . UPNE. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58465-163-6 . Retrieved 2008-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Levey, Santina (1983). Lace, A History . London: Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 090128615X . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lace Types: Bobbin Lace, Britain" (https://www.lacetypes.com/britain.html) . Leader, Jean E . Retrieved 26 July 2022 . External links [ edit ] Introduction to Bucks lace (http://www.sandbenders.demon.co.uk/bobbinlace/bucksint.htm) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐2fgmw Cached time: 20240719060242 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.330 seconds Real time usage: 0.589 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 691/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37118/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 634/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28188/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.205/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4185253/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 479.279 1 -total 53.37% 255.782 3 Template:Navbox 53.22% 255.082 1 Template:Lace_types 30.60% 146.656 1 Template:Reflist 23.96% 114.841 4 Template:Cite_book 14.65% 70.194 1 Template:Short_description 7.98% 38.236 2 Template:Pagetype 4.32% 20.706 3 Template:Main_other 3.89% 18.631 1 Template:SDcat 3.37% 16.131 2 Template:Portal-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17565636-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719060242 and revision id 1146798548. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bucks_point_lace&oldid=1146798548 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bucks_point_lace&oldid=1146798548) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Textile arts of England (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_England) Arts in Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Buckinghamshire) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
A continuous, geometric bobbin lace fabrication of traditional torchon A page of a larger lace collection, with emphasis on Eastern and Middle European Peasant laces Portrait of Madame Freret Dericour, by Duplessis, 1769; engageant contains a Torchon-like section Torchon lace (Dutch: stropkant) is a bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) that was made all over Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [1] (#cite_note-EB-1) It is continuous, with the pattern made at the same time as the ground. Typical basic stitches include whole stitch, half stitch, and twists, and common motifs include spiders and fans. [2] (#cite_note-2) Torchon lace was notable historically for being coarse and strong, as well as consisting of simple geometric patterns and straight lines. [3] (#cite_note-bobbin-3) It did not use representational designs, for the most part. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) History [ edit ] The exact origins of Torchon style laces are unclear. Evidence from portraiture does indicate that a Torchon-like lace trim, with typical 45 degree angled ground and motifs outlined with heavier gimp threads, may presage the development of the lace now known as Torchon, as well as other laces sometimes called "peasant lace". [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Examples of the geometric style laces have been identified from the 17th century. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) The word is derived from the French term for "dishcloth", and may suggest that the lace was a more durable and sturdy lace than some other fashionable laces. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) It was in the 19th century that the term for this style of lace became attached to the characteristic angular forms and motifs we think of today. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Torchon lace was used by the middle classes for edging or insertion, and also to trim cotton (/wiki/Cotton) and linen (/wiki/Linen) underwear, where it was ideal because of its strength and because it was inexpensive. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) Torchon lace was originally made from flax (/wiki/Flax) , but cotton is used as well, and has been for a long time.Traditionally it was made in strips 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) wide. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) Torchon lace generally has a gimp (/wiki/Gimp_(thread)#In_lace) outlining the pattern. The gimp was first used in Sweden, but now is used generally. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) Colored threads were occasionally used historically, but in general Western European Torchon lace was typically white. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) However, a number of laces that are sometimes termed "peasant lace" use similar motifs, and many of these can be found with very effective and vibrant color combinations especially in Eastern European traditions. Torchon lace is one of the oldest laces, and is common to many lace-making regions such as Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) , France (/wiki/France) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , Saxony (/wiki/Saxony) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) and Spain (/wiki/Spain) . [7] (#cite_note-Ipswich-7) Due to its simplicity, torchon lace is generally the first lace a lacemaker learns to make, [1] (#cite_note-EB-1) and has been since at least the 19th century. It only requires a few bobbins and uses thicker thread than other laces, which makes it easier to learn on. It is also the simplest of all the grounded laces. [3] (#cite_note-bobbin-3) Beggar's lace is an alternative term for torchon lace. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Though it is one of the oldest laces, torchon lace was not made in England (/wiki/England) until the late 19th century, at which point it was made in the East Midlands (/wiki/East_Midlands) , thus it is not considered an English lace. By the early 20th century, machine-made copies were being made that were almost indistinguishable from the hand-made lace. [4] (#cite_note-Dict-4) Modern [ edit ] Modern Torchon lace making includes many kinds and colors of objects, no longer limited to the edging or insertion strips of the historical interest, although patterns are available to recreate many samples of these types. [10] (#cite_note-10) Grids of 60 degrees can be employed with Torchon stitches to make round items. [11] (#cite_note-11) New designs and motifs are available to lacemakers, [12] (#cite_note-12) sometimes with extensive use of colors and beads. [13] (#cite_note-13) Public art with Torchon lace objects can be viewed as part of the Headford (/wiki/Headford) Lace project in Ireland. [14] (#cite_note-14) Torchon can even be used at much larger scale with recycled materials and larger cables to make public art installations, such as those seen in the work of Mary Elizabeth Barron. [15] (#cite_note-15) Artists like Jane Atkinson have brought Torchon lace into the 21st century with new patterns and colors. [16] (#cite_note-16) Using lace artwork to address issues such as climate change bring new views and perspectives to environmental issues. [17] (#cite_note-17) Gallery [ edit ] Band (Italy), 17th–18th century (CH 18339099) half stitch motives, spiders cloth stitch motives, gimp basic ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) leaves fans and basic ground still pinned on the pillow half stitch motives, spiders, an asymmetrical ground References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torchon lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torchon_lace) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Torchon lace" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072927/Torchon-lace) . Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.) . Retrieved 2008-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "LACE, A RICH TRADITION" (https://www.kantcentrum.eu/en/lace-a-rich-tradition-) . Kant Centrum Brugge . Retrieved 2023-09-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fuhrmann, Brigita (September 1985). Bobbin Lace: An Illustrated Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Techniques . Dover. p. 67. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24902-6 . Retrieved 2008-05-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Earnshaw, Pat (February 1999). A Dictionary of Lace . Dover. p. 171. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-40482-X . Retrieved 2008-05-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Levey, Santina M. (1990). Lace: a history ([Nachdr. der Ausg.] London 1983 ed.). London: Victoria & Albert Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-901286-15-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer, Heather (2001). Antique lace: identifying types and techniques . Atglen (Pa.): Schiffer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7643-1384-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ipswich_7-0) Raffel, Marta Cotterell (January 2003). The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840 . UPNE. p. 153. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58465-163-6 . Retrieved 2008-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Prince, Darwin Porter & Danforth (2006). Frommer's® Puerto Rico (8th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 157. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470068663 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bath, Virginia Churchill (1979). Lace . Chicago: Regnery. p. 196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780140463781 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lewis-Wild, Robin (1988). 101 Torchon Patterns . London: Dryad Press Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0713487194 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Dye, Gillian; Leader, Jean (2021). Lace Identification \| A Practical Guide . UK: The Crowood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781785008665 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Sorenson, Veronica D. (1989). Design Techniques for Modern Lace . London: B. T. Batsford Limited. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7134-6021-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Tregidgo, Jan (2010). Torchon Lacemaking: A step-by-step guide . UK: The Crowood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1847972019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Headford Lace Project" (http://www.headfordlaceproject.ie) . Headford Lace Project . Retrieved 2023-09-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Banatova, Daniela (2020-12-26). " (https://bobbinlaceonline.com/blogs/interview-with-bobbin-lace-artists/recycled-lace-art-mary-elizabeth-barron-australian-lace-maker) 'Recycled' Lace Art Mary Elizabeth Barron Australian lace maker" (https://bobbinlaceonline.com/blogs/interview-with-bobbin-lace-artists/recycled-lace-art-mary-elizabeth-barron-australian-lace-maker) . Bobbinlace.online . Retrieved 2023-09-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Atkinson, Jane. "Old Tradition: Modern Interpretation" (https://www.contemporarylace.com/about.htm) . Contemporary Lace . Retrieved 2023-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Fullman, Jane (2018-11-09). "EBB 'N' FLOW EXHIBITION AT WALFORD MILL CRAFTS" (https://bobbinandwire.com/blog/2018/11/9/ebb-n-flow-exhibition-at-walford-mill-crafts) . Bobbin & Wire . Retrieved 2023-09-02 . External links [ edit ] Ireland, Design & Crafts Council (March 26, 2021). "European Artistic Craft Days: Headford Lace Project" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXO92wZHq3A) (video) . youtube.com . Design & Crafts Council Ireland. Thompson, Karen. (July 18, 2016). " The Torchon Lace Company: The fine line between entrepreneurship and fraud (https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/torchon-lace-company-fine-line-between-entrepreneurship-and-fraud) ". [1] (#cite_note-18) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Thompson, Karen H. (2016-07-18). "The Torchon Lace Company: The fine line between entrepreneurship and fraud" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/torchon-lace-company-fine-line-between-entrepreneurship-and-fraud) . O Say Can You See \| National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2023-09-01 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐sx4gg Cached time: 20240720195415 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.396 seconds Real time usage: 0.525 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1401/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 60276/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 830/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 87735/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.247/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5591942/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 477.709 1 -total 34.31% 163.896 1 Template:Reflist 24.08% 115.020 3 Template:Navbox 24.03% 114.790 1 Template:Lace_types 15.54% 74.246 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 14.21% 67.864 1 Template:Short_description 9.09% 43.429 11 Template:Cite_book 8.83% 42.165 1 Template:Commons_category 8.41% 40.190 1 Template:Sister_project 8.07% 38.547 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17590151-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720195415 and revision id 1177269582. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torchon_lace&oldid=1177269582 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torchon_lace&oldid=1177269582) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Type of bobbin lace from Binche, Belgium Binche Lace 02 Binche lace Binche lace Binche lace is a type of bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) that originated in the town of Binche (/wiki/Binche) , Belgium. It is continuous, meaning it is made all at once, in one piece. It is generally made in strips 2 inches (5 cm) wide. Though typically it has no cordonnet (/wiki/Gimp_(thread)#In_lace) outlining the design against the ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground) , occasional pieces are made with a very fine one, about the same thickness as the thread used in the pattern. The pattern in Binche lace is very detailed, with animal scenes and figures. [1] (#cite_note-1) Binche lace is sometimes known as "Fairy lace". History [ edit ] Tradition says that Binche lace was started in the 15th century by lacemakers that moved to Binche from Ghent (/wiki/Ghent) with Mary of Burgundy (/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy) , however there is no proof for this legend. [2] (#cite_note-web-2) However, Binche lace was being made by the end of the 16th century. In 1585, when the river Scheldt (/wiki/Scheldt) was closed to shipping, Binche did not suffer a decline in its lacemaking as did others up the river such as Antwerp lace (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) . Binche lace was the subject of a royal edict in 1686, which implies that the lace must have been fairly important. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) : 121–122 The heyday of Binche lace was in the 18th century, when it was popular in Parisian circles. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) : 121–122 It began to die out at the end of the 18th century, and was not made much during or after the 19th century. In 1862 Victor Hugo (/wiki/Victor_Hugo) mentioned Binche lace as the material of Cosette's wedding gown in Les Misérables (/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables) , as he remembered it from his youth as being a lace of great beauty. [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) : 121–122 The quality of Binche lace declined at the end of the 18th century, with the lace becoming coarser and the patterns less detailed. [2] (#cite_note-web-2) Originally Binche lace resembled Valenciennes lace (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) . [4] (#cite_note-OED-4) In the 20th century there was another lace called Binche lace, that consisted of bobbin-made patterns sewn onto machine-made net, like Brussels lace (/wiki/Brussels_lace) . [2] (#cite_note-web-2) [4] (#cite_note-OED-4) However, it was of inferior quality, [3] (#cite_note-Hist-3) : 103 and thus was never very common. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Point de Binche (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Point_de_Binche) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) "À Binche aussi, on fait dans la dentelle" (http://www.dhnet.be/regions/mons-centre/article/317527/a-binche-aussi-on-fait-dans-la-dentelle.html) . La Dernière Heure . 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Binche Lace" (http://belovedlinens.net/lace/BincheLace.html) . Retrieved 2008-05-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Palliser, Bury (/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser) (November 1984). History of Lace . Dover Publications. p. 122 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_viEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n137) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . Retrieved 2008-05-24 . history of lace binche lace. ^ Jump up to: a b "Binche." The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989. v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐r7wkv Cached time: 20240720181836 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.372 seconds Real time usage: 0.489 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38926/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1354/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22304/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.224/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5336263/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 408.148 1 -total 30.00% 122.454 1 Template:Reflist 28.76% 117.364 3 Template:Navbox 28.73% 117.264 1 Template:Lace_types 22.56% 92.076 1 Template:Cite_news 18.31% 74.723 1 Template:Short_description 10.81% 44.131 1 Template:Commons_category 10.75% 43.896 2 Template:Pagetype 10.52% 42.952 4 Template:Rp 10.27% 41.930 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17604113-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720181836 and revision id 1168497684. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binche_lace&oldid=1168497684 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binche_lace&oldid=1168497684) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Textile arts of Belgium (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Belgium) Binche (/wiki/Category:Binche) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
For a music album of the same name, see Think Pink (/wiki/Think_Pink) . THINK PINK Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Founded 1979 Headquarters Castiglione delle Stiviere (/wiki/Castiglione_delle_Stiviere) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Website www.thinkpink.it (http://www.thinkpink.it) Think Pink is an Italian sportswear brand (/wiki/Brand) offering clothes (/wiki/Clothes) and accessories, for men, women, and children founded in the late 1970s and come to success in the early eighties. Previously owned by the Tecnica Group (/wiki/Tecnica_Group) ., [1] (#cite_note-1) is now a trademark belonging to Man Socks Italia S.r.l. [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Taroni, Micaela (16 April 2007). "Tecnica bündelt Kräfte in Altenmarkt" (http://www.wirtschaftsblatt.at/home/news/bundeslaender/237972/index.do) . Der Standard (/wiki/Der_Standard) . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tecnica selles Think Pink to Man Socks" (http://www.pambianconews.com/man-socks-italia-si-aggiudica-think-pink/) . Pambianconews (/w/index.php?title=Pambianconews&action=edit&redlink=1) . 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . External links [ edit ] Think Pink official home page (http://www.thinkpink.it/) v t e Tecnica Group S.p.A. (/wiki/Tecnica_Group) Subsidiaries Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Lowa Moon Boot (/wiki/Moon_Boot) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Rollerblade (/wiki/Rollerblade) Tecnica NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐p4bcm Cached time: 20240712203403 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.262 seconds Real time usage: 0.334 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1078/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12740/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 578/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19191/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.184/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3920734/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 298.568 1 -total 28.45% 84.952 1 Template:Infobox_company 27.73% 82.797 1 Template:Reflist 24.92% 74.407 1 Template:Tecnica 24.19% 72.218 1 Template:Navbox 24.18% 72.195 2 Template:Cite_news 24.04% 71.782 1 Template:Infobox 9.53% 28.463 1 Template:Portal 8.83% 26.370 1 Template:For 1.94% 5.798 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18106354-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712203403 and revision id 1213254912. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_Pink_(clothing)&oldid=1213254912 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_Pink_(clothing)&oldid=1213254912) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tecnica Group (/wiki/Category:Tecnica_Group) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1979) Italian brands (/wiki/Category:Italian_brands) Italian companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1979) Textile industry of Italy (/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_of_Italy)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cruise_collection) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Cruise_collection) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may require cleanup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup) to meet Wikipedia's quality standards (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style) . The specific problem is: most of it is just name-dropping brands and locations, many unsupported claims, at times reads like a fashion magazine. Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cruise_collection) if you can. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A cruise collection or resort collection or resort wear sometimes also holiday or travel collection ( collection croisière , in French (/wiki/French_language) ), is an inter-season or pre-season line of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) produced by a fashion (/wiki/Fashion) house (/wiki/Company) or fashion (/wiki/Fashion) brand (/wiki/Brand) in addition to the recurrent biannual seasonal collections — spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) / summer (/wiki/Summer) and autumn (/wiki/Autumn) (or fall)/ winter (/wiki/Winter) — heralded at the fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_week) in New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Originally meant for wealthy customers or "more seasoned jet-setters going on cruises (/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)) (e.g. North Americans (/wiki/North_Americans) ) or vacationing in the warm Mediterranean (/wiki/Mediterranean) area (e.g. Europeans (/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe) ) during the winter (/wiki/Winter) months, cruise collections offer light spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) or summer (/wiki/Summer) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) when the weather (/wiki/Weather) at the points of sale (/wiki/Point_of_sale) actually calls for winter (/wiki/Winter) apparel (/wiki/Apparel) . [1] (#cite_note-sun-sentinel.com-1) These days, they are targeted at customers who have "finished buying their fall wardrobes and are looking ahead to vacations". [2] (#cite_note-2) These "warm-weather designs [...] arrive in the shops in the US (/wiki/United_States) in November", [3] (#cite_note-3) after the autumn/winter collections and before the spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) / summer (/wiki/Summer) collections, or generally between November/December and February in the Northern hemisphere (/wiki/Northern_hemisphere) . In the high fashion retail landscape, often resort and cruise collections are more commercial expressions of ideas developed in Fall/Winter and Spring/Summer collections. High fashion houses (/wiki/Company) like Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) offer cruise/resort collections. Although originally intended for women, lately many high fashion brands such as Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) produce cruise and resort collections for men and women. [1] (#cite_note-sun-sentinel.com-1) Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint-Laurent_(brand)) presented its first men's cruise collection in 2006 and has offered it every year since. [5] (#cite_note-5) Across the fashion industry, "Resortwear" has been embraced as a specific product category. Several upstarts like Devereux have created entire brands around relaxed, resort-style athletic motifs. [6] (#cite_note-6) Resort wear is growing in popularity across the globe, especially in tourist destinations like Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , Costa Rica and the Greek Islands. It has become a cross-cultural style that signifies relaxation, affluence, and appreciation of nature which displays a sense of style to the wearer. [7] (#cite_note-7) From walking shorts, caftans (/wiki/Caftan) and sandals (/wiki/Sandals) , to full-length evening dresses (/wiki/Evening_gown) for women and light dinner jackets (/wiki/Dinner_jacket) for men, resort wear is unique in its design and function. [ citation needed ] Resort wear is generally constructed with materials are easy to pack, lightweight, and breathable, such as cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , silk (/wiki/Silk) , denim (/wiki/Denim) , linen, rayon, and poplin (/wiki/Poplin) . It is often inspired by sailor and yachting (/wiki/Yacht) themes, tropical motifs, mediterranean motifs, and classic Hawaiian prints of palm trees and hula girls. Often, the ensembles are accessorized with open toed shoes, large sunglasses, and wide brim hats. Resort wear also encompasses swimsuits and bathing suit cover ups, with brands like KIINI [8] (#cite_note-patton-8) specializing in this segment. Sometimes, brands such as RockyB Republik from Penang, Malaysia (/wiki/Penang,_Malaysia) , BIASA from Bali (/wiki/Bali) , Psylo from Ko Samui (/wiki/Ko_Samui) , and Villebrequin (/wiki/Vilebrequin) from Saint Tropez (/wiki/Saint-Tropez) will emerge from the very locations that resort wear is designed for and is worn year-round. See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of grands couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grands_couturiers) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Get your vacation wardrobe shipshape (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/features/lifestyle/sfl-602fashion,0,6974718.story) , Rod Stafford Hagwood, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, June 2, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fashion: The Shorts and Longs of Resort Wear (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/27/style/fashion-the-shorts-and-longs-of-resort-wear.html?pagewanted=print) , Bernadine Morris, The New York Times, June 27, 1989 ^ (#cite_ref-3) No winter in fashion climate (http://www.smh.com.au/news/fashion/woollies-cleared-for-cruise-collections/2008/06/26/1214073412223.html) , Edward Helmore, The Sydney Morning Herald, June 26, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CHANEL CRUISE 2023/24" (https://thefashionenthusiast.uk/stories/chanel-cruise-202324) . The Fashion Enthusiast. 11 May 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-5) First resort (http://men.style.com/news/style/111606) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153403/http://men.style.com/news/style/111606) 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Staff, men.style.com, November 16, 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Devereux (https://www.dvrxthreads.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "What Is Resort Wear? (with pictures)" (http://www.beautyanswered.com/what-is-resort-wear.htm) . Beauty Answered . Retrieved 2022-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-patton_8-0) Banerji, Malini (June 17, 2015). "5 resort wear labels to know now" (https://elle.in/article/5-resort-wear-labels-to-know-now/) . Elle India . Retrieved February 1, 2020 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6qjhx Cached time: 20240713190442 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.322 seconds Real time usage: 0.454 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 69078/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9786/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27989/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.201/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4681310/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 375.244 1 -total 42.62% 159.912 3 Template:Ambox 33.82% 126.923 1 Template:Multiple_issues 33.12% 124.285 1 Template:Reflist 27.09% 101.640 3 Template:Navbox 27.05% 101.487 1 Template:Fashion 26.59% 99.765 3 Template:Cite_web 11.36% 42.641 1 Template:Cleanup 9.41% 35.310 1 Template:Tone 8.47% 31.770 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18212580-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713190442 and revision id 1168732153. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruise_collection&oldid=1168732153 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruise_collection&oldid=1168732153) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Fashion design (/wiki/Category:Fashion_design) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_March_2021) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Articles needing cleanup from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_March_2021) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_March_2021) Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_March_2021) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2008)
Textile made from various parts of the bamboo plant This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bamboo_textile) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bamboo textile" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bamboo+textile%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bamboo+textile%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bamboo+textile%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bamboo+textile%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bamboo+textile%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bamboo+textile%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A scarf made of bamboo yarn and synthetic ribbon Bamboo textile is any cloth, yarn or clothing made from bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) fibres. While bamboo was historically used only for structural elements, such as bustles (/wiki/Bustle) and the ribs of corsets (/wiki/Corsets) , in recent years various technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fibre to be used for a wide range of textile and fashion applications. Examples include clothing such as shirt tops, pants, and socks for adults and children, as well as bedding [1] (#cite_note-1) such as sheets and pillow covers. Bamboo yarn can also be blended with other textile fibres, such as hemp (/wiki/Hemp) or spandex (/wiki/Spandex) . Bamboo is an alternative to plastic that is renewable and can be replenished at a fast rate. Modern clothing labeled as being made from bamboo is usually viscose rayon (/wiki/Rayon) , a fiber made by dissolving the cellulose in the bamboo, and then extruding it to form fibres. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fibre, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources. Different forms of bamboo-derived fiber [ edit ] Bamboo fibres are all cellulose fibre (/wiki/Cellulose_fibre) extracted or fabricated from natural bamboo, but they vary widely. Textiles labelled as being made from bamboo are usually not made by mechanical crushing and retting (/wiki/Retting) . They are generally synthetic rayon (/wiki/Rayon) made from cellulose extracted from bamboo. Bamboo is used whole and in strips; these strips may be considered stiff fibers. Stiff strips [ edit ] Kinhyōshi yōrin (/wiki/Yang_Lin_(Water_Margin)) (Yang Lin), hero of the Suikoden (/wiki/Water_Margin) , holding a bamboo hat, from Utagawa Kuniyoshi (/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi) 's series of woodblock prints illustrating the 108 Suikoden Bamboo can be cut into thin strips and used for basketry (/wiki/Basketry) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In China (/wiki/China) and Japan (/wiki/Japan) , thin strips of bamboo were woven together into hats and shoes. One particular design of bamboo hats was associated with rural life, worn mostly by farmers and fishermen for protection from the sun. [3] (#cite_note-3) An 1881 bustle (/wiki/Bustle) design In the West, bamboo, alongside other components such as whalebone (/wiki/Whalebone) and steel wire, was sometimes used as a structural component in corsets, bustles and other types of structural elements of fashionable women's dresses. [4] (#cite_note-4) Bamboo rayon [ edit ] See also: Rayon § Production method (/wiki/Rayon#Production_method) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) is a semi-synthetic fiber made by chemically reshaping cellulose. Cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) extracted from bamboo is suitable for processing into viscose (/wiki/Viscose) rayon (/wiki/Rayon) (rayon is also made from cellulose from other sources). Bamboo leaves and the soft, inner pith from the hard bamboo trunk are extracted using a steeping process and then mechanically crushed to extract the cellulose. [5] (#cite_note-5) The viscose rayon process then treats the fibers with lye (/wiki/Lye) , and adds carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate (/wiki/Xanthate) . After time, temperature, and various inorganic and organic additives (including the amount of air contact) determining the final degree of polymerization, the xanthate is acidified to regenerate the cellulose and release dithiocarbonic acid that later decomposes back to carbon disulfide and water. [6] (#cite_note-6) Viscose manufactured from bamboo is promoted as having environmental advantages over viscose made with cellulose extracted from wood pulp. Bamboo crops may be grown on marginal land unsuitable for forestry; demand for bamboo has sometimes led to clearing forests to plant bamboo. But this was less common after Chinese forestry policy reforms in the 1990s, [7] (#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7) although subsequently deforestation was pursued by the government once again. [8] (#cite_note-8) The viscose processing results in the same chemical waste products as wood-pulp viscose, notably carbon disulfide (/wiki/Carbon_disulfide) . But bamboo cellulose is suitable for a closed-loop viscose process that captures all solvents used. [7] (#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7) Workers are seriously harmed (/wiki/Rayon#Occupational_health_hazards) by inhaling the carbon disulfide (/wiki/Carbon_disulfide) (CS 2 ) used to make bamboo viscose. Effects include psychosis (/wiki/Psychosis) , heart attacks (/wiki/Heart_attacks) , liver damage, and blindness. Rayon factories rarely give information on their occupational exposure limits and compliance. Even in developed countries, safety laws are too lax to prevent harm. [9] (#cite_note-Blanc-9) [10] (#cite_note-blancbook-10) [11] (#cite_note-Monosson-11) Issues [ edit ] The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this section is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Bamboo_textile##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( January 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Occupational safety [ edit ] There are health threats from rayon manufacture (/wiki/Rayon#occupational_health) . Bamboo rayon manufacture, like other rayon manufacture, exposes rayon workers to volatile carbon disulfide (/wiki/Carbon_disulfide) . Inhaling it causes serious health problems. Around 75 percent of all polluting emissions from the bamboo viscose process occur as air emissions. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-bamboozling-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) While it is possible to protect workers from the CS 2 , some legal limits for occupational exposure are still far higher than recommended by medical researchers. Rayon factories vary widely in the amount of CS 2 they expose their workers to, and in the information they give about their safety limits or their compliance. [9] (#cite_note-Blanc-9) [7] (#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-7) False advertising [ edit ] In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) (FTC) has ruled that unless a yarn is made directly with bamboo fibre – often called "mechanically processed bamboo" – it must be called " rayon (/wiki/Rayon) " or "rayon made from bamboo". [13] (#cite_note-bamboozling-13) [15] (#cite_note-15) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency) (EPA) noted that the manufacturing process further purifies the cellulose, alters the physical form of the fibre, and modifies the molecular orientation within the fibre and its degree of polymerization (/wiki/Polymerization) . The end product is still cellulose, [16] (#cite_note-16) and is functionally identical to rayon made from cellulose from other plant sources. Agricultural [ edit ] Bamboo can be cultivated quickly, [17] (#cite_note-17) can be used as a cash crop in impoverished regions of the developing world. It is a natural fibre (as opposed to popular synthetics like polyester) whose cultivation results in a decrease in greenhouse gases. [18] (#cite_note-18) There may be environmental problems with the cultivation of land expressly for bamboo plantations. [19] (#cite_note-19) Anti-bacterial claims [ edit ] Even though bamboo fabrics are often advertised as antibacterial, finished bamboo fabric only retains some of bamboo's original antibacterial properties. Some studies have shown rayon-bamboo to possess a certain degree of anti-bacterial properties. Studies in China (2010) and India (2012) have investigated the antibacterial nature of bamboo-rayon fabric against even harsh levels of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus) and Escherichia coli (/wiki/Escherichia_coli) . While the Indian study found that "bamboo rayon showed excellent and durable antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria", the Chinese study concluded "the bamboo pulp fabric just like cotton fabric has not possessed antimicrobial property". [20] (#cite_note-20) The FTC has charged companies with false antimicrobial claims when the fibre has been made with rayon. [21] (#cite_note-21) Critics cite the cotton industry's powerful lobbying groups in influencing the FTC decision, and dismissal of the international studies proving otherwise. [ citation needed ] Mechanically produced fine bamboo fiber [ edit ] Tufts of retted bamboo fibers for sale at Kottiyoor Temple (/wiki/Kottiyoor_Temple) in Kerala (/wiki/Kerala) Some bamboo fibre is made by a mechanical-bacterial process similar to retting (/wiki/Retting) flax into linen fibre. [22] (#cite_note-22) In this way, the woody part of the bamboo is crushed mechanically before an enzyme-retting and washing process is used to break down the walls and extract the fibre. The natural enzyme comes from pre-existing microorganisms on the bamboo. [23] (#cite_note-23) This bast fibre (/wiki/Bast_fibre) is then spun into yarn. [24] (#cite_note-24) In fine counts the yarn has a silky touch. The same manufacturing process is used to produce linen fabric from flax or hemp. Bamboo fabric made from this process is sometimes called bamboo linen. The natural processing of litrax bamboo allows the fibre to remain strong and produce a high quality product. This process gives a material that is very durable. [ citation needed ] Another means of extracting fibre from bamboo, and probably the only purely mechanical process of extraction anywhere in the world, is practiced in the days preceding the annual festival of the Kottiyur Temple (/wiki/Kottiyur_Temple) of Kerala (/wiki/Kerala) , India. The handcrafted bamboo artifact, known locally as "odapoovu" is in the form of a tuft of white fibres of up to 30 cm (1 ft) in length. The article is made out of newly emerging Ochlandra travancorica (/wiki/Ochlandra_travancorica) culms, which go through a process of alternating pounding with stones and retting in water lasting several days, followed by a combing to remove the pith, leaving the cream white fibres and a stub of the bamboo. The fibre is too coarse and the process very cumbersome, to be of much use in making fine yarn, thread or textiles. [ citation needed ] Material properties [ edit ] Mechanically produced bamboo fiber and bamboo rayon have markedly different properties. They look different under a scanning electron microscope (/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) (the mechanically produced fiber has nodes (/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_nodes&action=edit&redlink=1) ). [25] (#cite_note-Waite-25) Bamboo rayon varies in physical properties, as would be expected from the range of properties (/wiki/Rayon#Major_fiber_properties) in other rayon. [26] (#cite_note-26) Bamboo composite and biopolymer construction [ edit ] There are various approaches to the use of bamboo in composites and as an additive in biopolymers (/wiki/Biopolymer) for construction. In this case, as opposed to bamboo fabrics for clothing, bamboo fibres are extracted through mechanical needling and scraping or through a steam explosion process where bamboo is injected with steam and placed under pressure and then exposed to the atmosphere where small explosions within the bamboo due to steam release allows for the collection of fibre. Bamboo fibre can be in a pulped form in which the material is extremely fine and in a powdered state. [ citation needed ] Ecological considerations [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Growth [ edit ] Bamboo has many advantages over cotton (/wiki/Cotton) as a raw material for textiles. Reaching up to 35 metres (115 ft) tall, bamboo is the largest member of the grass family (/wiki/Grass_family) . [27] (#cite_note-27) They are the fastest growing woody plants in the world. One Japanese species has been recorded as growing over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) a day. [28] (#cite_note-28) There are over 1,600 species [29] (#cite_note-29) found in diverse climates from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. About 40 million hectares (100 million acres) of the Earth is covered with bamboo, mostly in Asia. [30] (#cite_note-30) The high growth rate of bamboo and the fact that bamboo can grow in diverse climates makes the bamboo plant a sustainable and versatile resource. [ citation needed ] The bamboo species used for clothing is called moso bamboo (/wiki/Moso_bamboo) , or just moso. Moso bamboo is the most important bamboo in China, where it covers about 3 million hectares (7.4 million acres) – about two percent of China's forest area. It is the main species for bamboo timber and plays an important ecological role. [31] (#cite_note-31) Harvesting [ edit ] Once a new shoot emerges from the ground, the new cane will reach its full height in just eight to ten weeks. Each cane reaches maturity in three to five years. It is a grass and so regenerates after being cut just like a lawn without the need for replanting. This regular harvesting actually benefits the health of the plant—studies have shown that felling of canes leads to vigorous re-growth and an increase in the amount of biomass the next year. [32] (#cite_note-32) [ better source needed ] Yield and land use [ edit ] Bamboo can be used as food, fibre and shelter and due to its ease of growth and extraordinary growth rate it is a cheap, sustainable and efficient crop. Bamboo grows very densely, its clumping nature enables a lot of it to be grown in a comparatively small area, easing pressure on land use. With average yields for bamboo of up to 60 tonnes per hectare (27 short tons per acre) [33] (#cite_note-33) greatly exceeding the average yields of 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre) for most trees, and 2 tonnes per hectare (1 short ton per acre) for cotton, [34] (#cite_note-34) bamboo's high yield per hectare becomes very significant. [ citation needed ] Greenhouse gases [ edit ] All plants fix carbon dioxide (/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) CO 2 but deforestation (/wiki/Deforestation) results in fewer trees to fix rising levels of CO 2 . Because it is fast-growing, bamboo fixes more CO 2 and generates up to 35 percent more oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen) than similar stands of trees. [35] (#cite_note-35) A bamboo plantation sequesters 62 tonnes per hectare (28 short tons per acre) of carbon dioxide per year, as compared with 15 tonnes per hectare (7 short tons per acre) for a young forest . [36] (#cite_note-36) Deforestation [ edit ] Bamboo planting can slow deforestation, providing an alternative source of timber for the construction industry and cellulose fibre for the textile industry. [37] (#cite_note-37) It allows communities to turn away from the destruction of native forests and construct commercial bamboo plantations that can be selectively harvested annually without the destruction of the grove. Tree plantations have to be chopped down and terminated at harvest but bamboo keeps on growing. [38] (#cite_note-38) On the other hand forest has been cleared to make way for bamboo plantations. [ citation needed ] Water use [ edit ] Bamboo uses considerable water, but there is evidence that its water-use efficiency (relative to growth) may be greater than many trees. [39] (#cite_note-39) Soil erosion [ edit ] Yearly replanting of tillage crops increases soil erosion (/wiki/Soil_erosion) . The extensive root system of bamboo and the fact that it is not uprooted during harvesting means bamboo cultivation (/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation) is associated with less soil erosion. The bamboo plant's root system can hold soil together along river banks, deforested areas and in places prone to mudslides. Like forest trees, it also greatly reduces rain run-off. [40] (#cite_note-40) Biodegradable [ edit ] Like other cellulose-based clothing materials, bamboo fibre is biodegradable in soil by micro organisms and sunlight. Having reached the end of its useful life, clothing made from bamboo can be composted and disposed of in an organic and environmentally friendly manner. [41] (#cite_note-41) Pesticides and fertilizers [ edit ] There is no need for pesticides or fertilizers when growing bamboo, but herbicide and fertilizer applications are common in some places to encourage edible shoot growth. Bamboo also contains a substance called bamboo-kun–an antimicrobial agent that gives the plant a natural resistance to pest and fungi infestation, though some pathogen problems exist in some bamboo plantations. [42] (#cite_note-42) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Why bamboo fabric and eco-friendly materials" (https://mypandalife.com/why-bamboo/) . Panda London . 2016-02-12 . Retrieved 2022-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Reimold, Orlando Schairer (1911). Industrial Studies and Exercises . World Book Company. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Yang Ye (1999), Vignettes from the Late Ming: A Hsiao-p'in Anthology , University of Washington Press, pp. 17, 112 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Akiko Fukai (/wiki/Akiko_Fukai) and Tamami Suoh (2002), Fashion: The Collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute , Taschen, pp. 154, 284 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Senthilkannan Muthu, Subramanian (2017). Sustainable Fibres and Textiles . Duxford, U.K: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 183, 176, 175. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780081020418 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) see Viscose (/wiki/Viscose) ^ Jump up to: a b c Michelle Nijhuis. "Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?" (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bamboo-boom) . Scientific American . ^ (#cite_ref-8) https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2023/06/27/china-imposes-deforestation-in-the-pursuit-of-food-independence_6038140_114.html (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2023/06/27/china-imposes-deforestation-in-the-pursuit-of-food-independence_6038140_114.html) ^ Jump up to: a b The health burden of viscose rayon , 2017-02-20 , retrieved 2017-07-17 ^ (#cite_ref-blancbook_10-0) Blanc, Paul D. (2016). Fake silk : the lethal history of viscose rayon . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-20466-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 961828769 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961828769) . ^ (#cite_ref-Monosson_11-0) Monosson, Emily (2016). "Toxic textiles". Science . 354 (6315): 977. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016Sci...354..977M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...354..977M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/science.aak9834 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aak9834) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27884997 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27884997) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 45869497 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45869497) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "How Much Pollution Does Bamboo Cause?" (http://fiberelement.com/how-much-pollution-does-bamboo-cause/) . Fiber Element . ^ Jump up to: a b "How to Avoid Bamboozling Your Customers" (https://business.ftc.gov/documents/alt172-how-avoid-bamboozling-your-customers) . Federal Trade Commission. August 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Smith, Ray A. (25 May 2008). "Shades of Green: Decoding Eco Fashion's Claims" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121158336716218711) . Wall Street Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Federal Trade Commission (3 February 2010). "FTC Warns 78 Retailers, Including Wal-Mart, Target, and Kmart, to Stop Labelling and Advertising Rayon Textile Products as 'Bamboo' (https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/02/bamboo.shtm) " (https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/02/bamboo.shtm) . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) EPA (September 1997). "Profile Of The Plastic Resin And Man-made Fiber Industry" (http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=50000H0D.txt) . National Service Center for Environmental Publications . p. 46 . Retrieved 2014-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Bamboo Fibre" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111014234907/http://www.o2wear.com/Bamboo-Fibre_a/257.htm) . O2Wear.com . O2Wear. Archived from the original (http://www.o2wear.com/Bamboo-Fibre_a/257.htm) on 2011-10-14 . Retrieved 2015-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini (25 September 2014). Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials . p. 511. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781782421276 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Is bamboo really an environmentally friendly alternative to wood for making paper? buzzle.com, editorial" (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090316020628/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-10-2006-101758.asp) . Buzzle.com. 2006-10-07. Archived from the original (http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-10-2006-101758.asp) on 2009-03-16 . Retrieved 2009-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Qin et al., 2010 Z. Qin, Y. Chen, P. Zhang, G. Zhang, Y. Liu, Structure and properties of Cu(II) complex bamboo pulp fabrics, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117 (2010), p. 1843 and M.D. Teli, Javed Sheikh, Antibacterial and acid and cationic dyeable bamboo cellulose (rayon) fabric on grafting, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 88, Issue 4, 16 May 2012, Pages 1281–1287 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "FTC Charges Companies with 'Bamboo-zling' Consumers with False Product Claims" (https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2009/08/bamboo.shtm) . FTC.gov . 11 August 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Retting" (http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/15651/1/2011%20Changes%20in%20the%20bacterial%20community%20structure%20and%20diversity%20during%20bamboo%20retting.pdf) (PDF) . Repositorium.Sdum.Uminho.pt . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Li, Yu; Fu, Jiajia; Wang, Hongbo; Gao, Weidong (September 2022). "Evaluation of bamboo water-retting for fiber bundle extraction". Textile Research Journal . 92 (17–18): 3289–3298. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/00405175211062048 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00405175211062048) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 245297960 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245297960) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) BaKey – Designer Kids Clothes for Boys, Girls & Babies. "How Eco-Friendly is Bamboo Fabric?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150913180208/http://www.babykey.co.uk/blogs/kids-fashion-blog/9670443-how-eco-friendly-is-bamboo-fabric) . Baby Key – Designer Kids Clothes for Boys, Girls & Babies . Archived from the original (http://www.babykey.co.uk/blogs/kids-fashion-blog/9670443-how-eco-friendly-is-bamboo-fabric) on 2015-09-13 . Retrieved 2015-08-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-Waite_25-0) "Sustainable Textiles: the Role of Bamboo and a Comparison of Bamboo Textile Properties-Part 2 – Waite – Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management" (http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/JTATM/article/view/656) . ncsu.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Turbak, Albin F. (1977). Solvent Spun Rayon, Modified Cellulose Fibers and . American Chemical Society. p. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Kew: Plants: Bamboos - giants among grasses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050214041616/http://www.kew.org/plants/bamboos/index.html) . www.kew.org . Archived from the original (http://www.kew.org/plants/bamboos/index.html) on 2005-02-14. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Kew: A year at Kew: Places" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050214041842/http://www.kew.org/plants/bamboos/giantbamboo.html) . www.kew.org . Archived from the original (http://www.kew.org/plants/bamboos/giantbamboo.html) on 2005-02-14. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Bamboo" (http://www.mastergardenproducts.com/bamboo.htm) . www.mastergardenproducts.com . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Not Panicking Ltd. "h2g2 – Oops" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1275851) . bbc.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Jinhe Fu (October 2001), "Chinese Moso Bamboo: Its Importance", The Magazine of The American Bamboo Society ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Bamboo for biomass – India Environment Portal – News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development – India, South Asia" (http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/20202) . indiaenvironmentportal.org.in . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060214095301/http://www.geniaal.be/downloads/EBS4johangielis.doc) . Archived from the original (http://www.geniaal.be/downloads/EBS4johangielis.doc) on 2006-02-14 . Retrieved 2009-05-11 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Cotton - Crop" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090510030851/http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/COTTON/crop.htm) . Archived from the original (http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/cotton/crop.htm) on 2009-05-10 . Retrieved 2009-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Share and Repair" (http://www.bamboocentral.org/shareinrepair/faq.htm) . bamboocentral.org . ^ (#cite_ref-36) J. Janssen, Technical University Eindhoven, 2000 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Bamboo deforestation interview (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/audio/VOA_Chin_Bamboo_Deforestation_Interview.mp3) ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Share and Repair" (http://www.bamboocentral.org/shareinrepair/whybamboo.htm) . BambooCentral.org . ^ (#cite_ref-39) ‘Can Bamboo Replace Thirsty Trees?’ (http://www.worldagroforestry.org) May 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-40) Singleton, Nathan. "Bamboo About" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130302045445/http://www.bs-bamboo.co.uk/bamboo_about.html) . bs-bamboo.co.uk . Archived from the original (http://www.bs-bamboo.co.uk/bamboo_about.html) on 2013-03-02 . Retrieved 2013-01-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Kozlowski, Ryszrd M. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of natural fibers (Vol.1). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Bamboo Clothing Facts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111005122758/http://www.fashionandearth.com/us/bamboo-clothing-facts.html) . fashionandearth.com . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionandearth.com/us/bamboo-clothing-facts.html) on 5 October 2011. v t e Fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Natural (/wiki/Natural_fiber) Plant (/wiki/Fiber_crop) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) Bagasse (/wiki/Bagasse) Bamboo Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Fique (/wiki/Fique) Flax (/wiki/Flax) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kapok (/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra) Kenaf (/wiki/Kenaf) Lotus silk (/wiki/Lotus_silk) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Pine (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Raffia (/wiki/Raffia_palm) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rattan (/wiki/Rattan) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Wood (/wiki/Wood_fibre) Animal (/wiki/Animal_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Byssus (/wiki/Byssus) Camel hair (/wiki/Camel_hair) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Catgut (/wiki/Catgut) Chiengora (/wiki/Chiengora) Guanaco (/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber) Hair (/wiki/Hair) Llama (/wiki/Llama#Fiber) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina_(material)) Qiviut (/wiki/Qiviut) Rabbit (/wiki/Rabbit_hair) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Tendon (/wiki/Tendon) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Vicuña (/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool) Yak (/wiki/Yak_fiber) Mineral (/wiki/Mineral_fiber) Asbestos (/wiki/Asbestos) Synthetic (/wiki/Fiber#Chemical) Regenerated (/wiki/Regenerated_fiber) Artificial silk (/wiki/Artificial_silk) Milk fiber (/wiki/Milk_fiber) Semi-synthetic (/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber) Acetate (/wiki/Cellulose_acetate) Diacetate (/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate) Lyocell (/wiki/Lyocell) Modal (/wiki/Modal_(textile)) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Triacetate (/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate) Mineral (/wiki/Mineral_fiber) Glass (/wiki/Glass_fiber) Carbon (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Basalt (/wiki/Basalt_fiber) Metallic (/wiki/Metallic_fiber) Polymer (/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Aramid (/wiki/Aramid) Twaron (/wiki/Twaron) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Technora (/wiki/Technora) Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Modacrylic (/wiki/Modacrylic) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) UHMWPE (/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Vectran (/wiki/Vectran) Vinylon (/wiki/Vinylon) Vinyon (/wiki/Vinyon) Zylon (/wiki/Zylon) Category (/wiki/Category:Fibers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f4d649c4d‐6s5vk Cached time: 20240716170700 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.713 seconds Real time usage: 0.860 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3658/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 114601/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5556/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 143253/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.470/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9699340/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 751.350 1 -total 36.40% 273.492 1 Template:Reflist 24.88% 186.918 23 Template:Cite_web 15.89% 119.356 1 Template:Clothing_and_the_environment 9.05% 67.985 1 Template:More_citations_needed 9.04% 67.956 1 Template:Short_description 8.88% 66.702 2 Template:Ambox 8.35% 62.706 8 Template:Fix 7.41% 55.682 3 Template:Navbox 7.06% 53.052 1 Template:Fibers Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18401088-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716170700 and revision id 1234886949. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_textile&oldid=1234886949 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_textile&oldid=1234886949) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bambooworking (/wiki/Category:Bambooworking) Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from July 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2017) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_January_2020) All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2017) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2024)
Italian clothing trade show Milan Fashion Week A moment of the Milan Fashion Week in February 2010 Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semi-annually Location(s) Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Inaugurated 1958 Organised by National Chamber of Italian Fashion (/wiki/National_Chamber_of_Italian_Fashion) People Maria Antonelli (/wiki/Maria_Antonelli_(fashion_designer)) , Roberto Capucci (/wiki/Roberto_Capucci) , Princess Caracciolo Ginnetti, Alberto Fagiani, Giovanni Cesare Guidi, Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) , Emilio Federico Schuberth, Simonetta Colonna Di Cesarò, Jole Veneziani (/wiki/Jole_Veneziani) , Francesco Borrello, Giovanni Battista Giorgini (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Giorgini) , Pietro Parisio. Website www (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) .cameramoda (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) .it (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) /en (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) / (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) Milan Fashion Week ( Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) : Settimana della moda di Milano ) is a clothing trade show (/wiki/Trade_show) held semi-annually in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . Upcoming autumn/winter fashions are showcased in February/March of each year, and upcoming spring/summer fashions are showcased in September/October of each year. Many designers showcase new designs and upcoming collections. Milan Fashion Week is one of the "Big Five" global fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) alongside New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , and Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo_Fashion_Week) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-RCA-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) History and operations [ edit ] Milan Fashion Week, established in 1958, is part of the global "Big Four fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) ", the others being Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , and New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The schedule begins with New York, followed by London, and then Milan, and ending with Paris. Since the year 1958, Milan Fashion Week has been taking place semi-annually with a women's and a men’s fashion week. [6] (#cite_note-6) Milan Fashion Week is partially organized by the National Chamber of Italian Fashion (/wiki/National_Chamber_of_Italian_Fashion) ( Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana ), a non-profit association (/wiki/Non-profit_association) that disciplines, co-ordinates, and promotes the development of Italian fashion [7] (#cite_note-Giorgio_Armani_Joins_Italian_Chamber_of_Fashion-7) and is responsible for hosting the fashion events and shows of Milan. The Camera Sindacale della Moda Italiana , was set up on 11 June 1958. This was the forerunner of the body which subsequently became the Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana . Proprietors of the most important establishments in Italy, including some private establishments, which, in those days, played a crucial role in the promotion of this sector, were present at the Memorandum of Association: Roberto Capucci (/wiki/Roberto_Capucci) , Emilio Schuberth (/wiki/Emilio_Schuberth) , Maria Antonelli, Princess Caracciolo Ginnetti, Alberto Fagiani, Giovanni Cesare Guidi, Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) , Simonetta Colonna Di Cesarò, Jole Veneziani (/wiki/Jole_Veneziani) , Francesco Borrello, Giovanni Battista Giorgini, and the lawyer Pietro Parisio. The events dedicated to women's fashion are the most important (Womenswear / Milan SS Women Ready to Wear, and Milano Moda Donna being the major fashion shows). The summer events dedicated to men include Menswear and Milano Moda Uomo. In 2013, the Autumn/Winter Milan Fashion Week commenced on January 20 with Paola Frani's showcase. It was followed by presentations from renowned fashion houses including Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Etro (/wiki/Etro) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Ferragamo (/wiki/Ferragamo) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) , Marni (/wiki/Marni_(clothing)) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , John Richmond (/wiki/John_Richmond_(fashion_designer)) , Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) and Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) among others. The event also featured displays from emerging labels and young designers such as Au Jour Le Jour, Cristiano Burani, Gabriele Colangelo, Marco De Vincenzo, Stella Jean, Chicca Lualdi, MSGM, N°21, Fausto Puglisi, and Francesco Scognamiglio (/wiki/Francesco_Scognamiglio) . Additionally, on November 20, 2013, Giorgio Armani made the announcement of his decision to join the Italian Chamber of Fashion. [7] (#cite_note-Giorgio_Armani_Joins_Italian_Chamber_of_Fashion-7) In April 2015, Carlo Capasa (/wiki/Carlo_Capasa) was named president of the Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italiana succeeding former president Mario Boselli. [8] (#cite_note-8) Certain shows are not held in conjunction with the Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italiana, including Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) . The Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italiana has also been sharply criticized by designers such as Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) . [9] (#cite_note-9) 2020–2022: Milano Digital Fashion Weeks [ edit ] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , the 2020 edition took place only through digital media (/wiki/Digital_media) from 14 July to 17 July 2020. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2022, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) made a debut at Milan Fashion Week, finding 68 pairs of twins to showcase their design. [11] (#cite_note-11) Locations [ edit ] Milan Fashion Week includes more than 40 shows each season and transforms the city into a touristic hub by simply creating various venues for the shows selecting the most elegant and influential palaces to become the stage for design. Examples of locations are Palazzo Reale (/wiki/Palazzo_Reale) , Palazzo Serbelloni (/wiki/Palazzo_Serbelloni) , and many others. Sustainability controversy [ edit ] Further information: Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) In 2014 Greenpeace (/wiki/Greenpeace) protested to demand "toxic-free fashion" by hanging signs in the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II) . [12] (#cite_note-Greenpeace_Activists_Protest_at_Milan_Fashion_Week-12) Chiara Campione of Greenpeace Italy said the demonstration was set up to "...ask Italian brands, especially Versace (/wiki/Versace) , because it has the highest level of hazardous chemicals in its products, to publicly commit to eliminate harmful substances from the various stages of production." Key revenues [ edit ] In 2021, the following revenue was reported for Milan Fashion Week. Attendees / Visitors: 30,000 Total Income: €64 million City Income: €15.5 million Business Income: €48.5 million Venue Income: €7 million Restaurant Income: €22 million Retail Income: €26 million Accommodation Income: €9 million Average Expenditure per Visitor: €1,902 [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Shanghai Fashion Week (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) São Paulo Fashion Week (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Santosa, Olly G. "5 of the Most Famous Fashion Events in the World" (https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/5-of-the-most-famous-fashion-events-in-the-world) . Tatler Asia (in Indonesian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231230074115/https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/5-of-the-most-famous-fashion-events-in-the-world) from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 30 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-RCA_2-0) "Fashioning the City: Exploring Fashion Cultures, Structures and Systems" (http://fashioningthecity.wordpress.com/call-for-papers/) . Royal College of Art. 27 January 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140503075630/http://fashioningthecity.wordpress.com/call-for-papers/) from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion Week: le quattro settimane della moda nel mondo" (https://www.lifeandpeople.it/2017/08/03/fashion-week-nel-mondo/) (in Italian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230208231254/https://www.lifeandpeople.it/2017/08/03/fashion-week-nel-mondo/) from the original on 8 February 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism . Routledge. p. 129. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dillon, Susan (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management . A&C Black. p. 115. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Abrams, Squirrel. "History and Facts About Milan Fashion Week \| Fashion Week Online®" (https://fashionweekonline.com/history-facts-milan-fashion-week) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220626080803/https://fashionweekonline.com/history-facts-milan-fashion-week) from the original on 26 June 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zargani, Luisa (20 November 2013). "Giorgio Armani Joins Italian Chamber of Fashion" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/giorgio-armani-to-join-italian-chamber-of-fashion-7284417?src=n/newsAlert/20131120-4) . WWD. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240226220138/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/giorgio-armani-to-join-italian-chamber-of-fashion-7284417/) from the original on 26 February 2024 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Carlo Capasa Named President Of The Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italiana" (http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/19958/20150410/carlo-capasa-named-president-camera-nazionale-della-moda-italiana.htm) . Fashion Times . 10 April 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409024041/http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/19958/20150410/carlo-capasa-named-president-camera-nazionale-della-moda-italiana.htm) from the original on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Turra, Alessandra. "Roberto Cavalli Lashes Out at Camera Nazionale della Moda" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/cavalli-kvetches-6287662/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160402014929/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/cavalli-kvetches-6287662/) from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Milano Fashion Week: la prima edizione digitale a luglio 2020" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/article/milano-fashion-week-digitale-luglio-2020) . vogue.it . .vogue.it. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200718032723/https://www.vogue.it/moda/article/milano-fashion-week-digitale-luglio-2020) from the original on 18 July 2020 . Retrieved 18 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Seeing Double: Gucci Sent 68 Sets Of Identical Twins Down Its SS23 Runway" (https://graziamagazine.com/articles/gucci-ss23/) . Grazia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231074506/https://graziamagazine.com/articles/gucci-ss23/) from the original on 31 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Greenpeace_Activists_Protest_at_Milan_Fashion_Week_12-0) Bani, Alessia (20 February 2014). "Greenpeace Activists Protest at Milan Fashion Week" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/greenpeace-protests-7487320?src=nl/mornReport/20140220) . WWD. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140320140900/http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/greenpeace-protests-7487320?src=nl/mornReport/20140220) from the original on 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hendriksz, V. (2021, March 9). Money-makers: What Milan earns from Milan Fashion Week. FashionUnited. Retrieved April 2022, from https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/money-makers-what-milan-earns-from-milan-fashion-week/2017022223620 (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/money-makers-what-milan-earns-from-milan-fashion-week/2017022223620) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220627082751/https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/money-makers-what-milan-earns-from-milan-fashion-week/2017022223620) 27 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milan Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Milan_Fashion_Week) . Milan Fashion Week Official Site (http://www.cameramoda.it/en/) Milan Fashion Week Womenswear (http://www.milanomodadonna.it/it/) Milan Fashion Week Menswear (http://www.milanomodauomo.it/it/) Milan Fashion Week 2019 Gucci News (https://www.mpweekly.com/culture/%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A/20190220-101854) v t e Economy of Italy (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) Companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Italy) History Currency and coinage (/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy) Economic history (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy) Regions by GDP (/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Industry and business (/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Italy) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy) Exports (/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Aircraft (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Automotive (/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy) Defence (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Beer (/wiki/Beer_in_Italy) Biotechnology (/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_Italy) Coffee (/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy) Mining (/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1) Steel industry (/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy) Telecommunications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) ( Digital (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) ) Film (/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy) Fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Luxury Real Estate (/wiki/Real_estate_in_Italy) Robotics (/wiki/Robotics_in_Italy) Video gaming (/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Italy) Wine (/wiki/Wine_of_Italy) Research (/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Italy) CINECA (/wiki/CINECA) ELETTRA (/wiki/ELETTRA) ENEA (/wiki/ENEA_(Italy)) Italian Space Agency (/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency) Erzelli Hi-Tech Park (/wiki/Erzelli_Hi-Tech_Park) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Tecnologia) (IIT) Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_per_l%27Intelligenza_Artificiale) (I3A) Milano Innovation District (Mind) (/wiki/Milan_Innovation_District) Energy (/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Italy) Renewable (/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy) Wind (/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy) Solar (/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy) Geothermal (/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy) Oil Oil refineries (/wiki/List_of_oil_refineries#Italy) Trade and Infrastructure (/wiki/Category:Infrastructure) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Italy) Communications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy) Trading partners (/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Italy) Taxation (/wiki/Category:Taxation_in_Italy) Tax system (/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy) Trade unions (/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy) Finance (/wiki/Category:Finance_in_Italy) and banking (/wiki/Category:Banking_in_Italy) Banking (/wiki/Banking_in_Italy) Central Bank (/wiki/Bank_of_Italy) Stock Exchange (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) Development International rankings (/wiki/International_rankings_of_Italy) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy) Events 2006 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics) 2026 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics) Bologna Motor Show (/wiki/Bologna_Motor_Show) Turin Auto Show (/wiki/Turin_Auto_Show) Venice Biennale (/wiki/Venice_Biennale) Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este (/wiki/Concorso_d%27Eleganza_Villa_d%27Este) EICMA (/wiki/EICMA) Expo 2015 (/wiki/Expo_2015) Euroflora (/wiki/Euroflora) Fieracavalli (/wiki/Fieracavalli) Genoa International Boat Show (/wiki/Genoa_International_Boat_Show) Venice Boat Show (/w/index.php?title=Venice_Boat_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Lucca Comics & Games (/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games) Terra Madre Salone del Gusto (/wiki/Terra_Madre_Salone_del_Gusto) Milan Furniture Fair (/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair) Milan Fashion Week Palio di Siena (/wiki/Palio_di_Siena) Riviera International Film Festival (/wiki/Riviera_International_Film_Festival) Rome Film Festival (/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival) Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) Vinitaly (/wiki/Vinitaly) See also Italian Sounding (/wiki/Italian_Sounding) Southern question (/wiki/Southern_question) See also: Category (/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Italy) Economy of Europe (/wiki/Economy_of_Europe) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Tourism in Milan (/wiki/Tourism_in_Milan) History of Milan (/wiki/History_of_Milan) Archaeological sites Colonne di San Lorenzo (/wiki/Colonne_di_San_Lorenzo) Milan amphitheatre (/wiki/Milan_amphitheatre) Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral (/wiki/Milan_Cathedral) Basilica di Santa Tecla (/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Tecla) Basilicas S. Ambrogio (/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio) S. Calimero (/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Calimero) S. Carlo al Corso (/wiki/San_Carlo_al_Corso_(Milan)) S. Eustorgio (/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Eustorgio) Portinari Chapel (/wiki/Portinari_Chapel) S. Lorenzo (/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Milan) S. Marco (/wiki/San_Marco,_Milan) S. Maria delle Grazie (/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)) Leonardo da Vinci's (/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)) Last Supper S. Maria della Passione (/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Passione) S. Nazaro in Brolo (/wiki/San_Nazaro_in_Brolo) S. Simpliciano (/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano) S. Stefano Maggiore (/wiki/Basilica_di_Santo_Stefano_Maggiore) S. Vincenzo in Prato (/wiki/San_Vincenzo_in_Prato) S. Vittore al Corpo (/wiki/San_Vittore_al_Corpo,_Milan) Churches Sant'Angelo (/wiki/Sant%27Angelo,_Milan) S. Antonio Abate (/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_Abate,_Milan) S. Barnaba (/wiki/San_Barnaba,_Milan) S. Bernardino alle Ossa (/wiki/San_Bernardino_alle_Ossa) S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio (/wiki/San_Cristoforo_sul_Naviglio) S. Fedele (/wiki/San_Fedele,_Milan) S. Giorgio al Palazzo (/wiki/San_Giorgio_al_Palazzo) S. Giovanni in Conca (/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Conca) S. Gottardo (/wiki/San_Gottardo,_Milan) S. Maria del Carmine (/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Milan) S. Maria della Pace (/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Pace,_Milan) S Maria Incoronata (/wiki/Santa_Maria_Incoronata,_Milan) S. Maria presso San Celso (/wiki/Santa_Maria_presso_San_Celso) S. Maria presso San Satiro (/wiki/Santa_Maria_presso_San_Satiro) S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore (/wiki/San_Maurizio_al_Monastero_Maggiore) S. Pietro in Gessate (/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Gessate) S. Sebastiano (/wiki/San_Sebastiano,_Milan) S. Sepolcro (/wiki/Church_of_San_Sepolcro,_Milan) Oratorio di San Protaso (/wiki/Oratorio_di_San_Protaso) Rotonda della Besana (/wiki/Rotonda_della_Besana) Other Chiaravalle Abbey (/wiki/Chiaravalle_Abbey) Garegnano Charterhouse (/wiki/Garegnano_Charterhouse) Mirasole Abbey (/wiki/Mirasole_Abbey) Museums and galleries (/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Milan) Alfa Romeo Museum (/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Museum) Armani/Silos (/wiki/Armani/Silos) Bagatti Valsecchi Museum (/wiki/Bagatti_Valsecchi_Museum) Castello Sforzesco (/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco) Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum (/wiki/Antique_Furniture_%26_Wooden_Sculpture_Museum_(Milan)) Applied Arts Collection (/wiki/Applied_Arts_Collection_(Milan)) Archaeological Museum (/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_(Milan)) Egyptian Museum (/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_(Milan)) Museum of Musical Instruments (/wiki/Museum_of_Musical_Instruments_(Milan)) Museo d'Arte Antica (/wiki/Museo_d%27Arte_Antica) Pinacoteca (/wiki/Pinacoteca_del_Castello_Sforzesco) Civic Aquarium (/wiki/Civic_Aquarium_of_Milan) Galleria d'Arte Moderna (/wiki/Galleria_d%27Arte_Moderna_(Milan)) Gallerie di Piazza Scala (/wiki/Gallerie_di_Piazza_Scala) Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo (/wiki/Art_collection_of_Fondazione_Cariplo) Palazzo Anguissola Antona Traversi (/wiki/Palazzo_Anguissola_Antona_Traversi) Palazzo Brentani (/wiki/Palazzo_Brentani) Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Milano) Museo del Novecento (/wiki/Museo_del_Novecento) Museo del Risorgimento (/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)) Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" (/wiki/Museo_della_Scienza_e_della_Tecnologia_%22Leonardo_da_Vinci%22) Museo Diocesano (/wiki/Museo_Diocesano_(Milan)) Museo Poldi Pezzoli (/wiki/Museo_Poldi_Pezzoli) Museo Teatrale alla Scala (/wiki/Museo_Teatrale_alla_Scala) Contemporary Art Pavilion (/wiki/Padiglione_d%27Arte_Contemporanea) Pinacoteca di Brera (/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera) Triennale di Milano (/wiki/Triennale_di_Milano) Villas and palaces (/wiki/Villas_and_palaces_in_Milan) Casa Campanini (/wiki/Casa_Campanini) Casa degli Omenoni (/wiki/Casa_degli_Omenoni) Casa di Riposo per Musicisti (/wiki/Casa_di_Riposo_per_Musicisti) Casa Manzoni (/wiki/Casa_Manzoni) Casa Panigarola (/wiki/Casa_Panigarola) Castello Cova (/wiki/Castello_Cova) Palazzina Appiani (/wiki/Palazzina_Appiani) Palazzo dell'Arengario (/wiki/Palazzo_dell%27Arengario) Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana (/wiki/Palazzo_della_Banca_Commerciale_Italiana) Palazzo Belgioioso (/wiki/Palazzo_Belgioioso) Palazzo Borromeo (/wiki/Palazzo_Borromeo_(Milan)) Palazzo Carminati (/wiki/Palazzo_Carminati,_Milan) Palazzo Castiglioni (/wiki/Palazzo_Castiglioni_(Milan)) Palazzo dei Giureconsulti (/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Giureconsulti) Palazzo Mezzanotte (/wiki/Palazzo_Mezzanotte) Palazzo della Ragione (/wiki/Palazzo_della_Ragione,_Milan) Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine (/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Scuole_Palatine) Palazzo del Senato (/wiki/Palazzo_del_Senato_(Milan)) ( State Archives of Milan (/wiki/State_Archives_of_Milan) ) Royal Palace of Milan (/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan) Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte (/wiki/Villa_Belgiojoso_Bonaparte) Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana (/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana) Biblioteca di Brera (/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Brera) Theatres La Scala (/wiki/La_Scala) Piccolo Teatro (/wiki/Piccolo_Teatro_(Milan)) Teatro degli Arcimboldi (/wiki/Teatro_degli_Arcimboldi) Teatro Dal Verme (/wiki/Teatro_Dal_Verme) Teatro Lirico (/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_(Milan)) Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II) Piazza Cordusio (/wiki/Piazza_Cordusio) Piazza del Duomo (/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Milan) Piazza della Scala (/wiki/Piazza_della_Scala) Piazza Mercanti (/wiki/Piazza_Mercanti) Piazza Gae Aulenti (/wiki/Piazza_Gae_Aulenti) Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires (/wiki/Corso_Buenos_Aires) Navigli (/wiki/Navigli) Quadrilatero della moda (/wiki/Quadrilatero_della_moda) Via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) Via Monte Napoleone (/wiki/Via_Monte_Napoleone) Gardens and parks Basilicas Park (/wiki/Basilicas_Park) Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli (/wiki/Giardini_Pubblici_Indro_Montanelli) Monte Stella (/wiki/Monte_Stella_(Milan)) Orto Botanico di Brera (/wiki/Orto_Botanico_di_Brera) Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa (/wiki/Orto_Botanico_di_Cascina_Rosa) Parco Sempione (/wiki/Parco_Sempione) Villa Litta Modignani (/wiki/Villa_Litta_Modignani,_Milan) Sporting sceneries Allianz Cloud Arena (/wiki/Allianz_Cloud_Arena) Arena Civica (/wiki/Arena_Civica) Hippodrome of San Siro (/wiki/Hippodrome_of_San_Siro) Idroscalo (/wiki/Idroscalo) Mediolanum Forum (/wiki/Mediolanum_Forum) San Siro (/wiki/San_Siro) Stadio del Ghiaccio Agorà (/wiki/Stadio_del_Ghiaccio_Agor%C3%A0) Velodromo Vigorelli (/wiki/Velodromo_Vigorelli) Events and traditions EICMA (/wiki/EICMA) Expo 2015 (/wiki/Expo_2015) Fiera Milano (/wiki/Fiera_Milano) Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair (/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair) Milan International (1906) (/wiki/Milan_International_(1906)) Milan Triennial (/wiki/Milan_Triennial) Oh bej! Oh bej! (/wiki/Oh_bej!_Oh_bej!) Tourism in Italy (/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy) Outline of Milan (/wiki/Outline_of_Milan) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8rrkh Cached time: 20240720174305 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.505 seconds Real time usage: 0.696 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2052/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 99960/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1996/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 75786/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.326/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15397075/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 584.993 1 -total 24.05% 140.672 1 Template:Reflist 21.38% 125.054 4 Template:Navbox 18.88% 110.458 1 Template:Economy_of_Italy 18.28% 106.929 10 Template:Cite_web 14.25% 83.344 1 Template:Lang-it 11.42% 66.781 1 Template:Short_description 10.46% 61.192 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 9.69% 56.704 1 Template:Infobox 6.84% 40.039 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18486693-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174305 and revision id 1213720573. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Fashion_Week&oldid=1213720573 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Fashion_Week&oldid=1213720573) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Italy (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Italy) 1958 establishments in Italy (/wiki/Category:1958_establishments_in_Italy) Recurring events established in 1958 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_1958) Italian fashion (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion) Annual events in Milan (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Milan) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Tourist attractions in Milan (/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Milan) Hidden categories: CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024) Articles containing Italian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American athletic equipment company "NIKE" redirects here. For other uses, see Nike (disambiguation) (/wiki/Nike_(disambiguation)) . Nike, Inc. Headquarters (/wiki/Nike_World_Headquarters) near Beaverton, Oregon (/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Formerly Blue Ribbon Sports, Inc. (1964–1971) Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : NKE (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:NKE) (Class B) DJIA (/wiki/DJIA) component S&P 100 (/wiki/S%26P_100) component S&P 500 (/wiki/S%26P_500) component ISIN (/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number) US6541061031 (https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US6541061031) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) Founded January 25, 1964 ; 60 years ago ( 1964-01-25 ) Founders Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) Headquarters Nike World Headquarters (/wiki/Nike_World_Headquarters) Unincorporated Washington County (/wiki/Washington_County,_Oregon) near Beaverton, Oregon (/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon) , U.S. (Beaverton postal address) Area served Worldwide Key people Philip Knight ( chairman (/wiki/Chairperson) emeritus) Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) (executive chairman) John Donahoe (/wiki/John_Donahoe) ( president (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) John Hoke III (/wiki/John_Hoke_III) ( chief innovation officer (/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Products Athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoes) athletic apparel (/wiki/Sportswear) sporting goods (/wiki/Sporting_goods) accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) Revenue US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 51.22 billion (/wiki/1,000,000,000) (2023) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$5.92 billion (2023) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$5.07 billion (2023) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$37.53 billion (2023) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) US$14.00 billion (2023) Number of employees c. 83,700 (May 2023) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) Website nike.com (https://www.nike.com/) Footnotes / references [2] (#cite_note-10K2022-2) Nike, Inc. [note 1] (#cite_note-5) (stylized as NIKE ) is an American athletic footwear and apparel corporation headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon (/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon) , United States. [5] (#cite_note-Nike_HQ-6) It is the world's largest supplier of athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneakers) and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) , with revenue in excess of US$46 billion in its fiscal year 2022. [6] (#cite_note-7) [7] (#cite_note-8) The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as "Blue Ribbon Sports", by Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) and Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) , and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike (/wiki/Nike_(mythology)) , the Greek goddess of victory. [8] (#cite_note-9) Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+ (/wiki/Nike%2B) , Nike Blazers (/wiki/Nike_Blazers) , Air Force 1 (/wiki/Air_Force_1_(shoe)) , Nike Dunk (/wiki/Nike_Dunk) , Air Max (/wiki/Air_Max) , Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding (/wiki/Nike_Skateboarding) , Nike CR7, [9] (#cite_note-10) and subsidiaries including Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) and Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey from 1995 to 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan (/wiki/Cole_Haan) , Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) , and Hurley International (/wiki/Hurley_International) . [10] (#cite_note-11) In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of " Just Do It (/wiki/Just_Do_It) " and the Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) logo. As of 2024, it employed 83,700 people worldwide. [11] (#cite_note-12) In 2020, the brand alone was valued in excess of $32 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. [12] (#cite_note-13) Previously, in 2017, the Nike brand was valued at $29.6 billion. [13] (#cite_note-14) Nike ranked 89th in the 2018 Fortune 500 (/wiki/Fortune_500) list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. [14] (#cite_note-15) The company ranked 239th in the Forbes Global 2000 companies (https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/) in 2024. History See also: Nike timeline (/wiki/Nike_timeline) Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) (left) conversing with Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) (second from left) and two other members of the Oregon track team, 1958 Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon (/wiki/University_of_Oregon) track athlete Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) and his coach, Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) , on January 25, 1964. [15] (#cite_note-O'Reilly-2014-16) The company initially operated in Eugene (/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon) , Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger (/wiki/Onitsuka_Tiger) , making most sales at track meets out of Knight's automobile. [15] (#cite_note-O'Reilly-2014-16) According to Otis Davis (/wiki/Otis_Davis) , a University of Oregon (/wiki/University_of_Oregon) student-athlete coached by Bowerman and Olympic gold medalist (/wiki/List_of_multiple_Olympic_gold_medalists) at the 1960 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics) , his coach made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. According to Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw (/wiki/Tom_Brokaw) that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman made them from the waffle iron (/wiki/Waffle_iron) , and they were mine". [16] (#cite_note-HudReporter2006-17) In its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. [17] (#cite_note-18) By 1965, sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) . In 1967, due to increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts (/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts) . [18] (#cite_note-19) In 1971, Bowerman used his wife's waffle iron to experiment on rubber to create a new sole for track shoes that would grip but be lightweight and increase the runner's speed. Oregon's Hayward Field (/wiki/Hayward_Field) was transitioning to an artificial surface, and Bowerman wanted a sole which could grip to grass or bark dust without the use of spikes. Bowerman was talking to his wife about this puzzle over breakfast, when the waffle iron idea came into play. [19] (#cite_note-20) Bowerman's design led to the introduction of the "Moon Shoe" in 1972, so named because the waffle tread was said to resemble the footprints (/wiki/Footprints) left by astronauts on the Moon. Further refinement resulted in the "Waffle Trainer" in 1974, which helped fuel the explosive growth of Blue Ribbon Sports/Nike. [20] (#cite_note-21) [21] (#cite_note-22) Tension between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger increased in 1971 as the latter attempted a takeover of BRS by extending an ultimatum proposal that would give the Japanese company 51 percent of BRS. [22] (#cite_note-Gereffi-1993-23) In 1972, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger came to an end. [22] (#cite_note-Gereffi-1993-23) BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear. The previous year, it was already able to place from two Japanese shoe manufacturers the company's first independent order for 20,000, which included 6,000 that had the Nike logo. [22] (#cite_note-Gereffi-1993-23) Runner Jeff Johnson was brought in to help market the new brand and was credited for coining the name “Nike”. [23] (#cite_note-24) It would bear the Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) newly designed by Carolyn Davidson (/wiki/Carolyn_Davidson_(graphic_designer)) . [24] (#cite_note-25) [25] (#cite_note-thestreet.com-26) The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18, 1971, [26] (#cite_note-27) and was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office) on January 22, 1974. [27] (#cite_note-28) [28] (#cite_note-29) In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first advertising agency (/wiki/Advertising_agency) . [29] (#cite_note-Adage-2003-30) The following year, the agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no finish line", in which no Nike product was shown. [29] (#cite_note-Adage-2003-30) By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year. [30] (#cite_note-31) Wieden+Kennedy (/wiki/Wieden%2BKennedy) , Nike's primary ad agency, has worked with Nike to create many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency. [31] (#cite_note-32) It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden (/wiki/Dan_Wieden) who coined the now-famous slogan " Just Do It (/wiki/Just_Do_It) " for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, [32] (#cite_note-33) which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) . [33] (#cite_note-34) Walt Stack (/wiki/Walt_Stack) was featured in Nike's first "Just Do It" advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988. [34] (#cite_note-35) Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to "Let's do it", the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore (/wiki/Gary_Gilmore) before he was executed. [35] (#cite_note-NYT-36) Nike manufactured its first uniforms for a professional sports team in 1979 when its jersey for the Portland Timbers (/wiki/Portland_Timbers_(NASL)) of the North American Soccer League (/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)) debuted. [36] (#cite_note-37) Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world. [37] (#cite_note-38) In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building World Headquarters (/wiki/Nike_World_Headquarters) campus in Beaverton, Oregon. [38] (#cite_note-39) The first Nike retail store, dubbed Niketown, opened in downtown Portland (/wiki/Downtown_Portland) in November of that year. [39] (#cite_note-40) Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he would step down as chairman of Nike in 2016. [40] (#cite_note-41) [41] (#cite_note-42) He officially stepped down from all duties with the company on June 30, 2016. [42] (#cite_note-43) In a company public announcement on March 15, 2018, Nike CEO Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) said Trevor Edwards, a top Nike executive who was seen as a potential successor to the chief executive, was relinquishing his position as Nike's brand president and would retire in August. [43] (#cite_note-44) In October 2019, John Donahoe (/wiki/John_Donahoe) was announced as the next CEO, and succeeded Parker on January 13, 2020. [44] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_LP-45) In November 2019, the company stopped selling directly through Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) , focusing more on direct relationships with customers. [45] (#cite_note-46) Acquisitions A Nike flagship store in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) Nike has acquired and sold several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan (/wiki/Cole_Haan) in 1988, [46] (#cite_note-colehaanacquired-47) followed by the purchase of Bauer Hockey (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) in 1994. [47] (#cite_note-bauerdivestment-48) In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International (/wiki/Hurley_International) from founder Bob Hurley. [48] (#cite_note-hurleyacquired-49) In 2003, Nike paid US$309 million to acquire sneaker company Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) . [49] (#cite_note-50) The company acquired Starter (/wiki/Starter_Clothing_Line) in 2004 [50] (#cite_note-starteracq-51) and soccer uniform maker Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) in 2007. [51] (#cite_note-umbroacqanddivest-52) In order to refocus its business lines, Nike began divesting itself of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s. [52] (#cite_note-chaan-53) It sold Starter in 2007 [50] (#cite_note-starteracq-51) and Bauer Hockey in 2008. [47] (#cite_note-bauerdivestment-48) The company sold Umbro in 2012 [53] (#cite_note-umbrodivestment-54) and Cole Haan in 2013. [54] (#cite_note-colehaandivestment-55) As of 2020, Nike owns only one subsidiary: Converse Inc. (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) [ citation needed ] Nike acquired Zodiac, a consumer data analytics company, in March 2018. [55] (#cite_note-56) In August 2019, the company acquired Celect, a Boston-based predictive analytics company. [56] (#cite_note-57) In December 2021, Nike purchased RTFKT Studios, a virtual shoe company that makes NFTs. [57] (#cite_note-58) In February 2021, Nike acquired Datalogue, a New York based company focused on digital sales and machine learning technology. [58] (#cite_note-59) Finance Nike Sales by region (2023) [59] (#cite_note-:0-60) Region share North America 42.2% Europe, Middle East and Africa 26.2% Greater China 14.2% Asia Pacific & Latin America 12.6% Global 4.9% Corporate 0.1% Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average) in 2013, when it replaced Alcoa (/wiki/Alcoa) . [60] (#cite_note-Barron's-61) On December 19, 2013, Nike's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year. [61] (#cite_note-62) Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading. [62] (#cite_note-63) In November 2015, Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback, as well as a two-for-one stock split, with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24. [63] (#cite_note-64) The split will be the seventh in company history. [ citation needed ] In June 2018, Nike announced it would initiate a $15 billion share buyback over four years, to begin in 2019 upon completion of the previous buyback program. [64] (#cite_note-65) For the fiscal year 2018, Nike reported earnings of US$1.933 billion, with annual revenue of US$36.397 billion, an increase of 6.0% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nike's shares traded at over $72 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$114.5 billion in October 2018. [65] (#cite_note-66) Sales by product (2023) [59] (#cite_note-:0-60) Product share Footwear 64.7% Apparel 27.0% Converse 4.7% Equipment 3.4% Global Brand 0.1% Corporate 0.1% In February 2020, the company said that roughly 75% of Nike stores in Greater China had closed due to the COVID-19 outbreak. In March 2020, Nike reported a 5% drop in Chinese sales associated with stores' closure. [66] (#cite_note-67) It was the first decrease in six years. At the same time, the company's online sales grew by 36% during Q1 of 2020. Also, the sales of personal training apps grew by 80% in China. [67] (#cite_note-68) Year Revenue in mil. USD Net income in mil. USD Total assets in mil. USD Price per share in USD Employees 2005 13,740 1,212 8,794 8.75 26,000 2006 14,955 1,392 9,870 9.01 28,000 2007 16,326 1,492 10,688 12.14 30,200 2008 18,627 1,883 12,443 13.05 32,500 2009 19,176 1,487 13,250 12.14 34,300 2010 19,014 1,907 14,419 16.80 34,400 2011 20,117 2,133 14,998 19.82 38,000 2012 23,331 2,211 15,465 23.39 44,000 2013 25,313 2,472 17,545 30.50 48,000 2014 27,799 2,693 18,594 38.56 56,500 2015 30,601 3,273 21,597 53.18 62,600 2016 32,376 3,760 21,379 54.80 70,700 2017 34,350 4,240 23,259 54.99 74,400 2018 36,397 1,933 22,536 72.63 73,100 2019 39,117 4,029 23,717 86.73 76,700 2020 37,403 2,539 31,342 106.46 75,400 2021 44,538 5,727 37,740 141.47 73,300 2022 46,710 6,046 40,321 166.67 79,100 2023 51,217 5,070 37,531 83,700 Logo evolution See also: Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) 1964–71 1971–78 [note2 1] (#cite_note-69) 1978–95 [note2 2] (#cite_note-70) 1995–present Notes ^ (#cite_ref-69) This logo is still used on some throwback apparel. ^ (#cite_ref-70) This logo is still used as a secondary logo, notably on casual wear apparel. Products Sports apparel Mercurial astro turf (/wiki/Astro_turf) shoes Nike astro turf shoes Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment and apparel. Their first products were track running shoes. Nike Air Max (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max) is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. Additional product lines were introduced later, such as Air Huarache, which debuted in 1992. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB (/wiki/Nike_SB) shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'. [68] (#cite_note-71) In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike's range of products include shoes, jerseys, shorts, cleats (/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)) , baselayers (/wiki/Baselayers) , etc. for sports activities such as soccer, [69] (#cite_note-72) basketball, track and field, combat sports (/wiki/Combat_sports) , tennis, American football (/wiki/American_football) , athletics, golf, ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) , and cross training (/wiki/Cross_training) for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for activities such as skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) , baseball, cycling, volleyball, wrestling (/wiki/Wrestling) , cheerleading (/wiki/Cheerleading) , lacrosse (/wiki/Lacrosse) , cricket (/wiki/Cricket) , aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike partnered with Apple Inc. (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) to produce the Nike+ (/wiki/Nike%2BiPod) product that monitors a runner's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano (/wiki/IPod_nano) . While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID (/wiki/RFID) devices from 60 feet (18 m) away using small, concealable intelligence motes (/wiki/Crossbow_Technology) in a wireless sensor network (/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network) . [70] (#cite_note-73) [71] (#cite_note-74) In 2004, Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program (/wiki/SPARQ_Training) /Division. [72] (#cite_note-75) Some of Nike's newest shoes contain Flywire (/wiki/Nike_Flywire) and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight. [73] (#cite_note-76) The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe, introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation, featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full-length air cushioned sole, [74] (#cite_note-77) an external heel counter, a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption, and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit. [75] (#cite_note-78) In 2023, Nike told ESPN that it would cease using kangaroo skins in its products by the end of that year and debut "a new Nike-only, proprietary synthetic upper, [with] a new material that is a better performance solution and replaces the use of kangaroo leather." [76] (#cite_note-79) Nike Vaporfly Nike Vaporfly cut in half to show the different layers that make up the base of the shoe. The dark grey line shows the carbon fiber plate. The Nike Vaporfly first came out in 2017 and their popularity, along with its performance, prompted a new series of running shoes. [77] (#cite_note-80) [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) The Vaporfly series has a new technological composition that has revolutionized long-distance running since studies have shown that these shoes can improve marathon race time up to 4.2%. [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) The composition of the sole contains a foamy material, Pebax, that Nike has altered and now calls it ZoomX (which can be found in other Nike products as well). Pebax foam can also be found in airplane insulation and is "squishier, bouncier, and lighter" than foams in typical running shoes. [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) In the middle of the ZoomX foam there is a full-length carbon fiber plate "designed to generate extra spring in every step". [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) At the time of this writing Nike had just released its newest product from the Vaporfly line, the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT%, which was marketed as "the fastest shoe we’ve ever made" using Nike's "two most innovative technologies, Nike ZoomX foam and VaporWeave material". [79] (#cite_note-82) Street fashions Nike Elite no-show socks with cushioned sole Hypervenom sports shoes Nike Victori One Men's Slides On Rain The Nike brand, with its distinctive " Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) " logo, quickly became regarded as a status symbol [80] (#cite_note-83) in modern urban fashion (/wiki/Urban_fashion) and hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) [81] (#cite_note-84) due to its association with success in sport. [82] (#cite_note-85) Beginning in the 1980s, various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American youth fashion (/wiki/Youth_culture) , especially tracksuits, shell suits (/wiki/Shell_suit) , baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) , Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) , Air Force 1's, and Air Max (/wiki/Air_Max) running shoes [83] (#cite_note-86) with thick, air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue, yellow, green, white, or red trim. [84] (#cite_note-87) Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as Quickstrikes (/wiki/Quickstrike_sneakers) , [85] (#cite_note-88) and became highly desirable items [86] (#cite_note-89) for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture (/wiki/Sneakerhead_subculture) . [87] (#cite_note-90) By the 1990s and 2000s (/wiki/2000s_youth_fashion) , American and European teenagers [88] (#cite_note-91) associated with the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) [89] (#cite_note-92) or popular clique (/wiki/Popular_clique) [90] (#cite_note-93) began combining these sneakers, [91] (#cite_note-94) leggings (/wiki/Leggings) , sweatpants, crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , [92] (#cite_note-95) and tracksuits with regular casual chic (/wiki/Casual_chic) [93] (#cite_note-96) street clothes [94] (#cite_note-97) such as jeans, skirts, leg warmers (/wiki/Leg_warmers) , slouch socks (/wiki/Slouch_socks) , and bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) . Particularly popular [95] (#cite_note-98) were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) [96] (#cite_note-99) worn for cycling and running, [97] (#cite_note-100) which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a Walkman (/wiki/Walkman) or MP3 player (/wiki/MP3_player) . [98] (#cite_note-101) From the late 2000s into the 2010s, Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip-hop fans and young children. [99] (#cite_note-102) Originally plain white or black, these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole [100] (#cite_note-103) plus a moisture wicking upper weave. [101] (#cite_note-104) Later, Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms (/wiki/Basketball_uniform) , [102] (#cite_note-105) often with contrasting bold abstract designs, images of celebrities, [103] (#cite_note-106) and freehand digital print [104] (#cite_note-107) to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for 1990s fashion (/wiki/1990s_fashion) . In 2015, a new self-lacing shoe was introduced. Called the Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) , which are replicas of the shoes featured in Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) , it had a preliminary limited release, only available by auction with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation (/wiki/Michael_J._Fox_Foundation) . [105] (#cite_note-108) This was done again in 2016. [106] (#cite_note-109) Nike have introduced a premium line, focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab. [107] (#cite_note-110) [108] (#cite_note-111) In March 2017, Nike announced its launch of a plus-size clothing line, [109] (#cite_note-112) which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products. [110] (#cite_note-113) Another significant development at this time was the Chuck Taylor All-Star Modern (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike's Air Jordans. [111] (#cite_note-114) Collectibles On July 23, 2019, a pair of Nike Inc. running shoes sold for $437,500 at a Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) auction. The so-called "Moon Shoes" [112] (#cite_note-115) were designed by Nike co-founder and track coach Bill Bowerman for runners participating in the 1972 Olympics trials. The buyer was Miles Nadal (/wiki/MDC_Partners) , a Canadian investor and car collector, who had just paid $850,000 for a group of 99 rare of limited collection pairs of sport shoes. The purchase price was the highest for one pair of sneakers, the previous record being $190,373 in 2017 for a pair of signed Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) shoes in California, said to have been worn by Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) during the 1984 basketball final of the Olympics that year. [113] (#cite_note-116) Virtual After acquiring RTFKT, Nike launched the Dunk Genesis Cryptokicks collection, which features over 20,000 NFTs. [114] (#cite_note-117) One design by Takashi Murakami (/wiki/Takashi_Murakami) was sold for $134,000 in April 2022. [115] (#cite_note-118) Headquarters Nike World Headquarters near Beaverton, Oregon Main article: Nike World Headquarters (/wiki/Nike_World_Headquarters) Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within unincorporated (/wiki/Unincorporated_area) Washington County (/wiki/Washington_County,_Oregon) . The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a lawsuit by Nike, and lobbying (/wiki/Lobbying) by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms, Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) occupy in Washington County for 35 years, while Electro Scientific Industries (/wiki/Electro_Scientific_Industries) and Tektronix (/wiki/Tektronix) receive the same protection for 30 years. [116] (#cite_note-119) Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton. [117] (#cite_note-Siemers-2016-120) The design will target LEED (/wiki/LEED) Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight, and a gray water treatment center. [117] (#cite_note-Siemers-2016-120) Ownership Nike is mainly owned by institutional investors, who hold around 68% of all shares. The 10 largest shareholders of Nike in early 2024 were: [118] (#cite_note-121) Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) (17.4%) Vanguard (/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group) (7.23%) BlackRock (/wiki/BlackRock) (5.93%) State Street Global Advisors (/wiki/State_Street_Global_Advisors) (3.71%) Travis Knight (/wiki/Travis_Knight) (3.14%) Knight Foundation (1.95%) Capital Research and Management Company (/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies) (1.94%) Geode Capital Management (/wiki/Geode_Capital_Management) (1.57%) Wellington Management Company (/wiki/Wellington_Management_Company) (1.48%) AllianceBernstein (/wiki/AllianceBernstein) (1.32%) Controversies Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States. [119] (#cite_note-122) Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India, [120] (#cite_note-123) Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia. [121] (#cite_note-124) Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report. Sweatshops Main article: Nike sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) In the 1990s, Nike received criticism for its use of sweatshops (/wiki/Sweatshop) . [122] (#cite_note-125) [123] (#cite_note-126) Beginning in 1990, many protests occurred in big cities such as Los Angeles, [124] (#cite_note-127) Washington, DC and Boston in order to show public outcry for Nike's use of child labor and sweatshops. Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as Nike sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) ) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated (/wiki/Wage_theft) minimum wage (/wiki/Minimum_wage) and overtime laws in Vietnam (/wiki/Laws_in_Vietnam) as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped. [125] (#cite_note-128) As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) article stated that employees at the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors. [126] (#cite_note-129) Child labor allegations During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia (/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia) and Pakistan (/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan) in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls. Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice, they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used. [127] (#cite_note-130) In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike. [128] (#cite_note-131) The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a week, often 16 hours a day. Xiao Xiao lawsuit Around 2002, Nike launched a stickman ad campaign that showed a stick figure playing sports against real sports celebrities. The Chinese graphics designer Zhu Zhiqiang (/wiki/Zhu_Zhiqiang) believed the figure to copy his Xiao Xiao (/wiki/Xiao_Xiao) , the hero of the same named Flash animation series, and sued Nike. The company was ordered in December 2004 to pay 300,000 Chinese Yuan (around $36,000) and issue a public apology to Zhu. Nike appealed and won the case in June 2006 in the Beijing High People's Court (/wiki/Beijing_High_People%27s_Court) , as Nike's figure design was found to be distinct enough from Xiao Xiao. Zhu was ordered to pay more than 40,000 Chinese Yuan in legal fees. [129] (#cite_note-132) Strike in China factory In April 2014, one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings (/wiki/Yue_Yuen_Industrial_Holdings) Dongguan (/wiki/Dongguan) shoe factory, producing amongst others for Nike. Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan (40.82 US Dollars) per month. The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month. The factory employs 70,000 people. This practice was in place for nearly 20 years. [130] (#cite_note-133) [131] (#cite_note-134) [132] (#cite_note-135) Paradise Papers Main article: Paradise Papers (/wiki/Paradise_Papers) Nike office in North America On November 5, 2017, the Paradise Papers (/wiki/Paradise_Papers) , a set of confidential electronic documents (/wiki/Electronic_document) relating to offshore investment (/wiki/Offshore_investment) , revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used offshore companies (/wiki/Offshore_company) to avoid taxes. [133] (#cite_note-136) [134] (#cite_note-137) [135] (#cite_note-138) Appleby (/wiki/Appleby_(law_firm)) documents detail how Nike boosted its after-tax profits by, among other maneuvers, transferring ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. This transfer allowed the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in Hilversum (/wiki/Hilversum) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , effectively converting taxable company profits (/wiki/Profit_(accounting)) to an account payable in tax-free (/wiki/Tax_haven) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda) . [136] (#cite_note-Nike-139) Although the subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike's main offices in Beaverton, Oregon—to the point where a duplicate of the Bermudan company's seal was needed—for tax purposes the subsidiary was treated as Bermuda. Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly unrelated case in US Tax Court, where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaling $3.86 billion. [136] (#cite_note-Nike-139) Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities, the tax break was to expire in 2014, so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from the Bermudan company to a Dutch commanditaire vennootschap or limited partnership, Nike Innovate CV. Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as if it had been earned by the principals, who owe no tax in the Netherlands if they do not reside there. [136] (#cite_note-Nike-139) Refusal to sponsor Iran In 2018, Nike refused to provide cleats to the Iranian national soccer team (/wiki/Iran_national_football_team) for the 2018 FIFA World Cup (/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) , citing US sanctions (/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran) . Nike was criticized by many for its actions. [137] (#cite_note-140) Colin Kaepernick In September 2018, Nike announced it had signed former American football quarterback Colin Kaepernick (/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick) , noted for his controversial decision to kneel (/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_protests_(2016%E2%80%93present)) during the playing of the US national anthem, to a long-term advertising campaign. [138] (#cite_note-141) According to Charles Robinson of Yahoo! Sports (/wiki/Yahoo_Sports) , Kaepernick and Nike agreed to a new contract despite the fact Kaepernick has been with the company since 2011 and said that "interest from other shoe companies" played a part in the new agreement. Robinson said the contract is a "wide endorsement" where Kaepernick will have his own branded line including shoes, shirts, jerseys and more. [139] (#cite_note-142) In response, some people set fire to their own Nike-branded clothes and shoes or cut the Nike swoosh logo out of their clothes, and the Fraternal Order of Police (/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Police) called the advertisement an "insult"; [140] (#cite_note-143) [141] (#cite_note-144) [142] (#cite_note-vibe-145) others, such as LeBron James (/wiki/LeBron_James) , [143] (#cite_note-146) Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) , [144] (#cite_note-147) and the National Black Police Association (/wiki/National_Black_Police_Association_(United_States)) , [142] (#cite_note-vibe-145) praised Nike for its campaign. The College of the Ozarks (/wiki/College_of_the_Ozarks) removed Nike from all their athletic uniforms in response. [145] (#cite_note-148) During the following week, Nike's stock price fell 2.2%, even as online orders of Nike products rose 27% compared with the previous year. [146] (#cite_note-149) In the following three months, Nike reported a rise in sales. [147] (#cite_note-150) In July 2019, Nike released a shoe featuring a Betsy Ross flag (/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag) called the Air Max 1 Quick Strike Fourth of July trainers. The trainers were designed to celebrate Independence Day (/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)) . The model was subsequently withdrawn after Colin Kaepernick (/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick) told the brand he and others found the flag offensive because of its association with slavery. [148] (#cite_note-151) [149] (#cite_note-complaint-152) Nike's decision to withdraw the product drew criticism from Arizona's (/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona) Republican Governor, Doug Ducey (/wiki/Doug_Ducey) , and Texas's Republican Senator Ted Cruz (/wiki/Ted_Cruz) . [150] (#cite_note-153) Nike's decision was praised by others due to the use of the flag by white nationalists (/wiki/White_nationalists) , [149] (#cite_note-complaint-152) but the Anti-Defamation League's (/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League) Center on Extremism has declined to add the flag to its database of "hate symbols." [151] (#cite_note-154) Hong Kong protests Nike Kicks Lounge in Harbour City (/wiki/Harbour_City_(Hong_Kong)) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) U.S. Vice President Mike Pence (/wiki/Mike_Pence) criticized Nike for "siding with the Chinese Communist Party (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) and silencing free speech". He claimed that after Houston Rockets (/wiki/Houston_Rockets) general manager Daryl Morey (/wiki/Daryl_Morey) was criticized by the Chinese government for his tweet (/wiki/Daryl_Morey#Twitter_comments_on_Hong_Kong) supporting the 2019 Hong Kong protests (/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests) , Nike removed Rockets merchandise from its stores in China. [152] (#cite_note-155) Main article: Nike Vaporfly and Tokyo 2020 Olympics controversy (/wiki/Nike_Vaporfly_and_Tokyo_2020_Olympics_controversy) On January 31, 2020, the World Athletics (/wiki/World_Athletics) issued new guidelines concerning shoes to be used in the upcoming Tokyo 2020 Olympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) . [153] (#cite_note-World_Athletics-156) These updates came in response to criticisms concerning technology in the Nike Vaporfly running shoes, which had been submitted beginning around 2017–2018. [154] (#cite_note-WSJ-157) These criticisms stated that the shoes provided athletes with an unfair advantage over their opponents and some critics considered it to be a form of technology doping (/wiki/Technology_doping) . [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) [155] (#cite_note-NPR-158) According to Nike funded research, the shoes can improve efficiency by up to 4.2% [78] (#cite_note-Bachman-2020-81) and runners who have tested the shoe are saying that it causes reduced soreness in the legs; sports technologist Bryce Dyer attributes this to the ZoomX and carbon fiber plate since it absorbs the energy and "spring[s] runners forward". [155] (#cite_note-NPR-158) Some athletes, scientists, and fans have compared this to the 2008 LAZR swimsuit controversy (/wiki/LZR_Racer) . [156] (#cite_note-159) Some of the major changes in the guidelines that have come about as a result of these criticisms include that the "sole must be no thicker than 40mm" and that "the shoe must not contain more than one rigid embedded plate or blade (of any material) that runs either the full length or only part of the length of the shoe. The plate may be in more than one part but those parts must be located sequentially in one plane (not stacked or in parallel) and must not overlap". The components of the shoes are not the only thing that had major changes; starting April 30, 2020, "any shoe must have been available for purchase by any athlete on the open retail market (online or in store) for a period of four months before it can be used in competition". [153] (#cite_note-World_Athletics-156) Prior to these new guidelines World Athletics reviewed the Vaporfly shoes and "concluded that there is independent research that indicates that the new technology incorporated in the soles of road and spiked shoes may provide a performance advantage" and that it recommends further research to "establish the true impact of [the Vaporfly] technology." [153] (#cite_note-World_Athletics-156) Lil Nas X Satan Shoes On March 29, 2021, American rapper Lil Nas X (/wiki/Lil_Nas_X) partnered with New York–based art collective MSCHF (/wiki/MSCHF) to release a modified pair of Nike Air Max 97s (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max_97) called Satan Shoes (/wiki/Satan_Shoes) . [157] (#cite_note-160) The shoes are black and red with a bronze pentagram, featuring the Bible verse Luke 10:18 and are filled with "60cc and 1 drop of human blood." Only 666 pairs were created and were sold at a price of $1,018. Nike immediately iterated that they were uninvolved in the creation and promotion of the shoes and did not endorse the messages of Lil Nas X or MSCHF. [158] (#cite_note-161) Nike filed a trademark lawsuit against MSCHF with the New York federal Court, in an effort to stop the distribution of the shoes. On April 1, a federal judge ordered a temporary restraining order blocking the sale and distribution of the shoes pending a preliminary injunction. [159] (#cite_note-162) Forced Uyghur labor allegations See also: Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act) In December 2021, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (/wiki/European_Center_for_Constitutional_and_Human_Rights) filed a criminal complaint in a Dutch court against Nike and other brands, alleging that they benefited from the use of forced Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghurs) labor in Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) . [160] (#cite_note-163) In July 2023, the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise (/wiki/Canadian_Ombudsperson_for_Responsible_Enterprise) opened an investigation into Nike to probe allegations of forced Uyghur labor in its supply chain. [161] (#cite_note-164) Research of the social democratic party in the European Parliament, the Sheffield Hallam University and further groups accused Nike in 2023 of using forced labor camps exploiting Muslim Uyghurs in China provided by the Anhui Huamao Group Co., Ltd. for production. [162] (#cite_note-165) Environmental record Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e In 2007, New England (/wiki/New_England) –based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet ranked Nike among the top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies. [163] (#cite_note-166) Recycling Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind (/wiki/Nike_Grind) program, which closes the product lifecycle (/wiki/Product_lifecycle_(marketing)) , by groups such as Climate Counts (/wiki/Climate_Counts) . [164] (#cite_note-167) Since 1993, Nike has worked on its Reuse-A-Shoe program. [165] (#cite_note-Wicked_Local-2008-168) This program is Nike's longest-running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds. [165] (#cite_note-Wicked_Local-2008-168) Nike France made their Reuse-A-Shoe program available online so that they could make it easier for consumers to send in their old shoes. [166] (#cite_note-169) In 2017, it was estimated that 28,000,000 shoes were collected since its start in 1993. Nike limited the mail-in option of the program because they are aware that the emissions from shipping would offset the good, they are trying to do. They work with the National Recycling Coalition to help limit transportation of recycled shoes. During transportation most of the vehicles that are used are using diesel or fuel oil. [167] (#cite_note-ac-170) Diesel oil emits 22.44 pounds of Carbon Dioxide per gallon. [168] (#cite_note-171) A campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash (/wiki/Steve_Nash) wearing Nike's Trash Talk Shoe, which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors. The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground-up rubber from a shoe recycling program. Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste, but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale. [169] (#cite_note-172) Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride (/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride) is an extremely potent and persistent greenhouse gas that was used to fill the cushion bags in all "Air"-branded shoes from 1992 to 2006. [170] (#cite_note-173) 277 tons was used during the peak in 1997. [171] (#cite_note-174) Toxic chemicals In 2008, a project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill) found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates (/wiki/Isocyanate) and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions. [172] (#cite_note-175) [173] (#cite_note-176) Water pollution In July 2011, environmental group Greenpeace (/wiki/Greenpeace) published a report regarding water pollution (/wiki/Water_pollution) impacting the Yangtze River (/wiki/Yangtze) emitted from a major textile factory operated by Nike supplier Youngor Group (/wiki/Youngor_Group) . [174] (#cite_note-177) Following the report, Nike, as well as Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) , and a number of other brands included in the report announced an agreement to stop discharging hazardous chemicals by 2020. [175] (#cite_note-178) However, in July 2016 Greenpeace released a follow-up report which found that Nike "does not take individual responsibility" for eliminating hazardous chemicals, stating that Nike had not made an explicit commitment to riding itself of perfluorinated compounds (/wiki/Perfluorinated_compound) , and that "Nike does not ensure its suppliers report their hazardous chemical discharge data and has not made a commitment to do so". [176] (#cite_note-179) Back in 2016, Nike started to use water free dyeing materials so that they can help reduce their water use in their Southeast Asian factories. [177] (#cite_note-180) Carbon footprint Nike reported Total CO (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) 2 e emissions (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending June 30, 2020 at 317 Kt (+12/+4% y-o-y) [178] (#cite_note-Nike_Total_CO2e_emissions_for_2020Q2-181) and plans to reduce emissions 65% by 2030 from a 2015 base year. [179] (#cite_note-182) This science-based target (/wiki/Science_Based_Targets_initiative) is aligned with Paris Agreement (/wiki/Paris_Agreement) to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. [180] (#cite_note-183) According to a study done in 2017, Nike contributed 3,002,529 metric tons of Carbon Dioxide in 2017 combined from different sectors in the company like retail, manufacturing, management, and more. [167] (#cite_note-ac-170) Nike's annual Total CO 2 e Emissions – Location-Based Scope 1 + Scope 2 (in kilotonnes) Jun 2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 Jun 2018 Jun 2019 Jun 2020 286 [181] (#cite_note-184) 300 [182] (#cite_note-185) 327 [183] (#cite_note-186) 301 [184] (#cite_note-187) 305 [185] (#cite_note-188) 317 [178] (#cite_note-Nike_Total_CO2e_emissions_for_2020Q2-181) Partnership with Newlight In 2021, Nike announced they were working with Newlight Technologies to find more eco-friendly materials for their sneakers. They specifically mentioned Newlight's AirCarbon product which is a bioplastic that can be used to make shoes. The bioplastic is used as a replacement to leather, plastic, and other materials that are like that. [186] (#cite_note-189) Newlight was reported saying that the goal is to reduce Nike's carbon footprint. [187] (#cite_note-190) Sustainability Nike has taken steps to reduce its environmental impact. It has worked to reduce carbon emissions nearly 3% across its value chain from its FY11 baseline, [188] (#cite_note-FDRA-191) and sourced from fewer, higher-performing contract factories. [188] (#cite_note-FDRA-191) In 2019, Nike began a program called "Move to Zero" in an effort to achieve zero waste and zero carbon in the organization's supply chain and product lifetime. [189] (#cite_note-Hall-2020-192) The men's and women's sections of the collection contain at least 60% organic and recycled materials, including sustainably sourced cotton. [189] (#cite_note-Hall-2020-192) Marketing strategy Nike promotes its products through sponsorship agreements (/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)) with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams. Nike has endorsement deals with many top sports players such as LeBron James (/wiki/LeBron_James) , Kevin Durant (/wiki/Kevin_Durant) , and Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) . [190] (#cite_note-193) Advertising Nike Store at the King of Prussia (/wiki/King_of_Prussia_(shopping_mall)) shopping mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania) In 1982, Nike aired its first three national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy (/wiki/Wieden%2BKennedy) (W+K), during the broadcast of the New York Marathon (/wiki/New_York_Marathon) . [191] (#cite_note-194) The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive that honor twice. [192] (#cite_note-195) Nike also has earned the Emmy Award (/wiki/Emmy_Award) for best commercial in 2000 and 2002. The first was for "The Morning After," a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000, if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem (/wiki/Year_2000_problem) came to fruition. [193] (#cite_note-196) The second was for a 2002 spot called "Move," which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits. [194] (#cite_note-197) Beatles song Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) song " Revolution (/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)) " in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of Apple Records (/wiki/Apple_Records) , the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to Capitol Records (/wiki/Capitol_Records) Inc., which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a year. [195] (#cite_note-AP-198) That same year, Apple Records sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., EMI Records (/wiki/EMI) Inc. and Wieden+Kennedy for $15 million. [195] (#cite_note-AP-198) Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless" because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono (/wiki/Yoko_Ono) , a shareholder and director of Apple Records." Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon (/wiki/John_Lennon) 's "Instant Karma" in another advertisement. New media marketing Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing (/wiki/Internet_marketing) , email management (/wiki/Email_management) technologies, and using broadcast (/wiki/Broadcast) and narrowcast (/wiki/Narrowcasting) communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns. Minor Threat advertisement In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye (/wiki/Ian_MacKaye) , owner of Dischord Records (/wiki/Dischord_Records) , guitarist/vocalist for Fugazi (/wiki/Fugazi) and The Evens (/wiki/The_Evens) , and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat (/wiki/Minor_Threat) , for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat's 1981 self-titled album (/wiki/First_Two_7%22s_on_a_12%22) 's cover art in a flyer promoting Nike Skateboarding (/wiki/Nike_Skateboarding) 's 2005 East Coast demo tour. [196] (#cite_note-199) On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band. [197] (#cite_note-200) The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat. Niketown at Oxford Circus (/wiki/Oxford_Circus) , London Nike 6.0 As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe" – sports lingo that is also a double entendre (/wiki/Double_entendre) for drug use (/wiki/Recreational_drug_use) . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino (/wiki/Thomas_Menino) expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display. "What we don't need is a major corporation like Nike, which tries to appeal to the younger generation, out there giving credence to the drug issue," Menino told The Boston Herald (/wiki/The_Boston_Herald) . A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports, and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs. [198] (#cite_note-201) Nike was forced to replace the shirt line. [199] (#cite_note-202) NBA uniform deal In June 2015, Nike signed an 8-year deal with the NBA (/wiki/NBA) to become the official uniform supplier for the league, beginning with the 2017–18 season. [200] (#cite_note-BallerStatus-2015-203) The brand took over for Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , who provided the uniforms for the league since 2006. [200] (#cite_note-BallerStatus-2015-203) Unlike previous deals, Nike's logo appear on NBA jerseys – a first for the league. [200] (#cite_note-BallerStatus-2015-203) Initially, the Charlotte Hornets (/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets) , owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) , were the only team not to sport the Nike swoosh, instead wearing the Jumpman (/wiki/Jumpman_(logo)) logo associated with Jordan-related merchandise. [201] (#cite_note-204) However, beginning with the 2020–21 season, the Jumpman replaced the swoosh on the NBA's alternate "Statement" uniforms. [202] (#cite_note-205) Sponsorship Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) (pictured in 1987) helped drive Nike sales. Nike sponsors top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design. Nike's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase (/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase) . [25] (#cite_note-thestreet.com-26) The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine (/wiki/Steve_Prefontaine) . Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company's co-founder, Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) , while he coached at the University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters. Nike has only made one statue of its sponsored athletes and it is of Steve Prefontaine. [203] (#cite_note-206) Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field (/wiki/Track_and_field) athletes over the years, such as Sebastian Coe (/wiki/Sebastian_Coe) , Carl Lewis (/wiki/Carl_Lewis) , Jackie Joyner-Kersee (/wiki/Jackie_Joyner-Kersee) , Michael Johnson (/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)) and Allyson Felix (/wiki/Allyson_Felix) . The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career, with Spike Lee (/wiki/Spike_Lee) as Mars Blackmon (/wiki/Mars_Blackmon) , proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales. [204] (#cite_note-207) Ronaldinho (/wiki/Ronaldinho) (pictured with Barcelona in 2007) appeared in a 2005 Nike advertisement that went viral (/wiki/Viral_video) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) , becoming the site's first video to reach one million views. [205] (#cite_note-208) [206] (#cite_note-209) Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University (/wiki/Penn_State_University) and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno (/wiki/Joe_Paterno) when it opened in 1990 at the company's headquarters. Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal. After the Freeh Report was released on July 12, 2012, Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center. A new name has yet to be announced. [207] (#cite_note-210) [208] (#cite_note-211) Nike Hypervenom 3 boots were commissioned for French prodigy Kylian Mbappé (/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9) . In the early 1990s, Nike made a strong push into the soccer business making endorsement deals with famous and charismatic players such as Romário (/wiki/Rom%C3%A1rio) , Eric Cantona (/wiki/Eric_Cantona) or Edgar Davids (/wiki/Edgar_Davids) . They continued the growth in the sport by signing more top players including: Ronaldo (/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)) , Ronaldinho (/wiki/Ronaldinho) , Francesco Totti (/wiki/Francesco_Totti) , Thierry Henry (/wiki/Thierry_Henry) , Didier Drogba (/wiki/Didier_Drogba) , Andrés Iniesta (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Iniesta) , Wayne Rooney (/wiki/Wayne_Rooney) and still have many of the sport's biggest stars under their name, with Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , Zlatan Ibrahimović (/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87) , Neymar (/wiki/Neymar) , Harry Kane (/wiki/Harry_Kane) , Eden Hazard (/wiki/Eden_Hazard) and Kylian Mbappé (/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9) among others. [209] (#cite_note-212) A Barcelona prodigy, Lionel Messi (/wiki/Lionel_Messi) had been signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival's claim to his image rights in court. [210] (#cite_note-213) Nike has been the official ball supplier for the Premier League (/wiki/Premier_League) since the 2000–01 season. [211] (#cite_note-214) In 2012, Nike carried a commercial partnership with the Asian Football Confederation (/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation) . [212] (#cite_note-215) In August 2014, Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United (/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.) after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs. [213] (#cite_note-216) Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million. [214] (#cite_note-217) Nike logo in the Camp Nou (/wiki/Camp_Nou) , the home stadium of Barcelona Nike still has many of the top teams playing in their uniforms, including: FC Barcelona (/wiki/FC_Barcelona) , Paris Saint-Germain (/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C.) , Galatasaray S.K. (/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)) and Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.) (the latter from the 2020–21 season), [215] (#cite_note-218) and the national teams of Brazil, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands among many others. Nike has been the sponsor for many top ranked tennis players. Brand's commercial success in the sport went hand in hand with the endorsement deals signed with the biggest and the world's most charismatic stars and number one ranked players of the subsequent eras, including John McEnroe (/wiki/John_McEnroe) in the 1980s, Andre Agassi (/wiki/Andre_Agassi) and Pete Sampras (/wiki/Pete_Sampras) in the 1990s and Roger Federer (/wiki/Roger_Federer) , Rafael Nadal (/wiki/Rafael_Nadal) , Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) and Maria Sharapova (/wiki/Maria_Sharapova) with the start of the 21st century. [216] (#cite_note-219) Tiger Woods (/wiki/Tiger_Woods) Nike sponsored Tiger Woods (/wiki/Tiger_Woods) until 2024, [217] (#cite_note-220) and remained on his side amid the controversies that shaped the golfer's career. [218] (#cite_note-221) In January 2013, Nike signed Rory McIlroy (/wiki/Rory_McIlroy) , the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10-year sponsorship deal worth $250 million. [219] (#cite_note-BBC-222) Nike has also gone on to sign top players in golf including Scottie Scheffler (/wiki/Scottie_Scheffler) , Brooks Koepka (/wiki/Brooks_Koepka) , Nelly Korda (/wiki/Nelly_Korda) , Tommy Fleetwood (/wiki/Tommy_Fleetwood) , Tony Finau (/wiki/Tony_Finau) and Cam Davis (/wiki/Cam_Davis) . Nike was the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team (/wiki/Indian_cricket_team) from 2005 to 2020. [220] (#cite_note-223) [221] (#cite_note-224) On February 21, 2013, Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African limbless athlete Oscar Pistorius (/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius) , due to him being charged with premeditated murder (/wiki/Premeditated_murder) . [222] (#cite_note-225) Nike consolidated its position in basketball in 2015 when it was announced that the company would sign an 8-year deal with the NBA, taking over from the league's previous uniform sponsor, Adidas. The deal required all franchise team members to wear jerseys and shorts with the Swoosh logo, beginning with the 2017/18 season. [223] (#cite_note-226) After the success of partnership with Jordan, which resulted in the creation of the unique Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) brand, Nike has continued to build partnership with the biggest names in basketball. LeBron James was given the Slogan "We are All Witnesses" when he signed with Nike. Similar to "Air Jordan", James' brand became massively popular. [224] (#cite_note-227) Some have had signature shoes designed for them, including Kobe Bryant (/wiki/Kobe_Bryant) , Jason Kidd (/wiki/Jason_Kidd) , Vince Carter (/wiki/Vince_Carter) and more recently, James and Kevin Durant (/wiki/Kevin_Durant) , Giannis Antetokounmpo (/wiki/Giannis_Antetokounmpo) , Jayson Tatum (/wiki/Jayson_Tatum) , Paul George (/wiki/Paul_George) and Luka Dončić (/wiki/Luka_Don%C4%8Di%C4%87) , among others. [225] (#cite_note-228) [226] (#cite_note-229) [227] (#cite_note-230) [228] (#cite_note-231) [229] (#cite_note-232) [230] (#cite_note-233) Nike recently made signature shoes for WNBA stars as well, as the leagues popularity takes off. Although a dozen women have received signature sneakers in the WNBA's 27-year history, it had been over a decade since a woman had received a signature sneaker. Nike's first signature shoe in the WNBA was with Sheryl Swoops (/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes) , and since then they have made signature silhouettes for Lisa Leslie (/wiki/Lisa_Leslie) , Dawn Staley (/wiki/Dawn_Staley) , Cynthia Cooper (/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper-Dyke) , and most recently for Sabrina Ionescu (/wiki/Sabrina_Ionescu) . [231] (#cite_note-234) Caitlin Clark (/wiki/Caitlin_Clark) will also receive a signature shoe deal as part of her eight-year, 28 million dollar deal. [232] (#cite_note-235) A news report originating from CNN reported that Nike spent $11.5 billion, nearly a third of its sales, on marketing and endorsement contracts in the year 2018. Nike and its Jordan brand sponsored 85 men's and women's basketball teams in the NCAA tournament. [233] (#cite_note-236) Ties with the University of Oregon See also: Nike and the University of Oregon (/wiki/Nike_and_the_University_of_Oregon) Nike maintains strong ties, both directly and through partnerships with Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) , with the University of Oregon (/wiki/University_of_Oregon) . [234] (#cite_note-Alger-237) Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire. [235] (#cite_note-238) New unique combinations are issued before every game day. [234] (#cite_note-Alger-237) Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) , who also redesigned the university's logo, leads this effort. [236] (#cite_note-Knight,_and_Tinker_Hatfield-239) More recently, the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward Field (/wiki/Hayward_Field) . [237] (#cite_note-240) Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university's athletic apparatus. [238] (#cite_note-241) His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives, such as Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) . [236] (#cite_note-Knight,_and_Tinker_Hatfield-239) Causes In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (PRODUCT) (/wiki/Product_Red) RED campaign together with other brands such as Girl (/wiki/Girl_Distribution_Company) , American Express (/wiki/American_Express) , and Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) . The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child (/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy) . The campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation". The company's goal is to raise and send funds, for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily affected by AIDS (/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS) . [239] (#cite_note-242) In 2023, Nike became the presenting sponsor of Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (/wiki/Reviving_Baseball_in_Inner_Cities) , which encourages youth in underserved communities to participate in baseball and softball. [240] (#cite_note-243) Program The Nike Community Ambassador Program, allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community. Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy. [241] (#cite_note-244) Research In 2016, a study done by RTG Consulting Group reflected that Nike was the 3rd most relevant brand for Gen-Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) in China (/wiki/China) . [242] (#cite_note-245) [243] (#cite_note-246) Roth MKM's 2023 Millennial (/wiki/Millennials) survey reported in March that millennials with health and wellness concerns in the aftermath of the pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) ranked brands like Nike, Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) [244] (#cite_note-sgbonline.com-247) as their preferred brands for purchases. [244] (#cite_note-sgbonline.com-247) In January 2023, a study by Rakuten (/wiki/Rakuten) concluded that Nike was the most popular (/wiki/Search_engine) sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) brand in the US, followed by Lululemon and Adidas. [245] (#cite_note-248) [246] (#cite_note-249) In July 2023, a study by Kantar (/wiki/Kantar_Group) found that Americans consider Nike as the Most Inclusive Brands (alongside other top brands like Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) , and Disney (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) ). [247] (#cite_note-250) See also Bruce Brenn (/wiki/Bruce_Brenn) Dick Donahue (/wiki/Dick_Donahue) Nike timeline (/wiki/Nike_timeline) Breaking2 (/wiki/Breaking2) – A project by Nike to break the 2 hour marathon barrier. List of companies based in Oregon (/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Oregon) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Oregon (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Notes ^ (#cite_ref-5) The pronunciations of "Nike" include / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ n aɪ k i / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ⓘ (/wiki/File:En-us-nike.ogg) NY -kee officially and in the US, as well as / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) n aɪ k / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) NYKE in the UK. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) References ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kish, Matthew (November 15, 2023). "Nike shuffles top executives, names new heads of innovation, design, marketing and technology" (https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2023/11/nike-shuffles-top-executives-names-new-heads-of-innovation-design-marketing-and-technology.html) . oregonlive . Retrieved March 1, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10K2022_2-0) "US SEC: 2023 Form 10-K NIKE, Inc" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/320187/000032018723000039/nke-20230531.htm) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) . July 20, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nike is pronounced Nikey, confirms guy who ought to know" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/nike-pronounced-nikey-confirms-guy-who-ought-know-9470111.html) . The Independent . June 2, 2014. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/nike-pronounced-nikey-confirms-guy-who-ought-know-9470111.html) from the original on June 21, 2022 . Retrieved July 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "It's official: Nike rhymes with spiky – and you're saying all these wrong too" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/shortcuts/2014/jun/03/nike-how-to-pronounce-correctly-brand-names-audi-adidas-porsche-yvessaintlaurent) . the Guardian . June 3, 2014 . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nike_HQ_6-0) "Contact Nike, Inc" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210630040741/https://about.nike.com/pages/contact-us) . Nike, Inc . Archived from the original (https://about.nike.com/pages/contact-us) on June 30, 2021 . Retrieved June 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nike annual revenue worldwide 2022" (https://www.statista.com/statistics/241683/nikes-sales-worldwide-since-2004/) . Statista . Retrieved February 19, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sage, Alexandria (June 26, 2008). "Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns" (https://www.reuters.com/article/nike-idUSN2526447020080625) . Reuters . Retrieved July 10, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Levinson, Philip. "How Nike almost ended up with a very different name" (http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-got-its-name-2016-1) . Business Insider . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Nike CR7" (https://www.nike.com/gb/w?q=Cristiano%20Ronaldo&vst=Cristiano%20Ronaldo) . Nike, Inc. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080225100443/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/news_story/?ID=230199&hubname=nhl) . The Sports Network (/wiki/The_Sports_Network) . February 21, 2008. Archived from the original (https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/news_story/?ID=230199&hubname=nhl) on February 25, 2008 . Retrieved June 2, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Nike (NKE)" (https://www.forbes.com/companies/nike/) . Forbes . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Most Valuable Apparel Brand? Nike Just Does It Again" (https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/most-valuable-apparel-brand-nike-just-does-it-again/) . Brand Finance . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "The World's Most Valuable Brands 2017: 16. Nike" (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/591c87fc31358e03e5593101/16-nike/) . Forbes . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/) . Fortune . Archived from the original (http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/) on November 10, 2018 . Retrieved November 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b O'Reilly, Lara (November 4, 2014). "11 Things Hardly Anyone Knows About Nike" (https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-nike-facts-about-its-50th-anniversary-2014-11) . Business Insider . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-HudReporter2006_17-0) Hague, Jim (/w/index.php?title=Jim_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1) (May 14, 2006). "Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120504210729/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2408547/article-Truant-officer-was-Olympic-hero-Emerson-High-has-gold-medallist-in-midst) . The Hudson Reporter . Archived from the original (http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2408547/article-Truant-officer-was-Olympic-hero-Emerson-High-has-gold-medallist-in-midst?) on May 4, 2012 . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Adele Hast; Thomson Gale (1992). International directory of company histories. Vol. 5 . Detroit, MI: St. James Press. p. 372. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55862-646-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 769042318 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769042318) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "History of NIKE, Inc" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/nike-inc-history/) . FundingUniverse . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Peterson, Hayley. "The bizarre inspiration behind Nike's first pair of running shoes" (http://www.businessinsider.com/nikes-first-running-shoes-were-made-in-a-waffle-iron-2015-7) . Business Insider . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Holt, Douglas; Cameron, Douglas (November 1, 2010). Cultural Strategy: Using Innovative Ideologies to Build Breakthrough Brands . Oxford University Press. pp. 41–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-958740-7 . Retrieved November 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Scheerder, Jeroen (2010). Vlaanderen loopt! Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de loopsportmarkt . Academia Press. pp. 75–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-382-1484-9 . Retrieved November 1, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gereffi, Gary; Korzeniewicz, Miguel (1993). Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism . Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 253. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-275-94573-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Houze, Rebecca (2016). New Mythologies in Design and Culture: Reading Signs and Symbols in the Visual Landscape . London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4725-1849-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html) . The Independent . January 4, 2008 . Retrieved February 11, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, Jack (August 14, 2019). "History of Nike: Timeline and Facts" (https://www.thestreet.com/lifestyle/history-of-nike-15057083) . TheStreet.com (/wiki/TheStreet.com) . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Hunt, Joshua (2018). University of Nike: How Corporate Cash Bought American Higher Education . Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61219-691-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Murphy, Cait (2016). A History of American Sports in 100 Objects . New York: Basic Books. p. 1973. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-465-09775-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Registration Number 72414177" (http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=72414177&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch) . TSDR . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . Retrieved May 18, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike Inc" (https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/nike/98797) . adage.com . September 15, 2003 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Nike Inc" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/nike-inc) . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Cole, C. L. (February 2002). "Therapeutic Publicity". Journal of Sport and Social Issues . 26 (1): 3–5. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0193723502261001 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0193723502261001) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 220320153 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220320153) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Bella, Timothy (September 4, 2018). " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/04/from-lets-do-it-to-just-do-it-how-nike-adapted-gary-gilmores-last-words-before-execution/) 'Just Do It': The surprising and morbid origin story of Nike's slogan" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/04/from-lets-do-it-to-just-do-it-how-nike-adapted-gary-gilmores-last-words-before-execution/) . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Ad Age Advertising Century: Top 10 Slogans" (https://adage.com/article/special-report-the-advertising-century/ad-age-advertising-century-top-10-slogans/140156) . adage.com . March 29, 1999 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Nike's 'Just Do It' slogan celebrates 20 years" (http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2008/07/nikes_just_do_it_slogan_celebr.html) . OregonLive.com. July 18, 2008 . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_36-0) Peters, Jeremy W. (August 20, 2009). "The Birth of 'Just Do It' and Other Magic Words" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/business/media/20adco.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Bachman, Rachel (April 13, 2011). "The Bachscore: Portland Timbers history and the original 'Nike' uniforms" (https://www.oregonlive.com/timbers/2011/04/the_bachscore_portland_timbers.html) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Retrieved May 1, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "History of Nike" (https://www.newitts.com/blog/history-of-nike?country=/) . www.newitts.com . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Brettman, Allan (February 2, 2013). "As Nike looks to expand, it already has a 22-building empire" (http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2013/02/as_nike_looks_to_expand_it_alr.html) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Retrieved February 6, 2013 . The first phase of the Nike World Headquarters campus opened in 1990 and included eight buildings. Now, there are 22 buildings. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Brettman, Allan (October 27, 2011). "NikeTown Portland to close forever [at its original location] on Friday" (http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2011/10/niketown_portland_to_close_for.html) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Retrieved December 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Wightman-Stone, Danielle (July 1, 2015). "Nike chairman Phil Knight to step down in 2016" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/people/nike-chairman-phil-knight-to-step-down-in-2016/2015070116905) . FashionUnited (/wiki/FashionUnited) . Retrieved July 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Bain, Marc (June 30, 2015). "How Phil Knight turned the Nike brand into a global powerhouse" (https://qz.com/442042/more-than-anyone-else-it-was-phil-knight-who-built-nike-from-scratch-into-the-worlds-biggest-sports-brand/) . Quartz . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Vinton, Kate (June 30, 2016). "Nike Cofounder And Chairman Phil Knight Officially Retires From The Board" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2016/06/30/nike-cofounder-and-chairman-phil-knight-officially-retires-from-the-board/) . FashionUnited (/wiki/FashionUnited) . Retrieved February 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Hsu, Tiffany (March 16, 2018). "Nike Executive Resigns; C.E.O. Addresses Workplace Behavior Complaints" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/business/nike-executive-workplace-misconduct.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-Bloomberg_LP_45-0) Turner, Nick (October 22, 2019). "Nike Taps EBay Veteran John Donahoe to Succeed Parker as CEO" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-22/nike-names-ebay-veteran-john-donahoe-to-succeed-parker-as-ceo) . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved October 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Hanbury, Mary (November 13, 2019). "Nike confirms that it is no longer selling its products on Amazon" (https://www.businessinsider.com/nike-stops-selling-amazon-2019-11) . Business Insider . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-colehaanacquired_47-0) "COMPANY NEWS; Cole-Haan to Nike For $80 Million" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/26/business/company-news-cole-haan-to-nike-for-80-million.html) . The New York Times . April 26, 1988. ^ Jump up to: a b Austen, Ian (February 22, 2008). "Hockey Fan, and Investor, Buys Bauer From Nike" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/business/22nike.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-hurleyacquired_49-0) Connelly, Laylan (January 22, 2013). "Bob Hurley: Success built on everyone's inner surfer" (http://www.ocregister.com/articles/hurley-408856-company-surf.html) . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Partlow, Joshua (July 2003). "Nike Drafts An All Star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060107/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9001-2003Jul17?language=printer) . The Washington Post . Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9001-2003Jul17?language=printer) on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved June 2, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike unloads Starter for $60M" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2007/11/12/daily22.html) . Portland Business Journal . November 15, 2007 . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-umbroacqanddivest_52-0) Townsend, Matt (October 24, 2012). "Iconix Brand Buys Nike's Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121025132518/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-24/iconix-brand-buys-nike-s-umbro-soccer-unit-for-225-million) . BloombergBusinessweek . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-24/iconix-brand-buys-nike-s-umbro-soccer-unit-for-225-million) on October 25, 2012 . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-chaan_53-0) Dezember, Ryan (October 24, 2012). "After Umbro, Nike Turns to Cole Haan Sale" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203897404578076360671279662) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-umbrodivestment_54-0) Stevens, Suzanne (December 3, 2012). "Nike completes Umbro sale to Iconix" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2012/12/nike-completes-umbro-sale-to-iconix.html) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-colehaandivestment_55-0) "Nike completes Cole Haan sale" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2013/02/nike-completes-cole-haan-sale.html) . Portland Business Journal . February 4, 2013 . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Nike's purchase of analytics firm Zodiac highlights focus on customer lifetime value" (https://www.zdnet.com/article/nikes-purchase-of-analytics-firm-zodiac-highlights-focus-on-customer-lifetime-value/) . ZDNet . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Thomas, Lauren (August 6, 2019). "Nike acquires A.I. platform Celect, hoping to better predict shopping behavior" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/nike-acquires-ai-platform-celect-hoping-to-predict-shopping-behavior.html) . CNBC . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Lawler, Richard (December 13, 2021). "Nike just bought a virtual shoe company that makes NFTs and sneakers 'for the metaverse' (https://www.theverge.com/22833369/nike-rtfkt-nft-sneaker-shoe-metaverse-company) " (https://www.theverge.com/22833369/nike-rtfkt-nft-sneaker-shoe-metaverse-company) . The Verge . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Kish, Matthew (February 8, 2021). "Nike acquires Datalogue as part of continued digital shift" (https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2021/02/08/nike-acquires-datalogue.html) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved February 8, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike, Inc.: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile \| US6541061031 \| MarketScreener" (https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/NIKE-INC-13739/company/) . www.marketscreener.com . Retrieved March 9, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Barron's_61-0) Goldwyn Blumenthal, Robin. "Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant" (http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016) . Barron's . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Nike profit rises, futures orders up 13 percent" (https://www.reuters.com/article/nike-results-idUSL2N0JX2BG20131219) . Reuters . December 19, 2013 . Retrieved July 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Nike Fiscal 2nd-Quarter Profit Jumps 40 Percent" (https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/nike-fiscal-2nd-quarter-profit-40-percent-21280853) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . December 19, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-64) Scholer, Kristen (November 20, 2015). "What Nike's Two-For-One Stock Split Means for the Dow" (https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/11/20/what-nikes-two-for-one-stock-split-means-for-the-dow/) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Nike surges after beating on earnings and announcing $15 billion in buybacks (NKE) \| Markets Insider" (https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/nike-earnings-q4-2018-2018-6-1027328545) . markets.businessinsider.com . Retrieved September 27, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "NIKE Revenue 2006–2018 \| NKE" (https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/NKE/nike/revenue) . www.macrotrends.net . Retrieved October 30, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Thomas, Lauren (March 24, 2020). "Nike sales beat analysts' estimates, but earnings fall, hurt by coronavirus pandemic" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/24/nike-nke-reports-q3-fiscal-2020-earnings.html) . CNBC . Retrieved April 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Harper, Justin (March 25, 2020). "Nike turns to digital sales during China shutdown" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52029744) . BBC News . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035656/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/09/02/stories/2006090203260500.htm) . The Hindu Business Line. September 2, 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/09/02/stories/2006090203260500.htm) on August 11, 2011 . Retrieved June 2, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro" (http://www.soccerpro.com/Nike-Air-Zoom-Control-II-FS-Indoor-Soccer-Shoes-c439/) . Soccerpro.com . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) T. Scott Saponas; Jonathan Lester; Carl Hartung; Tadayoshi Kohno. "Devices That Tell On You: The Nike+iPod Sport Kit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120907051813/http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/systems/nikeipod/tracker-paper.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/systems/nikeipod/tracker-paper.pdf) (PDF) on September 7, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-74) Tom Espiner (December 13, 2006). "Nike+iPod raises RFID privacy concerns" (https://archive.today/20120904043220/http://www.news.com/NikeiPod-raises-RFID-privacy-concerns/2100-1029_3-6143606.html?part=dl&tag=feed_2574&subj=6143606&tag=news) . CNet. Archived from the original (http://www.news.com/NikeiPod-raises-RFID-privacy-concerns/2100-1029_3-6143606.html?part=dl&tag=feed_2574&subj=6143606&tag=news) on September 4, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-75) "SPARQ – Nike Performance Summitt" (http://spectrumsp.com/2013/06/sparq-nike-performance-summitt/) . SPECTRUM, Inc . June 4, 2013 . Retrieved April 13, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Latest materials improve sportswear performance" (http://www.icis.com/Articles/2008/08/04/9144388/latest-materials-improve-sportswear-performance.html) . ICIS Chemical Business . Retrieved October 14, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Newest Nike Zoom Running Shoes \| SneakerNews.com" (https://sneakernews.com/2015/06/08/nike-is-celebrating-the-20th-anniversary-of-nike-zoom-with-incredible-running-shoes/) . June 8, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-78) Verry, Peter (March 2, 2016). "Nike Air Zoom Vomero 11 Drops Tomorrow" (https://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic-outdoor/nike-air-zoom-vomero-11-sneakers-release-199000/) . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Dan Hajducky," Nike, Puma to stop using kangaroo leather in soccer boots, all products (https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-fifa/story/4900211/nikepuma-to-stop-using-kangaroo-leather-in-soccer-boots) ," ESPN, 13 March 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Factbox: Nike's Vaporfly running shoes and tumbling records" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-shoe-factbox-idUSKBN1ZN0NH) . Reuters . January 24, 2020 . Retrieved March 10, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bachman, Rachel; Safdar, Khadeeja (January 31, 2020). "Nike Vaporfly Shoes Won't Be Banned From Olympics" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/nikes-controversial-vaporfly-shoe-cleared-for-use-at-tokyo-olympics-11580484025) . WSJ . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Nike Vaporfly. Featuring the new Vaporfly NEXT%" (https://www.nike.com/running/vaporfly) . Nike.com . Retrieved March 11, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) McKee, Alan (April 15, 2008). Beautiful things in popular culture . Wiley. p. 106. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781405178556 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) Goldman, Peter; Papson, Stephen (1998). Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh . SAGE. pp. 88, 102. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761961499 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) Carbasho, Tracy (2010). Nike . ABC-CLIO. p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781598843439 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Nike's High-Stepping Air Force" (https://books.google.com/books?id=AuQDAAAAMBAJ&q=nike+air+max&pg=PA33) . Popular Mechanics (/wiki/Popular_Mechanics) . Hearst Magazines. August 1987. p. 33 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Media, Working Mother (August 1987). "Nike advert" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWEEAAAAMBAJ&q=nike+air+max&pg=PA76-IA3) . Working Mother . p. 76 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) "Five Easy Steps to Re-Selling Your Sneakers on the Internet" (https://www.gq.com/story/five-steps-to-reselling-sneakers-online) . GQ . September 29, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-89) "New Nike Air Max Plus Colorways Are on the Way" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/nike-air-max-plus-black-blue-orange/) . Highsnobiety . November 2, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-90) "Sneaker Watch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190107084908/http://www.sneakerwatch.com/article/021308/crazy-quickstrikes-20-most-limited-air-jordan-releases) . Archived from the original (http://www.sneakerwatch.com/article/021308/crazy-quickstrikes-20-most-limited-air-jordan-releases) on January 7, 2019 . Retrieved April 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Peterson, Hayley. "Here's How Teens Really Spend Money, What They Like, And Where They Shop" (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-teens-are-spending-money-2014-2014-10) . Business Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Haig, Matt (July 12, 2005). Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time . Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780749444334 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-93) McWilliams, Tracy (March 1, 2012). Dress to Express: Seven Secrets to Overcoming Closet Trauma and Revealing Your Inner Beauty . New World Library. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781608681495 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-94) "26 signs you're the absolute queen of basic bitches" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150124204652/http://hannahgale.co.uk/2015/01/22/26-signs-youre-the-absolute-queen-of-basic-bitches/) . hannahgale.co.uk. January 22, 2015. Archived from the original (http://hannahgale.co.uk/2015/01/22/26-signs-youre-the-absolute-queen-of-basic-bitches/) on January 24, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-95) "7 Basic Fall Looks to Embrace Your Inner #Basic" (https://www.vogue.com/article/back-to-basics-fall-fashion-guide) . Vogue . September 19, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-96) "Nike could be J. Crew's toughest rival" (https://www.moneytimes.com/articles/4885/20150907/nike-j-crews-toughest-rival.htm) . Money Times . September 7, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-97) "A comprehensive manual on becoming an EX4 basic betch" (https://thetab.com/uk/exeter/2015/10/21/basic-exetah-bitch-28095) . University of Exeter . October 21, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-98) Adelson, Karen Iorio (September 20, 2017). "The On-Sale Running Shorts You Should Buy in Bulk" (https://www.racked.com/2017/9/20/16337836/nike-tempo-running-shorts) . Racked . Retrieved August 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "Nike Tempo trend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413203412/http://www.smudailymustang.com/?p=4769) . Archived from the original (http://www.smudailymustang.com/?p=4769) on April 13, 2016 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) "10 Best Women's Running Shorts For Your New Year Fitness Regime" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/vogue-shops/gallery/running-shorts-women) . British Vogue . October 15, 2020 . Retrieved August 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Running for beginners . Imagine. 2013. p. 240. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781908955111 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Fielders, Suzy (March 30, 2016). "The Young & the Stylish" (https://journalnow.com/winstonsalemmonthly/the-young-the-stylish/article_794a11a6-f68d-11e5-bf5b-ef0644e800d3.html) . Winston-Salem Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-103) "Introducing the Nike Elite" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210227091247/https://thesource.com/2016/03/07/introducing-the-nike-elite-versatility-sock/) . Archived from the original (http://thesource.com/2016/03/07/introducing-the-nike-elite-versatility-sock/) on February 27, 2021 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Colorful socks no longer a fad" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175234/https://blogs.marketwatch.com/behindthestorefront/2014/05/02/style-conscious-men-prove-colorful-socks-no-longer-a-fad/) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.marketwatch.com/behindthestorefront/2014/05/02/style-conscious-men-prove-colorful-socks-no-longer-a-fad/) on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) "Dr Jays" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160416011833/http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2015/04/28/do-you-like-the-new-socks-stance-is-creating-for-the-nba/) . Archived from the original (http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2015/04/28/do-you-like-the-new-socks-stance-is-creating-for-the-nba/) on April 16, 2016 . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) "These Aaliyah, Nino Brown, and Eazy-E Nike Elite Socks Can't Be Real Life" (https://www.complex.com/style/2013/10/aaliyah-nino-brown-freddy-krueger-nike-elite-socks) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "Nike Elite Is Releasing Socks Using Its Digital Ink Printing Process in Limited Quantities" (https://www.complex.com/style/2014/06/nike-elite-digital-ink-sock-printing-process) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-108) "The 2015 Nike Mag" (http://news.nike.com/news/nike-mag-2015) . NIKE, Inc . Retrieved October 23, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Rooney, Kyle (October 21, 2016). "The Michael J. Fox Foundation does raffle with Nike to raise awareness for Parkinson's disease" (http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/nike-mag-raffle-reportedly-raised-s675-million-for-parkinsons-research-news.24878.html?) . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved October 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-110) "NikeLab" (http://www.nike.com/ie/en_gb/c/nikelab?ref=https://www.google.ie/) . www.nike.com . Retrieved November 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) Clarke, Khari (June 12, 2014). "Nike Will Launch "NikeLab" Stores Worldwide Tomorrow - The Source" (https://thesource.com/2014/06/12/nike-will-launch-nikelab-stores-worldwide-tomorrow/,%20https://thesource.com/2014/06/12/nike-will-launch-nikelab-stores-worldwide-tomorrow/) . Retrieved August 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) "Nike Is FINALLY Launching a Plus-Size Collection" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/nike-launches-plus-size-womens-collection) . Teen Vogue . March 2, 2017 . Retrieved August 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Lekach, Sasha (March 2017). "Nike finally releases plus-size clothing line for women" (http://mashable.com/2017/03/01/nike-plus-size-clothing-line/) . Mashable . Retrieved March 3, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) Bracetti, Alex. "Converse Unveils All-Star Modern Sneakers" (https://www.askmen.com/news/fashion/converse-unveils-all-star-modern-sneakers.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Nike's $100,000 USD "Moon Shoe" Is a Piece of Sneaker History" (https://hypebeast.com/2021/3/nike-moon-shoe-bill-bowerman-waffle-running-original-swoosh-sothebys-100000-usd) . Hypebeast . March 16, 2021 . Retrieved August 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) "Nike shoes race to $437,500 world record auction price for sneakers" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-auction-sneakers-idUSKCN1UI2KM) . Reuters . July 24, 2019 . Retrieved October 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Williams, Alex (May 26, 2022). "Nike Sold an NFT Sneaker for $134,000" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/style/nike-nft-sneaker.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Daniel Van Boom (April 28, 2022). "These Nike NFT 'Cryptokicks' Sneakers Sold For $130K" (https://www.cnet.com/personal-finance/crypto/these-nike-nft-cryptokicks-sneakers-sold-for-130k/) . CNET . Retrieved January 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) "Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation \| The Oregonian Extra" (http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2006/06/appellate_court_rejects_beaver.html) . Blog.oregonlive.com. June 16, 2006 . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Siemers, Erik (January 20, 2016). "A first look at Nike's $380M-plus HQ expansion (Renderings)" (https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2016/01/nike-releases-first-images-of-expanded-washington.html) . American City Business Journals (/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals) . ^ (#cite_ref-121) "NIKE, Inc. Insider Trading & Ownership Structure" (https://simplywall.st/stocks/us/consumer-durables/nyse-nke/nike/ownership) . Simply Wall St . Retrieved March 9, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) "Corporate Responsibility" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090302/http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/investors/reporting_sec/ar_99/corporate.html) . www.nike.com . Archived from the original (http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/investors/reporting_sec/ar_99/corporate.html) on September 29, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-123) "India's 50 most trusted brands" (http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-50-most-trusted-brands/20110120.htm) . rediff.com . January 20, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-124) "List of factories" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070620125833/http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/gc/mp/pdf/disclosure_list_2005-06.pdf) (PDF) . www.nike.com . Archived from the original (http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/gc/mp/pdf/disclosure_list_2005-06.pdf) (PDF) on June 20, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-125) "Nike is facing a new wave of anti-sweatshop protests" (https://www.business-humanrights.org/ru/свежие-новости/nike-is-facing-a-new-wave-of-anti-sweatshop-protests/) . Ресурсный центр по вопросам бизнеса и прав человека [Business & Human Rights Resource Centre] . August 1, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220712204736/https://www.business-humanrights.org/ru/свежие-новости/nike-is-facing-a-new-wave-of-anti-sweatshop-protests/) from the original on July 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 12, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) "Nike is facing a new wave of anti-sweatshop protests" (https://mr-mag.com/nike-facing-new-wave-anti-sweatshop-protests/) . MR Magazine . August 2, 2017 . Retrieved July 12, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) "Boycott of Shoe Company Is Burning Issue at Protest" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-22-me-6131-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . December 22, 1990. ^ (#cite_ref-128) "Nike Labor Practices in Vietnam" (https://web.archive.org/web/20010418214242/http://www.saigon.com/nike/reports/report1.html) . www.saigon.com . Archived from the original (https://www.saigon.com/nike/reports/report1.html) on April 18, 2001. ^ (#cite_ref-129) Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) , "Nike still dogged by worker abuses", Japan Times (/wiki/Japan_Times) , July 15, 2011, p. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-130) "MIT" (http://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/02-007.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved September 18, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) Sun Thyda, 12 (October 15, 2000). "Programmes \| Panorama \| Archive \| Gap and Nike: No Sweat? October 15, 2000" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/970385.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Beijing court rules in favor of Nike in animation lawsuit" (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2006/06/17/2003314101) . www.taipeitimes.com . June 17, 2006 . Retrieved November 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) More than ten thousand workers stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory (https://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/more-ten-thousand-workers-stage-strike-massive-dongguan-shoe-factory) , April 14, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-134) Yue Yuen shoe factory workers' strike at Dongguan plants continues (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1483287/yue-yuen-shoe-factory-workers-strike-dongguan-plants-continues) , April 17, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-135) Yue Yuen strikers vow to continue until benefit contribution deficit paid in full (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1486399/yue-yuen-strikers-vow-continue-until-benefit-contribution-deficit-paid) , South China Morning Post, April 18, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-136) " 'Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite (http://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-evasion-schemes-of-the-global-elite/a-41246087) ". Deutsche Welle (/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) . November 5, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-137) " So lief die SZ-Recherche (http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/paradise-papers-so-lief-die-sz-recherche-1.3736605) ". Süddeutsche Zeitung . November 5, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-138) "Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent" (https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/) . International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists) . November 5, 2017 . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Simon Bowers (November 6, 2017). "How NikeStays One Step Ahead of the Regulators: When One Tax Loophole Closes, Another Opens" (https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/explore-politicians-paradise-papers/) . ICIJ . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) Rogers, Martin. "Nike says Iran World Cup saga is 'misleading' (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/06/17/iran-nike-cleats-world-cup/708410002/) " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/06/17/iran-nike-cleats-world-cup/708410002/) . USA TODAY . Retrieved December 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) Einhorn, Bruce (September 4, 2018). "Nike Falls as Critics Fume on Social Media Over Kaepernick Deal" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-04/nike-decides-a-colin-kaepernick-deal-is-worth-the-backlash) . Bloomberg. ^ (#cite_ref-142) Daniels, Tim (September 3, 2018). "Colin Kaepernick Named Face of Nike's 30th Anniversary of 'Just Do It' Campaign" (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2793994-colin-kaepernick-named-face-of-nikes-30th-anniversary-of-just-do-it-campaign) . Bleacher Report. ^ (#cite_ref-143) "People Are Already Burning Their Nikes in Response to the Colin Kaepernick Ad" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a22969808/colin-kaepernick-nike-ad-burning-sneakers-response/) . Esquire . September 4, 2018 . Retrieved September 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) "People are destroying their Nike shoes and socks to protest Nike's Colin Kaepernick ad campaign" (http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/nike-advert-with-colin-kaepernick-has-people-burning-products-2018-9) . Business Insider France (in French) . Retrieved September 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Golding, Shenequa (September 6, 2018). "The National Black Police Association Is In Full Support Of Nike's Colin Kaepernick Ad" (https://www.vibe.com/2018/09/national-association-of-black-police-support-nike-colin-kaepernick/) . Vibe . Retrieved September 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-146) Cancian, Dan (September 6, 2018). "LeBron 'Stands with Nike' in Support of Colin Kaepernick's Campaign" (https://www.newsweek.com/lebron-stands-nike-support-colin-kaepernicks-campaign-1108699) . Newsweek . Retrieved September 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-147) "Serena Williams supports Nike's decision to endorse Colin Kaepernick" (https://globalnews.ca/video/4427989/serena-williams-supports-nikes-decision-to-endorse-colin-kaepernick) . Global News . Retrieved September 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-148) Wheeler, Wyatt D. (September 5, 2018). "College of the Ozarks drops Nike, will 'choose country over company' (https://www.news-leader.com/story/sports/2018/09/05/college-ozarks-drops-nike-choose-country-over-company/1206366002/) " (https://www.news-leader.com/story/sports/2018/09/05/college-ozarks-drops-nike-choose-country-over-company/1206366002/) . Springfield News-Leader (/wiki/Springfield_News-Leader) . Retrieved September 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-149) Novy-Williams, Eben (September 7, 2018). "Nike Orders Rose in Four-Day Period After Kaepernick Ad Debut" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-07/nike-orders-rose-in-four-day-period-after-kaepernick-ad-debut) . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved September 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) "Nike hit by conservative backlash over 'racist trainer' (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48848270) " (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48848270) . BBC . Retrieved July 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) "Nike pulls Fourth of July trainers after Colin Kaepernick 'raises concerns' (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-colin-kaepernick-air-max-1-fourth-of-july-flag-offensive-colonies-a8983701.html) " (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-colin-kaepernick-air-max-1-fourth-of-july-flag-offensive-colonies-a8983701.html) . The Independent . July 2, 2019. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-colin-kaepernick-air-max-1-fourth-of-july-flag-offensive-colonies-a8983701.html) from the original on June 21, 2022 . Retrieved July 2, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike 'pulls Betsy Ross flag trainer after Kaepernick complaint' (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48840608) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48840608) . BBC News. July 2, 2019 . Retrieved July 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) "Nike Pulls 'Betsy Ross Flag' Sneakers After Kaepernick Complaint" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-02/nike-pulls-betsy-ross-flag-shoes-at-kaepernick-s-urging-wsj) . July 2, 2019 . Retrieved July 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Goldberg, Jonah (July 15, 2019). "Nike fans the flames of the culture war" (https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-op-0715-goldberg-nike-20190715-mvaj6n7hznhdtcvvjlavyqoaiu-story.html) . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-155) Alper, Alexandra; Spetalnick, Matt (October 24, 2019). "Pence backs Hong Kong protests in China speech, slams NBA and Nike" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-pence/pence-backs-hong-kong-protests-in-china-speech-slams-nba-and-nike-idUSKBN1X323V) . Reuters . ^ Jump up to: a b c "World Athletics modifies rules governing competition shoes for elite athletes" (https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/modified-rules-shoes) . www.worldathletics.org . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ_157-0) The Race for Brands to Match Nike's Vaporfly , retrieved March 26, 2020 ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike Vaporfly Shoes Controversy" (https://www.npr.org/2020/02/23/808681604/nike-vaporfly-shoes-controversy) . NPR.org . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Kilgore, Adam. "Nike's Vaporfly shoes changed running, and the track and field world is still sifting through the fallout" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/02/09/nikes-vaporfly-shoes-changed-running-track-field-world-is-still-sifting-through-fallout/) . Washington Post . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-160) "Lil Nas X's unofficial 'Satan' Nikes containing human blood sell out in under a minute" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lil-nas-x-mschf-satan-nike-shoes/index.html) . CNN . March 29, 2021 . Retrieved April 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-161) Kiefer, Halle (April 1, 2021). "Nike Clarifies It Doesn't Endorse Lil Nas X's Satan Shoes, Now With Human Blood" (https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/nike-dont-endorse-satan-shoes-lil-nas-x-posts-fake-apology.html) . Vulture . Retrieved April 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-162) "Judge Orders Lil Nas X Satan Shoes off the Market for Now" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/judge-lil-nas-x-satan-shoes) . The Hollywood Reporter . April 1, 2021 . Retrieved April 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-163) Adegeest, Don-Alvin (December 6, 2021). "Nike, Patagonia named in European lawsuit as being complicit in 'forced labour' practices in Xinjiang, China" (https://fashionunited.com/news/fashion/nike-patagonia-named-in-european-lawsuit-as-being-complicit-in-forced-labour-practices-in-xinjiang-china/2021120644306) . FashionUnited . Retrieved December 9, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) Shakil, Ismail; Rajagopal, Divya; Rajagopal, Divya (July 11, 2023). "Canada probes Nike, Dynasty Gold over alleged use of forced labor in China" (https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-probes-nike-dynasty-gold-over-alleged-use-forced-labor-china-2023-07-11/) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved July 11, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-165) "Tailoring Responsibility: Tracing Apparel Supply Chains from the Uyghur Region to Europe" (https://www.shu.ac.uk/-/media/home/research/helena-kennedy-centre/projects/eu-apparel/eu-tailoring-responsibility-february-24.pdf) (PDF) . Uyghur Rights Monitor, the Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice at Sheffield Hallam University . p. 17. ^ (#cite_ref-166) Zabarenko, Deborah (June 19, 2007). "Canon tops list of climate-friendly companies" (https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSN1840883720070619?feedType=RSS) . Reuters . Retrieved September 18, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-167) "Nike" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110212032423/http://climatecounts.org/scorecompany.php?co=43) . ClimateCounts. Archived from the original (http://climatecounts.org/scorecompany.php?co=43) on February 12, 2011 . Retrieved September 18, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Wicked Local" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080725190907/http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/news/business/x883026486) . April 29, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/news/business/x883026486) on July 25, 2008 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-169) EcoBahn (July 21, 2020). "Nike Reuse-A-Shoe: Digital Upcycling Shift" (https://theecobahn.com/ideas/nike-reuse-a-shoe-digital-upcycling-shift/) . EcoBahn . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, Alexander; Hansson, Amanda. "Examining the Viability of Corporate Recycling Initiatives and Their Overall Environmental Impact: The Case of Nike Grind and the Reuse-A-Shoe Program" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333512603) . Retrieved November 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-171) Smoot, Grace (October 28, 2021). "What Is the Carbon Footprint of Diesel Fuel? A Life-Cycle Assessment" (https://impactful.ninja/the-carbon-footprint-of-diesel-fuel/) . Impactful Ninja . Retrieved November 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-172) [1] (http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003793129&imw=Y) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080505070832/http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003793129) May 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-173) Stanley Holmes (September 24, 2006). "Nike Goes For The Green" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130603225645/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/nike-goes-for-the-green) . Bloomberg Business Week Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/nike-goes-for-the-green) on June 3, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-174) J. Harnisch and W. Schwarz (February 4, 2003). "Final report on the costs and the impact on emissions of potential regulatory framework for reducing emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride" (https://www.oekorecherche.de/sites/default/files/publikationen/ecofys_oekorecherchestudy.pdf) (PDF) . Ecofys GmbH. ^ (#cite_ref-175) Todd, L. A.; Sitthichok, T. P.; Mottus, K.; Mihlan, G.; Wing, S. (2008). "Health Survey of Workers Exposed to Mixed Solvent and Ergonomic Hazards in Footwear and Equipment Factory Workers in Thailand" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannhyg%2Fmen003) . Annals of Occupational Hygiene . 52 (3): 195–205. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/annhyg/men003 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannhyg%2Fmen003) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18344534 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18344534) . ^ (#cite_ref-176) Todd, L. A.; Mottus, K.; Mihlan, G. J. (2008). "A Survey of Airborne and Skin Exposures to Chemicals in Footwear and Equipment Factories in Thailand". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene . 5 (3): 169–181. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/15459620701853342 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15459620701853342) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18213531 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18213531) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 13571160 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13571160) . ^ (#cite_ref-177) Watts, Jonathan (July 13, 2011). "Greenpeace report links western firms to Chinese river polluters" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/13/greenpeace-links-western-firms-to-chinese-polluters) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611105658/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/13/greenpeace-links-western-firms-to-chinese-polluters) from the original on June 11, 2021 . Retrieved August 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-178) Brettman, Allan (November 19, 2011). "Nike, Adidas, Puma agree with Greenpeace to clean water in worldwide production by 2020" (https://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/2011/11/nike_adidas_puma_agree_with_gr.html) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141412/https://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/2011/11/nike_adidas_puma_agree_with_gr.html) from the original on October 20, 2020 . Retrieved August 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-179) "THE DETOX CATWALK 2016" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200401155311/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/) . Greenpeace (/wiki/Greenpeace) . 2016. Archived from the original (http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/) on April 1, 2020 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-180) "Nike: A Poster Child for Climate Change?" (https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/nike-a-poster-child-for-climate-change/) . Technology and Operations Management . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2020Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210710051235/https://purpose-cms-preprod01.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/26225049/FY20_NIKE_Inc_Impact_Report2.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://purpose-cms-preprod01.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/26225049/FY20_NIKE_Inc_Impact_Report2.pdf) (PDF) on July 10, 2021. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-182) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2021Q1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211111134435/https://purpose.nike.com/carbon-energy) . Archived from the original (https://purpose.nike.com/carbon-energy) on November 11, 2021. Alternate URL (https://docs.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Climate%20Goal%5BClimate%20Goal,Total%20CO2e%20emissions%20%3CScope%201%20%2B%20Scope%202%3E%5D/2021Q1) ^ (#cite_ref-183) "Companies taking action" (https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action) . Science Based Targets . ^ (#cite_ref-184) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2015Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-185) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2016Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-186) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2017Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-187) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2018Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-188) "Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf) (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Alt URL (https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2019Q2/12) ^ (#cite_ref-189) "Lexis® – Sign In \| LexisNexis" (https://advance.lexis.com/document?crid=828231b7-97e3-4e5b-906b-43ad2c3ff444&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fnews%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A63G7-N861-DXFS-2227-00000-00&pdsourcegroupingtype=&pdcontentcomponentid=434944&pdmfid=1516831&pdisurlapi=true) . signin.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-190) "What the Tech? Microorganism-Harvested AirCarbon Will Make Your Next Pair of Nikes" (https://hypebeast.com/2021/9/newlight-technologies-aircarbon-negative-nike-sustainable-shoes-what-the-tech) . HYPEBEAST . September 17, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "FDRA \| Nike's Sustainability Report Shows Environmental Impact Reductions" (https://fdra.org/latest-news/nikes-sustainability-report-shows-environmental-impact-reductions/) . May 8, 2014 . Retrieved April 10, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Christopher (February 12, 2020). "Nike's Move to Zero Collection Leaves Little Fabric Waste Behind" (https://sourcingjournal.com/sustainability/sustainability-news/nike-grind-move-to-zero-pattern-efficiency-sustainable-recycled-cotton-194775/) . Sourcing Journal . ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 2353833050 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/2353833050) . ^ (#cite_ref-193) "Athletes: North America" (https://www.nike.com/my/athletes/north-america) . Nike.com . Retrieved December 12, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-194) Nudd, Tim (March 25, 2014). "W+K Finds Its First Ads Ever, for Nike, on Dusty Old Tapes" (http://www.adweek.com/creativity/wieden-kennedy-finds-its-first-ads-ever-made-nike-dusty-old-tapes-156511/) . Adweek . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "Nike's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year" (http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/4121690-1.html) . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-196) Fass, Allison (August 31, 2000). "The Media Business: Advertising – Addenda; Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/31/business/the-media-business-advertising-addenda-nike-spot-wins-an-emmy-award.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Rutenberg, Jim (September 20, 2002). "The Media Business: Advertising – Addenda; Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/business/the-media-business-advertising-addenda-nike-spot-wins-an-emmy-award.html) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b According to a July 28, 1987, article written by the Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . ^ (#cite_ref-199) Levine, Robert (July 4, 2005). "A Nike Poster Upsets Fans of the Punk Rock Band Minor Threat in a Major Way" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/04/business/media/a-nike-poster-upsets-fans-of-the-punk-rock-band-minor-threat.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-200) "Skateboarding" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101125082327/http://www.nike.com/nikeskateboarding/v2/letter/index.html) . Nike. Archived from the original (http://www.nike.com/nikeskateboarding/v2/letter/index.html) on November 25, 2010 . Retrieved September 18, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Brettman, Allan (June 22, 2011). "Nike courts controversy, publicity with drug-themed skater shirts" (http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2011/06/nike_courts_controversy_public.html) . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-202) "Nike Inc. (NYSE:NKE) Facing Slogan Backlash" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110627184405/http://www.stocksandshares.tv/nike-inc-nysenke-facing-slogan-backlash/3209121) . stocksandshares.tv. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.stocksandshares.tv/nike-inc-nysenke-facing-slogan-backlash/3209121) on June 27, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Nike Signs 8-Year Deal With NBA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220424030911/https://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/11/nike-signs-8-year-deal-with-nba/) . BallerStatus.com. June 11, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/11/nike-signs-8-year-deal-with-nba/) on April 24, 2022 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-204) Dator, James (June 26, 2017). "The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman" (https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2017/6/26/15872910/hornets-jumpman-jerseys-nba-nike-license) . SB Nation (/wiki/SB_Nation) . Retrieved July 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-205) "Jumpman logo will appear on NBA Statement Edition uniforms for 2020–21 season" (https://www.nba.com/news/nba-statement-edition-uniforms-jordan-brand-jumpman) . NBA.com . July 21, 2020 . Retrieved June 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-206) "Fire on the Track – The Steve Prefontaine Story – Part 1" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0WMzYGhCgw) . YouTube . Retrieved June 4, 2019 . [ dead YouTube link ] ^ (#cite_ref-207) Skidmore, Sarah. "23 years later, Air Jordans maintain mystique" (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004116738_airjordan10.html) , The Seattle Times (/wiki/The_Seattle_Times) , January 10, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-208) Bailey, Ryan. "The 10 Most 'Bling' Boots in Football" (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2282815-the-10-most-bling-boots-in-football) . Bleacher Report . Retrieved February 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-209) "A Shortish History of Online Video" (https://www.vidyard.com/blog/short-ish-history-online-video/) . Vidyard . Retrieved February 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-210) "Paterno's name off child care center" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024438/http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/president-of-nike-mark-parker-deicdes-to-change-name-of-joe-paterno-child-development-center-at-company-headquarters-071212) . FOX Sports . July 12, 2012. Archived from the original (http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/president-of-nike-mark-parker-deicdes-to-change-name-of-joe-paterno-child-development-center-at-company-headquarters-071212) on July 15, 2012 . Retrieved July 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) "Joe Paterno's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters" (http://www.nesn.com/2012/07/joe-paternos-name-removed-from-child-development-center-at-nike-headquarters.html) . NESN.com. July 12, 2012 . Retrieved July 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-212) "Jogadores de Futebol Patrocinados pela Nike" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130419025657/http://nikemedia.com.br/futebol/atletas/) . Nike Brasil. Archived from the original (http://nikemedia.com.br/futebol/atletas/) on April 19, 2013 . Retrieved February 15, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-213) Caioli, Luca (2012). Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend . Corinthian Books. p. 94. ^ (#cite_ref-214) Northcroft, Jonathan (October 4, 2009). "The Premier League's goal rush" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/article6860188.ece) . The Sunday Times . Retrieved December 2, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-215) "Nike offers further backing for Asian soccer" (http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/nike_offers_further_backing_for_asian_soccer) . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "Premier League: Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship" (http://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/9375980/premier-league-sportswear-giants-nike-to-end-manchester-united-sponsorship) . Sky Sports . London. August 7, 2014 . Retrieved August 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-217) Jackson, Jamie (July 14, 2014). "Manchester United sign record 10-year kit deal with Adidas worth £750m" (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jul/14/manchester-united-kit-deal-adidas) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 14, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) "LFC announces multi-year partnership with Nike as official kit supplier from 2020–21" (https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/announcements/381644-liverpool-fc-announces-multi-year-partnership-with-nike-as-official-kit-supplier-from-2020-21) (Press release). Liverpool: Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved January 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-219) "The History of Nike Tennis" (https://news.nike.com/news/the-history-of-nike-tennis) . Nike. August 20, 2015 . Retrieved August 19, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-220) "Tiger Woods and Nike end 27-year partnership" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67916788) . January 8, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-221) Handley, Lucy (April 6, 2018). "Nike welcomes Tiger Woods back to the Masters with ad featuring his greatest hits" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/06/nike-welcomes-tiger-woods-back-to-the-masters-with-ad-featuring-his-greatest-hits.html) . www.cnbc.com . Retrieved February 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_222-0) Tom Fordyce (January 14, 2013). "Rory McIlroy, Nike and the $250m, 10-year sponsorship deal" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/21018786) . BBC . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) "Team India's new NIKE ODI kit" (http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/30804/team-india-gets-new-nike-odi-kit/) . Cricbuzz.com. October 2010 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-224) "Indian Cricket team's NIKE ODI kit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021719/http://www.cricketliveguide.com/2010/09/29/new-nike-odi-team-kit-for-indian-cricket-team/) . Cricketliveguide.com. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.cricketliveguide.com/2010/09/29/new-nike-odi-team-kit-for-indian-cricket-team/) on October 5, 2013 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) Scott, Roxanna (February 21, 2013). "Oscar Pistorius dropped by Nike" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/02/21/oscar-pistorius-nike-suspends-contract/1935109/) . USA Today . Retrieved February 21, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) "Sources: NBA, Nike have near-$1B apparel deal" (http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/13053413) . ESPN.com . June 10, 2015 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-227) Fleetwood, Nicole R. (2015). On Racial Icons: Blackness and the Public Imagination (DGO - Digital original ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8135-6515-6 . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) j.ctt15sk7t3 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15sk7t3) . ^ (#cite_ref-228) "Nike Zoom Kobe 4 Protro 'White/Del Sol' POP Returns May 24 On SNKRS" (https://www.lakersnation.com/nike-zoom-kobe-4-protro-white-del-sol-pop-returns-may-24-on-snkrs/2019/05/23/) . Lakers Nation . May 23, 2019 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-229) "Vince Carter Nike Shox BB4 Raptors PE \| SneakerNews.com" (https://sneakernews.com/2019/03/07/vince-carter-nike-shox-bb4-raptors-pe/) . Sneaker News . March 7, 2019 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-230) "Nike Unleashes "Hot Lava" LeBron 16s" (https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/nike-lebron-james-16-hot-lava-release) . HYPEBEAST . May 20, 2019 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-231) "Kevin Durant unveils Nike KD 12" (https://www.si.com/nba/2019/03/15/kevin-durant-nike-kd12-signature-sneaker-first-look) . SI.com . March 15, 2019 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-232) "Giannis Antetokounmpo re-signs with Nike for a 'long-term partnership' (https://www.sbnation.com/2017/11/7/16618964/giannis-antetokounmpo-nike-sneaker-deal-nba/) " (https://www.sbnation.com/2017/11/7/16618964/giannis-antetokounmpo-nike-sneaker-deal-nba/) . November 7, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-233) "The story behind Paul George's signature sneaker" (https://www.si.com/nba/2018/11/15/paul-george-nike-basketball-signature-thunder-pacers) . SI.com . November 15, 2018 . Retrieved May 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-234) Vlahos, Nicholas (April 25, 2024). "Every WNBA Player Who's Had a Signature Sneaker" (https://www.soleretriever.com/news/articles/every-wnba-player-with-a-signature-sneaker#Sheryl-Swoopes---Nike-Air-Swoopes-(1995-2002)) . Sole Retriever (/w/index.php?title=Sole_Retriever&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-235) Vlahos, Nicholas (April 23, 2024). "Caitlin Clark Will Get a Signature Nike Sneaker" (https://www.soleretriever.com/news/articles/caitlin-clark-signature-nike-sneaker-eight-figure-endorsement-deal-april-2024) . Sole Retriever (/w/index.php?title=Sole_Retriever&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-236) "Nike stocks fall after basketball prodigy touted as the 'next LeBron James' blows out his sneaker" (https://finance.nine.com.au/2019/02/22/05/44/zion-williams-injury-nike-stocks-fall-after-basketball-prodigys-sneaker-explodes) . nine.come. au . Retrieved February 21, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Alger, Tyson. "Oregon Ducks add orange to their Nike uniform repertoire for Colorado game" (http://www.oregonlive.com/ducks/index.ssf/2016/09/oregon_ducks_add_orange_to_the.html) . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-238) Coaston, Jane (August 10, 2020). "The Big Ten and Pac-12 postponed the college football season. Here's how we got here" (https://www.vox.com/2020/8/10/21355857/college-football-coronavirus-explained) . Vox . Retrieved August 31, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Peter, Josh. "Behind Oregon's (Phil) Knight in shining armor" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/pac12/2014/12/29/oregon-nike-phil-knight-college-football-playoff/21013009/) . USA Today . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) Germano, Sara. "Nike Pledges $13.5 Million to Help Renovate University of Oregon Track Facilities" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/nike-pledges-13-5-million-to-help-renovate-university-of-oregon-track-facilities-1452022519) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) Bishop, Greg (August 2, 2013). "Oregon Embraces 'University of Nike' Image" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/sports/ncaafootball/oregon-football-complex-is-glittering-monument-to-ducks-ambitions.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-242) "(RED) Partners" (https://news.nike.com/news/nike-and-red%E2%84%A2-unite) . (RED) . (RED), a division of The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-243) "Nike becomes presenting sponsor of RBI Program" (https://www.mlb.com/news/nike-becomes-presenting-sponsor-of-rbi-program) . MLB.com (/wiki/MLB.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-244) "Nike Community Ambassadors \| Nike Global Community Impact" (https://communityimpact.nike.com/nca) . Nike Global Community Impact . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-245) "Top 10 brands most relevant to China's Gen-Z[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016top10/2016-09/07/content_26720784.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) Hall, Casey (August 19, 2016). "Apple, Nike and Adidas Win Over China's Generation Y and Z" (https://wwd.com/feature/apple-nike-and-adidas-win-over-chinas-generation-y-and-z-10510775/) . WWD . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Report: Nike, Adidas And Lululemon Top Millennials' Favorite Athletic Brands \| SGB Media Online" (https://sgbonline.com/report-nike-adidas-and-lululemon-top-millennials-favorite-athletic-brands/) . sgbonline.com . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Lockwood, Lisa (January 9, 2023). "Nike Most Popular Sportswear Brand in the U.S., Followed by Lululemon and Adidas, Per Rakuten Study" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/nike-popular-sports-brand-us-rakuten-1235463268/) . WWD . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) Kevin, Brown (July 28, 2023). "Shark Week's top advertisers—and more from iSpot, Kantar, Amazon, Nike: Datacenter Weekly" (https://adage.com/article/datacenter/shark-weeks-top-advertisers-and-more-ispot-kantar-amazon-nike-datacenter-weekly/2507236) . Ad Age . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-250) "Kantar launches the Brand Inclusion Index and finds Americans consider Nike, Amazon, and Disney as the Most Inclusive Brands" (https://www.kantar.com/north-america/company-news/kantar-launches-the-brand-inclusion-index) . www.kantar.com . Retrieved August 4, 2023 . Further reading Egan, Timothy (September 13, 1998). "The Swoon of the Swoosh" (https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/magazine/the-swoon-of-the-swoosh.html) . The New York Times . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nike, Inc. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nike,_Inc.) . Official website (https://www.nike.com/) Business data for Nike, Inc.: Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/NKE) SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=NKE) Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/NKE) v t e Nike, Inc. Subsidiaries Current Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) Former Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Cole Haan (/wiki/Cole_Haan) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Brands Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) Jumpman logo (/wiki/Jumpman_(logo)) Nike By You (/wiki/NikeID) Nike Grind (/wiki/Nike_Grind) Nike SB (/wiki/Nike_Skateboarding) Nike Vision (/wiki/Nike_Vision) SPARQ (/wiki/SPARQ_Training) Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) Collaborations The Ten (/wiki/Nike_and_Off-White:_%27The_Ten%27) Products Sneakers Air Force (/wiki/Nike_Air_Force) Air Max (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max) Air Ship (/wiki/Nike_Air_Ship) Air Yeezy (/wiki/Nike_Air_Yeezy) Blazer (/wiki/Nike_Blazer) Cortez (/wiki/Nike_Cortez) Deubré (/wiki/Deubr%C3%A9) Dunk (/wiki/Nike_Dunk) Flywire (/wiki/Nike_Flywire) Free (/wiki/Nike_Free) Killshot (/w/index.php?title=Nike_Killshot&action=edit&redlink=1) Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) Shox (/wiki/Nike_Shox) Space Hippie (/wiki/Space_Hippie) Terminator (/wiki/Nike_Terminator) Football boots Tiempo (/wiki/Nike_Tiempo) Total 90 (/wiki/Nike_Total_90) Footballs Ordem (/wiki/Nike_Ordem) Cachaña (/wiki/Nike_Cacha%C3%B1a) Other products Nike+ (/wiki/Nike%2B) NikeFuel (/wiki/NikeFuel) FuelBand (/wiki/Nike%2B_FuelBand) People Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) Jill Ker Conway (/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway) Tim Cook (/wiki/Tim_Cook) Carolyn Davidson (/wiki/Carolyn_Davidson_(graphic_designer)) Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) Phil Knight (/wiki/Phil_Knight) Travis Knight (/wiki/Travis_Knight) Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) Orin C. Smith (/wiki/Orin_C._Smith) Phyllis Wise (/wiki/Phyllis_Wise) Advertisement Bo Knows (/wiki/Bo_Knows) Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley (/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Charles_Barkley) Just Do It (/wiki/Just_Do_It) Pretty (/wiki/Pretty_(advertisement)) Risk Everything (/wiki/Risk_Everything) Secret Tournament (/wiki/Secret_Tournament) Second Generation (/wiki/Second_Generation_(advertisement)) Tag (/wiki/Tag_(advertisement)) Women's advertising (/wiki/Nike_Women%27s_Advertising) Write the Future (/wiki/Write_the_Future) The Black Mamba (/wiki/The_Black_Mamba_(film)) Original Run series 45:33 (/wiki/45:33) All Day (/wiki/All_Day:_Nike%2B_Original_Run) Are You In? (/wiki/Are_You_In%3F:_Nike%2B_Original_Run) Drive (/wiki/Drive:_Nike_%2B_Original_Run) Running Man (/wiki/Running_Man:_Nike%2B_Original_Run) Black, White and Run (/wiki/Black,_White_and_Run:_Nike%2B_Original_Run) Sponsorships Academy (/wiki/Nike_Academy) Breaking2 (/wiki/Breaking2) Bowerman Track Club (/wiki/Bowerman_Track_Club) Cross Nationals (/wiki/Nike_Cross_Nationals) Elite Youth Basketball League (/wiki/Nike_Elite_Youth_Basketball_League) Global Challenge (/wiki/Nike_Global_Challenge) Hoop Summit (/wiki/Nike_Hoop_Summit) Joga3 (/wiki/Nike_JOGA3) Korn Ferry Tour (/wiki/Korn_Ferry_Tour) Oregon Project (/wiki/Nike_Oregon_Project) Oregon Track Club (/wiki/Oregon_Track_Club) Summer League (/wiki/Nike_Summer_League) Related topics Paradise Papers (/wiki/Paradise_Papers) Shoe Dog (/wiki/Shoe_Dog) Sport Research Lab (/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab) Sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) Timeline (/wiki/Nike_timeline) Vaporfly and 2020 Olympics controversy (/wiki/Nike_Vaporfly_and_Tokyo_2020_Olympics_controversy) World Headquarters (/wiki/Nike_World_Headquarters) Air (/wiki/Air_(2023_American_film)) Category (/wiki/Category:Nike,_Inc.) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nike,_Inc.) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) v t e Athletic shoe (/wiki/Sneakers) brands Companies and brands Footwear-only Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Feiyue (/wiki/Feiyue) Gola (/wiki/Gola_(manufacturer)) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Keds (/wiki/Keds) Pro-Keds (/wiki/Pro-Keds) Spira (/wiki/Spira_(footwear_company)) Vibram (/wiki/Vibram) Xero Shoes (/wiki/Xero_Shoes) 361 Degrees (/wiki/361_Degrees) Footwear and apparel Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Airwalk (/wiki/Airwalk) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(sports_manufacturer)) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) Avia (/wiki/Avia_(shoes)) Bata (/wiki/Bata_Corporation) British Knights (/wiki/British_Knights) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Cariuma (/wiki/Cariuma) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) DC Shoes (/wiki/DC_Shoes) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) DVS (/wiki/DVS_Shoes) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Erke (/wiki/ERKE) Etnies (/wiki/Etnies) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Frasers (/wiki/Frasers_Group) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grays International (/wiki/Grays_International) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) Invicta (/wiki/Invicta_(company)) Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) KangaRoos (/wiki/KangaRoos) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) K-Swiss (/wiki/K-Swiss) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Muddyfox (/wiki/Muddyfox) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike, Inc. North Face (/wiki/The_North_Face) On (/wiki/On_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Panam (/wiki/Panam_(brand)) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Pentland (/wiki/Pentland_Group) PF Flyers (/wiki/PF_Flyers) Pony (/wiki/Pony_International) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Pro-Specs (/wiki/Pro-Specs) Onitsuka Tiger (/wiki/Onitsuka_Tiger) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Rainha (/wiki/Rainha) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skechers (/wiki/Skechers) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sole (/wiki/Sole_Technology) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Sperry (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Supra (/wiki/Supra_(footwear_brand)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(sports)) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Vans (/wiki/Vans) Veja (/wiki/Veja_(brand)) VF (/wiki/VF_Corporation) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) Wolverine (/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) Zoo York (/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)) Types Biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Cross country (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Minimalist (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Skate (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average) 3M (/wiki/3M) Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) American Express (/wiki/American_Express) Amgen (/wiki/Amgen) Apple (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) Boeing (/wiki/Boeing) Caterpillar (/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.) Chevron (/wiki/Chevron_Corporation) Cisco (/wiki/Cisco) Coca-Cola (/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company) Disney (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) Dow (/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company) Goldman Sachs (/wiki/Goldman_Sachs) Home Depot (/wiki/Home_Depot) Honeywell (/wiki/Honeywell) IBM (/wiki/IBM) Intel (/wiki/Intel) Johnson & Johnson (/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson) JPMorgan Chase (/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase) McDonald's (/wiki/McDonald%27s) Merck (/wiki/Merck_%26_Co.) Microsoft (/wiki/Microsoft) Nike Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) Salesforce (/wiki/Salesforce) Travelers (/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies) UnitedHealth (/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group) Verizon (/wiki/Verizon) Visa (/wiki/Visa_Inc.) Walmart (/wiki/Walmart) v t e Oregon-based companies (/wiki/Oregon) NYSE listed (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) Dutch Bros. Coffee (/wiki/Dutch_Bros._Coffee) Greenbrier Companies (/wiki/The_Greenbrier_Companies) Lithia Motors (/wiki/Lithia_Motors) Nike, Inc. NW Natural (/wiki/NW_Natural) Portland General Electric (/wiki/Portland_General_Electric) Nasdaq listed (/wiki/Nasdaq) Columbia Sportswear (/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear) FLIR (/wiki/FLIR_Systems) Lattice (/wiki/Lattice_Semiconductor) Schnitzer Steel (/wiki/Schnitzer_Steel) Umpqua Holdings (/wiki/Umpqua_Holdings_Corporation) Willamette Valley Vineyards (/wiki/Willamette_Valley_Vineyards) Private companies A-dec (/wiki/A-dec) Bob's Red Mill (/wiki/Bob%27s_Red_Mill) Consumer Cellular (/wiki/Consumer_Cellular) Erickson Inc. (/wiki/Erickson_Inc.) ESCO (/wiki/ESCO_Corporation) FEI (/wiki/FEI_Company) Franz Bakery (/wiki/United_States_Bakery) Hoffman Construction (/wiki/Hoffman_Construction_Company) InFocus (/wiki/InFocus) KinderCare Learning Centers (/wiki/KinderCare_Learning_Centers) Laika, LLC (/wiki/Laika,_LLC) Leatherman (/wiki/Leatherman) Leupold & Stevens (/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens) The Old Spaghetti Factory (/wiki/The_Old_Spaghetti_Factory) Parr Lumber (/wiki/Parr_Lumber) Plaid Pantry (/wiki/Plaid_Pantry) Radisys (/wiki/Radisys) Rentrak (/wiki/Rentrak) Reser's Fine Foods (/wiki/Reser%27s_Fine_Foods) Roseburg Forest Products (/wiki/Roseburg_Forest_Products) Shari's Cafe & Pies (/wiki/Shari%27s_Cafe_%26_Pies) Vigor Industrial (/wiki/Vigor_Industrial) Other Bi-Mart (/wiki/Bi-Mart) Tillamook Creamery (/wiki/Tillamook_County_Creamery_Association) Western Family Foods (/wiki/Western_Family_Foods) List of companies based in Oregon (/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Oregon) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000109431366) 2 (https://isni.org/isni/0000000107399630) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/126866388) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13514183d) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13514183d) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/5280196-2) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441780305171) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650562) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0209550&CON_LNG=ENG) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/43526) Other MusicBrainz label (https://musicbrainz.org/label/9667b278-27cf-4e1f-907c-40176d15ef8f) IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/159732743) WikiMiniAtlas 45°30′33″N 122°49′48″W / 45.5093°N 122.8299°W / 45.5093; -122.8299 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐2tllr Cached time: 20240721233733 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.357 seconds Real time usage: 2.757 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14049/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 567488/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10706/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 34/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 965054/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.479/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13203779/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 300 ms 19.0% ? 220 ms 13.9% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 200 ms 12.7% type 120 ms 7.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 100 ms 6.3% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 80 ms 5.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 60 ms 3.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 60 ms 3.8% gsub 60 ms 3.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData 40 ms 2.5% [others] 340 ms 21.5% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2311.392 1 -total 56.47% 1305.247 3 Template:Reflist 32.35% 747.645 155 Template:Cite_web 11.82% 273.227 63 Template:Cite_news 9.21% 212.933 1 Template:Infobox_company 8.74% 201.904 1 Template:Infobox 3.87% 89.395 1 Template:Short_description 3.50% 80.815 10 Template:Navbox 3.44% 79.415 1 Template:Clothing_and_the_environment 3.00% 69.234 15 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18998781-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721233733 and revision id 1235928930. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nike,_Inc.&oldid=1235928930 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nike,_Inc.&oldid=1235928930) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Category:Nike,_Inc.) 1964 establishments in Oregon (/wiki/Category:1964_establishments_in_Oregon) 1970s fashion (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) 2020s fashion (/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion) Athletic shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Athletic_shoe_brands) American companies established in 1964 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1964) Clothing companies established in 1964 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1964) Companies based in Beaverton, Oregon (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Beaverton,_Oregon) Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average) Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange) Multinational companies headquartered in the United States (/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_the_United_States) Nike brands (/wiki/Category:Nike_brands) Retail companies established in 1964 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1964) Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_the_United_States) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Watch manufacturing companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_the_United_States) 1980s initial public offerings (/wiki/Category:1980s_initial_public_offerings) Hidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments) Pages using the Phonos extension (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension) Pages including recorded pronunciations (/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All articles with dead YouTube links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_YouTube_links) Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_YouTube_links_from_February_2022) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism) Use mdy dates from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2021) Use American English from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2024) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with NDL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with MoMA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MoMA_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz label identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_label_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata)
This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Underwear) on 22 June 2024 . Clothes worn under other clothes For other uses, see Underwear (disambiguation) (/wiki/Underwear_(disambiguation)) . "Intimate apparel" redirects here. For the play, see Intimate Apparel (play) (/wiki/Intimate_Apparel_(play)) . Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) and boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Panties (/wiki/Panties) or knickers Underwear , underclothing , or undergarments are items of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn beneath outer clothes, usually in direct contact with the skin, although they may comprise more than a single layer. They serve to keep outer clothing from being soiled or damaged by bodily excretions (/wiki/Human_waste) , to lessen the friction (/wiki/Friction) of outerwear (/wiki/Outerwear) against the skin, to shape the body, and to provide concealment or support for parts of it. In cold weather, long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) is sometimes worn to provide additional warmth. Special types of undergarments have religious significance. Some items of clothing are designed as undergarments, while others, such as T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) and certain types of shorts, are appropriate both as underwear and outerwear. If made of suitable material or textile (/wiki/Textile) , some underwear can serve as nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) or swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) , and some undergarments are intended for sexual attraction (/wiki/Sexual_attraction) or visual appeal. Undergarments are generally of two types, those that are worn to cover the torso and those that are worn to cover the waist and legs, although there are also underclothes which cover both. Different styles of underwear are generally worn by females and males. Undergarments commonly worn by females today include bras (/wiki/Bra) and panties (/wiki/Panties) ( knickers (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/knickers) in British English (/wiki/British_English) ), while males often wear classic briefs (/wiki/Briefs) , boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) , or boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) . Items worn by both sexes include T-shirts, sleeveless shirts (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (also called singlets, tank tops, A-shirts, or vests), bikini underpants (/wiki/Bikini_(underwear)) , thongs (/wiki/Thong) , G-strings (/wiki/G-string) and T-fronts (/wiki/T-front) . Terminology [ edit ] Undergarments are known by a number of terms. Underclothes (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underclothes) , underclothing and underwear (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwear) are formal terms, while undergarments may be more casually called, in Australia, Reg Grundys (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reg_Grundys) ( rhyming slang (/wiki/Rhyming_slang) for undies (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undies) ) and Reginalds , and, in the United Kingdom, smalls (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smalls) (from the earlier smallclothes ) and (historically) unmentionables . In the United States, women's underwear may be known as delicates due to the recommended washing machine cycle or because they are, simply put, delicate. [ citation needed ] Women's undergarments collectively are also called lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) . They also are called intimate clothing and intimates (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intimate) . An undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) ( vest (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vest) in the United Kingdom) is a piece of underwear covering the torso (/wiki/Torso) , while underpants (/wiki/Underpants) (often called pants (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pants) in the United Kingdom), drawers (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drawers) , and undershorts (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undershorts) cover the genitals (/wiki/Sex_organ) and often buttocks. Terms for specific undergarments are shown in the table below (#Types_and_styles) . Function [ edit ] Underwear is worn for a variety of reasons. They keep outer garments from being soiled by perspiration (/wiki/Perspiration) , urine (/wiki/Urine) , [1] (#cite_note-1) semen (/wiki/Semen) , pre-seminal fluid (/wiki/Pre-seminal_fluid) , feces (/wiki/Human_feces) , vaginal discharge (/wiki/Vaginal_discharge) , and menstrual blood (/wiki/Menstrual_blood) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Women's brassieres (/wiki/Brassiere) provide support for the breasts (/wiki/Breast) , and men's briefs (/wiki/Briefs) serve the same function for the male genitalia (/wiki/Male_reproductive_system_(human)) . A corset (/wiki/Corset) may be worn as a foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) to provide support for the breasts and torso, as well as to alter a woman's body shape (/wiki/Female_body_shape) . For additional support and protection when playing sports, men often wear more tightly fitting underwear, including jockstraps (/wiki/Jockstrap) and jockstraps with cup pocket and protective cup (/wiki/Jockstrap#Protective_cup) . Male dancers sometimes wear dance belts (/wiki/Dance_belt) for support and modesty while wearing tights. Women may wear sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) which provide greater support, thus increasing comfort and reducing the chance of damage to the ligaments (/wiki/Ligament) of the chest during high-impact exercises such as jogging. [ citation needed ] In cold climates, underwear may constitute an additional layer of clothing helping to keep the wearer warm. Underwear may also be used to preserve the wearer's modesty (/wiki/Modesty) – for instance, some women wear camisoles (/wiki/Camisole) and slips (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) ( petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) ) under clothes that are sheer (/wiki/Sheer_(textile)) . Conversely, some types of underwear can be worn for sexual titillation, such as edible underwear (/wiki/Edible_underwear) or crotchless panties. [ citation needed ] Undergarments are worn for insulation under space suits (/wiki/Space_suit) and dry suits (/wiki/Dry_suit) . In the case of dry suits, the insulation value of the undergarments is selected to match the expected water temperature and the level of activity for the planned dive or water activity. [3] (#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-3) Some items of clothing are designed exclusively as underwear, while others such as T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) and certain types of shorts are suitable both as underwear and as outer clothing. The suitability of underwear as outer clothing is, apart from the indoor or outdoor climate, largely dependent on societal norms, fashion, and the requirements of the law. If made of suitable material, some underwear can serve as nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) or swimsuits (/wiki/Swimsuit) . [ citation needed ] Religious functions [ edit ] Undergarments can also have religious significance: Judaism . To conform with societal dress codes, the tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) is often worn beneath the shirt. [ citation needed ] Mormonism . Following their endowment (/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)) in a temple (/wiki/Temple_(Mormonism)) , Mormons (/wiki/Mormonism) wear special temple garments (/wiki/Temple_garment) which help them to remember the teachings of the temple. [4] (#cite_note-4) Sikhism . One of the five articles of faith ( panj kakaar (/wiki/Five_Ks) ) worn by Sikh (/wiki/Sikhism) men and women is a certain style of underpants similar to boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) and known as the kacchera (/wiki/Kacchera) . [ citation needed ] Zoroastrianism . Zoroastrians wear an undershirt called a Sedreh (/wiki/Sedreh) that is fastened with a sacred girdle around the waist known as a Kushti (/wiki/Kushti) . [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] Ancient history [ edit ] A mosaic (/wiki/Mosaic) from the Piazza Armerina (/wiki/Piazza_Armerina) in Sicily showing a woman wearing a strophium (/wiki/Strophium) (breastcloth) and a subligaculum (/wiki/Subligaculum) Medieval braies (/wiki/Braies) A loincloth in 1412 Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry) The loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) is the simplest form of underwear; it was probably the first undergarment worn by human beings. In warmer climates, the loincloth was often the only clothing worn (effectively making it an outer garment rather than an undergarment), as was doubtless its origin, but in colder regions, the loincloth often formed the basis of a person's clothing and was covered by other garments. In most ancient civilizations, this was the only undergarment available. A loincloth may take three major forms. The first, and simplest, is simply a long strip of material that is passed between the legs and then around the waist. Archaeologists have found the remains of such loincloths made of leather dating back 7,000 years. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) The ancient Hawaiian malo was of this form, as are several styles of the Japanese fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) . Another form is usually called a cache-sexe (/wiki/Cache-sexe) : a triangle of cloth is provided with strings or loops, which are used to fasten the triangle between the legs and over the genitals. Egyptian (/wiki/Egypt) king Tutankhamun (/wiki/Tutankhamun) (1341 BC – 1323 BC) was found buried with numerous linen (/wiki/Linen) loincloths of this style. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) An alternate form is more skirt (/wiki/Skirt) -like: a cloth is wrapped around the hips several times and then fastened with a girdle (/wiki/Girdle) . Men are said to have worn loincloths in ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) and Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) , though it is unclear whether Greek women wore undergarments. There is some speculation that only slaves wore loincloths and that citizens did not wear undergarments beneath their chitons (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) . Mosaics (/wiki/Mosaic) of the Roman period indicate that women (primarily in an athletic context, whilst wearing nothing else) sometimes wore strophiae (breastcloths) or brassieres made of soft leather, along with subligacula (/wiki/Subligaculum) which were either in the form of shorts or loincloths. Subligacula were also worn by men. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) The fabric used for loincloths may have been wool (/wiki/Wool) , linen (/wiki/Linen) or a linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) blend. Only the upper classes could have afforded imported silk. The loincloth continues to be worn by people around the world – it is the traditional form of undergarment in many Asian societies, for example. In various, mainly tropical, cultures, the traditional male dress may still consist of only a single garment below the waist or even none at all, with underwear as optional, including the Indian dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) and lungi (/wiki/Lungi) , or the Scottish kilt (/wiki/Kilt) . Middle Ages and Renaissance [ edit ] In the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) , western men's underwear became looser fitting. The loincloth was replaced by loose, trouser (/wiki/Trousers) -like clothing called braies (/wiki/Braies) , which the wearer stepped into and then laced or tied around the waist and legs at about mid-calf. Wealthier men often wore chausses (/wiki/Chausses) as well, which only covered the legs. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Braies (or rather braccae (/wiki/Braccae) ) were a type of trouser worn by Celtic and Germanic tribes in antiquity and by Europeans subsequently into the Middle Ages. In the later Middle Ages they were used exclusively as undergarments. [ citation needed ] A 1532–1533 portrait by Titian (/wiki/Titian) of the Holy Roman Emperor (/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor) , Charles V (/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) , in a codpiece By the time of the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) , braies had become shorter to accommodate longer styles of chausses. Chausses were also giving way to form-fitting hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) , [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) which covered the legs and feet. Fifteenth-century hose were often particolored, with each leg in a different-colored fabric or even more than one color on a leg. However, many types of braies, chausses and hose were not intended to be covered up by other clothing, so they were not actually underwear in the strict sense. Braies were usually fitted with a front flap that was buttoned or tied closed. This codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) allowed men to urinate (/wiki/Urination) without having to remove the braies completely. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Codpieces were also worn with hose when very short doublets (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) – vest- (UK: waistcoat-) like garments tied together in the front and worn under other clothing – were in fashion, as early forms of hose were open at the crotch (/wiki/Crotch) . Henry VIII of England (/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England) began padding his codpiece, which caused a spiralling trend of larger and larger codpieces that only ended by the end of the 16th century. It has been speculated that the King may have had the sexually transmitted disease (/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease) syphilis (/wiki/Syphilis) , and his large codpiece may have included a bandage soaked in medication to relieve its symptoms. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Henry VIII also wanted a healthy son and may have thought that projecting himself in this way would portray fertility. Codpieces were sometimes used as a pocket for holding small items. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) A lady in her private boudoir (/wiki/Boudoir) ; wearing an informal embroidered jacket over her rose-pink corset (/wiki/Corset) or simple bodice (/wiki/Bodice) and decorated petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) , c. 1600 Over the upper part of their bodies, both medieval men and women usually wore a close-fitting shirt-like garment called a chemise (/wiki/Chemise) in France, or a smock or shift in England. The forerunner of the modern-day shirt, the chemise (/wiki/Chemise) was tucked into a man's braies, under his outer clothing. Women wore a chemise underneath their gowns (/wiki/Gown) or robes (/wiki/Robe) , sometimes with petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) over the chemise. Elaborately quilted (/wiki/Quilting) petticoats might be displayed by a cut-away dress, in which case they served as a skirt rather than an undergarment. During the 16th century, the farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) was popular. This was a petticoat stiffened with reed (/wiki/Phragmites) or willow (/wiki/Willow) rods so that it stood out from a woman's body like a cone extending from the waist. Corsets also began to be worn about this time. At first they were called pairs of bodies, which refers to a stiffened decorative bodice (/wiki/Bodice) worn on top of another bodice stiffened with buckram (/wiki/Buckram) , reeds, canes, whalebone (/wiki/Baleen) or other materials. These were not the small-waisted, curved corsets familiar from the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) , but straight-lined stays that flattened the bust. Men's braies and hose were eventually replaced by simple cotton, silk or linen (/wiki/Linen) drawers, which were usually knee-length trousers with a button flap in the front. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Medieval people wearing only tunics, without underpants, can be seen on works like The Ass in the School (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Ass_in_the_School_-_WGA03526.jpg) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder) , in the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg) by Limbourg Brothers (/wiki/Limbourg_Brothers) , or in the Grimani Breviary: The Month of February (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:15th-century_unknown_painters_-_Grimani_Breviary_-_The_Month_of_February_-_WGA15776.jpg) by Gerard Horenbout (/wiki/Gerard_Horenbout) . In 2012, findings in Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) , in Austria (/wiki/Austria) , showed that lace (/wiki/Lace) and linen (/wiki/Linen) brassiere-like garments, one of which greatly resembled the modern bra, date back to hundreds of years before it was thought to exist. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-uibk-7) Enlightenment and Industrial Age [ edit ] Tight Lacing, or Fashion Before Ease , an early-1770s satirical (/wiki/Satire) drawing by John Collet The invention of the spinning jenny (/wiki/Spinning_jenny) machines and the cotton gin (/wiki/Cotton_gin) in the second half of the 18th century made cotton fabrics widely available. This allowed factories to mass-produce (/wiki/Mass_production) underwear, and for the first time, large numbers of people began buying undergarments in stores rather than making them at home. Women's stays (/wiki/History_of_corsets#16th_and_17th_centuries) of the 18th century were laced behind and drew the shoulders back to form a high, round bosom and erect posture. Colored stays were popular. With the relaxed country styles of the end of the century, stays became shorter and were unboned (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) or only lightly boned, and were now called corsets. As tight waists became fashionable in the 1820s, the corset was again boned and laced to form the figure. By the 1860s, a tiny (" wasp (/wiki/Wasp_waist) ") waist came to be seen as a symbol of beauty, and the corsets were stiffened with whalebone or steel to accomplish this. While "tight lacing" of corsets was not a common practice except among a minority of women, which sometimes led to a woman needing to retire to the fainting room (/wiki/Fainting_room) , the primary use of a corset was to create a smooth line for the garments to effect the fashionable shape of the day, using the optical illusion created by the corset and garments together to achieve the look of a smaller waist. [8] (#cite_note-8) By the 1880s, the dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) movement was campaigning against the alleged pain and damage to internal organs and bones caused by tight lacing (/wiki/Tightlacing) . Inez Gaches-Sarraute invented the "health corset", with a straight-fronted busk made to help support the wearer's muscles. The corset was usually worn over a thin shirt-like shift of linen or cotton or muslin (/wiki/Muslin) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Skirt (/wiki/Skirt) styles became shorter and long drawers called pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) or pantaloons (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pantaloons) kept the legs covered. Pantalettes originated in France in the early 19th century, and quickly spread to Britain and America. Pantalettes were a form of leggings (/wiki/Leggings) or long drawers. They could be one-piece or two separate garments, one for each leg, attached at the waist with buttons or laces. The crotch was left open for hygiene reasons. "Health corsets" in 1883 As skirts became fuller from the 1830s, women wore many petticoats to achieve a fashionable bell shape. By the 1850s, stiffened crinolines (/wiki/Crinoline) and later hoop skirts (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) allowed ever wider skirts to be worn. The bustle (/wiki/Bustle) , a frame or pad worn over the buttocks to enhance their shape, had been used off and on by women for two centuries, but reached the height of its popularity in the later 1880s, and went out of fashion in the 1890s. Women dressed in crinolines often wore drawers under them for modesty and warmth. Another common undergarment of the late 19th century for men, women, and children was the union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) . Invented in Utica, New York (/wiki/Utica,_New_York) and patented in 1868, this was a one-piece front-buttoning garment usually made of knitted material with sleeves extending to the wrists and legs down to the ankles. It had a buttoned flap (known colloquially as the "access hatch", "drop seat", or "fireman's flap") in the back to ease visits to the toilet. The union suit was the precursor of long johns (/wiki/Long_underwear) , a two-piece garment consisting of a long-sleeved top and long pants possibly named after American boxer John L. Sullivan (/wiki/John_L._Sullivan) who wore a similar garment in the ring. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) The jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) was invented in 1874, by C. F. Bennett of a Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, to provide comfort and support for bicycle jockeys riding the cobblestone (/wiki/Cobblestone) streets of Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) . [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) In 1897 Bennett's newly formed Bike Web Company patented and began mass-producing the Bike Jockey Strap. [10] (#cite_note-10) 1900s to 1920s [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Underwear) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ladies' underwear advertisement, 1913 How to handwash the New Britain Standard Hygienic Underwear, c. 1915 By the early 20th century, the mass-produced undergarment industry was booming, and competition forced producers to come up with all sorts of innovative and gimmicky designs to compete. The Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) company emerged from this boom and quickly established itself as a top manufacturer of union suits, which were common until the 1930s. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Textile technology continued to improve, and the time to make a single union suit dropped from days to minutes. Meanwhile, designers of women's undergarments relaxed the corset. The invention of new, flexible but supportive materials allowed whalebone and steel bones to be removed. The emancipation or liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) offered an alternative to constricting corsets and, in Australia and the UK, the liberty bodice became a standard item for girls as well as women. Men's underwear also continued to be developed. Benjamin Joseph Clark, a migrant to Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) from New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , opened a venture capitalist (/wiki/Venture_capital) firm named Bossier in Bossier Parish (/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana) . One product manufactured by his firm was tightly fitting boxer shorts that resembled modern underwear. Though the company was bankrupt by the early 20th century, it had some influence on men's underwear design. Underwear advertising first made an appearance in the 1910s. The first underwear print advertisement in the US appeared in The Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post) in 1911 and featured oil paintings by J. C. Leyendecker (/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker) of the "Kenosha Klosed Krotch". Early underwear advertisements emphasized durability and comfort, and fashion was not regarded as a selling point. By the end of the 1910s, Chalmers Knitting Company split the union suit into upper and lower sections, effectively inventing the modern undershirt and drawers. Women wore lacier versions of this basic duo known as the camisole (/wiki/Camisole) and tap pants. A corset over "step ins" and camisole, 1922 In 1912, the US had its first professional underwear designer. Lindsay "Layneau" Boudreaux, a French immigrant, established the short-lived panty company Layneau. Though her company closed within one year, it had a significant impact on many levels. Boudreaux showed the world that an American woman could establish and run a company, and she also caused a revolution in the underwear industry. In 1913, a New York socialite named Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Mary_Phelps_Jacob) created the first modern brassiere by tying two handkerchiefs together with ribbon. Jacob's original intention was to cover the whalebone sticking out of her corset, which was visible through her sheer dress. Jacob began making brassieres for her family and friends, and news of the garment soon spread by word of mouth. By 1914, Jacob had a patent for her design and was marketing it throughout the US. Although women had worn brassiere-like garments in years past, Jacob's was the first to be successfully marketed and widely adopted. By the end of the decade, trouser-like " bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers_(clothing)) ", which were popularized by Amelia Jenks Bloomer (/wiki/Amelia_Jenks_Bloomer) (1818–1894) but invented by Elizabeth Smith Miller (/wiki/Elizabeth_Smith_Miller) , gained popularity with the so-called Gibson Girls (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) who enjoyed pursuits such as cycling and tennis. This new female athleticism helped push the corset out of style. The other major factor in the corset's demise was the fact that metal was globally in short supply during the First World War. Steel-laced corsets were dropped in favor of the brassiere. Bathing suit contest, 1920 Swimsuit competition (/wiki/Swimsuit_competition) , 2005 Meanwhile, World War I soldiers were issued button-front shorts as underwear. The buttons attached to a separate piece of cloth, or "yoke", sewn to the front of the garment, and tightness of fit was adjusted by means of ties on the sides. This design proved so popular that it began to supplant the union suit in popularity by the end of the war. Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) garments also became widely available in the post-war period. In the 1920s, manufacturers shifted emphasis from durability to comfort. Union suit advertisements raved about patented new designs that reduced the number of buttons and increased accessibility. Most of these experimental designs had to do with new ways to hold closed the crotch flap common on most union suits and drawers. A new woven cotton fabric called nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) gained popularity in the 1920s for its durability. Retailers also began selling preshrunk undergarments. Also in the 1920s, as hemlines (/wiki/Hemline) of women's dresses rose, women began to wear stockings to cover the exposed legs. Women's bloomers also became much shorter. The shorter bloomers became looser and less supportive as the boyish flapper (/wiki/Flapper) look came into fashion. By the end of the decade, they came to be known as "step-ins", very much like modern panties but with wider legs. They were worn for the increased flexibility they afforded. The garter belt (/wiki/Garter_belts) was invented to keep stockings from falling. In 1928, Maidenform (/wiki/Maidenform) , a company operated by Ida Rosenthal (/wiki/Ida_Rosenthal) , a Jewish immigrant from Russia, developed the brassiere and introduced modern cup sizes for bras. 1930s and 1940s [ edit ] Modern men's underpants (/wiki/Underpants) were largely an invention of the 1930s. On 19 January 1935, Coopers Inc. (/wiki/Coopers_Inc.) sold the world's first briefs (/wiki/Briefs) in Chicago. Designed by an "apparel engineer" named Arthur Kneibler, briefs dispensed with leg sections and had a Y-shaped overlapping fly. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) The company dubbed the design the "Jockey" since it offered a degree of support that had previously only been available from the jockstrap. Jockey briefs proved so popular that over 30,000 pairs were sold within three months of their introduction. Coopers, renaming their company Jockey decades later, sent its "Mascul-line" plane to make special deliveries of "masculine support" briefs to retailers across the US. In 1938, when jockeys (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jockeys) were introduced in the UK, they sold at the rate of 3,000 a week. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) In this decade, companies also began selling buttonless drawers fitted with an elastic waistband. These were the first true boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) , which were named for their resemblance to the shorts worn by professional fighters (/wiki/Boxing) . Scovil Manufacturing introduced the snap fastener (/wiki/Snap_fastener) at this time, which became a popular addition to various kinds of undergarments. Women of the 1930s brought the corset back, now called the " girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) ". The garment lacked the whalebone and metal supports and usually came with a brassiere (now usually called a "bra") and attached garters. During World War II, elastic waistbands and metal snaps gave way once again to button fasteners due to rubber and metal shortages. Undergarments were harder to find as well, since soldiers abroad had priority to obtain them. By the end of the war, Jockey and Hanes remained the industry leaders in the US, but Cluett, Peabody and Company made a name for itself when it introduced a preshrinking process called " Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) ", invented by Sanford Cluett in 1933, which came to be licensed by most major manufacturers. Meanwhile, some women adopted the corset once again, now called the " waspie (/wiki/Waist_cincher) " for the wasp (/wiki/Wasp) -shaped waistline (/wiki/Waist) it gave the wearer. Many women began wearing the strapless bra as well, which gained popularity for its ability to push the breasts up and enhance cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_enhancement) . 1950s and 1960s [ edit ] Before the 1950s, underwear consisted of simple, functional, white pieces of clothing which were not to be shown in public. In the 1950s, underwear came to be promoted as a fashion item in its own right, and came to be made in prints and colors. Manufacturers also experimented with rayon and newer fabrics like Dacron (/wiki/Dacron) , nylon, and Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) . [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) By 1960, men's underwear was regularly printed in loud patterns, or with messages or images such as cartoon characters. By the 1960s, department stores began offering men's double-seat briefs, an optional feature that would double the wear and add greater comfort. Stores advertising the double thickness seat as well as the manufacturing brands such as Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) and BVD (/wiki/BVD) during this time period can be viewed [11] (#cite_note-11) using Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . Women's undergarments began to emphasize the breasts instead of the waist. The decade saw the introduction of the bullet bra pointed bust, inspired by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's " New Look (/wiki/Christian_Dior#The_New_Look) ", which featured pointed cups. The original Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) and push-up bra (/wiki/Brassiere_designs) by Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) achieved great popularity. Women's panties became more colorful and decorative and, by the mid-1960s, were available in two abbreviated styles called the hip-hugger and the bikini (/wiki/Bikini) (named after the Pacific Ocean island (/wiki/Bikini_Atoll) of that name), frequently in sheer nylon fabric. Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) , also called tights in British English, which combined panties and hose into one garment, made their first appearance in 1959, [12] (#cite_note-Belkin1986-12) invented by Glen Raven Mills (/wiki/Glen_Raven,_Inc.) of North Carolina (/wiki/North_Carolina) . The company later introduced seamless pantyhose in 1965, spurred by the popularity of the miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) . By the end of the decade, the girdle had fallen out of favor as women chose sexier, lighter and more comfortable alternatives. [13] (#cite_note-13) With the emergence of the woman's movement in the United States sales for pantyhose dropped off during the later half of the 1960s having soared initially. [12] (#cite_note-Belkin1986-12) 1970s to the present day [ edit ] Male models in briefs (/wiki/Briefs) and trunks (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) A female in lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) consisting of bra (/wiki/Bra) and panties (/wiki/Panties) , the basic items of women's undergarments Underwear as fashion reached its peak in the 1970s and 1980s, and underwear advertisers began to focus less on comfort, health, durability, and overall practicality. Sex appeal (/wiki/Sexual_attraction) became a main selling point, in swimwear as well, bringing to fruition a trend that had been building since at least the flapper era. Designers such as Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) began featuring near-naked male models in their advertisements for briefs (/wiki/Briefs) . The increased wealth of the gay community (/wiki/Gay_community) helped to promote a diversity of undergarment choices. [ citation needed ] In his book The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Andy_Warhol) (1975), [14] (#cite_note-14) Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) wrote: I told B I needed some socks too and at least 30 pairs of Jockey shorts. He suggested I switch to Italian-style briefs, the ones with the T-shaped crotch that tends to build you up. I told him I'd tried them once, in Rome, the day I was walking through a Liz Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) movie – and I didn't like them because they made me too self-aware. It gave me the feeling girls must have when they wear uplift bras. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Warhol liked his Jockey briefs so much that he used a pair as a canvas for one of his dollar-sign paintings. [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) In the UK in the 1970s, tight jeans gave briefs a continued edge over boxer shorts among young men, but a decade later boxers were given a boost by Nick Kamen (/wiki/Nick_Kamen) 's performance in Levi (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) 's " Laundrette (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laundrette) " TV commercial for its 501 jeans (/wiki/Levi%27s_501_jean) , during which he stripped down to a pair of white boxers in a public laundromat (/wiki/Self-service_laundry) . [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) Briefs however remained popular in America amongst young men from the 1950s until the mid-1990s. The tank top (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) , an undershirt named after the type of swimwear dating from the 1920s known as a tank suit or maillot (/wiki/Maillot) , became popular warm-weather casual outerwear in the US in the 1980s. Performers such as Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) and Cyndi Lauper (/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper) were also often seen wearing their undergarments on top of other clothes. Although worn for decades by exotic dancers (/wiki/Exotic_dancer) , in the 1980s the G-string (/wiki/G-string) first gained popularity in South America, particularly in Brazil. Originally a style of swimsuit (/wiki/Swimsuit) , the back of the garment is so narrow that it disappears between the buttocks. By the 1990s the design had made its way to most of the Western world, and thong (/wiki/Thong) underwear became popular. Today, the thong is one of the fastest-selling styles of underwear among women, and is also worn by men. The 1990s saw the introduction of boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) , which take the longer shape of boxer shorts but maintain the tightness of briefs. Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) stars popularized " sagging (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) ", in which loosely fitting pants or shorts were allowed to droop below the waist exposing the waistband or a greater portion of the underpants worn underneath; typically boxer shorts or boxer briefs. Trends [ edit ] See also: Underwear fetishism (/wiki/Underwear_fetishism) Sagging pants, revealing the wearer's underwear A woman revealing her thong underwear (/wiki/Thong_underwear) above her pants, displaying a whale tail Some people choose not to wear any underpants, a practice sometimes referred to as going commando (/wiki/Going_commando) , for comfort, to enable their outer garments (particularly those which are form-fitting) to look more flattering, to avoid creating a panty line, because they find it sexually exciting, [15] (#cite_note-15) to increase ventilation and reduce moisture [16] (#cite_note-Engber-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) or because they do not see any need for them. Certain types of clothes, such as cycling shorts (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) and kilts (/wiki/Kilt) (See True Scotsman (/wiki/True_Scotsman) ), are designed to be worn or are traditionally worn without underpants. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) This also applies for most clothes worn as nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) and as swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) . Some analysts have encouraged people with a higher than average libido (/wiki/Libido) to change their underpants more frequently than average due to hygiene-related issues of by-products such as cowper's fluid (/wiki/Cowper%27s_fluid) and vaginal lubrication (/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Underwear is sometimes partly exposed for fashion reasons or to titillate. A woman may, for instance, allow the top of her brassiere to be visible from under her collar (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) , or wear a see-through blouse (/wiki/Blouse) over it. Some men wear T-shirts or A-shirts underneath partly or fully unbuttoned shirts. A common style among young men (2018) is to allow the trousers to sag below the waist, thus revealing the waistband or a greater portion of their underpants. This is commonly referred to (in North America (/wiki/North_America) ) as " hang-low style (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) ". A woman wearing low-rise trousers exposing the upper rear portion of her thong underwear is said to display a " whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) ". [24] (#cite_note-Desborough2021-24) Used underwear [ edit ] The sale of used female underwear for sexual purposes began in Japan (/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan) , in stores called burusera (/wiki/Burusera) , and it was even sold in vending machines. In the 21st century, when the Internet (/wiki/Internet) made anonymous mail-order sales possible for individuals, some women in the U.S. and UK, in response to male demand, began selling their dirty panties, and sometimes other underwear. Some men find the odor of a woman's bodily secretions sexually arousing, and will use the dirty panties as a masturbation (/wiki/Masturbation) aid. The sale of dirty panties, sometimes worn for several days, and sometimes customized with requested stains, is a significant niche (/wiki/Niche_market) in the sex work (/wiki/Sex_work) field. A far smaller market sells used male underwear to gay men (/wiki/Gay_men) . [25] (#cite_note-25) Celebrity underwear is sometimes sold. A framed pair of Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) 's dirty underwear sold for $8,000 in 2012. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-Battersby-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Undergarments of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) , and former Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph (/wiki/Franz_Joseph) have been sold at auction. [27] (#cite_note-Battersby-27) The celebrities Jarvis Cocker (/wiki/Jarvis_Cocker) , Alison Goldfrapp (/wiki/Alison_Goldfrapp) , Nick Cave (/wiki/Nick_Cave) , Sacha Baron Cohen (/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen) , Ricky Gervais (/wiki/Ricky_Gervais) , Jah Wobble (/wiki/Jah_Wobble) , Fergie (/wiki/Fergie_(singer)) , and Helen Mirren (/wiki/Helen_Mirren) donated underwear to be sold for charity. [30] (#cite_note-30) Types and styles [ edit ] Common contemporary types and styles of undergarments are listed in the table below. Type Other Names Notes Varieties Worn by both sexes Whole body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) long johns A two-piece undergarment worn during cold weather consisting of a shirt with sleeves extending to the wrists and pants with legs reaching down to the ankles. thermal underwear Upper body T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) tee A garment covering a person's torso which is usually made without buttons, pockets, or a collar, and can have short or long sleeves. It is worn by pulling it over the head. It is often worn as an outer garment, especially in informal situations. round-neck T-shirt V-neck T-shirt Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) tank top, wifebeater (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wifebeater) (slang), singlet, muscle shirt, athletic shirt, A-shirt A sleeveless garment similar to a T-shirt. Also sometimes worn as an informal outer garment. A-shirt (guinea tee, muscle shirt (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muscle_shirt) , singlet (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/singlet) ; UK : vest (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vest) ) – tight-fitting with large armholes and a neckline that can extend as far as mid-chest. camisole (/wiki/Camisole) : a sleeveless undershirt for women Lower body Bikini briefs (/wiki/Bikini_(underwear)) bikini Australia : briefs (men's) Usually worn with the waistband (/wiki/Waistband) lower than the wearer's true waist, and often at the hips, with the leg bands ending at the groin (/wiki/Groin) . Men's bikini briefs normally have no fly (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) . High-sided bikini briefs Low-sided bikini briefs String bikinis (/wiki/Bikini#String_bikini) – consists of two triangular pieces connected at the groin (/wiki/Groin) but not at the sides, with a thin "string" around the waist connecting the pieces. G-string (/wiki/G-string) Gee-string, G string A type of thong consisting of a narrow piece of material that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a string around the hips. C-String (/wiki/Thong#C-string) Cee-string, C string A type of thong which is as narrow as a G-string, but without the supporting "string" around the wearer's hips/panty line, leaving just a sideways C-shaped piece between the legs. Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Cheeky A type of thong which is wider than a G-string and fairly wide in the front, more like the wide V of a traditional brief. Fit tends to be more comfortable than that of a plain thong or G-string and is often more embellished. Thong (/wiki/Thong) Has a narrow strip of material along the centre of the garment's rear which sits between the wearer's buttocks and connects the front or pouch to the waistband behind the wearer. Thongs are sometimes worn to reduce "panty lines" when wearing tightly fitting trousers. T-front (/wiki/T-front) Has a narrow piece of cloth passing between the buttocks and the labia and only widening above the clitoris. It provides no coverage while still maintaining the basic hygienic underwear functions. Worn by women Upper body Bra (/wiki/Bra) Usually consists of two cups for the breasts, a centre panel (gore), a band running around the torso under the bust, and a shoulder strap for each side. Balconette bra (/wiki/Balconette_brassiere) Demi bra Padded bra Push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Strapless bra T-shirt bra Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Lower body Boy shorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) booty shorts, boyleg briefs, boy short panties, boys' cut shorts, boyshorts, hipsters, shorties A type of panties with sides that extend lower down the hips, similar to men's trunk briefs. Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) side-cut shorts, dance shorts, French knickers A form of lingerie that covers the pelvic area and the upper part of the upper legs. Panties (/wiki/Panties) briefs, classic briefs UK : knickers These usually have an elastic waistband, a crotch to cover the genital area which is usually lined with absorbent material such as cotton, and a pair of leg openings which are often also elasticized. They either have very short or no leg sections. Control panties – usually made of stretchable material such as Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) and extending above the waist, these are designed to provide support and create a slimmer appearance. High cut (French cut) panties. Hipster – worn lower with the waistband around the hips. Worn by men Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) UK : trunks These are similar in style to boxer shorts, but are form-fitting like briefs. Athletic-style boxer briefs – similar to bike shorts (/wiki/Bike_shorts) , these are skin-tight and usually have no fly. Pouch boxer briefs – these have a pouch for the genitals instead of a fly. Trunks (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) trunk briefs, short-leg boxer briefs These are similar in style to boxer briefs, but shorter in the inseam. Pouch trunks – these have a pouch for the genitals Midway briefs (/wiki/Midway_briefs) midways, long-leg boxer briefs These are similar in style to boxer briefs, while being longer in the legs, to near or up to the knees. Gym midway briefs – skin-tight and usually have no fly Pouch midway briefs – these have a pouch for the genitals Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) boxers UK : trunks These have an elasticized waistband that is at or near the wearer's waist, while the leg sections are fairly loose and extend to the mid-thigh. There is usually a fly, either with or without buttons (/wiki/Button_(clothing)) . The waistbands of boxer shorts are usually wider than those of any type of briefs. Boxer shorts with colorful patterns, pictures of cartoon characters, sports team logos, and slogans are readily available. Knit boxers Woven boxers Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) classic briefs UK : Y-fronts (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Y-fronts) US : tighty-whiteys (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tighty_whities) (slang), jockey shorts, jockeys Australia : jocks (slang) These have an elasticized waistband at or near the wearer's waist, and leg bands that end at or near the groin (/wiki/Groin) . Traditional briefs – these have an inverted Y-shaped fly. Diagonal-flap briefs. Mid-rise briefs Low-cut or low-rise briefs Pouch briefs. Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) athletic supporter, jock, nut cup (slang), strap, supporter Consists of an elastic waistband with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. In some varieties, the pouch may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact-resistant cup (/wiki/Protective_cup) to protect the genitals from injury. A jockstrap is different from a dance belt (/wiki/Dance_belt) that a male dancer wears. Strapless pouch – consists of a support pouch for the genitals and a waistband, with no securing straps. Religious Under Clothing Whole body Temple garments (/wiki/Temple_garment) This kind of underwear is worn by Mormons (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) . Upper body Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Lower body Kacchera (/wiki/Kacchera) Industry [ edit ] Market [ edit ] A model (/wiki/Model_(person)) showcases a bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) having integrated bra (/wiki/Bra) and panty (/wiki/Panty) , along with stockings A woman in a camisole (/wiki/Camisole) , garters (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) , and stockings (/wiki/Stockings) In January 2008 it was reported that, according to market research (/wiki/Market_research) firm Mintel (/wiki/Mintel) , the men's underwear market in the UK was worth £ (/wiki/Pound_sterling) 674 million, and volume sales of men's underpants rose by 24% between 2000 and 2005. British manufacturers and retailers claim that most British men prefer "trunks", or short boxer briefs. The director of menswear of major British retailer Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) (M&S), which sells 40 million pairs of men's underpants a year, was quoted as saying that while boxer shorts were still the most popular at M&S, demand was easing off in favor of hipster trunks similar in design to the swimming trunks (/wiki/Swimsuit#Men's_swimsuits_or_swimming_trunks) worn by actor Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) in the James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) film Casino Royale (/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)) (2006). [5] (#cite_note-Independent-5) In 1985, Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) , Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) , and Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) had the largest shares of the U.S. men's underwear market; these companies had about 35%, 15%, and 10% of the market, respectively. [31] (#cite_note-Kannerp28-31) Gregory Woods, author of "We're Here, We're Queer and We're not Going Catalogue Shopping", stated that in companies often do not market men's underwear to straight men on the assumption that they are not interested in buying underwear for themselves; therefore many such advertisements are catered to women to convince them to buy underwear for their husbands, as well as to gay or bisexual men. [32] (#cite_note-32) In 1985 Jockey International president Howard Cooley stated that women often shop more than men do, and men request women to buy underwear for them. [31] (#cite_note-Kannerp28-31) According to multiple studies conducted c. 1985 , 60-80% of men's undergarments for sale had been purchased by women. [31] (#cite_note-Kannerp28-31) Designers and retailers [ edit ] A number of major designer labels (/wiki/Designer_label) are renowned for their underwear collections, including Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , and La Perla (/wiki/La_Perla_(clothing)) . Likewise, specialist underwear brands are constantly emerging, such as Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) , 2(x)ist (/wiki/2(x)ist) , Leonisa (/wiki/Leonisa) , and Papi. Specialist retailers of underwear include high street (/wiki/High_Street) stores La Senza (/wiki/La_Senza) (Canada), Agent Provocateur (/wiki/Agent_Provocateur_(lingerie)) (UK), Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) (U.S.), and GapBody, the lingerie division of the Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) established in 1998 (U.S.). In 2000, the online retailer, Freshpair (/wiki/Freshpair) , started in New York and in 2008 Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) opened a new chain of stores, Gilly Hicks (/wiki/Gilly_Hicks) , to compete with other underwear retailers. The 2014 Stockholm Skateathon was sponsored by Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg) and the advertising campaign encouraged participants either skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) or longboarding (/wiki/Longboarding) , for example, to wear undergarments, and whilst it received criticism by the skateboarders, some people ended up dressing in the undergarments [33] (#cite_note-33) Not wearing lower torso undergarments [ edit ] "Going commando" redirects here. For the video game, see Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando (/wiki/Ratchet_%26_Clank:_Going_Commando) . See also: Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) , No-pan kissa (/wiki/No-pan_kissa) , and True Scotsman (/wiki/True_Scotsman) Going without lower body undergarments has come to be known by the slang term going commando , as well as sometimes free-balling or free-buffing (referencing the scrotum (/wiki/Scrotum) and the vulva (/wiki/Human_vulva) respectively). [34] (#cite_note-Donald2008-34) The origins of the phrase go commando are uncertain, with some speculating that it may refer to being "out in the open" or "ready for action". [35] (#cite_note-35) The modern usage may be traced in the United States to university students c. 1974 , where it was perhaps associated with soldiers in the Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) , who were reputed to go without underwear to "increase ventilation and reduce moisture". [16] (#cite_note-Engber-16) The phrase was in use in the UK before then, referring mainly to women, from the late 1960s. [34] (#cite_note-Donald2008-34) The connection to the UK and women has been suggested to link to a World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) euphemism for prostitutes working in London's West End, who were termed "Piccadilly Commandos". [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) The term was re-popularized after it appeared in a 1996 episode of Friends (/wiki/Friends) , where Joey Tribbiani (/wiki/Joey_Tribbiani) wears everything Chandler Bing (/wiki/Chandler_Bing) owns in an act of revenge, while also going "commando". [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-1996-two-39) In a 2014 open-access internet-based poll (/wiki/Open-access_poll) , 60 Minutes (/wiki/60_Minutes) and Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) asked visitors to their websites the question "How often do you 'go commando'?" A quarter of participants said that they did this at least occasionally, while 39% said they never did so, and 35% said that they did not know the meaning of the term. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Ring, slide and hook (/wiki/Ring,_slide_and_hook) Social aspects of clothing (/wiki/Social_aspects_of_clothing) Swimsuit (/wiki/Swimsuit) Trousers – Law (/wiki/Trousers#Laws) – laws on underwear exposure Underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) Underwear Museum (/wiki/Underwear_Museum) - A museum in Lessines, Belgium, and previously in Brussels, displaying undergarments of famous persons References [ edit ] Notes ^ (#cite_ref-1) US Patent Number 6447493 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Voelkel, Megan (31 July 2000). "Germ Warfare" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090723002652/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=69373) . The Standard . Archived from the original (http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=69373) on 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_3-0) Barsky, Steven; Long, Dick; Stinton, Bob (1999). Dry Suit Diving (3rd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9674305-0-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Preparing to enter the Holy Temple" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple?lang=eng) . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Archive.org ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Rushton, Susie (22 January 2008). "A brief history of pants: Why men's smalls have always been a subject of concern" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/a-brief-history-of-pants-why-mens-smalls-have-always-been-a-subject-of-concern-771772.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) (Extra) . London. pp. 2–5. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "600-year-old bras unearthed in Austrian castle" (http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/07/19/600-year-old-bras-unearthed-in-austrian-castle/) . Time . 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-uibk_7-0) "Medieval lingerie from Lengberg, East-Tyrol" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160206041713/http://www.uibk.ac.at/urgeschichte/projekte_forschung/textilien-lengberg/medieval-lingerie-from-lengberg-castle-east-tyrol.html) . University of Innsbruck. Archived from the original (http://www.uibk.ac.at/urgeschichte/projekte_forschung/textilien-lengberg/medieval-lingerie-from-lengberg-castle-east-tyrol.html) on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Busting Corset Myths - Foundations Revealed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121125/https://foundationsrevealed.com/articles/corset-making/health/562-busting-corset-myths) . Archived from the original (https://foundationsrevealed.com/articles/corset-making/health/562-busting-corset-myths) on 9 August 2020 . Retrieved 23 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Regency nightwear: Shift" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080521083811/http://www.janeausten.co.uk/magazine/page.ihtml?pid=478&step=4) . The Jane Austen Centre (/wiki/Jane_Austen) . Archived from the original (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/magazine/page.ihtml?pid=478&step=4) on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071124113927/http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx) . BIKE Athletic Company (/wiki/BIKE_Athletic_Company) . 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx) on 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Clipped From The Post-Star" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17628182/the_poststar/) . The Post-Star . 12 September 1968. p. 20 . Retrieved 13 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Belkin, Lisa (24 August 1986). "Lingerie's Great Leap Forward" (https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/24/business/lingerie-s-great-leap-forward.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Daniel Delis Hill (2005). As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising [Costume Society of America series] . Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. p. 153 (https://archive.org/details/asseeninvoguecen00dani/page/153) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-89672-534-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) (1975). The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again) . London: Cassell (/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-86018-109-X . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Abundancia, Rita (12 November 2014). "¿Qué hay detrás de la afición a no llevar ropa interior? \| Placeres, Sexo" (https://smoda.elpais.com/placeres/que-hay-detras-de-la-aficion-a-no-llevar-ropa-interior/) . S Moda EL PAÍS (in Spanish) . Retrieved 11 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Engber, Daniel (10 January 2005). "Do Commandos Go Commando?" (http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2005/01/do_commandos_go_commando.html) . Slate (/wiki/Slate_(magazine)) . Retrieved 23 December 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Rico Woods (26 July 2021). "Here's Why Some Men Aren't Wearing Underwear at the Gym" (https://mensvariety.com/men-no-underwear-gym/) . mensvariety.com . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Avilés, Goizane (18 September 2014). "El kilt no entiende de independencia" (http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/internacional/eeuu/201409/18/kilt-falda-escocesa-20140918101616.html) . Bizkaia - El Correo.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 11 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The Real Story \| Scottish Tartans Authority" (http://www.tartansauthority.com/highland-dress/modern/how-to-wear-the-kilt/whats-down-under/the-real-story/) . www.tartansauthority.com . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Scots tradition hit by cover-up ruling" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100606054932/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464594.ece) . Times Online . 6 June 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464594.ece) on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "What's Down Under? \| Scottish Tartans Authority" (http://www.tartansauthority.com/highland-dress/modern/how-to-wear-the-kilt/whats-down-under/) . www.tartansauthority.com . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Draught guidance: a kilt need underwear" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/8149592/Draught-guidance-a-kilt-need-underwear.html) . The Daily Telegraph . 22 November 2010. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Bagnol, Brigitte; Mariano, Esmeralda (2008). "Vaginal practices: eroticism and implications for women's health and condom use in Mozambique". Culture, Health & Sexuality (/wiki/Culture,_Health_%26_Sexuality) . 10 (6): 573–585. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/13691050801999071 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13691050801999071) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18649196 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18649196) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 26412945 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26412945) . ^ (#cite_ref-Desborough2021_24-0) Desborough, Jenny (18 June 2021). "What Is a Whale Tail? Inside the '90s Fashion Trend Making a Comeback" (https://www.newsweek.com/what-whale-tail-90s-fashion-trend-thong-britney-spears-1601895) . Newsweek . Retrieved 26 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Hay, Mark (22 August 2018). "It's Surprisingly Difficult to Sell Your Panties Online" (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gy39jw/its-surprisingly-difficult-to-sell-your-panties-online) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Elvis Presley underpants could fetch £10,000 at auction" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-19385100) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) . 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Battersby, Matilda (10 September 2012). "Briefs reprieve: Elvis Presley's dirty underpants fail to sell at auction" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/briefs-reprieve-elvis-presleys-dirty-underpants-fail-to-sell-at-auction-8121734.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Dicker, Ron (27 August 2012). "Elvis Presley's Dirty Underwear Could Fetch $16,000 at Auction" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/elvis-dirty-underwear-up_n_1832904) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Undies worn by Elvis Presley to be sold at auction. Unwashed underwear worn by 'The King' could fetch £10,000 at a UK auction next month" (https://www.dailyedge.ie/undies-worn-by-elvis-presley-to-be-sold-at-auction-574112-Aug2012/#slide-slideshow4) . Daily Edge (/wiki/Daily_Edge) . 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Dombal, Ryan (24 March 2009). "Jarvis Cocker's Underwear Up for Auction" (https://pitchfork.com/news/34901-jarvis-cockers-underwear-up-for-auction/) . Pitchfork (/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kanner, Bernice. "Briefs Encounter: The Long and Shorts of It" ("On Madison Avenue" column). New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) . New York Media, LLC (/wiki/New_York_Media,_LLC) , 29 April 1985. Vol. 18, No. 17. ISSN 0028-7369. Start p. 28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28) . CITED: p. 28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Woods, Gregory. "We're Here, We're Queer and We're not Going Catalogue Shopping" (Chapter 7). In: Burston, Paul and Colin Richardson (editors). A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture . Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) , 26 July 2005. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1134864825 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134864825) , 9781134864829. Start: p. 157 (https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157) . CITED: p. 166 (https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Ramirez, Eric (20 August 2014). "Björn Borg #SwedishMissions Video" (https://www.underwearexpert.com/blog/2014/08/bjorn-borg-swedishmissions-stockholm-skateathon/) . The Underwear Expert . Retrieved 9 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Donald, Graeme (2008), Sticklers, Sideburns and Bikinis: The military origins of everyday words and phrases , Osprey Publishing (/wiki/Osprey_Publishing) , p. 94, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781846033001 , retrieved 19 October 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-35) Gisesa, Nyambega (16 April 2012). "When a little goes a long way to ruin your reputation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130723025157/http://zuqka.com/news/when-a-little-goes-a-long-way-to-ruin-your-reputation/) . Zuqka . Nairobi: Nation Media Group. Archived from the original (http://zuqka.com/news/when-a-little-goes-a-long-way-to-ruin-your-reputation/) on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . It's during the Vietnamese war, that the earliest cases of going without underwear were recorded. It meant ... being 'out in the open' or 'ready for action'. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Gardiner, Juliet (2005). Wartime: Britain 1939-1945 . Headline Review. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0755310284 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Wagner, Paul. "Rest and Relaxation, WW II Style" (http://www.398th.org/History/Veterans/History/Wagner/Wagner_1945_RandR.html) . 398th Bomb Group Memorial Association . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Heller, Jason; Koski, Genevieve; Murray, Noel; O'Neal, Sean; Pierce, Leonard; Tobias, Scott; VanDerWerff, Todd; Zulkey, Claire (21 June 2010). "TV in a bottle: 19 great TV episodes largely confined to one location" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100625055807/http://www.avclub.com/articles/tv-in-a-bottle-19-great-tv-episodes-largely-confin%2C42284/2/) . The A.V. Club (/wiki/The_A.V._Club) . Archived from the original (https://www.avclub.com/articles/tv-in-a-bottle-19-great-tv-episodes-largely-confin,42284/2/) on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . [T]he episode also introduced the term 'going commando' into the popular vernacular. ^ (#cite_ref-1996-two_39-0) Hendrickson, Eric (27 October 1996). "Buzz word 'going commando' gets an airing on 'Friends' (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jjhEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4766,1545815&dq=) " (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jjhEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4766,1545815&dq=) . Sunday Times-Sentinel . Vol. 31, no. 38. p. C3. (copy from The Detroit News (/wiki/The_Detroit_News) ) ^ (#cite_ref-40) "60 Minutes Poll: 25 Percent of Americans Don't Wear Underwear Sometimes" (https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2014/04/60-minutes-poll-fashion-clothes) . Vanity Fair . April 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . To answer the questions yourself, visit the 60 Minutes homepage at CBSNews.com. ^ (#cite_ref-41) 60 Minutes/Vanity Fair: Fashion; Who's afraid of Anna Wintour or Tim Gunn? More Americans fear fashion criticism from their mates , CBS Interactive (/wiki/CBS_Interactive) , 10 March 2014 Further reading Benson, Elaine; John Esten (1996). Unmentionables: A Brief History of Underwear . New York: Simon & Schuster. Cunnington, C[ecil] Willett (/wiki/Cecil_Willett_Cunnington) ; Phillis Cunnington (/wiki/Phillis_Emily_Cunnington) (1992). The History of Underclothes . New York: Dover Publications (/wiki/Dover_Publications) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-27124-2 . First published in London by Michael Joseph in 1951. Hawthorne, Rosemary (1993). Stockings & Suspenders: A Quick Flash . Lucy Pettifer & Claire Taylor (ill.). London: Souvenir. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-285-63143-8 . Martin, Richard [Harrison]; Harold Koda (1993). Infra-apparel . photographs by Neil Selkirk (/wiki/Neil_Selkirk) . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-6430-9 . External links [ edit ] Look up undergarment (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undergarment) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Underwear (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwear) . Historical Lingerie pictures from the New York Public Library Picture Collection (http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/searchresultsK.cfm?keyword=lingerie) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183410/http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/searchresultsK.cfm?keyword=lingerie) 9 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Handmade women's underwear set, 1911, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database. (https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/0041A5B2-E3A8-4547-ABFB-472634315150) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) v t e Men's undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) Upper body Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Swim trunks (/wiki/Swim_trunks) Thong (/wiki/Thong#Men's_thongs) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Willy warmer (/wiki/Willy_warmer) Full body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) (long johns) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Hosiery Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Historical Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Garter (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Brands 2(X)IST (/wiki/2(X)IST) 2wink (/wiki/2wink) Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) aussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Bonobos (/wiki/Bonobos_(apparel)) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) BVD (/wiki/BVD) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) Duluth Trading Company (/wiki/Duluth_Trading_Company) Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) Finisterre (/wiki/Finisterre_(retailer)) Fleur du Mal (/wiki/Fleur_du_Mal) Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Ibex (/wiki/Ibex_Outdoor_Clothing) J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) John Smedley's (/wiki/John_Smedley_(industrialist)) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) Kotn (/wiki/Kotn) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Munsingwear (/wiki/Munsingwear) Nasty Pig (/wiki/Nasty_Pig) Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) Paul Stuart (/wiki/Paul_Stuart) Pringle (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) River Island (/wiki/River_Island) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Rufskin (/wiki/Rufskin) Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) Smartwool (/wiki/Smartwool) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Stanfield's (/wiki/Stanfield%27s) Sunspel (/wiki/Sunspel) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) Three Gun (/wiki/Three_Gun) Todd Snyder (/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Topman (/wiki/Topman) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) XTG (/wiki/XTG_Extreme_Game) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Tops Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) short variety Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Sleepshirt Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Bed jacket (/wiki/Bed_jacket) Bottoms Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Gym shorts (/wiki/Gym_shorts) Undergarments (/wiki/Undergarments) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Full body Adult onesie (/wiki/Onesie_(jumpsuit)) Disguise pajama Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) traditional variety Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Footed pajamas (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Hats Nightcap (garment) (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Related topics Nightcap (drink) (/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)) Bedtime (/wiki/Bedtime) Sleep (/wiki/Sleep) Sleep hygiene (/wiki/Sleep_hygiene) Sleep induction (/wiki/Sleep_induction) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333032) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333032) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187009-8) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560927005171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139631) Latvia (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000128666&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571271) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph166208&CON_LNG=ENG) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underwear&oldid=1230435473 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underwear&oldid=1230435473) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages) Use American English from January 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2021) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use dmy dates from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016) Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2019) Articles needing additional references from January 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2012) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2016) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with LNB identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers) Articles with NDL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers)
Indian actress (born 1984) Freida Pinto Pinto in 2014 Born Freida Selena Pinto [1] (#cite_note-1) ( 1984-10-18 ) 18 October 1984 (age 39) Bombay (/wiki/Bombay) , Maharashtra (/wiki/Maharashtra) , India Alma mater St. Xavier's College, Mumbai (/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai) Occupation Actress Years active 2005–present Spouse Cory Tran ( m. 2020) Children 1 Freida Selena Pinto (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress who has appeared mainly in American and British films. Born and raised in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , Maharashtra (/wiki/Maharashtra) , she resolved at a young age to become an actress. As a student at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai (/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai) she took part in amateur plays. After graduation, she briefly worked as a model and then as a television presenter. Pinto rose to prominence with her film debut in the drama Slumdog Millionaire (/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire) (2008), winning a SAG Award (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture) and earning a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role) . She earned critical acclaim for her roles in Miral (/wiki/Miral) (2010), Trishna (/wiki/Trishna_(2011_film)) (2011), and Desert Dancer (/wiki/Desert_Dancer) (2014). She also saw commercial success with the science fiction film (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) Rise of the Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes) (2011), and the epic fantasy action film Immortals (2011). Pinto's other notable roles include You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (/wiki/You_Will_Meet_a_Tall_Dark_Stranger) (2010), Love Sonia (/wiki/Love_Sonia) (2018), Hillbilly Elegy (/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy_(film)) (2020), and Mr. Malcolm's List (/wiki/Mr._Malcolm%27s_List) (2022). She also starred in the Showtime (/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)) miniseries Guerrilla (/wiki/Guerrilla_(miniseries)) (2017), and had a recurring role in the Hulu (/wiki/Hulu) series The Path (/wiki/The_Path_(TV_series)) (2018). Along with her film career, she promotes humanitarian causes. Early life and background [ edit ] Pinto was born on 18 October 1984 in Bombay (/wiki/Bombay) (now Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) ), Maharashtra (/wiki/Maharashtra) [2] (#cite_note-Tribune-2) to Mangalorean Catholic (/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics) parents from Mangalore (/wiki/Mangalore) , Karnataka (/wiki/Karnataka) . [a] (#cite_note-4) [4] (#cite_note-5) [5] (#cite_note-6) [6] (#cite_note-7) Her mother, Sylvia Pinto, was the principal of St. John's Universal School in Goregaon (/wiki/Goregaon) , West Mumbai (/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)) , and her father, Frederick Pinto, was a senior branch manager for the Bank of Baroda (/wiki/Bank_of_Baroda) in Bandra (/wiki/Bandra) , West Mumbai (/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)) . Her elder sister, Sharon, works for NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . [7] (#cite_note-daj-8) Pinto had a middle class upbringing in the suburb of Malad (/wiki/Malad) , North Mumbai. [8] (#cite_note-9) [9] (#cite_note-10) She first wanted to be an actress when she was five years old, [10] (#cite_note-IE1-11) [11] (#cite_note-Telegraph-12) often dressing up and imitating television actors during her childhood. [10] (#cite_note-IE1-11) [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) She later recalled being inspired by Sushmita Sen (/wiki/Sushmita_Sen) 's victory in the 1994 Miss Universe competition (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994) , explaining that "the country was really proud of her, and I was like, one day, I want to do the same". [13] (#cite_note-14) Pinto attended the Carmel of St. Joseph School in Malad (/wiki/Malad) , North Mumbai [14] (#cite_note-15) and then studied at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai (/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai) in Fort (/wiki/Fort_(Mumbai_precinct)) , South Mumbai (/wiki/South_Mumbai) . Her major was in English literature, with minors in psychology and economics. [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) [15] (#cite_note-rediff-16) At college, she participated in amateur theatre (/wiki/Amateur_theatre) , [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) but declined acting and modeling assignments until her graduation in 2005. [16] (#cite_note-Steve-17) Despite her interest in acting from an early age, Pinto was undecided on what career to take until watching Monster (/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)) (2003) while at college. She stated: "I guess it was when I watched Monster ... I pretty much knew. I had to find a way. I had to do something like that, something completely transformational." [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Magazine-18) In 2005, Pinto began a modeling career and joined Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) India, [2] (#cite_note-Tribune-2) with whom she worked for two and a half years. [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) She was featured in several television and print advertisements for products such as Wrigley's Chewing Gum (/wiki/Wrigley_Company) , Škoda (/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto) , Vodafone India (/wiki/Vodafone_India) , Airtel (/wiki/Bharti_Airtel) , Visa (/wiki/Visa_Inc.) , eBay (/wiki/EBay) , and De Beers (/wiki/De_Beers) . [18] (#cite_note-19) Around the same time, Pinto began going to auditions for films and television shows. She was chosen to host Full Circle , an international travel show that aired on Zee International Asia Pacific (/wiki/Zee_TV) between 2006 and 2008. [11] (#cite_note-Telegraph-12) The show took her to countries all over the world, including Afghanistan, Fiji, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. [19] (#cite_note-Tzanelli-20) Her auditions for both Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) and Hollywood productions, including Shimit Amin (/wiki/Shimit_Amin) 's Indian Hindi-language sports film (/wiki/Sports_film) Chak De! India (/wiki/Chak_De!_India) (2007), and for the role of Bond girl (/wiki/Bond_girl) Camille Montes (/wiki/Camille_Montes) in Marc Forster (/wiki/Marc_Forster) 's Quantum of Solace (/wiki/Quantum_of_Solace) (2008), were largely unsuccessful. [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Magazine-18) [19] (#cite_note-Tzanelli-20) Pinto later claimed that it was a good learning experience, stating that she was "glad things happened the way they happened. I needed to be rejected, and I needed to learn that it's part of the game... I can have 100 rejections, but I'm sure there's going to be one particular thing that is almost destined for me to have." [20] (#cite_note-21) Acting career [ edit ] 2008–2010: Beginnings and breakthrough [ edit ] Pinto with the crew of Slumdog Millionaire during its screening at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival (/wiki/2008_Toronto_International_Film_Festival) In 2007, Pinto's modeling agency selected her and six other models to audition for the female lead in Danny Boyle (/wiki/Danny_Boyle) 's film Slumdog Millionaire (/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire) (2008) after a request by its casting director. [2] (#cite_note-Tribune-2) [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) After undergoing six months of extensive auditions, Pinto won the role of Latika, the love interest of the main character Jamal, played by Dev Patel (/wiki/Dev_Patel) . [21] (#cite_note-theguardian2009-22) During the post-production phase, she attended an acting course at the Barry John (/wiki/Barry_John_(theatre_director)) Acting Studio in Mumbai. [7] (#cite_note-daj-8) Although the course taught her about the "technical aspects" of acting, she stated that "in terms of the actual experience, there's nothing like going out there and actually playing the part... So for me, my favorite acting school was the six months of auditioning with Danny Boyle". [12] (#cite_note-Audrey-13) Acclaimed particularly for its plot and soundtrack, Slumdog Millionaire emerged as a sleeper hit (/wiki/Sleeper_hit) ; [22] (#cite_note-23) [23] (#cite_note-24) made on a budget of $15 million, the film grossed US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 377.9 million worldwide. [24] (#cite_note-25) It was the most successful film at the 81st Academy Awards (/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards) : it was nominated for ten awards, of which it won eight, including the award for Best Picture (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture) . [25] (#cite_note-26) Pinto won the Breakthrough Performance Award at the Palm Springs International Film Festival (/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Film_Festival) , [26] (#cite_note-Palm_Springs-27) and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture) , along with other cast members from the film. [27] (#cite_note-IBN-28) She was also nominated for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role) at the BAFTA Awards (/wiki/62nd_British_Academy_Film_Awards) . [28] (#cite_note-29) Pinto's performance in the film drew little attention from critics as her screen presence in the film was limited. The Telegraph (Calcutta) (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)) opined "it's difficult to form an opinion" on her character; its columnist Bharathi S. Pradhan noted " Slumdog Millionaire wasn't really a test of Freida's acting abilities." [11] (#cite_note-Telegraph-12) Pinto (left) and Rula Jebreal (/wiki/Rula_Jebreal) attend the screening of Miral (/wiki/Miral) at the 18th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival (/wiki/Hamptons_International_Film_Festival) in October 2010 Following the success of Slumdog Millionaire , Pinto signed up for two art house (/wiki/Art_film) productions. [29] (#cite_note-Reuters-Apes-30) [30] (#cite_note-31) In Woody Allen (/wiki/Woody_Allen) 's comedy-drama You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (/wiki/You_Will_Meet_a_Tall_Dark_Stranger) (2010), [31] (#cite_note-32) she acted alongside Antonio Banderas (/wiki/Antonio_Banderas) , Josh Brolin (/wiki/Josh_Brolin) , Anthony Hopkins (/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins) , Anupam Kher (/wiki/Anupam_Kher) , and Naomi Watts (/wiki/Naomi_Watts) . [32] (#cite_note-33) She played a "mystery woman" who draws the attention of the character played by Brolin. Premiering at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2010_Cannes_Film_Festival) , the film received mixed reviews upon its release. [33] (#cite_note-34) [34] (#cite_note-35) Pinto then starred in Julian Schnabel (/wiki/Julian_Schnabel) 's Miral (/wiki/Miral) (2010), based on a semi-biographical novel (/wiki/Biographical_novel) by Rula Jebreal (/wiki/Rula_Jebreal) , playing an orphaned Palestinian woman who grew up in a refugee camp in Israel. [35] (#cite_note-36) Before the film's production began in the Palestinian territories, Pinto prepared for the role by visiting several refugee camps in the area. [36] (#cite_note-LATmiral-37) She stated that she could relate to her character's experiences because of her knowledge about her relatives' experiences during the partition of India (/wiki/Partition_of_India) in the 1940s. [36] (#cite_note-LATmiral-37) The film received largely negative reviews, [37] (#cite_note-38) [38] (#cite_note-39) and Pinto's performance divided critics: [39] (#cite_note-40) Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) wrote that "Miral ... is played very engagingly by Freida Pinto", [40] (#cite_note-41) while Peter Bradshaw (/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw) of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) stated that "[Pinto] looks uneasy and miscast". [41] (#cite_note-42) 2011–present [ edit ] Pinto had four releases in 2011. The first was the science fiction film (/wiki/Science_fiction_film) Rise of the Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes) , a reboot (/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)) of the Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes) series. [42] (#cite_note-43) She played the role of Caroline Aranha, a primatologist (/wiki/Primatology) who falls in love with the main character, played by James Franco (/wiki/James_Franco) . [43] (#cite_note-roles-44) [44] (#cite_note-45) To prepare for her role, she researched the career of English anthropologist (/wiki/Anthropologist) Jane Goodall (/wiki/Jane_Goodall) . [29] (#cite_note-Reuters-Apes-30) The film went on to gross US$481.8 million worldwide; it remains her highest-grossing film as of April 2016. [45] (#cite_note-46) Pinto's character received criticism for being too one-dimensional: Anthony Quinn of The Independent called it a "failure", [46] (#cite_note-47) and Todd McCarthy (/wiki/Todd_McCarthy) of The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) described the character as the most "boringly decorous tag-along girlfriend seen onscreen in years." [47] (#cite_note-48) Pinto's second screen appearance of the year was playing the title character in Michael Winterbottom (/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom) 's Trishna (/wiki/Trishna_(2011_film)) . The film, based on Thomas Hardy (/wiki/Thomas_Hardy) 's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles (/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles) , gave Pinto the role of a teenage Rajasthani peasant, who leaves her family to work for a British-born Indian hotelier, played by Riz Ahmed (/wiki/Riz_Ahmed) . [48] (#cite_note-Philip-49) [49] (#cite_note-50) It premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival (/wiki/2011_Toronto_International_Film_Festival) and gained a mixed response from critics. [50] (#cite_note-51) [51] (#cite_note-52) Nishat Bari of India Today (/wiki/India_Today) called Pinto's role her "most substantial" one to that point. [52] (#cite_note-53) Philip French (/wiki/Philip_French) of The Guardian stated that Pinto "captivates" in the lead role, [48] (#cite_note-Philip-49) while Roger Ebert (/wiki/Roger_Ebert) of the Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) called her performance "touchingly beautiful". [53] (#cite_note-54) In contrast, Manohla Dargis (/wiki/Manohla_Dargis) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) wrote that Pinto is "one of [the film's] loveliest attractions, but she and her director haven't been able to give Trishna a pulse". [54] (#cite_note-55) Pinto at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2012_Cannes_Film_Festival) Pinto's third film role in 2011 was playing Princess Lailah in the poorly received independent film Day of the Falcon (/wiki/Day_of_the_Falcon) , [b] (#cite_note-BG-56) [55] (#cite_note-57) a period drama set in the 1930s Middle East, where she was cast alongside Antonio Banderas, Mark Strong (/wiki/Mark_Strong) and Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) . [56] (#cite_note-58) Despite overall negative reviews, Andy Webster of The New York Times described Pinto and Kebede as "refreshing" and praised their "independent presences amid the stiflingly male-dominated milieu". [57] (#cite_note-59) Pinto's final screen appearance of the year was in the fantasy-action film Immortals (/wiki/Immortals_(2011_film)) , in which she played the oracle priestess Phaedra (/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)) . [58] (#cite_note-60) Despite receiving mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, [59] (#cite_note-61) the film grossed US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 226.9 million worldwide. [60] (#cite_note-62) Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy remarked that Phaedra was "capably embodied" by Pinto. [61] (#cite_note-63) After 2011, Pinto had no new film releases for two years. In 2013, she appeared in the music video for Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) ' single " Gorilla (/wiki/Gorilla_(Bruno_Mars_song)) ". She was criticised by the Indian media (/wiki/Media_of_India) for appearing in the video; [62] (#cite_note-64) The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) and Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) dismissed it as little more than "dirty dancing". [63] (#cite_note-65) [64] (#cite_note-66) In the same year, Pinto was also one of the narrators in the documentary film Girl Rising (/wiki/Girl_Rising_(film)) , produced for the campaign of the same name (/wiki/Girl_Rising) which promotes access to education for girls all over the world. [65] (#cite_note-67) Pinto's first cinematic appearance in two years was in the biographical drama Desert Dancer (/wiki/Desert_Dancer) (2014), which was about the life of Iranian choreographer Afshin Ghaffarian (/wiki/Afshin_Ghaffarian) . [66] (#cite_note-68) She played the heroin-addicted Elaheh, the love interest of the lead character played by Reece Ritchie (/wiki/Reece_Ritchie) . [67] (#cite_note-DD-69) The role required her to do dance training consisting of eight hours of rehearsals a day for 14 weeks. [68] (#cite_note-70) She also attended a few sessions at rehabilitation centres in the United States to prepare for her role. [69] (#cite_note-71) It received largely negative reviews, [70] (#cite_note-72) [71] (#cite_note-73) although Andy Webster of The New York Times noted that "Pinto, even with an unfocused and underwritten role, is captivating". [67] (#cite_note-DD-69) Pinto's first film of 2015 was Terrence Malick (/wiki/Terrence_Malick) 's Knight of Cups (/wiki/Knight_of_Cups_(film)) , which featured an ensemble cast including Christian Bale (/wiki/Christian_Bale) , Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) , and Antonio Banderas. [72] (#cite_note-74) She played Helen, a model with whom Bale embarks on a "dalliance". [73] (#cite_note-75) [74] (#cite_note-76) She talked about acting without a script: "It is definitely a bit nerve-racking on the first day because you don't know where you are going to go. But once you figure that out, then it doesn't really matter. It is actually very relaxing. It is fun and liberating. It is an experience that I completely embrace". [75] (#cite_note-NDTV-77) Premiering at the competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival (/wiki/65th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival) , [76] (#cite_note-78) [77] (#cite_note-79) the film received average to mixed reviews from critics. [78] (#cite_note-80) [79] (#cite_note-81) The film was released in the United States in March 2016. [80] (#cite_note-82) She was among the 100 narrators of Unity (/wiki/Unity_(film)) (2015), a documentary that explores the relationships between Earth's species. [81] (#cite_note-83) Her third release of that year was the Colombian action film Blunt Force Trauma (/wiki/Blunt_Force_Trauma_(film)) , in which she starred opposite Ryan Kwanten (/wiki/Ryan_Kwanten) and Mickey Rourke (/wiki/Mickey_Rourke) as a woman looking for her brother's murderer. [82] (#cite_note-84) John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticised the film, stating that it "takes itself much more seriously than viewers will." [83] (#cite_note-85) In 2015, Pinto worked on Andy Serkis (/wiki/Andy_Serkis) ' Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (/wiki/Mowgli:_Legend_of_the_Jungle) , a motion capture (/wiki/Motion_capture) adventure fantasy film based on Rudyard Kipling (/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling) 's The Jungle Book (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book) . [84] (#cite_note-86) She portrays Mowgli (/wiki/Mowgli) 's adoptive mother, Messua, in the film. [75] (#cite_note-NDTV-77) [85] (#cite_note-87) In January 2021, it was announced that Pinto was to play the lead in a biopic of the SOE (/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive) agent Noor Inayat Khan (/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan) , [86] (#cite_note-88) based on the book Spy Princess: The Life of Noor Inayat Khan (/wiki/Spy_Princess) by Shrabani Basu (/wiki/Shrabani_Basu) . More recently, she and her Freebird Films company inked a first look TV deal at Entertainment One. [87] (#cite_note-89) Charity work [ edit ] Pinto has been actively involved with several humanitarian (/wiki/Humanitarian) causes, and is vocal about the uplifting of women and underprivileged children. [88] (#cite_note-Bollywood_Hungama-90) [89] (#cite_note-91) She has cited Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) and Malala Yousafzai (/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) as "massive" inspirations in this regard. [90] (#cite_note-92) In 2010, Pinto joined Andre Agassi (/wiki/Andre_Agassi) and Steffi Graf (/wiki/Steffi_Graf) in support of their philanthropic organisation, the Agassi Foundation. She raised $75,000 for their annual fund raiser — "The 15th Grand Slam for Children"—which was aimed at providing education for underprivileged children. [91] (#cite_note-93) [92] (#cite_note-94) Two years later, she was appointed as the global ambassador of Plan International's (/wiki/Plan_(aid_organisation)) Because I am a Girl (/wiki/Because_I_Am_a_Girl_(campaign)) , [93] (#cite_note-95) a campaign that promotes gender equality (/wiki/Gender_equality) with the aim of lifting millions of girls out of poverty. [94] (#cite_note-96) In 2013, Pinto appeared in a video clip for Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) 's "Chime for Change" campaign to raise funds and awareness of women's issues in terms of education, health, and justice. [95] (#cite_note-97) The following year, she participated at the "Girls' rights summit" in London, where she called for more progress toward the end of female genital mutilation (/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) and child marriage (/wiki/Child_marriage) . [96] (#cite_note-98) In March 2015, she spoke out against the Indian government's (/wiki/Government_of_India) ban on India's Daughter (/wiki/India%27s_Daughter) , Leslee Udwin (/wiki/Leslee_Udwin) 's documentary on the 2012 Delhi gang rape (/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape) . [97] (#cite_note-99) During its premiere at the United States, she said the film needs to reach the public as it is not a "shame-India documentary". [98] (#cite_note-100) In a 2015 interview, she stated: "This film in no way is propagating violence in order to solve the problem. In fact, what we're saying is let's do this in the most civilized possible way ever". [99] (#cite_note-101) In February 2016, Pinto announced that she would be a part of a nonprofit organisation called "We Do It Together", which provides financing for feature films, documentaries, and television shows that focus on women's empowerment. [88] (#cite_note-Bollywood_Hungama-90) Media image [ edit ] Although she played a small role in Slumdog Millionaire , the film catapulted Pinto to widespread recognition. [100] (#cite_note-Ramachandran-102) [101] (#cite_note-IE-103) The media has often speculated about her roles and earnings. [16] (#cite_note-Steve-17) [102] (#cite_note-104) In March 2009, The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) reported Pinto as the highest-paid Indian actress, [103] (#cite_note-105) although she had not appeared in a Bollywood film to that point. [104] (#cite_note-SFgate-106) CNN-IBN (/wiki/CNN-IBN) called her "India's best export to [the] West", [105] (#cite_note-107) while The Telegraph (Calcutta) described her as "arguably the biggest global star from India". [100] (#cite_note-Ramachandran-102) Pinto has been frequently included in beauty and fashion polls conducted by various magazines. [106] (#cite_note-108) [107] (#cite_note-109) She was featured in People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) magazine's annual lists of "World's Most Beautiful People" and "World's Best Dressed Women" in 2009. [108] (#cite_note-110) [109] (#cite_note-111) That year, she was also included in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) 's list of the "top ten most stylish women". [110] (#cite_note-112) In 2011, Pinto was included as the only Indian celebrity among the "50 Most Beautiful Women in Film", a list compiled by Los Angeles Times Magazine (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Magazine) . [111] (#cite_note-113) The following year, People named her one of the "Most Beautiful at Every Age". [112] (#cite_note-114) She was featured in the "Top 99 Most Desirable Women" poll conducted by AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) , consecutively from 2010 to 2012. [113] (#cite_note-115) [114] (#cite_note-116) [115] (#cite_note-117) In 2009, Pinto was made a spokeswoman for L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) Paris. [116] (#cite_note-118) Two years later, a controversy arose when she appeared in an advert promoting a L'Oréal product; it showed Pinto in what was perceived to be a lighter skin tone due to make-up or editing. The company denied claims of retouching Pinto's picture. [117] (#cite_note-119) [118] (#cite_note-120) A popular actress in Hollywood, Pinto remains a relatively little-known figure in India; [100] (#cite_note-Ramachandran-102) [119] (#cite_note-121) critics and analysts have attributed the fact to the failure of Slumdog Millionaire in the country. [120] (#cite_note-122) Indian sociologist Ashis Nandy (/wiki/Ashis_Nandy) remarked: "My periscope does not pick her up", while journalist Khalid Mohamed (/wiki/Khalid_Mohamed) stated: "She is not a factor in Mumbai." [100] (#cite_note-Ramachandran-102) The Indian media has criticised her "fluctuating" accents, in Hindi and English, and attributed her inability to find roles in Bollywood to her dark complexion. [16] (#cite_note-Steve-17) Despite these criticisms, Pinto has been credited by the media for having avoided being stereotyped (/wiki/Stereotype#Role_in_art_and_culture) as an Indian in Hollywood, as she often plays characters of other nationalities. [43] (#cite_note-roles-44) [121] (#cite_note-123) In a 2012 interview with Hindustan Times , she said she consciously avoids roles that depict stereotypes. [122] (#cite_note-124) Pinto balances out her career by working in "big budget Hollywood blockbusters" alongside "smart independent films." When asked about her preference for Hollywood, she replied: "I just wanted to become an actor. As an actor, you don't have to limit yourself to a particular culture or ethnicity. I want to spread my tentacles everywhere and am ready for a film offer from any part of the world." [123] (#cite_note-125) Personal life [ edit ] Before beginning her film career, Pinto was engaged to Rohan Antao, who had been her publicist at one point. She ended the relationship in January 2009 and began dating her Slumdog Millionaire co-star Dev Patel (/wiki/Dev_Patel) . [124] (#cite_note-USATpintopatel-126) After a six-year relationship, the couple separated amicably in December 2014. [125] (#cite_note-127) Pinto became engaged to photographer Cory Tran in November 2019, [126] (#cite_note-128) and they married in 2020 at the Honda Center (/wiki/Honda_Center) . [127] (#cite_note-129) She gave birth to their son in November 2021. [128] (#cite_note-130) After the success of Slumdog Millionaire , Pinto had split her time between Mumbai, London, and Los Angeles, [16] (#cite_note-Steve-17) [124] (#cite_note-USATpintopatel-126) [129] (#cite_note-131) and as of 2015 she lives in Los Angeles. [130] (#cite_note-132) Business Ventures [ edit ] Pinto joined Rookie Wellness, a protein and nutritional supplement brand, as a partner and co-founder in 2020. [131] (#cite_note-133) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Key † Denotes upcoming films Year Title Role Notes 2008 Slumdog Millionaire (/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire) Latika 2010 You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (/wiki/You_Will_Meet_a_Tall_Dark_Stranger) Dia Miral (/wiki/Miral) Miral 2011 Rise of the Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes) Caroline Aranha Trishna (/wiki/Trishna_(2011_film)) Trishna Day of the Falcon (/wiki/Day_of_the_Falcon) [b] (#cite_note-BG-56) Princess Leyla Immortals (/wiki/Immortals_(2011_film)) Phaedra (/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)) 2013 Girl Rising (/wiki/Girl_Rising_(film)) Narrator Documentary 2014 Desert Dancer (/wiki/Desert_Dancer) Elaheh 2015 Knight of Cups (/wiki/Knight_of_Cups_(film)) Helen Unity (/wiki/Unity_(film)) Narrator Documentary Blunt Force Trauma (/wiki/Blunt_Force_Trauma_(film)) Colt Black Knight Decoded Ahna Short film 2016 Two Bellmen Two Leila Patel Short film Past Forward Woman #2 Short film 2017 Yamasong: March of the Hollows (/wiki/Yamasong:_March_of_the_Hollows) Geta Voiceover Animated film (/wiki/Animation) [132] (#cite_note-134) [133] (#cite_note-135) 2018 Love Sonia (/wiki/Love_Sonia) Rashmi [134] (#cite_note-136) [135] (#cite_note-137) Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (/wiki/Mowgli:_Legend_of_the_Jungle) Messua (/wiki/List_of_The_Jungle_Book_characters#In_the_Mowgli_stories) [136] (#cite_note-138) 2019 Only (/wiki/Only_(film)) [137] (#cite_note-139) Eva 2020 Love Wedding Repeat (/wiki/Love_Wedding_Repeat) Amanda Hillbilly Elegy (/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy_(film)) Usha Vance (/wiki/Usha_Vance) 2021 Intrusion (/wiki/Intrusion_(film)) Meera Needle in a Timestack (/wiki/Needle_in_a_Timestack) Alex Leslie 2022 Mr. Malcolm's List (/wiki/Mr._Malcolm%27s_List) Selina Dalton 2023 North Star (/wiki/North_Star_(2023_film)) Television [ edit ] Year Show Role Channel Note 2006 Full Circle (/wiki/Zee_TV) Host Zee International Asia Pacific (/wiki/Zee_TV) Talk Show [19] (#cite_note-Tzanelli-20) 2015 India: Nature's Wonderland (/wiki/India:_Nature%27s_Wonderland) Herself BBC Two (/wiki/BBC_Two) Nature documentary [138] (#cite_note-140) 2017 Guerrilla (/wiki/Guerrilla_(TV_series)) Jas Mitra Showtime (/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)) / Sky Atlantic (/wiki/Sky_Atlantic) Lead role; miniseries [139] (#cite_note-141) 2018 The Path (/wiki/The_Path_(TV_series)) Vera Hulu (/wiki/Hulu) Recurring role 2020–2022 Mira, Royal Detective (/wiki/Mira,_Royal_Detective) Queen Shanti Disney Channel (/wiki/Disney_Channel) Voiceover Main cast 2021 Spy Princess Noor Inayat Khan (/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan) TBA Title role TBA Surface (/wiki/Surface_(2022_TV_series)) Grace Apple TV+ (/wiki/Apple_TV%2B) Season 2 Music video appearances [ edit ] Year Song Performer(s) Album 2013 " Gorilla (/wiki/Gorilla_(song)) " Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) Unorthodox Jukebox (/wiki/Unorthodox_Jukebox) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Outcome Ref. 2009 BAFTA Awards (/wiki/BAFTA_Awards) Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role) Slumdog Millionaire (/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire) Nominated [140] (#cite_note-Daiji-142) Black Reel Awards (/wiki/Black_Reel_Awards) Best Ensemble (/wiki/Black_Reel_Award_for_Best_Ensemble) Nominated [140] (#cite_note-Daiji-142) Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated [141] (#cite_note-143) MTV Movie Awards (/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards) Best Breakthrough Performance (/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award_for_Best_Breakthrough_Performance) Nominated [140] (#cite_note-Daiji-142) MTV Movie Awards (/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards) Best Kiss (/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award_for_Best_Kiss) (shared nomination with Dev Patel (/wiki/Dev_Patel) ) Nominated [140] (#cite_note-Daiji-142) Palm Springs International Film Festival (/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Film_Festival) Breakthrough Performance Award Won [26] (#cite_note-Palm_Springs-27) Screen Actors Guild Award (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award) Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture) Won [27] (#cite_note-IBN-28) Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) Choice Movie Actress: Drama (/wiki/2009_Teen_Choice_Awards) Nominated [142] (#cite_note-LAtimesblog-144) Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) Choice Movie Fresh Face Female (/wiki/2009_Teen_Choice_Awards) Nominated [142] (#cite_note-LAtimesblog-144) Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) Choice Movie Liplock (/wiki/2009_Teen_Choice_Awards) (Shared with Dev Patel (/wiki/Dev_Patel) ) Nominated [142] (#cite_note-LAtimesblog-144) 2018 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (/wiki/Indian_Film_Festival_of_Melbourne) Best Supporting Actress Love Sonia (/wiki/Love_Sonia) Nominated [143] (#cite_note-145) IFFM Diversity in Cinema Award — Won [144] (#cite_note-146) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pinto on her Portuguese surname to Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) : "I come from Mangalore, which is in the southern part of India, where you have a big Catholic population. Some of them were forced into conversions by the British and Portuguese. So I may not necessarily have that kind of lineage. I could pretty much be a Hindu from India." [3] (#cite_note-3) ^ Jump up to: a b Day of the Falcon is also known as Black Gold and Or noir . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lindzi, Scharf (May 2012). "What's now! Parties". InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) p. 108. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-09-921064-0 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Woman behind success" (http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090309/ttlife1.htm) . The Tribune (Chandigarh) (/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)) . Indo-Asian News Service (/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service) . 9 March 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165543/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090309/ttlife1.htm) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Freida Pinto's identity crisis" (http://www.stylist.co.uk/people/freida-pintos-identity-crisis) . Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) . 9 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404063304/http://www.stylist.co.uk/people/freida-pintos-identity-crisis) from the original on 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Slumdog has done India proud, says Freida's father" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-slumdog-has-done-india-proud-says-frieda-s-father-1233560) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . 23 February 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020952/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-slumdog-has-done-india-proud-says-frieda-s-father-1233560) from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Blanks, Tim (25 July 2011). "Freida Pinto" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto-1#_) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130729191012/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto-1) from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Freida Pinto wants to undergo DNA test to prove she is Indian" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8658314/Freida-Pinto-wants-to-undergo-DNA-test-to-prove-she-is-Indian.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 25 July 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131105042009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8658314/Freida-Pinto-wants-to-undergo-DNA-test-to-prove-she-is-Indian.html) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b D'Mello, Gerry (25 November 2008). "The Newest Star on the Mangalorean Horizon – Freida Pinto" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090418144134/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53994) . Daijiworld Media (/wiki/Daijiworld_Media) . Archived from the original (http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53994) on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Katz, Brigit (10 April 2015). "Freida Pinto opens up about a "crime against a woman's body" in India" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000901/https://womenintheworld.com/2015/04/10/freida-pinto-opens-up-about-her-advocacy-efforts-for-girls/) . WomenintheWorld.com . Archived from the original (https://womenintheworld.com/2015/04/10/freida-pinto-opens-up-about-her-advocacy-efforts-for-girls/) on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Freida's secret shoot at Chakala for Holly biggie" (https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Freidas-secret-shoot-at-Chakala-for-Holly-biggie/articleshow/16118381.cms) . Mumbai Mirror (/wiki/Mumbai_Mirror) . 16 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181229081219/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Freidas-secret-shoot-at-Chakala-for-Holly-biggie/articleshow/16118381.cms) from the original on 29 December 2018 . Retrieved 29 December 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Freida Pinto wanted to be a Michael Jackson impersonator" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-wanted-to-be-a-michael-jackson-impersonator/716431) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 26 November 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155607/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-wanted-to-be-a-michael-jackson-impersonator/716431) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Roy, Priyanka (2 March 2009). "There's nothing to be so kicked about, girl! it's just luck by chance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113752/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/entertainment/story_10610538.jsp) . The Telegraph (Calcutta) (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)) . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/entertainment/story_10610538.jsp) on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sung, Helena. "Destiny's Child" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185103/http://www.audreymagazine.com/index.php?element=cover_story&archive=409) . Audrey (/wiki/Audrey_(magazine)) (February – March 2009). Archived from the original (http://www.audreymagazine.com/index.php?element=cover_story&archive=409) on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Silva, Horacio (19 August 2010). "Out on a Limb" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/t-magazine/22well-coverstory-t.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130704072720/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/t-magazine/22well-coverstory-t.html) from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Rego, Norbert (21 October 2009). "Unplugged: Freida Pinto" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Freida-Pinto/articleshow/4379041.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161018134117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Freida-Pinto/articleshow/4379041.cms) from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-rediff_16-0) Ramani, Nithya. "It's natural to want to become an actress after living in Mumbai" (https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/16slid1.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012021653/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/16slid1.htm) from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 15 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rose, Steve (1 March 2012). "Freida Pinto on being Tess" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/mar/01/frieda-pinto-i-feel-timid) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070413/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/mar/01/frieda-pinto-i-feel-timid) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Blanks, Tim (25 July 2011). "Freida Pinto" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto-1/#page3) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185021/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto-1) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Freida Pinto – Slumdog Millionaire" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/faces-to-look-forward-in-2009/freida-pinto--slumdog-millionaire/slideshow/3937916.cms) . The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) . 5 January 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409063858/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/faces-to-look-forward-in-2009/freida-pinto--slumdog-millionaire/slideshow/3937916.cms) from the original on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tzanelli, Rodanthi (2015). Mobility, Modernity and the Slum: The Real and Virtual Journeys of 'Slumdog Millionaire' . Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . p. 48. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-43819-9 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Martin, Michael (5 November 2010). "Freida Pinto" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto/#_) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131220235232/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/freida-pinto) from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-theguardian2009_22-0) Hubert, Andrea (3 January 2009). "Desi mates" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/03/slumdog-millionaire-stars) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060851/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/03/slumdog-millionaire-stars) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Huber-Warring, Tonya (2010). Storied Inquiries in International Landscapes: An Anthology of Educational Research . Information Age Publishing (/wiki/Information_Age_Publishing) . p. 511. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60752-395-6 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Gant, Charles (20 January 2009). "Slumdog Millionaire is the UK's biggest ever sleeper hit" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/jan/20/slumdog-millionaire-sleeper-hit) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120221935/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/jan/20/slumdog-millionaire-sleeper-hit) from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Slumdog Millionaire" (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=slumdogmillionaire.htm) . Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160912190844/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=slumdogmillionaire.htm) from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Elsworth, Catherine (23 February 2009). "Oscars 2009: Slumdog Millionaire wins eight Academy Awards including best picture and best director" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/4784569/Oscars-2009-Slumdog-Millionaire-wins-eight-Academy-Awards-including-best-picture-and-best-director.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120184403/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/4784569/Oscars-2009-Slumdog-Millionaire-wins-eight-Academy-Awards-including-best-picture-and-best-director.html) from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The 20th Palm Springs International Film Festival" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/4159382/The-20th-Palm-Springs-International-Film-Festival.html?image=4) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103054351/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/4159382/The-20th-Palm-Springs-International-Film-Festival.html?image=4) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Slumdog Millionaire bags 2 more US film awards" (http://www.news18.com/news/india/sag-slumdog-307173.html) . News18 (/wiki/News18) . 26 January 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103054749/http://www.news18.com/news/india/sag-slumdog-307173.html) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Film Awards Winners in 2009" (http://www.bafta.org/film/awards/film-awards-winners-in-2009) . British Academy of Film and Television Arts (/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140831154107/http://www.bafta.org/film/awards/2009,2378,BA.html) from the original on 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Blair, Iain (4 August 2011). "Freida Pinto rises up in new 'Planet of the Apes' (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-freidapinto/freida-pinto-rises-up-in-new-planet-of-the-apes-idUSTRE7735IZ20110804) " (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-freidapinto/freida-pinto-rises-up-in-new-planet-of-the-apes-idUSTRE7735IZ20110804) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-freidapinto/freida-pinto-rises-up-in-new-planet-of-the-apes-idUSTRE7735IZ20110804) from the original on 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Slumdog to stardom: How Freida Pinto has adapted to the demands of fame" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/slumdog-to-stardom-how-freida-pinto-has-adapted-to-the-demands-of-fame-2326905.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 13 July 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923072244/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/slumdog-to-stardom-how-freida-pinto-has-adapted-to-the-demands-of-fame-2326905.html) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Scott, A. O. (21 September 2010). "Looking for Something When Life Signifies Nothing" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/movies/22you.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150505011732/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/movies/22you.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) from the original on 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Verma, Sukanya (17 December 2010). "A twisted Woody Allen fairytale!" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-you-will-meet-a-tall-dark-stranger/20101217.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140214103444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-you-will-meet-a-tall-dark-stranger/20101217.htm) from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/you-will-meet-a-tall-dark-stranger) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170528210100/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/you-will-meet-a-tall-dark-stranger) from the original on 28 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "You Will Meet a Tall, Dark Stranger (2010)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_will_meet_a_tall_dark_stranger/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151202203604/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/you_will_meet_a_tall_dark_stranger/) from the original on 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Dehn, Georgia (22 November 2010). "Freida Pinto capitalises on her Slumdog pedigree" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/8127032/Freida-Pinto-capitalises-on-her-Slumdog-pedigree.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150716015605/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/8127032/Freida-Pinto-capitalises-on-her-Slumdog-pedigree.html) from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Adams, Sam (27 March 2011). "Miral's Freida Pinto aims for a global takeover" (http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/27/entertainment/la-ca-freida-pinto-20110327) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200326/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/27/entertainment/la-ca-freida-pinto-20110327) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Miral (2010)" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/miral) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160315014756/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/miral) from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Miral (2010)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/miral/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151109123529/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/miral/) from the original on 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) J. Pais, Arthur (22 March 2011). "Freida Pinto gets good reviews for Miral" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-gets-good-reviews-for-miral/20110322.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181312/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-gets-good-reviews-for-miral/20110322.htm) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) MacNab, Geoffrey (3 September 2010). "Miral, Venice Film Festival" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/miral-venice-film-festival-2069079.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150922183403/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/miral-venice-film-festival-2069079.html) from the original on 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Bradshaw, Peter (2 December 2010). "Miral – review" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/02/miral-review) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074209/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/02/miral-review) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Bagdadi, Danish (12 July 2014). "All 8 'The Planet of the Apes' Movies Ranked from Worst to Best" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/comment-all-8-the-planet-of-the-apes-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best-2001648) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151011055317/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/comment-all-8-the-planet-of-the-apes-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best-2001648) from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Joshi, Tushar (30 May 2012). "Freida's freed herself from desi stereotypes" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-entertainment/Freidas-freed-herself-from-desi-stereotypes/articleshow/13640190.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160629163339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-entertainment/Freidas-freed-herself-from-desi-stereotypes/articleshow/13640190.cms) from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Freida Pinto out of 'Planet of the Apes' sequel" (http://www.mid-day.com/articles/freida-pinto-out-of-planet-of-the-apes-sequel/216467) . Mid-Day (/wiki/Mid-Day) . 4 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151003213220/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/freida-pinto-out-of-planet-of-the-apes-sequel/216467) from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Freida Pinto: Worldwide (Unadjusted)" (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=freidapinto.htm) . Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212027/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=freidapinto.htm) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Quinn, Anthony (23 October 2011). "Rise of the Planet of the Apes (12A)" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-12a-2336016.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151209010943/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-12a-2336016.html) from the original on 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) McCarthy, Todd (3 August 2011). "Rise of the Planet of the Apes: Film Review" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/rise-planet-apes-film-review-218819) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151211171915/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/rise-planet-apes-film-review-218819) from the original on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b French, Philip (11 March 2012). "Slumdog Millionaire star Freida Pinto captivates in Michael Winterbottom's bold reading of Hardy's tragedy" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/mar/11/trishna-michael-winterbottom-review) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090108/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/mar/11/trishna-michael-winterbottom-review) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Collin, Robbie (8 March 2012). "Trishna, review" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/9131922/Trishna-review.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140102050820/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/9131922/Trishna-review.html) from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Trishna" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/trishna) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151203193921/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/trishna) from the original on 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Trishna (2012)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/trishna_2011/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151129025105/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/trishna_2011/) from the original on 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) BBari, Nishat (17 September 2011). "Freida Pinto: Ticket to Hollywood" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-youth-special-freida-pinto-ticket-to-hollywood/1/151584.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160406223838/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-youth-special-freida-pinto-ticket-to-hollywood/1/151584.html) from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Ebert, Roger (/wiki/Roger_Ebert) (17 July 2012). "Trishna" (https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/trishna-2012) . RogerEbert.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012021653/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/trishna-2012) from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Dargis, Manohla (12 July 2012). "A Little Bollywood Flavors This 'Tess' (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/movies/trishna-from-michael-winterbottom-starring-freida-pinto.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/movies/trishna-from-michael-winterbottom-starring-freida-pinto.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120901212542/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/movies/trishna-from-michael-winterbottom-starring-freida-pinto.html) from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Day of The Falcon 2013" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_falcon/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151128150703/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_falcon) from the original on 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Pringle, Gill (17 February 2012). "Freida Pinto: An actress who has the whole world at her feet" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/freida-pinto-an-actress-who-has-the-whole-world-at-her-feet-6988643.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151003195749/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/freida-pinto-an-actress-who-has-the-whole-world-at-her-feet-6988643.html) from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Webster, Andy (2 March 2013). "Blood Spills Over Black Gold" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/movies/jean-jacques-annauds-day-of-the-falcon.html?_r=0) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170602082638/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/movies/jean-jacques-annauds-day-of-the-falcon.html?_r=0) from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Freida Pinto takes on Immortals" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-takes-on-immortals/650759/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 23 July 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160630144113/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-takes-on-immortals/650759/) from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Immortals (2011)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/immortals_2011/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151110170214/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/immortals_2011/) from the original on 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Immortals" (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=warofgods.htm) . Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151029143651/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=warofgods.htm) from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) McCarthy, Todd (10 November 2011). "Immortals: Film Review" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/immortals-film-review-260279) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404023017/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/immortals-film-review-260279) from the original on 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) De, Shobhaa (/wiki/Shobhaa_De) (26 October 2013). "Why did Freida Pinto do pole dance?" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Freida-Pinto-Hollywood-Slumdog-Millionaire-Gorilla/articleshow/24742229.cms?) . Mumbai Mirror (/wiki/Mumbai_Mirror) reprinted by The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160630145744/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Freida-Pinto-Hollywood-Slumdog-Millionaire-Gorilla/articleshow/24742229.cms) from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Bruno Mars: Gorilla" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-10-controversial-music-videos/bruno-mars-gorilla/photostory/33186105.cms?) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626040443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/top-10/Bruno-Mars-Gorilla/photostory/33186105.cms) from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Goyal, Samarth (17 October 2013). "Freida Pinto stuns fans with dirty dancing in Bruno Mars" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/freida-pinto-stuns-fans-with-dirty-dancing-in-bruno-mars-video/story-eC3QfbqICCPX04JhVPr74I.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151003142836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/freida-pinto-stuns-fans-with-dirty-dancing-in-bruno-mars-video/story-eC3QfbqICCPX04JhVPr74I.html) from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Freida Pinto, Anne Hathaway join Girl Rising documentary" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-anne-hathaway-join-girl-rising-documentary/1103807/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 17 April 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154447/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pinto-anne-hathaway-join-girl-rising-documentary/1103807/) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Freida Pinto: Dancing diva" (http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150207/ARTICLE/302079987/1002) . Khaleej Times (/wiki/Khaleej_Times) . 7 February 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151001205621/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150207/ARTICLE/302079987/1002) from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Webster, Andy (9 April 2015). "Review: 'Desert Dancer' Tells the Story of the Afshin Ghaffarian" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/movies/review-desert-dancer-tells-the-story-of-the-afshin-ghaffarian.html?_r=0) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170816013209/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/movies/review-desert-dancer-tells-the-story-of-the-afshin-ghaffarian.html?_r=0) from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Joshi, Priya (13 October 2012). "Freida Pinto: 'Dance training for Desert Dancer was daunting" (https://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/a430306/freida-pinto-dance-training-for-desert-dancer-was-daunting/) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012021706/https://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/a430306/freida-pinto-dance-training-for-desert-dancer-was-daunting/) from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 2 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Freida Pinto goes to rehab for her next role" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/freida-pinto-rehab-visit-desert-dancer-role/1/365522.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . 6 June 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120142/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/freida-pinto-rehab-visit-desert-dancer-role/1/365522.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "Desert Dancer (2014)" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/desert-dancer/critic-reviews) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160316093436/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/desert-dancer/critic-reviews) from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Desert Dancer (2014)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/desert_dancer/?search=desert%20dancer) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160123173244/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/desert_dancer/?search=Desert%20Dancer) from the original on 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) O'Falt, Chris (3 September 2014). "The Lowdown on Terrence Malick's Three New Films" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/what-we-know-terrence-malicks-725908) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191103045440/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/what-we-know-terrence-malicks-725908) from the original on 3 November 2019 . Retrieved 26 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) Mcgovern, Joe (3 March 2016). "Wes Bentley discusses Knight of Cups and the Terrence Malick experience" (http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/03/wes-bentley-terrence-malick-knight-cups) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160312084000/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/03/wes-bentley-terrence-malick-knight-cups) from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Bradshaw, Peter (8 February 2015). "Knight of Cups review: Malick's back! With the least interesting spiritual crisis in history" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/08/knight-of-cups-review-film-terrence-malick-christian-bale) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160322134821/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/08/knight-of-cups-review-film-terrence-malick-christian-bale) from the original on 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Freida Pinto Filmed Knight of Cups Without a Script. She Had 'Fun' (http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-filmed-knight-of-cups-without-a-script-she-had-fun-1288163) " (http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-filmed-knight-of-cups-without-a-script-she-had-fun-1288163) . NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . Indo-Asian News Service (/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service) . 17 March 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161524/http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-filmed-knight-of-cups-without-a-script-she-had-fun-1288163) from the original on 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Programme 2015" (http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2015/02_programm_2015/02_programm_2015.html) . Berlin International Film Festival (/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907172939/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2015/02_programm_2015/02_programm_2015.html) from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Sexton, David (13 February 2015). "Berlin Film Festival: Knight of Cups – film review: Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett and Natalie Portman star in Terrence Malick's latest" (https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/berlin-film-festival-knight-of-cups-film-review-christian-bale-cate-blanchett-and-natalie-portman-10044455.html) . London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151012030626/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/berlin-film-festival-knight-of-cups-film-review-christian-bale-cate-blanchett-and-natalie-portman-10044455.html) from the original on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Knight of Cups" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knight_of_cups/?search=knight%20of%20cu) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160114013836/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knight_of_cups/?search=knight%20of%20cu) from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Knight of Cups reviews" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/knight-of-cups) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161006213130/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/knight-of-cups) from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) McNary, Dave (23 July 2015). "Christian Bale's 'Knight of Cups' Gets March Release Date" (https://variety.com/2015/film/news/knight-of-cups-release-date-christian-bale-1201547089/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160518195458/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/knight-of-cups-release-date-christian-bale-1201547089/) from the original on 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) McNary, Dave (22 April 2015). "Documentary 'Unity' Set for Aug. 12 Release with 100 Star Narrators" (https://variety.com/2015/film/news/documentary-unity-set-for-aug-12-release-with-100-star-narrators-1201477200/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150901112039/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/documentary-unity-set-for-aug-12-release-with-100-star-narrators-1201477200/) from the original on 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) McNary, Dave (31 October 2014). "AFM: Ryan Kwanten-Mickey Rourke's 'Blunt Force Trauma' Heads to Voltage" (https://variety.com/2014/film/news/ryan-kwanten-blunt-force-trauma-mickey-rourke-1201344710/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095044/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/ryan-kwanten-blunt-force-trauma-mickey-rourke-1201344710/) from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) DeFore, John (8 September 2015). " (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/blunt-force-trauma-montreal-review-820902) 'Blunt Force Trauma': Montreal Review" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/blunt-force-trauma-montreal-review-820902) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151004131606/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/blunt-force-trauma-montreal-review-820902) from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Freida Pinto reunites with Andy Serkis for Jungle Book: Origins" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/freida-pinto-reunites-with-andy-serkis-for-jungle-book-origins/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 9 May 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150806194636/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/freida-pinto-reunites-with-andy-serkis-for-jungle-book-origins/) from the original on 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Murphy, Desiree (3 March 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: Freida Pinto Reveals the Role She's Playing in 'Jungle Book: Origins' (http://www.etonline.com/news/183730_freida_pinto_exclusive_reveals_what_role_she_is_playing_andy_serkis_jungle_book_origins/) " (http://www.etonline.com/news/183730_freida_pinto_exclusive_reveals_what_role_she_is_playing_andy_serkis_jungle_book_origins/) . Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160717000253/http://www.etonline.com/news/183730_freida_pinto_exclusive_reveals_what_role_she_is_playing_andy_serkis_jungle_book_origins/) from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) Alberge, Dalya (14 January 2021). "Life of Indian princess who fought Nazis to be told in TV series" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/life-indian-princess-fought-nazis-tv-series-noor-inayat-khan) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010956/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/life-indian-princess-fought-nazis-tv-series-noor-inayat-khan) from the original on 19 April 2021 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Petski, Nellie Andreeva,Denise; Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (26 August 2021). "Freida Pinto's Freebird Films Inks First-Look TV Deal With eOne" (https://deadline.com/2021/08/freida-pintos-freebird-films-inks-first-look-tv-deal-with-eone-1234822652/) . Deadline . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827001348/https://deadline.com/2021/08/freida-pintos-freebird-films-inks-first-look-tv-deal-with-eone-1234822652/) from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Freida Pinto turns producer for women empowerment shows and films" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/freida-pinto-turns-producer-for-women-empowerment-shows-and-films/) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . 26 February 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103055404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/freida-pinto-turns-producer-for-women-empowerment-shows-and-films/) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Srivastava, Priyanka (19 June 2013). "Freida roots for girl rising" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/freida-pinto-roots-for-girl-rising/1/284128.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160407004624/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/freida-pinto-roots-for-girl-rising/1/284128.html) from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Ramsden, Tracy (20 July 2014). "Exclusive: Freida Pinto Talks Feminism, Fame And Angelina Jolie" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/uncategorised/girl-summit-freida-pinto-60476) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103055306/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/uncategorised/girl-summit-freida-pinto-60476) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) "Freida joins forces with William to raise money for Agassi's charity" (http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/freida-joins-forces-with-william-to-raise-money-for-agassi-s-charity_72938.html) . Zee News (/wiki/Zee_News) . 13 October 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208194629/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/freida-joins-forces-with-william-to-raise-money-for-agassi-s-charity_72938.html) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Ganguly, Prithwish (30 September 2010). "Freida the ace in Agassi-Steffi game" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Freida-the-ace-in-Agassi-Steffi-game/articleshow/6651134.cms?referral=PM) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140329161549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Freida-the-ace-in-Agassi-Steffi-game/articleshow/6651134.cms?referral=PM) from the original on 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Freida Pinto bats for girl empowerment in Ethiopia" (http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-bats-for-girl-empowerment-in-ethiopia-633430) . NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . Indo-Asian News Service (/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service) . 2 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071356/http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-bats-for-girl-empowerment-in-ethiopia-633430) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) "Because I am a girl" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103055513/https://plan-international.org/because-i-am-a-girl) . Plan (/wiki/Plan_(aid_organisation)) . Archived from the original (https://plan-international.org/because-i-am-a-girl) on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Karmali, Sarah (16 April 2013). "Blake Lively and Halle Berry Join Gucci's Chime For Change" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/blake-lively-joins-gucci-chime-for-change-halle-berry-zoe-saldana-beyonce) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103055556/http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/blake-lively-joins-gucci-chime-for-change-halle-berry-zoe-saldana-beyonce) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Bhattacharya, Roshmila (2 July 2014). "Freida Pinto speaks up for girls" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Freida-Pinto-speaks-up-for-girls/articleshow/38782506.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140724030859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Freida-Pinto-speaks-up-for-girls/articleshow/38782506.cms) from the original on 24 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "India's Daughter' gets support from Meryl Streep, Freida Pinto" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indias-daughter-gets-support-from-meryl-streep-freida-pinto/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 8 March 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150915045529/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indias-daughter-gets-support-from-meryl-streep-freida-pinto/) from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) "Freida Pinto: India should show banned BBC rape documentary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120165853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11460805/Freida-Pinto-India-should-show-banned-BBC-rape-documentary.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 10 March 2015. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11460805/Freida-Pinto-India-should-show-banned-BBC-rape-documentary.html) on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) "India's Daughter documentary receives star-studded premiere in US" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/10/indias-daughter-documentary-receives-star-studded-premiere-in-us) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 10 March 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303103410/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/10/indias-daughter-documentary-receives-star-studded-premiere-in-us) from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ramachandran, S. (6 November 2011). "The star India doesn't want" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230136/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111106/jsp/7days/story_14713691.jsp) . The Telegraph (Calcutta) (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)) . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111106/jsp/7days/story_14713691.jsp) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-IE_103-0) "Proud to see India's representation in Hollywood" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/proud-to-see-indias-representation-in-hollywood-freida-pinto/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 13 March 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160315091202/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/proud-to-see-indias-representation-in-hollywood-freida-pinto/) from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) " (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-i-am-not-famous-in-india/20100823.htm) 'I am not famous in India' (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-i-am-not-famous-in-india/20100823.htm) " (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-i-am-not-famous-in-india/20100823.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . 23 August 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160405201034/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-i-am-not-famous-in-india/20100823.htm) from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Nelson, Dean (26 March 2009). "Slumdog Millionaire star Freida Pinto is Bollywood top earner" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5054131/Slumdog-Millionaire-star-Freida-Pinto-is-Bollywood-top-earner.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100228202911/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5054131/Slumdog-Millionaire-star-Freida-Pinto-is-Bollywood-top-earner.html) from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-SFgate_106-0) Stein, Ruthe (8 July 2012). "Freida Pinto follows 'Slumdog' with 'Trishna' (http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Freida-Pinto-follows-Slumdog-with-Trishna-3686384.php) " (http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Freida-Pinto-follows-Slumdog-with-Trishna-3686384.php) . San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151459/http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Freida-Pinto-follows-Slumdog-with-Trishna-3686384.php) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "I always dream big: Freida Pinto" (http://www.news18.com/news/india/i-always-dream-big-freida-pinto-423805.html) . News18 (/wiki/News18) . 30 November 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103055637/http://www.news18.com/news/india/i-always-dream-big-freida-pinto-423805.html) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) "Freida Pinto is 'unrecognisable' in Mumbai slums" (http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120311/freida-pinto-unrecognisable-mumbai-slums.html) . Deccan Herald (/wiki/Deccan_Herald) . Press Trust of India (/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India) . 13 December 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164151/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120311/freida-pinto-unrecognisable-mumbai-slums.html) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Tulshyan, Ruchika (30 March 2011). "Freida Pinto: Why Is She A Glamour 'Goddess'?" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2011/03/30/freida-pinto-why-is-she-a-glamour-goddess/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151005102916/http://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2011/03/30/freida-pinto-why-is-she-a-glamour-goddess/) from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-110) "Freida Pinto on People's annual beauty list" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/freida-pinto-on-peoples-annual-beauty-list/) . The Indian Express . 30 April 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103060707/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/freida-pinto-on-peoples-annual-beauty-list/) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) "Freida Pinto, Winslet in People's best dressed list" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-freida-pinto-winslet-in-people-s-best-dressed-list-1291007) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . 17 September 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232646/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-freida-pinto-winslet-in-people-s-best-dressed-list-1291007) from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) " (http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/stylish-pinto-in-vogue-s-top-10-list/story-sN31UCEPoKPfp4c2Y5LxMN.html) "Stylish" Pinto in Vogue's top 10 list!" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/stylish-pinto-in-vogue-s-top-10-list/story-sN31UCEPoKPfp4c2Y5LxMN.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . 24 December 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/stylish-pinto-in-vogue-s-top-10-list/story-sN31UCEPoKPfp4c2Y5LxMN.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-113) "Freida Pinto more beautiful than Pretty Woman!" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-more-beautiful-than-pretty-woman/20110210.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . 10 February 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150723014943/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/freida-pinto-more-beautiful-than-pretty-woman/20110210.htm) from the original on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) Quan, Karen J. (20 April 2012). "2012 Most Beautiful at Every Age – Freida Pinto" (http://people.com/style/beautiful-at-every-age/freida-pinto-27/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103060316/http://people.com/style/beautiful-at-every-age/freida-pinto-27/) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Why She's No.50" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100115180240/http://www.askmen.com/specials/2010_top_99/freida-pinto-50.html) . AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) . Archived from the original (http://www.askmen.com/specials/2010_top_99/freida-pinto-50.html) on 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) "Blake Lively Emerges as the Most Desirable Woman of 2011 According to AskMen's 10th Annual Poll" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blake-lively-emerges-as-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2011-according-to-askmens-10th-annual-poll-115009479.html) . PR Newswire (/wiki/PR_Newswire) . 1 February 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150723040510/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blake-lively-emerges-as-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2011-according-to-askmens-10th-annual-poll-115009479.html) from the original on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) "Sofia Vergara Claims the Title of The Most Desirable Woman of 2012 According to AskMen's 11th Annual Poll" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sofia-vergara-claims-the-title-of-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2012-according-to-askmens-11th-annual-poll-138395799.html) . PR Newswire (/wiki/PR_Newswire) . 31 January 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050200/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sofia-vergara-claims-the-title-of-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2012-according-to-askmens-11th-annual-poll-138395799.html) from the original on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Niven, Lisa (30 October 2013). "Blake Lively's Worth It" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/blake-lively-new-loreal-paris-global-spokesperson) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103060747/http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/blake-lively-new-loreal-paris-global-spokesperson) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) "Freida Pinto's 'lighter' skin tone was not altered, says L'Oreal" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pintos-lighter-skin-tone-was-not-altered-says-loreal/853555/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 29 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103053528/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/freida-pintos-lighter-skin-tone-was-not-altered-says-loreal/853555/) from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Roy, Amit (29 September 2011). "Freida fairer? Not fair – L'Oreal denies buzz that actor's skin-tone was lightened in ad" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123050/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110929/jsp/frontpage/story_14567118.jsp) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)) . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110929/jsp/frontpage/story_14567118.jsp) on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Ramachandran, Naman (/wiki/Naman_Ramachandran) (26 August 2011). "The curious case of Freida Pinto" (http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/curious-case-freida-pinto-966707/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160407164920/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/curious-case-freida-pinto-966707/) from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) "I can find my place in Bollywood now: Freida Pinto" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-can-find-my-place-in-bollywood-now-freida-pinto/1088643/0) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . 16 March 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215455/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-can-find-my-place-in-bollywood-now-freida-pinto/1088643/0) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-123) "Stereotyping a lesser evil in Indian cinema: Freida Pinto" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/stereotyping-a-lesser-evil-in-indian-cinema-freida-pinto/1/260878.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . 5 April 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151004183459/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/stereotyping-a-lesser-evil-in-indian-cinema-freida-pinto/1/260878.html) from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-124) Nayar Singh, Anjuri (18 December 2014). "Freida won't play girl who wears sari, bindi" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/freida-won-t-play-girl-who-wears-sari-bindi/story-0LItHGPKSqoNbp9UMeTxZN.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/freida-won-t-play-girl-who-wears-sari-bindi/story-0LItHGPKSqoNbp9UMeTxZN.html) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Guha, Aniruddha (20 August 2011). "What's ethnicity got to do with bagging Hollywood films? asks Freida Pinto" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-s-ethnicity-got-to-do-with-bagging-hollywood-films-asks-freida-pinto-1578006) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160702061845/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-s-ethnicity-got-to-do-with-bagging-hollywood-films-asks-freida-pinto-1578006) from the original on 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wloszczyna, Susan (29 March 2011). "Freida Pinto, Dev Patel: Like something out of a movie" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2011-03-30-freidaside30_VA_N.htm) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203135636/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2011-03-30-freidaside30_VA_N.htm) from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) "Freida Pinto defies expectation for 'Dancer' (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/04/06/desert-dancer-freida-pinto/25340953/) " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/04/06/desert-dancer-freida-pinto/25340953/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . 7 April 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160527000421/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/04/06/desert-dancer-freida-pinto/25340953/) from the original on 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Quinn, Dave (22 November 2019). "Freida Pinto Is Engaged! 'The World Makes Sense,' She Says as Cory Tran Pops the Question" (https://people.com/movies/freida-pinto-is-engaged-to-photographer-cory-tran/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002313/https://people.com/movies/freida-pinto-is-engaged-to-photographer-cory-tran/) from the original on 8 December 2019 . Retrieved 8 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) "Freida Pinto shares pics from wedding day, says she never kept it a secret" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/freida-pinto-shares-pics-from-wedding-with-cory-tran-says-she-never-kept-her-wedding-a-secret-see-here-101634890733386.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . 22 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211023013047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/freida-pinto-shares-pics-from-wedding-with-cory-tran-says-she-never-kept-her-wedding-a-secret-see-here-101634890733386.html) from the original on 23 October 2021 . Retrieved 23 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) "Freida Pinto, husband Cory welcome baby boy, share his first pictures" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/freida-pinto-husband-cory-welcome-baby-boy-share-his-first-pictures-101637558802294.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . 23 November 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211127010801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/freida-pinto-husband-cory-welcome-baby-boy-share-his-first-pictures-101637558802294.html) from the original on 27 November 2021 . Retrieved 27 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) "I carry my life in suitcases: Freida Pinto" (http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-carry-my-life-in-suitcases-freida-pinto-597501) . NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . Indo-Asian News Service (/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service) . 11 November 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063656/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-carry-my-life-in-suitcases-freida-pinto-597501) from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Freida Pinto: Dev Patel And I Are Still Best Friends" (http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-dev-patel-and-i-are-still-best-friends-753844) . NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . 10 April 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151121154611/http://movies.ndtv.com/hollywood/freida-pinto-dev-patel-and-i-are-still-best-friends-753844) from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) Carras, Christi (2 November 2023). "Why are so many actors launching their own businesses? Inside the growing movement" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-11-02/celebrity-brands-actors-businesses-eva-longoria-tia-mowry-dominique-fishback-freida-pinto) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-134) Trivedi, Sachin (28 July 2015). " (http://www.ibtimes.com/mindy-project-season-4-freida-pinto-date-danny-dancing-stars-brooke-burke-playing-2027156) 'The Mindy Project' Season 4: Freida Pinto To Date Danny; 'Dancing with the Stars' Brooke Burke Playing Herself" (http://www.ibtimes.com/mindy-project-season-4-freida-pinto-date-danny-dancing-stars-brooke-burke-playing-2027156) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151002111929/http://www.ibtimes.com/mindy-project-season-4-freida-pinto-date-danny-dancing-stars-brooke-burke-playing-2027156) from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) "Interview: Sam Koji Hale on His Upcoming All-Puppet Feature Film Yamasong: March of the Hollows" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020223909/http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2015/05/interview-sam-koji-hale-upcoming-puppet-feature-film-yamasong-march-hollows/) . SF Signal (/wiki/SF_Signal) . 12 May 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2015/05/interview-sam-koji-hale-upcoming-puppet-feature-film-yamasong-march-hollows/) on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-136) Jha, Subhash K. (23 May 2016). "How Freida Pinto managed to shoot on Mumbai roads for an upcoming film" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-freida-pinto-managed-to-shoot-on-mumbai-roads-for-an-upcoming-film-2215445) . Daily News and Analysis . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160524195302/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-freida-pinto-managed-to-shoot-on-mumbai-roads-for-an-upcoming-film-2215445) from the original on 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) "From Freida Pinto and Richa Chadha to Demi Moore and Rajkummar Rao – Meet the cast of 'Love Sonia' (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020192505/https://www.clapsnslaps.com/news/view/from-frieda-pinto-and-richa-chadha-to-demi-mo) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020192505/https://www.clapsnslaps.com/news/view/from-frieda-pinto-and-richa-chadha-to-demi-mo) . ClapsnSlaps.com . 18 July 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.clapsnslaps.com/news/view/from-frieda-pinto-and-richa-chadha-to-demi-mo) on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) Doran, Sarah (8 March 2016). "Freida Pinto to play two roles in Andy Serkis's Jungle Book movie" (http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-03-08/freida-pinto-to-play-two-roles-in-andy-serkiss-jungle-book-movie) . Radio Times (/wiki/Radio_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020195615/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-03-08/freida-pinto-to-play-two-roles-in-andy-serkiss-jungle-book-movie) from the original on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) " (https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/only-review-1203525532/) 'Only': Film Review" (https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/only-review-1203525532/) . 5 March 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200306134907/https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/only-review-1203525532/) from the original on 6 March 2020 . Retrieved 6 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "India: Nature's Wonderland – BBC Two" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02z830v) . BBC . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160921133236/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02z830v) from the original on 21 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-141) Barraclough, Leo (28 June 2016). "Freida Pinto Joins Idris Elba in Showtime-Sky Miniseries 'Guerrilla' (https://variety.com/2016/film/global/freida-pinto-showtime-sky-miniseries-guerrilla-1201804986/) " (https://variety.com/2016/film/global/freida-pinto-showtime-sky-miniseries-guerrilla-1201804986/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170111002432/http://variety.com/2016/film/global/freida-pinto-showtime-sky-miniseries-guerrilla-1201804986/) from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Freida Pinto's 'Trishna' to Premier at Toronto Film Festival" (http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=110541) . Daijiworld Media (/wiki/Daijiworld_Media) . 2 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151120192125/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=110541) from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) "Awards: 2008" (http://www.cofca.org/awards.php?year=2008) . Central Ohio Film Critics Association. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160603200804/http://www.cofca.org/awards.php?year=2008) from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 15 June 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121005190507/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html) from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-145) "Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018 Nominations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180917155627/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padmaavat-sanju-dominate-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-4724031.html) . Firstpost . 12 July 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padmaavat-sanju-dominate-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-4724031.html) on 17 September 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-146) "Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018 Winners" (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2018-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-rani-mukerji-rajkumar-hirani-win-it-big-2649284) . Daily News and Analysis . 13 August 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200719125035/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2018-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-rani-mukerji-rajkumar-hirani-win-it-big-2649284) from the original on 19 July 2020 . Retrieved 31 May 2020 . External links [ edit ] Freida Pinto at Wikipedia's sister projects Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Freida_Pinto) from Commons News (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freida_Pinto) from Wikinews Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freida_Pinto) from Wikiquote Texts (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freida_Pinto) from Wikisource Textbooks (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freida_Pinto) from Wikibooks Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188744) from Wikidata Freida Pinto (https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p598774) at AllMovie (/wiki/AllMovie) Freida Pinto (https://www.discogs.com/artist/6921134) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) Freida Pinto (https://www.facebook.com/freidapinto) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Freida Pinto (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2951768/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Freida Pinto (https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/freida_pinto) at Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) Freida Pinto (https://x.com/BecauseImFreida) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) India (/wiki/Portal:India) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) United Kingdom (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000120965107) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/83486722) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhqhtxrhGxRHfxFxrQbd) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9050229) Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4862105) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16147603c) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16147603c) Catalonia (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508820906706) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/13886604X) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007330662605171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009016322) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0103159&CON_LNG=ENG) Korea (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020L5196) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p355493756) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811810965405606) People Deutsche Synchronkartei (https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/TfBPyFOfb) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64x6b51) IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/135963818) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐mhnv7 Cached time: 20240720164005 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.513 seconds Real time usage: 1.765 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10019/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 315619/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5060/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 29/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 572242/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.952/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8872864/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1561.497 1 -total 55.26% 862.885 2 Template:Reflist 21.54% 336.354 77 Template:Cite_web 17.39% 271.554 61 Template:Cite_news 12.98% 202.623 1 Template:Infobox_person 6.36% 99.269 1 Template:Authority_control 6.33% 98.841 3 Template:Cite_magazine 5.94% 92.823 1 Template:Short_description 4.91% 76.681 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.01% 62.577 26 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19317201-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164005 and revision id 1234744227. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freida_Pinto&oldid=1234744227 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freida_Pinto&oldid=1234744227) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1984 births (/wiki/Category:1984_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Actresses from Mumbai (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Mumbai) Female models from Mumbai (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Mumbai) Indian film actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_film_actresses) Indian television actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_television_actresses) Indian expatriate actresses in the United States (/wiki/Category:Indian_expatriate_actresses_in_the_United_States) Actresses in Hindi television (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Hindi_television) Mangalorean Catholics (/wiki/Category:Mangalorean_Catholics) Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners (/wiki/Category:Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture_Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_winners) University of Mumbai alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_Mumbai_alumni) 21st-century Indian actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_actresses) Hidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Featured articles (/wiki/Category:Featured_articles) Use Indian English from November 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_November_2018) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English) Use dmy dates from October 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2022) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata) Pages using Sister project links with default search (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BIBSYS identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers) Articles with BNE identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with CANTICN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CANTICN_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with NLK identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLK_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with PLWABN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers) Articles with Deutsche Synchronkartei identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Deutsche_Synchronkartei_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
Sportswear worn in mixed martial arts MMA clothing refers to the sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) worn in mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) (MMA) competition and training, and branded fashion clothing related to the mixed martial arts scene. As MMA becomes a mature sport, brands dedicated to it have worked toward specializing clothing that improve an MMA athlete's training and competition. [1] (#cite_note-allout-fight-shop-mma-clothing-1) Overview [ edit ] MMA gloves (/wiki/Boxing_gloves#Influence_of_boxing_gloves_in_other_fight_sports) and MMA shorts (similar to the shorts worn in boxing (/wiki/Boxing#Equipment) and Muay Thai (/wiki/Muay_Thai#Dress_code) ) are the only piece of clothing allowed to be worn during professional MMA competitions. [2] (#cite_note-iscf-2) However, Amateur MMA, regulated by International Mixed Martial Arts Federation (/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation) , requires shin-instep. [ citation needed ] This type of clothing is often referred to as fightwear to differentiate it from MMA fashion clothing which includes t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , caps (/wiki/Cap) and hats (/wiki/Hat) . [3] (#cite_note-gaz-3) There are various types of MMA fightshorts, including board shorts, shorts which extend halfway down the thigh, shorts which extend only slightly down the thigh and gladiator shorts which feature slits in the sides of the legs. Common brands include Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) , Bad Boy (/wiki/Bad_Boy_(brand)) , Venum (/wiki/Venum) , Habrok (http://www.habroksports.com) , NearFall (/w/index.php?title=NearFall_(clothing_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) , TapouT (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) , VENDETTA, Sprawl, Silver Star, Hayabusa, TCB Fightwear, Jaco, POSS-MMA, Hitman Fight Gear, Dethrone Royalty, RYU and Ground Game. [3] (#cite_note-gaz-3) Several clothing brands have developed their own lines of MMA apparel including Affliction Clothing (/wiki/Affliction_Clothing) , No Fear (/wiki/No_Fear) , Eckō Unltd. (/wiki/Eck%C5%8D_Unltd.) and Emerson Brand Apparel (/wiki/Emerson_Knives) . [4] (#cite_note-Gross-4) [5] (#cite_note-Thompson-5) The overall revenues of sales of MMA clothing come to hundreds of millions of dollars a year, with both TapouT and Affliction recording sales in excess of $100 million. [6] (#cite_note-lfp-6) Mixed Martial Arts Shorts [ edit ] The Unified Rules of MMA (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_rules) provide clear guidelines around the shorts used during professional and amateur MMA bouts. These rules have provided a benchmark for apparel companies to design and develop training and competition shorts for mixed martial arts and related sports. MMA shorts have now evolved from regular board shorts or biking shorts. They are now much more specialized and provide several features to improve comfort, range of motion and flexibility, and additional characteristics that improve a fighter's ability during practice and competition. [7] (#cite_note-allout-fight-shop-mma-shorts-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) The most prominent style of MMA Shorts is essentially board shorts, with an extra drawstring for added grip, and a 4-way flexible panel in the inner thigh area for maximum flexibility. They are also made from sweat-wicking material. Another type of MMA shorts that is less common is spats shorts, made of spandex and polyester mixture, and fits tightly on the body. It's the equivalent of a rash guard but in shorts. Many companies are manufacturing this kind of specialty shorts. Long spats were allowed before in MMA competitions, but for are now ruled out for their added grip and friction. Mixed Martial Arts Shirts [ edit ] Most MMA fighters train using specialized compression tops, called rash guards. Rash guards are not regular compression shirts. Ground training techniques have required that these shirts provide reinforced seams and stitching, with additional panels to support the additional stress placed on the shirt during training while continuing to provide the benefits provided by regular compression shirts. Aside from the reinforced stitching, many rash guards also have an added rubber or gel panel on the bottom to ensure minimum rolling up during training. Rash guards are used for several reasons, like guarding against rashes and skin infections, their sweat-wicking abilities, and the extra compression that regulates the body temperature and gives added protection against injuries. [9] (#cite_note-9) In addition to rash guards, several promotions like the UFC (/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship) , regularly provide sponsors with the ability to advertise their brands using t-shirts during the weigh-in events and competition. These shirts have been titled "Walk-out" shirts by many because they are used by fighters while being presented for their fight as they walk towards the cage. These shirts are sold to the public as a means for the fans to support their favorite fighters. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-allout-fight-shop-mma-clothing_1-0) "MMA Clothing and Apparel" (http://www.alloutfightshop.com/mma-clothing-and-apparel/) . Allout Fight Shop. 2013-11-22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223147/http://www.alloutfightshop.com/mma-clothing-and-apparel/) from the original on 2013-12-02 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-iscf_2-0) "Clothing and Equipment" (http://www.iscfmma.com/ISCFRules4.htm) . ISCF. 2008-09-18 . Retrieved 2010-03-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "MMA apparel lineup" (http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080918/FEAT05/809180353) . The Journal Gazette. 2008-09-18. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124116/http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080918%2FFEAT05%2F809180353) from the original on 2011-05-22 . Retrieved 2010-03-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gross_4-0) Gross, Josh (2008-05-07). "New foe tops list of candidates to fight Lindland in Affliction" (http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/josh_gross/05/07/lindland.mailbag/) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071634/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/josh_gross/05/07/lindland.mailbag/) from the original on 2011-06-22 . Retrieved 2010-03-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-Thompson_5-0) Thompson, Luke (2008-05-07). "Haute Couture Fighting Meets Uber Fashion at the First NAMMAE Convention" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100608065018/http://www.ocweekly.com/2007-12-06/news/haute-couture/) . OC Weekly. Archived from the original (http://www.ocweekly.com/2007-12-06/news/haute-couture/) on 2010-06-08 . Retrieved 2010-03-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-lfp_6-0) "Too much love in MMA" (https://lfpress.com/sports/othersports/2011/02/23/17377446.html) . lfpress.com. February 23, 2011 . Retrieved June 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-allout-fight-shop-mma-shorts_7-0) "Mixed Martial Arts Shorts" (http://www.alloutfightshop.com/mixed-martial-arts-mma-shorts/) . Allout Fight Shop. 2013-11-22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001930/http://www.alloutfightshop.com/mixed-martial-arts-mma-shorts/) from the original on 2013-12-03 . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "What Gear Do I Need for MMA" (https://www.habroksports.com/blogs/vertically-integrated-mma-brand-habrok/what-gear-do-i-need-for-mma-training) . Habrok . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Rash Guard added benefits to MMA" (https://www.xmartial.com/) . XMARTIAL . Retrieved 9 September 2021 . v t e Mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) General History (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts#Early_history) timeline (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts#Timeline_of_major_events) Rules (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_rules) Precursors Lei tai (/wiki/Lei_tai) Pankration (/wiki/Pankration) Vale tudo (/wiki/Vale_tudo) Shoot-style wrestling (/wiki/Shoot_wrestling) Gracie family (/wiki/Gracie_family) Gracie Challenge (/wiki/Gracie_Challenge) By country Australia (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Australia) Brazil (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Brazil) Canada (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Canada) Japan (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Japan) Mexico (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Mexico) Russia (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Russia) UK (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_the_United_Kingdom) US (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_the_United_States) Women's MMA (/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts) See also: Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Bruce Lee (/wiki/Bruce_Lee) ( Jeet Kune Do (/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do) ) Lists (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_lists) Current champions (/wiki/List_of_current_mixed_martial_arts_champions) Fighters Male (/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists) Female (/wiki/List_of_female_mixed_martial_artists) Weight classes (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_weight_classes) Camps (/wiki/List_of_professional_MMA_training_camps) Rankings ONE (/wiki/ONE_Championship_Rankings) UFC (/wiki/UFC_Rankings) Records (/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records) Bellator (/wiki/List_of_Bellator_MMA_records) ONE (/wiki/One_Championship#ONE_Championship_records) UFC (/wiki/List_of_UFC_records) Notable fights (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_matches) Kimura vs. Gracie (/wiki/Masahiko_Kimura_vs._H%C3%A9lio_Gracie) (1951) Ali vs. Inoki (/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_vs._Antonio_Inoki) (1976) Gracie vs. Gordeau (/wiki/UFC_1) (1993) Gracie vs. Takada (/wiki/1997_in_Pride_FC#Pride_1) (1997) Sakuraba vs. Gracie (/wiki/2000_in_Pride_FC#Pride_FC:_Grand_Prix_2000_-_Finals) (2000) Griffin vs. Bonnar (/wiki/Forrest_Griffin_vs._Stephan_Bonnar) (2005) Rousey vs. Carmouche (/wiki/UFC_157) (2013) Khabib vs. McGregor (/wiki/UFC_229) (2018) See also: Rivalries (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_rivalries) Terms (/wiki/Category:Martial_arts_terminology) The distance (/wiki/The_distance_(boxing)) Weight class (/wiki/Weight_class_(boxing)) Pound for pound (/wiki/Pound_for_pound) Lineal championship (/wiki/Lineal_championship) Cutman (/wiki/Cutman) Gatekeeper (/wiki/Gatekeeper_(boxing)) Journeyman (/wiki/Journeyman_(sports)) Tomato can (/wiki/Tomato_can_(sports_idiom)) Knockout (/wiki/Knockout) Submission (/wiki/Submission_(combat_sports)) Decisions (/wiki/Decisions_in_combat_sports) Corner stoppage (/wiki/Corner_retirement) Below the belt (/wiki/Below_the_belt) Outpoint (/wiki/Outpoint) Techniques Styles Brazilian jiu-jitsu (/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Kickboxing (/wiki/Kickboxing) Muay Thai (/wiki/Muay_Thai) Wrestling (/wiki/Wrestling) See all styles (/wiki/List_of_martial_arts) Grappling (/wiki/Grappling) Takedown (/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)) Hold (/wiki/Grappling_hold) Guard (/wiki/Guard_(grappling)) Positions (/wiki/Grappling_position) Striking (/wiki/Strike_(attack)) Punch (/wiki/Punch_(combat)) Kick (/wiki/Kick) Elbow (/wiki/Elbow_(strike)) Knee (/wiki/Knee_(strike)) Headbutt (/wiki/Headbutt#Contact_sports) Defense Bob and weave (/wiki/Bob_and_weave) Bobbing (/wiki/Bobbing_(boxing)) Head fake (/wiki/Head_fake) Slipping (/wiki/Slipping) Sprawl (/wiki/Sprawl_(grappling)) Check kick (/wiki/Low_kick#Checking) Other Clinch (/wiki/Clinch_fighting) Stance (/wiki/Stance_(martial_arts)) Footwork (/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)) Orthodox stance (/wiki/Orthodox_stance) Southpaw stance (/wiki/Southpaw_stance) Major organizations (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_organizations) ACA (/wiki/Absolute_Championship_Akhmat) AMC (/wiki/AMC_Fight_Nights) AFC (/wiki/Australian_Fighting_Championship) BAMMA (/wiki/BAMMA) Bellator (/wiki/Bellator_MMA) BRAVE (/wiki/Brave_Combat_Federation) Cage Warriors (/wiki/Cage_Warriors) Combate Global (/wiki/Combate_Global) Deep (/wiki/Deep_(mixed_martial_arts)) Eagle FC (/wiki/Eagle_Fighting_Championship) EliteXC (/wiki/Elite_Xtreme_Combat) FFC (/wiki/Final_Fight_Championship) IFL (/wiki/International_Fight_League) Invicta FC (/wiki/Invicta_Fighting_Championships) Jungle Fight (/wiki/Jungle_Fight) KSW (/wiki/Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki) KOTC (/wiki/King_of_the_Cage) Kunlun Fight (/wiki/Kunlun_Fight) MMA GP (/wiki/MMA_Grand_Prix) Pancrase (/wiki/Pancrase) PFL (/wiki/Professional_Fighters_League) PRIDE (/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships) RESPECT.FC (/wiki/Respect_Fighting_Championship) ONE (/wiki/ONE_Championship) RINGS (/wiki/Fighting_Network_Rings) Rizin (/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation) Road FC (/wiki/Road_Fighting_Championship) Shooto (/wiki/Shooto) Strikeforce (/wiki/Strikeforce_(mixed_martial_arts)) SFL (/wiki/Super_Fight_League) Titan FC (/wiki/Titan_Fighting_Championships) UFC (/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship) WEC (/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting) WFA (/wiki/World_Fighting_Alliance) Wu Lin Feng (/wiki/Wu_Lin_Feng) Events (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_events) By year 1989 (/wiki/Category:1989_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1990 (/wiki/Category:1990_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1991 (/wiki/Category:1991_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1992 (/wiki/Category:1992_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1993 (/wiki/Category:1993_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1994 (/wiki/Category:1994_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1995 (/wiki/Category:1995_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1996 (/wiki/Category:1996_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1997 (/wiki/Category:1997_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1998 (/wiki/Category:1998_in_mixed_martial_arts) 1999 (/wiki/Category:1999_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2005 (/wiki/Category:2005_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2006 (/wiki/Category:2006_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2007 (/wiki/Category:2007_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2008 (/wiki/Category:2008_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2009 (/wiki/Category:2009_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2010 (/wiki/Category:2010_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2011 (/wiki/Category:2011_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2012 (/wiki/Category:2012_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2013 (/wiki/Category:2013_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2014 (/wiki/Category:2014_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2015 (/wiki/Category:2015_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2016 (/wiki/Category:2016_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2017 (/wiki/Category:2017_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2020 (/wiki/Category:2020_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2021 (/wiki/Category:2021_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2022 (/wiki/Category:2022_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2023 (/wiki/Category:2023_in_mixed_martial_arts) 2024 (/wiki/Category:2024_in_mixed_martial_arts) By organization ACA (/wiki/List_of_Absolute_Championship_Akhmat_events) BAMMA (/wiki/List_of_BAMMA_events) Bellator (/wiki/List_of_Bellator_MMA_events) Cage Warriors (/wiki/Cage_Warriors#Events) Deep (/wiki/List_of_Deep_events) Invicta FC (/wiki/List_of_Invicta_FC_events) KOTC (/wiki/List_of_KOTC_events) KSW (/wiki/Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki#List_of_KSW_events) Kunlun Fight (/wiki/List_of_Kunlun_Fight_events) ONE (/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_events) Pancrase (/wiki/List_of_Pancrase_events) PFL (/wiki/List_of_PFL_events) PRIDE (/wiki/List_of_Pride_FC_events) Strikeforce (/wiki/List_of_Strikeforce_events) UFC (/wiki/List_of_UFC_events) Miscellaneous Attendance records (/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_attendance_records) Clothing gloves (/wiki/MMA_gloves) Black belt (/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)) Films (/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films) TV shows (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts_television_shows) Fatalities (/wiki/Fatalities_in_mixed_martial_arts_contests) Freak show fight (/wiki/Freak_show_fight) UFC Hall of Fame (/wiki/UFC_Hall_of_Fame) IMMAF (/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation) TKO Group Holdings (/wiki/TKO_Group_Holdings) World MMA Awards (/wiki/World_MMA_Awards) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐x2pxs Cached time: 20240713202525 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.514 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 901/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54690/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1123/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42739/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.223/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5501677/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 433.969 1 -total 32.17% 139.605 1 Template:Reflist 27.51% 119.364 1 Template:Short_description 23.58% 102.340 1 Template:Mixed_martial_arts 23.25% 100.893 5 Template:Cite_web 23.07% 100.137 2 Template:Navbox 14.12% 61.283 4 Template:Main_other 13.57% 58.878 1 Template:SDcat 11.22% 48.710 1 Template:Ref-needed 10.56% 45.828 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19712800-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713202525 and revision id 1149467702. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed_martial_arts_clothing&oldid=1149467702 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed_martial_arts_clothing&oldid=1149467702) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Mixed martial arts (/wiki/Category:Mixed_martial_arts) Martial arts uniforms (/wiki/Category:Martial_arts_uniforms) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023)
Italian fashion business The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Extè" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ext%C3%A8%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ext%C3%A8%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ext%C3%A8%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ext%C3%A8%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ext%C3%A8%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ext%C3%A8%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Extè Industry Clothing Founded 1996 Headquarters Milan, Italy (/wiki/Milan,_Italy) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) IT Holding Group Website exte (http://exte.it/) .it (http://exte.it/) Extè is an Italian fashion (/wiki/Fashion) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) brand introduced in 1996 by IT Holding Group. The company sells youth ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing [1] (#cite_note-1) and fashion accessories. Creative director (/wiki/Creative_Director) for the brand has been held by: Antonio Berardi (/wiki/Antonio_Berardi) , Sergio Ciucci and Alessandro De Benedetti. [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) http://www.rio.am/collection-exte.htm (http://www.rio.am/collection-exte.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100724221537/http://www.rio.am/collection-exte.htm) 2010-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Rio, SPRING/SUMMER COLLECTION, Mens/Womens, Extè, Retrieved September 17, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-2) http://www.webmoda.net/archivio/1444-il-boudoir-di-exte-.html (http://www.webmoda.net/archivio/1444-il-boudoir-di-exte-.html) , Web Moda,IL BOUDOIR DI EXTE', February 27, 2005, Retrieved September 17, 2010. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.exte.it/) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ext%C3%A8&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jn76g Cached time: 20240713022525 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.272 seconds Real time usage: 0.417 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1407/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20981/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1060/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10477/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.179/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3934500/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 391.727 1 -total 32.26% 126.376 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.74% 116.492 1 Template:Infobox 17.50% 68.533 1 Template:Short_description 17.37% 68.053 1 Template:Notability 16.87% 66.084 1 Template:Italy-company-stub 16.07% 62.951 1 Template:Asbox 15.91% 62.340 1 Template:Ambox 10.09% 39.530 2 Template:Pagetype 8.34% 32.668 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19802071-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713022525 and revision id 1223685717. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extè&oldid=1223685717 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extè&oldid=1223685717) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1996 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1996) Italian company stubs (/wiki/Category:Italian_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with topics of unclear notability from December 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability_from_December_2011) All articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Company articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:Company_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Styles of dress contrary to popular fashion This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-fashion) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Anti-fashion" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anti-fashion%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anti-fashion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anti-fashion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anti-fashion%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anti-fashion%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anti-fashion%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Woman wearing plaid shirt and jeans, an example of anti-fashion dress Anti-fashion is an umbrella term for various styles of dress that are explicitly contrary to the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) of the day. Anti-fashion styles may represent an attitude of indifference (/wiki/Apathy) or may arise from political (/wiki/Political_agenda) or practical goals which make fashion a secondary priority. The term is sometimes even used for styles championed by high-profile designers, when they encourage or create trends (/wiki/Fashion_trend) that do not follow the mainstream fashion of the time. Anti-fashion is considered radical creativity in apparel (/wiki/Apparel) . It recombines a hodgepodge of details that dramatically alters current fashions. The newly transformed styles are later incorporated into the mainstream through media hype and commercial sales which reduce its stature. Grunge (/wiki/Grunge) is an example of the oppositional style of dress while the rational dress (/wiki/Rational_dress) of the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) , which allowed ladies to swim or bicycle, is an example of a functional anti-fashion. [1] (#cite_note-alternative-1) Overview [ edit ] Woman wearing a plain white shirt and jeans In discussing fashion and the nature of clothes, researchers Robert and Jeanette Lauer discuss the eight meanings of clothing as non-verbal communication, representing people's personalities, clothing as a reflection of moral character, immoral clothing, clothing and conformity, and apparel as indicators of status (/wiki/Social_status) and desirability. They believe that clothes can be as far-reaching to represent the state of a nation. Fashions, fads, and anti-fashion trends can be connected to one or more of these eight principles. There were practical health reasons that a minority of women promoted radical changes in feminine dress in the early part of the 18th century. [2] (#cite_note-2) A trend for feminist (/wiki/Feminist) women to dress in ways that do not follow the norms for women's clothing has been described as anti-fashion, though research suggested many women who dress this way do not choose to label themselves this way, in the opinion of author Samantha Holland (/wiki/Samantha_Holland) this is because the women do not like the confrontational overtones of the term. [1] (#cite_note-alternative-1) An example, this time from the early 20th century, was promoted by the legendary designer Gabrielle Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) – a "poor girl" woman's style where rich ladies could look like regular women while still dressing in clothes that showed their quality under close inspection. [3] (#cite_note-adorned-3) The dress sense of Charles III of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Charles_III) has been described as anti-fashion, in that it reflects indifference to current fashion in favor of traditional style. [4] (#cite_note-4) Anti-fashion has also been used to describe simple fashion adopted by hardcore punks (/wiki/Punk_subculture) in the 1980s. At its strictest, it consists of a plain white T-shirt, black trousers or plain jeans and black boots, with the hair cut short. In the exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , Rei Kawakubo/Comme des Garçons Art of the In-Between (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons_Art_of_the_In-Between) , fashion/anti-fashion was one of the thematic fashion pairings which were examined. History [ edit ] 19th century [ edit ] The burden of wearing extremely heavy dresses in all seasons that could not be washed was a health hazard (/wiki/Health_hazard) , especially for frail women who might be overly susceptible to disease. Long dresses dragged on unpaved streets and floors carrying filth and germs indoors that affected household members, especially small children. In homes, long dresses were also fire hazards (/wiki/Fire_hazard) with open fireplaces. Fashionable styles requiring tight corsets (/wiki/Corset) , thin shoes or heavy tight hats—although considered beautiful at the time—restricted the wearer's movement and breathing. Alternative forms of daywear were promoted by women's clubs of the time, especially The Dress Reform Association which began in Seneca Falls (/wiki/Seneca_Falls,_New_York) , NY. in the 1850s, and thus the Bloomer costume was born. It consisted of a bifurcated skirt held close to the ankles, a softly fitted-over dress that required only a non-restricting soft corset. This newsworthy pants-like costume created a huge fashion stir, both positive and negative, nationwide, and only the most daring feminists adopted it. It was not considered ladylike or beautiful by those who thought that only unfeminine non- conformists (/wiki/Conformist) would dare to wear the new style. [5] (#cite_note-5) 1950s–1980s [ edit ] Man in striped shirt and jeans, which became in style from the late 80's to 90's A period of anti-fashion took place in the 1950s with the advent of rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) , especially with young adolescent women. Many young women wore jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and plaid shirts, simple plain T shirts (/wiki/T_shirt) , and surplus military clothes in rebellion against the feminine gender roles (/wiki/Gender_role) and societal norms of the time. These fashions were the root of many modern anti-fashion trends, such as punk and grunge, decades later. The word grunge originated in the mid-1960s. Punk fashion (/wiki/Punk_fashion) arrived later in Great Britain in the 1970s with fashion designer Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) . It was quickly adopted by disillusioned, discontented teenagers. A shop named SEX run by Malcolm McLaren sold clothes with a fetish focus; leather bondage pants, offensive jewelry and T-shirts, and jeans that were ripped and defaced; other materials used to invoke fetishism (/wiki/Fetishism) were rubber and PVC plastic. Punk clothing was often studded and slashed, and adorned with chains and safety pins. This anti-fashion was adopted in response to the fashion-consciousness exhibited by the fans of bands such as the Sex Pistols (/wiki/Sex_Pistols) . [6] (#cite_note-communication-6) Both Westwood and McLaren led the Punk movement which was short-lived, but newsworthy in the fashion press. It was easy to recognize those who followed the punk community with their spiky brightly-colored Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) haircuts, exotic makeup, tattoos, and body piercings. [7] (#cite_note-7) According to Worsley, "Punk style showed how fashion could challenge stereotypes of gender and beauty". [8] (#cite_note-8) By the 1980s, punk influences could be seen around Europe and America, although these blatant and provocative styles fell out of favor by the end of the decade, to be replaced by the anti-styles of the grunge movement. 1990s [ edit ] In the 1990s, a minimalist (/wiki/Minimalist) style described as anti-fashion emerged on both sides of the Atlantic in which young people would typically wear simple clothes such as black jeans and white T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) without a visible brand name. At this time, grunge was considered street style, a departure from the emphasis on designer labels and ostentatious looks in the 1980s, seen for example in the exaggerated shoulder lines of the tops worn by both sexes. Soon, designers such as Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) , Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) and others began to take inspiration from fashions on the streets and incorporate those trends into their own designer lines. The fad expired as quickly as it began and the designers looked in other directions for inspiration. [9] (#cite_note-9) Designers [ edit ] Brennan Gilmore (/wiki/Brennan_Gilmore) in a plaid shirt and jeans During this period of time, anti-fashion designers started appearing in Europe and Asia, mainly Japan. Vivienne Westwood With the emergence of counter-mainstream consciousness, a punk style that catered to people's thoughts emerged in this context. Punk has a great impact on fashion. The well-known designer Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , who is known as the mother of punk, started her fashion career with punk. The clothes she designed not only have punk's iconic fetish fashion, restraint elements, pins, chains, and other punk elements but also incorporate traditional designs such as Scottish plaid and court ballet. The multi-wavy skirts, ruffled piping, pirate hats, and boots with romantic pirate styles published by Westwood in her early days immediately pushed her to the stage of international popularity and gained attention. By the mid-1980s, Westwood began to explore classical and British traditions. By the 1990s Westwood designed irregular, exaggerated and complicated structures by contrasting and matching different materials and colors, which have become Westwood's unique style. Besides Westwood in Europe, three designers from Japan entered the European fashion scene during the 1980s. Issey Miyake Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) is a strong representative of Asian anti-era designers. The clothes he designs have a distinctive style and are extremely individual, giving the clothing a new aesthetic connotation with unbridled expression. Miyake released his first fashion show in 1971 with great success, and he has since entered the design career of a fashion master. Rei Kawakubo Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) is good at using low-chroma fabrics to design clothes. Many of them are designed in the same piece with the same color of black, which can be said it is Kawakubo's representative color. In 1981, Rei Kawakubo held her first press conference at the Paris Fashion Show, where she began to attract the attention of the global fashion industry. Then in the following year, her clothing had a simple nickname: the beggar's outfit; leading to a design trend of loose, deliberate three-dimensional, broken, asymmetric, and not revealing the shape of the body. Yohji Yamamoto For Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) , the most basic concept of anti-fashion is not to follow the trend. Yohji Yamamoto's design style has always been unconventional and gender-neutral, such as designing women's clothing according to the concept of men's clothing. He likes to cover women's body shapes with exaggerated proportions, bringing out the androgynous, asexual aesthetic concept. This new dres' concept, which runs counter to the European mainstream, has not only established itself in the fashion industry but has also influenced European designers. Demeulemeester, Maison Martin Margiela and Raf Simons In addition, designers such as Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) , Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) and Raf Simons (/wiki/Raf_Simons) are all anti-fashion pioneers. During the 1990s, the anti-fashion movement was at its peak; more designers were willing to put themselves out there to question the idealistic beauty and traditional fashion style. One of the original Antwerp six (/wiki/Antwerp_Six) Ann Demeulemeester debuted her first catwalk show in Paris in 1991, and she was famous for her asymmetry and unbalanced style. Maison Martin Margiela debuted his Salvation Army collection in 1992; it was a sarcastic reaction towards the overflowing meaningless clothes in the fashion industry. Raf Simons debuted his first menswear collection in 1997 to showcase a sense of rave and the opposite example of traditional men's fashion. The 1990s is a continuation of the 1980s anti-fashion movement but expanded into different aspects and perspectives. See also [ edit ] 1990s in fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Normcore (/wiki/Normcore) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Samantha Holland (2004). "Anti-fashion and feminism" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy_-5HFcOrwC&pg=PA77) . Alternative femininities . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-808-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Lauer, Robert H.; Lauer, Jeannette C. (1981). Fashion Power . Prentice Hall, Inc. pp. 33–65. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-13-306712-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-adorned_3-0) Wilson, Elizabeth (1987). Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity . University of California Press. pp. 40, 184. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-06212-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Catin, D. Cecile (8 April 2020). "What is "Anti-Fashion"?" (https://www.gildshire.com/whats-anti-fashion/) . Gildshire Magazines . Retrieved 14 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lauer & .Lauer, Robert H. & Jeanette C. (1981). Fashion Power: The Meaning of Fashion in American Society . Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 246–259. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-13-306712-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-communication_6-0) Malcolm Barnard (2002), Fashion as communication , Routledge, pp. 12–19, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-26018-3 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sims, Josh; Peachey, Mal (1999). Rock Fashion . Omnibus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7119-8749-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Worsley, Harriet (2011). 100 Ideas That Changed Fashion . Laurence King Publishing Ltd. p. 167. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85669-733-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Worsley, Harriet (2001). 100 Ideas That Changed Fashion . Laurence King Publishing Ltd. pp. 196–197. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85669-733-0 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐pb7qs Cached time: 20240712174115 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.362 seconds Real time usage: 0.471 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 978/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55091/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 776/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43090/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.240/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5557783/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 388.729 1 -total 35.61% 138.441 1 Template:Reflist 28.18% 109.557 7 Template:Cite_book 27.31% 106.150 3 Template:Navbox 27.13% 105.459 1 Template:Fashion 16.91% 65.732 1 Template:Short_description 15.26% 59.315 1 Template:More_citations_needed 14.58% 56.679 1 Template:Ambox 9.54% 37.090 2 Template:Pagetype 4.63% 18.012 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19832392-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174115 and revision id 1208067068. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-fashion&oldid=1208067068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-fashion&oldid=1208067068) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Anti-fashion (/wiki/Category:Anti-fashion) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2022) Articles needing additional references from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
American photographer Bill Cunningham Cunningham at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) 2011 Born William John Cunningham Jr. ( 1929-03-13 ) March 13, 1929 Boston (/wiki/Boston) , Massachusetts (/wiki/Massachusetts) , U.S. Died June 25, 2016 (2016-06-25) (aged 87) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Alma mater Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) (dropped out) Occupation Photographer Employer The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) Known for Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Street photography (/wiki/Street_photography) Millinery (/wiki/Millinery) William John Cunningham Jr. (March 13, 1929 – June 25, 2016) was an American fashion (/wiki/Fashion) photographer (/wiki/Photographer) for The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , known for his candid (/wiki/Candid_photography) and street photography (/wiki/Street_photography) . A Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) dropout, he first became known as a designer of women's hats before moving on to writing about fashion for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) and the Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . He began taking candid photographs on the streets of New York City, and his work came to the attention of The New York Times with a 1978 capture of Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) in an unguarded moment. Cunningham reported for the paper from 1978 to 2016. Cunningham was hospitalized for a stroke in New York City in June 2016 and died soon after. Early life and education [ edit ] William John Cunningham Jr. was born into an Irish Catholic family and raised in Boston. [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) He never lost his Boston accent (/wiki/Boston_accent) . [2] (#cite_note-jimshi-2) He had two sisters and a younger brother. His parents were religious and used corporal punishment. [3] (#cite_note-davidyi-3) He had his first exposure to the fashion world as a stockboy in Bonwit Teller's (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) Boston Store. [4] (#cite_note-NewYorker-profile-4) He later said his interest in fashion began in church: "I could never concentrate on Sunday church services because I'd be concentrating on women's hats." [5] (#cite_note-Bill-5) After attending Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) on scholarship for two months, he dropped out in 1948 and moved to New York City at the age of 19, where he worked again at Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) , this time in the advertising (/wiki/Advertising) department. [4] (#cite_note-NewYorker-profile-4) [6] (#cite_note-WWD-obit-6) Not long after, he quit his job and struck out on his own, making hats under the name "William J". [5] (#cite_note-Bill-5) He was drafted (/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States) during the Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) and was stationed in France, where he had his first exposure to French fashion. [7] (#cite_note-7) After serving a tour in the U.S. Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) , he returned to New York in 1953 and his work as a milliner. In 1958, a New York Times critic wrote that he had "cornered the face-framing market with some of the most extraordinarily pretty cocktail hats ever imagined". [8] (#cite_note-8) He also worked for Chez Ninon (/w/index.php?title=Chez_Ninon&action=edit&redlink=1) , [9] (#cite_note-nytimes20160626-9) a couture salon that made line-for-line duplicates of designs by Chanel, Givenchy, and Dior. [10] (#cite_note-gefter-10) [11] (#cite_note-crfashionbook-chez-ninon-11) His clients in the 1950s included Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , Katharine Hepburn (/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn) , Rebekah Harkness (/wiki/Rebekah_Harkness) , [9] (#cite_note-nytimes20160626-9) and future First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier (/wiki/Jacqueline_Bouvier) . [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) Encouraged by his clients, he started writing, first for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) [6] (#cite_note-WWD-obit-6) and then for the Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . [5] (#cite_note-Bill-5) He closed his hat shop in 1962. [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) Following the assassination of President Kennedy (/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Kennedy) in 1963, Jacqueline Kennedy sent Cunningham a red Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) suit she had bought at Chez Ninon. He dyed it black and she wore it to the funeral. [10] (#cite_note-gefter-10) Career [ edit ] Cunningham in 2010 Cunningham contributed significantly to fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) , introducing American audiences to Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Alaia) and Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) . [12] (#cite_note-wwd-12) While working at Women's Wear Daily and the Chicago Tribune , he began taking candid photographs of fashion on the streets of New York. He was a self-taught photographer. He took one such photograph of Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) , though he later said he had not recognized her while photographing her nutria (/wiki/Nutria) coat: "I thought: 'Look at the cut of that shoulder. It's so beautiful.' All I had noticed was the coat, and the shoulder." [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) In 1977, Cunningham contributed a photo style feature to the SoHo Weekly News (/wiki/SoHo_Weekly_News) . [13] (#cite_note-13) He then published a group of impromptu pictures in the New York Times in December 1978, which soon became the regular series On the Street . [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) [5] (#cite_note-Bill-5) [14] (#cite_note-SkyNEws-obit-14) [15] (#cite_note-Express-obit-15) His editor at the New York Times , Arthur Gelb (/wiki/Arthur_Gelb) , called these photographs "a turning point for the Times , because it was the first time the paper had run pictures of well-known people without getting their permission." [16] (#cite_note-Horyn-16) Cunningham nevertheless joked about his role at the paper: "I'm just the fluff. I fill around the ads, if we have any." [2] (#cite_note-jimshi-2) Although then-executive editor A. M. Rosenthal (/wiki/A._M._Rosenthal) was virulently homophobic (/wiki/Homophobic) and consciously neglected coverage of the LGBT community (/wiki/LGBT_community) during this period (precipitating editorial conflicts with the likes of fellow Pulitzer Prize (/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize) winner Sydney Schanberg (/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg) ), Cunningham helped to subvert this stance by photographing a fundraising event in the Fire Island Pines (/wiki/Fire_Island_Pines) in 1979 and letting the perceptive reader interpret his photos without verbal clues. Following Rosenthal's retirement from the role in 1988, Cunningham was able to integrate AIDS benefits, pride parades and Wigstock (/wiki/Wigstock) into his coverage. [17] (#cite_note-17) Cunningham's most notable columns in the Times , On the Street and Evening Hours, [18] (#cite_note-NYT-evening-hours-18) ran in the paper from February 26, 1989 [19] (#cite_note-Times-early_columns-19) until shortly before his death in 2016. [20] (#cite_note-GUardian-obit-20) For his society fashion column Evening Hours , he attended high society events such as the prestigious International Debutante Ball (/wiki/International_Debutante_Ball) at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel to select a few debutantes with the most fashionable, beautiful and elegant gowns to appear in his column. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) For On the Street , Cunningham photographed people and the passing scene in the streets of Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , often at the corner Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) and 57th Street (/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)) , [23] (#cite_note-WWD-5th+57th-23) [24] (#cite_note-Racked-5th+57th-24) [25] (#cite_note-Refiner29-5th+57th-25) [26] (#cite_note-TownCountry-5th+57th-26) which The New York Times called Cunningham's "main perch". [27] (#cite_note-NYTimes-tributes-27) As he worked, his focus was on clothing as personal expression. [28] (#cite_note-Bustle-obit-28) [29] (#cite_note-TeenVogue-tribute-29) He did not photograph people in the manner of paparazzi (/wiki/Paparazzi) , preferring genuine personal style to celebrity. [30] (#cite_note-NYMAG-obit-30) [31] (#cite_note-Racked-feature-31) He once explained why he was not joining a group of photographers who swarmed around Catherine Deneuve (/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve) : "But she isn't wearing anything interesting." [10] (#cite_note-gefter-10) Late in life he explained: "I am not fond of photographing women who borrow dresses. I prefer parties where women spend their own money and wear their own dresses.... When you spend your own money, you make a different choice." [2] (#cite_note-jimshi-2) Instead, wrote Hilton Als (/wiki/Hilton_Als) in The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) , "He loved 'the kids,' he said, who wore their souls on sleeves he had never seen before, or in quite that way." [32] (#cite_note-hiltonals-32) He was uninterested in those who showcased clothing they had not chosen themselves, which they modeled on the red carpet at celebrity events. Most of his pictures, he said, were never published. [5] (#cite_note-Bill-5) His fashion philosophy was populist and democratic: [33] (#cite_note-NYT-obit-33) Fashion is as vital and as interesting today as ever. I know what people with a more formal attitude mean when they say they're horrified by what they see on the street. But fashion is doing its job. It's mirroring exactly our times. He wrote fashion criticism and published photo essays in Details (/wiki/Details_(magazine)) , beginning with six pages in its first issue in March 1985 and rising to many more. [a] (#cite_note-35) He was part owner of the magazine for a time as well. [3] (#cite_note-davidyi-3) His work there included an illustrated essay that showed similarities between the work of Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) and earlier Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) designs, which Mizrahi called "unbelievably unfair and arbitrary". [35] (#cite_note-36) In an essay in Details in 1989, Cunningham was the first to apply the word "deconstructionism" to fashion. [36] (#cite_note-37) He also contributed two collection-review pieces to the 1991 inaugural year of Visionaire (/wiki/Visionaire) magazine. [37] (#cite_note-38) [38] (#cite_note-39) Designer Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) said: "More than anyone else in the city, he has the whole visual history of the last 40 or 50 years of New York. It's the total scope of fashion in the life of New York." [16] (#cite_note-Horyn-16) He made a career taking unexpected photographs of everyday people, socialites and fashion personalities, many of whom valued his company. According to David Rockefeller (/wiki/David_Rockefeller) , Brooke Astor (/wiki/Brooke_Astor) asked that Cunningham attend her 100th birthday party, the only member of the media invited. [16] (#cite_note-Horyn-16) For eight years beginning in 1968, Cunningham built a collection of vintage fashions and photographed Editta Sherman (/wiki/Editta_Sherman) in vintage costumes using significant Manhattan buildings of the same period as the backdrop. Years later he explained, "We would collect all these wonderful dresses in thrift shops and at street fairs. There is a picture of two 1860 taffeta dresses, pre–Civil War–we paid $20 apiece. No one wanted this stuff. A Courrèges I think was $2. The kids were into mixing up hippie stuff, and I was just crazed for all the high fashion." The project grew to 1,800 locations and 500 outfits. [39] (#cite_note-40) In 1978, he published Facades , a collection of 128 of these photographs. [40] (#cite_note-41) [41] (#cite_note-42) Exhibitions [ edit ] A selection of photos from Cunningham's Facades Project series was shown in 1977 exhibition at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [42] (#cite_note-43) The Facades series received a full exhibition at the New-York Historical Society (/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society) in 2014. [43] (#cite_note-Arch-Digest-Facades-show-44) [44] (#cite_note-45) The Society also holds 91 silver gelatin silver prints from the Facades series, donated by Cunningham, in their permanent collection. [45] (#cite_note-46) In 2016, the Savannah College of Art and Design (/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design) FASH Museum of Fashion + Film presented "Grand Divertissement à Versailles, Vintage Photographs by Bill Cunningham," an exhibition of Cunningham's images of the 1973 Battle of Versailles fashion show (/wiki/The_Battle_of_Versailles_Fashion_Show) . [46] (#cite_note-SCAD-show-47) [47] (#cite_note-Observer-Versailles-show-48) [48] (#cite_note-Vice-versailles-show-49) Awards and honors [ edit ] In 1983 the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) named Cunningham the outstanding photographer of the year. [49] (#cite_note-NYT-photo-award-1983-50) In 2008 he was awarded the Officier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) by the French Ministry of Culture (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)) . [12] (#cite_note-wwd-12) [50] (#cite_note-NPR-obit-51) As he accepted the award at a Paris ceremony, he photographed the audience and then told them: "It's as true today as it ever was: he who seeks beauty will find it." [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) In 2009, he was named a "living landmark" by the New York Landmarks Conservancy (/wiki/New_York_Landmarks_Conservancy) . [51] (#cite_note-Reuters-obit-52) [52] (#cite_note-NY-Living-Landmark-53) [53] (#cite_note-Harpers-Bazaar-obit-54) In 2012 he received the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence. [54] (#cite_note-55) The invitations to the award ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria (/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria) read "Come Dressed for Bill". [2] (#cite_note-jimshi-2) Personal philosophy [ edit ] Cunningham avoiding a photographer while cruising the streets in May 2016. His personal philosophy was: "You see, if you don't take money, they can't tell you what to do, kid." [30] (#cite_note-NYMAG-obit-30) [55] (#cite_note-56) He sometimes said it another way: "Money is the cheapest thing. Liberty is the most expensive." [10] (#cite_note-gefter-10) He declined all gifts from those he photographed, even offers of food and drink at gala parties. He said: "I just try to play a straight game, and in New York that's very... almost impossible. To be honest and straight in New York, that's like Don Quixote (/wiki/Don_Quixote) fighting windmills." [56] (#cite_note-57) Though he contributed to the New York Times regularly beginning in the 1970s, he did not become an employee until 1994, when he decided he needed to have health insurance coverage after being hit by a truck while biking. [33] (#cite_note-NYT-obit-33) Most of his pictures were never sold or published. He said: "I'm really doing this for myself. I'm stealing people's shadows, so I don't feel as guilty when I don't sell them." [57] (#cite_note-58) He cultivated his own fashion signature, dressing in a uniform of black sneakers and a blue moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) workman's jacket, his only accessory a camera. He traveled Manhattan by bicycle, repeatedly replacing those that were stolen or damaged in accidents. He praised the city's bike-sharing program when it launched in 2013: "There are bikes everywhere and it's perfect for the New Yorkers who have always been totally impatient. What I love, is to see them all on wheels, on their way to work in the morning in their business suits, the women in their office clothes ... It has a very humorous and a very practical effect for New Yorkers ... I mean, it's wonderful." [58] (#cite_note-59) After breaking a kneecap in a biking accident in 2015, he wore a cast and used a cane to photograph a Mostly Mozart Festival (/wiki/Mostly_Mozart_Festival) gala. [59] (#cite_note-60) Cunningham described his philosophy regarding fashion in the documentary film Bill Cunningham New York (/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_New_York) : "The wider world that perceives fashion as sometimes a frivolity that should be done away with in the face of social upheavals and problems that are enormous -- the point is in fact that fashion, ah, you know, in point of fact it's the armor to survive the reality of everyday life. I don't think you could do away with it. It would be like doing away with civilization." In the same movie, during his acceptance speech for the French Legion of Honour (/wiki/Legion_of_Honour) in Paris, he said: "He who seeks beauty will find it." In media [ edit ] In 2010, filmmaker Richard Press and writer Philip Gefter (/wiki/Philip_Gefter) of The New York Times produced Bill Cunningham New York (/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_New_York) , a documentary about Cunningham. [12] (#cite_note-wwd-12) The film was released on March 16, 2011. It shows Cunningham traveling through Manhattan by bicycle and living in a tiny apartment in the Carnegie Hall (/wiki/Carnegie_Hall) building. The apartment has no closet, kitchen, or private bathroom, and is filled with filing cabinets and boxes of his photographs. The documentary also details his philosophy on fashion, art, and photography, and observes his interactions with his subjects while taking photos. [60] (#cite_note-61) Hilton Als in The New Yorker called the film "a magisterial documentary about urban life and creativity." [61] (#cite_note-62) The film received nominations for Best Documentary from The Directors' Guild of America; the Producers Guild of America; and the Independent Spirit Awards. [ citation needed ] In 2013, it was acquired by the Film Department of the Museum of Modern Art for its permanent collection Cunningham was featured on BBC Two (/wiki/BBC_Two) 's The Culture Show (/wiki/The_Culture_Show) in March 2012. [62] (#cite_note-63) In 2018, director Mark Bozek showed his documentary The Times of Bill Cunningham in the Spotlight on Documentary slot of the New York Film Festival (/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival#Spotlight_on_Documentary) . The inception of the film was an interview which Bozek filmed with Cunningham in 1994. Initially intended to be 10 minutes, the interview stretched on "until the tape ran out". [63] (#cite_note-thr-64) In the film Cunningham describes his work as a milliner in the 1940s and his first encounters with the Paris fashion world in the 1950s while stationed in France as a US serviceman. [63] (#cite_note-thr-64) Variety critic Owen Gleiberman (/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman) wrote that the film demonstrated "a special, intoxicating quality to movies that excavate the fashion demimonde prior to the 1960s." [64] (#cite_note-65) The Times of Bill Cunningham has received favorable reviews on the critical website Metacritic. [65] (#cite_note-66) Death and legacy [ edit ] Cunningham died age 87 in New York City on June 25, 2016, after being hospitalized for a stroke (/wiki/Stroke) . [33] (#cite_note-NYT-obit-33) His death was widely reported in both the fashion and the general press. [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) [6] (#cite_note-WWD-obit-6) [29] (#cite_note-TeenVogue-tribute-29) [51] (#cite_note-Reuters-obit-52) [53] (#cite_note-Harpers-Bazaar-obit-54) Following his death, the Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) department store created a display in its window memorializing Cunningham. [27] (#cite_note-NYTimes-tributes-27) Thousands signed an online petition requesting that the corner of 5th Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) and 57th Street (/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)) in New York City be renamed "Bill Cunningham Corner". [23] (#cite_note-WWD-5th+57th-23) [24] (#cite_note-Racked-5th+57th-24) [66] (#cite_note-Observer-petition-67) Cunningham was a lifelong Catholic and regular worshipper at Manhattan's Church of St Thomas More (/wiki/St._Thomas_More_Church_(New_York_City)) , where a private Requiem Mass was celebrated by parish priest Father Kevin Madigan. Madigan recalled that "[t]hose closest to him would attest that he was a spiritual person. From Sunday to Sunday Bill could be found in one of the rear pews, as unobtrusive here as he would be at some gala at the Met or the Pierre or at a fashion runway." [67] (#cite_note-68) Though known for his strong preference for personal privacy (he participated reluctantly as a documentary film subject), Cunningham left an autobiography manuscript, which he titled Fashion Climbing , which his family discovered in his archives after his death in 2016. [68] (#cite_note-:0-69) Penguin Press (/wiki/Penguin_Press) acquired the book at auction, which was published posthumously in September 2018. [68] (#cite_note-:0-69) Critic Hilton Als (/wiki/Hilton_Als) contributed the preface. [68] (#cite_note-:0-69) The New York Times Book Review praised the book: "This obscenely enjoyable romp fills in part of the Cunningham back story and provides tantalizing peeks in the psyche of the guarded and mysterious Bill... [ Fashion Climbing ] leaves the readers gasping for more." [69] (#cite_note-70) See also [ edit ] List of street photographers (/wiki/List_of_street_photographers) Scott Schuman (/wiki/Scott_Schuman) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-35) One source says the magazine "once devoted more than 40 pages to his pictures". [1] (#cite_note-WashPost-obit-1) Another says "he’d sometimes have over 100 pages". [34] (#cite_note-34) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h McDonough, Megan. "Bill Cunningham, photographer of New York street fashion, dies at 87" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/bill-cunningham-photographer-of-new-york-street-fashion-dies-at-87/2016/06/25/e8ac6cec-3b20-11e6-9ccd-d6005beac8b3_story.html) . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b c d Shi, Jim. "Bill Cunningham Dazzles at Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence Gala" (http://www.huffpost.com/us/entry/1451076.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b Yi, David (September 5, 2014). "Bill Cunningham Takes the Stage at 92Y" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/cunningham-on-cunningham-7866476/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b Collins, Lauren (March 16, 2009). "Man on the Street: Bill Cunningham Takes Manhattan" (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/03/16/090316fa_fact_collins) . The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) . pp. 50ff. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 423290672 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423290672) . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Cunningham, Bill (October 27, 2002). "Bill on Bill" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19, 2008 . ^ a b c Steigrad, Alexandra (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham, New York Times Fashion Photographer, Dies at 87" (http://wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/bill-cunningham-new-york-times-fashion-photographer-street-style-dies-at-10471525/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "About Bill" (https://zeitgeistfilms.com/billcunninghamnewyork/aboutbill.html) . Zeitgeist Films . Retrieved July 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "William J's Hats For Fall Inspired By Fifth Avenue" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/09/82210627.pdf) (PDF) . The New York Times . July 9, 1958 . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b Cunningham, Bill (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham on Bill Cunningham" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/fashion/bill-cunningham-on-his-life.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . While working at Bonwit's, I met the women who ran Chez Ninon, the custom dress shop. Their names were Nona Parks and Sophie Shonnard. Ailsa Mellon Bruce was the silent partner. ^ a b c d Gefter, Philip (March 22, 2010). "Knowing Bill Cunningham" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/03/22/knowing-bill-cunningham.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-crfashionbook-chez-ninon_11-0) Osterman, Giovanna (January 28, 2020). "The History of Chez Ninon, the New York Couture Copycat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201201081616/https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a30682069/chez-ninon-history-new-york-jacqueline-kennedy/) . CR Fashion Book . Archived from the original (https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a30682069/chez-ninon-history-new-york-jacqueline-kennedy/) on December 1, 2020 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . Chez Ninon first opened its doors on Madison Avenue in 1928, with top-tier fashion lovers Nona McAdoo Park and Sophie Meldrim Shonnard at the helm. In lieu of original designs, Chez Ninon paved the way for an up-and-coming sector of the American fashion industry: line-for-line couture copies. Park and Shonnard attended every couture show each season, from Schiaparelli to Chanel, selected their favorite looks, and paid for the rights to produce those designs under license. Upon their return, the seamstresses of Chez Ninon began crafting line-by-line lookalikes with the same fabrics, trims, and buttons as the original designs—often supplied by the original house. ^ a b c "Luther and Cunningham Honored by France" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/luther-and-cunningham-honored-by-france-1830004) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . October 7, 2008 . Retrieved October 19, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ohta, Yukie (November 30, 2021). "A Soho Weekly News Who's Who" (https://sohomemory.org/a-soho-weekly-news-whos-who/) . SoHo Memory Project . Retrieved November 2, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-SkyNEws-obit_14-0) "Fashion photographer Bill Cunningham dies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160627135315/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/nthamerica/2016/06/26/fashion-photographer-bill-cunningham-dies.html) . Sky News Australia . Archived from the original (http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/nthamerica/2016/06/26/fashion-photographer-bill-cunningham-dies.html) on June 27, 2016 . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Express-obit_15-0) Dormoy, Géraldine (June 25, 2016). "Le photographe de streestyle Bill Cunningham est mort" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/le-photographe-de-streestyle-bill-cunningham-est-mort_1806147.html) . L'Express (in French) . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b c Horyn, Cathy (October 27, 2002). "The Picture Subject Talks Back" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/27/style/the-picture-subjects-talk-back.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Shaw, Dan (February 14, 2013). "Bill Cunningham's Big Gay Heart" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/02/bill-cunninghams-big-gay-heart.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT-evening-hours_18-0) Cunningham, Bill (March 4, 2016). "Bill Cunningham's Evening Hours" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/06/fashion/20160306-bill-cunningham-evening-hours.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Times-early_columns_19-0) Rosman, Katherine (July 2016). "Bill Cunningham's Columns, the Early Days" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/fashion/new-york-times-bill-cunningham-columns.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-GUardian-obit_20-0) Horwell, Veronica (June 27, 2016). "Bill Cunningham obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/27/bill-cunningham-obituary) . The Guardian . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Ma, Julie (October 2013). "First Look: Enter the Lavish, Privileged World of Former Debutantes" (https://www.thecut.com/2013/09/enter-the-lavish-world-of-former-debutantes.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Hodge, Shelby. "R.C. Slocum, Lynn Wyatt, Becca and Houston debs draw national headlines" (http://houston.culturemap.com/news/society/01-04-11-lynn-wyatt-rc-slocum-and-houston-debs-draw-national-deadlines/) . Culture Map Houston . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . ^ a b Feitelberg, Rosemary; Steigrad, Alexandra (June 27, 2016). "Bill Cunningham's Admirers Seek to Pay Tribute on 57th Street" (http://wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/bill-cunningham-admirers-57th-street-10473618/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ a b Gurfein, Laura (June 27, 2016). "There's a Petition to Rename Fifth Avenue and 57th Street 'Bill Cunningham Corner' (http://ny.racked.com/2016/6/27/12046140/bill-cunningham-corner-petition) " (http://ny.racked.com/2016/6/27/12046140/bill-cunningham-corner-petition) . Racked . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Refiner29-5th+57th_25-0) Peffer, Mary (November 17, 2012). "Bill Cunningham Was There For My Breakup, My Work Crises & Me" (https://www.refinery29.com/2016/06/115098/bill-cunningham-personal-essay) . Refinery29 . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-TownCountry-5th+57th_26-0) "Town & Country Editors Remember Bill Cunningham" (http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/news/a6731/town-country-editors-remember-bill-cunningham/) . Town and Country Magazine . June 25, 2016 . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ a b Bernstein, Jacob (June 29, 2016). "Bill Cunningham, Tributes Now and to Come" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/fashion/bill-cunningham-tributes.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bustle-obit_28-0) Jones, Georgina (June 26, 2016). "The One Bill Cunningham Photo That Changed Fashion For The Better" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/169102-the-one-bill-cunningham-photo-that-changed-fashion-for-the-better) . Bustle . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b Matera, Avery (June 26, 2016). "3 Ways Bill Cunningham Changed the Fashion Industry Forever" (http://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/bill-cunningham-dies-gigi-hadid-tribute#4) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b Saltz, Jerry (June 26, 2016). "Bill Cunningham: The Photographer of Modern Life" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/06/bill-cunningham-jerry-saltz.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Racked-feature_31-0) Lieber, Chavie (September 4, 2014). "Legendary Street Style Photog Bill Cunningham Reflects on His Storied Career" (http://www.racked.com/2014/9/4/7578257/bill-cunningham-interview) . Racked . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-hiltonals_32-0) Als, Hilton (June 26, 2016). "Bill Cunningham Saw Us All" (http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/bill-cunningham-saw-us-all) . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ a b c Bernstein, Jacob (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham, Legendary (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/style/bill-cunningham-legendary-times-fashion-photographer-dies-at-87.html) Times Fashion Photographer, Dies at 87" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/style/bill-cunningham-legendary-times-fashion-photographer-dies-at-87.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Roche, Eddie (November 18, 2015). "Daily Flashback: Meet Details Creator Annie Flanders" (http://fashionweekdaily.com/details-annie-flanders/) . Fashion Weekly . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . Flanders is imprecise on details. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Gross, Michael (October 1, 1990). "Slave of Fashion" (https://books.google.com/books?id=bnSDFL2gc90C&pg=PA39) . New York Magazine . p. 39 . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Spindler, Amy M. (July 25, 1993). "Coming Apart" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/style/coming-apart.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Cunningham, Bill (March 1, 1991). "Opening the Door to the Millennium". Visionaire . 1 (1). ^ (#cite_ref-39) Cunningham, Bill (September 1, 1991). "The Rhythm of Fashion: The Fall 1991 Collections". Visionaire . 1 (3): 1–16. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Slonim, Jeffrey (February 28, 2014). "Bill Cunningham's Period Fashion Photos at the New-York Historical Society" (http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/bill-cunningham-facades-new-york-historical-society) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Editta Sherman – Distinguished Photographers Award 2013" (http://womeninphotography.org/Events-Exhibits/DistinguishedPhotog/EdittaSherman-2013/) . Women in Photography International. October 25, 2013 . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Cunningham, Bill (May 25, 1978). Facades . Penguin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0140049480 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Syme, Rachel (June 27, 2016). "Bill Cunningham's Favorite Muse" (http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/bill-cunninghams-favorite-muse) . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Arch-Digest-Facades-show_44-0) Slonim, Jeffrey (February 28, 2014). "Bill Cunningham's Period Fashion Photos at the New-York Historical Society" (http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/bill-cunningham-facades-new-york-historical-society) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved June 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Bill Cunningham: Facades" (http://www.nyhistory.org/exhibitions/bill-cunningham-facades) . New-York Historical Society (/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society) . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Guide to the Bill Cunningham "Facades" Photograph Collection circa 1970's" (http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/cunningham/bioghist.html) . New-York Historical Society Museum & Library. March 17, 2016 . Retrieved June 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-SCAD-show_47-0) " (https://www.scad.edu/event/2016-04-26-scad-fash-vintage-photographs-bill-cunningham) 'Grand Divertissement à Versailles, Vintage Photographs by Bill Cunningham' (https://www.scad.edu/event/2016-04-26-scad-fash-vintage-photographs-bill-cunningham) " (https://www.scad.edu/event/2016-04-26-scad-fash-vintage-photographs-bill-cunningham) . SCAD . Retrieved June 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Observer-Versailles-show_48-0) Silver, Dena (May 19, 2016). "Bill Cunningham's Unseen Photos From the Battle of Versailles Are Going Public" (https://observer.com/2016/05/bill-cunninghams-unseen-photos-from-the-battle-of-versailles-are-going-public/) . The Observer . Retrieved June 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vice-versailles-show_49-0) Ford, Taylor. "bill cunningham's battle of versailles photos will go on display for the first time ever" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/bill-cunninghams-battle-of-versailles-photos-will-go-on-display-for-the-first-time-ever) . VIce I-D . Retrieved June 28, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT-photo-award-1983_50-0) Duke, John (January 11, 1983). "Notes on Fashion" (https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/11/style/notes-on-fashion.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NPR-obit_51-0) Peters, Maquita (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham, Iconic (https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/25/483538774/bill-cunningham-iconic-new-york-times-photographer-dies-at-87) New York Times Photographer, Dies At 87" (https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/25/483538774/bill-cunningham-iconic-new-york-times-photographer-dies-at-87) . NPR . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b " (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-cunningham-idUSKCN0ZB0XH) New York Times fashion photographer Bill Cunningham dies at 87" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-cunningham-idUSKCN0ZB0XH) . Reuters . June 25, 2016 . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NY-Living-Landmark_53-0) "Living Landmarks Honoree List" (http://www.nylandmarks.org/events/living_landmarks_gala/honoree_list/) . New York Landmarks Conservancy . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ a b Fisher, Lauren Alexis (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham Dies at 87 – (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/photography/news/a16334/bill-cunningham-died/) New York Times Fashion Photographer Bill Cunningham Dies" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/photography/news/a16334/bill-cunningham-died/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Marcus, Bennett (April 24, 2012). "Bill Cunningham at the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence Gala: A Reluctant, Adorable Star" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2012/04/bill-cunningham-carnegie-hall-medal-sarah-jessica-parker) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 23, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Dowd, Maureen (April 4, 2011). "Hunting Birds of Paradise" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/opinion/06dowd.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Boyle, Katherine (March 22, 2011). " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/bill-cunningham-new-york-a-life-of-pictures/2011/03/22/ABvTZbDB_blog.html) Bill Cunningham New York : A Life of Pictures" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/bill-cunningham-new-york-a-life-of-pictures/2011/03/22/ABvTZbDB_blog.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) McKeon, Nancy (December 24, 1984). "I Am A Camera" (https://books.google.com/books?id=YOcCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76) . New York Magazine . p. 76 . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Coscarelli, Joe (June 3, 2013). "Important Old People Weigh In on Bike Share: Bill Cunningham Loves It, Dorothy Rabinowitz Does Not" (http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/bill-cunningham-dorothy-rabinowitz-on-citi-bike.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Marcus, Bennett (July 29, 2015). "Bill Cunningham Doesn't Let a Broken Kneecap Faze Him" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/07/bill-cunningham-is-unfazed-by-his-broken-kneecap.html) . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Dunlap, David W. (March 23, 2010). "Capturing the Elusive Bill Cunningham" (http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/behind-38/) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Als, Hilton (March 14, 2011). "The Fashion Cycle" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/03/21/the-fashion-cycle) . The New Yorker . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-792X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X) . Retrieved January 4, 2020 – via www.newyorker.com. ^ (#cite_ref-63) BBC Two: The Culture Show episode 25 (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006t6c5) 2011/12 ^ a b Rooney, David (November 10, 2018). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/times-of-bill-cunningham-nyff-2018-1150696) 'The Times of Bill Cunningham': Film Review" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/times-of-bill-cunningham-nyff-2018-1150696) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Gleiberman, Owen (October 12, 2018). "New York Film Review: 'The Times of Bill Cunningham' (https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/the-times-of-bill-cunningham-review-1202978349/) " (https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/the-times-of-bill-cunningham-review-1202978349/) . Variety . Retrieved January 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Critic Reviews for The Times of Bill Cunningham - Metacritic" (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-times-of-bill-cunningham/critic-reviews) . Metacritic.com. September 25, 2019 . Retrieved January 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Observer-petition_67-0) Rubin, Nicole (June 29, 2016). "Thousands Sign Petition to Rename Midtown Street 'Bill Cunningham Corner' (https://observer.com/2016/06/thousands-sign-petition-to-rename-midtown-street-bill-cunningham-corner/) " (https://observer.com/2016/06/thousands-sign-petition-to-rename-midtown-street-bill-cunningham-corner/) . The Observer . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Times photographer Bill Cunningham lived out his faith" (http://www.americamagazine.org/issue/times-photographer-bill-cunningham-lived-his-faith-says-priest) . America Magazine . July 12, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2017 . ^ a b c Schneier, Matthew (March 21, 2018). "Bill Cunningham Left Behind a Secret Memoir" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/style/bill-cunningham-memoir.html) . New York Times . Retrieved March 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Garner, Dwight (August 20, 2018). "Bill Cunningham, Style Maven, Leaves Behind a Memoir and It's 'a Real Dilly' (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/books/review-fashion-climbing-bill-cunningham-memoir.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/books/review-fashion-climbing-bill-cunningham-memoir.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved January 3, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Cunningham (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bill_Cunningham) . On the Street (https://web.archive.org/web/20100715174546/http://video.nytimes.com/video/playlist/style/on-the-street/1247463985977/index.html) , Cunningham's weekly slideshow for the New York Times online Tashjian, Rachel (June 25, 2016). "Bill Cunningham, Pioneering Fashion Photographer of the Street, Dies at 87" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/06/bill-cunningham-fashion-photographer-dead-at-87) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Journalism (/wiki/Portal:Journalism) New York City (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/26407/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000398599754) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/220865745) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDRX6FhYpBrWffkxFxjC) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1018366237) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78063469) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810573538505606) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/8526) Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/17377) ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372678) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f03t4q) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐xdhld Cached time: 20240720171845 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.991 seconds Real time usage: 1.429 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5528/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 142715/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4412/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 19/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 272683/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.632/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8369372/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1282.184 1 -total 44.72% 573.353 2 Template:Reflist 25.73% 329.960 33 Template:Cite_news 20.73% 265.789 1 Template:Infobox_person 10.30% 132.031 28 Template:Cite_web 7.05% 90.451 1 Template:Authority_control 6.76% 86.624 1 Template:Short_description 6.70% 85.904 23 Template:Main_other 5.61% 71.944 2 Template:Fix 5.55% 71.187 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19839157-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171845 and revision id 1229333086. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Cunningham_(American_photographer)&oldid=1229333086 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Cunningham_(American_photographer)&oldid=1229333086) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1929 births (/wiki/Category:1929_births) 2016 deaths (/wiki/Category:2016_deaths) American people of Irish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent) American fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_journalists) American photographers (/wiki/Category:American_photographers) American Roman Catholics (/wiki/Category:American_Roman_Catholics) Artists from Boston (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Boston) Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence winners (/wiki/Category:Carnegie_Hall_Medal_of_Excellence_winners) Military personnel from Boston (/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Boston) Military personnel from Massachusetts (/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Massachusetts) Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Category:Officiers_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) Street fashion (/wiki/Category:Street_fashion) Street photographers (/wiki/Category:Street_photographers) The New York Times visual journalists (/wiki/Category:The_New_York_Times_visual_journalists) United States Army personnel of the Korean War (/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_the_Korean_War) SoHo Weekly News people (/wiki/Category:SoHo_Weekly_News_people) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from July 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2016) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with PLWABN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers) Articles with MoMA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MoMA_identifiers) Articles with PIC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PIC_identifiers) Articles with ULAN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ULAN_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers)
Italian footwear company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Falc) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Falc" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Falc%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Falc%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Falc%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Falc%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Falc%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Falc%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Falc S.p.A. Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1974 ; 50 years ago ( 1974 ) in Civitanova Marche (/wiki/Civitanova_Marche) , Italy Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) Website falc (http://falc.biz) .biz (http://falc.biz) Falc S.p.A. is an Italian footwear manufacturer founded in Civitanova Marche (/wiki/Civitanova_Marche) (MC) in 1974. [1] (#cite_note-1) The name Falc derives from ‘Falchetti’, a historical name by which the inhabitants of the upper part of the town were known. The Falcotto line of shoes, created for children who crawl and toddlers, was introduced by Falc in 1982. Six years later in 1988, this company of Marche Region (/wiki/Marche) launched the Naturino line on the market whose characterising features are the ‘sand effect’ system and a slip-out insole. [2] (#cite_note-brandhistory-2) In 1989 Falc acquired the Moschino license for children’s footwear. [2] (#cite_note-brandhistory-2) Falc entered the field of footwear for adults in 2005 when it introduced the Moschino’s Men’s collection and presented the Voile Blanche unisex line. [2] (#cite_note-brandhistory-2) Today, Falc produces more than 2 million pairs of shoes a year and in recent years the company has opened 5000 sales outlets, 50 exclusive stores, factories in different countries and branch offices in the United States (/wiki/United_States) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , China (/wiki/China) , France (/wiki/France) and Germany (/wiki/Germany) . See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Baldinini (/wiki/Baldinini) Stefano Bemer (/wiki/Stefano_Bemer) Bettanin & Venturi (/wiki/Bettanin_%26_Venturi) Bontoni (/wiki/Bontoni) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Braccialini (/wiki/Braccialini) Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(company)) Calzaturificio fratelli soldini (/wiki/Calzaturificio_fratelli_soldini) Diesel (brand) (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) Furla (/wiki/Furla) Garolini (/wiki/Garolini) Genny (/wiki/Genny) Geox (/wiki/Geox) Golden Goose (/wiki/Golden_Goose_(company)) Gravati (/wiki/Gravati) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) Luigi Voltan (/wiki/Luigi_Voltan) Bruno Magli (/wiki/Bruno_Magli) Marina Rinaldi (/wiki/Marina_Rinaldi) Moon Boot (/wiki/Moon_Boot) Cesare Paciotti (/wiki/Cesare_Paciotti) Pal Zileri (/wiki/Pal_Zileri) Pinko (/wiki/Pinko_(fashion)) Prada (/wiki/Prada) Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) Sergio Rossi (/wiki/Sergio_Rossi) Superga (/wiki/Superga_(brand)) Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) Valextra (/wiki/Valextra) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Vibram (/wiki/Vibram) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Us" (http://www.falc.biz/about-us/) . Falc . Retrieved 1 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Brands" (http://www.falc.biz/brands/) . Falc . Retrieved 1 May 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://falc.biz/index.php?option=com_content&id=6&Itemid=&lang=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐qkkhs Cached time: 20240701070637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.369 seconds Real time usage: 0.612 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1638/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18809/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1198/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12741/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.225/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4929070/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 556.401 1 -total 24.56% 136.629 1 Template:Reflist 21.57% 120.035 2 Template:Cite_web 20.48% 113.951 1 Template:Infobox_company 18.01% 100.184 1 Template:Infobox 15.46% 86.009 1 Template:Short_description 13.65% 75.921 1 Template:More_citations_needed 13.27% 73.811 1 Template:Portal 12.63% 70.261 1 Template:Ambox 10.16% 56.540 1 Template:Official_website Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19959179-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701070637 and revision id 1231543134. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falc&oldid=1231543134 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falc&oldid=1231543134) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1974 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1974) Italian companies established in 1974 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1974) Italian brands (/wiki/Category:Italian_brands) Companies based in le Marche (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_le_Marche) Civitanova Marche (/wiki/Category:Civitanova_Marche) Children's clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Children%27s_clothing_brands) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from January 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
Gas Jeans Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded Chiuppano (/wiki/Chiuppano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) 1973 Headquarters Chiuppano (/wiki/Chiuppano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Area served Worldwide Key people Claudio Grotto Products Apparel (/wiki/Clothing) and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Website www.gasjeans.com (http://www.gasjeans.com/) https://www.gasjeans.in/ (https://www.gasjeans.in/) Gas Jeans ( S.p.A. ), sometimes stylized as GAS , is a leading premium apparel (/wiki/Clothing) and denim (/wiki/Denim) brand owned by Grotto S.p.A., run by the Grotto family in Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The company was founded by Claudio Grotto in the early 1970s. Today, it operates in more than 56 countries, with more than 3,000 stores. [1] (#cite_note-economictimes-1) [2] (#cite_note-GAS_Jeans_Official_Site-2) GAS targets its products at the youth segment. The brand is known in both the Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) and worldwide fashion (/wiki/Fashion) scenes to be simple, original and versatile. [1] (#cite_note-economictimes-1) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) has been in many GAS jeans ads, wearing a variety of GAS-brand jeans. One of the more popular images includes her in blue skin-tight jeans. [2] (#cite_note-GAS_Jeans_Official_Site-2) [3] (#cite_note-barbara_palvin_GAS_jeans-3) Partnerships [ edit ] GAS Jeans is the official clothing partner of the Repsol Honda (/wiki/Repsol_Honda) Moto GP (/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing) team. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ Jump up to: a b Raghavendra, Nandini (May 6, 2011). "Maybe we will plan production a few years down the line in India: GAS MD Claudio Grotto" (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/news/29517006_1_joint-venture-large-format-three-year-plan) . The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Retrieved November 15, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b GAS Jeans Official Site (http://www.gasjeans.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-barbara_palvin_GAS_jeans_3-0) "Barbara Palvin for GAS jeans" (http://www.gasjeans.com/fr/blog/tag/Barbara-Palvin/) . Gas Jeans. September 19, 2013 . Retrieved May 2, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) GAS Repsol Honda (http://www.gashonda.com) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_Jeans&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐hwcjx Cached time: 20240712181417 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.276 seconds Real time usage: 0.369 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1100/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14268/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 747/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15329/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3853972/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.770 1 -total 40.39% 130.365 1 Template:Infobox_company 36.10% 116.529 1 Template:Infobox 26.77% 86.390 2 Template:Cite_news 20.21% 65.242 1 Template:Italy-company-stub 19.54% 63.054 1 Template:Asbox 9.64% 31.105 1 Template:Portal 2.71% 8.733 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 0.76% 2.455 1 Template:- 0.70% 2.268 2 Template:Longitem Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20355943-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712181417 and revision id 1021215547. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_Jeans&oldid=1021215547 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_Jeans&oldid=1021215547) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Jeans by brand (/wiki/Category:Jeans_by_brand) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1973 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1973) Italian companies established in 1973 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1973) Italian company stubs (/wiki/Category:Italian_company_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Footwear company based in Los Angeles, California TOMS Shoes, LLC Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) and accessories Founded 2006 ( 2006 ) Founders Blake Mycoskie (/wiki/Blake_Mycoskie) Alejo Nitti Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) [1] (#cite_note-1) Area served Worldwide Products Shoes, eyewear, coffee and apparel Revenue $392 million (2019) [2] (#cite_note-2) Owner Jefferies Financial Group (/wiki/Jefferies_Financial_Group) Inc Nexus Capital Management (/w/index.php?title=Nexus_Capital_Management&action=edit&redlink=1) LP Brookfield Asset Management (/wiki/Brookfield_Asset_Management) Inc Number of employees 500 Website www.toms.com (https://www.toms.com/) Toms (stylized as TOMS ) is a for-profit (/wiki/For-profit) company [3] (#cite_note-10_Years_of_Toms-3) [4] (#cite_note-Fairfield_Citizen_-_For/Non_Profit-4) [5] (#cite_note-For-Profit_Status-5) based in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie (/wiki/Blake_Mycoskie) , an entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) from Arlington (/wiki/Arlington,_Texas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-CNN2-8) [9] (#cite_note-fortune-9) the company designs and markets shoes as well as eyewear, coffee, apparel and handbags. The company was taken over by its creditors: Jefferies Financial Group Inc, Nexus Capital Management LP, and Brookfield Asset Management Inc in December 2019, and founder Mycoskie ceased to be an owner. [10] (#cite_note-10) Company history [ edit ] Blake Mycoskie visited Argentina (/wiki/Argentina) in 2002 while competing in the second season (/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_2) of The Amazing Race (/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)) with his sister. [11] (#cite_note-11) He returned on vacation in January 2006, and met a woman who was volunteering to deliver shoes to children. Mycoskie offered to help and has cited the shoe distribution experience, and the many shoeless children he encountered, as the birth of his idea for his eventual company. [12] (#cite_note-12) He decided to develop a type of alpargata (a simple canvas slip-on shoe that is popular in Argentina) [13] (#cite_note-13) for the North American market, with the goal of providing a new pair of free shoes to youth of Argentina and other developing nations for every pair sold. [14] (#cite_note-DFEI-14) According to Mycoskie, Bill Gates (/wiki/Bill_Gates) encouraged him by saying that the lack of shoes was a major contributor to diseases in children. [15] (#cite_note-Boone-15) Upon returning to the U.S., Mycoskie sold the online driver education (/wiki/Driver_education) company that he was running for $500,000 to finance Toms Shoes. [14] (#cite_note-DFEI-14) The company name is derived from the word "tomorrow," [16] (#cite_note-CNN-16) and evolved from the original concept, "Shoes for Tomorrow Project." [17] (#cite_note-OK-17) Mycoskie initially commissioned Argentine shoe manufacturers to make 250 pairs of shoes. Sales officially began in May 2006. [14] (#cite_note-DFEI-14) After an article ran in the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) , the company received order requests for nine times the available stock online, [14] (#cite_note-DFEI-14) and 10,000 pairs were sold in the first year. The first batch of 10,000 free shoes were distributed in October 2006 to Argentine children. [8] (#cite_note-CNN2-8) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-Seattle-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2007, the company launched its first annual "One Day Without Shoes" event, which encouraged participants to go shoeless for one day in order to raise awareness about the impact shoes can have on a child's life. The event has had corporate sponsors such as AOL (/wiki/AOL) , Flickr (/wiki/Flickr) , and the Discovery Channel (/wiki/Discovery_Channel) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In October 2007, Toms Shoes received the People's Design Award, as determined by an online popularity contest by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum (/wiki/Cooper-Hewitt,_National_Design_Museum) . [22] (#cite_note-Newsweek-22) By 2011, over 500 retailers carried the brand globally and in the same year, Toms launched its eyewear line. [23] (#cite_note-23) By 2012 over two million pairs of new shoes had been given to children in developing countries around the world. The Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative (/wiki/Daniels_Fund) at the University of New Mexico (/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico) has described the company as an example of social entrepreneurship (/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship) . [14] (#cite_note-DFEI-14) [24] (#cite_note-24) The company launched TOMS Roasting Co. in 2014, and with each purchase of TOMS Roasting Co. coffee (/wiki/Coffee) , the company works with other organizations to provide 140 liters of safe water (equal to a one-week supply) to a family in need that lives in a coffee-producing region. [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2015, TOMS Bag Collection was launched to help contribute to advancements in maternal health. Purchases of TOMS Bags help provide training for skilled birth attendants and distribute birth kits containing items that help women practice safe childbirth. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) In June 2014, the company announced that Mycoskie was looking to sell part of his stake in the company to help it grow faster and meet its long-term goals. [28] (#cite_note-28) On August 20, 2014 Bain Capital (/wiki/Bain_Capital) acquired 50% of Toms. Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) reported that the transaction valued the company at $625 million; Mycoskie's personal wealth following the deal was reported at $300 million. [3] (#cite_note-10_Years_of_Toms-3) Mycoskie retained 50% ownership of Toms, as well as his role as "Chief Shoe Giver". Mycoskie said he would use half of the proceeds from the sale to start a new fund to support socially minded entrepreneurship, and Bain would match his investment and continue the company's one-for-one policy. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Business model [ edit ] "One for one" [ edit ] Toms' business model is known as the " one for one concept (/wiki/One_for_one_(business_model)) " model, which is referring to the company's promise to deliver a pair of free shoes to a child in need for every sale of their retail (/wiki/Retail) product. [31] (#cite_note-31) The countries involved have included Argentina, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Rwanda, South Africa and the United States. [32] (#cite_note-32) The business has grown beyond producing shoes and has included eyewear and apparel in Toms product lines. The company uses word-of-mouth (/wiki/Word-of-mouth) advocacy for much of its sales, centering its business focus on corporate social responsibility (/wiki/Social_responsibility) . Part of this model originally involved a non-profit arm called "Friends of Toms" that recruited volunteers to help in the shoe distributions in foreign countries. [33] (#cite_note-33) Toms trademarked the phrase "One for One" to describe its own business model. [34] (#cite_note-34) Toms has received criticism from the international development (/wiki/International_development) community [35] (#cite_note-Slate:_Is_TOMS_Shoes_Listening_to_its_Critics?-35) [36] (#cite_note-Come_To_Africa_For_Business,_Not_Handouts-36) who have stated that Toms' model is designed to make consumers feel good rather than addressing the underlying causes of poverty (/wiki/Poverty) . [37] (#cite_note-fastcoexist-37) Criticisms have also included whether or not the shoe donation is as effective as a monetary donation to other charities. [38] (#cite_note-foreignpolicy-38) Toms responded to this criticism by moving 40% of its supply chain for shoe donation to countries they actively give in. Toms presently manufactures shoes in Kenya, India, Ethiopia and Haiti. [39] (#cite_note-39) A 2014 paper in the Journal of Development Effectiveness studied the effect of Toms Shoes on local shoe markets, and did not find any statistically significant effect, although analysts and the paper's authors noted the study was limited in scope and time-scale. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-economist-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) More recent papers such as "Shoeing the Children: The Impact of the TOMS Shoe Donation Program in Rural El Salvador" suggest harmful effects and even an economical decline in local production in the target countries. [43] (#cite_note-43) "Looking at cross-country data on used-clothing imports across African countries, he finds that these imports explain roughly 40% of the decline in production in the region and 50% of the decline in employment over the period 1981–2000." The same study about Toms Shoes specifically states psychological and therefore social consequences in El Salvador: "In-kind donations may exhibit negative externalities on the psychology of recipients, unintentionally fostering a sense of dependency on outside donors." In 2019, Amy Smith, TOMS' Chief Giving Officer, announced in their 2019 Impact Report that the company would no longer be following the "One for One" business model that TOMS pioneered. This was her statement: "We made the decision to decouple our impact from the One for One model we pioneered, and to expand our giving portfolio to include impact grants. This way, we can support organizations working to address some of today’s most pressing issues." Focuses for Corporate Responsibility [ edit ] Author Daniel H. Pink (/wiki/Daniel_H._Pink) described the company's business model as "expressly built for purpose maximization", whereby Toms is selling both shoes and its ideal. Toms' consumer market are purchasing shoes and also making a purchase that transforms them into benefactors for the company. [44] (#cite_note-44) Another phrase used to try to describe the business model has been "caring capitalism". [45] (#cite_note-45) Part of how Toms has developed this description is by incorporating the giving into its business model before it made a profit, making it as integral to the business model as its revenue generating aspects. [46] (#cite_note-46) Business tycoon and Virgin Group (/wiki/Virgin_Group) founder Richard Branson (/wiki/Richard_Branson) wrote of the company's business model in his book Screw Business as Usual , "They look for communities that will benefit most from Toms based on their economic, health and education needs while taking into account local business so as not to create a correlating negative effect." He also commented on Toms' expansion into eyewear in order to help the nearly 300 million people who are visually impaired in developing nations. [47] (#cite_note-47) The company's shoe distribution partners have focused on distributing shoes in areas where health and social benefits of the shoes would be the highest. For example, in Ethiopia the shoes are intended to help prevent a soil-borne disease that attacks the lymphatic system and which largely affected women and children. [15] (#cite_note-Boone-15) Toms sunglasses are sold with the One for One model, however it does not necessarily provide glasses only to those in developing countries. The One for One model includes putting money toward medical treatment, eye surgeries and prescription glasses. Toms works with the Seva Foundation (/wiki/Seva_Foundation) among other partners to accomplish this. [48] (#cite_note-48) The first countries that Toms implemented its program were Nepal (/wiki/Nepal) , Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) and Tibet (/wiki/Tibet) . [49] (#cite_note-49) The original three designs, according to Leigh Grogan, were "The stripe on the temples represents the buyer; the stripe on the tips represents the person whose sight is being helped, and the middle stripe represents Toms, which brings the two together." [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-Forbes_-_Eyewear-51) Shoe distribution [ edit ] Shoes have been given to children in 70 countries worldwide, including the United States, Argentina, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Eswatini, Guatemala, Haiti and South Africa. [52] (#cite_note-forty-52) Toms are sold at more than 500 stores internationally, including Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , and Whole Foods Market (/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market) , which include shoes made from recycled materials. [53] (#cite_note-latimes-53) A story by LA Weekly (/wiki/LA_Weekly) priced the manufacturing cost of a pair of Toms Shoes at $3.50-$5.00 in U.S. dollars, and noted that the children's shoes given out by the company were among the cheapest to make, which is not necessarily apparent to consumers. According to garment-industry author Kelsey Timmerman, many people he spoke to in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) were critical of the company, saying that they felt it exploited the idea of Ethiopian poverty as a marketing tool. An Argentina-based shoemaker agreed, saying that the imagery used by the company was manipulative. [54] (#cite_note-mcdonald-54) Employees of Toms travel to different countries on "Giving Trips" to deliver shoes to children in person. In 2006, Toms distributed 10,000 pairs of shoes in Argentina. [55] (#cite_note-time-55) [56] (#cite_note-TRIB-56) In November 2007, the company distributed 50,000 pairs of shoes to children in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . [57] (#cite_note-Mail-57) As of April 2009, Toms had distributed 140,000 pairs of shoes to children in Argentina, Ethiopia, South Africa as well as children in the United States. [53] (#cite_note-latimes-53) As of 2012, Toms has given away over one million pairs of shoes in 40 countries. [52] (#cite_note-forty-52) [58] (#cite_note-ABC_-_Person_of_the_Week-58) Campus clubs [ edit ] Students attending colleges across the United States have created TOMS campus clubs. As of March 20, 2014, 281 campus clubs existed in the United States with another dozen located in Canada. [59] (#cite_note-59) By comparison, another nonprofit organization known as Lions Club International was established in 1917 and is known for working to ending the cause of blindness, reports 400 Lions’ campus clubs in 42 countries. [60] (#cite_note-60) Philanthropy [ edit ] Partnerships [ edit ] In 2009 Toms partnered with the Charlize Theron (/wiki/Charlize_Theron) Africa Outreach Project to create limited edition shoes, and used profits to benefit education and medical support in remote areas of Africa suffering from AIDS outbreaks. [61] (#cite_note-61) Toms has also produced shoes with a handlebar mustache symbol in place of the traditional Toms symbol in support of the Movember Foundation (/wiki/Movember) . [62] (#cite_note-62) Toms is a supporter of the charity charity: water (/wiki/Charity:_water) , with which it has partnered with for several years, including its WaterForward project, which aims to bring clean water to underdeveloped countries. [63] (#cite_note-63) An additional partner charity is FEED, a charity where a consumer will purchase a pair of shoes and the company will donate twelve meals to impoverished schools in addition to a pair of shoes for impoverished children. [64] (#cite_note-64) The major mission of Toms is that a business, rather than a charity, would help their impact last longer. In his speech at the Second Annual Clinton Global Initiative (/wiki/Clinton_Global_Initiative) [65] (#cite_note-CNN_Money_-_Toms's_Start-65) Mycoskie states that his initial motivation was a disease called podoconiosis (/wiki/Podoconiosis) —a debilitating and disfiguring disease which causes one's feet to swell along with many other health implications. Also known as "Mossy Foot", podoconiosis (/wiki/Podoconiosis) is a form of elephantiasis that affects the lymphatic system (/wiki/Lymphatic_system) of the lower legs. The disease is a soil-transmitted disease caused by walking in silica (/wiki/Silica) -rich soil. [66] (#cite_note-66) Toms currently works with factories nearby where they perform some of their shoe drops. [67] (#cite_note-67) Influence [ edit ] The Tom's ' One for One (/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship) ' model has inspired many different companies to adopt similar concepts. Warby Parker (/wiki/Warby_Parker) , launched in 2010, donates a pair of glasses to someone in need for every pair of glasses it sells. The social business Ruby Cup uses a 'Buy One Give One' model for their menstrual cup venture, benefiting women in Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) . [68] (#cite_note-68) A Bristol chiropractic (/wiki/Chiropractic) center influenced by Mycoskie's Start Something That Matters [69] (#cite_note-69) book started donating £1 to Cherish Uganda for every appointment attended. [70] (#cite_note-70) citizenAID North America (http://www.citizenaid.us) launched in 2018, donates life-saving training to US teachers and educators. Focus on the Family [ edit ] In July 2011, Toms founder Blake Mycoskie participated in an event sponsored by the group Focus on the Family (/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family) . [71] (#cite_note-HuffPo_-_Steps_on_Gay_Toes-71) [72] (#cite_note-SeattlePi_-_FoF_Misrepresented-72) After being criticized for supporting a socially conservative (/wiki/Social_conservatism) non-profit, Mycoskie posted an apology on his website stating that he and his handlers had not heard of Focus on the Family before participating in the event and decided it was a mistake. He also stated that he and the company support equal human and civil rights. [73] (#cite_note-Renwl.org_-_TOMS_Apology-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) See also [ edit ] Greater Los Angeles portal (/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) D&B Hoovers – Company Profile (https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.toms_shoes_llc.6a22d1447fb719a66672c8ec9c7c0959.html) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Toms' Blake Mycoskie Built a $400 Million Business on Social Entrepreneurship" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201605/leigh-buchanan/toms-founder-blake-mycoskie-social-entrepreneurship.html) . 27 April 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b businessoffashion.com Blake Mycoskie on 10 Years of Toms (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/blake-mycoskie-on-10-years-of-toms) MAY 6, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-Fairfield_Citizen_-_For/Non_Profit_4-0) Walkley, Alison (2009-11-20). "TOMS founder Mycoskie comes to SHU" (http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FFCB&p_theme=ffcb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C1F93A276A9768&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM) . Fairfield Citizen (/w/index.php?title=Fairfield_Citizen&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-For-Profit_Status_5-0) "For Profit or Non-Profit?: Is Toms a non-profit organization?" (http://www.toms.com/faq/) . Toms Shoes . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) TOMS Shoes, LLC (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0214023D:US) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Blair, Jennifer (January 2009). "A Mile in his Shoes". Fort Worth, Texas: The City's Magazine . Fort Worth Texas Magazine. p. 38. ^ Jump up to: a b Wong, Grace (September 26, 2008). "Blake Mycoskie: Sole ambition" (http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/26/mycoskie.profile/) . CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-fortune_9-0) Sellers, Patricia (October 11, 2008). "Power Point: Be the change" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090429204104/http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/10/11/power-point-be-the-change/) . Fortune . Cable News Network (/wiki/Cable_News_Network) . Archived from the original (http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/10/11/power-point-be-the-change/) on April 29, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Roumeliotis, Greg (2019-12-28). "Exclusive: TOMS Shoes creditors to take over the company" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tomsshoes-m-a-creditors-exclusive-idUSKBN1YV1PT) . Reuters . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Blake Mycoskie Conceived The Idea For TOMS Shoes While Sitting On A Farm, Pondering Life, In Argentina" (http://www.businessinsider.com/blake-mycoskie-argentina-toms-shoes-2011-09) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved 2016-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Handley, Lucy (2018-10-04). "This entrepreneur set out to do good over making money, but still earned hundreds of millions of dollars" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/04/blake-mycoskie-of-toms-shoes-set-out-to-do-good--and-made-millions.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Boone, Louis E.; Kurtz, David L. (2011-07-26). Contemporary Business . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470531297 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Alicja Spaulding; Stephanie Fernandez & Jennifer Sawayda (2011). "TOMS: One for One Movement" (http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/TOMS%20Case.pdf) (PDF) . Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative at the University of New Mexico (/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico) . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Louis E. Boone & David L. Kurtz (2011). Contemporary Business . Wiley & Sons. pp. 137–138. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470531297 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-CNN_16-0) Cook, Shannon (March 26, 2009). "These shoes help others get a step up" (http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/homestyle/03/26/blake.mycoskie.toms.shoes/) . CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-OK_17-0) Miller, Linda (April 5, 2009). "Shoes offer a better tomorrow" (http://newsok.com/shoes-offer-a-better-tomorrow/article/3358735) . NewsOK . NewsOK.com . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Emanuel Rosen (2010). Buzz: Real Life Lessons in Word-of-Mouth Marketing . Profile Books (/wiki/Profile_Books) . pp. 188–89. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781846682483 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seattle_19-0) Chansanchai, Athima (June 11, 2007). "Happy feet: Buy a pair of Toms shoes and a pair will be donated to a poor child abroad" (http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/319343_tomsshoes12.html) . seattlepi.com . Hearst Seattle Media, LLC . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Brune, Brett (December 28, 2007). "For-profit helps keep charity running" (https://archive.today/20071220004451/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/12/28/toms_shoes/) . Marketplace . American Public Media. Archived from the original (http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/12/28/toms_shoes/) on December 20, 2007 . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "What is One Day Without Shoes?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190111193942/http://www.onedaywithoutshoes.com/) . onedaywithoutshoes.com. Archived from the original (http://www.onedaywithoutshoes.com) on January 11, 2019 . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Newsweek_22-0) McGuigan, Cathleen (October 19, 2007). "Toms Shoes Wins Design Award" (http://www.newsweek.com/id/57235) . Newsweek.com . Newsweek, Inc . Retrieved 2009-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Post, Carly Gillis Carly Gillis is an associate editor for The Huffington (2011-06-07). "From Toe To Head: TOMS Announces Eyewear As New 'One For One' Product" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/07/toms-eyewear-one-for-one_n_872847.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016-08-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|first= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Archie B. Carroll; Ann K. Buchholtz (2008). Business & Society: Ethics & Stakeholder Management . Cengage. p. 54. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780324569391 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Clayton, Liz (2014-03-13). "Toms Announces Roasting - But The Details Are Worth A Second Crack" (https://sprudge.com/toms-announces-roasting-but-the-details-are-worth-a-second-crack-54052.html) . Sprudge . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "TOMS Pledges Safe Births With New Bag Collection" (https://www.thebump.com/a/toms-pledges-safe-births-with-new-bag-collection) . www.thebump.com . 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 2019-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) TOMS. "TOMS : One for One" (http://www.toms.com/about-toms#companyInfo) . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . [ verification needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-28) Hammond, Ed (2014-06-03). "Shoemaker Toms put up for sale" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/caa93bda-f022-11e3-a943-00144feabdc0.html#axzz34CbnCBYC) . FT.com . Retrieved 2014-06-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) De La Merced, Michael J. (August 20, 2014). "After Sale to Bain, Toms's Chief Wants to Expand Global Reach" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/toms-sells-half-of-itself-to-bain-capital/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0) . New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Healy, Beth (August 20, 2014). "Bain Capital buys 50 percent of company that donates shoes" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/08/20/bain-capital-buys-percent-toms-shoes/gMrKiQ2PWX5bBzfIdpjlTJ/story.html) . Boston Globe . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Smith, Seana. "TOMS CEO Expanding Reach of 'Buy One Give One' Model" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015111/http://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/2014/10/09/toms-ceo-expanding-reach-buy-one-give-one-model/) . Fox Business . Archived from the original (http://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/2014/10/09/toms-ceo-expanding-reach-buy-one-give-one-model/) on 2015-09-24. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Simon Mainwaring (/wiki/Simon_Mainwaring) (2011). We First: How Brands and Consumers Use Social Media to Build a Better World . Macmillan. p. 57 (https://archive.org/details/wefirsthowbrands0000main/page/57) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780230110267 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . TOMS shoes one for one. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Jay Kandampully (2012). Service Management . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781461415541 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Philip Kotler; David Hessekiel & Nancy Lee (2012). Good Works!: Marketing and Corporate Initiatives that Build a Better World...and the Bottom Line . John Wiley & Sons. p. 87. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781118228609 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Slate:_Is_TOMS_Shoes_Listening_to_its_Critics?_35-0) "TOMS shoes to begin producing shoes in Haiti. Will this be a more effective way to help the poor?" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/10/17/toms_shoes_to_begin_producing_shoes_in_haiti_will_this_be_a_more_effective.html) . Slate . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 2014-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-Come_To_Africa_For_Business,_Not_Handouts_36-0) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217044106/http://www.peacecorpsconnect.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ComeToAfricaForBusinessNotHandouts_WV.pdf) (PDF) . www.peacecorpsconnect.org . Archived from the original (http://www.peacecorpsconnect.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ComeToAfricaForBusinessNotHandouts_WV.pdf) (PDF) on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2022 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-fastcoexist_37-0) "The Broken "Buy-One, Give-One" Model: 3 Ways To Save Toms Shoes \| Co.Exist \| ideas + impact" (http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679628/the-broken-buy-one-give-one-model-three-ways-to-save-toms-shoes) . fastcoexist.com. 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 2014-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_38-0) "Haiti Doesn't Need Your Old T-Shirt" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140102230013/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/haiti_doesnt_need_your_old_tshirt?page=full) . foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original (https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/haiti_doesnt_need_your_old_tshirt?page=full) on 2014-01-02 . Retrieved 2014-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "On the 10th anniversary of TOMS, its founder talks stepping down, bringing in private equity, and why giving away shoes provides a competitive advantage" (http://www.businessinsider.com/toms-blake-mycoskie-talks-growing-a-business-while-balancing-profit-with-purpose-2016-6) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Murphy, Tom (September 16, 2014). "Do TOMS shoes harm local shoe sellers?" (http://www.humanosphere.org/social-business/2014/09/toms-shoes-harm-local-shoe-sellers/) . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-economist_41-0) "Putting the boot in development" (https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2014/10/economics-toms-shoes) . The Economist . October 27, 2014 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Wydick, Bruce; Katz, Elizabeth; Janet, Brendan (23 May 2014). "Do in-kind transfers damage local markets? The case of TOMS shoe donations in El Salvador" (http://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=econ) . Journal of Development Effectiveness . 6 (3): 249–267. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/19439342.2014.919012 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19439342.2014.919012) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 2083741 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2083741) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Shoeing the Children: The Impact of the TOMS Shoe Donation Program in Rural El Salvador" (https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/32/3/727/2669760) . The World Bank Economic Review . October 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Daniel H. Pink (/wiki/Daniel_H._Pink) (2011). Drive: The Surprising Truth about what Motivates Us . Penguin. p. 134. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781101524381 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) John R. Schermerhorn (2010). Introduction to Management . John Wiley & Sons. p. 148. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470646243 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) David Y. Choi; Edmund Gray & Edmund R. Gray (2010). Values-Centered Entrepreneurs and Their Companies . Taylor & Francis. p. 118. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780203883501 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Richard Branson (2011). Screw Business As Usual . Penguin. p. ebook. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781101572177 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Blake Mycoskie (2011). Start Something That Matters . Random House Digital. p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780679603528 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) James Marshall Reilly (/wiki/James_Marshall_Reilly) (2011). Shake the World: It's Not About Finding a Job, It's About Creating a Life . Penguin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781101553749 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Leigh Grogan (June 12, 2011). "TOMS launches eyewear mission" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110618040342/http://www.sacbee.com/2011/06/12/3689907/toms-launches-eyewear-mission.html#storylink=cpy) . Sacramento Bee (/wiki/Sacramento_Bee) . Archived from the original (http://www.sacbee.com/2011/06/12/3689907/toms-launches-eyewear-mission.html#storylink=cpy) on 2011-06-18 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_-_Eyewear_51-0) Taylor, Kate (2012-06-18). "6 Entrepreneurs Who Turned Service Into A Career" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/katetaylor/2012/06/18/6-entrepreneurs-who-turned-service-into-a-career/) . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Where we give" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121126210517/http://www.toms.com/our-movement-where) . Archived from the original (http://www.toms.com/our-movement-where) on November 26, 2012 . Retrieved November 16, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Booth (April 19, 2009). "Toms Shoes' model is sell a pair, give a pair away" (https://www.latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-ig-greentoms19-2009apr19,0,1059085.story) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-mcdonald_54-0) McDonald, Patrick Range (July 28, 2011). "Is Blake Mycoskie of TOMS an Evangelical?" (http://www.laweekly.com/news/is-blake-mycoskie-of-toms-an-evangelical-2171556) . LA Weekly . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-time_55-0) Mustafa, Nadia (January 26, 2007). "A Shoe That Fits So Many Souls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080724205021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1582305-1,00.html) . Time . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1582305-1,00.html) on July 24, 2008 . Retrieved 2009-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-TRIB_56-0) "Amped-up alpargatas" (http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061030/FEATURES/61030007) . HeraldTribune.com. October 30, 2006 . Retrieved 2009-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mail_57-0) Van Schalkwyk, Surika (February 11, 2008). "Steps in the right direction" (http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-02-11-steps-in-the-right-direction) . Mail & Guardian Online . Retrieved 2009-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-ABC_-_Person_of_the_Week_58-0) Murray, Michael (2011-04-08). "Person of the Week: TOMS Shoes Founder Blake Mycoskie" (https://abcnews.go.com/International/PersonOfWeek/person-week-toms-shoes-founder-blake-mycoskie/story?id=13331473) . ABC News . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "TOMS : One for One" (http://www.tomscommunity.com/CollegeUniversityClubs) . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) liondavidcaldwell (13 August 2012). "What Is A Campus Lions Club" (https://www.slideshare.net/liondavidcaldwell/what-is-a-campus-lions-club) . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) JOCELYN ANDERSON (December 18, 2009). "Charlize Theron Designs for Toms Shoes" (http://www.wwd.com/footwear-news/business/charlize-theron-designs-for-toms-shoes-2398200) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Adam Tschorn (October 18, 2011). "Toms Shoes X Movember: Some panache with that 'stache?" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/10/toms-shoes-x-movember.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) GREGORY FERENSTEIN (October 24, 2011). "Trickle-Forward Economics: Scott Harrison's Water-Based Experiment In Viral Philanthropy" (http://www.fastcompany.com/1790136/trickle-forward-economics-scott-harrisons-water-based-experiment-viral-philanthropy) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "FEED 12 Toms Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120418052621/http://www.feedprojects.com/shopping_product_detail.asp?pid=49866&catID=3675) . Archived from the original (http://www.feedprojects.com/shopping_product_detail.asp?pid=49866&catID=3675) on April 18, 2012 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-CNN_Money_-_Toms's_Start_65-0) Shambora, Jessica (March 16, 2010). "How TOMS Shoes founder Blake Mycoskie got started" (https://money.cnn.com/2010/03/16/smallbusiness/toms_shoes_blake_mycoskie.fortune/index.htm) . CNN Money . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Sharaby, Orli. "Toms Shoes' Blake Mycoskie Talks to PSFK" (http://www.psfk.com/2009/03/toms-shoes-blake-mycoskie-talks-to-psfk.html) . Syfy. March 9, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-67) Lerman, Emily (April 15, 2009). "PhiLAnthropist Interview: Toms Shoes Founder Blake Mycoskie Plans to Give Away 300,000 Pairs in 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090831080820/http://laist.com/2009/04/15/what_happens_when_you_travel.php) . LAist. Archived from the original (http://laist.com/2009/04/15/what_happens_when_you_travel.php) on August 31, 2009 . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Ruby Cup" (http://www.ruby-cup.com/) . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) amazon.com (/wiki/Amazon.com) Start Something That Matters (https://www.amazon.com/Start-Something-Matters-Blake-Mycoskie/dp/0812981448) ^ (#cite_ref-70) "Kasa Chiropractic Bristol - Cherish Uganda" (https://kasachiro.com/news/) . Kasa Chiropractic Bristol . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-HuffPo_-_Steps_on_Gay_Toes_71-0) "Tom's Shoes Founder Steps on Gay Toes" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rev-dr-cindi-love/toms-shoes-founder-blake-mycoskie_b_896727.html) . Huffington Post . 2011-09-12. ^ (#cite_ref-SeattlePi_-_FoF_Misrepresented_72-0) Mirabella, Joe (2011-07-09). "Focus on the Family Misrepresented Relationship with Toms Shoes" (http://blog.seattlepi.com/stepforward/2011/07/09/focus-on-the-family-misrepresented-relationship-with-toms-shoes/) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . ^ (#cite_ref-Renwl.org_-_TOMS_Apology_73-0) Mathis, Derrick. "Toms Shoes Founder Apologizes, Gay Response Is Disgusting" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120702172053/http://www.renwl.org/toms-shoes-apologizes-to-gays/13400/) . Renwl.org. Archived from the original (http://www.renwl.org/toms-shoes-apologizes-to-gays/13400/) on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Toms Shoes founder apologizes for Focus on the Family connection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130325183625/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/under-god/post/toms-shoes-founder-apologizes-for-focus-on-family-connection/2011/07/13/gIQAPuN4DI_blog.html) . The Washington Post . 2011-07-16. Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/under-god/post/toms-shoes-founder-apologizes-for-focus-on-family-connection/2011/07/13/gIQAPuN4DI_blog.html) on 2013-03-25. External links [ edit ] U.S. official website (https://www.toms.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐j8hpt Cached time: 20240709023536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.594 seconds Real time usage: 0.699 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4229/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 132895/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3037/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 261441/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.378/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7758215/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 626.444 1 -total 66.23% 414.864 1 Template:Reflist 26.04% 163.144 26 Template:Cite_web 15.09% 94.500 1 Template:Infobox_company 14.35% 89.875 26 Template:Cite_news 13.41% 84.021 1 Template:Infobox 10.62% 66.551 1 Template:Short_description 8.12% 50.869 13 Template:Cite_book 6.83% 42.758 1 Template:Verify_source 6.21% 38.912 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20732595-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709023536 and revision id 1227258079. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toms_Shoes&oldid=1227258079 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toms_Shoes&oldid=1227258079) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2006 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:2006_establishments_in_California) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Companies based in Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Santa_Monica,_California) Organizations established in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_2006) Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Social enterprises (/wiki/Category:Social_enterprises) Social responsibility organizations (/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations) B Lab-certified corporations (/wiki/Category:B_Lab-certified_corporations) Bain Capital companies (/wiki/Category:Bain_Capital_companies) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) All pages needing factual verification (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2019) CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Sportswear and lifestyle brand Rapha Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Rapha Performance Roadwear Industry Sporting goods (/wiki/Sporting_goods) Founded 2004 Founders Simon Mottram (/wiki/Simon_Mottram) Luke Scheybeler (/wiki/Luke_Scheybeler) Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England Area served Worldwide Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , skin care (/wiki/Skin_care#Skin_care_products) , cafés (/wiki/Coffeehouse) Website rapha (http://rapha.cc) .cc (http://rapha.cc) Rapha Performance Roadwear is a cycling (/wiki/Cycling) lifestyle brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) focused on road bicycle racing (/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing) and mountain biking (/wiki/Mountain_biking) clothing and accessories. Rapha has its headquarters in London and a United States office in Bentonville, Arkansas (/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) History [ edit ] The company was started in London in early 2004 by Simon Mottram (/wiki/Simon_Mottram) [3] (#cite_note-3) and Luke Scheybeler (/wiki/Luke_Scheybeler) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Its first products were launched in July of the same year. The name Rapha was taken from the 1960s cycling team Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(cycling_team)) , itself named after the apéritif (/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif) drink company Saint-Raphaël (/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_(drink)) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_(ap%C3%A9ritif)) ] . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2007, Rapha partnered with British designer Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) to create a range of cycle clothing and accessories. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2016, it collaborated with bikepacking (/wiki/Mixed_terrain_cycle_touring) designer Apidura on a range of cycling luggage. [7] (#cite_note-7) In August 2017, RZC Investments, a company set up by Steuart Walton (/wiki/Steuart_Walton) , announced that it would buy Rapha for £200m. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In February 2020, Rapha announced that it would move its North American headquarters from Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) to Bentonville, Arkansas (/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In the same year, Rapha collaborated with Palace Skateboards (/wiki/Palace_Skateboards) on a cycling kit for professional cycling team EF Education–EasyPost (/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost) at the 2020 Giro d'Italia (/wiki/2020_Giro_d%27Italia) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2021, Rapha entered the mountain bike market, launching its first range of mountain biking clothing in collaboration with Smith on a line of helmets. [11] (#cite_note-11) Organizations and venues [ edit ] In 2015, Rapha developed an international cycling club called the Rapha Cycling Club (RCC), whose members get benefits with the company. Today, it has over 20,000 members. [12] (#cite_note-12) Rapha has about 21 international stores throughout North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. They are called "clubhouses." [13] (#cite_note-13) Each has a retail space, which sells Rapha-branded clothing and accessories, and a café area. The Rapha Cycling Club hosts community rides and events at the store's locations. The stores host a number of cycling-related events and art exhibitions throughout the year. In addition, Rapha operates mobile "clubhouses" through Europe and the UK; venues that will travel to certain events throughout the cycling season. [ citation needed ] The Rapha Foundation was created in 2019 by Rapha co-founder Simon Mottram and shareholders Tom and Steuart Walton (/wiki/Steuart_Walton) to fund various non-profit cycling organizations, and to introduce cycling to a wider audience. It provides $1.5 million a year in funding, and supports non-profits in the UK, United States, Germany, Australia and Japan. [14] (#cite_note-14) Sponsorships [ edit ] Rapha used to co-own the UK-based cycling team Rapha Condor–JLT (/wiki/JLT%E2%80%93Condor) with London bike brand Condor Cycles (/wiki/Condor_Cycles) and the cyclocross (/wiki/Cyclocross) team Rapha Focus. [ clarification needed ] At the end of 2014, Rapha announced it would end its sponsorship to focus on Team Sky (/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers) and Team Wiggins Le Col (/wiki/Team_Wiggins_Le_Col) . [ citation needed ] In August 2012, Rapha announced that from 2013 it would be producing the clothing for the British cycling team, Team Sky (/wiki/Team_Sky) . [15] (#cite_note-15) On 3 November 2015 it announced that its Team Sky sponsorship would end after the 2016 season. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2015, Rapha announced it would begin supplying clothing to the UCI Women's WorldTour (/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_WorldTour) team Canyon-SRAM (/wiki/Canyon-SRAM) . [17] (#cite_note-17) However, in 2022, Canyon-SRAM said it would drop Rapha as its clothing outfitters. [18] (#cite_note-18) EF Education First (/wiki/EF_Education_First) started wearing Rapha clothing in the 2019 race season, [19] (#cite_note-19) alongside UCI Men's WorldTour team EF Education–EasyPost (/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2022, Rapha became a supporter of the UCI Women's WorldTour team EF Education–Tibco–SVB (/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93Tibco%E2%80%93SVB) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Rapha also sponsors UCI Continental (/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits) cycling teams L39ION of Los Angeles (/wiki/L39ION_of_Los_Angeles) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) and Roxsolt Liv SRAM (/wiki/Roxsolt_Liv_SRAM) , [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) and professional cyclists Lael Wilcox (/wiki/Lael_Wilcox) , Maghalie Rochette (/wiki/Maghalie_Rochette) , and Sarah Sturm. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) MacMichael, Simon (2021-09-22). "Rapha to move to new headquarters in north London" (https://road.cc/content/news/rapha-move-new-headquarters-north-london-286567) . road.cc . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Rapha moves NA office to Arkansas" (https://www.bicycleretailer.com/industry-news/2020/02/25/rapha-moves-north-america-office-arkansas#.XpI0_C2ZPLY) . 2 March 2020 . Retrieved 11 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Penn, Rob (28 January 2010). "Pedalling fashion: the rise of cycle style" (https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/hot-50-supplement/hot-50-rapha/) . Design Week. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Green, Lucie. "New sportswear line" (https://www.ft.com/content/a6984224-546b-11e4-b2ea-00144feab7de) . Financial Times. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Original Rapha" (http://inrng.com/2012/05/original-rapha-history/) . The Inner Ring . 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rapha + Paul Smith collection unveiled" (http://roadcyclinguk.com/news/gear-news/rapha-paul-smith-collection-unveiled.html) . Road Cycling UK . 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Rapha partners Apidura for bar and saddlebag line" (https://cyclingindustry.news/rapha-partners-apidura-for-bar-and-saddlebag-line/) . Cycling Industry News . 2016-06-15 . Retrieved 2018-09-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Walmart heirs' fund wins £200m race for cycling brand Rapha" (http://news.sky.com/story/walmart-heirs-fund-wins-200m-race-for-cycling-brand-rapha-10978288) . 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Our Investments – RZC Investments" (https://rzc.investments/our-investments/) . RZC Investments . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Stanley, Jack (2020-10-05). "An Official Look at Palace's Upcoming Rapha Collaboration" (https://hypebeast.com/2020/10/palace-rapha-collaboration-giro-d-italia-release-details) . Hypebeast . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Broudy, Berne (2021-06-07). "Rapha Launches Mountain Bike Collection, With Commitment to Support Trail Access" (https://gearjunkie.com/biking/rapha-launches-mountain-bike-collection-support-trail-access) . GearJunkie . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Faithfull, Mark. "New Rapha Clubhouse London Set to Ride the Cycling Boom" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/markfaithfull/2021/04/12/new-rapha-clubhouse-london-set-to-ride-the-cycling-boom/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Clubhouses" (https://www.rapha.cc/us/en_US/clubhouses) . Rapha . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Robinson, Joe (May 29, 2019). "Rapha to give $1.5m to grassroots with new charity foundation" (https://www.cyclist.co.uk/go/6488) . Cyclist . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Merrill, Jamie (3 September 2012). "Sky's the limit for cult clothing brand Rapha" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/skys-the-limit-for-cult-clothing-brand-rapha-8101496.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Scott, George (November 3, 2015). "Rapha and Team Sky to end partnership after 2016 season" (https://roadcyclinguk.com/gear/rapha-and-team-sky-to-end-partnership-after-2016-season.html) . Road Cycling UK . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Rapha, Canyon and SRAM sponsor major new women's road team" (http://www.bicycleretailer.com/international/2015/11/20/rapha-canyon-and-sram-sponsor-major-new-womens-road-team) . Bicycle Retailer . November 20, 2015 . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Becket, Adam (2022-01-19). "Canyon-SRAM unveil bold new kit as they depart from purple and Rapha" (https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/canyon-sram-unveil-bold-new-kit-as-they-depart-from-purple-and-rapha) . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ballinger, Alex (2019-01-11). "EF Education First unveil stylish new tie-dye Rapha kit on eve of Tour Down Under" (https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/racing/ef-education-first-unveil-stylish-new-tie-dye-rapha-kit-eve-tour-404709) . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Rapha \| EF Education–EasyPost" (https://www.efprocycling.com/partners/rapha/) . Ef Pro Cycling . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Team EF Education-TIBCO-SVB unveil their 2022 kit" (https://voxwomen.com/ef-education-tibco-svb/) . Voxwomen . 2022-01-25 . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "EF Education–Tibco–SVB" (https://www.rapha.cc/us/en_US/stories/ef-tibco-svb) . Rapha . January 25, 2022 . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Becket, Adam (2022-01-20). "Rapha release L39ION of Los Angeles kit for 2022 season" (https://www.cyclingweekly.com/products/rapha-release-l39ion-of-los-angeles-kit-for-2022-season) . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Legion of Los Angeles" (https://www.rapha.cc/us/en_US/stories/legion-of-los-angeles) . Rapha . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mullens, Peta. "Sponsors" (http://www.petamullens.com/sponsors.html) . Peta Mullens . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Roxsolt Liv SRAM" (https://www.rapha.cc/us/en_US/stories/roxsolt-liv-sram) . Rapha . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Hansen-Gillis, Lily (2021-01-29). "Rapha expands women's roster as part of commitment to promote women's cycling" (https://cyclingmagazine.ca/sections/news/rapha-expands-womens-roster-as-part-of-commitment-to-promote-womens-cycling/) . Canadian Cycling Magazine . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Rapha furthers support of women's cycling with new signings" (https://endurance.biz/2021/industry-news/rapha-furthers-support-of-womens-cycling-with-new-signings/) . endurance.biz . 2021-01-29 . Retrieved 2022-06-21 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.rapha.cc) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐t5cz9 Cached time: 20240721114455 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.571 seconds Real time usage: 0.728 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3279/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 99480/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3489/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 111243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.356/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7786192/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 622.781 1 -total 38.11% 237.348 1 Template:Reflist 31.14% 193.951 26 Template:Cite_web 16.31% 101.568 1 Template:Infobox_company 14.75% 91.842 1 Template:Infobox 14.74% 91.779 1 Template:Sports_equipment_brands 14.41% 89.713 1 Template:Navbox 11.64% 72.472 1 Template:Short_description 7.16% 44.613 2 Template:Citation_needed 6.39% 39.768 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20761331-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721114455 and revision id 1199322342. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapha_(sportswear)&oldid=1199322342 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapha_(sportswear)&oldid=1199322342) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) 2004 establishments in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:2004_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom) Companies based in the London Borough of Islington (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_London_Borough_of_Islington) Sporting goods manufacturers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom) Clothing companies established in 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2022)
In Malaysia, school uniforms are compulsory for all students who attend public schools. School uniforms are almost universal in the public and private school systems. Western-style school uniforms were first introduced to Malaysia in the 19th century. Since 1970, uniforms have been made compulsory for all students throughout the whole country. For public schools, uniforms are almost completely standardised throughout the country, with the only differentiating factor being the school badge. Private schools usually have a wider range of school uniform designs. [1] (#cite_note-1) Public schools Uniform [ edit ] Overview [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Shirt Pants / Cloth Shoes Male Primary School White short sleeve shirt Navy blue long trousers or Navy blue short trousers Black shoes or white shoes Secondary School Olive green long trousers Prefects White long sleeve shirt White trousers or dark blue trousers Black shoes Blue long sleeve shirt Black or dark blue long trousers Female Primary School White Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) long sleeve Dark Blue Cloth & White Headscarf (Muslim Students) Long Navy Blue Skirt Black shoes or white shoes White short sleeve shirt Navy Blue Pinafore (over white shirt) (Non-Muslim Students) Secondary School White Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) long sleeve Light Blue Fabric & White Scarf (Muslim Students) Long Turquoise Skirt White short sleeve shirt Turquoise Pinafore (on white shirt) (Non-Muslim Students) Prefects Blue Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) long sleeve Black or dark blue fabric Black shoes White blouse Navy Blue Skirt (Primary School) Turquoise Skirt (Secondary School) (Non-Muslim Students) Accessories [ edit ] The Prefects uniform is on the school's own instructions. For Sekolah Berasrama Penuh (/wiki/Sekolah_Berasrama_Penuh) (SBP) and Sekolah Menengah Teknik and Kolej Vokasional , it may be slightly different from the dress code above. MARA Junior Science College (/wiki/MARA_Junior_Science_College) (MRSM) has its own dress code. In addition to these, schools usually have their own school badges which must be sewn or ironed on to the uniform - generally at the left chest. Some schools also require students to sew their name tags in addition to the school badge. For upper forms, students generally have to wear a school-specific tie, except those who are wearing the baju kurung. Public schools also have their own authority to set special school uniforms for prefects, class monitors, librarians and as such, there are many varieties of them depending on schools. [5] (#cite_note-5) Neckties (/wiki/Neckties) are hence often worn by prefects, class monitors, librarians, and other students of rank. However, some schools have neckties as standard issue, but even so, the neckties are generally reserved for school or public events, and are not part of the everyday school uniform. School Rules [ edit ] Besides the uniform, the hairstyle (/wiki/Hairstyle) of students is also given attention by schools. [6] (#cite_note-6) For boys, there is usually a maximum length of hair allowed, for example, the hair must be a few centimetres above the collar, and no sideburns are allowed. [7] (#cite_note-Star19980812-7) For girls with long hair, their hair must be properly tied up, often into a ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) . Some schools would even prohibit girls from having long hair. In order to prevent excessive hairdressing, the colour and type of hair accessories that can be used is also restricted. The use of hair gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) is prohibited in some of the stricter schools. Wearing make up (/wiki/Make_up) and hair colouring in school is also prohibited. Violation of hair regulations are often punished with a caning (/wiki/Caning) but some schools alternatively enforce an in-school haircut. [7] (#cite_note-Star19980812-7) Schools usually enforce their school uniform code thoroughly, with regular checks by teachers and prefects. Students who fail to comply may be warned, given demerit points, publicly punished, sent home from school, or caned (/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia#School_caning) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Girls [ edit ] Malaysian primary school girls in their navy blue pinafores. Girls who wear the uniform with the knee-length pinafore or skirt, especially those attending co-ed schools, usually wear shorts under their pinafore to allow for carefree movement. Those who wear the baju kurung tend not to wear shorts as their long skirt already covers their legs. [ citation needed ] For modesty reasons as well, most schools require female students who wear the baju kurung to wear a plain-coloured camisole (/wiki/Camisole) underneath. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Muslim girls are usually required to wear the baju kurung. Most of them start wearing a white tudung (/wiki/Tudong) (Malaysian version of the Muslim headscarf or hijab) upon entering secondary school, for religious and modesty reasons. In contrast, non-muslim girls usually wear pinafores. Boys [ edit ] A group of Malaysian secondary school boys in their uniform. In recent times it has become more common for Muslim boys to wear long trousers, especially at secondary level. Chinese or Indian boys still wear short trousers (/wiki/Shorts) at primary level and in the first couple of years of secondary at some schools. Muslim boys may wear Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) at school on Fridays, often with a songkok (/wiki/Songkok) hat, so as to be dressed for lunchtime prayers at the mosque. Many schools and their co-curricular uniformed societies require male students to wear a plain white singlet (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (tank top undershirt) beneath their shirts for general decency. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Sports uniform [ edit ] A yellow sports uniform from SMK Jalan Damai Every school has their own sports uniform which they are free to design on their own. Some schools have opted for a non-collar design while others have a collared design. The sports uniform usually has the school's logo on the front of the shirt and an abbreviation of the school's name on the pants. Most of the schools have their respective sports houses which are usually red, green, blue and yellow (or a combination of other colours) and the sports uniform will be made with those colours. Co-curricular uniforms [ edit ] Every public school has a time allocated to co-curricular activities and students are required to wear their co-curricular uniforms on that day. The uniforms usually consists of a "full uniform" where students have to wear a buttoned shirt with uniform pants and all the required accessories and a "half uniform" where students are allowed to wear a t-shirt and the uniform pants. Private schools [ edit ] Private primary schools generally have uniforms identical to those of the public system. Most private secondary schools, however, have their own school uniform. Today, many private schools have their students wear polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirts) in the school colours, and girls wear skirts instead of pinafores. The "baju kurung" is also accepted. Kindergarten [ edit ] There is no set uniform in kindergartens as they are privately owned. Each kindergarten might have different uniforms or allow free choice of clothing. The uniform in most Malaysian kindergartens is the sailor uniform (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform#Sailor_outfit) . These schools also tend to have a sports uniform. The remainder have uniforms identical to that of the public primary school uniform. See also [ edit ] Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Schools portal (/wiki/Portal:Schools) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Schoolgirl uniform fetish (/wiki/Schoolgirl_uniform_fetish) Japanese school uniform (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "6 things you probably didn't know about the M'sia secondary school uniform" (https://goodyfeed.com/6-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-msia-secondary-school-uniform/) . Goody Feed . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Surat Pekeliling lkhtisas Bil. 3/1983 - Pakaian Seragam Murid-murid Sekolah" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060104040551/http://www.pibg.net.my/pekeliling.e.php) [Professional Circular Letter No. 3/1983 - School Uniforms] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) : Kementerian Pendidikan [Ministry of Education], Malaysia. 1997. Archived from the original (http://www.pibg.net.my/pekeliling.e.php) on 4 January 2006 . Retrieved 13 November 2021 – via OnePixel (M) Sdn. Bhd. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lim, Alycia (7 March 2010). "Should they stay or go?" (https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2010/03/07/should-they-stay-or-go/) . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tho Xin Yi; Tan, Vincent (27 April 2019). "Malaysia's Chinese independent schools face uphill climb in quest for qualification recognition" (https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-chinese-independent-schools-uec-recognition-11476890) . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hassan, Hakim (2 January 2020). "Why Do Malaysian Students Wear Uniforms To School? \| TRP" (https://www.therakyatpost.com/2020/01/02/what-does-malaysia-have-school-uniforms/) . The Rakyat Post . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ' ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 1997. (http://www.pibg.net.my/pekeliling.e.php) Surat Pekeliling lkhtisas Bil. 2/1976 - Potongan Rambut Murid-murid '. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Vinesh, Derrick (12 August 1998). "Students get a trimming from their peers" (https://www.corpun.com/mysc9808.htm) . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 2003. (http://data.ppk.kpm.my/article.cfm?id=110) Surat Pekeliling Iktisas Bil:7/2003 - Kuasa Guru Merotan Murid . Retrieved 4 June 2007. ' ^ (#cite_ref-9) SMK Perempuan Sandakan. (http://www.sabah.edu.my/smkperempuan_sdk/peraturan_sekolah.pdf) Peraturan Sekolah '. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ' ^ (#cite_ref-10) Aliran Pemikiran Pendidik Malaysia. (http://www.mypendidik.net/portal/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=313) Peraturan Sekolah '. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Tan Ee Loo, "Teachers and students scoff at 'baseless' statement" (http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/23/nation/21337967&sec=nation) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081007021803/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F5%2F23%2Fnation%2F21337967&sec=nation) 7 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , The Star , Kuala Lumpur, 23 May 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Tan Ee Loo, "Student with 'too transparent' uniform can be told to wear undergarment" (http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/24/nation/21340961&sec=nation) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080601005540/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F5%2F24%2Fnation%2F21340961&sec=nation) 1 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , The Star , Kuala Lumpur, 24 May 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sjam, Gss's (20 November 2012). "ST JOHN AMBULANS MALAYSIA SMK GEORGETOWN: PAKAIAN SERAGAM" (http://sjamgsscadets.blogspot.com/2012/11/pakaian-seragam.html) . ST JOHN AMBULANS MALAYSIA SMK GEORGETOWN . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "B. SENARAI KEPERLUAN YANG PERLU DAN BOLEH DI BELI DI PASARAN LUAR SEKOLAH - PDF Download Gratis" (https://docplayer.info/115337621-B-senarai-keperluan-yang-perlu-dan-boleh-di-beli-di-pasaran-luar-sekolah.html) . docplayer.info . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4rj5x Cached time: 20240713210200 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.360 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 979/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20612/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1060/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34887/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.145/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6008520/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 317.012 1 -total 48.31% 153.148 1 Template:Reflist 32.98% 104.562 5 Template:Cite_web 26.06% 82.611 1 Template:Short_description 13.74% 43.560 2 Template:Pagetype 9.98% 31.626 1 Template:Citation_needed 9.16% 29.024 1 Template:Fix 9.04% 28.659 5 Template:Main_other 8.64% 27.383 1 Template:Portal 8.29% 26.282 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20877911-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713210200 and revision id 1214509593. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Malaysia&oldid=1214509593 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Malaysia&oldid=1214509593) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Education in Malaysia (/wiki/Category:Education_in_Malaysia) School uniform (/wiki/Category:School_uniform) Hidden categories: CS1 Malay-language sources (ms) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Malay-language_sources_(ms)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) Use dmy dates from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2009)
Fashion merchandising can be defined as the planning and promotion of sales by presenting a product to the right market at the proper time, by carrying out organized, skillful advertising, using attractive displays, etc. Merchandising, within fashion retail, refers specifically to the stock planning, management, and control process. Fashion Merchandising is a job that is done world- wide. This position requires well-developed quantitative skills, and natural ability to discover trends, meaning relationships and interrelationships among standard sales and stock figures. In the fashion industry, there are two different merchandising teams: the visual merchandising team, and the fashion merchandising team. The visual merchandising team are the people in charge of designing the layout, floor plan, and the displays of the store in order to increase sales. The fashion merchandising team are the people who are involved in the production of fashion designs and distribution of final products to the end consumer. Fashion merchandisers work with designers to ensure that designs will be affordable and desired by the target market. Fashion merchandising involves apparel, accessories, beauty, and housewares. The end goal of fashion merchandising in any of these departments is to earn a profit. Fashion merchandisers' decisions can considerably impact the success of the manufacturer, designer, or retailer for which they work. In essence, they are the backbone of the fashion business, expressing a creative vision into substantial results that drive success. By staying conscious of the latest fashion trends and consumer preferences, merchandising teams make sure that a brand's offerings are not only aesthetically pleasing to their customers, but also commercially viable. Background [ edit ] During ancient (/wiki/Ancient_history) times, individuals shopped in markets (/wiki/Market_(place)) for goods. The ancients were attracted to rare fashions that brought variation and excitement into their lives. These markets have transformed into today's department, specialty, and discount retailers. For many years, businesspeople in the fashion industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) were convinced that they could persuade consumers to desire their particular products. Fashion executives had no interest in the needs and wants of consumers. However, fashion personnel realized that they would have to adapt fashion items to the demands (/wiki/Demand) of consumers. Rights of merchandising [ edit ] In modern merchandising, distribution responsibilities are absent, and focus is placed on planning and analysis. A separate team is tasked with distribution. Large organizations separate merchandisers by type. There are retail merchandisers and product merchandisers. Retail merchandisers manage store allocation and must maximize sales. Product merchandisers manage the flow of materials to suppliers and then the flow of product to stores. Product merchandisers then pass control of product to the retail merchandisers. Modern Structure Many large organizations have concluded that distribution requires highly detailed work and that it is necessary to have a team specifically for that purpose. This is due to the fine details of allocation, which require focus on aspects such as colour and sizes for a specific store. This approach not only minimizes costs, but also extends to areas like better control of the overall process. Organizations that do not conduct distribution this way risk losing control of their stock at both the highest and lowest level. This is a result of the lack of uniformity and oversight. The distribution team specializes not only in managing distribution, but they are also focused on sales and profit. They employ detailed, accurate information about distribution points sourced from product planners. They possess the ability to manage dynamic stock demands. They partner with buyers and merchandisers for any necessary repeat buying. Though they are positioned to manage stock, they still operate within the limits of the buying plan, and merchandisers ensure they remain within this realm. Buyers provide guidelines for distribution, such as the type of stores where product should be distributed; for example, a product may have only been acquired for the top 3 stores. The team also supports the goals of an organization through being instrumental in responding to trends. The nature of modern analysis has allowed many merchandisers to plan as much as four seasons ahead, and they are expected to apply the data. This further increases the demands placed on their roles and emphasizes the need to task out minor details that do not require their input or much of their supervision. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Fashion merchandisers follow the five rights of merchandising (/wiki/Merchandising) , or 5Rs, to ensure that they properly meet the needs of consumers; thus, turning a profit. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The five rights of merchandising include: the right merchandise (/wiki/Merchandise) at the right price (/wiki/Price) at the right time in the right place in the right quantities. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) By researching and answering the five rights of merchandising, fashion merchandisers can gain an understanding of what products consumers want, when and where they wish to make purchases, and what prices will have the highest demand. Both fashion retailers and manufacturers utilize the 5Rs. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Manufacturers [ edit ] Clothing manufacturers practice fashion merchandising differently than retailers. Manufacturer merchandisers forecast (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) customers' preferences for silhouettes, sizes, colors, quantities, and costs each season. When making decisions, manufacturer merchandisers must keep retailers and end consumers in mind. Following the forecasting stage, manufacturer merchandisers meet with designers to develop products that consumers will purchase most. By referring to the five rights of merchandising, manufacturer merchandisers determine the best fabric, notions, product methods, and promotions for products. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) These decisions all contribute to final retail costs, which must be affordable to end consumers. Retailers [ edit ] Main article: Fashion merchant (/wiki/Fashion_merchant) Kleider Bauer Flagship In comparison to manufacturer merchandisers, retailer merchandisers also begin their process by forecasting industry and fashion trends with their target markets in mind. Sales are predicted in retail dollars and beginning of the month (BOM) stock. Similar to manufacturer merchandisers, retailer merchandisers must make all decisions regarding the final consumer. Decisions are made based on the past, present, and future of the economy, sales, industry and fashion trends, region and world events, and the fashion cycle. When selecting merchandise to offer, retailer merchandisers will consider their target markets' color, style, size, and cost preferences. Once accurate decisions are made, retailer merchandisers will order goods from vendors or produce private labels (/wiki/Private_label) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Following shipment, ordered seasonal apparel assortments are strategically arranged on sales floors, or visually merchandised (/wiki/Visual_merchandising) . Education [ edit ] Individuals interested in building a career in fashion merchandising should earn an associate's or bachelor's degree in fashion merchandising or a related field, such as marketing. Relevant courses include, but are not limited to, fashion, accounting, economics, textile and merchandising, psychology, marketing, and management. In addition to schooling, those aspiring to work as fashion merchandisers are required to do an internship with any retail company of their choice as well as work in the retail field. It is also suggested that one stays caught up in the latest fashion trends, which can be done by reading blogs, magazines, traveling, and shopping. A fashion merchandiser will not only be responsible for choosing the best clothes, but for making the store appealing to the eye. The proper education is very important in order to be successful in this career. Careers [ edit ] Fashion merchandising careers are as follows: Buyer: Develop six-month buying plans and order assortments for each season. Travel to markets and trade shows to purchase the latest fashions for stores. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) Account executive: The liaison between manufacturers and buyers. Handle several retail accounts, present manufactures' lines to buyers, and relay fashion and promotional information. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) Store manager: Hiring, training, and overseeing employees as well as monitoring sales for a specific retail store. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) Merchandise coordinator: Responsible for visual merchandising. A liaison between the manufacturer and retailer. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) Showroom manager: Display fashion lines, present collections, and manage multiple retail accounts. Also, manage expenses and ensure profitability. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) Merchandise planner: Assist a fashion company with meeting objectives through technologically and mathematically calculated solutions. Additionally, discover trends, develop financial plans, and determine merchandise reorders. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:2_1-0) Hebrero, Miguel (2015-10-15). Fashion Buying and Merchandising: From mass-market to luxury retail . Printed in the USA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781517632946 . ^ a b c d e Steele, Valerie; Stone, Elaine (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 296–297 – via Berg Fashion Library. ^ a b c d e f Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising. "Exciting Careers in Fashion Merchandising & Marketing Await!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161121192844/http://fidm.edu/en/majors/merchandise+marketing/careers) . fidm.edu . Archived from the original (http://fidm.edu/en/majors/merchandise+marketing/careers/) on 2016-11-21 . Retrieved 2016-11-22 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b8zcc Cached time: 20240712184825 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.238 seconds Real time usage: 0.298 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 459/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37223/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 85/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22107/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.147/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3982070/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 229.947 1 -total 46.40% 106.695 1 Template:Reflist 36.53% 83.999 2 Template:Cite_book 36.29% 83.447 3 Template:Navbox 36.11% 83.044 1 Template:Fashion 16.27% 37.417 1 Template:Main 3.99% 9.168 1 Template:Portal-inline 2.10% 4.821 1 Template:Cite_web 0.60% 1.379 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20886085-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712184825 and revision id 1217002427. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_merchandising&oldid=1217002427 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_merchandising&oldid=1217002427) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Category:Fashion_merchandising) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Marketing by industry (/wiki/Category:Marketing_by_industry) Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry)
Italian luxury fashion design house This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Iceberg_(fashion_house)) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Iceberg" fashion house (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Iceberg" fashion house (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iceberg%22+fashion+house&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Iceberg Industry Fashion Founded 1974 ; 50 years ago ( 1974 ) , San Giovanni in Marignano (/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Marignano) Founder Silvano Gerani and Giuliana Marchini Headquarters San Giovanni in Marignano (/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Marignano) Area served Worldwide Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Owner Gilmar Group (/w/index.php?title=Gilmar_Group&action=edit&redlink=1) Website www.iceberg.com (http://www.iceberg.com/) Iceberg is an Italian luxury fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) house. Founded in 1974 by Silvano Gerani and Giuliana Marchini, [1] (#cite_note-1) the house produces women's and men's ' prêt-a-porter (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) ', accessories, fragrances and childrenswear. It is part of the Gilmar Group (/w/index.php?title=Gilmar_Group&action=edit&redlink=1) , founded in 1962. Its headquarters are in San Giovanni in Marignano (/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Marignano) , Emilia-Romagna (/wiki/Emilia-Romagna) , Italy. The founders' son Paolo Gerani is the creative person and the manager. Starting as knitwear (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) specialists, Iceberg were an early proponent of the concept of fashionable sportswear, later expanding into leatherwear and jeans. Their products have been worn by Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) , Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) , Lil' Flip (/wiki/Lil%27_Flip) , Lil Bill (/w/index.php?title=Lil_Bill&action=edit&redlink=1) , Lil' Kim (/wiki/Lil%27_Kim) and Mischa Barton (/wiki/Mischa_Barton) . Lil' Flip references Iceberg clothing in many of his songs. [2] (#cite_note-2) In July 2011 the company collection was presented at the catwalk of The Brandery (/wiki/The_Brandery) fashion show in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) . [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "History of Iceberg Brand" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/iceberg/) . FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved 2024-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) bwgreyscale.com (http://www.bwgreyscale.com/ads/iceberg.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120510231717/http://bwgreyscale.com/ads/iceberg.html) 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-3) The Brandery, Catwalk, TV Fashion Runway Show (http://www.thebrandery.com/portal/appmanager/efiraSalones/S094011?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P75201021481310034214819&profileLocale=en) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110903012646/http://www.thebrandery.com/portal/appmanager/efiraSalones/S094011?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P75201021481310034214819&profileLocale=en) 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Iceberg website (http://www.iceberg.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_(fashion_house)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐nv7dd Cached time: 20240712165104 Cache expiry: 1667337 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.546 seconds Real time usage: 0.820 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1743/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64292/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13193/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18732/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.379/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4995607/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 770.727 1 -total 27.46% 211.673 3 Template:Ambox 22.21% 171.194 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.12% 162.775 1 Template:Short_description 20.66% 159.205 1 Template:Reflist 18.55% 142.978 1 Template:Infobox 17.39% 133.991 1 Template:Multiple_issues 15.78% 121.584 1 Template:Cite_web 12.23% 94.272 1 Template:Fashion-stub 11.79% 90.882 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21028636-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165104 and revision id 1223635320. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_(fashion_house)&oldid=1223635320 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_(fashion_house)&oldid=1223635320) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Companies based in the Province of Rimini (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_Province_of_Rimini) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Clothing companies established in 1974 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1974) Italian companies established in 1974 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1974) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Eyewear brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_Italy) Perfume houses (/wiki/Category:Perfume_houses) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with topics of unclear notability from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability_from_January_2022) All articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Company articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:Company_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American reality television personality and model Brody Jenner Jenner in 2008 Born ( 1983-08-21 ) August 21, 1983 (age 40) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Occupations Television personality business owner DJ Years active 2005–present Television The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Sex with Brody (/wiki/Sex_with_Brody) Partner Tia Blanco (/wiki/Tia_Blanco) (2022–present) Children 1 Parents Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) [a] (#cite_note-father-1) Linda Thompson (/wiki/Linda_Thompson_(actress)) Relatives Brandon Jenner (/wiki/Brandon_Jenner) (brother) Burt Jenner (/wiki/Burt_Jenner) (half-brother) Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) (half-sister) Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) (half-sister) Sam Brody Jenner [1] (#cite_note-2) (born August 21, 1983) [2] (#cite_note-3) is an American television personality, business owner and DJ from Malibu, California (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . He is known for his appearances in reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series such as The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) , The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) , Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) , and Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) . Early life Sam Brody Jenner was born in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , on August 21, 1983, to retired 1976 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics) gold medalist and reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) personality Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) [a] (#cite_note-father-1) and actress and songwriter Linda Thompson (/wiki/Linda_Thompson_(actress)) . Jenner is the younger brother of Brandon Jenner (/wiki/Brandon_Jenner) , musician and reality television personality. He also has two half-siblings, Burton "Burt" (/wiki/Burt_Jenner) and Cassandra "Casey" Jenner, from Caitlyn's first marriage to Chrystie Crownover which lasted from 1972 until 1981. [3] (#cite_note-4) After Jenner's parents divorced in 1986, Caitlyn Jenner remarried for the third time in 1991, to Kris Kardashian (/wiki/Kris_Jenner) , ex-wife of attorney Robert Kardashian (/wiki/Robert_Kardashian) . Jenner became a stepbrother to Kourtney (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) , Kim (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , Khloé (/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian) , and Rob Kardashian (/wiki/Rob_Kardashian) . Kris went on to give birth to his younger half-sisters Kendall (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) and Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) in 1995 and 1997, respectively. Caitlyn and her family moved to Calabasas, California (/wiki/Calabasas,_California) while Jenner and his brother remained in Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . Jenner's mother Linda Thompson (/wiki/Linda_Thompson_(actress)) remarried in 1991 to composer David Foster (/wiki/David_Foster) . Jenner and his brother Brandon (/wiki/Brandon_Jenner) have stated that after his father’s marriage to Kris, Caitlyn became gradually less present in their life leading to them to eventually becoming estranged, and being raised by their mother and stepfather composer David Foster (/wiki/David_Foster) , who they considered their main paternal figure. They were raised in Malibu, California (/wiki/Malibu,_California) and attended Crossroads School (/wiki/Crossroads_School_(Santa_Monica,_California)) in Santa Monica. Thompson and Foster divorced in 2005 after 15 years together. [4] (#cite_note-5) Reality television career In 2005, Jenner starred in the reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) alongside his brother Brandon Jenner (/wiki/Brandon_Jenner) , mother Linda Thompson (/wiki/Linda_Thompson_(actress)) , stepfather David Foster (/wiki/David_Foster) and friend Spencer Pratt (/wiki/Spencer_Pratt) . The show chronicled the Jenner brothers’ lives in Malibu. [5] (#cite_note-6) From 2007 to 2010, Jenner was a main cast member of the hit MTV (/wiki/MTV) reality television series The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) , which followed the personal lives of Jenner and his cast members Lauren Conrad (/wiki/Lauren_Conrad) , Kristin Cavallari (/wiki/Kristin_Cavallari) , Heidi Montag (/wiki/Heidi_Montag) , Spencer Pratt (/wiki/Spencer_Pratt) , Audrina Patridge (/wiki/Audrina_Patridge) , Whitney Port (/wiki/Whitney_Port) , Frankie Delgado (/wiki/Frankie_Delgado) . [6] (#cite_note-7) In 2009, Jenner hosted and executive produced his own reality show, Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) , in which young men competed to become part of his entourage. [7] (#cite_note-8) Jenner made appearances in his step-sisters' shows Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) in 2011 and Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) in 2013. In 2015, Jenner hosted Sex with Brody (/wiki/Sex_with_Brody) , a talk show (/wiki/Talk_show) on E! (/wiki/E!) alongside actress Stevie Ryan (/wiki/Stevie_Ryan) and relationship therapist Dr. Mike Dow, where they discussed relationships topics. In 2015, Jenner appeared in his father's Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) 's show I Am Cait (/wiki/I_Am_Cait) , which chronicled her gender transition (/wiki/Gender_transition) . Jenner and his father discuss their fragmented relationship growing up and make amends to build a new relationship. From 2019 to 2021, Jenner starred in The Hills: New Beginnings (/wiki/The_Hills:_New_Beginnings) . The series reunited the original cast members to document their lives living in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . Business ventures In 2020, Jenner launched Mamitas, a tequila hard seltzer company. Jenner began developing the product in 2019 with Phusion Projects (/wiki/Phusion_Projects) , creators behind Four Loko and Basic Vodka. The company name was inspired after Mamitas Beach Club, Playa del Carmen, Mexico (/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen) . [8] (#cite_note-9) Jenner is part of producer-DJ duo BRODY X DEVIN with Devin Lucien, with whom they hold residencies in nightclubs and events across the world. Personal life From 2005 to 2006, Jenner dated fellow The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) costar Kristin Cavallari (/wiki/Kristin_Cavallari) . From 2010 to 2012, Jenner dated Canadian singer Avril Lavigne (/wiki/Avril_Lavigne) . From 2014 to 2019, Jenner dated content creator Kaitlynn Carter. They had a commitment ceremony in Bali (/wiki/Bali) in 2018 but were never legally married. [9] (#cite_note-10) In 2022, Jenner began dating professional surfer (/wiki/Surfing) Tia Blanco (/wiki/Tia_Blanco) after meeting in Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) . [10] (#cite_note-11) They became engaged in June 2023 and welcomed their daughter Honey Raye Jenner on July 29, 2023 in Malibu, California (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . [11] (#cite_note-12) They divide their time residing in their homes in Malibu and Hawaii. Jenner is an avid surfer and snowboarder. He owns one dog named Shoey. Filmography Film Year Title Role 2010 The Hills Live: A Hollywood Ending Himself Television Year Title Role Notes 2005 The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) Himself 6 episodes 2007–10 The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) Himself 63 episodes 2008 Party Monsters: Cabo Himself Episode: "Brody Jenner and Frankie Delgado" 2008–09 Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) Host 6 episodes; also as executive producer 2011 Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) Himself Episode: "The Honeymoon Is Over" 2012 The Playboy Morning Show (/wiki/The_Playboy_Morning_Show) Himself Episode: "Episode #1.84" 2007–15 Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Himself 11 episodes 2015 Sex with Brody (/wiki/Sex_with_Brody) Himself / Host 4 episodes; also as executive producer 2015 I Am Cait (/wiki/I_Am_Cait) Himself Episode: "Meeting Cait" 2019, 2021 The Hills: New Beginnings (/wiki/The_Hills:_New_Beginnings) Himself Main cast member Notes ^ Jump up to: a b Caitlyn fathered Brody prior to her gender transition References ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sam Brody Jenner, California Birth Index" (https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/sam_brody_jenner_born_1983_15881423) . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Brody Jenner Biography" (http://www.people.com/people/brody_jenner/biography/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Retrieved July 23, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How Brody Jenner Clawed His Way To Pop Culture Relevancy" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brody-jenner-relevancy_n_3790632) . HuffPost . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "How Brody Jenner Clawed His Way To Pop Culture Relevancy" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brody-jenner-relevancy_n_3790632) . HuffPost . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Princes of Malibu Plot Summary" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0464767/plotsummary) . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Hills (Season 3) Ep. 305: Rolling With The Enemy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131102234637/http://www.mtv.com/shows/the_hills/season_3/episode.jhtml?episodeID=120176) . MTV . Viacom. September 3, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/shows/the_hills/season_3/episode.jhtml?episodeID=120176) on November 2, 2013 . Retrieved May 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Bromance Cast Bios" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091009011954/http://www.mtv.com/shows/bromance/cast.jhtml) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/shows/bromance/cast.jhtml) on October 9, 2009 . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Meltzer, Matt (July 23, 2021). "Everything We Know About Mamitas, Brody Jenner's New Hard Seltzer" (https://www.mashed.com/468956/everything-we-know-about-mamitas-brody-jenners-new-hard-seltzer/) . Mashed . Retrieved February 20, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Hills: Kaitlynn Carter & Brody Jenner Explain Why They Never Legally Wed, Clarify Open Marriage Rumors" (https://people.com/tv/hills-finale-kaitlynn-carter-brody-jenner-explain-why-never-legally-wed/) . PEOPLE.com . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Brody Jenner Expecting First Baby with Girlfriend Tia Blanco: 'Our Little Angel' (https://people.com/parents/brody-jenner-expecting-first-baby-with-girlfriend-tia-blanco-our-little-angel/) " (https://people.com/parents/brody-jenner-expecting-first-baby-with-girlfriend-tia-blanco-our-little-angel/) . Retrieved April 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Brody Jenner and Fiancée Tia Blanco Welcome First Baby, Daughter Honey: 'Cherishing This Precious Time' (https://people.com/brody-jenner-tia-blanco-welcome-first-baby-a-girl-cherishing-precious-time-7504571) " (https://people.com/brody-jenner-tia-blanco-welcome-first-baby-a-girl-cherishing-precious-time-7504571) . Peoplemag . Retrieved September 3, 2023 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brody Jenner . Brody Jenner (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1955925/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Brody & Tia 's channel (https://www.youtube.com/@BrodyandTia) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_handle_(identifier)) Mamitas (https://drinkmamitas.com/about/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Los Angeles (/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) v t e The Hills (/wiki/The_Hills_(TV_series)) Seasons 1 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_1) 2 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_2) 3 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_3) 4 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_4) 5 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_5) 6 (/wiki/The_Hills_season_6) Cast (/wiki/List_of_The_Hills_cast_members) Episodes (/wiki/List_of_The_Hills_episodes) " New City, New Drama (/wiki/New_City,_New_Drama) " " You Know What You Did (/wiki/You_Know_What_You_Did) " " Something Old, Something New (/wiki/Something_Old,_Something_New_(The_Hills)) " " It's On Bitch (/wiki/It%27s_On_Bitch) " " All Good Things... (/wiki/All_Good_Things..._(The_Hills)) " The Hills franchise Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County (/wiki/Laguna_Beach:_The_Real_Orange_County) ( cast (/wiki/List_of_Laguna_Beach:_The_Real_Orange_County_cast_members) ) Newport Harbor (/wiki/Newport_Harbor:_The_Real_Orange_County) The City (/wiki/The_City_(2008_TV_series)) ( cast (/wiki/List_of_cast_members_from_The_City_(2008_TV_series)) ) The Hills: New Beginnings (/wiki/The_Hills:_New_Beginnings) Related " Unwritten (/wiki/Unwritten_(song)) " (opening theme) The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) Kell on Earth (/wiki/Kell_on_Earth) Audrina (/wiki/Audrina) Very Cavallari (/wiki/Very_Cavallari) v t e Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Episodes (/wiki/List_of_Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_episodes) Spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_Miami) (2009) Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) (2011) Khloé & Lamar (/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_%26_Lamar) (2011) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Khlo%C3%A9_Take_The_Hamptons) (2014) Dash Dolls (/wiki/Dash_Dolls) (2015) I Am Cait (/wiki/I_Am_Cait) (2015) Rob & Chyna (/wiki/Rob_%26_Chyna) (2016) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian (/wiki/Revenge_Body_with_Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian) (2017) Life of Kylie (/wiki/Life_of_Kylie) (2017) Flip It Like Disick (/wiki/Flip_It_Like_Disick) (2019) Related The Princes of Malibu (/wiki/The_Princes_of_Malibu) (2005) Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive (/wiki/Filthy_Rich:_Cattle_Drive) (2005) Bromance (/wiki/Bromance_(American_TV_series)) (2008) Kris (/wiki/Kris_Jenner_Show) (2013) Sex with Brody (/wiki/Sex_with_Brody) (2015) Kocktails with Khloé (/wiki/Kocktails_with_Khlo%C3%A9) (2016) The Spin Crowd (/wiki/The_Spin_Crowd) (2010) Kingin' with Tyga (/wiki/Kingin%27_with_Tyga) (2015) Hollywood Divas (/wiki/Hollywood_Divas) (2016) The Kardashians (/wiki/The_Kardashians) (2022–present) Category (/wiki/Category:Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/70725729-3991-4b2c-a9e5-ab2c02f2a059) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐c8px8 Cached time: 20240720164535 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.505 seconds Real time usage: 0.728 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2858/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50841/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5395/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70170/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.315/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7652518/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 662.725 1 -total 33.41% 221.420 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.26% 120.985 2 Template:Reflist 14.58% 96.596 9 Template:Cite_web 9.90% 65.584 1 Template:Short_description 8.16% 54.051 2 Template:Navbox 8.09% 53.645 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.70% 51.049 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.12% 47.164 1 Template:The_Hills 6.33% 41.965 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21284222-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164535 and revision id 1233049429. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brody_Jenner&oldid=1233049429 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brody_Jenner&oldid=1233049429) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1983 births (/wiki/Category:1983_births) American socialites (/wiki/Category:American_socialites) Crossroads School alumni (/wiki/Category:Crossroads_School_alumni) Jenner family (/wiki/Category:Jenner_family) Kardashian family (/wiki/Category:Kardashian_family) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Participants in American reality television series (/wiki/Category:Participants_in_American_reality_television_series) People from Hollywood, Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:People_from_Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) Television personalities from California (/wiki/Category:Television_personalities_from_California) The Hills (TV series) (/wiki/Category:The_Hills_(TV_series)) Male models from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Male_models_from_Los_Angeles) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_biographies_of_living_people) Use mdy dates from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2015) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
American fashion and costume designer (1963–2019) Chris March Born ( 1963-02-25 ) February 25, 1963 Alameda, California (/wiki/Alameda,_California) , U.S. Died September 5, 2019 (2019-09-05) (aged 56) Stockton, California (/wiki/Stockton,_California) , U.S. Occupation(s) Fashion and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) Christopher Andrew March (February 25, 1963 – September 5, 2019) was an American fashion and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) , best known for his appearance as a contestant on season 4 (2007–2008) of Bravo's Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . He was also on season 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_(season_4)) (2014–2015) of Project Runway All Stars (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars) , finishing in 12th place. Additionally, he competed in the one-shot special Project Runway: All-Star Challenge (2009), and was the third runner-up. Career [ edit ] Chaka Khan (/wiki/Chaka_Khan) wearing a Chris March dress Born on February 25, 1963, March was originally from Alameda, California (/wiki/Alameda,_California) , where he worked as a costume designer for the long-running musical revue, Beach Blanket Babylon (/wiki/Beach_Blanket_Babylon) . During the fourth season finale of Project Runway , March, who had become popular with avant-garde creations, gained notoriety when he showcased human hair on his designs. In the end, however, he was eliminated from showcasing at Bryant Park (/wiki/Bryant_Park) during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . His client list included Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) , Cirque du Soleil (/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil) , [1] (#cite_note-marchvsmugler-1) Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) , Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) (he constructed the costumes for her I Am... Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) ), [1] (#cite_note-marchvsmugler-1) [2] (#cite_note-nymag1011-2) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , [2] (#cite_note-nymag1011-2) Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) [1] (#cite_note-marchvsmugler-1) and Meryl Streep (/wiki/Meryl_Streep) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) His costuming efforts were recognized with a Drama Desk Award (/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award) nomination in 2002 for Christmas With the Crawfords . March resided in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and appeared on several episodes of The Real Housewives of New York City (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City) as a friend of Sonja Morgan (/wiki/Sonja_Morgan) . [ citation needed ] March starred on a show about his work as a costume designer, entitled Mad Fashion , [2] (#cite_note-nymag1011-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) which premiered on the Bravo Network (/wiki/Bravo_(US_TV_channel)) on October 4, 2011. Mad Fashion ran for ten episodes. [6] (#cite_note-6) Accident and death [ edit ] In June 2017, March fell in his apartment and hit his head. After lying unconscious for four days, he awoke and was able to call 911 and was rushed to the hospital, where he was kept in a medically induced coma (/wiki/Coma) for the next two months. [7] (#cite_note-7) Upon awakening, March discovered that he'd lost functionality in both legs as well as his right hand and arm. [8] (#cite_note-8) He returned to California with hopes of recovering, and was admitted to a long-term care facility in Stockton (/wiki/Stockton,_California) , where he continued designing until his death. [9] (#cite_note-9) On September 5, 2019, March died of a heart attack (/wiki/Heart_attack) . [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Odell, Amy (August 28, 2009). "Chris March Is Suing Thierry Mugler Over Beyoncé's Costumes" (https://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/08/christ_march_sues_theirry_mugl.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Odell, Amy (October 24, 2011). "Chris March Talks Halloween, Dressing Lady Gaga, and More" (https://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/10/chris_march.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Dish on Meryl Streep's Oscar Gown — Designed by 'Project Runway' Alum Chris March!" (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/03/08/the-scoop-on-meryl-streeps-oscar-gown-designed-by-project-runway-alum-chris-march/) . Style Watch Blog . People Magazine (/wiki/People_Magazine) . March 8, 2010 . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Meryl Streep's Surprising Dress Designer: 'Project Runway' Alum Chris March!" (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/01/19/meryl-streeps-surprising-dress-designer-project-runway-alum-chris-march/) . Style Watch Blog . People Magazine (/wiki/People_Magazine) . January 19, 2010 . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Chris March's Return to Bravo Imminent; See Rico's Latest Editorial" (https://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/03/chris_marchs_return_to_bravo_i.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . March 14, 2011 . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Odell, Amy (October 13, 2010). "Chris March is Getting His Own Reality Show" (https://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/10/chris_march_is_getting_his_own.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) TMZ project-runway-chris-march-dies-56 (https://www.tmz.com/2019/09/06/project-runway-chris-march-dead-dies-56) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Chris March Dead: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know" (https://heavy.com/news/2019/09/chris-march-dead) . September 6, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Chris March Dies: 'Project Runway' Designer, 'Mad Fashion' Host Was 56" (https://deadline.com/2019/09/chris-march-dies-project-runway-designer-from-season-four-was-56-1202728273) . September 6, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chris March, Fashion Designer and ‘Project Runway’ Season 4 Contestant, Dies at 56 (https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/chris-march-fashion-designer-project-214522087.html) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.chrismarchdesign.com/) v t e Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) Seasons Original (/wiki/Project_Runway) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_7) 8 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_8) 9 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_9) 10 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_10) 11 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_11) 12 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_12) 13 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_13) 14 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_14) 15 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_15) 16 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_16) 17 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_17) 18 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_18) 19 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_19) 20 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_20) All Stars (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_7) Junior (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior_season_2) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_Project_Runway_contestants) Winners Original Jay McCarroll (/wiki/Jay_McCarroll) Chloe Dao (/wiki/Chloe_Dao) Jeffrey Sebelia (/wiki/Jeffrey_Sebelia) Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) * Leanne Marshall (/wiki/Leanne_Marshall) Irina Shabayeva (/wiki/Irina_Shabayeva) Seth Aaron Henderson (/wiki/Seth_Aaron_Henderson) Gretchen Jones (/wiki/Gretchen_Jones) Anya Ayoung-Chee (/wiki/Anya_Ayoung-Chee) * Dmitry Sholokhov (/wiki/Dmitry_Sholokhov) Michelle Lesniak Dom Streater Sean Kelly Ashley Nell Tipton Erin Robertson Kentaro Kameyama Sebastian Grey Geoffrey Mac (/wiki/Geoffrey_Mac) Shantall Lacayo (/wiki/Shantall_Lacayo) Bishme Cromartie All Stars Mondo Guerra (/wiki/Mondo_Guerra) * Anthony Ryan Auld Seth Aaron Henderson (/wiki/Seth_Aaron_Henderson) Dmitry Sholokhov (/wiki/Dmitry_Sholokhov) Dom Streater Anthony Williams Michelle Lesniak Junior Maya Chelsea Austin Scarlett (/wiki/Austin_Scarlett) * Bradon McDonald (/wiki/Bradon_McDonald) Candice Cuoco (/wiki/Candice_Cuoco) Carol Hannah Whitfield (/wiki/Carol_Hannah_Whitfield) Chris March Christopher Straub (/wiki/Christopher_Straub) * Daniel Franco (/wiki/Daniel_Franco_(designer)) Daniel Vosovic (/wiki/Daniel_Vosovic) * Dexter Simmons (/wiki/Dexter_Simmons) Diana Eng (/wiki/Diana_Eng) Elena Slivnyak (/wiki/Elena_Slivnyak) * Elisa Jimenez (/wiki/Elisa_Jimenez) Emilio Sosa (/wiki/Emilio_Sosa) Garo Sparo (/wiki/Garo_Sparo) Jack Mackenroth (/wiki/Jack_Mackenroth) Kara Janx (/wiki/Kara_Janx) Kayne Gillaspie (/wiki/Kayne_Gillaspie) Keith Michael (/wiki/Keith_Michael) Kelli Martin (/wiki/Kelli_Martin) Kevin Johnn (/wiki/Kevin_Johnn) Korto Momolu (/wiki/Korto_Momolu) Laura Bennett (/wiki/Laura_Bennett) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) Michael Costello (/wiki/Michael_Costello_(fashion_designer)) Mila Hermanovski (/wiki/Mila_Hermanovski) Mychael Knight (/wiki/Mychael_Knight) * Nick Verreos (/wiki/Nick_Verreos) Nicolas Putvinski (/wiki/Nicolas_Putvinski) Santino Rice (/wiki/Santino_Rice) Stephen "Suede" Baum (/wiki/Stephen_%22Suede%22_Baum) Steven Rosengard (/wiki/Steven_Rosengard) Uli Herzner (/wiki/Uli_Herzner) Wendy Pepper (/wiki/Wendy_Pepper) International (/wiki/Project_Runway_(franchise)) Project Runway Algeria (/wiki/Project_Runway_El_Djazair) Designerspirene (/wiki/Designerspirene) Muodin huipulle (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle) 1 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_season_2) Project Catwalk (Netherlands) (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_(Dutch_TV_series)) Project Catwalk (UK) (/wiki/Project_Catwalk) 1 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_3) Projeto Fashion (Brazil) (/wiki/Projeto_Fashion) Project Runway Australia (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_4) Project Runway Arab World (/wiki/Project_Runway_(Middle_East)) Project Runway Canada (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada_season_2) Project Runway Israel (/wiki/Project_Runway_Israel) Project Runway Korea (/wiki/Project_Runway_Korea) Project Runway Latin America (/wiki/Project_Runway_Latin_America) Project Runway Malaysia (/wiki/Project_Runway_Malaysia) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Malaysia_season_1) Project Runway New Zealand (/wiki/Project_Runway_New_Zealand) Project Runway Philippines (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_4) Project Runway Poland (/wiki/Project_Runway_Poland) Projecto Moda (Portugal) (/wiki/Projecto_Moda) Project Runway Thailand (/w/index.php?title=Project_Runway_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1) Project Runway Vietnam (/wiki/Project_Runway_Vietnam) Spin-offs Project Runway: Fashion Startup (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Fashion_Startup) Models of the Runway (/wiki/Models_of_the_Runway) On the Road with Austin & Santino (/wiki/On_the_Road_with_Austin_%26_Santino) Project Accessory (/wiki/Project_Accessory) Project Runway: Threads (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Threads) Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (/wiki/Tim_Gunn%27s_Guide_to_Style) Under the Gunn (/wiki/Under_the_Gunn) Starring Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Tim Gunn (/wiki/Tim_Gunn) Nina Garcia (/wiki/Nina_Garcia) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Rachel Roy (/wiki/Rachel_Roy) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) Elaine Welteroth (/wiki/Elaine_Welteroth) Italics indicate All Star contestants * Asterisk indicate Fan Favorite-voted contestants on their season NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8h2wf Cached time: 20240713175817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.442 seconds Real time usage: 0.593 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2496/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 57670/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2204/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42007/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.287/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6716212/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 532.810 1 -total 25.37% 135.195 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.84% 127.023 1 Template:Reflist 20.98% 111.777 4 Template:Navbox 19.95% 106.298 8 Template:Cite_web 19.95% 106.283 1 Template:Project_Runway 12.32% 65.639 1 Template:Short_description 8.23% 43.845 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.16% 38.137 2 Template:Pagetype 6.01% 32.018 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21380797-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713175817 and revision id 1221631582. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_March&oldid=1221631582 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_March&oldid=1221631582) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1963 births (/wiki/Category:1963_births) 2019 deaths (/wiki/Category:2019_deaths) 21st-century American LGBT people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_LGBT_people) People from Alameda, California (/wiki/Category:People_from_Alameda,_California) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) LGBT fashion designers (/wiki/Category:LGBT_fashion_designers) Project Runway (American series) participants (/wiki/Category:Project_Runway_(American_series)_participants) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from February 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2022) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)
Garment worn as underwear or as part of a swimsuit This article is about the garment worn as underwear or swimwear. For the footwear, see Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) . For other uses, see Thong (disambiguation) (/wiki/Thong_(disambiguation)) . A woman in a thong bikini A man in a black thong swimsuit The thong is a garment (/wiki/Clothing) generally used as either underwear (/wiki/Underwear) or in some countries, as a swimsuit (/wiki/Swimsuit) . It may also be worn for traditional ceremonies (/wiki/Ceremony) or competitions (/wiki/Sport) . Viewed from the front, the thong typically resembles a bikini (/wiki/Bikini) bottom, but at the back the material is reduced to a minimum. Thongs are almost always designed to cover the genitals (/wiki/Genitals) , anus (/wiki/Human_anus) , and perineum (/wiki/Perineum) and leave part or most of the buttocks (/wiki/Buttocks) uncovered. The back of the garment typically consists of a thin waistband and a thin strip of material, designed to be worn between the buttocks, that connects the middle of the waistband with the bottom front of the garment. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is also used as a descriptive term in other types of garment, such as a bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) , bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) , leotard (/wiki/Leotard) , or one-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) , with the meaning "thong-backed". One type of thong is the G-string (/wiki/G-string) , the back of which consists only of a (typically elasticized) string. [2] (#cite_note-2) The two terms G-string and thong are often used interchangeably; however, they can refer to distinct pieces of clothing. Thongs come in a variety of styles depending on the thickness, material or type of the rear portion of fabric and are used by both men and women throughout most of the world. A tanga is a pair of briefs (/wiki/Briefs) consisting of small panels connected by strings at the sides. There are tanga briefs both for men and for women. The style and the word come from Brazil. [3] (#cite_note-3) Nomenclature [ edit ] Woman wearing a pleated thong bottom. The origin of the word thong in the English language is from Old English (/wiki/Old_English) þwong , a flexible leather cord. [4] (#cite_note-4) Many languages borrow the English word string to refer to this type of underwear, usually without the G . Another common name is tanga (or sometimes string tanga ), especially in the German Tanga . A frequent metaphor, especially in Brazil, is dental floss; in Brazil a thong is called fio dental (Portuguese for dental floss); in English, the term "Butt floss" is sometimes used. In Lithuanian (/wiki/Lithuanian_language) it is "siaurikės" ("narrows"), in Italian "perizoma" or "tanga", in Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_language) "ipli külot" ("stringed underpants"), and in Bulgarian (/wiki/Bulgarian_language) as "prashka" ( прашка ), which means a slingshot. In Israel (/wiki/Israel) the thong, mostly the G-string, is called Khutini ( חוטיני ), from the word Khut, which means String. Similarly, in Iran (/wiki/Iran) , it is called "Shortbandi" ( شورت بندی ) in which "short" (from English: shorts) means "briefs" and "bandi" means "with a string". A Puerto Rican Spanish (/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish) slang term, used by Reggaeton (/wiki/Reggaeton) artists, is gistro . [ citation needed ] Some names for the thong make reference to the bareness of the buttocks, such as the Spanish word colaless . (The word's origin is probably connected to the English term "topless" but in reference to cola , a colloquial word meaning "butt" in South American Spanish.) [ citation needed ] In some other languages the "T"-like shape of the back is emphasised. In Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) , the thong is commonly called dingziku (丁字褲/丁字裤) which literally means 丁 character pants (or roughly, T-letter pants ). In Korean, it is called 티팬티 ( T panty ). The term "T-back" is sometimes used in English, as in the novel T-Backs, T-Shirts, COAT, and Suit (/wiki/T-Backs,_T-Shirts,_COAT,_and_Suit) by E. L. Konigsburg (/wiki/E._L._Konigsburg) . Thong vs. G-string [ edit ] Colloquially, thongs and G-strings are often used interchangeably to describe skimpy underwear with minimal back coverage, although the main difference is usually attributed to the width of the strap in the rear. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) This is a definition reflected in the Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion , which considers the G-string or thong to be "a panty front with a half- to one-inch strip of fabric at the back that sits between the buttocks", using the terms interchangeably. [7] (#cite_note-7) Conversely, Knickers: a Brief History says: "Minor tweaks to the cut earned these skimpy panties different titles—from the thong, which has a one-inch strip of fabric down the back, to a G-string, which, as the name equivalent of Spanish suggests (hilo dental), is more like a string of fabric akin between the teeth." [8] (#cite_note-8) Alternatively, some sources have attributed thongs to be a derivation of the G-string, as claimed by Striptease: the Untold History of the Girlie Show . [9] (#cite_note-9) Similarly, the Heinemann English Dictionary describes "thong" as a very skimpy style of undergarment or swimsuit, similar to a G-string. [10] (#cite_note-10) A reverse description is used in Americanisms: the Illustrated Book of Words Made in the USA , which calls the G-string as a type of thong invented in 1936 and attributed to strippers, that consists of a small triangular piece of fabric connected by two elastic straps. [11] (#cite_note-11) Woman wearing a G-string Woman wearing a lace thong History [ edit ] The thong, like its probable predecessor the loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) , is believed to be one of the earliest forms of human clothing and is also thought to have been worn mostly or exclusively by men. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) It is thought the thong was probably originally developed to protect, support, or hide the male genitals. The loincloth is probably the earliest form of clothing used by humankind, having originated in the warmer climates of sub-Saharan Africa (/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) where clothing was first worn nearly 75,000 years ago. Many tribal peoples, such as some of the Khoisan (/wiki/Khoisan) people of southern Africa, wore thongs for many centuries. Much like the Japanese fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) , these early garments were made with the male genitalia in mind. [14] (#cite_note-14) According to some fashion historians, the first public appearance of the thong in the United States was at the 1939 New York World's Fair (/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair) . This resulted from Fiorello LaGuardia (/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia) , the Mayor of New York City (/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City) , ordering the city's nude dancers to cover themselves. [15] (#cite_note-15) Jacques Heim's and Louis Réard's original bikini (/wiki/Bikini) from 1946 (that introduced the term bikini ) had a culotte (/wiki/Culotte) with a thong back. Fashion designer Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) , who in the mid-1960s created the first topless swimsuit (/wiki/Topless_swimsuit) , which he called the monokini (/wiki/Monokini) , is credited with introducing the modern thong in 1974 [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) when he designed a thong bikini in response to a ban on nude sunbathing by the Los Angeles City Council (/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council) . Attitudes toward the wearing of g-strings vary geographically and across societies, as is usual with highly revealing clothing. Prior to its entrance into mainstream fashion, g-strings were primarily worn by exotic dancers. In the modern Western world, g-strings are more commonly marketed towards females but are worn by both sexes. During the 1980s, thongs were worn on stage by pop stars such as Cher (/wiki/Cher) and Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) . [20] (#cite_note-cracks-20) By the 1980s, the style (for females) had made its way into most of the Western world; thong swimwear became even more popular through the 1980s due to TV shows such as Baywatch (/wiki/Baywatch) , in which numerous women were recorded wearing thong swimsuits. In the 1990s, the thong gained wider popularity in the United States as underwear and as swimwear, especially with women, but also men. In the US and Europe, the wearing of thongs by men was once mainly limited to the dance belt (/wiki/Dance_belt) , the posing pouch for bodybuilders (/wiki/Bodybuilders) and the realm of male strippers (/wiki/Strippers) . Men's thongs are now more widely available and commonly worn as day-to-day underwear or swimwear, with major retailers such as Kmart (/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)) [21] (#cite_note-21) and popular fashion brands such as Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) selling men's thongs. [22] (#cite_note-22) Thongs are not marketed as strongly to men as they are to women; however, in Europe, thongs have been commonplace for many more years both as underwear and swimwear. In the 2000s, some people wore thongs with low-cut hipsters and deliberately exposed them over the top of their trousers, producing an effect popularly known as a whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) . This led to many thong designs intended to be worn in this manner, which were adorned with jewels and motifs on the back. In the early-2000s, thongs made up 31% of the women's underwear market. [20] (#cite_note-cracks-20) However, in the late-2000s, the exposure of a thong above one's trousers became less popular and the trend turned to the wearing of lower-riding thongs that hardly show above trousers, except when bending or twisting. Woman from the year 2005 revealing a whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) . Market research (/wiki/Market_research) in 2011 placed the number of French women who wear thongs as their preferred underwear style at 25%, down by 5% from 2008. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) By 2016, sales of thongs in the UK were on the decline with Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , a major UK lingerie retailer, reporting that they made up fewer than 10% of knickers sold. [20] (#cite_note-cracks-20) In 2022, women's thong sales saw a surge compared to previous years, in part due to a revival of the 2000s trend of the exposed thong popular between Gen Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) wearers. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) The men's thongs also saw renewed interest in part also due to the rising popularity of lingerie for men, with major producers and traditional lingerie makers introducing new products catered to men. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Many reasons exist as to why people may choose to wear thong underwear or swimwear, such as prevention of visible panty lines (/wiki/Panty_line) , [30] (#cite_note-30) prevention of underwear "riding up" so one need not pull at one's underwear in public, comfort, fashion consciousness including the feeling of being more adult, [20] (#cite_note-cracks-20) and minimization of tan lines. [31] (#cite_note-31) Design and variety [ edit ] See also: Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) and Bikini variants (/wiki/Bikini_variants) Backs Sides Strap Tie-side Strapless Low coverage V-string, T-front, G-string T-back C-string Medium coverage Cheeky Types of thongs include the traditional thong, the G-string, and the C-string. There are a number of intermediate kinds of thongs between full rear coverage and a string rear. As designs become more risqué, there are also types intended to expose genitals as much as they conceal them. Other styles include the Cheeky, V-string, T-front and T-back. The naming of the intermediate styles of thong is debatable, different vendors use the words somewhat interchangeably. Thongs are available in a wide variety of materials, including silk (/wiki/Silk) , latex (/wiki/Latex) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) , satin (/wiki/Satin) , nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , lycra/spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , and lace (/wiki/Lace) . There are also novelty designs for both sexes, featuring shapes to conform to the genitals or provide humorous visual effects. The most significant difference between thongs designed for men and women is the shape of the front part of the garment. Often, but not always, thongs for men will feature a vertical seam to create shape and space for the male genitalia, and the pouch may be made of stretchy material (usually cotton-Lycra or microfiber) for an ergonomic fit. The equivalent section in women's thongs is normally flat and seamless. However, the fabric is usually thicker in the area where it covers the vulva (/wiki/Human_vulva) (by incorporating a cotton gusset (/wiki/Gusset) ). G-string [ edit ] Main article: G-string (/wiki/G-string) Back-view Front-view The V or G-string style consists of an elastic string (also a narrow piece of cloth, leather (/wiki/Leather) , or plastic (/wiki/Plastic) ) that connects the front/pouch and the waistband at back, worn as swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) or underwear by women and men. Since the mid-1920s, strippers and exotic dancers in the West have been referring to the style of thongs they wore for their performances as G-strings. A g-string may be worn in preference to briefs (/wiki/Briefs) for avoiding a visible panty line (/wiki/Panty_line) , or to enhance sex-appeal (/wiki/Sex-appeal) . Etymology [ edit ] The origin of the term G-string is obscure. It may simply stand for 'Gusset' as the G-String is in effect just a gusset on a string. Since the 19th century, the term geestring referred to the string which held the loincloth of American Indians (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) [32] (#cite_note-p._249-32) and later referred to the narrow loincloth itself. William Safire (/wiki/William_Safire) in his Ode on a G-String quoted the usage of the word G-string for loincloth by Harper's Magazine (/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine) 15 years after Beadle's and suggested that the magazine confused the word with the musical term G string (i.e., the string (/wiki/String_(music)) for the G note). Safire also mentions the opinion of linguist Robert Hendrickson that "G" (or "gee") stands for groin (/wiki/Groin) , which was a taboo word (/wiki/Taboo_word) at the time. [33] (#cite_note-On_Language;_Ode_on_a_G-String-33) History [ edit ] The G-string first appeared in costumes worn by showgirls in Earl Carroll (/wiki/Earl_Carroll) 's productions during the Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) . Linguist Robert Hendrickson believes that the g stands for groin . [34] (#cite_note-Shteir2004-34) The Oxford English Dictionary reports that the G-string was originally a narrow strip of fabric worn by Indian women. During the Depression, a "G-string" was known as "the gadget". [34] (#cite_note-Shteir2004-34) During the 1930s, the "Chicago G-string" gained prominence when worn by performers like Margie Hart (/wiki/Margaret_Hart_Ferraro) . The Chicago area was the home of some of the largest manufacturers of G-strings and it also became the center of the burlesque (/wiki/Burlesque) shows in the United States. [34] (#cite_note-Shteir2004-34) In the Tarzan (/wiki/Tarzan) novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs (/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs) , Tarzan is described as wearing a G-string made of doe or leopard skin. [35] (#cite_note-35) Other variants of women's thongs [ edit ] Variant Image Description C-string noborder Sometimes described as an "extreme thong", the C-string consists of a small piece of fabric covering the crotch, held in place by a thin piece of curved wire between the buttocks. [36] (#cite_note-Proudfoot-36) It has no side straps, instead relying on a flexible internal frame, [37] (#cite_note-Stillwater-37) typically made of wire and with fabric attached to it. [38] (#cite_note-38) The principal aim of the C-string is to avoid a visible panty line (/wiki/Visible_panty_line) under clothing. [36] (#cite_note-Proudfoot-36) As beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) the design also reduces tan lines (/wiki/Tan_line) . [37] (#cite_note-Stillwater-37) Some neo-burlesque (/wiki/Neo-burlesque) performers wear C-strings, revealing them as part of their act. [39] (#cite_note-39) Designs exist for both women and men. [37] (#cite_note-Stillwater-37) Some versions of the C-string are self-adhesive [40] (#cite_note-40) and do not have a wire frame. Instead the crotch cover is connected to a narrow strip of material passing through the intergluteal cleft (/wiki/Intergluteal_cleft) and a small anchoring pad above the sacrum (/wiki/Sacrum) . [41] (#cite_note-41) Cheeky A more conservative style called a cheeky covers a little more area, but exposes the bottom part of the buttocks. Some cheekies are used as undergarments while others function as bikini bottoms. T-front A type of T-string in which the string reaches also the front part. It provides no coverage while still maintaining the basic hygienic underwear functions. Usually it is built by strings only, sometimes with more fabric or lace around the waist. Certain designs cover the string with pearls for decoration and stimulation reasons. [42] (#cite_note-completefashion-42) V-string A type of G-string, introduced by Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) [43] (#cite_note-43) and trademarked by the company in 1998. [44] (#cite_note-44) The string is connected to the waistband by a triangle that is just above the buttocks. The string connects with the waistband directly to form a "V" shape at back. Other variants of men's thongs [ edit ] See also: Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Variant Description Image Kaupinam (/wiki/Kaupinam) A traditional thong worn in India, [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) by some men as a loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) or underclothing (/wiki/Underclothing) . It is made up of rectangular strip of cotton cloth which is used to cover the genitals with the help of the strings connected to the four ends of the cloth for binding it around the waist of the wearer. It is used by wrestlers in the game of Kushti (/wiki/Pehlwani) or traditional Indian wrestling in the Akhara (/wiki/Akhara) (wrestling ring) and also during practice sessions and training. noborder Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) A traditional Japanese (/wiki/Japan) undergarment for adult males, made from a length of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Before World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , the fundoshi was the main form of underwear for Japanese adult males. However, it fell out of use quickly after the war with the introduction of new underwear to the Japanese market, such as briefs (/wiki/Briefs) and trunks (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) . Nowadays, the fundoshi is mainly used not as underwear but as festival ( matsuri (/wiki/Matsuri) ) clothing at Hadaka Matsuri (/wiki/Hadaka_Matsuri) or, sometimes, as swimwear. There are many other varieties of fundoshi as the variations on the principle of a loincloth are almost infinite. For example, the mokko-fundoshi (literally "earth-basket loincloth" because it looks like the traditional baskets used in construction) is made like the etchyuu-fundoshi but without a front apron; the cloth is secured to the belt to make a bikini effect. The kuro-neko fundoshi (literally "black cat fundoshi") is like the mokko-fundoshi except that the portion that passes from front to back is tailored to create a thong effect. Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) An undergarment designed for supporting the male genitalia (/wiki/Human_male_reproductive_system) during sports or other vigorous physical activity. It was created by Chicago sporting goods company Sharp & Smith in 1874. [47] (#cite_note-47) Technically it is not a thong, as there is no narrow strap that passes up between the buttocks. A jockstrap consists of a waistband (usually elastic (/wiki/Elastomer) ) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. [48] (#cite_note-48) The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact resistant cup to protect the testicles (/wiki/Testicle) and/or the penis (/wiki/Penis) from injury (/wiki/Injury) . Also known as a jock, jock strap, strap, supporter, or athletic supporter. Slingshot A type of strapless undergarment based on the thong and the jockstrap consisting of an elastic waistband with an elastic pouch to hold the male genitalia from the front, without a backstrap or any back coverage. [49] (#cite_note-49) The garment is also referred to as a jock sock or a strapless or backless pouch . Dance belt (/wiki/Dance_belt) A type of thong designed to be used in the same manner as an athletic supporter, but for male dancers (especially in ballet). [50] (#cite_note-50) Its purpose is to protect and support the dancer during dance activities without being seen through outer garments, such as tights (/wiki/Tights) , leotards (/wiki/Leotard) , gym leggings, or shorts. Thongs tend to offer better support for the male anatomy than do other underwear styles (as well as eliminating contact between the genitals and inner thighs), which is one of the reasons why men and boys may choose to wear them. [51] (#cite_note-51) Controversy [ edit ] Main articles: Social impact of thong underwear (/wiki/Social_impact_of_thong_underwear) and Underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) As thongs pass between the buttocks and, in women, may be in close contact with the anus and labia, concerns have been raised that they may become damp and act as a conduit for germ transfer, increasing the probability that the wearer may develop urinary tract infections, such as cystitis. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) However, research suggests that wearing thong underwear does not have a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis (/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis) [55] (#cite_note-pmid18295180-55) or yeast infection (/wiki/Candidiasis) . [56] (#cite_note-56) In 2002, a female high school vice principal in San Diego, California, physically checked up to 100 female students' underwear as they entered the school for a dance, with or without student permission, causing an uproar among students and some parents and eliciting an investigation by the school into the vice principal's conduct. In her defense, the vice principal said the checks were for student safety and not specifically because of the wearing of thongs. [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) The sale of thongs for girls aged 10–16 by US retailer Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) led to an email and telephone campaign against the company. [62] (#cite_note-62) British retailer Argos (/wiki/Argos_(retailer)) was criticized for selling G-strings for girls aged nine, and a primary school head teacher (/wiki/Head_teacher) in Britain voiced concerns that pupils (/wiki/Student) aged 10–11 were wearing thong underwear to school. [63] (#cite_note-63) Thong swimsuits are banned or strongly discouraged in some places, including some Muslim countries. [64] (#cite_note-iran_no_thongs-64) [65] (#cite_note-iran_no_thongs2-65) Areas in the United States with similar bans include such locations as Myrtle Beach, South Carolina (/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina) , [66] (#cite_note-66) and Kure Beach, North Carolina (/wiki/Kure_Beach,_North_Carolina) . [67] (#cite_note-67) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Perizoma (/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) " Thong Song (/wiki/Thong_Song) " Whale Tail (/wiki/Whale_Tail) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Thong" (http://m-w.com/dictionary/thong) . Online Dictionary . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hydinger, Liss " Listen up, guys, here's a lingerie lingo lesson (http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF6153ABB456E98&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM) ", Daily News of Los Angeles , 6 February 1992 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tanga (noun)" (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tanga) . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 3 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Merriam-Webster online dictionary" (http://m-w.com/dictionary/thong) . M-w.com . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hemmen, Daisy. "G-string vs. Thong" (https://boody.com/blogs/guide/g-string-vs-thong) . boody.com . Retrieved 28 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Easley, Ellen Hoffman,Ray Lowe,Rebekkah. "6 Ways To Upgrade Your Undies" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/underwear-guide) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 28 November 2022 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Steele, Valerie, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion . Scribner library of daily life. Vol. 2. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. p. 121. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-684-31394-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Tomczak, Sarah & Pask, Rachel (2004) Knickers: a Brief History . London: Allen & Unwin ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-74114-480-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-480-9) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Steir, Rachel (2004). Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show . Oxford University Press. p. 417. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195127508 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Heinemann Staff, Manser, Martin & Feinstein, Jessica (2001) Heinemann English Dictionary . London: Heinemann ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-435-10424-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-10424-1) ; p. 1072 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Luke, Gary & Quin, Susan R. (2003) Americanisms: the Illustrated Book of Words Made in the USA . Sasquatch Books ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-57061-385-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57061-385-0) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Wright, Jennifer (20 February 2017). "A Skimpy History of the Thong-Tha-Thong-Thong-Thong" (https://www.racked.com/2017/2/20/14540906/thong-history) . Racked . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Cracking Open the History of the Thong" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/gvzabw/cracking-open-the-history-of-the-thong) . www.vice.com . 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Origin of Thong Underwear: Who Invented It & Why?" (https://yourparade.com/blogs/underwear/who-invented-thong-underwear-why) . Parade . 19 April 2021 . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Apsan, Rebecca (2012). Lessons in Lingerie: Finding Your Perfect Shade of Seduction . Workman Publishing. p. 87. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761175018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Moore, Booth (28 September 2001). "Fashion designer Rudi Gernreich defied haute-couture rules with socially aware clothes that said ..." (http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/28/news/cl-50719) Los Angeles Times . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Rothman, Lily (2 April 2012). "Rudi Gernreich – All-TIME Top 100 Icons in Fashion, Style and Design – TIME" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2110513_2110512_2110662,00.html) . TIME.com . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Reviving Rudi" (https://books.google.com/books?id=zGQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rudi+Gernreich+thong&pg=PA74) . The Advocate . Here. 25 September 2001. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Beyerle, Tulga; Hirschberger, Karin (2006). A Century of Austrian Design: 1900-2005 . Walter de Gruyter. p. 54. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783034608893 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Claire Cohen (18 September 2017). "Good riddance to the thong! After decades of discomfort, women have finally cracked" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/good-riddance-to-the-thong-after-decades-of-discomfort-women-hav/) . The Telegraph . United Kingdom. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/good-riddance-to-the-thong-after-decades-of-discomfort-women-hav/) from the original on 12 January 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Joe Boxer Men's Thong Underwear - 4 Pack" (http://www.kmart.com/joe-boxer-men-s-thong-underwear-4-pack/p-99900600zo287000P?prdNo=9&blockNo=9&blockType=G9) . Kmart.com. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Calvin Klein Micro Stretch 3-Pack Thong" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191203042246/https://www.calvinklein.us/en/mens-clothing/mens-underwear-shop-all/micro-stretch-3-pack-thong-62101876-059) . Calvin Klein. Archived from the original (https://www.calvinklein.us/en/mens-clothing/mens-underwear-shop-all/micro-stretch-3-pack-thong-62101876-059) on 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 3 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Male and female views on underwear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160110133143/http://www.womenology.com/reflexions/male-female-views-underwear/) . Womenology . aufeminin (/wiki/Aufeminin) . 16 February 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.womenology.com/reflexions/male-female-views-underwear/) on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "L'avenir du string compromis face aux shorties et aux tangas" (http://www.terrafemina.com/vie-privee/sexo/articles/10229-lavenir-du-string-compromis-face-aux-shorties-et-aux-tangas.html) . Terrafemina (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrafemina) (in French). 15 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Walker, Harriet. "Thongs are back — and Gen Z love them" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thongs-are-back-and-gen-z-love-them-qgr9cfhvs) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Woman's Hour, Are thongs back in fashion?" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0blh2h4) . Woman's Hour (/wiki/Woman%27s_Hour) . BBC Radio 4 (/wiki/BBC_Radio_4) . February 2022 . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Sexy lingerie for men is shaking things up in the bedroom" (https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/Fashion/sexy-lingerie-for-men-is-shaking-things-up-in-the-bedroom-1.4853723) . The Irish Times . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Solá-Santiago, Frances. "Lingerie Brands Are Challenging The Binary, One Collection At A Time" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/06/11030305/genderless-lingerie-underwear-brands) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) O’Neill, Shane (13 April 2022). "Sexy Lingerie for Men Is Here" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/13/fashion/mens-style/mens-lingerie.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Wallis, Claudia (6 October 2003). "The Thing About Thongs: Why the bottom line has become a battleground for parents of tweens" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071103152120/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005821,00.html?internalid=ACA) . Time . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005821,00.html?internalid=ACA) on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Brooke Bobb (28 July 2017). "Would You Dare to Wear a Thong Bikini to the Beach?" (https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-trends-thong-bikini-kendall-jenner-bella-hadid) . Vogue . ...it is the perfect suit to avoid unnecessary tan lines. ^ (#cite_ref-p._249_32-0) Beadler, John Hanson (1877) "Western Wilds, and the Men who Redeem Them: an authentic narrative" p. 249 (https://archive.org/details/westernwildsand01beadgoog/page/n251) , digitized text at Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) ^ (#cite_ref-On_Language;_Ode_on_a_G-String_33-0) "On Language; Ode on a G-String" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DF173CF937A3575BC0A967958260) , by William Safire, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , 4 August 1991 ^ Jump up to: a b c Rachel Shteir (1 November 2004). Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show . Oxford University Press. p. 202 (https://archive.org/details/stripteaseuntold0000shte/page/202) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-512750-8 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Ullery, David A. (2001). The Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs : an illustrated reader's guide (1st ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7864-5095-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 606500686 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606500686) . ^ Jump up to: a b Proudfoot, Jenny (27 April 2016). "What the F is the C-string?" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/what-the-f-is-the-c-string-9847) . Marie Claire . UK. ^ Jump up to: a b c Cletus P. Stillwater Jr. (9 May 2013). "The C-String Replaces the Thong Bikini as the Summer's Hottest Beachwear (Gallery + Video)" (http://www.tmrzoo.com/2013/44925/the-c-string-replaces-the-thong-bikini-as-the-summers-hottest-beachwear-gallery) . TMR Zoo . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Kozinski, Alexandra (8 August 2014). "I Actually Wore This Weird Underwear" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/34628-i-wore-the-c-string-so-you-dont-have-to-experience-the-weirdness-that-is-this-barely) . Bustle . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Paige, Ivy (29 August 2012). "Why Are Our Knickers Getting Smaller?" (http://www.thisiscabaret.com/why-are-our-knickers-getting-smaller/) . This is Cabaret . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Marie, Andrea (2 July 2021). "If You Want to Try This Summer's Daring Cutouts, Get Familiar With C-String Underwear" (https://news.yahoo.com/want-try-summers-daring-cutouts-020000117.html) . Yahoo! News . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Cherrington, Rosy (27 April 2016). "Shibue Underwear Is The Horrifying New Way To Avoid VPL" (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/shibue-couture-underwear_uk_57207340e4b0a1e971caa498) . Huffington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-completefashion_42-0) Cynthia Ejike. "Pearls Gone Wild: Can You Rock The Single Strand Pearl Thong?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171224080720/http://completefashion.org/pearls-gone-wild-can-you-rock-the-single-strand-pearl-thong) . Complete Fashion . Archived from the original (http://completefashion.org/pearls-gone-wild-can-you-rock-the-single-strand-pearl-thong/) on 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Why the bikini became a fashion classic (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130913-the-bikini-an-itsy-bitsy-classic) , BBC ^ (#cite_ref-44) "7 Things You Never Knew About G-Strings" (https://www.insidehook.com/article/style/7-things-you-never-knew-g-strings) . Inside Hook . 7 March 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Mary Ellen Snodgrass, World of Clothing and Fashion , page 84, Routledge, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317451679 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451679) ^ (#cite_ref-46) Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Krishnavatara (Volume 6), page 25, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1971 ^ (#cite_ref-47) Kimmel, Michael; Milrod, Christine; Kennedy, Amanda (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780759123144 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "What's the difference between a jockstrap, thong and g-string?" (http://www.vocla.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-a-jockstrap-thong-and-g-string/) . VOCLA Style . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Jockstrap Central - A History of the Jockstrap" (https://www.jockstrapcentral.com/history.php) . www.jockstrapcentral.com . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Complete guide to dance belt" (http://www.dancebelt.info/17165091C1D94631B10E/the-complete-guide-to-dance.html) . Dancebelt.info . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Studio Area Dress Codes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111231045831/http://beta.byui.edu/dance/policies) . Beta.byui.edu. Archived from the original (http://beta.byui.edu/dance/policies) on 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Thongs – Do they cause UTIs or yeast infections?" (http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/thongs-do-they-cause-utis-or-yeast-infections) . Go Ask Alice! . columbia.edu . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Karen J. Bannan (22 October 2003). "Your Intimate Gyno Questions Answered" (http://www.redbookmag.com/health-wellness/advice/gyno-questions-yl-3) . Redbook . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Do Thongs Really Cause Yeast Infections? - Health & Fitness – The Hilltop – The Student Voice of Howard University" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031953/http://www.thehilltoponline.com/2.4842/do-thongs-really-cause-yeast-infections-1.472432#.UfbE_sWYNok) . Thehilltoponline.com. Archived from the original (http://www.thehilltoponline.com/2.4842/do-thongs-really-cause-yeast-infections-1.472432#.UfbE_sWYNok) on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-pmid18295180_55-0) Brotman RM, Ghanem KG, Klebanoff MA, Taha TE, Scharfstein DO, Zenilman JM (2008). "The effect of vaginal douching cessation on bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494605) . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 198 (6): 628.e1–7. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.043 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2007.11.043) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2494605 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494605) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18295180 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295180) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis" (http://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/vsp/download/vsp_10_10.pdf#page=28) (PDF) . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-57) Eleanor Yang (5 June 2002). "2 on RB High staff faulted for checks of undergarments" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172021/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020605-9999_2m5thong.html) . SignOnSanDiego.com. Archived from the original (http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020605-9999_2m5thong.html) on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Eleanor Yang (16 June 2002). "Demotion possible for assistant principal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011175600/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020616-9999_2m16thong.html) . SignOnSanDiego.com. Archived from the original (http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020616-9999_2m16thong.html) on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Assistant principal demoted after underwear check" (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/06/18/thong-demotion.htm) . USA Today . 18 June 2002 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "CBS News" (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/18/national/main512654.shtml) . CBS News. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Channel 10 news" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111120184346/http://www.10news.com/news/1515763/detail.html) . 10news.com. 17 June 2002. Archived from the original (https://www.10news.com/news/1515763/detail.html) on 20 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Break the Chain website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111208065730/http://www.breakthechain.org/exclusives/aandf.html) . Breakthechain.org. 6 June 2002. Archived from the original (http://www.breakthechain.org/exclusives/aandf.html) on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Pupils warned not to wear thongs" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2943874.stm) . BBC News . 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-iran_no_thongs_64-0) Los Angeles Times (9 May 2006). "Iran Considering Law Against Western Attire" (http://articles.latimes.com/2006/may/20/world/fg-dress20) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-iran_no_thongs2_65-0) Los Angeles Times (25 April 2007). " (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-25-fg-briefs25.2-story.html) 'Uncovered' women target of crackdown" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-25-fg-briefs25.2-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "About Our Beaches" (https://www.horrycountysc.gov/about-our-beaches/) . Horry County Government . Retrieved 15 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "North Carolina beach town bans thongs" (http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/04/28/north.carolina.no.thongs/index.html) . CNN . 28 April 2010. External links [ edit ] Look up thong (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thong) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Thongs (underwear) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thongs_(underwear)) at Wikimedia Commons Media related to G-strings (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G-strings) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) v t e Men's undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) Upper body Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Swim trunks (/wiki/Swim_trunks) Thong (#Men's_thongs) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Willy warmer (/wiki/Willy_warmer) Full body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) (long johns) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Hosiery Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Historical Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Garter (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Brands 2(X)IST (/wiki/2(X)IST) 2wink (/wiki/2wink) Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) aussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Bonobos (/wiki/Bonobos_(apparel)) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) BVD (/wiki/BVD) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) Duluth Trading Company (/wiki/Duluth_Trading_Company) Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) Finisterre (/wiki/Finisterre_(retailer)) Fleur du Mal (/wiki/Fleur_du_Mal) Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Ibex (/wiki/Ibex_Outdoor_Clothing) J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) John Smedley's (/wiki/John_Smedley_(industrialist)) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) Kotn (/wiki/Kotn) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Munsingwear (/wiki/Munsingwear) Nasty Pig (/wiki/Nasty_Pig) Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) Paul Stuart (/wiki/Paul_Stuart) Pringle (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) River Island (/wiki/River_Island) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Rufskin (/wiki/Rufskin) Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) Smartwool (/wiki/Smartwool) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Stanfield's (/wiki/Stanfield%27s) Sunspel (/wiki/Sunspel) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) Three Gun (/wiki/Three_Gun) Todd Snyder (/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Topman (/wiki/Topman) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) XTG (/wiki/XTG_Extreme_Game) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐d655v Cached time: 20240720164019 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.839 seconds Real time usage: 1.022 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4926/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 142684/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3763/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 18/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 248004/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.539/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14839935/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 869.183 1 -total 44.96% 390.742 1 Template:Reflist 21.91% 190.421 29 Template:Cite_web 12.73% 110.620 3 Template:Lang 9.56% 83.107 3 Template:Navbox 8.89% 77.298 1 Template:Lingerie 8.29% 72.042 1 Template:Short_description 6.91% 60.078 16 Template:Cite_news 4.62% 40.175 2 Template:Pagetype 4.28% 37.210 2 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21469003-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164019 and revision id 1231898354. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thong&oldid=1231898354 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thong&oldid=1231898354) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st-century fashion (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) Lingerie (/wiki/Category:Lingerie) Swimsuits (/wiki/Category:Swimsuits) 1990s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:1990s_fads_and_trends) 2000s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:2000s_fads_and_trends) Minimalist clothing (/wiki/Category:Minimalist_clothing) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2019) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020) Use British English from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_April_2020) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images) Articles containing Bulgarian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Articles containing Persian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Commons category link is locally defined (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined)
Two mannequins; one to the left wearing a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) on the head and one to the right veiled in the style of a niqab (/wiki/Niqab) . Various styles of head coverings, most notably the khimar (/wiki/Khimar) , hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , chador (/wiki/Chador) , niqab (/wiki/Niqab) , paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) , tudong (/wiki/Tudong) , shayla (/wiki/Shayla) , safseri (/wiki/Safseri) , carşaf (/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf) , haik (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) , dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) , boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) and burqa (/wiki/Burqa) , are worn by Muslim women around the world, where the practice varies from mandatory to optional or restricted in different majority Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Wearing the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) is mandatory in conservative countries like Iran (/wiki/Iran) and Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In Gaza (/wiki/Gaza_Strip) , State of Palestine (/wiki/State_of_Palestine) , school officials have also voted to require young girls to wear hijab, [2] (#cite_note-auto1-2) though the Palestinian Authority (/wiki/Palestinian_Authority) (in 1990) considered the hijab optional. [3] (#cite_note-auto8-3) In some Muslim majority countries (like Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) and Tunisia) [4] (#cite_note-4) there have been complaints of restriction or discrimination against women who wear the hijab, which can be seen as a sign of Islamic fundamentalism (/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Several Muslim-majority countries (/wiki/List_of_Muslim-majority_countries) have banned the burqa and hijab in public schools and universities or government buildings, including Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) (since 1981, [7] (#cite_note-tunisiahijab-7) partially lifted in 2011), Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) (gradually and partially lifted), [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-news24.com-9) Kosovo (/wiki/Kosovo) (since 2009), [10] (#cite_note-Kosovo-10) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijan) (since 2010 [11] (#cite_note-11) ), Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) , and [12] (#cite_note-12) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Muslim-majority Tajikistan (/wiki/Tajikistan) banned the hijab completely. [14] (#cite_note-14) In several countries in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , the wearing of hijabs has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. Laws have been passed in France (/wiki/France) and Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) to ban face-covering clothing, popularly described as the " burqa (/wiki/Burqa) ban (/wiki/Burqa_by_country) ", although applies not merely to the Afghani burqa , but to all face coverings ranging from the niqab to bodysuits, and does not apply to hijab which do not conceal the face. Legal restrictions on the burqa (/wiki/Burqa) and niqab (/wiki/Niqab) , variations of Islamic female clothing (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) which cover the face, are more widespread than restrictions on hijab. There are currently 16 states that have banned the burqa (/wiki/Burqa) (not to be confused with the hijab), including Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) , [15] (#cite_note-reuters.com-15) Austria (/wiki/Austria) , Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) , France, Belgium, [16] (#cite_note-:9-16) Tajikistan (/wiki/Tajikistan) , Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) , [17] (#cite_note-auto7-17) Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) , Chad (/wiki/Chad) , Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) , Gabon (/wiki/Gabon) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , [18] (#cite_note-18) China (/wiki/China) (in Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) Region (/wiki/Regions_of_China) ), [19] (#cite_note-19) Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) , Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) [20] (#cite_note-20) and Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) . Similar legislation or more stringent restrictions are being discussed in other nations. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the burqa , boushiya (/wiki/Boushiya) , or niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) , while other legislation pertains to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism (/wiki/Religious_symbolism) such as the khimar (/wiki/Khimar) . Some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks (/wiki/Anti-mask_laws) in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face. The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or hijab may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the veil (/wiki/Veil) itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in hijab . Africa [ edit ] Algeria [ edit ] During the Algerian War (/wiki/Algerian_War) of 1954-1962, it came to be seen as legitimate for Algerian women to break seclusion and participate unveiled in society, when women participated actively in the struggle for national independence. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2018, the government passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for female public servants while at work. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) The prime minister at the time, Ahmed Ouyahia (/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia) , pushed the ban because of his belief that women should be identifiable in the workspace. [24] (#cite_note-24) Cameroon [ edit ] On 12 July 2015, two women dressed in religious garments detonated suicide bombs (/wiki/Suicide_attack) in Fotokol (/wiki/Fotokol) , killing 13 people. Following the attacks, since 16 July, Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) banned the wearing of full-face veils, including the burqa , in the Far North region (/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)) . Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks in this Christian majority country. [25] (#cite_note-cameroonban-25) Chad [ edit ] Following a double suicide bombing on 15 June 2015 which killed 33 people in N'Djamena (/wiki/N%27Djamena) , the Chadian government announced on 17 June 2015 the banning of the wearing of the burqa in its territory for security reasons. [26] (#cite_note-26) The 2015 prime minister, Kalzeube Pahimi Deubet, called the burqa "camouflage". [27] (#cite_note-27) Women who violate this ban are subject to jail time. [28] (#cite_note-28) Congo-Brazzaville [ edit ] The full-face veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in Congo-Brazzaville (/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville) to "counter terrorism", although there has not been an Islamist attack in the country and muslims make up only a small minority in Congo. [25] (#cite_note-cameroonban-25) Egypt [ edit ] Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab The hijab became more unpopular with educated women, including devout Muslims, in the early 20th century as the British authorities discouraged it and as women sought to gain modern positions of power. [29] (#cite_note-ODonnellHarvard-29) After returning from the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (/wiki/International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance) Congress in Rome (/wiki/Rome) in 1923, the feminist Huda Sha'arawi (/wiki/Huda_Sha%27arawi) removed her veil (/wiki/Veil) and mantle, a signal event in the history of Egyptian feminism. Women who came to greet her were shocked at first, then broke into applause and some of them removed their veils and mantles. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) Her decision to remove her veil and mantle was part of a greater emancipation movement of women, and was influenced by French-born Egyptian feminist named Eugénie Le Brun (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Le_Brun) , [36] (#cite_note-Shaʻrāwī1987-36) though it contrasted with the feminist Malak Hifni Nasif (/wiki/Malak_Hifni_Nasif) . In 1953, Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser (/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) was told by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded: "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college—and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?". The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958 an article by the United Press (/wiki/United_Press_International) (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here." [37] (#cite_note-37) However video footage from the period shows the hijab was still very common. [38] (#cite_note-38) The veil has been having a resurgence since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, concomitant with the global Muslim revival (/wiki/Islamic_revival) . According to The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , as of 2007 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf. [39] (#cite_note-39) Women chose to adopt the veil in the post-1970s period, with some contradicting relatives who were against the hijab. [29] (#cite_note-ODonnellHarvard-29) Small numbers of women wear the niqab . The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. In the country, it is negatively associated with Salafist (/wiki/Salafist) political activism. [40] (#cite_note-kuwait-times-40) [41] (#cite_note-hijabworld-41) There has been some restrictions on wearing the hijab by the government, which views hijab as a political symbol. In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state run TV station for deciding to wear hijab on national television. [42] (#cite_note-egypttv-42) The American University in Cairo (/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo) , Cairo University and Helwan University (/wiki/Helwan_University) attempted to forbid entry to niqab wearers in 2004 and 2007. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) Egyptian (/wiki/Egyptians) storekeeper in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) wearing a hijab Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy (/wiki/Muhammad_Sayyid_Tantawy) , Grand Imam of al-Azhar (/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar) , issued a fatwa in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. He had reportedly asked a student to take off her niqab when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the niqab is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance. [40] (#cite_note-kuwait-times-40) Government bans on wearing the niqab on college campuses at the University of Cairo (/wiki/University_of_Cairo) and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later. [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) Minister Hany Mahfouz Helal (/wiki/Hany_Mahfouz_Helal) met protests by some human rights and Islamist groups. Many Egyptians in the elite are opposed to hijab , believing it harms secularism. By 2012 some businesses had established bans on veils, and Egyptian elites supported these bans. [50] (#cite_note-50) In 2023, the Egyptian government mandated a full Niqab ban in schools (face covering), as well as requiring students parents consent and approval if their children are wearing the Hijab (head covering). [51] (#cite_note-51) Gabon [ edit ] On 15 July 2015, Gabon (/wiki/Gabon) announced a ban on the wearing of full-face veils in public and places of work because of the attacks in Cameroon. Since Muslims are minority in the country, there were no significant tensions. [25] (#cite_note-cameroonban-25) Libya [ edit ] In Libya, there are no laws requiring veiling, but it has nonetheless become the common custom. In the 1950s, the reporter Nel Slis's impression was that "75 percent of Libyan women" wore headscarfs in public, often in the barracan , and she reported that queen Fatimah el-Sharif (/wiki/Fatimah_el-Sharif) was expected to live in seclusion and only appeared unveiled and dressed in modern clothing in the company of women or when she was abroad, though she had belonged to the small percentage that had appeared unveiled in public prior to becoming queen. [52] (#cite_note-52) Central to the revolution of 1969 was the empowerment of women and removal of inferior status. [53] (#cite_note-LB-53) In the 1970s, female emancipation was in large measure a matter of age. One observer generalized that city women under the age of thirty-five had discarded the traditional veil and were quite likely to wear Western-style clothing. [54] (#cite_note-L-54) Those between the ages of thirty-five and forty-five were increasingly ready to consider such a change, but women over the age of forty-five appeared reluctant to give up the protection which they perceived their veils (/wiki/Veils) and customary dress to afford. A decade later, veiling was uncommon among urban women of the 1980s. [54] (#cite_note-L-54) This changed in the 2000s, when the veiling of women gradually started becoming the norm again. Today (2023), it's quite rare for Libyan women to not wear the headscarf. Morocco [ edit ] A group of Moroccan women wearing headscarves and veils In 1947, Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (/wiki/Princess_Lalla_Aicha_of_Morocco) started to appear in public unveiled with the support of her father the King, who wished to send a signal that he supported the emancipation of women. [55] (#cite_note-55) In Morocco, the headscarf is neither enforced by law nor forbidden by law, and women are free to choose if they wish to wear one. The headscarf is more frequent in the northern regions, small to medium cities and rural regions. As it is not totally widespread, wearing a hijab is considered rather a religious decision. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books. [56] (#cite_note-56) The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police. In January 2017, Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of the Afghan burqa, [57] (#cite_note-57) however this does not apply to other types of niqab (/wiki/Niqab) . [58] (#cite_note-58) Somalia [ edit ] Under the Socialist Siad Barre (/wiki/Siad_Barre) regime (1969-1991), women were free to dress as they wished, and most urban women did not wear hijab; however, after the outbreak of the Somali Civil War (/wiki/Somali_Civil_War) in 1991, most women in Mogadishu started to wear hijab for the first time, and those who did not were harassed. [59] (#cite_note-59) During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali (/wiki/Somali_people) women usually wear the guntiino , a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like Eid (/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr) , women wear the dirac , which is a long, light, diaphanous voile (/wiki/Voile) dress made of cotton or polyester (/wiki/Polyester) that is worn over a full-length half-slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as shash , and also often cover their upper body with a shawl (/wiki/Shawl) known as garbasaar . Unmarried or young women, however, wear hijab, and the jiilbab is also commonly worn. [60] (#cite_note-Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi-60) Sudan [ edit ] In 1983, sharia law was enacted in Sudan, and from 1989, women were forced to wear a hijab whenever they left their home. [61] (#cite_note-61) Since 2019 the hijab is no longer mandatory and there no longer is a modesty law as Sudan has become a secular state. [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-63) Muslims without hijabs are common but Sudan still culturally follows very conservative values. While the hijab was not explicitly mandated by law, Sudanese women were required to dress modestly in public. Due to Sudan's vaguely worded Public Order law, there were no delineated parameters of what constitutes immodest dress. The law stated: "Whoever does in a public place an indecent act or an act contrary to public morals or wears an obscene outfit or contrary to public morals or causing an annoyance to public feelings shall be punished with flogging which may not exceed forty lashes or with fine or with both". [64] (#cite_note-64) In 2013, the case of Amira Osman Hamid came to international attention when she chose to expose her hair in public, in opposition to the nation's public-order laws (/wiki/Public-order_crime) . [65] (#cite_note-65) Tunisia [ edit ] During the struggle for national independence, Habib Bourguiba (/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba) favored the traditional Tunisian hijab, the sefsari (/wiki/Safseri) , because it was seen as a symbol of preservation of the Tunisian cultural identity against the French culture colonialism; after independence however, President Habib Bourguiba (/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba) promoted modernity and gender equality through the National Union of Tunisian Women (/wiki/National_Union_of_Tunisian_Women) (UNFT), and rejected the veil as a symbol of backwardness. [66] (#cite_note-auto11-66) In a public ceremony in 1956, the President, surrounded by women political associates, gently and ceremonially removed the veil from the head of a woman in a symbolic gesture of rejection of its use. [66] (#cite_note-auto11-66) By the 1980s, the only Tunisian urban women wearing the veil were reportedly women members of the Islamic Tendency Movement (/wiki/Islamic_Tendency_Movement) (MTI). [66] (#cite_note-auto11-66) In 1981, women with headscarves were banned from schools and government buildings, and since then those who insist on wearing them face losing their jobs. [7] (#cite_note-tunisiahijab-7) In 2006, the authorities launched a campaign against the hijab , banning it in some public places, where police would stop women on the streets and ask them to remove it, and warn them not to wear it again. The government described the headscarf as a sectarian form of dress which came uninvited to the country. [67] (#cite_note-67) As of 14 January 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , after the Tunisian Revolution (/wiki/Tunisian_revolution) took place, the headscarf ban was lifted; however, in contemporary urban Tunisian society it is still not fully accepted. On 6 July 2019 the government banned the wearing of the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) in public institutions citing security reasons. [68] (#cite_note-68) Asia [ edit ] Afghanistan [ edit ] Female art students in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) In Afghanistan, the hijab is compulsory for all women and everywhere, including in schools. [69] (#cite_note-69) In the 1920s, Queen Soraya Tarzi (/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi) famously removed her veil in public as a part of her support for women's liberation, followed by other elite women, but the radical reform program was met with the deposition of king Amanullah Khan (/wiki/Amanullah_Khan) in 1929, and his successor reinstated the veil and gender seclusion and caused a backlash in women's rights. [70] (#cite_note-books.google.se-70) Following the election of Mohammed Daoud Khan (/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan) as Prime Minister in 1953, social reforms giving women a more public presence were encouraged. [71] (#cite_note-71) [72] (#cite_note-72) One of his aims was to break free from the ultra-conservative, Islamist tradition of treating women as second-class citizens. During his time, he made significant advances towards modernization. [73] (#cite_note-Armstrong-73) In 1959, women employed by the state, such as radio announcers, were asked to come to their work places without the veil, instead wearing a loose coat, scarf and gloves; after that, the foreign wives, and daughters of foreign born wives, were asked to venture out on the streets in the same way, and in this way, women without the veil started to be seen in the streets of Kabul. [74] (#cite_note-74) In August 1959, on the second day of the festival of Jeshyn, Queen Humaira Begum (/wiki/Humaira_Begum) and Princess Bilqis (/wiki/Princess_Bilqis_Begum) appeared in the royal box at the military parade unveiled, alongside the Prime Minister's wife, Zamina Begum (/wiki/Zamina_Begum) . [75] (#cite_note-TA-75) A group of Islamic clerics sent a letter of protest to the Prime minister to protest and demand that the words of sharia be respected. [75] (#cite_note-TA-75) The Prime minister answered by inviting them to the capital and present proof to him that the holy scripture indeed demanded the chadri (/wiki/Chadri) . [75] (#cite_note-TA-75) When the clerics could not find such a passage, the Prime Minister declared that the female members of the Royal Family would no longer wear veils because the Islamic law did not demand it. [75] (#cite_note-TA-75) While the chadri was never banned, the example of the Queen and the Prime Minister's wife was followed by the wives and daughters of government officials as well as by other urban women of the upper class and middle class, with Kubra Noorzai (/wiki/Kubra_Noorzai) and Masuma Esmati-Wardak (/wiki/Masuma_Esmati-Wardak) known as the first commoner pioneers. [75] (#cite_note-TA-75) In the mid-20th century, many women in urban areas did not wear head coverings, but this ended with the outbreak of civil war in the 1990s. [76] (#cite_note-76) The Afghan chadri is a regional style of burqa (/wiki/Burqa) with a mesh covering the eyes. [77] (#cite_note-amer-77) The burqa became a symbol of the conservative and totalitarian Taliban (/wiki/Taliban) rule, who strictly enforced female adults to wear the dress. Even after the 2001 defeat of the Taliban and the following Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) , some women continued to wear it out of security concerns. [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-nbc-burqa-79) [77] (#cite_note-amer-77) People opposed to the burqa claim it is not Islamic, nor part of Afghan culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan) . [80] (#cite_note-80) After the Fall of Kabul (/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)) , an interviewed Taliban spokesperson rejected the idea that "women should not wear headscarves for education", saying it was not part of their culture. [81] (#cite_note-81) In September 2021, the Taliban mandated that women attending private Afghan universities must wear a niqab. [82] (#cite_note-82) On 7 May 2022, the Taliban made a law requiring all women to wear a burqa or niqab. [83] (#cite_note-83) A 2018 report, Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People by The Asia Foundation (/wiki/The_Asia_Foundation) , found out that 30.9% of the Afghans think the burqa is the most appropriate form of public dress for women, roughly the same numbers for the niqab, 15.3% selected the chador, 14.5% went for a tight hijab, 6.1% for a loose hijab while only 0.5% chose no form of head covering. [84] (#cite_note-84) Bahrain [ edit ] The traditional garments of women in Bahrain include the jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) , a long, loose dress, which is one of the preferred clothing styles for the home. Bahraini women may practice the muhtashima (/w/index.php?title=Muhtashima&action=edit&redlink=1) , partially covering the hair, or the muhajiba , fully covering the hair. [85] (#cite_note-Berlin-85) Bangladesh [ edit ] In Bangladesh, hijab is not mandated by law. The purdah (/wiki/Purdah) for Muslim upper- and middle-class women in India and later Pakistan and Bangladesh, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence. [86] (#cite_note-auto6-86) The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of achieving a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled. [86] (#cite_note-auto6-86) Veiling was historically not common in Bangladesh. Middle- and upper-class women dressed in modern clothing and working class women in traditional Indian garb, and veiling was seen by the middle class as a sign of low class and low education. [87] (#cite_note-auto12-87) In the 1980s, veils were reportedly a rare sight in the capital of Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka) . [88] (#cite_note-88) From the 1990s onward veiling gradually become more common in Bangladesh along the rise of political Islam and Islamic revivalism in society, and in the early 21st-century veiling started to become common. [87] (#cite_note-auto12-87) In a 2010 the Bangladesh High Court (/wiki/Bangladesh_High_court) , in a legal dispute between a local official and the director of a school, ruled that the veil was "a personal choice of women" and that the Ministry of Education should ensure that women employed in public institutions were not forced to wear a veil or hijab against their will. [89] (#cite_note-89) By 2022, the attitude around veiling had changed and veiling had become common in Bangladesh, and some women experienced pressure by their families to veil. [90] (#cite_note-auto15-90) A study by Manusher Jonno Foundation (/w/index.php?title=Manusher_Jonno_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1) and DNET (/wiki/DNET) found that 44% of people think women who wear veils or hijabs are “good girls,” and 63% think that women who wear “western clothing” are “bad girls” who are shredding the fabric of society. [90] (#cite_note-auto15-90) China [ edit ] Uyghur woman with headscarf in Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) , China In 2017, China banned the burqa in the Islamic area of Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) . [91] (#cite_note-91) Photographer Fiona Reilly [92] (#cite_note-92) documented her interactions in 2019 with headscarf-clad Uyghur women in Kashgar (/wiki/Kashgar) . [93] (#cite_note-93) India [ edit ] In 2021, Pew Research (/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) found out that 89% of India's Muslim women "cover their head outside their home". [94] (#cite_note-94) In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab and/or burqa (/wiki/Burqa) anytime, anywhere. [95] (#cite_note-thestar1-95) [96] (#cite_note-BBC_larger_bench-96) [97] (#cite_note-csm-97) However, in November 2017, a Catholic school in Uttar Pradesh's Barabanki district (/wiki/Barabanki_district) allegedly barred two Muslim students from wearing the headscarf inside the campus. [98] (#cite_note-98) Muslim girls in Kargil (/wiki/Kargil) In April 2019, Shiv Sena (/wiki/Shiv_Sena) party member Sanjay Raut (/wiki/Sanjay_Raut) called for the burka to be banned. [99] (#cite_note-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) In May 2019, the Muslim Educational Society (/wiki/Muslim_Educational_Society) in Kerala (/wiki/Kerala) banned its students from wearing face-covering attire. [101] (#cite_note-101) In February 2020, Uttar Pradesh's labor minister Raghuraj Singh (/wiki/Raghuraj_Pratap_Singh) has called for an outright ban on women wearing burqas, suggesting that terrorists have been using them to elude authorities. [102] (#cite_note-102) Karnataka hijab controversy Main article: Karnataka hijab controversy (/wiki/Karnataka_hijab_controversy) In January 2022, a number of colleges in South-Indian state of Karnataka (/wiki/Karnataka) stopped female students wearing hijab from entering the campus. The issue has since then snow-balled into a major political controversy in India. [103] (#cite_note-103) Although there is no particular law stating the ban on hijab or any other kind of Islamic veil/dress in Karnataka, educational institutions have the right to make their own dress code. On 5 February 2022, the Karnataka government (/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka) issued an order clarifying that uniforms must be worn compulsorily where policies exist and no exception can be made for the wearing of hijab. Several schools cited this order and denied entry to Muslim girls wearing the hijab. [104] (#cite_note-104) War of words and protests by Muslim students protesting over hijab ban resulted in closure of all educational institutions in the state for three days and section 144 was declared near schools and colleges in Bengaluru (/wiki/Bengaluru) city. [105] (#cite_note-105) On 15 March 2022, through a verdict, the Karnataka High Court (/wiki/Karnataka_High_Court) upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions as a non essential part of Islam [106] (#cite_note-106) [107] (#cite_note-107) and suggested that wearing hijabs can be restricted in government colleges where uniforms are prescribed and ruled that "prescription of a school uniform" is a "reasonable restriction". Indonesia [ edit ] The traditional dress of Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesia) Minang (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) (who are Muslims) women includes elaborate headcovering. Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque (/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta) in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) While Islam was introduced to Java in the 15th- and 16th-centuries, the veiling and harem seclusion was never common except for the princely courts, and in 1954 veiling was still not a common custom. [108] (#cite_note-108) The traditional clothing for women were the kebaya and the sarung , which did not cover the shape of the body, and a loose shawl, kerundung , which did not cover the hair, and 20th-century urban women wore Western-style clothing, and looked down upon veiling as "village like". [109] (#cite_note-auto17-109) The practice of veiling became introduced to Indonesia as a part of the Islamic revivalism (/wiki/Islamic_revivalism) after the Iranian revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) of 1979, and in 1982 the veil was temporarily banned in schools to prevent its introduction in Indonesia. [109] (#cite_note-auto17-109) Under Indonesian national and regional law, outside Aceh, female head covering is entirely optional and not obligatory. [ citation needed ] The Indonesian province of Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) requires Muslim women to wear hijab in public. [110] (#cite_note-aceh-110) In Indonesia, the term jilbab is used without exception to refer to the hijab . [111] (#cite_note-111) Many nuns refer to their habit as a jilbab , perhaps out of the colloquial use of the term to refer to any religious head covering. Some women may choose to wear a headscarf to be more "formal" or "religious", such as the jilbab or kerudung (a native tailored veil with a small, stiff visor). Such formal or cultural Muslim events may include official governmental events, funerals, circumcision ( sunatan ) ceremonies or weddings. However, wearing Islamic attire to Christian relatives' funerals and weddings and entering the church is quite uncommon. Young girls may elect to wear the hijab publicly to avoid unwanted low-class male attention and sexual harassment (/wiki/Sexual_harassment) and thus display their respectability as "good Muslim girls": that is, they are not "easy" conquests. [112] (#cite_note-112) Islamic private school (/wiki/Private_school) uniform code dictate that female students must wear the jilbab (commonly white or blue-grey, Indonesia's national secondary school colors), in addition to long-sleeved blouse (/wiki/Blouse) and ankle-length skirt (/wiki/Skirt) . Islamic schools must by law provide access to Christians (and vice versa Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_Church) and Protestant (/wiki/Protestant) schools allow Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) students), and so it is mandated to be worn by Christian students who attend Muslim school, while its use by Muslim students is not objected to in Christian schools. In May 2021, a government decree was issued banning schools from enforcing the jilbab as part of their uniform, after reports of discrimination against girls who removed them surfaced. [113] (#cite_note-113) In July 2021, Indonesia's Supreme Court reversed a government regulation issued earlier that had allowed girls under 18 in state schools to not wear a mandatory jilbab. [114] (#cite_note-114) Compounding the friction and often anger toward baju Arab (Arab clothes), is the ongoing physical (/wiki/Physical_abuse) and emotional abuse (/wiki/Emotional_abuse) of Indonesian women in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , as guest workers (/wiki/Guest_workers) , commonly maids (/wiki/Maid) or as Hajja pilgrims (/wiki/Pilgrim) and Saudi Wahhabi (/wiki/Wahhabi) intolerance for non-Saudi dress code has given rise to mass protests and fierce Indonesian debate up to the highest levels of government about boycotting Saudi Arabia—especially the profitable all Hajj pilgrimage—as many high-status women have been physically assaulted (/wiki/Assault) by Saudi morality police for nonconforming headwear or even applying lip balm, leading some to comment on the post- pan Arabist (/wiki/Pan_Arabist) repressiveness of certain Arab nations due to excessively rigid, narrow, and erroneous interpretation of Sharia (/wiki/Sharia) law. [115] (#cite_note-115) Iran [ edit ] Main article: Hijab in Iran (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran) See also: Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) , Compulsory hijab in Iran (/wiki/Compulsory_hijab_in_Iran) , and Fashion in Iran (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Two Iranian women wearing hijab In Iran, since 1981, after the 1979 Islamic Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , the hijab has become compulsory. All women are required to wear loose-fitting clothing and a headscarf in public. [116] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-116) [117] (#cite_note-Milani-117) During the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) , Turkic nomadic tribes (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) arrived, whose women did not wear headscarves. [118] (#cite_note-Heath-118) [119] (#cite_note-Keddie-119) However, after the Safavid (/wiki/Safavid_dynasty) centralization in the 16th century, the headscarf became defined as the standard head dress for many religious women in urban areas all around the Iranian Empire (/wiki/Safavid_dynasty) . [120] (#cite_note-120) Exceptions to this were seen only in the villages and among nomadic tribes, [118] (#cite_note-Heath-118) [119] (#cite_note-Keddie-119) [121] (#cite_note-Floor-121) [122] (#cite_note-Chehabi-122) [123] (#cite_note-Bullock-123) such as Qashqai (/wiki/Qashqai_people) . Covering the whole face was rare among the Iranians and was mostly restricted to local Arabs (/wiki/Iranian_Arabs) and local Afghans (/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran) . Later, during the economic crisis in the late 19th century under the Qajar dynasty (/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) , the poorest religious urban women could not afford headscarves. [121] (#cite_note-Floor-121) [124] (#cite_note-124) On 8 January 1936, [125] (#cite_note-125) Reza Shah (/wiki/Reza_Shah) issued a decree, Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) , banning all veils. [126] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-126) [117] (#cite_note-Milani-117) [127] (#cite_note-Paidar-127) [128] (#cite_note-Majd-128) [129] (#cite_note-CurtisHooglund-129) The ban was left in place for a period of five years, from 1936 to 1941. Official measures were relaxed in 1941 under Reza Shah's successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) , and the wearing of a headscarf or chador was no longer an offence, but was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class. [130] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-130) In the 1970s, the chador was usually a patterned or of a lighter color such as white or beige; black chadors were typically reserved for mourning and only became more acceptable everyday wear starting in the mid-1970s—however in the period before the Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) the black chador's usage outside of the city of Qom (/wiki/Qom) was associated with allegiance with political Islam and was stigmatized by areas of Iranian society. Discrimination against women wearing the headscarf or chador occurred, with public institutions discouraging their use, and some eating establishments refusing to admit women who wore them. [126] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-126) [131] (#cite_note-Ramezani8-131) In the aftermath of the revolution, hijab was made compulsory in stages. [117] (#cite_note-Milani-117) In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini (/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) announced that women should observe Islamic dress code. Almost immediately after, starting from 8 March 1979 ( International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) ), thousands of women began protesting against mandatory Hijab (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day_Protests_in_Tehran,_1979) . The protests lasted six days, until 14 March. The demonstrations were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation. [117] (#cite_note-Milani-117) [132] (#cite_note-Algar84-132) Hijab was subsequently made mandatory in government and public offices in 1980, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women (including non-Muslims and non-citizens). [117] (#cite_note-Milani-117) According to one source, rules on wearing hijab are "tantamount" to the Islamic Republic's "raison d'etat". [ clarification needed ] Two slogans of the 1979 revolution were: "Wear a veil, or we will punch your head" and "Death to the unveiled". [133] (#cite_note-DW-2020-133) Under Book 5, article 638, women in Iran who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from 10 days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from 50,000 up to 500,000 rials (/wiki/Iranian_rial) adjusted for inflation. [134] (#cite_note-article_638_iran_law-134) [135] (#cite_note-135) In 1983, the Islamic Consultative Assembly decided that women who do not cover their hair in public will be punished with 74 lashes. Since 1995, unveiled women can also be imprisoned for close to 60 days. [136] (#cite_note-136) White Wednesday In May 2017, My Stealthy Freedom (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) , an Iranian online movement advocating for women's freedom of choice, created the White Wednesday (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) movement: a campaign that invites men and women to wear white veils (/wiki/Veil) , scarves (/wiki/Scarf) , or bracelets (/wiki/Bracelet) to show their opposition to the mandatory forced veiling code. [137] (#cite_note-:0b-137) The movement was geared toward women who proudly wear their veils, but reject the idea that all women in Iran (/wiki/Iran) should be subject to forced veiling. [138] (#cite_note-138) Masih Alinejad (/wiki/Masih_Alinejad) , an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and the US (/wiki/United_States) , created the movement to protest Iran's mandatory hijab (/wiki/Hijab) rule. [139] (#cite_note-:1-139) She described her 2017 movement via Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) , saying, "This campaign is addressed to women who willingly wear the veil, but who remain opposed to the idea of imposing it on others. Many veiled women in Iran also find the compulsory imposition of the veil to be an insult. By taking videos of themselves wearing white (/wiki/White) , these women can also show their disagreement with compulsion." [139] (#cite_note-:1-139) The campaign resulted in Iranian women posting pictures and videos of themselves wearing pieces of white clothing to social media (/wiki/Social_media) . [137] (#cite_note-:0b-137) Compulsory female veiling Main article: Iranian protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) On 27 December 2017, 31-year-old Vida Movahed (/wiki/Vida_Movahed) , also known as "The Girl of Enghelab Street (/wiki/Enghelab_Street) " was arrested for being unveiled in public after a video of the woman went viral on social media. [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) [141] (#cite_note-141) The video showed Movahed silently waving her hijab, a white headscarf that she had removed from her head and placed on a stick, for one hour on Enqelab Street, Tehran. [142] (#cite_note-142) [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) At first it was assumed that her act was connected to the widespread protests taking place in Iran, but Movahed confirmed that she performed the act in support of the 2017 White Wednesday (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) campaign. [143] (#cite_note-143) Vida's arrest sparked outrage from social media, where many Iranians shared footage of her protest along with the hashtag "#Where_Is_She?". On 28 January 2018, Nasrin Sotoudeh (/wiki/Nasrin_Sotoudeh) , a renowned human rights (/wiki/Human_rights) lawyer, posted on Facebook that Vida had been released. [144] (#cite_note-144) It was not until a few weeks later that Sotoudeh revealed the girl's identity. [145] (#cite_note-145) In the following weeks, multiple people re-enacted Vida's public display of removing their hijabs and waving them in the air. [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) On 1 February 2018, the Iranian police (/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) released a statement saying that they had arrested 29 people, mostly women, for removing their headscarves, contrary to Iranian law. [140] (#cite_note-:2-140) [146] (#cite_note-146) One woman, Shima Babaei, was arrested after removing her headdress in front of a court as a symbol of her continued dedication to the cause. On 23 February 2018, Iranian Police released an official statement saying that any women found protesting Iran's compulsory veiling code would be charged with "inciting corruption and prostitution," which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison. [147] (#cite_note-:3-147) Before this change, according to article 638 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Anyone in public places and roads who openly commits a harām (/wiki/Haram) (sinful) act, in addition to the punishment provided for the act, shall be sentenced to two months imprisonment or up to 74 lashes; and if they commit an act that is not punishable but violates public prudency, they shall only be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or up to 74 lashes. Note- Women who appear in public places and roads without wearing an Islamic hijab , shall be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or a fine of five hundred to fifty thousand rials." [148] (#cite_note-:4-148) Following the announcement, multiple women reported being subjected to physical abuse by police following their arrests. [147] (#cite_note-:3-147) Some have since been sentenced to multiple years in prison for their acts of defiance. [149] (#cite_note-149) In one video, a woman stands on top of a tall box, unveiled, waving her white scarf at passers by. The video then shows a man in a police uniform tackling the woman to the ground. [150] (#cite_note-:6-150) Shortly after the video went viral, the Ministry of Interior (Iran) (/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iran)) scolded police for using physical force against the woman. Salman Samani, a spokesman for Ministry released a statement on 25 February 2018 saying "No one has a license to act against the law even in the role of an officer dealing with crimes." [150] (#cite_note-:6-150) On 8 March 2018, a video of three Iranian women (/wiki/Women_in_Iran) singing a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) fight song in Tehran's subway went viral on social media. [151] (#cite_note-:5-151) The women were singing in honor of International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) and to highlight women's continued challenges caused by forced veiling and other discriminatory laws against women. [151] (#cite_note-:5-151) The video, in which three bare-headed Iranian women sing I am a Woman , calls upon women to join efforts to fight injustice and create "another world" of " equality (/wiki/Gender_equality) ". The women hold hands, display pictures of a previous women's rights (/wiki/Women%27s_rights) protest, and ask the other women on the subway train to clap in honor of "having lived and fought all their lives against all kinds of discrimination, violence, humiliation, and insults." At the end of the video, one of the protestors is heard saying "Happy Women's Day to all of you." [151] (#cite_note-:5-151) That same day, the Supreme Leader of Iran (/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) , Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) , made a speech during a gathering of religious poets in Tehran, posting a series of tweets (/wiki/Twitter) in response to the series of peaceful hijab protests. [152] (#cite_note-152) Khamenei defended the dress code, praising Islam for keeping women " modest (/wiki/Modesty) " and in their "defined roles" such as educators and mothers. He also lashed out at the Western world (/wiki/Western_world) for, in his view, leading its own women astray. [153] (#cite_note-153) "The features of today's Iranian woman include modesty, chastity, eminence, protecting herself from abuse by men," Khamenei tweeted. He claimed that the most sought after characteristic of a Western woman is her ability to physically attract men. [154] (#cite_note-154) Also outside of Iran, in June 2022, when Melika Balali (/wiki/Melika_Balali) , an Iranian-Scottish wrestler, became the British champion she protested in the match against compulsory hijab by raising a sign with writing on it "Stop forcing hijab, I have the right to be a wrestler". [155] (#cite_note-155) [156] (#cite_note-156) The Iranian protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) continued into the September 2022 Iranian protests (/wiki/September_2022_Iranian_protests) which was triggered by the alleged killing of Mahsa Amini (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini) , who fell into a coma and died shortly after she was violently arrested by the Morality Police (/wiki/Guidance_Patrol) and accused of wearing an "improper hijab". [157] (#cite_note-157) Iraq [ edit ] Iraqi women wearing hijab in Baghdad (/wiki/Baghdad) The Iraqi sociologist Ali Al-Wardi (/wiki/Ali_Al-Wardi) mentioned that women in Iraq (/wiki/Women_in_Iraq) were not used to wearing the form of veiling known as the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , as the hijab wasn't common before the 1930s, and the hijab was only widespread among the wives of Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) employees and clerics during the Ottoman period. [158] (#cite_note-A_Study_into_the_Nature_of_Iraqi_Society,_pg._270-158) In the 1920s, when the Iraqi women's movement begun under the Women's Awakening Club (/wiki/Women%27s_Awakening_Club) , the opposing conservatives accused it of wanting to unveil women. [159] (#cite_note-159) Majda al-Haidari, wife of Raouf al-Chadirchi (/w/index.php?title=Raouf_al-Chadirchi&action=edit&redlink=1) , has sometimes been said to be the first woman in Baghdad to have appeared unveiled in the 1930s, [160] (#cite_note-auto-160) but the Communist Amina al-Rahal (/w/index.php?title=Amina_al-Rahal&action=edit&redlink=1) , sister of Husain al-Rahal (/wiki/Husain_al-Rahhal) , have also been named as the first unveiled role model in Baghdad. [161] (#cite_note-161) In the 1930s and 1940s, female College students gradually started to appear unveiled, [160] (#cite_note-auto-160) and most upper- and middle class urban women in Iraq were said to be unveiled by 1963. [162] (#cite_note-162) In early Ba'athist Iraq (/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq) (1968-1979), the Secular Socialist Baath Party (/wiki/Baath_Party_(Iraq)) women were officially stated to be equal to men, and urban women were normally unveiled. [163] (#cite_note-Sexuality,_Health_and_Human_Rights-163) [164] (#cite_note-books.google.com-164) [165] (#cite_note-ReferenceE-165) In Ba'athist Iraq (/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq) (1968-2003), the Secular Socialist Baath Party (/wiki/Baath_Party_(Iraq)) officially stated women to be equal to men, and urban women were normally unveiled. [163] (#cite_note-Sexuality,_Health_and_Human_Rights-163) [164] (#cite_note-books.google.com-164) [165] (#cite_note-ReferenceE-165) After the fall of Saddam Hussein (/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) in 2003, there was a surge in threats and harassment of unveiled women, and the use of hijab became common in Iraq. [166] (#cite_note-166) In 2017, the Iraqi army imposed a burqa ban in the liberated areas of Mosul for the month of Ramadan. Police stated that the temporary ban was for security measures, so that ISIS bombers could not disguise themselves as women. [167] (#cite_note-167) Iraq in general does not have laws pertaining to headscarves, however, it is advised to wear hijab in the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala. Israel & Palestine [ edit ] Further information: Islam in Israel (/wiki/Islam_in_Israel) and Islam in Palestine (/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine) Mannequins with traditional Muslim veil (/wiki/Veil) and hoods at Tira (/wiki/Tira,_Israel) 's (Israel) Saturday's market In the 1920s, the Palestinian women's movement started, and pioneer feminists such as Tarab Abdul Hadi (/wiki/Tarab_Abdul_Hadi) was active in the campaign against the veil (/wiki/Veil) , an initiative launched by local women encouraging Palestinian women to remove their veils. [168] (#cite_note-PASSIA-168) In Gaza (/wiki/Gaza_Strip) , school officials have rejected a hijab policy for women. [169] (#cite_note-auto3-169) They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab. [169] (#cite_note-auto3-169) Israel In July 2010, some Israeli lawmakers and women's rights activists proposed a bill to the Knesset (/wiki/Knesset) banning face-covering veils. According to the Jerusalem Post (/wiki/Jerusalem_Post) , the measure is generally "regarded as highly unlikely to become law." Chana Kehat, founder of the Jewish women's rights group Kolech (/wiki/Kolech) , criticized a ban and also commented "Fashion also often oppresses women with norms which lead to anorexia." Eilat Maoz, general coordinator for the Coalition of Women for Peace (/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_a_Just_Peace) , referred to a ban as "a joke" that would constitute "racism". [170] (#cite_note-170) In Israel, orthodox Jews (/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism) dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, snoods, berets, or, sometimes, wigs. [171] (#cite_note-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) Gaza Strip See also: Islamization of the Gaza Strip (/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Gaza_Strip) Arab (/wiki/Arabs) woman and man chatting in 1890: the woman is wearing a hijab. Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or hijab has been reported in the Gaza Strip (/wiki/Gaza_Strip) where Mujama' al-Islami (/wiki/Mujama%27_al-Islami) , the predecessor of Hamas (/wiki/Hamas) , reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to "'restore' hijab " on urban-educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s. [173] (#cite_note-173) Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the First Intifada (/wiki/First_Intifada) . [174] (#cite_note-174) Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting that women stay at home, they should be segregated from men, and for the promotion of polygamy. During the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets". [175] (#cite_note-Ruben-175) Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas has attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly at schools, institutions and courts by imposing the Islamic dress or hijab (/wiki/Hijab) on women. [176] (#cite_note-xinhua-176) Some of the Islamization efforts met resistance. When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi ordered women lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations including Al-Arabiya to protest, causing Hamas's Justice Ministry to cancel the directive. [177] (#cite_note-bloomberg-177) In 2007, the Islamic group Swords of Truth threatened to behead female TV broadcasters if they did not wear the hijab . "We will cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation," their statement said. The group also accused the women broadcasters of being "without any [...] shame or morals". Personal threats against female broadcasters were also sent to the women's mobile phones, though it was not clear if these threats were from the same group. Gazan anchorwomen interviewed by Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) said that they were frightened by the Swords of Truth statement. [178] (#cite_note-Diaa-178) In February 2011, Hamas banned the styling of women's hair, continuing its policy of enforcing Sharia upon women's clothing. [179] (#cite_note-179) Hamas has imposed analogous restrictions on men as well as women. For example, men are no longer allowed to be shirtless in public. [180] (#cite_note-mercury-180) Unlike Hamas, Palestinian (/wiki/Palestinian) jihadists (/wiki/Jihadists) belonging to the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (/wiki/Unified_National_Leadership_of_the_Uprising) (UNLU) have rejected a hijab policy for women. [3] (#cite_note-auto8-3) They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab. [3] (#cite_note-auto8-3) Jordan [ edit ] There are no laws requiring the wearing of headscarves nor any banning such from any public institution. In the 1950s, the Queen of Jordan appeared unveiled in public for the first time, and after this, it became acceptable for educated urban women to appear unveiled. [181] (#cite_note-181) The use of the headscarf increased during the 1980s. However, the use of the headscarf is generally prevalent among the lower and lower-middle class. Veils covering the face as well as the chador are extremely rare. It is widely believed that the Hijab is increasingly becoming a fashion and cultural statement rather than a religious one in Jordan (/wiki/Jordan) with some Jordanian women wearing stylish headscarves along with modern-style clothing. [182] (#cite_note-182) Kazakhstan [ edit ] Kazakh women (/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan) wearing kimeshek (/wiki/Kimeshek) (traditional headgear of married woman) The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of hijab , and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) . Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks (/wiki/Uzbeks) ) used to wear the paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , while others ( Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) , Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs (/wiki/Kazakhs) , Turkmens (/wiki/Turkmens) , etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word hijab . In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) , initiated by Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) , to remove all manifestations of gender inequality (/wiki/Gender_inequality) , especially on the systems of female veiling (/wiki/Veil) and seclusion practiced in Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [183] (#cite_note-Subaltern-183) In September 2017, schools in some regions of Kazakhstan banned girls wearing headscarves from further attendance. Attempts by Muslim parents to challenge the ban had failed as of April 2018 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) . [184] (#cite_note-184) In February 2018, the government proposed a ban on people wearing niqabs and similar forms of female dress in public. [185] (#cite_note-185) Kuwait [ edit ] During the liberal nationalist era in the 1950s and 1960s, the unveiling of Kuwaiti women was viewed as a natural part of the progress of Kuwait as a new independent nation; [186] (#cite_note-unveiling-186) [187] (#cite_note-187) Kuwaiti feminists like Lulwah Al-Qatami (/wiki/Lulwah_Al-Qatami) and Fatima Hussain burned their veils and abaya in public. [188] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-188) [189] (#cite_note-qatami-189) The majority of Kuwaiti women did not wear the hijab in the 1960s and 1970s. [190] (#cite_note-190) [186] (#cite_note-unveiling-186) At Kuwait University (/wiki/Kuwait_University) throughout the 1960s and most of the 1970s, miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) were more common than the hijab. [191] (#cite_note-191) This development gradually turned around due to the growing Islamization of Kuwaiti society, which made veiling the norm again by the mid-to-late 1990s. [188] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-188) In 1978, Sheikha (/wiki/Sheikh) Latifa Al-Sabah, then-wife [192] (#cite_note-192) of Emir Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah (/wiki/Saad_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah) , established the Islamic Care Association, seeking to spread Islam along with the associated lifestyle and conduct of Muslim life. [193] (#cite_note-193) [194] (#cite_note-194) However in recent decades, an increasing number of Kuwaiti women have been unveiling or choosing to not wear the hijab; [195] (#cite_note-195) [196] (#cite_note-196) [197] (#cite_note-197) including the daughter of Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood leader Tareq Al-Suwaidan (/wiki/Tareq_Al-Suwaidan) . [198] (#cite_note-198) As the first Kuwaiti women in parliament, Rola Dashti (/wiki/Rola_Dashti) and Aseel al-Awadhi (/wiki/Aseel_al-Awadhi) did not wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) when they took their seats as MPs in the National Assembly in 2008. This decision was criticized by several Islamist (/wiki/Islamist) MPs, including Ali al-Omair (/wiki/Ali_al-Omair) . In 2009, Kuwait's top court officially ruled that veiling is optional not mandatory among Kuwaiti women MPs in parliament. [199] (#cite_note-199) Kyrgyzstan [ edit ] The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of hijab , and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) . Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks (/wiki/Uzbeks) ) used to wear the paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , while others ( Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) , Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs (/wiki/Kazakhs) , Turkmens (/wiki/Turkmens) , etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word hijab . In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) , initiated by Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) , to remove all manifestations of gender inequality (/wiki/Gender_inequality) , especially on the systems of female veiling (/wiki/Veil) and seclusion practiced in Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [183] (#cite_note-Subaltern-183) Some schools reportedly banned Muslim students from attending classes in 2011 and 2012 over their headscarf. A school in Kara-Suu (/wiki/Kara-Suu) officially banned wearing the hijab for classes in 2015. [200] (#cite_note-200) Lebanon [ edit ] There is no law requiring the veiling of women in Lebanon, and women are free to dress as they wish. Many women choose not to veil. It must be noted, however, that 32.4% of Lebanon's population is in fact Christian. [201] (#cite_note-201) The feminist pioneer Anbara Salam Khalidi (/wiki/Anbara_Salam_Khalidi) removed her veil in public in 1927, and has been called the first Muslim woman in Lebanon to publicly abandon the veil. [202] (#cite_note-amazon-202) [203] (#cite_note-salaam-203) An important event in the growing trend of unveiling among upper-class women in Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s was the publication of al-Sufur wa-l-hijab by Nazira Zeineddine (/wiki/Nazira_Zeineddine) in 1928, which did not consider veiling necessary. [204] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-204) Malaysia [ edit ] Young Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysia) woman wearing a hijab The headscarf is known as a tudung (/wiki/Tudung) , which simply means "cover". (The word is used with that meaning in other contexts, e.g. tudung saji , a dish cover for food.) Muslim women may freely choose whether or not to wear the headscarf. The exception is when visiting a mosque, where the tudung must be worn; this requirement also includes non-Muslims. Although headscarves are permitted in government institutions, public servants are prohibited from wearing the full-facial veil or niqab . A judgment from the then- Supreme Court of Malaysia (/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia) in 1994 cites that the niqab , or purdah , "has nothing to do with (a woman's) constitutional right to profess and practise her Muslim religion", because Islam does not make it obligatory to cover the face. [205] (#cite_note-205) Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dress code which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes". [206] (#cite_note-206) [207] (#cite_note-Leongfashion-207) As of 2013 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , the vast majority of Muslim Malaysian (mostly ethnic Malay) women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_revolution) , [208] (#cite_note-Booconservative-208) and the places that had women in tudung tended to be rural areas. The usage of the tudung sharply increased after the 1970s, [207] (#cite_note-Leongfashion-207) as religious conservatism among Malay people in both Malaysia and Singapore increased. [209] (#cite_note-209) Several members of the Kelantan ulama (/wiki/Ulama) in the 1960s believed the hijab was not mandatory. [208] (#cite_note-Booconservative-208) By 2015, the Malaysian ulama believed this previous ' fatwa (/wiki/Fatwa) ' was un-Islamic. [210] (#cite_note-FernandezC-210) By 2015, Malaysia had a fashion industry related to the tudung. [208] (#cite_note-Booconservative-208) Malaysian activist Maryam Lee reportedly received vitriolic backlash and death threats in 2020 for criticizing what she saw as institutional patriarchy in Islam and speaking out about her decision to not wear the hijab. Malaysian authorities questioned her for possibly breaching a law against insulting the religion. [16] (#cite_note-:9-16) Maldives [ edit ] There are no laws in the Maldives that require women to cover their heads, but since the early 21st-century Maldivian women have typically worn hijab and niqab in public. Although the majority of Maldivian women wear the veil (/wiki/Veil) (2017), [211] (#cite_note-:0-211) this is a phenomenon experienced in the past two decades or so, as a response to increased religious conservatism. [212] (#cite_note-auto14-212) The Maldives became Muslim in the 12th-century but women did not veil: in 1337, the Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta (/wiki/Ibn_Battuta) expressed his dislike of the fact that the Muslim women of the Maldives did not veil [213] (#cite_note-213) and only wore a skirt (called feyli ) over the lower half of their bodies, and that he had no success in ordering them to cover up. [214] (#cite_note-auto10-214) With the exception of a failed attempt to force women to veil in the 17th-century, veiling continued to be uncommon in the Maldives until the 20th-century. [214] (#cite_note-auto10-214) From the 1980s onward, veiling started to become more common in the Maldives due to growing Islamic conservatism, and in the early 21st-century women and girls were put under growing social pressure to veil, resulting in hijab and black robes becoming common public wear by 2006. [212] (#cite_note-auto14-212) In 2007, the US Department of State (/wiki/US_Department_of_State) 's annual International Religious Freedom Report referenced one instance in which a female student was restricted from attending school for wearing a headscarf, despite civil servants wearing them at work without issue; [215] (#cite_note-215) [216] (#cite_note-216) conversely, there are reports of women being pressured into covering themselves by close relatives; [217] (#cite_note-217) of unveiled women being harassed, and of school girls being pressured to veil by their teachers. [212] (#cite_note-auto14-212) Women who refuse to wear a veil or decide to remove it face social stigma [211] (#cite_note-:0-211) from both their families and members of the public. [218] (#cite_note-218) Myanmar [ edit ] At a conference in Yangon (/wiki/Yangon) held by the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion on 21 June 2015, a group of monks locally called Ma Ba Tha (/wiki/Ma_Ba_Tha) declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", recommending the Burmese government to ban the wearing of hijabs by Muslim schoolgirls and to ban the butchering of animals on the Eid holiday. [219] (#cite_note-219) Oman [ edit ] An elderly woman in Oman wearing the Battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) The rules of modesty in Islamic culture require a woman to be modestly covered at all times, especially when traveling farther from the home. At home, the Omani woman wears a long dress to her knees along with ankle-length pants and a leeso, or scarf, covering her hair and neck. Multitudes of lively colored Jalabiyyas are also worn at home. Once outside the home, dress is varied according to regional tastes. For some of a more conservative religious background, the burqa (/wiki/Burqa) is expected to be worn to cover her face in the presence of other males, along with the wiqaya, or head scarf, and the abaya, an all-enveloping cloak revealing only her hands and feet. [220] (#cite_note-Wikan,_Unni_1982-220) Many women from varying regions of the Sultanate wear the scarf to cover only their hair. The cotton burqa is symbolic of the expectations of the ideal woman and act as a mark of respect to represent her modesty and honor as well as her status. The burqa, first worn by a young girl after her seven-day honeymoon, is on whenever she is in the presence of strangers or outside the home, covering most of her face from view. The highest and lowest classes of Omanis do not wear the burqa—the highest being the children and relatives of the Sultan and the lowest being the poorest women in the town. This makes the burqa a symbol of rank as well. Some burqa differ in regions and designs as well, varying in size, shape and color. The Quran, however, makes no references specific to the modern day burqa. [220] (#cite_note-Wikan,_Unni_1982-220) The abaya (/wiki/Abaya) is the conservative dress of choice, favored by women of most social classes and regions. The multitudes of designs and decadent embellishments on the modern day abaya (/wiki/Abaya) has allowed it to become a versatile clothing that can be made either plain or a fashion statement, in Oman and in other neighboring Islamic countries. Pakistan [ edit ] Benazir Bhutto (/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto) , former Prime Minister of Pakistan, wore a dupatta scarf. In Pakistan, hijab is not mandated by law. Most women wear a dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) as a headscarf and niqab and burqas are more common in the northwest, especially Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) . The purdah (/wiki/Purdah) for muslim upper- and middle-class women in India and later Pakistan, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence. [86] (#cite_note-auto6-86) The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of achieving a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s, Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled. [86] (#cite_note-auto6-86) During the Islamization policy of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq) from 1977 to 1988, women were highly encouraged to veil, and although no law of general compulsory veiling was introduced, all women employed by the federal government (including flight attendants and state television anchors), and university students were mandated to veil. [86] (#cite_note-auto6-86) [221] (#cite_note-221) In June 1988, General Zia decreed Sharia law as the supreme law of Pakistan. [222] (#cite_note-222) These regulations were repealed after the death of Zia-ul-Haq. In 2019, the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mandated a law requiring Burqa for female students, however it was reversed after backlash. [223] (#cite_note-223) Pulse Consultant’s research over ten years has found that among Pakistan's young urban female students aged 16–28 the dupatta was still the favourite form of covering, with 40% responding that they wear it, but those who choose hijab more than doubled, going from 9% in 2008 to 25% in 2018, while those observing no form of head covering at all in that demographic fell from 34% in 2008 to 8% in 2018. [224] (#cite_note-224) Philippines [ edit ] Filipino girl wearing a hijab Philippine law recognizes the right of Muslim women to wear headscarves including the hijab. The Commission on Human Rights (/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)) issued on CHR Advisory number 2013–002 on 8 August 2013, that its Gender Ombud affirms the human rights of Muslim women to wear hijab, burka, and niqabs as part of their freedom of expression and freedom of religion as a response to schools implementing a ban on wearing the headscarves. It cited the Magna Carta of Women, particularly Section 28 which states that "the state shall recognize and respect the rights of Moro and indigenous women to practice, promote, protect, and preserve their own culture, traditions, and institutions and to consider these rights in the formulation and implementation of national policies and programs." [225] (#cite_note-225) The Armed Forces of the Philippines (/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines) , Philippine Coast Guard (/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard) , and Philippine National Police (/wiki/Philippine_National_Police) , and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (/wiki/Bureau_of_Jail_Management_and_Penology) allows its female Muslim personnel to wear headscarves as part of their official uniform. [226] (#cite_note-226) Qatar [ edit ] Women and men are expected to dress in a manner that is modest, but the dress code is generally driven by social customs and is more relaxed in comparison to other nations in the region. Qatari women generally wear customary dresses that include "long black robes" and black head cover "hijab", locally called bo'shiya . [227] (#cite_note-227) [228] (#cite_note-ABC-228) However, the more traditional Sunni Muslim clothing for women are the black colored body covering known as the abayah (/wiki/Abayah) together with the black scarf used for covering their heads known as the shayla. [229] (#cite_note-Hilal-229) The Abaya and Shayla is expected to be worn by Qatari women. Women who do not comply may face harsh consequences by their families or spouses. It is believed that Qatari women began using face masks in the 19th century amid substantial immigration. As they had no practical ways of concealing their faces from foreigners, they began wearing the same type of face mask as their Persian counterparts. [230] (#cite_note-230) Saudi Arabia [ edit ] Until the Islamic revivalism which occurred in Saudi Arabia after the Grand Mosque seizure (/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure) in 1979, there were no legal requirements for women to veil. In the king Faisal era (1964-1975), women's access to education, work and public visibility expanded, [231] (#cite_note-auto16-231) and in the 1970s, some women went unveiled [232] (#cite_note-232) and appeared in public without an abaya (/wiki/Abaya) or niqab. [233] (#cite_note-segregation-debate-233) [234] (#cite_note-wright-234) After the Grand Mosque seizure of 1979, this changed, and it became mandatory for women to veil in public. [231] (#cite_note-auto16-231) According to some popular Salafi (/wiki/Salafi_movement) scholars, a woman is to cover her entire body, including her face and hands, in front of unrelated men. Hence, the vast majority of traditional Saudi women were expected on a social standing to cover their body and hair in public. [235] (#cite_note-auto13-235) The Saudi niqāb usually leaves a long open slot for the eyes; the slot is held together by a string or narrow strip of cloth. [236] (#cite_note-236) After 2018, covering has become more relaxed. [235] (#cite_note-auto13-235) Until 2018, the Saudi Arabian dress code required all women, local and foreign, to wear an abaya (/wiki/Abaya) , a garment that only covers the body and arms in public. [237] (#cite_note-237) [238] (#cite_note-238) In 2018, it was made clear that the hijab or any other form of headcovering were no longer legally required in Saudi Arabia. According to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) , women are not required to cover their heads or wear the abaya, provided their clothing is "decent and respectful." [239] (#cite_note-239) Although the hijab is not compulsory, it is expected to be worn in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. [240] (#cite_note-240) Sri Lanka [ edit ] A Sri Lankan MP called for both burqa (/wiki/Burqa) and niqab (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) to be banned from the country in wake of the Easter terror attack (/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings) which happened on 21 April 2019 during a local parliamentary session. [241] (#cite_note-241) [242] (#cite_note-242) [243] (#cite_note-243) The Sri Lankan government banned all types of clothing covering the face, including the burqa and niqab, on 29 April 2019. [244] (#cite_note-244) Syria [ edit ] Women in hijabs, Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria During a famous demonstration by women against the French Colonial regime in Syria in 1922, the women protesting removed their veils in public. During the 1920s, upper-class women in Syria started to appear unveiled in public, which caused great opposition from religious conservatives, who sometimes attacked unveiled women with acid. [204] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-204) An important event in the growing trend of unveiling among upper-class women in Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s was the publication of al-Sufur wa-l-hijab by Nazira Zeineddine (/wiki/Nazira_Zeineddine) in 1928, which did not consider veiling to be Islamically necessary. [204] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-204) In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at universities (/wiki/University) . The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria. [245] (#cite_note-245) However, the ban strictly addresses veils that cover the head and mouth, and does not include hijabs, or headscarfs, which many Syrian women wear. [246] (#cite_note-246) Tajikistan [ edit ] Tajik woman wearing a Hijab The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of hijab , and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) . Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks (/wiki/Uzbeks) ) used to wear the paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , while others ( Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) , Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs (/wiki/Kazakhs) , Turkmens (/wiki/Turkmens) , etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word hijab . In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) , initiated by Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) , to remove all manifestations of gender inequality (/wiki/Gender_inequality) , especially on the systems of female veiling (/wiki/Veil) and seclusion practiced in Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [183] (#cite_note-Subaltern-183) In 2017, the government of Tajikistan (/wiki/Tajikistan) passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head. [247] (#cite_note-247) Tajik authorities have reportedly enforced this with warnings, fines, sacking from employment, or refusal of services in hospitals and schools. [248] (#cite_note-248) On 19 June 2024, the Majlisi Milli, the upper house of the National Assembly of Tajikistan (/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan) , approved a bill banning hijab , prohibiting citizens and legal entities [249] (#cite_note-249) from the "import, sale, promotion and wearing of clothing foreign to the national culture". This bill had previously been approved by the Majlisi Namoyandagon (/wiki/Majlisi_Namoyandagon) , the lower house, on 8 May. [250] (#cite_note-250) [251] (#cite_note-251) United Arab Emirates [ edit ] There are no law banning or mandating veiling in the United Arab Emirates. In practice however women are expected to dress defined as "modest" and it is common for Emirati women to wear abaya and cover their head with a hijab or shayla, although the traditional face cover known as battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) became less common in the 21st-century. Uzbekistan [ edit ] Photograph of a veil-burning ceremony in Uzbekistan in 1920s The word "hijab" was used only for certain style of hijab , and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) . Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks (/wiki/Uzbeks) ) used to wear the paranja (/wiki/Paranja) , while others ( Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) , Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs (/wiki/Kazakhs) , Turkmens (/wiki/Turkmens) , etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word hijab . In the 1920s during the Soviet era, a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) , initiated by Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) , to remove all manifestations of gender inequality (/wiki/Gender_inequality) , especially on the systems of female veiling (/wiki/Veil) and seclusion practiced in Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [183] (#cite_note-Subaltern-183) Uzbek authorities in 2012 reportedly prohibited the selling of religious clothing, specifically hijabs and face veil, at several Tashkent markets following a secretive ban on their sales. [252] (#cite_note-252) An Uzbek imam was sacked in 2018 after he urged President Shavkat Mirziyoyev (/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev) to lift a ban on personal religious symbols including hijabs. [253] (#cite_note-253) Yemen [ edit ] In 1956 the Adeni Women's Club (/wiki/Adeni_Women%27s_Club) engaged in favor of unveiling on the initiative of Radhia Ihsan (/wiki/Radhia_Ihsan) , when six unveiled women, followed by about thirty unveiled women by car, attended a procession through the streets of Aden to the office of the news papers al-Ayyam (/wiki/Al-Ayyam_(Yemen)) and Fatat al-jazira (/w/index.php?title=Fatat_al-jazira&action=edit&redlink=1) , were they issued a press statement condemning the veil as a hindrance against the participation of women in public society. [254] (#cite_note-ReferenceC-254) After the foundation of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen) in 1967, the General Union of Yemeni Women (/wiki/General_Union_of_Yemeni_Women) supported unveiling and women's rights in all spheres, though the policies they introduced in South Yemen was reversed after the Yemeni Unification in the 1990s. [254] (#cite_note-ReferenceC-254) Although there is no dress code that legally forces veiling upon women in Yemen, the abaya and niqab are social norms in Yemen and are worn by girls from a young age. In some areas, the hijab is part of school uniforms. Yemeni women who choose to not wear headscarves are at risk of oppression. [255] (#cite_note-255) When Nobel Peace Laureate Tawakkol Karman (/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman) was asked by journalists about her hijab with regard to her intellect and education, she replied, "man in early times was almost naked, and as his intellect evolved he started wearing clothes. What I am today and what I'm wearing represents the highest level of thought and civilization that man has achieved, and is not regressive. It's the removal of clothes again that is regressive back to ancient times." [256] (#cite_note-256) Europe [ edit ] Main article: Islamic dress in Europe (/wiki/Islamic_dress_in_Europe) European Commissioner Franco Frattini (/wiki/Franco_Frattini) said in November 2006, that he did not favor a ban on the burqa . [257] (#cite_note-257) This was considered to be the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) , the executive of the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) . Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies (/wiki/Parallel_society) , and the failure of integration (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) : in 2006, British Prime Minister Tony Blair (/wiki/Tony_Blair) described the face veil as a "mark of separation". [258] (#cite_note-258) Proposals to ban hijab may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions, with Dutch politician Geert Wilders (/wiki/Geert_Wilders) proposing a ban on hijab , on Islamic schools (/wiki/Madrasah) , the Quran (/wiki/Quran) , on new mosques (/wiki/Mosques) , and on non-western immigration. In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state (/wiki/Sovereign_state) , and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. In Turkey, bans previously applied at state institutions (courts, civil service (/wiki/Civil_service) ) and in state-funded education, but were progressively lifted during the tenure of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan) . In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools, [259] (#cite_note-french-headscarf-ban-259) but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved [260] (#cite_note-260) ). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although law court (/wiki/Law_court) staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'. An apparently less politicized argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" ( niqab ) may be justified on the grounds that being able to see facial expressions (/wiki/Facial_expression) and making eye contact (/wiki/Eye_contact) can be helpful in communicating. This argument has featured prominently in judgments (/wiki/Employment_tribunal) in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing. [ citation needed ] Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of civil liberties (/wiki/Civil_liberties) , as a slippery slope (/wiki/Slippery_slope) leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs". [261] (#cite_note-261) In another poll in the UK by Ipsos MORI (/wiki/MORI) , 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it. [262] (#cite_note-262) In a later FT-Harris poll conducted in 2010 after the French ban on face covering went into effect, an overwhelming majority in Italy, Spain, Germany, and the UK supported passing such bans in their own countries. [263] (#cite_note-263) The headscarf is perceived to be a symbol of the clash of civilizations by many. Others would also argue that the increase of laws surrounding the banning of headscarves and other religious paraphernalia has led to an increase in not just the sales of headscarves and niqabs , but an increase in the current religiosity of the Muslim population in Europe: as both a product of and a reaction to westernization. [264] (#cite_note-264) According to a 2017 ruling by the European Court of Justice on a case involving two Belgian women, employers in the EU may restrict the wearing of religious symbols if such regulations on appearance are applied consistently. [265] (#cite_note-265) [266] (#cite_note-266) The court ruled again on a 2021 case from Germany that EU companies could ban employees from wearing religious symbols, including headscarves, to present a "neutral image". [267] (#cite_note-267) Albania [ edit ] When Albania became independent in 1920, it was declared to be secular country, and veiling were regarded as not only a symbol of religious power but also as a symbol of the gender segregation and isolation of women from society which constituted a wasted societal resource. [70] (#cite_note-books.google.se-70) A ban was introduced in 1929, but not enshrined in law until 1937. [268] (#cite_note-268) King Zogu I (/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania) initiated a number of reforms in women's rights as a part of his modernization policy, which were enforced via the local branches of a national women's organization (/wiki/Gruaja_Shqiptare) , and one of these reforms were a ban on veiling which was introduced in 1937. [70] (#cite_note-books.google.se-70) The veil ban in Albanian was not aggressively enforced, since this was not seen as effective, but through persuasion, campaigns by the women's organization (/wiki/Gruaja_Shqiptare) , and by the king's sisters, who acted as role models by appearing unveiled. [70] (#cite_note-books.google.se-70) Unveiling was finally fully accomplished during the Communist era. Austria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Austria (/wiki/Islam_in_Austria) "Liebende Eltern (Loving parents)", painting about the discussion about the face-covering clothing, showing Austrian chancellor Sebastian Kurz (/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz) , vice chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache (/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache) and a little Muslim child by Matthias Laurenz Gräff (/wiki/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff) (2018) In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering clothing was adopted by the Austrian (/wiki/Austria) parliament. [269] (#cite_note-269) [270] (#cite_note-270) Headscarves were also banned in 2019 from primary schools, but Kippas worn by Jewish boys and the turban worn by Sikh boys were exempted in the legislature. [271] (#cite_note-271) In 2019, Austria banned the hijab in schools (/wiki/Education_in_Austria#Grundschule) for children up to ten years of age. The Austrian legislators said their motivation was promoting equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs, and parents who send their child to school with a headscarf would be fined €440 ($427 or £386 as of 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) ). [272] (#cite_note-272) In 2020 however, the law was overturned by the constitutional court after it was found to be unconstitutional. The court said the legislature was required to treat various religious convictions equally, because the ban did not apply to the Jewish Kippa or to the turban worn by Sikh males. [273] (#cite_note-273) Arab visitors to Zell am See (/wiki/Zell_am_See) in 2014 were issued brochures by local authorities urging them to take off any burqas . [274] (#cite_note-274) Azerbaijan [ edit ] Veil as a part of woman's wardrobe was the trait of all cities where trade was developing. The anti-veil movement was initially started in 1908 in Baku (/wiki/Baku) by liberal bourgeoisie well before the Soviet Hujum (/wiki/Hujum) in 1927. However, the anti-veil protests were suppressed by Islamic clergy, causing a major setback. While some women stopped wearing the veil then, many still wore the veil out of social pressure. [275] (#cite_note-:0a-275) A prominent Azeri women's organization based in Baku, the Ali Bayramov Club (/wiki/Ali_Bayramov_Club) , successfully participated in the campaign to encourage women to take off the veil. [275] (#cite_note-:0a-275) The Statue of a Liberated Woman (/wiki/Statue_of_a_Liberated_Woman) was erected in memory over the abolition of mandatory hijab. With Azerbaijan's secular tradition, there has reportedly been a general perception in the country linking the hijab with extremism. Many covered women have reported experiencing job discrimination. [276] (#cite_note-276) Belgium [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Belgium (/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium) As of 2015 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the niqab or burqa . On 11 July 2017, the European Court of Human Rights upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face veils. [277] (#cite_note-auto2-277) Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] Šemsa Kadić (/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0emsa_Kadi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1) , demonstratively took off her niqāb at the second congress of the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) in Sarajevo, 1947 Bosnia and Herzegovina is officially a secular country. During the regime of the SFR Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) the traditional face veil ( Bosnian: Zar ) was officially banned in 1950. [278] (#cite_note-278) Communist SFR Yugoslavia assigned the Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia) (AFZ) to campaign in favor of the abolition of the veil in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosova in 1947 [279] (#cite_note-auto4-279) because of the Socialist ideal of gender equality. [280] (#cite_note-auto5-280) The campaign was met with opposition from the rural imams, but were supported by the General Assembly of the Islamic Community (/w/index.php?title=General_Assembly_of_the_Islamic_Community&action=edit&redlink=1) , who stated that hijab and veiling were not necessary within Islam [279] (#cite_note-auto4-279) and that Islam did not ban women from appearing unveiled in public, and during the campaign in 1947-50 most women in Sarajevo stopped wearing the veil. [280] (#cite_note-auto5-280) However the campaign had little success outside of Sarajevo, and therefore a ban was introduced against the veil on 28 September 1950, a ban which was followed by Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia as well. [281] (#cite_note-281) During the 1960s the hijab and other forms of religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) were banned for both men ( fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) and turbans (/wiki/Turban) ) and women. Since Bosnia's independence in 1992 the ban was lifted. Today, the number of Muslim women wearing the hijab has grown after the end of the SFR Yugoslavia, but they still do face discrimination. In 2016, the hijab and other religious symbols were banned from courts and other institutions but were faced with protests from Muslim women on 7 February 2016. [282] (#cite_note-282) The law still exists in a minority of cantons and has been criticized by the Muslim population. Today, in these cantons, female Muslim lawyers, prosecutors, and others employed in judicial institutions cannot wear the hijab to work. Bulgaria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Bulgaria (/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria) Elderly Pomak (/wiki/Pomaks) women in Bulgaria In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering clothing in public was adopted by the Bulgarian (/wiki/Bulgaria) parliament. [17] (#cite_note-auto7-17) The Bulgarian parliament enacted the ban on the basis of security concerns; however, the ban stimulated conflict as 10 percent of the country's population identifies as Muslim. Women who violate the burqa ban face fines up to €770 ($747 or £676 as of 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) ) and have their social security benefits suspended. [283] (#cite_note-283) Denmark [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Denmark (/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark) In late 2017, the Danish (/wiki/Denmark) government considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability". [284] (#cite_note-284) The proposal was met with support from the three largest political parties [285] (#cite_note-285) and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming § 134 c of the Danish Penal Code (/wiki/Danish_Penal_Code) , stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g., sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades etc.). [286] (#cite_note-286) [287] (#cite_note-287) The law came into force on 1 August 2018. On the first day of the implementation of the burqa ban, hundreds of protesters rallied wearing face veils in public. According to the ban, wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1,000 kroner (/wiki/Danish_krone) ($130, €134, or £118 as of 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) ) in case of first time offences, rising to 10,000 kr. ($1,300, €1,340, or £1,180 as of 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) ) in case of the fourth offence. [288] (#cite_note-288) [289] (#cite_note-289) Under the ban, police are instructed to order women to remove their veils or to leave the public space. Police officers that fail to obey the orders of the ban are subject to be fined. France [ edit ] Main article: Islam in France (/wiki/Islam_in_France) France is a secular country. One of the key principles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State (/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State) is the freedom of religious exercise. Therefore, this law prohibited public servants from wearing any religious signs during work. In 1994, the French Ministry for Education sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the Islamic veil (specified as hijab, niqab, and burka) in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics, [290] (#cite_note-290) a higher proportion of girls of Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school, bringing their graduation rates closer to the non-Muslim female cohort. Having a "Muslim background" was defined as having an immigrant father from a predominantly Muslim country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents with a foreign cultural background in forming their own identity". Males in the Muslim group also had a lower graduation rate than males in the non-Muslim group. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study concluded that for the French context, the "implementation of more restrictive policies in French public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students". [291] (#cite_note-291) In 2004, the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools (/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools) banned most religious signs, including the hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law went against religious freedom and was racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men. In 2010, a ban on face covering (/wiki/French_ban_on_face_covering) , [292] (#cite_note-292) targeting especially women wearing chador (/wiki/Chador) and burqa (/wiki/Burqa) , was adopted by the French Parliament. According to the Guardian, the "Burqa ban", was challenged and taken to the European Court of Human Rights (/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together". [293] (#cite_note-293) In 2013 "the applicant" stood outside Elysée Palace in niqab and subsequently received a criminal conviction. The French criminal courts noted in 2014 that the lower court was wrong to dismiss her rights covered under article 18 but dismissed her appeal. : 16 The French delegation argued that wearing face coverings violated the principle of "living together". Judges Angelika Nussberger (/wiki/Angelika_Nussberger) and Helena Jäderblom (/wiki/Helena_J%C3%A4derblom) dissented, calling the concept, "far-fetched and vague", : 61 going on to note that the very decision of declaring what a woman is allowed to wear was hypocritical and antithetical to the aim of protecting human rights. [294] (#cite_note-294) The committee came to the determination in 2018 that the case had been incorrectly dismissed after review by a single judge on the grounds that, "the conditions of admissibility laid down in articles 34 and 35 of the Convention [had] not been met." Upon review the committee concluded that the applicants' human rights had been violated under article 18 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights) . : 13 The committee dismissed the notion of "living together" as a vague notion not protected under international law. [295] (#cite_note-295) A broader ban on hijab is regularly proposed by conservative and right-wing politicians. [296] (#cite_note-296) Such a broader ban would include a ban in public universities. However, presidents of universities and most student unions oppose such a ban. [297] (#cite_note-297) In May 2021, Emmanuel Macron (/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) 's party La République En Marche (/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!) barred a Muslim woman from running as one of its local election candidates because she wore a hijab for a photograph on a campaign flier. [298] (#cite_note-298) Germany [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Germany (/wiki/Islam_in_Germany) In 2017, a ban on face-covering clothing for soldiers and state workers during work was approved by German (/wiki/Germany) parliament. [299] (#cite_note-299) Due to rapid demographic changes in Germany following immigration from Muslim countries (/wiki/Muslim_world) , public debates ensued which among other topics concerned Islamic veils from the turn of the century onward. [300] (#cite_note-:8-300) In 2019, Susanne Schröter, an academic at Goethe University Frankfurt (/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt) planned a conference titled "The Islamic veil – Symbol of dignity or oppression?" which led to a group of students protesting that value judgments on the veil should not be made. The protestors criticized the invitation of journalist Alice Schwarzer (/wiki/Alice_Schwarzer) and publisher of feminist magazine EMMA (/wiki/EMMA_(magazine)) . Schröter is a noted critic of Islamic veils and argues that the veil restricts a woman's freedom and usually comes with a bundle of restrictions. Schröter was backed by the president of Frankfurt University who stressed that it is her job to organize academic conferences where diverse opinions can be voiced. The president of the German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Hochschulverband&action=edit&redlink=1) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Hochschulverband) ] argued that freedom of speech (/wiki/Freedom_of_speech) meant that controversial topics should be resolved by debate, not "boycotts, mobbing or violence". Members of the Uni gegen antimuslimischen Rassismus (English: "University against anti-Muslim racism") boycotted the conference due to their objections regarding the invited participants. [300] (#cite_note-:8-300) The Alternative for Germany (/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany) are the largest party in Germany that advocates a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places. Ireland [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Ireland (/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland) In 2018, Taoiseach (/wiki/Taoiseach) (Prime Minister) Leo Varadkar (/wiki/Leo_Varadkar) ruled out a burka ban in Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) , saying "I don't like it but I think people are entitled to wear what they want to wear. […] I believe in the freedom of religion (/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) . I don't agree with the doctrine of every religion or necessarily any religion, but I do believe in the freedom of religion." [301] (#cite_note-301) [302] (#cite_note-302) Kosovo [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Kosovo (/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo) Muslim woman with child in Prizren, Kosovo Since 2009, the hijab has been banned in public schools and universities or government buildings. [303] (#cite_note-303) In 2014, the first female parliamentarian with hijab was elected to the Kosovo parliament. [304] (#cite_note-304) Latvia [ edit ] In 2016, The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) reported that a legal ban of face-covering Islamic clothing was adopted by the Latvian (/wiki/Latvia) parliament. [305] (#cite_note-independent.co.uk-305) After long public discussions, draft legislation was approved by Latvian government on 22 August 2017; however, it was never adopted by the parliament as a law. [306] (#cite_note-306) Malta [ edit ] Malta has no restrictions on Islamic dressing such as the veil ( hijab (/wiki/Hijab) ) nor the full face veil ( burqa (/wiki/Burqa) or niqab (/wiki/Niqab) ), [307] (#cite_note-307) [308] (#cite_note-maltatoday.com.mt-308) however an official ban on face covering for religious reasons is ambiguous. [309] (#cite_note-309) However it is guaranteed that individuals are allowed to wear as they wish at their private homes and at the Mosque. [308] (#cite_note-maltatoday.com.mt-308) Imam El Sadi, from Mariam Al-Batool Mosque (/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque) , has said that the banning of the niqab and the burka "offends Muslim women". [310] (#cite_note-310) El Sadi said that the Maltese's "attitude towards Muslim women" is positive and despite cultural clashes their dressing is tolerated. [311] (#cite_note-311) Some Muslim women share the belief that it is sinful to be seen in public without veiling themselves, [312] (#cite_note-euroinfo.ee-312) [313] (#cite_note-timesofmalta1-313) however they are lawfully required to remove it when needed—such as for photos on identifications. [314] (#cite_note-Jørgen_Nielsen_2014_p.411-314) Netherlands [ edit ] Main article: Islam in the Netherlands (/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands) The States General of the Netherlands (/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands) enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", in January 2012. [315] (#cite_note-315) [316] (#cite_note-316) The burqa ban came into force on 1 August 2019 in schools, public transport, healthcare, and government buildings, but there are doubts over whether it will be applied in practice. [317] (#cite_note-317) Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) Mayor Femke Halsema (/wiki/Femke_Halsema) spoke out in her opposition of the law. She stated that removing someone wearing a burqa from public transport in the capital would not be fitting with current Dutch society. Chairman of the Dutch Public Transport Association Pedro Peters also voiced his opinion on the ban. Peters said: "You are not going to stop the bus for half an hour for someone wearing a burqa", waiting for the police to arrive; "we are also not allowed to refuse anyone because we have a transport obligation". [318] (#cite_note-French-318) Known officially as the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act, the act also details that those who refuse to uncover their faces may pay a fine of at least €150 ($146 or £132 as of 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) ) and can be arrested. [318] (#cite_note-French-318) Dutch police have also stated that enforcing the ban is not a priority, and that they likely would not respond to a complaint within a thirty-minute timeframe. [319] (#cite_note-319) The Dutch government has also come under fire for the "burqa ban" from certain members of the UN claiming it is discriminatory toward Muslim women. On 7 October 2019, Tendayi Achiume, the UN Special Rapporteur on racism, wrote a report questioning the perceived inclusivity of Dutch society and how that perception masks a reality of treating racial and ethnic minorities as foreign. Speaking about the "burqa ban" Achiume said "The political debate surrounding the adoption of this law makes plain its intended targeting of Muslim women, and even if this targeting was not the intent, it has certainly been the effect". [320] (#cite_note-320) In her report, Achiume also references a whistleblower (/wiki/Whistleblower) in the Hague police department. She said that this whistleblower raised concerns about a culture of racism and targeted discrimination within the police department, and the government must act quickly to combat it. [321] (#cite_note-321) Northern Cyprus [ edit ] Muslim Turkish-Cypriot (/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots) women wore traditional Islamic headscarves. [322] (#cite_note-Cypriot_Attire_Project-322) When leaving their homes, Muslim Cypriot women would cover their faces by pulling a corner of the headscarf across their nose and mouth, a custom recorded as early as 1769. [323] (#cite_note-323) Their head dress [...] consists of a collection of various handkerchiefs of muslim (/wiki/Muslim) , prettily shaped, so that they form a kind of casque (/wiki/Helmet) of a palm's height, with a pendant (/wiki/Pendant) behind to the end of which they attach another handkerchief folded in a triangle, and allowed to hang on their shoulders. When they go out of doors modesty (/wiki/Modesty) requires that they should take a corner and pull it in front to cover the chin, mouth and nose. The greater part of the hair remains under the ornaments mentioned above, except on the forehead where it is divided into two locks, which are led along the temples to the ears, and the ends are allowed to hang loose behind over the shoulders. — Giovanni Mariti, Travels in the Island of Cyprus , 1769, though it should be remembered Mariti is describing general Cypriot women's dress, and not Muslim Cypriot dress specifically In accordance with the islands' strict moral code, Turkish Cypriot women also wore long skirts or pantaloons (/wiki/Trousers) in order to cover the soles of their feet. Most men covered their heads with either a headscarf (similar to a wrapped keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) , "a form of turban (/wiki/Turban) " [324] (#cite_note-324) ) or a fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) . Turbans have been worn by Cypriot men since ancient times and were recorded by Herodotus (/wiki/Herodotus) , during the Persian rule (/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus) of the island, to demonstrate their " oriental (/wiki/Oriental) " customs compared to Greeks (/wiki/Greeks) . [325] (#cite_note-325) Following the globalization (/wiki/Globalization) of the island, however, many younger Sunni Muslim Turkish-Cypriots abandoned wearing traditional dress, such as headscarves. [326] (#cite_note-326) Yet they are still worn by older Muslim Cypriot women. Until the removal of ban on headscarf in universities in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) in 2008, [327] (#cite_note-327) women from Turkey moved to study in Northern Cyprus (/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) since many universities there did not apply any ban on headscarf. [328] (#cite_note-328) Whilst many Turkish Cypriot women no longer wear headscarves, recent immigrants from Turkey, settled in villages in Northern Cyprus, do. [329] (#cite_note-329) Norway [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Norway (/wiki/Islam_in_Norway) In 2018 the Norwegian parliament voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities. [330] (#cite_note-330) [331] (#cite_note-331) In April 2019, the Telia telecom company (/wiki/Telia_Company) received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off her hijab (/wiki/Hijab) in a commercial. Although the police did not evaluate the threat as likely to be carried out, delivering threats is still a crime in Norway. [332] (#cite_note-332) [333] (#cite_note-333) Russia [ edit ] Russia's Stavropol (/wiki/Stavropol) region has a ban on hijabs in schools since 2012, the first of its kind imposed by a region in the Russian Federation. The ruling was upheld by Russia's Supreme Court in July 2013. The hijab is prevalent in North Caucasus republics such as Chechnya (/wiki/Chechnya) and Dagestan (/wiki/Dagestan) and less prevalent in Tatarstan (/wiki/Tatarstan) . [334] (#cite_note-334) [335] (#cite_note-335) [336] (#cite_note-336) Sweden [ edit ] In December 2019, the municipality of Skurup (/wiki/Skurup) banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, the municipality of Staffanstorp (/wiki/Staffanstorp) approved a similar ban. [337] (#cite_note-337) Switzerland [ edit ] In a referendum on 7 March 2021, Swiss voters approved a nationwide ban on the burqa, with over 51 percent of the electorate supporting it. [338] (#cite_note-338) Earlier, in September 2013, a constitutional referendum in the Canton of Ticino (/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino) on a popular initiative (/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)) banning full-face veils was approved with 66.2 percent of the vote. [339] (#cite_note-339) In May 2017, the Landsgemeinde (/wiki/Landsgemeinde) in the Canton of Glarus (/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus) rejected adopting a similar measure with about two-thirds of the vote. [340] (#cite_note-340) In September 2018, the Canton of St Gallen (/wiki/Canton_of_St_Gallen) become the second canton in Switzerland to vote in favor of a ban on facial coverings in public with two-thirds casting a ballot in favor. [341] (#cite_note-341) Turkey [ edit ] Main article: Headscarf controversy in Turkey (/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey) Turkish women with hijab Mustafa Kemal (/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk) had the ambition to transform Turkey into a new modern secular nation. In 1925, the Turkish government introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law, [342] (#cite_note-342) and in the same year, it banned Mahmud II (/wiki/Mahmud_II) 's reformation hat for men to be Westernise, [343] (#cite_note-343) the fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) . [344] (#cite_note-344) In 1928, the Turkish government removed the official religion provision from the constitution. [345] (#cite_note-345) Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion, but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men, he never introduced a ban against the hijab. [346] (#cite_note-ReferenceD-346) However, he appeared in public with his wife Latife Uşaki (/wiki/Latife_U%C5%9Faki) unveiled, and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance where men and women could mingle, to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing, and in the mid-1920s, upper- and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public. [346] (#cite_note-ReferenceD-346) Turkey is officially a secular state (/wiki/Secular_state) , and the hijab was banned in universities and public buildings from 1981 until late 2013; this included libraries or government buildings. The ban was first in place during the 1980 military coup (/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) , but the law was strengthened in 1997. There has been some unofficial relaxation of the ban under governments led by the conservative Justice and Development Party (/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)) (AKP) in recent years: [41] (#cite_note-hijabworld-41) for example, the current government of the AKP is willing to lift the ban in universities. However, the new law was upheld by the constitutional court (/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey) . [ needs update ] Some researchers [ who? ] claim that about 55 to 60 percent of Turkish women cover their heads. A number of women wear a headscarf for cultural reasons; that cultural headscarf is used by women that work under the sun to protect their heads from sunburn. [347] (#cite_note-347) In cities like Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) and Ankara (/wiki/Ankara) about a half of women cover their heads. [348] (#cite_note-348) In the cities in eastern Turkey, more women cover their heads. [349] (#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-349) [350] (#cite_note-salon.com-350) On 7 February 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek an education if they could not wear the hijab . [351] (#cite_note-351) [352] (#cite_note-352) [353] (#cite_note-wp-353) The decision was met with powerful opposition and protests from secularists (/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey) . On 5 June 2008, the Constitutional Court of Turkey (/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey) reinstated the ban on constitutional grounds relating to the secularity of the state. [354] (#cite_note-354) Headscarves had become a focal point of the conflict between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claim this maintains Turkey's separation of state and religion. In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stands through court decisions. [355] (#cite_note-355) The ban on wearing hijab in high schools ended in 2014. [9] (#cite_note-news24.com-9) In March 2017, the Ministry of Defence in Ankara announced a change in rules to allow women in the armed forces to wear headscarves with their uniforms, which sparked concerns from secularists over creeping Islamisation (/wiki/Islamization) of the military. [356] (#cite_note-356) In October 2022, Turkey's government and opposition both pledged legal steps to establish women's right to wear Islamic headscarves, bringing an issue that previously caused severe splits back to the forefront of political discourse ahead of following year's elections. [357] (#cite_note-357) The recommendations came as President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan) 's governing AK Party and the opposition pushed policy ideas ahead of 2023 Turkish presidential election (/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election) . [358] (#cite_note-358) In March 2023, a large, nationally representative research study conduced by Turkish academics found out that 73% of the Turkish women over 18 wear a headscarf in a form or the other. [359] (#cite_note-359) United Kingdom [ edit ] See also: Islam in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom) and British debate over veils (/wiki/British_debate_over_veils) The UK has no specific legislation prohibiting any form of traditional Islamic dress. In some cases, hijabs are worn by young girls from age 6–8. [360] (#cite_note-360) [361] (#cite_note-361) The UK Independence Party (/wiki/UK_Independence_Party) (UKIP) has had a policy to ban full-facial coverings since 2010, while the British National Party (/wiki/British_National_Party) (BNP) favoured banning it only in schools. [362] (#cite_note-362) In 2014, UKIP clarified their stance, favouring only a ban at schools and places where security is a concern, while the BNP are now in favour of a total ban. [363] (#cite_note-363) [364] (#cite_note-364) In 2013, the Conservative Government under David Cameron responded to a 'Ban the Burqa' petition by affirming that "the Government does not support a general ban on the wearing of the niqab or other face coverings in public. Such a proscriptive approach would be out of keeping with our nation's longstanding record of tolerance and freedom of expression. Women should have the freedom to choose what to wear". [365] (#cite_note-365) North America [ edit ] Canada [ edit ] See also: Islam in Canada (/wiki/Islam_in_Canada) and Hijab controversy in Quebec (/wiki/Hijab_controversy_in_Quebec) Most Muslim women in Canada wear some form of Islamic head-covering based on the available data. In a 2016 Environics poll, 73% of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , 13% wear chador (/wiki/Chador) and 2% wear niqab (/wiki/Niqab) ). Wearing a head covering in public had also increased since the 2006 survey. [366] (#cite_note-poll-366) On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration issued a decree banning the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the hijab was not affected. [367] (#cite_note-367) This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful. Mohamed Elmasry (/wiki/Mohamed_Elmasry) , a controversial (/wiki/Mohamed_Elmasry#Opinions_and_Public_Statements) former president of the Canadian Islamic Congress (/wiki/Canadian_Islamic_Congress) (CIC), has claimed that only a small minority of Muslim Canadian women actually wear these types of clothing. He has also said that women should be free to choose, as a matter of culture and not religion, whether they wear it. [368] (#cite_note-cbc-news-368) The CIC criticized a proposed law that would have required voters to show their faces before being allowed to cast ballots. The group described the idea as unnecessary, arguing that it would only promote discrimination against Muslims and provide "political mileage among Islamophobes". [369] (#cite_note-369) In February 2007, soccer player Asmahan Mansour, part of the team Nepean U12 Hotspurs, was expelled from a Quebec tournament for wearing her headscarf. Quebec soccer referees also ejected an 11-year-old Ottawa girl while she was watching a match. [370] (#cite_note-370) In November 2013, a bill commonly referred to as the Quebec Charter of Values (/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Values) was introduced in the National Assembly of Quebec (/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec) by the Parti Québécois (/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois) that would ban overt religious symbols in the Quebec public service. Thus would include universities, hospitals, and public or publicly funded schools and daycares (/wiki/Daycare) . [371] (#cite_note-371) Criticism of this decision came from The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) newspaper, saying that such clothing, as worn by "2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkul Karman (/wiki/Tawakkul_Karman) ", was "Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec". [372] (#cite_note-372) In 2014 however, the ruling Parti Québécois was defeated by the Liberal Party of Quebec (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Quebec) and no legislation was enacted regarding religious symbols. In October 2017, Bill 62, a Quebec ban on face covering (/wiki/Quebec_ban_on_face_covering) , made headlines. As of July 2018 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms) . It was first suspended in December 2017. [373] (#cite_note-373) [374] (#cite_note-374) [375] (#cite_note-375) With regards to public opinion, a 27 October 2017 Ipsos (/wiki/Ipsos) poll found that 76 percent of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24 percent opposing it. The same survey found the 68 percent of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada. [376] (#cite_note-376) A 27 October Angus Reid Institute (/wiki/Angus_Reid_(market_research)) poll found that 70 percent Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30 percent opposing it. [377] (#cite_note-377) As of June 2019 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) , wearing religious symbols is prohibited for all public servants in positions of authority in Quebec: police, judges and teachers. People such as Tarek Fatah (/wiki/Tarek_Fatah) [378] (#cite_note-378) [379] (#cite_note-379) [380] (#cite_note-380) and Ensaf Haidar (/wiki/Ensaf_Haidar) [381] (#cite_note-381) have called on the burka to be banned. Mexico [ edit ] See also: Islam in Mexico (/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit&section=) . ( July 2011 ) There is no ban on any Muslim clothing items. The first article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (/wiki/Political_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States) protects people against discrimination based on several matters including religion, ethnic origin and national origin. [382] (#cite_note-Mexconst-382) Article 6 of the Constitution grants Libertad de Expresión (freedom of expression) to all Mexicans which includes the way people choose to dress. [382] (#cite_note-Mexconst-382) The Muslim community is a minority; according to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life there were about 3,700 Muslims in Mexico (/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico) as of 2010, representing 0.003 percent of the total population. [383] (#cite_note-383) There is an almost complete lack of knowledge of Islam in Mexico, [ citation needed ] and any interest is more out of curiosity and tolerance than hatred or racism. [384] (#cite_note-384) Some Muslims suggest that it is easier to fit in if they are lax with the rules of their religion, for example by wearing regular clothing. [385] (#cite_note-385) Muslim women's clothing can vary from non-Muslim clothing to a hijab or a chador . United States [ edit ] Portrait of Ilhan Omar (/wiki/Ilhan_Omar) , a prominent hijab-wearing US politician See also: Islam in the United States (/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States) Hijab is commonly worn by Muslim women in the United States, and is a very distinctive cultural feature of Muslims in America. According to a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women wear hijab with 36% reporting wearing hijab whenever they were in public and an additional 24% indicating they wore it most or some of the time; only 40% indicated that they never wore the headcover. [386] (#cite_note-386) Contrary to popular beliefs about assimilation, the study found that the number of women wearing hijab was in fact higher among native-born Muslim women compared to first-generation Muslim immigrants. [387] (#cite_note-387) In the 1990s, however, hijabs were not commonly seen in the United States, as overt Islamization became more apparent only during the 21st century. [29] (#cite_note-ODonnellHarvard-29) The people of the United States have a firm constitutional protection (/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_Constitution) of freedom of speech (/wiki/Freedom_of_Speech_in_the_United_States) from government interference that includes clothing items, as described by Supreme Court (/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court) cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines (/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines) . [388] (#cite_note-388) As such, a ban on Islamic clothing is considered presumptively invalid by US sociopolitical commentators such as Mona Charen (/wiki/Mona_Charen) of National Review (/wiki/National_Review) . [389] (#cite_note-389) Journalist Howard LaFranchi of The Christian Science Monitor (/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor) has referred to "the traditional American respect for different cultural communities and religions under the broad umbrella of universal freedoms" as forbidding the banning of Islamic dress. In his prominent June 2009 speech to the Muslim World (/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_at_Cairo_University,_2009) in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) , President (/wiki/POTUS) Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) called on the West (/wiki/Western_World) "to avoid dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear" and elaborated that such rules involve "hostility" towards Muslims in "the pretense of liberalism (/wiki/Liberalism) ". [390] (#cite_note-390) Most gyms, fitness clubs, and other workout facilities in the United States are mixed-sex, so exercise (/wiki/Exercise) without a hijab or burqa can be difficult for many observant Muslim women. Maria Omar, director of media relations for the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA), has advised Muslim women to avoid these complexes entirely. Some women decide to wear something colloquially (/wiki/Colloquially) known as the "sports hijab ". Similarly, Muslim women may feel uncomfortable around other women with traditionally revealing American outfits, especially during the summer " bikini (/wiki/Bikini) season". An outfit colloquially known as the burqini (/wiki/Burqini) allows Muslim women to swim without displaying any significant amount of skin. [391] (#cite_note-391) Despite perceptions of social discrimination against Muslim women, there are no legal restrictions on Islamic modesty garb in the United States, due to universal religious freedom protections in American law. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) ruled against Abercrombie and Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_and_Fitch) when they refused to hire a woman named Samantha Elauf on account of her wearing hijab, stating that the dress code policy violated Elauf's religious freedom. [392] (#cite_note-392) In January 2017, the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division (/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court,_Appellate_Division) in Camden County (/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey) dismissed two suits filed by Linda Tisby in summer 2015 against her former employer, the county's Department of Corrections. [ clarification needed ] The court decided that a New Jersey Superior Court (/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court) was right to rule that it would have been an "undue hardship" for the agency to accommodate her religious beliefs "because of overriding safety concerns, the potential for concealment of contraband, and the importance of uniform neutrality". [393] (#cite_note-393) In 2019, Ilhan Omar (/wiki/Ilhan_Omar) became the first woman to wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) on the House floor, after a United States House of Representatives ban on head covering (/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_ban_on_head_covering) in the U.S. House was modified. [394] (#cite_note-Stolberg_Dec_30-394) Oceania [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] Main article: Burka ban in Australia (/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia) Say no to Burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales In September 2011, Australia (/wiki/Australia) 's most populous state, New South Wales, passed the Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011 to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a woman in Sydney was convicted of falsely claiming that a traffic policeman had tried to remove her niqab . [395] (#cite_note-395) The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted. [396] (#cite_note-Barker-396) In a Western Australian case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence. [396] (#cite_note-Barker-396) See also [ edit ] Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Hijabophobia (/wiki/Hijabophobia) Women in Islam (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) Islam in Europe (/wiki/Islam_in_Europe) Islamic dress in Europe (/wiki/Islamic_dress_in_Europe) Clothing laws by country (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) Multiculturalism (/wiki/Multiculturalism) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers , Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press (/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) , pp. 37–38, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780815602668 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815602668) ^ (#cite_ref-auto1_2-0) Mahmoud, Amany (6 October 2022). "Gaza schools impose hijab to students' dismay" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171059/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/gaza-schools-impose-hijab-students-dismay) . Al-Monitor (/wiki/Al-Monitor) . Archived from the original (https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/10/gaza-schools-impose-hijab-students-dismay) on 13 October 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Women, the Hijab and the Intifada" (https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/) . 4 May 1990. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hawkins, Simon (2011). "Who Wears Hijab with the President: Constructing a Modern Islam in Tunisia" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306029) . Journal of Religion in Africa (/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_in_Africa) . 41 (1). Franklin and Marshall College (/wiki/Franklin_and_Marshall_College) : 35–58. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/157006611X556629 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006611X556629) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0022-4200 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4200) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41306029 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306029) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bashirov, Galib (2020). "The Politics of the Hijab in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan" (https://www.academia.edu/41722237) . Nationalities Papers (/wiki/Nationalities_Papers) . 48 (2). Deakin University (/wiki/Deakin_University) : 357–372. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/nps.2018.81 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnps.2018.81) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0090-5992 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 212928375 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212928375) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nate Schenkkan (2011). "Kyrgyzstan: Hijab Controversy Charges Debate over Islam's Role in Society" (https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-hijab-controversy-charges-debate-over-islams-role-in-society) . Eurasianet (/wiki/Eurasianet) . Retrieved 19 September 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Abdelhadi, Magdi Tunisia attacked over headscarves (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5382946.stm) , BBC News , 26 September 2006. Accessed 6 June 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Turkey headscarf ruling condemned (http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/06/200861502253559528.html) Al Jazeera English (7 June 2008). Retrieved in February 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools" (http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923) . News24.com . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kosovo_10-0) "Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11065911) news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. Link retrieved 24 August 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "AZERBAIJAN: Feud over ban on Islamic head scarves fuels fears of Iranian meddling" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/12/azerbaijianiran-hijab-ban-school-girls-iran-cleric-fatwa-ideology-islam-war.html) . 30 December 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-12) https://cabar.asia/en/author/anarbekbasova (https://cabar.asia/en/author/anarbekbasova) (8 May 2023). "Hijabs in Schools of Kazakhstan: To Allow or Not?" (https://cabar.asia/en/hijabs-in-schools-of-kazakhstan-to-allow-or-not) . CABAR.asia . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ; External link in \|last= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Kyrgyzstan Bans Head Scarves From Schools" (https://www.rferl.org/a/Kyrgyzstan_Bans_Head_Scarves_From_Schools/1503459.html) . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Why did Muslim-majority Tajikistan ban the hijab?" (https://www.euronews.com/2024/06/24/why-did-muslim-majority-tajikistan-ban-the-hijab) . euronews . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 27 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-reuters.com_15-0) "Tunisian PM bans wearing of niqab in public institutions" (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH) . Reuters . 5 July 2019 . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Unveiling: Malaysian activist fights for hijab freedom" (https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom) . Bangkok Post (/wiki/Bangkok_Post) , Agence France Presse (/wiki/Agence_France_Presse) . September 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places (https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html) , Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Halasz, Stephanie; McKenzie, Sheena (27 June 2018). "The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces" (https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html) . CNN . No. 27 June 2018. CNN . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Phillips, Tom (13 January 2015). "China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html) . The Telegraph . No. 13 January 2015. The Telegraph . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Sri Lanka to ban burqas, close over 1,000 Islamic schools" (https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-ban-burqas-close-1000-islamic-schools-76435802) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) , Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 13 March 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Valentine Moghadam: Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies (https://books.google.com/books?id=MYCVkaM1alQC&dq=women%27s+organisation+algeria+AFMA&pg=PA45) ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Algeria Outlaws Burqas, Niqabs for Women at Work" (https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women/) . 19 October 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Algerian bans female public servants from wearing full-face veils" (https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Prime Minister Trudeau should not Rely on the Courts to Uphold his Promises to Indigenous Peoples , doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-2016179 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-9211-2016179) (inactive 31 March 2024) {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2024) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Cameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33553041) , 16 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Chad arrests five and bans burqa after suicide bombings" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-blast-idUSKBN0OX2L720150617) . Reuters . 17 June 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Chad bans face veil after bombings" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33166220) . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Sanghani, Radhika (8 July 2016). "Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can't wear veils" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c O'Donnell, Erin (September–October 2011). "The Veil's Revival" (https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/the-veils-revival) . Harvard Magazine (/wiki/Harvard_Magazine) . Retrieved 13 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) On This Day She: Putting Women Back Into History One Day at a Time (https://books.google.com/books?id=rkR3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Huda+Sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA5) , p. 5 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Kristen Golden, Barbara Findlen: Remarkable Women of the Twentieth Century: 100 Portraits of Achievement.Friedman/Fairfax Publishers, 1998 ^ (#cite_ref-32) R. Brian Stanfield: The Courage to Lead: Transform Self, Transform Society (https://books.google.com/books?id=kcZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=huda+sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA151) , p. 151 ^ (#cite_ref-33) Emily S. Rosenberg, Jürgen Osterhammel: A World Connecting: 1870–1945 (https://books.google.com/books?id=oct31Z9f-HUC&dq=huda+sha%27arawi+applause&pg=PA879) , p. 879 ^ (#cite_ref-34) Anne Commire, Deborah Klezmer: Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia (https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0OAQAAMAAJ&q=huda+sha%27arawi+applause) , p. 577 ^ (#cite_ref-35) Ruth Ashby, Deborah Gore Ohrn: Herstory: Women who Changed the World (https://books.google.com/books?id=auztAAAAMAAJ&q=huda+sha%27arawi+applause) , p. 184 ^ (#cite_ref-Shaʻrāwī1987_36-0) Hudá Shaʻrāwī (1987). Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (1879–1924) . Feminist Press at CUNY. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-935312-70-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) United Press Service (UP) (/wiki/United_Press_International) (26 January 1958). "Egypt's Women Foil Attempt to Restrict" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19580126&id=8AodAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,4406325) . Sarasota Herald-Tribune (/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune) (114): 28 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "1960s Cairo Driving POVs, Egypt, HD from 35mm" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuMGnJewb0c) (video) . youtube.com . 16 March 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Slackman, Michael (28 January 2007). "In Egypt, a New Battle Begins Over the Veil" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fatwa stirs heated debate over face-veiling in Kuwait" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060055/http://kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg%3D%3D) . Kuwait Times (/wiki/Kuwait_Times) . 9 October 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg==) on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b "A look at the wearing of veils, and disputes on the issue, across the Muslim world" (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/31/africa/ME_GEN_Mideast_Veil_Glance.php) . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 31 October 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-egypttv_42-0) Ranyah Sabry (17 April 2007) Egypt anchorwomen battle for hijab (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6565145.stm) BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Ramadan Al Sherbini (22 October 2006). "Veil war breaks out on Egypt university campus" (http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/veil-war-breaks-out-on-egypt-university-campus-1.37235) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "The Islamic Network for Woman and Families" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201031194635/http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205) . Archived from the original (http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205) on 31 October 2020 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Egypt: Niqab Ban Stirs Controversy · Global Voices" (https://globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/egypt-niqab-ban-stirs-controversy/) . 9 October 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "How You See It: Egyptian campus bans niqab – WORLDFOCUS" (http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/10/08/how-you-see-it-egyptian-campus-bans-niqab/7680/) . 8 October 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-47) "EGYPT: Controversial ban on niqab in dorms" (https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2009101517002713) . University World News . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Egypt court upholds niqab ban for university examinations" (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2010/01/egypt-court-upholds-niqab-ban-for.php) . Pitt.edu . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Ramadan Al Sherbini (20 January 2010). "Egypt court revokes ban on niqab at exam halls" (http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/egypt-court-revokes-ban-on-niqab-at-exam-halls-1.571211) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Verma, Sonia. " Cairo's 'hijab-free' zones trigger cries of hypocrisy (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/cairos-hijab-free-zones-trigger-cries-of-hypocrisy/article621327/) ." The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Wednesday 29 February 2012. Updated Monday 10 September 2012. Retrieved on 28 December 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-51) CNN (20 September 2023). "Egypt bans niqab in school (Arabic)" (https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2023/09/11/egypts-education-ministry-female-students-veil-schools) . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-52) Caroline Studdert: Hellcat of The Hague: The Nel Slis Story (https://books.google.com/books?id=e-dvEAAAQBAJ&dq=queen+fatima+libya&pg=PA98) , p. 96–100 ^ (#cite_ref-LB_53-0) "Libya" (https://books.google.com/books?id=_l87ixBRpKIC) , Peter Malcolm, Elizabeth Losleben. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7614-1702-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-1702-8) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7614-1702-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1702-6) . pp. 73, 76, 78 ^ Jump up to: a b Helen Chapin Metz (/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz) , "Libya" (https://books.google.com/books?id=aRNVYtHo63IC) . Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-4191-3012-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-3012-9) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4191-3012-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-3012-0) . p. 111-115 ^ (#cite_ref-55) Ruth Margolies Beitler, Angelica R. Martinez: Women's Roles in the Middle East and North Africa (https://books.google.com/books?id=w5JxDwAAQBAJ&dq=women%27s+organisation+morocco+1956&pg=PA173) , p. 173 ^ (#cite_ref-56) "BBC NEWS – Africa – Morocco moves to drop headscarf" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5413808.stm) . 6 October 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-57) Ennaji, Moha (31 January 2017). "Why Morocco's burqa ban is more than just a security measure" (https://theconversation.com/why-moroccos-burqa-ban-is-more-than-just-a-security-measure-72120) . TheConversation.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "المغرب يمنع بيع وتسويق "البرقع" الأفغاني" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKEkFp1kOtM) (video) . youtube.com (in Arabic). 7 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-59) Heather M. Ako: The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=0Eg-b6EQt-cC&dq=somalia+veil+hijab+barre&pg=PA89) , p. 87-89 ^ (#cite_ref-Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi_60-0) Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia , (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118. ^ (#cite_ref-61) Amina Alrasheed Nayel: Alternative Performativity of Muslimness: The Intersection (https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&dq=sudan+women+veil+1983&pg=PA5) , 2017, s. 89-90 ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Sudan Abolishes its Public Order Law in a Move Towards Women Empowerment \| Egyptian Streets" (https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/11/29/sudan-abolishes-its-public-order-law-in-a-move-towards-women-empowerment/) . 29 November 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Sudan Islamic Law News: Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state \| World News – Times of India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state/articleshow/77976896.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 7 September 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Headscarf incident in Sudan highlights a global trend" (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/18/headscarf-incident-in-sudan-highlights-a-global-trend/) . Pew Research Center . 18 September 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-65) AFP (4 November 2013). "Woman faces whipping over refusal to cover hair in Sudan" (http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/sudan/woman-faces-whipping-over-refusal-to-cover-hair-in-sudan-1.1251296) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Jane D Tchaïcha, Khedija Arfaoui: The Tunisian Women’s Rights Movement: From Nascent Activism to Influential ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=kAkqDwAAQBAJ&dq=National+Union+of+Tunisian+Women&pg=PA49) , p. 78 ^ (#cite_ref-67) "BBC NEWS – Africa – Tunisia moves against headscarves" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6053380.stm) . 15 October 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Tunisia bans face veils in public institutions after bombing \| News \| al Jazeera" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/tunisia-bans-face-veils-public-institutions-bombing-190705132559010.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-69) "Taliban says burqa not mandatory for women, hijab is" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/08/18/taliban-says-burqa-not-mandatory-for-women-hijab-is-.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 18 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Stephanie Cronin: Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernism and the ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=s6twAwAAQBAJ&dq=albania+veil&pg=PA237) , p. 229-236 ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Daoud Khan, Muhammad – Oxford Islamic Studies Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181111134141/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e488) . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com . Archived from the original (http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e488) on 11 November 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan" (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan) . PBS NewsHour . 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Armstrong_73-0) Armstrong, Sally (6 January 2003). Veiled Threat: The Hidden Power of the Women of Afghanistan . Seal Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56858-252-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Social Education 66(1): Restoring the Rights of Afghan Women" (https://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/lessons/660103.shtml) . Socialstudies.org . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tamim Ansary (2012) Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=VKg4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147) ^ (#cite_ref-76) Monica Sarkar (5 June 2014). "Unveiled: Afghan women past and present" (http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/asia/gallery/afghan-women-past-present/index.html) . CNN . ^ Jump up to: a b Amer, Sahar (2014). What Is Veiling? . The University of North Carolina Press (Kindle edition). p. 61. ^ (#cite_ref-78) Lawrence, Quil (13 July 2010). "Peace in Afghanistan at What Cost To Its Women?" (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128493070) . NPR (/wiki/NPR) . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-nbc-burqa_79-0) Kiko Itasaka (14 May 2010). "Under that burqa, lipstick and high heels" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085134/http://worldblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2010/05/14/4376895-under-that-burqa-lipstick-and-high-heels) . NBC News. Archived from the original (http://worldblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2010/05/14/4376895-under-that-burqa-lipstick-and-high-heels) on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Afghan Women Still Bound by Burka" (https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghan-women-still-bound-burka) . Institute for War and Peace Reporting (/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting) . February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-81) 林铃锦 (4 September 2021). "塔利班警告美国：你们不应该改变我们的文化" (https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml) . Guancha (/wiki/Guancha.cn) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210917110951/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml) from the original on 17 September 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Taliban order university women to wear face-covering niqab – Times of India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-order-university-women-to-wear-face-covering-niqab/articleshow/85949104.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) , Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-83) "Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public \| Afghanistan \| the Guardian" (https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa) . 7 May 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-84) Akseer, Tabasum; Haidary, Mohammad Shoaib; Maxwell-Jones, Charlotte; Sadat, Sayed Masood; Swift, David; Veenstra, Kris; Yousufzai, Fahim Ahmad. 2018. A Survey of the Afghan People: Afghanistan in 2018 . © The Asia Foundation. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9432 (http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9432) . Page 173. ^ (#cite_ref-Berlin_85-0) McCarthy, Julanne. "Bahrain (Al-Bahrayn)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193133/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/bahrain.html) . Archived from the original (http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/bahrain.html) on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Haideh Moghissi: Women and Islam: Women's movements in Muslim societies (https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&dq=pakistan+unveiled+women&pg=PA212) , s. 198-216 ^ Jump up to: a b The Hijab in Bangladesh: Understanding Identity Negotiation, Religiosity, and Autonomy among Urban Muslim Women in Dhaka. By Madhuri Shah Kibria. August 2022.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ^ (#cite_ref-88) "What the hijab represents" (https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2018/12/11/what-the-hijab-represents) . 11 December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-89) "Bangladesh, High Court rules veil cannot be imposed on women" (https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bangladesh,-High-Court-rules-veil-cannot-be-imposed-on-women--18100.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Women who defy patriarchy by letting their hair loose" (https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/05/29/women-who-defy-patriarchy-by-letting-their-hair-loose) . 29 May 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-91) "China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 30 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-92) Fiona Reilly (2014). "Tea lover's guide to traveling in China" (https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/china-tea-travel/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Fiona Reilly (30 October 2019). "Dispatches From the Silk Road: The Must-Try Uyghur Food of Kashgar" (https://www.seriouseats.com/kashgar-uyghur-cuisine-silk-road-best-bites-travel) . Serious Eats (/wiki/Serious_Eats) . Archived (https://archive.today/20210919075956/https://www.seriouseats.com/kashgar-uyghur-cuisine-silk-road-best-bites-travel) from the original on 19 September 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-94) "9. Religious clothing and personal appearance" (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/#:~:text=A%20majority%20of%20all%20Muslim,or%20a%20hijab%20(8%25).) . Pew Research Center (/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) . 19 June 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-thestar1_95-0) Sheikh Saaliq (8 February 2022). "In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class" (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html) . Toronto Star . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_larger_bench_96-0) "Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864) . BBC News . 10 February 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-csm_97-0) "Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab" (https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab) . Christian Science Monitor . 8 February 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-98) "UP school stops two Muslim girls from wearing headscarf on campus" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-school-stops-two-muslim-girls-from-wearing-headscarf-on-campus/story-jS5nj2YHnGQf8jv4DT9pUP.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . 24 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-99) Reuters Staff (1 May 2019). "Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A) . Reuters . Retrieved 15 October 2020 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : \|author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-100) "Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places – Times of India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms) . The Times of India . 2 May 2019 . Retrieved 15 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) "Kerala Muslim Education Group Bans Face Veils On Campuses" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA7dlL9SLkQ) . NDTV (/wiki/NDTV) . 3 May 2019. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/rA7dlL9SLkQ) from the original on 15 December 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-102) "UP BJP leader Raghuraj Singh seeks ban on burqa" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/10/up-bjp-leader-raghuraj-singh-seeks-ban-on-burqa-2101580.html) . The New Indian Express . 11 February 2020 . Retrieved 15 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-103) "Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice" (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646) . The News Minute . ^ (#cite_ref-104) Bureau, ABP News (5 February 2022). "Karnataka Govt Issues Order Amid Hijab Row, Says Uniform That Affects Harmony Must Be Banned" (https://news.abplive.com/karnataka/karnataka-govt-issues-fresh-order-amid-hijab-row-says-uniform-that-affects-harmony-must-be-banned-1511101) . news.abplive.com . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) "Karnataka hijab row: section 144 imposed around schools and colleges in Bengaluru till February 22" (https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/karnataka-hijab-row-sec-144-imposed-schools-colleges-bengaluru-till-feb-22-1910821-2022-02-09) . India Today . ^ (#cite_ref-106) "Karnataka High Court hijab verdict lacks reason, makes up baseless new rules for fundamental rights" (https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/karnataka-hc-hijab-verdict-no-reasons-makes-up-rules-fundamental-rights-constitutional-law) . The Quint . ^ (#cite_ref-107) "Hijab verdict: a grave constitutional wrong" (https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/hijab-row-verdict-a-grave-constitutional-wrong-1092595.html) . Deccan Herald . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Report on Indonesia, Volym 6–13 (https://books.google.com/books?id=e52Z5QztwMwC&dq=seclusion+indonesia+harem&pg=PA36) ^ Jump up to: a b Sonja van Wichelen Religion, Politics and Gender in Indonesia: Disputing the Muslim Body (https://books.google.com/books?id=zwPFDwAAQBAJ&dq=indonesia+veiling&pg=PA43) ^ (#cite_ref-aceh_110-0) Jewel Topsfield (7 April 2016). "Ban on outdoor music concerts in West Aceh due to Sharia law" (https://www.smh.com.au/world/ban-on-outdoor-music-concerts-in-west-aceh-due-to-sharia-law-20160406-gnzvna.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ (#cite_ref-111) John M. Echols, Hassan Shadily, An English-Indonesian dictionary: Kamus Inggris-Indonesia Kamus Inggris-Indonesia University Press: 1975, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8014-9859-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9859-7) , 660 pages ^ (#cite_ref-112) S. A. Niessen, Ann Marie Leshkowich, Carla Jones, Re-orienting fashion: the globalization of Asian dress : Berg Publishers: 2003: ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85973-539-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-539-8) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-539-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-539-8) , 283 pages pp 206–207 ^ (#cite_ref-113) "Court strikes down Indonesia hijab ban" (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/court-strikes-down-indonesia-hijab-ban/news-story/2d7419964edd9878348b597b1489a897) . The Australian (/wiki/The_Australian) . 11 May 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-114) "Indonesia Supreme Court Supports Mandatory Jilbab Rule" (https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/01/indonesia-supreme-court-supports-mandatory-jilbab-rule) . Human Rights Watch (/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) . 1 July 2021 . Retrieved 19 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Insideindonesia.org" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090411044104/http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/223/29) . InsideIndonesia.org . Archived from the original (http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/223/29) on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ramezani10_116-0) Ramezani, Reza (2010). Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1735-4730 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers , Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press (/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) , p. 19, 34–37, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780815602668 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815602668) ^ Jump up to: a b Heath, Jennifer (2008). The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics , Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 66, 252–253, 256, 260, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520255180 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520255180) ^ Jump up to: a b Keddie, Nikki R. (2005). "2. The past and present of women in the Muslim world" in Moghissi, Haideh: Women and Islam: Images and realities , Vol. 1, p. 53-79, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) ; Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415324199 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415324199) ^ (#cite_ref-120) Mitchell, Colin P. (2011). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society , Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) , p. 98-99, 104, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415774628 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415774628) ^ Jump up to: a b Floor, Willem M. (2003). Agriculture in Qajar Iran , Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, p. 113, 268, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780934211789 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934211789) ^ (#cite_ref-Chehabi_122-0) Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (2003): "11. The Banning of the Veil and Its Consequences" in Cronin, Stephanie: The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941 , p. 203-221, London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) ; Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415302845 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415302845) ^ (#cite_ref-Bullock_123-0) Bullock, Katherine (2002). Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes , Herndon, Virginia; London: International Institute of Islamic Thought (/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought) , p. 90-91, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781565642874 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565642874) ^ (#cite_ref-124) Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers , Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press (/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) , p. 19, 34–37, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780815602668 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815602668) ^ (#cite_ref-125) "How did Reza Pahlavi's dictatorship affect Iranian women?" (http://navideshahed.com/en/news/385296/how-did-reza-pahlavi%E2%80%99s-dictatorship-affect-iranian-women) . navideshahed.com . ^ Jump up to: a b Hoodfar, Homa (/wiki/Homa_Hoodfar) (fall 1993). The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women , Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, p. 5-18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0707-8412 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0707-8412) ^ (#cite_ref-Paidar_127-0) Paidar, Parvin (1995): Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran , Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) , p. 106-107, 214–215, 218–220, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521473408 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521473408) ^ (#cite_ref-Majd_128-0) Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941 , Gainesville: University Press of Florida (/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida) , p. 209-213, 217–218, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813021119 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813021119) ^ (#cite_ref-CurtisHooglund_129-0) Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). Iran: A Country Study , 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: Federal Research Division (/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) , Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) , p. 28, 116–117, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780844411873 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844411873) ^ (#cite_ref-El_Guindi_130-0) El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance , Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) ; Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) , p. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781859739242 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859739242) ^ (#cite_ref-Ramezani8_131-0) Ramezani, Reza (2008). Hijab dar Iran, dar doure-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom [Hijab in Iran, the second Pahlavi era] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1735-4730 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730) ^ (#cite_ref-Algar84_132-0) Algar, Hamid (2001). Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four Lectures , Oneonta, New York: Islamic Publications International (IPI), p. 84, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781889999265 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889999265) ^ (#cite_ref-DW-2020_133-0) "Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil" (https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027) . DW. 21 December 2020 . Retrieved 30 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-article_638_iran_law_134-0) "638". Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties) (in Persian). ^ (#cite_ref-135) "The Islamic Penal Code of Iran, Book 5" (https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_islamic_penal_code_of_iran_book_5) . ^ (#cite_ref-136) Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil \| DW \| 21.12.2020" (https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 8 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The 'Girls of Revolution Street' Protest Iran's Compulsory Hijab Laws · Global Voices" (https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/30/the-girls-of-enghelab-street-protest-irans-compulsory-hijab-laws/) . Global Voices . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) "On Wednesday we wear white: Women in Iran challenge compulsory hijab" (http://www.newsweek.com/women-iran-wear-white-wednesdays-challenge-compulsory-hijab-625453) . Newsweek . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kasana, Mehreen. "Why This One Video of a Woman Protesting in Iran Is Going Viral" (https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-white-wednesday-iran-women-are-fighting-for-the-freedom-to-dress-how-they-want-7767786) . Bustle . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gerretsen, Isabelle (1 February 2018). "Iran: 29 women arrested over anti-hijab protests inspired by 'girl of Enghelab Street' (https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143) " (https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143) . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) "Vida Movahed, the woman who sparked anti-hijab protests in Iran \| The Arab Weekly" (https://thearabweekly.com/vida-movahed-woman-who-sparked-anti-hijab-protests-iran) . The Arab Weekly . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-142) "The high stakes of hijab protests in Iran" (https://www.axios.com/hijab-protests-in-iran-da243ead-3bf2-4e3f-9115-e117e7f9cc62.html) . Axios . 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) Hatam, Nassim (14 June 2017). "Why Iranian women are wearing white on Wednesdays" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40218711) . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) "Nasrin Sotoudeh نسرین ستوده" (https://www.facebook.com/NasrinSotoudehOfficial/posts/832433473629861) . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-145) "Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235413/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx) . The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon . 22 January 2018. Archived from the original (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx) on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-146) "Iranian Police Arrest 29 Women Protesting Against Veiling Law" (https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-police-arrest-hijab-head-scarf-protest-tehran/29013882.html) . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Iran: Dozens of women ill-treated and at risk of long jail terms for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling" (https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/iran-dozens-of-women-ill-treated-and-at-risk-of-long-jail-terms-for-peacefully-protesting-compulsory-veiling/) . www.amnesty.org . 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_148-0) "Iran Human Rights Documentation Center – Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180310195447/http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE) . www.iranhrdc.org . Archived from the original (http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE) on 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-149) "Woman Who Removed Headscarf in Public Sentenced to Prison as Supreme Leader Tries to Diminish Hijab Protests – Center for Human Rights in Iran" (https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/woman-who-removed-headscarf-in-public-sentenced-to-prison-as-supreme-leader-tries-to-diminish-hijab-protests/) . www.iranhumanrights.org . 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Iran Chides Police for Using Force Against Female Veil Protester" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-25/iran-chides-police-for-using-force-against-female-veil-protester) . Bloomberg.com . 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Esfandiari, Golnaz. "Feminist Trio Takes Defiant Song To Tehran's Subway, Video Goes Viral" (https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-womens-day-hijab-protest-tehran-subway/29089222.html) . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) "Khamenei Claims Iran's 'Enemies' Behind Anti-Hijab Protests" (https://www.rferl.org/a/khamenei-claims-iran-enemies-behind-hijab-protests/29088809.html) . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) Cunningham, Erin (8 March 2018). "Iran's supreme leader in tweetstorm: Western countries lead women to 'deviant lifestyle' (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/08/irans-leader-finds-another-western-threat-the-activist-energy-of-international-womens-day/) " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/08/irans-leader-finds-another-western-threat-the-activist-energy-of-international-womens-day/) . Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) "Khamenei.ir (@khamenei_ir) \| Twitter" (https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor) . twitter.com . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-155) " (https://iranwire.com/en/women/105316-i-learned-freedom-in-the-uk-iranian-born-wrestler-melika-balali-on-taking-a-stand-against-forced-hijab) 'I Learned Freedom in the UK': Iranian-Born Wrestler Melika Balali on Taking a Stand Against Forced Hijab" (https://iranwire.com/en/women/105316-i-learned-freedom-in-the-uk-iranian-born-wrestler-melika-balali-on-taking-a-stand-against-forced-hijab) . Iran wire . ^ (#cite_ref-156) "قهرمان ایرانی‌تبار کشتی بریتانیا خواستار آزادی انتخاب پوشش در ایران شد" (https://www.radiofarda.com/a/melika-balali-iranian-champion-women-s-wrestling-champion-in-britain/31920772.html) . رادیو فردا . ^ (#cite_ref-157) Strzyżyńska, Weronika (16 September 2022). "Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law" (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law) . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-A_Study_into_the_Nature_of_Iraqi_Society,_pg._270_158-0) Ali al-Wardi (/wiki/Ali_al-Wardi) 1965, pg. 270 ^ (#cite_ref-159) Noga Efrati: Women in Iraq: Past Meets Present (https://books.google.com/books?id=weoC4c745zcC&dq=women+baghdad+1934&pg=PT272) ^ Jump up to: a b Haifa Zangana: City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance (https://books.google.com/books?id=5VHz9DaQHDQC&dq=iraq+history+veil&pg=PT20) ^ (#cite_ref-161) Zahra Ali: Women and Gender in Iraq: Between Nation-Building and Fragmentation (https://books.google.com/books?id=xrBoDwAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+qasim+Ba%27ath+Party+veil&pg=PA47) ^ (#cite_ref-162) Gustav Adolph Sallas, United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Labor Law and Practice in Iraq (https://books.google.com/books?id=PXUCZngdyggC&dq=iraq+history+veil&pg=PA5) , 1963, s. 5 ^ Jump up to: a b Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky, Richard Parker: Sexuality, Health and Human Rights (https://books.google.com/books?id=NqR4BkJYHaoC&dq=iraq+unveiled+women+baath&pg=PA258) , s. 258 ^ Jump up to: a b Jennifer Heath: The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics (https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ssQn7V1MC&q=+veil+iraq&pg=PA332) , s. 37 ^ Jump up to: a b Brian Glyn Williams: Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria (https://books.google.com/books?id=_x82DQAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+qasim+Ba%27ath+Party+veil&pg=PA21) , s. 21 ^ (#cite_ref-166) Sherifa Zuhur: Iraq, Women's Empowerment, and Public Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=f77YE92sEGIC&dq=iraq+unveiled+women&pg=PA30) ^ (#cite_ref-167) "Iraqi army imposes Ramadan 'burqa ban' in Mosul fearing Isis will use it for attacks" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-army-mosul-ramadan-burqa-ban-isis-use-attacks-suicide-bomb-shooting-islamic-state-a7766461.html) . The Independent . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-PASSIA_168-0) "Palestine Facts – Personalities: Chronological listing" (http://www.passia.org/) . Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Women, the Hijab and the Intifada" (https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada) . 4 May 1990. ^ (#cite_ref-170) "MKs discuss France-like burka ban" (http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181604) . The Jerusalem Post (/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-171) RAI, SARITHA (2004). "A Religious Tangle Over the Hair of Pious Hindus" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/14/world/a-religious-tangle-over-the-hair-of-pious-hindus.html) . The New York Times . No. 14 July 2004 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-172) Heath, Jennifer, ed. (2008). The veil : women writers on its history, lore, and politics . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 44–56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520250406 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-173) "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1) Middle East Report , May–August 1990 ^ (#cite_ref-174) Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230 ^ (#cite_ref-Ruben_175-0) Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.231 ^ (#cite_ref-xinhua_176-0) Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code (https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030330/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm) xinhuanet.com, 3 January 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-bloomberg_177-0) Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk) By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-Diaa_178-0) "Gaza Extremist Group Threatens to Behead Female Broadcasters" (https://www.haaretz.com/2007-06-02/ty-article/gaza-extremist-group-threatens-to-behead-female-broadcasters/0000017f-f88f-ddde-abff-fcef82370000) . Haaretz . 2 June 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-179) "Hamas orders male hairstylists out of lady salons" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003558/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=209231) . The Jerusalem Post . 21 February 2011. Archived from the original (https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/hamas-orders-male-hairstylists-out-of-lady-salons) on 29 June 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-mercury_180-0) "mercurynews.com" (http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17480257?nclick_check=1) . MercuryNews.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-181) Lina Edward Khamis: Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ&dq=jordan+veil+queen+unveiled&pg=PA21) , p. 21 ^ (#cite_ref-182) "In Jordan, hijabs inspire style" (https://www.marketplace.org/2008/02/29/jordan-hijabs-inspire-style/) . marketplace.org . 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Northrop (2001a) (#Subaltern) , p. 115. ^ (#cite_ref-184) "KAZAKHSTAN: Parents challenge schoolgirl headscarf ban" (https://www.refworld.org/docid/5af009144.html) . UN Refugee Agency (/wiki/UN_Refugee_Agency) . Forum 18 (/wiki/Forum_18) . April 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-185) Almaz Kumenov (15 February 2018). "Kazakhstan Steps Up Campaign Against Ultra-Orthodox Islam" (https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-steps-up-campaign-against-ultra-orthodox-islam) . Eurasianet . ^ Jump up to: a b Wheeler, Deborah L. (2006). The Internet in the Middle East: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations . Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7914-6586-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Muslim Education Quarterly . Vol. 8. Islamic Academy. 1990. p. 61. ^ Jump up to: a b Deborah L. Wheeler: Internet in the Middle East, The: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=v6aWc8fM1iEC&dq=veil+kuwait&pg=PA99) , s. 98–101 ^ (#cite_ref-qatami_189-0) "A Kuwaiti Pioneer: An Interview with Lulwa Al-Qatami" (https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Periodicals/July%20September%202016.pdf) (PDF) . The Kuwait Digest . July - September 2016: 11. ^ (#cite_ref-190) Rubin, Barry, ed. (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements . Vol. 1. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 306. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7656-4138-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-191) Osnos, Evan (11 July 2004). "In Kuwait, conservatism a launch pad to success" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150701080119/https://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-11/news/0407110232_1_kuwait-university-mutairi-kuwaiti/2) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Archived from the original (https://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-11/news/0407110232_1_kuwait-university-mutairi-kuwaiti/2) on 1 July 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-192) "Filipina maid allegedly kills member of Kuwait's ruling family" (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/02/15/Filipina-maid-allegedly-kills-member-of-Kuwaits-ruling-family/4846698130000/) . UPI . 15 February 1992 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-193) Helen M. Rizzo (2017). Islam, Democracy and the Status of Women: The Case of Kuwait . Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781135873899 . ^ (#cite_ref-194) Meshal Al-Sabah (2013). Gender and Politics in Kuwait: Women and Political Participation in the Gulf . Bloomsbury. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857734051 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "Negotiating Gender Relations through Resisting Gendered Rituals: A Study of ExHijabi Arab-Muslim Women" (https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/228555610/FINAL_PHD_THESIS_DOHA_SALEH_ALMUTAWAA_28_OCT_2019_Redacted.pdf) (PDF) . University of Bath (/wiki/University_of_Bath) . 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-196) Almutawaa, Doha Saleh; Nuttall, Peter; Mamali, Elizabeth; Al-Mutawa, Fajer Saleh; Aljuma, Doha Husain Makki (1 May 2023). "Paradoxes of (un)veiling and the extended self: the experiences of Arab-Muslim women in Kuwait" (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIMA-07-2022-0196/full/pdf?title=paradoxes-of-unveiling-and-the-extended-self-the-experiences-of-arab-muslim-women-in-kuwait) . Journal of Islamic Marketing . 15 (ahead-of-print): 172–191. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/JIMA-07-2022-0196 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJIMA-07-2022-0196) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 258410794 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258410794) . ^ (#cite_ref-197) "Letter from Kuwait City: The hijab reveals a lot about young women" (https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/letter-from-kuwait-city-the-hijab-reveals-a-lot-about-young-women-1.317668) . Gulf News (/wiki/Gulf_News) . 28 March 2004. More Kuwaiti women today are choosing not to wear the hijab. ^ (#cite_ref-198) "Daughter of Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood Removes Headscarf - Muslim Brotherhood Not Happy With Decision" (https://www.globalmbwatch.com/2017/05/11/daughter-of-kuwaiti-muslim-brotherhood-removes-headscarf-muslim-brotherhood-not-happy-with-decision/) . 11 May 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-199) Kuwait rejects call to force head cover on women MPs , Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) , 28 October 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-200) "Hijab ban in Kyrgyz school irks Muslims" (https://en.irna.ir/news/81590526/Hijab-ban-in-Kyrgyz-school-irks-Muslims) . Islamic Republic News Agency (/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency) . 29 April 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-201) "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon" (https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lebanon/) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-amazon_202-0) Anbara Salam Khalidi (16 April 2013). Memoirs of An Early Arab Feminist . Pluto Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0745333564 . ^ (#cite_ref-salaam_203-0) "Biographical data" (http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1447) . Salaam Knowledge . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pernille Arenfeldt, Nawar Al-Hassan Golley: Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations (https://books.google.com/books?id=GmpjEAAAQBAJ&dq=General+Union+of+Yemeni+Women+%28GUYS%29&pg=PT280) ^ (#cite_ref-205) Hjh Halimatussaadiah bte Hj Kamaruddin v Public Services Commission, Malaysia & Anor [1994] 3 MLJ 61. ^ (#cite_ref-206) Hassim, Nurzihan (2014). "A Comparative Analysis on Hijab Wearing in Malaysian Muslimah Magazines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002703/http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf) (PDF) . SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communication and Humanities . 6 (1): 79–96. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2229-872X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2229-872X) . Archived from the original (http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Leong, Trinna. " Malaysian Women Face Rising Pressure From Muslim 'Fashion Police' (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441) " ( Archive (https://web.archive.org/web/20150910151107/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441) ). Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . 21 July 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c Boo, Su-lyn. " Tudung industry in Malaysia: Cashing in on conservative Islam (http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/tudung-industry-in-malaysia-cashing-in-on-conservative-islam) " ( Archive (https://web.archive.org/web/20151005221500/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/tudung-industry-in-malaysia-cashing-in-on-conservative-islam) ). The Malay Mail (/wiki/The_Malay_Mail) . 9 May 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. See version at (https://news.yahoo.com/tudung-industry-malaysia-cashing-conservative-islam-222400769.html) Yahoo! News (/wiki/Yahoo!_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-209) Koh, Jaime and Stephanie Ho. Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia (Cultures and Customs of the World). ABC-CLIO (/wiki/ABC-CLIO) , 22 June 2009. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0313351163 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313351163) , 9780313351167. p. 31 (https://books.google.com/books?id=MWlFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31) . ^ (#cite_ref-FernandezC_210-0) Fernandez, Celine. " Why Some Women Wear a Hijab and Some Don’t (https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/) " ( Archive (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905040001/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/) ). The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . 18 April 2011. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "MALDIVES 2016 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170815171236/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269180.pdf) (PDF) . US Government . 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269180.pdf) (PDF) on 15 August 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c Emma Fulu Domestic Violence in Asia: Globalization, Gender and Islam in the Maldives (https://books.google.com/books?id=EVVtAAAAQBAJ&dq=women+veil+maldives&pg=PA101) , p. 101-103 ^ (#cite_ref-213) Guity Nashat Becker, Guity Nashat, Judith E. Tucker: Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History (https://books.google.com/books?id=ndqLZK3ba8gC&dq=maldives+unveiled+women&pg=PA55) , s. 55 ^ Jump up to: a b Emma Fulu Domestic Violence in Asia: Globalization, Gender and Islam in the Maldives (https://books.google.com/books?id=EVVtAAAAQBAJ&dq=women+veil+maldives&pg=PA101) , p. 101 ^ (#cite_ref-215) "Maldives" (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90231.htm) . U.S. Department of State . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "MALDIVES: Children's rights in the Special Procedures' reports \| CRIN" (https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/maldives-childrens-rights-special-procedures-reports) . www.crin.org . 7 March 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-217) "Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off" (https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211) . Maldives Independent . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) "Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off \| Maldives Independent" (http://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211) . maldivesindependent.com . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-219) Simon Lewis (22 June 2015). "Buddhist monks seek to ban schoolgirls from wearing headscarves in Burma" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/22/buddhist-monks-seek-to-ban-schoolgirls-from-wearing-headscarves) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ Jump up to: a b Wikan, Unni. Behind the Veil in Arabia: Women in Oman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1982. ^ (#cite_ref-221) "Pakistanis split over mandatory burqas for women – DW – 09/24/2019" (https://www.dw.com/en/pakistanis-split-over-mandatory-burqas-for-women/a-50564634) . dw.com . Retrieved 20 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) Fineman, Mark (16 June 1988). "Pakistan's Zia Decrees Islamic Law for Nation" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-16-mn-6836-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) "Pakistanis split over mandatory burqas for women" (https://amp.dw.com/en/pakistanis-split-over-mandatory-burqas-for-women/a-50564634) . ^ (#cite_ref-224) "Trend of hijab, headscarf on the rise among urban female students: survey" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/529602-trend-of-hijab-headscarf-on-the-rise-among-urban-female-students-survey) . The News International (/wiki/The_News_International) . 21 September 2019 . Retrieved 10 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) "Muslim women are now free to wear 'hijabs' in schools, gov't institutions – CHR" (https://pcw.gov.ph/muslim-women-are-now-free-to-wear-hijabs-in-schools-govt-institutions-chr/) . Philippine Commission on Women . 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) "Philippine Coast Guard allows female Muslim personnel to wear hijab" (https://www.arabnews.com/node/2017831/world) . Arab News . 3 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-227) Abu Saud 1984 (#CITEREFAbu_Saud1984) , p. 39 ^ (#cite_ref-ABC_228-0) King, Courtney (11 April 2003). "For Qatari Women, Change Slow in Coming" (https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79539&page=1#.UbToAflOQto) . ABC News . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hilal_229-0) "The Culture of Qatar" (http://www.hilalplaza.com/islamic-culture/Qatar/Qatar_Muslim_culture.html) . HilalPlaza . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-230) Abu Saud 1984 (#CITEREFAbu_Saud1984) , p. 52 ^ Jump up to: a b The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. (2016). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-232) "The Transformation of Our Generation" (https://magazine.zenith.me/en/society/saudi-arabia-and-1979) . 30 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-segregation-debate_233-0) Wagner, Rob L. (23 April 2010) "Saudis Debate Gender Segregation" (https://sites.google.com/site/roblwagnerarchives/s) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131010023550/https://sites.google.com/site/roblwagnerarchives/s) 10 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) "NewsTilt" ^ (#cite_ref-wright_234-0) Wright (2001). Sacred Rage . Simon and Schuster. p. 155 (https://archive.org/details/sacredragewratho00wrig_0/page/155) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7432-3342-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marfuqi, Kitab ul Mar'ah fil Ahkam, pg 133 ^ (#cite_ref-236) Moqtasami (1979), pp. 41–44 ^ (#cite_ref-237) "Saudi's Crown Prince Says Abaya Not Necessary for Women" (https://www.expatwoman.com/saudi-arabia/guide/saudis-crown-prince-says-abaya-not-necessary-for-women) . Expatwoman . 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-238) Goldman, Russell (3 May 2016). "What's That You're Wearing? A Guide to public dress" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-239) "Women in Saudi Arabia do not need to wear head cover, says crown prince" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096) . The Irish Times (/wiki/The_Irish_Times) . March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-240) "Saudi Arabia Dress Code for Males and Females – Travel Basics" (https://www.saudiarabiavisa.co.uk/dress-code-foreigners.html) . Saudi Visa UK . Retrieved 18 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) "Sri Lankan MP wants to ban the burqa in the wake of the Easter massacre" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombing-burqa-ban-isis-islam-ashu-marasinghe-a8883801.html) . The Independent . 24 April 2019 . Retrieved 25 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) "Fear of retaliation against Sri Lankan Muslims grows as MP calls for burqa ban" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-burqa-ban-muslims-terrorism-bombings-a8885056.html) . The Independent . 24 April 2019 . Retrieved 25 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-243) Range, Irangika. "Ban 'niqab, burqa' – Prof. Ashu" (http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/24/local/183684/ban-%E2%80%98niqab-burqa%E2%80%99-prof-ashu) . Daily News . Retrieved 25 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-244) "Covering the face banned from tomorrow" (http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Covering-the-face-banned-from-tomorrow/108-166091) . Daily Mirror . ^ (#cite_ref-245) "Syria bans face veils at universities" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) "Syria bans niqab from universities" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities) . The Guardian . Associated Press. 20 July 2010. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-247) Harriet Agerholm (1 September 2017). "Tajikstan [ (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html) sic ] passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs' (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html) " (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html) . The Independent . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Mushfig Bayram (July 2021). "TAJIKISTAN: Male police continue targeting women wearing hijabs" (https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2676) . Forum 18 (/wiki/Forum_18) . ^ (#cite_ref-249) "Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Regulation Celebrations and Ceremonies in the Republic of Tajikistan. Text of the bill in Tajiki. The ban is defined in the section 18, chapter 5" (https://mmk.tj/system/files/Legislation/gj.pdf) (PDF) . 7 July 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-250) " (https://www.ozodi.org/a/khulosai-majlisi-milli-ba-man-i-idgardak-va-libosi-begona-/32999332.html) "Ҳамааш қабул шуд." Хулосаи Маҷлиси Миллӣ ба манъи идгардак ва либоси "бегона" (https://www.ozodi.org/a/khulosai-majlisi-milli-ba-man-i-idgardak-va-libosi-begona-/32999332.html) " (https://www.ozodi.org/a/khulosai-majlisi-milli-ba-man-i-idgardak-va-libosi-begona-/32999332.html) ["All accepted." Conclusion of the National Assembly on the prohibition of "foreign" clothing] (in Tajik). Ozodi.org. 19 June 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-251) "Tajik Parliament's Upper Chamber Approves Bill Banning Hijab" (https://www.rferl.org/a/tajik-parliament-upper-chamber-approves-bill-banning-hijab/32999679.html) . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 June 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-252) Khan, Ali (17 March 2012). "Uzbekistan Bans Islamic Clothing" (https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/) . The Siasat Daily (/wiki/The_Siasat_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210919072625/https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/) from the original on 19 September 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-253) "Uzbek imam sacked after urging president to allow hijabs, beards" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-islam-hijab-idUSKCN1LQ0VP) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . 10 September 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b Pernille Arenfeldt, Nawar Al-Hassan Golley, Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations (https://books.google.com/books?id=GmpjEAAAQBAJ&dq=General+Union+of+Yemeni+Women+%28GUYS%29&pg=PT280) ^ (#cite_ref-255) "Removing Hijabs and Discarding Prejudice: Yemeni Women Abroad" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180312024107/https://www.almadaniyamag.com/english/2017/7/13/removing-hijabs-and-discarding-prejudice-yemeni-women-abroad) . al madaniya . Archived from the original (https://www.almadaniyamag.com/english/2017/7/13/removing-hijabs-and-discarding-prejudice-yemeni-women-abroad) on 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-256) "Tawakkul Karman – First Arab Woman and Youngest Nobel Peace Laureate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030045/http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab) . Archived from the original (http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab) on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-257) Reformatorisch dagblad: Brussel tegen boerkaverbod (http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071203050702/http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html) 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 30 November 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-258) Blair's concerns over face veils (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6058672.stm) BBC News Online (/wiki/BBC_News_Online) . 17 October 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-french-headscarf-ban_259-0) French MPs back headscarf ban (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3474673.stm) BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-260) "Education Code. L811-1 §2" (http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525517) (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 26 January 1984 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-261) Guardian: Livingstone decries vilification of Islam (http://politics.guardian.co.uk/gla/story/0,,1952628,00.html) , 20 November 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-262) Ipsos MORI Muslim Women Wearing Veils (http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071202122337/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml) 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . ^ (#cite_ref-263) "Atlantic Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130511091109/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe) . acus.org . Archived from the original (http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe) on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-264) Scott, 2007, pg. 5 ^ (#cite_ref-265) "EU workplace headscarf ban 'can be legal', says ECJ" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 14 March 2017. Archived (https://archive.today/20210717082205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845%23comments) from the original on 17 July 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-266) "ECJ rules employers can ban staff from wearing Islamic headscarf" (https://www.ft.com/content/c27c99b2-089c-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . 2017. Archived (https://archive.today/20210718051604/https://www.ft.com/content/c27c99b2-089c-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43%23comments-anchor) from the original on 18 July 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-267) Scully, Rachel (15 July 2021). "EU court rules employees' headscarves can be banned in some cases" (https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/563154-eu-court-rules-employees-headscarves-can-be-banned-in-some-cases) . The Hill (/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)) . Retrieved 19 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-268) Anna-Mari Almila, David Inglis: The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling (https://books.google.com/books?id=REYrDwAAQBAJ&dq=communist+albania+veil&pg=PA7) , p. 7 ^ (#cite_ref-269) WELT, DIE (16 May 2017). "Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe" (https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html) . Die Welt . Retrieved 26 October 2017 – via www.Welt.de. ^ (#cite_ref-270) "Burqa ban takes effect in Austria" (http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria) . News . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-271) "Österreich beschließt Kopftuchverbot an Grundschulen" (https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-beschliesst-kopftuch-verbot-an-grundschulen-a-1267656.html) . Spiegel Online (/wiki/Spiegel_Online) (in German). 15 May 2019 . Retrieved 18 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-272) Lëtzebuerg, Tageblatt (16 May 2019). "Österreich verbietet Kopftücher an Grundschulen" (http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/) . Tageblatt.lu (in German) . Retrieved 18 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-273) Chadwick, Lauren (12 December 2020). "Austrian constitutional court rules headscarf ban in primary schools 'unconstitutional' (https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/12/12/austrian-constitutional-court-rules-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools-unconstitutional) " (https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/12/12/austrian-constitutional-court-rules-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools-unconstitutional) . Euronews . ^ (#cite_ref-274) Ho, Spencer (May 2014). "Act more Austrian, Arab tourists told" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/act-more-austrian-arab-tourists-told/) . Times of Israel (/wiki/Times_of_Israel) . ^ Jump up to: a b Heyat, Farideh; Nfa, Dr Farideh (2002). Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan . Psychology Press. pp. 89–100. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780700716623 . ^ (#cite_ref-276) Austin Clayton (1 May 2019). "As hijab spreads in Azerbaijan, covered women complain they can't find jobs" (https://eurasianet.org/as-hijab-spreads-in-azerbaijan-covered-women-complain-they-cant-find-jobs) . Eurasianet (/wiki/Eurasianet) . ^ (#cite_ref-auto2_277-0) "European Court of Human Rights upholds Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face Islamic veils" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-a7835156.html) . The Independent . 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-278) "Unveiling Muslim Women in Socialist Yugoslavia" (https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/rag/7/2/article-p184_4.xml) . brill.com . ^ Jump up to: a b : A Muslim Reformist in Communist Yugoslavia: The Life and Thought of Husein Đozo (https://books.google.com/books?id=ECqTDAAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PA144) ^ Jump up to: a b : The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War (https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8EAQAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PP550) ^ (#cite_ref-281) Xavier Bougarel: Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires (https://books.google.com/books?id=auA3DwAAQBAJ&dq=bosnia+veil+1950&pg=PA77) , p. 77 ^ (#cite_ref-282) "Bosnia women protest at ban on headscarf" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768) . BBC News . 7 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-283) "Another European country just banned the burqa" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html) . The Independent . 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-284) "Denmark is about to ban the burqa" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 6 October 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-285) L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm) , Folketinget (/wiki/Folketinget) ^ (#cite_ref-286) "Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab) . The Guardian . 31 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-287) "L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Law as passed.)" (https://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf) [L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. (Law as passed.)] (PDF) . Website of The Danish Parliament (in Danish). ^ (#cite_ref-288) "Denmark's burqa ban is greeted by protest and confusion" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365) . The Irish Times . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-289) "Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/) . The Telegraph . 31 May 2018. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-290) "Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools" (https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/) . newsroom.iza.org . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-291) "Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools" (https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/) . newsroom.iza.org . Retrieved 27 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-292) LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public , 11 October 2010 , retrieved 12 January 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-293) Willsher, Kim (1 July 2014). "France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court) . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-294) "GRAND CHAMBER CASE OF S.A.S. v. FRANCE (Application no. 43835/11) JUDGMENT STRASBOURG" (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-145466&filename=) . ECHR. 1 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-295) "CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016; Human Rights Committee Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2747/2016,,**" (https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016&Lang=en) . 7 December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-296) Chrisafis, Angelique (13 April 2016). "French PM calls for ban on Islamic headscarves at universities" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/13/french-pm-ban-islamic-headscarves-universities-manuel-valls) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-297) "Interdire le voile aux étudiantes? Les présidents d'université disent "non" (https://www.lexpress.fr/education/interdire-le-voile-aux-etudiantes-les-presidents-d-universite-disent-non_1782396.html) " (https://www.lexpress.fr/education/interdire-le-voile-aux-etudiantes-les-presidents-d-universite-disent-non_1782396.html) . LExpress.fr (in French). 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-298) Samuel Osborne (12 May 2021). "Emmanuel Macron's party bars woman from running as candidate because she wore a hijab" (https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/emmanuel-macrons-party-bars-woman-from-running-as-candidate-because-she-wore-a-hijab/ar-BB1gEMut) . Microsoft News (/wiki/Microsoft_News) , The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://archive.today/20210709083321/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/emmanuel-macrons-party-bars-woman-from-running-as-candidate-because-she-wore-a-hijab/ar-BB1gEMut%23comments) from the original on 9 July 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-299) Nachrichtenfernsehen, n-tv. "Bundestag beschließt Sicherheitspaket" (http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundestag-beschliesst-Sicherheitspaket-article19813154.html) . n-tv.de . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "German conference on Islamic veil sparks controversy \| DW \| 2 May 2019" (https://www.dw.com/en/german-conference-on-islamic-veil-sparks-controversy/a-48581723) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 13 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-301) Finn, Christina (5 August 2018). "Leo Varadkar: 'There will be no burqa ban in Ireland' (http://www.thejournal.ie/no-burqa-ban-ireland-4161037-Aug2018/) " (http://www.thejournal.ie/no-burqa-ban-ireland-4161037-Aug2018/) . ^ (#cite_ref-302) O'Connell, Hugh. "Varadkar rules out burqa ban, calls for women in priesthood – BusinessPost.ie" (https://www.businesspost.ie/politics/varadkar-rules-burqa-ban-calls-women-priesthood-422505) . ^ (#cite_ref-303) Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11065911) news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. Link retrieved 24 August 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-304) World Bulletin (http://www.worldbulletin.net/hijab/138709/kosovo-elects-first-lawmaker-to-wear-a-headscarf) Kosovo elects first lawmaker to wear a headscarf ^ (#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_305-0) "A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-306) "A Ministru kabinets atbalsta Sejas aizsegšanas ierobežojuma likumprojektu" (https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/aktualitates/ministru-kabinets-atbalsta-sejas-aizsegsanas-ierobezojuma-likumprojektu) . 22 August 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-307) Yearbook of Muslims in Europe , Volume 4 p. 393. ^ Jump up to: a b Dalli, Miriam (2015), "MP calls for banning of the burqa: ‘Decision requires rational debate’" (http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/56071/mp_calls_for_banning_of_the_burqa_decision_requires_rational_debate) , Malta Today (/wiki/Malta_Today) . ^ (#cite_ref-309) Camilleri, Neil (2015), "In Malta, wearing a burqa while driving is ‘not illegal’ – police" (http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-07-11/local-news/In-Malta-wearing-a-burqa-while-driving-is-not-illegal-police-6736138692) , The Malta Independent (/wiki/The_Malta_Independent) . ^ (#cite_ref-310) "Imam says burqa and niqab ban 'offends' Muslim women" (http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/58764/imam_says_burqa_and_niqab_ban_offends_muslim_women_#.VmTiv3p4WrU) . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-311) "Times of Malta ‒ 'Muslim women should be able to wear hijab at work' (https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130121/local/-Muslim-women-should-be-able-to-wear-hijab-at-work-.454136) " (https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130121/local/-Muslim-women-should-be-able-to-wear-hijab-at-work-.454136) . Timesofmalta.com . 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-euroinfo.ee_312-0) "Report on Equality" (http://www.euroinfo.ee/malta/pdf/25.pdf) (PDF) . Euroinfo.ee (in Estonian) . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-timesofmalta1_313-0) "Election of Muslim girl champions diversity" (https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110529/local/Election-of-Muslim-girl-champions-diversity.367835) . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jørgen_Nielsen_2014_p.411_314-0) Jørgen Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibašić; Egdunas Racius (2014), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe , Volume 6, Brill, p.411. ^ (#cite_ref-315) "Ministers vote Dutch ‘burqa ban’" (http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-‘burqa-ban’) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120210030405/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-%E2%80%98burqa-ban%E2%80%99) 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , rnw.nl ^ (#cite_ref-316) The Telegraph "Netherlands to ban the burka" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/8765673/Netherlands-to-ban-the-burka.html) , 15 September 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-317) The Netherlands has introduced a 'burqa ban' – but its enforcement is in doubt (https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/europe/netherlands-burqa-ban-scli-intl/index.html) , CNN, 1 August 2019 ^ Jump up to: a b McAuley, James. "As the Netherlands' burqa ban takes effect, police and transport officials refuse to enforce it" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-takes-effect-police-and-transport-officials-refuse-to-enforce-it/2019/08/01/a91fb648-b461-11e9-acc8-1d847bacca73_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 6 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-319) Boffey, Daniel (1 August 2019). "Dutch 'burqa ban' rendered largely unworkable on first day" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 6 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-320) "OHCHR \| The Netherlands: UN expert calls for greater equality and tolerance" (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25101&LangID=E) . www.ohchr.org . Retrieved 6 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-321) Hague, Peter Cluskey in The. "Dutch told burka ban discriminates against Muslim women" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/dutch-told-burka-ban-discriminates-against-muslim-women-1.4045396) . The Irish Times . Retrieved 6 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cypriot_Attire_Project_322-0) Cypriot Attire Project (http://eastorwest.multiply.com/journal/item/18) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100313075209/http://eastorwest.multiply.com/journal/item/18) 13 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Cyprus History in Brief ^ (#cite_ref-323) "Giovanni Mariti. Travels in the Island of Cyprus. Cyprus Explorer" (http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/mariti/index03.php) . www.CyprusExplorer.GlobalFolio.net . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-324) Eicher, Joanne Bubolz (/wiki/Joanne_Eicher) , Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time , p.35, 1995 ^ (#cite_ref-325) Irwin, Elizabeth K., Reading Herodotus: A Study of the Logoi in Book 5 of Herodotus' Histories , p. 273, 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-326) Athanasiadis, Iason (24 April 2004). "Northern Cyprus espouses 'Islam lite' (https://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2004/Apr-24/62909-northern-cyprus-espouses-islam-lite.ashx) " (https://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2004/Apr-24/62909-northern-cyprus-espouses-islam-lite.ashx) . The Daily Star (/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111004121549/http://www.iason.ws/cyprus/articles.aspx?id=11) from the original on 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-327) Haber KKTC, 7 June 2011 (http://www.haberkktc.com/haber/basortusu-yasagi-kalkti-3693.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201104013058/https://www.haberkktc.com/haber/basortusu-yasagi-kalkti-3693.html) 4 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Ban on headscarf was removed in Turkey ^ (#cite_ref-328) Tavernise, Sabrina, " Under a Scarf, a Turkish Lawyer Fighting to Wear It (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/world/europe/09benli.html?pagewanted=all) ", The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , 9 February 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-329) Cyprus: Culture and language (http://www.mephisto-diving.com/questions-and-answers/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409145258/http://www.mephisto-diving.com/questions-and-answers/) 9 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Mephisto ^ (#cite_ref-330) "Norway votes in favour of banning burqa in schools and universities" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-burqa-ban-schools-universities-parliament-vote-niqab-latest-a8387826.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 7 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-331) "Norway bans burqas and niqabs at schools" (https://au.news.yahoo.com/norway-bans-burqas-niqabs-schools-211009300.html) . au.news.yahoo.com . 7 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-332) Ripegutu, Halvor (2 April 2019). "Telia har mottatt trussel som følge av hijab-reklame" (https://www.nettavisen.no/økonomi/telia-har-mottatt-trussel-som-flge-av-hijab-reklame/3423647259.html) . Nettavisen (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 3 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-333) "Phone company Telia threatened in Norway after empowerment advert" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telia-company-norway-idUSKCN1RE179) . Reuters . 2 April 2019 . Retrieved 6 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-334) Barry, Ellen (19 March 2013). "Local Russian Hijab Ban Puts Muslims in a Squeeze" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/europe/russian-regions-hijab-ban-puts-squeeze-on-muslims.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-335) "The Islamic veil across Europe" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095) . BBC News . 31 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-336) "Supreme Court confirmation: prohibited to wear hijab in Russian high schools" (https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Supreme-Court-confirmation:-prohibited-to-wear-hijab-in-Russian-high-schools-28440.html) . www.asianews.it . ^ (#cite_ref-337) Malmöhus, P4. "Skurup förbjuder slöja i skolan" (https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=7369615) . Sveriges Radio (in Swedish) . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-338) "Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places) . TheGuardian.com (/wiki/TheGuardian.com) . 7 March 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-339) "Ja zum Burka-Verbot im Tessin" (https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/abstimmungen/abstimmungen/abstimmungen-ti/ja-zum-burka-verbot-im-tessin) . SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (in German) . Retrieved 17 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-340) "Kein Burka-Verbot im Kanton Glarus" (https://www.srf.ch/news/regional/ostschweiz/kein-burka-verbot-im-kanton-glarus) . SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (in German) . Retrieved 17 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-341) "Swiss canton St Gallen votes for ban on burqas in public \| DW \| 23.09.2018" (https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-canton-st-gallen-votes-for-ban-on-burqas-in-public/a-45607726) . Deutsche Welle (/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) . ^ (#cite_ref-342) Zweigert, Konrad, Professor of Law, University of Hamburg; Director, Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Private Law; Kötz, Hein, M.C.L. (Mich.); Professor of Law, University of Konstanz (1977). An Introduction to Comparative Law; Translated from the German by Tony Weir, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge . Vol. I: The Framework. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North Holland Publishing Company. pp. 176–177. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-343) Slade, Adolphus (1854). Records of travel in Turkey, Greece, etc . London: William Taylor. p. 194. ^ (#cite_ref-344) "Mehmet Yaman, İnkılap Kanunları Hakkında Anayasal Bir Yorum, Kriter.org sitesi 26.07.2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191129064702/http://www.kriter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2042&Itemid=1) . Archived from the original (http://www.kriter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2042&Itemid=1) on 29 November 2019 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-345) beykent.edu.tr, TC Anayasaları, 1921, 1924, 1961 ve 1982 Anayasalarını karşılaştırılması (http://kampus.beykent.edu.tr/Paylasim/Dosyalar/Anayasalar_129807210772392500.pdf) (in Turkish) ^ Jump up to: a b M. Kavakci Islam, Merve Kavakci: Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading (https://books.google.com/books?id=eQtdAQAAQBAJ&dq=latife+ataturk+veil&pg=PT36) ^ (#cite_ref-347) Rainsford, Sarah (7 November 2006). "Headscarf issue challenges Turkey" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm) . BBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-348) "Covered women decreased, we do not look like Malaysia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234208/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171) . A&G research company . 28 September 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171) on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_349-0) Rainsford, Sarah (2 October 2007). "Women condemn Turkey constitution" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-salon.com_350-0) Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). "Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?" (http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/) . Salon . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-351) Derakhshandeh, Mehran. Just a headscarf? (http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942) Archived (https://archive.today/20120904225902/http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942) 4 September 2012 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) Tehran Times . Mehr News Agency. 16 February 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-352) Jenkins, Gareth. Turkey's Constitutional Changes: Much Ado About Nothing? (http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795) Archived (https://archive.today/20070625152714/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795) 25 June 2007 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) Eurasia Daily Monitor . The Jamestown Foundation. 11 February 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-wp_353-0) Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen. Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey: Parliament Lifts 80-Year-Old Restriction on University Attire (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html) . The Washington Post . 10 February 2008. Page A17. ^ (#cite_ref-354) Sabrina Tavernise (5 June 2008). "Turkey's high court overrules government on head scarves" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/world/europe/05iht-turkey.4.13505875.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-355) Euronews (08.10.2013) (http://tr.euronews.com/2013/10/08/turkiye-de-kamuda-basortusu-yasagi-resmen-kalkti/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201114115720/http://tr.euronews.com/2013/10/08/turkiye-de-kamuda-basortusu-yasagi-resmen-kalkti/) 14 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) The headscarf ban in public institutions in Turkey was officially lifted ^ (#cite_ref-356) "Turkey is considering relaxing rules on hair in the armed forces – and its proving very controversial" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-military-president-erdogan-armed-forces-hair-beards-headscarves-a7614811.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 6 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-357) Devranoglu, Nevzat; Butler, Daren (5 October 2022). "Islamic headscarf returns to heart of Turkish political debate" (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-headscarf-returns-heart-turkish-political-debate-2022-10-05/) . Reuters . ^ (#cite_ref-358) "Turkey: Erdogan proposes vote on right to wear hijab" (https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-proposes-vote-right-wear-hijab) . Middle East Eye . ^ (#cite_ref-359) Nişancı, Zübeyir (21 March 2023). "Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye" (https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf) (PDF) . Marmara University (/wiki/Marmara_University) . p. 50 . Retrieved 10 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-360) "Marks & Spencer criticised for stocking hijabs in 'school essentials' section" (https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/other/marks-26-spencer-criticised-for-stocking-hijabs-in-school-essentials-section/ar-BBOgihv) . www.msn.com . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-361) "M&S on Twitter" (https://twitter.com/marksandspencer/status/1050030484342919168) . Twitter . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-362) "UKIP's Farage calls for burka ban" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8464124.stm) . 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-363) "What Would Ukip Do About The Veil?" (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/10/04/nigel-farage-veil_n_4044203.html) . HuffPost UK . 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-364) "BNP Say Ban the Burqa NOW! Video \| National News \| British National Party" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233620/http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/national/bnp-say-ban-burqa-now-video) . 20 December 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/national/bnp-say-ban-burqa-now-video) on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-365) Government Response: Ban the Burqa Petition (6 June 2013). ^ (#cite_ref-poll_366-0) Grenier, Éric (27 April 2016). "Muslim Canadians increasingly proud of and attached to Canada, survey suggests" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591) . CBC News . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-367) Face veils banned for citizenship oaths (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/12/12/pol-kenney-citizenship-rules.html) . CBC. Published 12 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-cbc-news_368-0) "Muslim group calls for burka ban" (http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/10/08/canada-muslim-burka-niqb-ban-government.html#ixzz0thJLvbvK) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-369) Joan, Bryden (27 October 2007). "New bill to ban veiled voters" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-bill-to-ban-veiled-voters/article964080/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . ^ (#cite_ref-370) "Ontario, Quebec differ over soccer head scarf ban" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ontario-quebec-differ-over-soccer-head-scarf-ban-1.632266) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . 26 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-371) "National Assembly, Bill 60: Charter affirming the values of State secularism and religious neutrality and of equality between women and men, and providing a framework for accommodation requests" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140124205655/http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf) (PDF) . 24 January 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf) (PDF) on 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-372) Khan, Sheema (17 October 2013). "Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/good-enough-for-nobel-but-not-for-quebec/article14892866/) . The Globe and Mail – via www.theglobeandmail.com. ^ (#cite_ref-373) Paperny, Anna Mehler. "Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-religion-quebec-lawsuit/canadian-judge-suspends-quebec-niqab-ban-idUSKBN1DW01B) . U.S . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-374) Paperny, Anna Mehler. "Second Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban" (https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN) . CA . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-375) "Judge suspends Quebec face-covering ban, says it appears to violate charter" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-bill-62-face-covering-july1-1.4724863) . CBC News . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-376) Abedi, Maham (27 October 2017). "68% of Canadians want Quebec's face-coverings ban in their province" (https://globalnews.ca/video/3828903/new-ipsos-poll-reveals-cross-canada-sentiment-about-quebecs-bill-62-face-veil-ban) . Global News (/wiki/Global_News) . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-377) "Four-in-ten outside Quebec would prohibit women wearing niqabs from receiving government services" (http://angusreid.org/bill-62-face-covering/) . Angus Reid (/wiki/Angus_Reid_(market_research)) . 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-378) "FATAH: The Cross vs. the Crescent in Europe" (http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-the-cross-vs-the-crescent-in-europe) . 12 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-379) "MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!" (https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever/wcm/b05b2646-3baa-42fb-b925-4e8af17f7b75?video_autoplay=true) . 15 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-380) "MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!" (http://torontosun.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever) . 15 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-381) "Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario" (https://globalnews.ca/news/4307779/raif-badawi-wife-ensaf-haidar-burqa-ban/) . Global News (/wiki/Global_News) . July 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224817/http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/) . Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original (http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-383) "Mapping the Global Muslim Population" (https://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(18).aspx) . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-384) juntaislamica.com (20 April 2023). "Los musulmanes de Monterrey (México) – Webislam" (http://www.webislam.com/?idn=11933) . ^ (#cite_ref-385) juntaislamica.com (20 April 2023). "Musulmanes de México – Webislam" (http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4163) . ^ (#cite_ref-386) "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism; Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices" (http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/) . Pew Research Center. 30 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230634/http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/) from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-387) "Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices" (https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/) . Pew Research Center . 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-388) "John F. TINKER and Mary Beth Tinker, Minors, etc., et al., Petitioners, v. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT et al" (https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/393/503) . LII / Legal Information Institute . ^ (#cite_ref-389) Mona Charen (/wiki/Mona_Charen) (7 July 2009). "Could the U.S. Ban the Burqa Too?" (http://article.nationalreview.com/399306/could-the-us-ban-the-burqa-too/mona-charen) . National Review (/wiki/National_Review) . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-390) LaFranchi, Howard (23 June 2009). "In battle of the burqa, Obama and Sarkozy differ" (http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2009/0623/p02s20-usfp.html) . The Christian Science Monitor (/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor) . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-391) "Paris pool bans Muslim woman in 'burqini' (https://vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1885657&sponsor=) " (https://vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1885657&sponsor=) . Agence France-Presse . 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-392) "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150601200505/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-86_p86b.pdf) (PDF) . Supreme Court of the United States . October 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-86_p86b.pdf) (PDF) on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-393) "Muslim jail employee fired for wearing headscarf loses appeal" (http://www.nj.com/camden/index.ssf/2017/01/former_jail_employee_fired_for_wearing_headscarf_l.html) . NJ.com . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Stolberg_Dec_30_394-0) Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (30 December 2018). "Glorified and Vilified, Representative-Elect Ilhan Omar Tells Critics: 'Just Deal' (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/us/politics/ilhan-omar-minnesota-congress.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/us/politics/ilhan-omar-minnesota-congress.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190202122641/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/us/politics/ilhan-omar-minnesota-congress.html) from the original on 2 February 2019 . Retrieved 30 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-395) "Australia Muslim Veil Law Requires Women To Remove Face-Covering Niqab In New South Wales, 3 May 2012" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/australia-veil-law-burqa-ban_n_1320811.html) . HuffPost . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Full Face Covering Debate: An Australian Perspective (http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2012/6.pdf) by Renae BARKER Sources [ edit ] Abu Saud, Abeer (1984). Qatari Women: Past and Present . United Kingdom: Longman Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0582783720 . Scott, Joan Wallach (2007). "The Politics of the Veil". Princeton University Press. External links [ edit ] Media related to Hijabs by country (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hijabs_by_country) at Wikimedia Commons This article's use of external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&action=edit) by removing excessive (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files) or inappropriate (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Burqa ban: What it means for the West (http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html) – TCN News VEIL Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130810/http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.htm) – Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe ( University of Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Vienna) ) Q&A: Muslim headscarves (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3328277.stm) from BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) Shabina Begum case: School wins Muslim dress appeal (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4832072.stm) (22 March 2006) The Veil and the British Male Elite (https://ssrn.com/abstract=940025) Wholeasale turkish hijab fashion (http://www.turkishhijabaya.com) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221224004840/https://turkishhijabaya.com/) 24 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐w8lsr Cached time: 20240719161439 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.642 seconds Real time usage: 2.880 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 23945/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 553907/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18321/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 52/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1166823/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.564/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16880428/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 340 ms 20.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 220 ms 13.3% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 200 ms 12.0% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 180 ms 10.8% <mw.lua:694> 100 ms 6.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 80 ms 4.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 60 ms 3.6% makeMessage <mw.message.lua:76> 60 ms 3.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 60 ms 3.6% <Module:Citation/CS1:813> 60 ms 3.6% [others] 300 ms 18.1% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2455.616 1 -total 68.54% 1683.032 1 Template:Reflist 23.60% 579.521 160 Template:Cite_web 17.90% 439.439 94 Template:Cite_news 5.60% 137.461 2 Template:Harvnb 5.14% 126.162 22 Template:ISBN 4.03% 99.076 7 Template:Transliteration 3.73% 91.586 16 Template:Cite_book 3.53% 86.751 25 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 3.34% 81.999 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21610607-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719161439 and revision id 1235066832. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&oldid=1235066832 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country&oldid=1235066832) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Hijab (/wiki/Category:Hijab) Islamic female clothing (/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing) Islamism (/wiki/Category:Islamism) Islamic extremism (/wiki/Category:Islamic_extremism) Religious fundamentalism (/wiki/Category:Religious_fundamentalism) Islamic fundamentalism (/wiki/Category:Islamic_fundamentalism) Multiculturalism (/wiki/Category:Multiculturalism) Immigration (/wiki/Category:Immigration) Misogyny (/wiki/Category:Misogyny) Theocracy (/wiki/Category:Theocracy) Modesty (/wiki/Category:Modesty) Wahhabism (/wiki/Category:Wahhabism) Pan-Islamism (/wiki/Category:Pan-Islamism) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Globalization (/wiki/Category:Globalization) Sexism (/wiki/Category:Sexism) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: external links (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_external_links) CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2024) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)) CS1: long volume value (/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 Tajik-language sources (tg) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Tajik-language_sources_(tg)) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)) CS1 Estonian-language sources (et) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Estonian-language_sources_(et)) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)) Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from August 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019) Use American English from October 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2011) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2018) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2021) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating) All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases) Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_April_2015) Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2018) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2019) Articles to be expanded from July 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2011) All articles to be expanded (/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2022) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2017 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_October_2017)
Native Indonesian weaving style of Lampungese For other uses, see Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(disambiguation)) . Tapis Tapis being sold at the store in Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Type Art Fabric Material silk (/wiki/Silk) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , gold (/wiki/Gold) , silver (/wiki/Silver) Place of origin Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islam) on Islamic culture (/wiki/Islamic_culture) Architecture (/wiki/Islamic_architecture) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan) Indo-Islamic (/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture) Indonesian (/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia) Moorish (/wiki/Moorish_architecture) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) Persian (/wiki/Iranian_architecture) Somali (/wiki/Somali_architecture) Sudano-Sahelian (/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_mosque) Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_architecture) Yemeni (/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen) Art (/wiki/Islamic_art) Arabian carpet (/wiki/Arabian_carpet) Azerbaijani carpet (/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Calligraphy (/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Embroidery (/wiki/Islamic_embroidery) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Iznik pottery (/wiki/Iznik_pottery) Khatam (/wiki/Khatam) Kilim (/wiki/Kilim) Miniature (/wiki/Islamic_art#Painting) Oriental rug (/wiki/Oriental_rug) Paan dan (/wiki/Paan_dan) Persian carpet (/wiki/Persian_carpet) Soumak (/wiki/Soumak) Suzani (/wiki/Suzani_(textile)) Tapis Turkmen rug (/wiki/Turkmen_rug) Turkish carpet (/wiki/Anatolian_rug) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Boubou (/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) Jilbab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) Kameez (/wiki/Kameez) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Salwar (/wiki/Salwar) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Taqiya (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Holidays (/wiki/Islamic_holidays) Arba'een (/wiki/Arba%27een) al-Ghadir (/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir) Chaand Raat (/wiki/Chaand_Raat) al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) al-Adha (/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) Imamat Day (/wiki/Imamat_Day) New Year (/wiki/Islamic_New_Year) al-Qadr (/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr) Mawlid (/wiki/Mawlid) Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) Bara’at (/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at) Raghaib (/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib) Literature (/wiki/Islamic_literature) Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_literature) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature) Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_literature) Crimean Tatar (/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature) Gambian (/wiki/Gambian_literature) Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_literature) Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_literature) ( Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_literature) ) Kashmiri (/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir) Kazakh (/wiki/Kazakh_literature) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_literature) Kyrgyz (/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature) Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysian_literature) ( Malay (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Literature) ) Malian (/wiki/Malian_literature) Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_literature) Pashto (/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry) Persian (/wiki/Persian_literature) Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_literature) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_literature) Somali (/wiki/Somali_literature) South Asian (/wiki/South_Asian_literature) Tajik (/wiki/Tajik_literature) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_literature) Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_literature) Turkmen (/wiki/Turkmen_literature) Urdu (/wiki/Urdu_literature) Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghur_literature) Uzbek (/wiki/Uzbek_literature) Music (/wiki/Islamic_music) Ashik (/wiki/Ashik) Daf (/wiki/Daf) Dastgah (/wiki/Dastgah) Gamelan (/wiki/Gamelan) Gendang beleq (/wiki/Gendang_beleq) Ghazal (/wiki/Ghazal) Haḍra (/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra) Hamd (/wiki/Hamd) Jari (/wiki/Jarigan) Madih nabawi (/wiki/Madih_nabawi) Mappilappattu (/wiki/Mappila_songs) Maqam (/wiki/Arabic_maqam) Mugam (/wiki/Mugham) Naʽat (/wiki/Na%CA%BDat) Nasheed (/wiki/Nasheed) Noha (/wiki/Noha) Qawwali (/wiki/Qawwali) Sufi (/wiki/Sufi_music) Talempong (/wiki/Talempong) Tambourine (/wiki/Tambourine) Theatre (/wiki/Islamic_theatre) Bangsawan (/wiki/Bangsawan) Cem (/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)) Karagöz and Hacivat (/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat) Sama (/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)) Ta'zieh (/wiki/Ta%27zieh) Wayang (/wiki/Wayang) Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) v t e Tapis ( Rejang (/wiki/Rejang_language) : ꤳꤶꥇꤼ꥓ ; Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_language) : kain tapis or simply tapis ) is a traditional Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) style and also refers to resulting cloth that originated from Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) It consists of a striped, naturally-coloured cloth embroidered with warped (/wiki/Warp_(weaving)) and couched (/wiki/Couching) gold thread (/wiki/Gold_thread) . Traditionally using floral motifs, it has numerous variations. It is generally worn ceremonially, although it can be used as a decoration. It is considered one of the symbols of Lampung (/wiki/Lampung_Province) and Lampungese (/wiki/Lampung_people) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Production [ edit ] Tapis craftswoman embroider the basic design pattern in the tapis -making process at Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Tapis is generally made by Lampungese (/wiki/Lampung_people) women. It consists of a woven, naturally coloured fabric with warped (/wiki/Warp_(weaving)) gold and silk embroidery. [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) [11] (#cite_note-m112113-11) The gold thread, shaped in stripes, chevrons, and checks, contrasts the colours of the fabric. [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) [11] (#cite_note-m112113-11) Tapis can also be decorated with beads, mica (/wiki/Mica) chips, or old colonial (/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies) coins. [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-jp2-13) The gold embroidery is affixed using couching (/wiki/Couching) techniques, minimalizing waste. [14] (#cite_note-cou-14) The gold thread is attached in sections, then couched with a different, less expensive, thread at turns. This ensures that none of the gold thread is used in a non-visible area. [14] (#cite_note-cou-14) [15] (#cite_note-forshee-15) Traditionally, tapis has floral motifs (/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)) . However, modern tapis may also be based on the weaver's own design and include non-floral motifs, such as Arabic calligraphy (/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy) . [13] (#cite_note-jp2-13) Other designs may include snakes, ships, and mythical creatures. [11] (#cite_note-m112113-11) Some tapis, called tapis tua (old tapis), are covered entirely in golden embroidery. [16] (#cite_note-16) Although generally produced by Lampungese (/wiki/Lampung_people) home industries (/wiki/Cottage_industry) , tapis is also produced in other areas, including Kendal (/wiki/Kendal_Regency) , Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) and Pisang Island (/wiki/Pesisir_Barat_Regency) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Use [ edit ] A Lampungese woman (right) wearing a tapis sarong, with old coins hanging from the bottom Traditionally, tapis is worn as a sarong (/wiki/Sarong) for weddings, Eid ul-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr) celebrations, and welcoming ceremonies. However, tapis can also be used as a wall decoration. [13] (#cite_note-jp2-13) When worn, it forms a cylinder around the wearer's legs. [18] (#cite_note-18) Reception [ edit ] Tapis has come to be seen as a symbol of Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) . [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) Some people describes tapis as having "exceptional beauty and sophistication", [19] (#cite_note-19) while some describes viewing tapis as "like seeing countless possibilities in art and life portrayed in cloth". [15] (#cite_note-forshee-15) The price of tapis reflects its age. Generally, the older a tapis the more it costs. Antique tapis are also collectors items, collected by both Indonesians and foreigners. [10] (#cite_note-jp1-10) Gallery [ edit ] Tapis of Kauer people, Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) at the Textile Museum of Canada (/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada) Tapis from Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) c. 18th century (or earlier) at the collection of Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) A black and red tapis See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Songket (/wiki/Songket) References [ edit ] Footnotes ^ (#cite_ref-1) Totton, Mary Louise (2009). Wearing Wealth and Styling Identity: Tapis from Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia . Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America: Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0944722374 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mary, Louise Totton (1994). "A Red Ikat Tapis: Ships and the Lands Beyond" (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/DIA41504888?journalCode=dia) . Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts . 68 (3): 4–15. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1086/DIA41504888 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2FDIA41504888) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 187976059 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187976059) . Retrieved 15 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Richter, Anne (1994). "Arts and crafts of Indonesia". Chronicle Books LLC . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wardwell, Anne E (1985). "Tapis: A Rare Sarong from South Sumatra". The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art . 72 (5). ^ (#cite_ref-5) Totton, Mary Louise (2009). Wearing Wealth and Styling Identity: Tapis from Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia . Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America: Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0944722374 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mary, Louise Totton (1994). "A Red Ikat Tapis: Ships and the Lands Beyond" (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/DIA41504888?journalCode=dia) . Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts . 68 (3): 4–15. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1086/DIA41504888 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2FDIA41504888) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 187976059 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187976059) . Retrieved 15 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Richter, Anne (1994). "Arts and crafts of Indonesia". Chronicle Books LLC . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Wardwell, Anne E (1985). "Tapis: A Rare Sarong from South Sumatra". The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art . 72 (5). ^ (#cite_ref-9) Subagio, Puji Yosep (1999). "North Coast Java Batik" (https://www.academia.edu/download/45168234/Java_Madura_Batik_1994.pdf) (PDF) . Tokyo University . Retrieved 15 March 2021 . [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Oyos Saroso (22 January 2007). "Rusiana Makki, empowering women through 'tapis' (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192352/http://images.thejakartapost.com/news/2007/01/22/rusiana-makki-empowering-women-through-039tapis039.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192352/http://images.thejakartapost.com/news/2007/01/22/rusiana-makki-empowering-women-through-039tapis039.html) . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original (http://images.thejakartapost.com/news/2007/01/22/rusiana-makki-empowering-women-through-039tapis039.html) on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Maxwell 2003 (#CITEREFMaxwell2003) , pp. 112–113 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Rodgers, Summerfield & Summerfield 2007 (#CITEREFRodgersSummerfieldSummerfield2007) , p. 36 ^ Jump up to: a b c Nia S. Kim (10 June 2001). "Lampung offers a whole lot more besides jungle adventures" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165552/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/06/10/lampung-offers-a-whole-lot-more-besides-jungle-adventures.html) . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/06/10/lampung-offers-a-whole-lot-more-besides-jungle-adventures.html) on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Maxwell 2003 (#CITEREFMaxwell2003) , p. 316 ^ Jump up to: a b Forshee 2006 (#CITEREFForshee2006) , p. 144 ^ (#cite_ref-16) ( Maxwell 2003 (#CITEREFMaxwell2003) , p. 184) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Backshall 2003 (#CITEREFBackshall2003) , p. 502 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Maxwell 2003 (#CITEREFMaxwell2003) , p. 319 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Stevie Emilia (10 April 2011). "Journeying through textile traditions" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/10/journeying-through-textile-traditions.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Bibliography Backshall, Stephen (2003). The Rough Guide to Indonesia . Rough Guides. p. 565. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85828-991-2 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Forshee, Jill (2006). Culture and Customs of Indonesia . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33339-2 . Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003). Textiles of Southeast Asia : Tradition, Trade, and Transformation . Hong Kong: Periplus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7946-0104-1 . Rodgers, Susan; Summerfield, Anne; Summerfield, John (2007). Gold Cloths of Sumatra : Indonesia's Songkets from Ceremony to Commodity . Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-6718-312-3 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tapis (Indonesian textile) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapis_(Indonesian_textile)) . v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis Gara Headgear Beluko Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Caping (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Iket Jamang Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Kerudung (/wiki/Veil) Kopiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Konde or sanggul (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( hair extension (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) ) Makuta (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Peci (/wiki/Songkok) Siger Suntiang Tanjak (/wiki/Tanjak) (destar) Tengkuluk Tudung (/wiki/Tudong) Udeng Jewelry and ornaments Anting-anting (/wiki/Earring) Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gelang (/wiki/Bracelet) Giwang Gesper (/wiki/Belt_buckle) Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul) Kelat bahu (/wiki/Arm_ring) Kerongsang Pending Sabuk (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Subang Sumping Tusuk konde (/wiki/Hairpin) Upawita (/wiki/Upavita) Armour Baju Empurau (/wiki/Baju_Empurau) Baju Lamina (/wiki/Baju_Lamina) Baju Rantai (/wiki/Baju_Rantai) Baru Lema'a (/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a) Baru Öröba (/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba) Karambalangan (/wiki/Karambalangan) Kawaca (/wiki/Kawaca) Siping-siping (/wiki/Siping-siping) Footwear Bakiak (kelom) (/wiki/Clog) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Selop Sepatu v t e Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Weaves Basketweave (/wiki/Basketweave_(weaving)) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Coverlet (/wiki/Woven_coverlet) Dobby (/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)) Double weave (/wiki/Double_cloth) Even-weave (/wiki/Even-weave) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Leno weave (/wiki/Leno_weave) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Pile weave (/wiki/Pile_weave) Piqué (/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)) Plain weave (/wiki/Plain_weave) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Shot (/wiki/Shot_silk) Swivel (/wiki/Swivel_weave) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Components Textiles (/wiki/Textile) Warp and weft (/wiki/Warp_and_weft) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) Tools and techniques Barber-Colman knotter (/wiki/Barber-Colman_knotter) Beamer (/wiki/Beamer_(occupation)) Braid (/wiki/Braid) Chilkat weaving (/wiki/Chilkat_weaving) Fingerweaving (/wiki/Fingerweaving) Flying shuttle (/wiki/Flying_shuttle) Heddle (/wiki/Heddle) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Inkle weaving (/wiki/Inkle_weaving) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Loom (/wiki/Loom) Navajo weaving (/wiki/Navajo_weaving) Pibiones (/wiki/Pibiones) Reed (/wiki/Reed_(weaving)) Salish weaving (/wiki/Salish_weaving) Shed (/wiki/Shed_(weaving)) Shuttle (/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)) Sizing (/wiki/Sizing) Sizing machine (/wiki/Textile_sizing_machine) Tablet weaving (/wiki/Tablet_weaving) Talim (/wiki/Talim_(textiles)) Tāniko (/wiki/T%C4%81niko) Tapestry (/wiki/Tapestry) Temple (/wiki/Temple_(weaving)) Wattle (/wiki/Wattle_(construction)) Wicker (/wiki/Wicker) Resin (/wiki/Resin_wicker) Types of looms (/wiki/Loom) Air-jet loom (/wiki/Air-jet_loom) Dandy loom (/wiki/Dandy_loom) Dobby loom (/wiki/Dobby_loom) Hattersley loom (/wiki/Hattersley_loom) Horrocks loom (/wiki/Horrocks_loom) Jacquard loom (/wiki/Jacquard_loom) Lancashire loom (/wiki/Lancashire_Loom) Northrop loom (/wiki/Northrop_Loom) Power loom (/wiki/Power_loom) Rapier loom (/wiki/Rapier_loom) Roberts loom (/wiki/Roberts_Loom) Warp-weighted loom (/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom) Weavers Acesas (/wiki/Acesas) Anni Albers (/wiki/Anni_Albers) Otti Berger (/wiki/Otti_Berger) Micheline Beauchemin (/wiki/Micheline_Beauchemin) Johanna Brunsson (/wiki/Johanna_Brunsson) Ada Dietz (/wiki/Ada_Dietz) Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd (/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd) Elisabeth Forsell (/wiki/Elisabeth_Forsell) Dorothy Liebes (/wiki/Dorothy_Liebes) Ethel Mairet (/wiki/Ethel_Mairet) Maria Elisabet Öberg (/wiki/Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg) Lilly Reich (/wiki/Lilly_Reich) Margaretha Reichardt (/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt) John Rylands (/wiki/John_Rylands) Brigitta Scherzenfeldt (/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt) Clara Sherman (/wiki/Clara_Sherman) Gunta Stölzl (/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl) Judocus de Vos (/wiki/Judocus_de_Vos) Margaretha Zetterberg (/wiki/Margaretha_Zetterberg) Employment practices More looms (/wiki/More_looms) Kissing the shuttle (/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle) Piece-rate list (/wiki/Piece-rate_list) Mills Bancroft Shed (/wiki/Bancroft_Shed) Queen Street Mill (/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6jf8z Cached time: 20240721093533 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.633 seconds Real time usage: 1.105 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2308/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85923/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2438/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 93075/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.423/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 25607268/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 751.553 1 -total 27.02% 203.050 1 Template:Reflist 25.81% 194.011 1 Template:Lang-rej 12.00% 90.161 6 Template:Cite_book 11.56% 86.891 1 Template:Islamic_culture 11.34% 85.199 1 Template:Sidebar 7.75% 58.231 1 Template:Short_description 5.38% 40.401 2 Template:Navbox 5.18% 38.966 1 Template:Indonesian_clothing 4.90% 36.808 6 Template:Harvnb Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21744956-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721093533 and revision id 1227479846. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)&oldid=1227479846 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)&oldid=1227479846) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indonesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_clothing) Textile industry of Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_of_Indonesia) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from July 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021) Articles containing Rejang-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Rejang-language_text) Articles containing Indonesian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Youth subculture "Scene queen" redirects here. For the musician, see Scene Queen (/wiki/Scene_Queen) . For the organized network of pirate groups, see Warez scene (/wiki/Warez_scene) . Members of the scene subculture in 2008 The scene subculture is a youth subculture (/wiki/Youth_subculture) that emerged during the early 2000s in the United States from the pre-existing emo subculture (/wiki/Emo_subculture) . [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) The subculture became popular with adolescents (/wiki/Adolescents) from the mid 2000s [2] (#cite_note-Tab-2) to the early 2010s. Members of the scene subculture are referred to as scene kids , trendies, or scenesters . [3] (#cite_note-3) Scene fashion consists of skinny jeans, bright-colored clothing, a signature hairstyle consisting of straight, flat hair with long fringes (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) covering the forehead, and bright-colored hair dye. [4] (#cite_note-Altpress-4) Music genres associated with the scene subculture include metalcore (/wiki/Metalcore) , crunkcore (/wiki/Crunkcore) , deathcore (/wiki/Deathcore) , electronic music (/wiki/Electronic_music) , and pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) . [5] (#cite_note-auto-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) From the mid-2000s to early 2010s, scene fashion gained popularity among teens and the music associated with the subculture achieved commercial success in both the underground and the mainstream. Groups like Bring Me the Horizon (/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon) , Asking Alexandria (/wiki/Asking_Alexandria) , Pierce the Veil (/wiki/Pierce_the_Veil) , and Metro Station (/wiki/Metro_Station_(band)) garnered mainstream attention and large audiences while still largely being tied to the scene subculture. In the mid-to-late 2010s, the scene subculture lost popularity; however, since 2019, there have been movements that have given it a revival. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Fashion [ edit ] Example of scene fashion Scene fashion includes bright-colored clothing, skinny jeans, stretched earlobes, sunglasses, piercings, large belt buckles, wristbands, fingerless gloves, eyeliner, hair extensions, and straight, androgynous (/wiki/Androgyny) flat hair with a long fringe covering the forehead and sometimes one or both eyes. Scene people dye their hair colors like blond, pink, red, green, or bright blue. [4] (#cite_note-Altpress-4) [9] (#cite_note-Palmer-9) [10] (#cite_note-Sydney-10) [11] (#cite_note-Guardian-11) Members of the scene subculture often shop at Hot Topic (/wiki/Hot_Topic) . [12] (#cite_note-12) According to The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , a scene girl named Eve O'Brien described scene people as "happy emos". [11] (#cite_note-Guardian-11) Music [ edit ] Scene people are associated with various styles of music including metalcore (/wiki/Metalcore) , deathcore (/wiki/Deathcore) , post-hardcore (/wiki/Post-hardcore) , crunkcore (/wiki/Crunkcore) , electronic music (/wiki/Electronic_music) , indie rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) , emo pop (/wiki/Emo_pop) , and pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) . Artists commonly associated with the scene subculture include Cute Is What We Aim For (/wiki/Cute_Is_What_We_Aim_For) , Asking Alexandria (/wiki/Asking_Alexandria) , Black Veil Brides (/wiki/Black_Veil_Brides) , Attack Attack! (/wiki/Attack_Attack!_(American_band)) , We Came As Romans (/wiki/We_Came_As_Romans) , Bring Me the Horizon (/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon) , Paramore (/wiki/Paramore) , Mayday Parade (/wiki/Mayday_Parade) , Suicide Silence (/wiki/Suicide_Silence) , the Medic Droid (/wiki/The_Medic_Droid) , Breathe Carolina (/wiki/Breathe_Carolina) , Escape the Fate (/wiki/Escape_the_Fate) , Falling in Reverse (/wiki/Falling_in_Reverse) , Hawthorne Heights (/wiki/Hawthorne_Heights) , Lights (/wiki/Lights_(musician)) , Taking Back Sunday (/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday) , Prima Donna (/wiki/Prima_Donna_(American_band)) , and Design the Skyline (/wiki/Design_the_Skyline) . [9] (#cite_note-Palmer-9) [13] (#cite_note-StateOfTheScene-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-DrownedinSound-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [11] (#cite_note-Guardian-11) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Many bands associated with the scene subculture gained popularity through the social media website MySpace (/wiki/MySpace) . [21] (#cite_note-loudwire.com-21) Crunkcore [ edit ] Main article: Crunkcore (/wiki/Crunkcore) Crunkcore (also called crunk punk, [22] (#cite_note-Allmusic-22) screamo-crunk and scrunk [23] (#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-23) ) is a musical fusion genre that is popular among scene kids. Characterized by the combination of cultural and musical elements from crunk (/wiki/Crunk) , screamo (/wiki/Screamo) , pop (/wiki/Pop_music) , electronic (/wiki/Electronic_music) and dance music (/wiki/Dance_music) , [24] (#cite_note-phoenix-24) [25] (#cite_note-about.com-25) the genre often features screamed vocals (/wiki/Screaming_(music)) , hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) beats, and sexually provocative lyrics. [24] (#cite_note-phoenix-24) [25] (#cite_note-about.com-25) [26] (#cite_note-student_life-26) [27] (#cite_note-badger_herald-27) Notable groups in the genre included Brokencyde (/wiki/Brokencyde) , Hollywood Undead (/wiki/Hollywood_Undead) , [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) 3OH!3 (/wiki/3OH!3) and Millionaires (/wiki/Millionaires_(duo)) . [24] (#cite_note-phoenix-24) Neon pop-punk [ edit ] Main article: Neon pop-punk (/wiki/Neon_pop-punk) Neon pop-punk (/wiki/Neon_pop-punk) emerged in the late 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_music) as a style that blended elements of Power pop (/wiki/Power_pop) and electronic music (/wiki/Electronic_music) with the upbeat, catchy sound of traditional pop-punk. (/wiki/Pop-punk) [28] (#cite_note-28) Bands in this genre embraced bright, glistening aesthetics and often featured neon colors in their merch and music videos. Notable groups from that era include All Time Low (/wiki/All_Time_Low) , The Maine (/wiki/The_Maine_(band)) , The Cab (/wiki/The_Cab) , Metro Station (/wiki/Metro_Station_(band)) , We The Kings (/wiki/We_the_Kings) , Marianas Trench (/wiki/Marianas_Trench_(band)) , Boys Like Girls (/wiki/Boys_Like_Girls) , The Summer Set (/wiki/The_Summer_Set) , Cobra Starship (/wiki/Cobra_Starship) , Hey Monday (/wiki/Hey_Monday) , Hot Chelle Rae (/wiki/Hot_Chelle_Rae) , The Academy is... (/wiki/The_Academy_Is...) and Forever the Sickest Kids (/wiki/Forever_the_Sickest_Kids) . [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-20_NEON_POP-PUNK_SONGS_YOU_PROBABLY_FORGOT-30) [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] The Blood Brothers (/wiki/The_Blood_Brothers_(band)) were influential on the development of scene fashion. Scene originated from the emo subculture (/wiki/Emo#Fashion_and_subculture) in the early-2000s across the United States. The name began being used around 2002, through the term "scene queen", a derogatory term describing attractive, popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture (/wiki/Poseur) . [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) "Fashioncore" was an aesthetic originated by Orange County (/wiki/Orange_County,_California) metalcore band Eighteen Visions (/wiki/Eighteen_Visions) that helped to originate the scene subculture. Originating as a way of purposely being confrontational to the hypermasculinity of hardcore, it used many aspects that would come to define scene fashion, such as eyeliner, tight jeans, collared shirts, straightened hair and white belts. [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) According to MetalSucks (/wiki/MetalSucks) writer Finn McKenty (/wiki/Finn_McKenty) , the quintessential scene haircut was invented by Eighteen Visions bassist Javier Van Huss. Huss, himself, had been inspired to create the haircut from seeing a poster of the band Orgy (/wiki/Orgy_(band)) . [31] (#cite_note-31) in Louder Than Hell by Katherine Turman and John Wiederhorn, Ryan Downey states "Javier [Van Huss] really led the charge with crazy hairstyles and pink and blond and blue chunks in their hair". [32] (#cite_note-32) Though the term began as pejorative against fashionable people in the hardcore scene, the style was eventually popularized in the early-2000s through the success of Eighteen Visions, Atreyu (/wiki/Atreyu) and From Autumn to Ashes (/wiki/From_Autumn_to_Ashes) . [33] (#cite_note-33) Sass music (/wiki/Sass_music) was also a notable origin of scene. Like fashioncore, sass was also a deliberate confrontation to hardcore's hyper masculinity, with sass bands doing so through their use of overt homoeroticism (/wiki/Homoeroticism) . The fashion of many sass musicians, notably Johnny Whitney (/wiki/Johnny_Whitney) , lead vocalist for the Blood Brothers (/wiki/The_Blood_Brothers_(band)) , were influential upon the development of scene. [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) Mainstream success [ edit ] Gabe Saporta (/wiki/Gabe_Saporta) helped to define scene fashion by taking influence from rave (/wiki/Rave_music) and Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) . Scene entered popular culture following the mainstream exposure of the emo subculture, indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) , pop punk (/wiki/Pop_punk) , and hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) in the mid 2000s. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) The scene subculture is considered by some to have developed directly from the emo subculture and thus the two are often compared. [36] (#cite_note-36) During the mid 2000s, members of the British and American scene subculture took inspiration from the deathcore (/wiki/Deathcore) music scene. In a 2005 article by Phoenix New Times (/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times) , writer Chelsea Mueller described the appearance of the band Job for a Cowboy (/wiki/Job_for_a_Cowboy) (a band that was deathcore at the time) by writing that the band "may look like scenesters with shaggy emo haircuts and tight pants, and may mock metal greats, but this death-metal band is for real." [37] (#cite_note-MoltenRock-37) Mueller described Job for a Cowboy as "five guys in girls' jeans and tight band tee shirts". [37] (#cite_note-MoltenRock-37) Another early deathcore group popular among members of the scene subculture is Bring Me the Horizon (/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon) . [15] (#cite_note-DrownedinSound-15) In the following years, the spectrum of scene fashion broadened to include a number of sub-styles taking influence from a wide range of fashion styles. According to PopMatters (/wiki/PopMatters) writer Ethan Stewart, "the most renowned [sub-style of scene] was those who merged the subculture with brightly coloured party fashion", a style he attributed the beginnings of to Cobra Starship (/wiki/Cobra_Starship) vocalist Gabe Saporta (/wiki/Gabe_Saporta) and his influence from rave (/wiki/Rave_music) and Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) . He also noted those who took influence from 1980s glam metal (/wiki/Glam_metal) fashion, such as the members of Black Veil Brides (/wiki/Black_Veil_Brides) , Escape the Fate (/wiki/Escape_the_Fate) and Falling in Reverse (/wiki/Falling_in_Reverse) . He attributed the origin of this style to Blessed by a Broken Heart (/wiki/Blessed_by_a_Broken_Heart) . [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) Members of the subculture quickly began using MySpace. As the popularity of MySpace grew, the website began to develop some of the earliest internet celebrities (/wiki/Internet_celebrities) , referred to as "scene queens". [38] (#cite_note-38) Notable MySpace scene queens include Audrey Kitching (/wiki/Audrey_Kitching) , Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) and the members of the Millionaires (/wiki/Millionaires_(duo)) . [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) The music festival Warped Tour (/wiki/Warped_Tour) became popular with members of the scene subculture during the 2000s. Artists associated with the subculture would often play at the festival. [5] (#cite_note-auto-5) Bands influenced by crunkcore (/wiki/Crunkcore) , electropop (/wiki/Electropop) and electronic dance music (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) gained popularity among scene kids during the mid to late 2000s, including Cobra Starship and 3OH!3 (/wiki/3OH!3) . Blood on the Dance Floor (/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor_(band)) became especially popular, after Jayy Von Monroe (/wiki/Jayy_Von_Monroe) joined as lead singer in 2009. [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) During the late 2000s, similar subcultures emerged in Asia and Latin America, including the Shamate in China, [43] (#cite_note-43) the Floggers in Argentina, the Coloridos of Brazil, and the Pokemón (/wiki/Pokem%C3%B3n) in Chile. Like their American counterparts, these scene kids wore brightly colored clothing, androgynous big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) and eyeliner (/wiki/Eyeliner) , and identified with the emo pop (/wiki/Emo_pop) , indie rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) , hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) , and EDM (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) scene. [44] (#cite_note-44) Decline and revival [ edit ] By around 2014 the subculture had seen a decline in popularity, [2] (#cite_note-Tab-2) while also being influential on the fashion and culture of Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) , [45] (#cite_note-45) a website which would eventually develop a number of its own scene queens, such as Halsey (/wiki/Halsey_(singer)) . [46] (#cite_note-46) Warped Tour had its last show in 2019 after running annually since 1995. The late 2010s saw the growing popularity of musicians who had begun their careers as members of scene bands, most notably Lil Lotus (/wiki/Lil_Lotus) , Blackbear (/wiki/Blackbear_(musician)) , Post Malone (/wiki/Post_Malone) , Mod Sun (/wiki/Mod_Sun) and Lil Aaron (/wiki/Lil_Aaron) . Within this movement came the mainstream success of emo rap (/wiki/Emo_rap) , itself influenced by scene. [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) Beginning in 2019, there were several movements promoting the return of the subculture, such as #20ninescene (2019) [47] (#cite_note-47) and the "Rawring 20s" (2020s). [48] (#cite_note-48) Websites like SpaceHey (/wiki/Spacehey) and FriendProject, [49] (#cite_note-49) which retain Myspace's (/wiki/Myspace) early design, have gained popularity among teenagers, [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) and social media influencers on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) have begun adopting scene fashion. [52] (#cite_note-52) Around this time, the subculture was also influential on the development of the e-girls and e-boys (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) subculture, [53] (#cite_note-53) and the development of hyperpop (/wiki/Hyperpop) . [1] (#cite_note-PopMatters-1) Scene festivals also returned in 2022 with the When We Were Young (/wiki/When_We_Were_Young_(festival)) festival. Criticisms [ edit ] Brokencyde (/wiki/Brokencyde) was a popular scene band that received widespread criticism for their sound and fashion. According to a 2008 article by The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) , emo people (/wiki/Emo#fashion_and_subculture) have criticized the scene subculture, accusing scene people of "ripping off their style." [10] (#cite_note-Sydney-10) The scene subculture has also been the subject of criticism from members of the heavy metal subculture (/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture) . Pejorative terms such as " myspace (/wiki/Myspace) -core", "scenecore" and "mallcore" have been used to describe scene music and artists. [21] (#cite_note-loudwire.com-21) These terms mock the use of the suffix "-core" which has been used to describe genres related to the scene subculture such as metalcore (/wiki/Metalcore) , crunkcore (/wiki/Crunkcore) , and deathcore (/wiki/Deathcore) . [54] (#cite_note-54) Crunkcore has received criticism and the genre has been poorly received by music reviewers. The Boston Phoenix (/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)) has mentioned criticism of the style, saying that "the idea that a handful of kids would remix lowest-common-denominator screamo (/wiki/Screamo) with crunk beats, misappropriated gangsterisms, and the extreme garishness of emo fashion was sure to incite hate-filled diatribes". [24] (#cite_note-phoenix-24) Deathcore has been criticized by members of the heavy metal community for its use of breakdowns (/wiki/Breakdown_(music)) . [55] (#cite_note-Wilson-55) [56] (#cite_note-A_Deathcore_Extravaganza-56) [57] (#cite_note-Leave_The_Pig_Squeals_on_The_Farm-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scene (subculture) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scene_(subculture)) . E-girls and e-boys (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) Emo subculture (/wiki/Emo#Fashion_and_subculture) Visual kei (/wiki/Visual_kei) List of pop-punk bands (/wiki/List_of_pop-punk_bands) List of indie rock bands (/wiki/List_of_indie_rock_bands) List of emo pop bands (/wiki/List_of_emo_pop_bands) List of metalcore bands (/wiki/List_of_metalcore_bands) List of deathcore bands (/wiki/List_of_deathcore_bands) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : 2000s (/wiki/Portal:2000s) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Stewart, Ethan (25 May 2021). "From Hardcore to Harajuku: the Origins of Scene Subculture" (https://www.popmatters.com/scene-subculture-origins-hardcore-harajuku) . PopMatters (/wiki/PopMatters) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210525180042/https://www.popmatters.com/scene-subculture-origins-hardcore-harajuku) from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The cringe things you'll remember if you were a scene kid in the mid-2000s" (https://thetab.com/uk/2017/07/05/cringe-things-youll-remember-scene-kid-mid-2000s-42342) . UK . July 5, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021322/https://thetab.com/uk/2017/07/05/cringe-things-youll-remember-scene-kid-mid-2000s-42342) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 30, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Voices on being scene even when you're not a kid" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191011194932/http://www.thekindland.com/culture/voices-on-being-scene-even-when-youre-not-a-kid-1576) . thekindland.com . Archived from the original (http://www.thekindland.com/culture/voices-on-being-scene-even-when-youre-not-a-kid-1576) on 2019-10-11. ^ Jump up to: a b "12 things all former scene kids know to be true" (https://www.altpress.com/features/things_all_scene_kids_know_to_be_true/) . Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) . April 3, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190322021928/https://www.altpress.com/features/things_all_scene_kids_know_to_be_true/) from the original on March 22, 2019 . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "A Final Pilgrimage To Warped Tour, As Told By A Former Scene Kid" (https://www.stereogum.com/2008387/warped-tour-final-year-scene-report/franchises/sounding-board/) . August 2, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190322154814/https://www.stereogum.com/2008387/warped-tour-final-year-scene-report/franchises/sounding-board/) from the original on March 22, 2019 . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A History of Counterculture: Emo and Scene" (https://www.collegefashion.net/inspiration/history-of-subculture-emo-scene/) . College Fashion . November 14, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003152/https://www.collegefashion.net/inspiration/history-of-subculture-emo-scene/) from the original on June 7, 2019 . Retrieved June 6, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Dig out your studded belts and hairspray, it's the RAWRing 20s xD" (https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/02/dig-studded-belts-hairspray-rawring-20s-xd-11988274/) . Metro . 2020-01-02. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201021171557/https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/02/dig-studded-belts-hairspray-rawring-20s-xd-11988274/) from the original on 2020-10-21 . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Scene Subculture Is Back To Embrace A Different Look" (https://askandembla.net/blogs/blog/scene-subculture-is-back-to-embrace-a-different-look) . Ask & Embla . 11 February 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220831124108/https://askandembla.net/blogs/blog/scene-subculture-is-back-to-embrace-a-different-look) from the original on 31 August 2022 . Retrieved 30 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Palmer, Bobby (July 5, 2017). "The cringe things you'll remember if you were a scene kid in the mid-2000s" (https://thetab.com/uk/2017/07/05/cringe-things-youll-remember-scene-kid-mid-2000s-42342) . The Tab (/wiki/The_Tab) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021322/https://thetab.com/uk/2017/07/05/cringe-things-youll-remember-scene-kid-mid-2000s-42342) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marcus, Caroline (March 30, 2008). "Inside the clash of the teen subcultures" (https://www.smh.com.au/national/inside-the-clash-of-the-teen-subcultures-20080330-gds7cn.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021534/https://www.smh.com.au/national/inside-the-clash-of-the-teen-subcultures-20080330-gds7cn.html) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Rogers, Jude (February 25, 2010). "From mod to emo: why pop tribes are still making a scene" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/feb/25/emo-pop-tribes-mods-punks) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230559/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/feb/25/emo-pop-tribes-mods-punks) from the original on July 7, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "2009: The Year That Broke The Scene" (http://magazine.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/2009-year-broke-scene/) . Vinyl Me Please . March 6, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200808052646/http://magazine.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/2009-year-broke-scene/) from the original on August 8, 2020 . Retrieved April 2, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-StateOfTheScene_13-0) D, Sergeant (January 4, 2012). "2012 State of the Scene Address: It's Cool to Be Tr00" (http://www.metalsucks.net/2012/01/04/2012-state-of-the-scene-address-its-cool-to-be-tr00/) . MetalSucks (/wiki/MetalSucks) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021627/http://www.metalsucks.net/2012/01/04/2012-state-of-the-scene-address-its-cool-to-be-tr00/) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Phillips, Marian (2020-10-20). "20 scene albums from 2009 that dominated your iPod playlists" (https://www.altpress.com/features/2009-scene-albums/) . Alternative Press . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210323175335/https://www.altpress.com/features/2009-scene-albums/) from the original on 2021-03-23 . Retrieved 2021-03-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rauf, Raziq (November 6, 2006). "Bring Me The Horizon: "It's just party music" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021034/http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/1263353-bring-me-the-horizon--its-just-party-music) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021034/http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/1263353-bring-me-the-horizon--its-just-party-music) . Drowned in Sound (/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound) . Archived from the original (http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/1263353-bring-me-the-horizon--its-just-party-music) on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Jeffries, David. "Evolution – Blood on the Dance Floor" (https://www.allmusic.com/album/evolution-mw0002337839) . AllMusic (/wiki/AllMusic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180707231402/https://www.allmusic.com/album/evolution-mw0002337839) from the original on July 7, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Penn, Farrah (June 18, 2016). "34 Songs All Scene Kids Definitely Had On Their Myspace" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/farrahpenn/songs-you-definitely-had-on-your-myspace) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130803/https://www.buzzfeed.com/farrahpenn/songs-you-definitely-had-on-your-myspace) from the original on September 8, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Shotwell, James (August 17, 2011). "Review: Design The Skyline – Nevaeh" (http://underthegunreview.net/2011/08/17/review-design-the-skyline-nevaeh/) . Under the Gun Review . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170310015252/http://underthegunreview.net/2011/08/17/review-design-the-skyline-nevaeh/) from the original on March 10, 2017 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Castillo, Arielle (February 29, 2012). "Download: Lights – "Toes (Woodhands Remix)"; Culture Room Show March 11" (https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/download-lights-toes-woodhands-remix-culture-room-show-march-11-6413501) . New Times Broward-Palm Beach (/wiki/New_Times_Broward-Palm_Beach) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021307/https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/download-lights-toes-woodhands-remix-culture-room-show-march-11-6413501) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Shotwell, James (July 15, 2011). "Review: Falling In Reverse – The Drug In Me Is You" (http://underthegunreview.net/2011/07/15/review-falling-in-reverse-the-drug-in-me-is-you/) . Under the Gun Review . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170419191655/http://underthegunreview.net/2011/07/15/review-falling-in-reverse-the-drug-in-me-is-you/) from the original on April 19, 2017 . Retrieved July 30, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Irizarry, Katy. "16 Bands Who Got Their Start on MySpace" (https://loudwire.com/bands-who-got-start-on-myspace/) . Loudwire . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190322165904/https://loudwire.com/bands-who-got-start-on-myspace/) from the original on 2019-03-22 . Retrieved 2019-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Allmusic_22-0) Jeffries, David. "Brokencyde biography" (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/brokencyde-mn0001768285) . Allmusic (/wiki/Allmusic) . Rovi Corporation (/wiki/Rovi_Corporation) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120707024125/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/brokencyde-mn0001768285) from the original on July 7, 2012 . Retrieved October 29, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_23-0) McDonnell, John (July 22, 2008). "Screamo meets crunk? Welcome to Scrunk!" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/jul/22/screamomeetscrunkwelcometo) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183633/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/jul/22/screamomeetscrunkwelcometo) from the original on July 24, 2018 . Retrieved March 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gail, Leor (14 July 2009). "Scrunk happen: man kids seem to like it" (http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/86395-scrunk-happens/) . Boston Phoenix (/wiki/Boston_Phoenix) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090717104734/http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/86395-scrunk-happens/) from the original on 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Ryan. "Crunkcore" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121111174223/http://punkmusic.about.com/od/punktionary/g/Crunckore.htm) . About.com (/wiki/About.com) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (http://punkmusic.about.com/od/punktionary/g/Crunckore.htm) on November 11, 2012 . Retrieved July 31, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-student_life_26-0) Coquillette, Cici (April 27, 2009). "In Defense of Screamo crunk" (http://www.studlife.com/cadenza/2009/04/27/in-defense-of-screamo-crunk/) . Student Life (/wiki/Student_Life_(newspaper)) . Washington University Student Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000245/http://www.studlife.com/cadenza/2009/04/27/in-defense-of-screamo-crunk/) from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved June 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-badger_herald_27-0) Lampiris, Steve (April 14, 2009). "Latest music genre unlikely to get many listeners 'crunk' (http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2009/04/14/latest_music_genre_u.php) " (http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2009/04/14/latest_music_genre_u.php) . The Badger Herald (/wiki/The_Badger_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200915/http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2009/04/14/latest_music_genre_u.php) from the original on January 16, 2013 . Retrieved June 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Shoemaker, Whitney (June 18, 2020). "10 NEON-POP BANDS WHO NEED TO MAKE A COMEBACK" (https://www.altpress.com/features/best-neon-pop-bands/) . Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210507171053/https://www.altpress.com/features/best-neon-pop-bands/) from the original on May 7, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Hall, Mackenzie (September 7, 2016). "10 NEON POP-PUNK SONGS YOU CAN HEADBANG TO" (https://www.altpress.com/features/10_neon_pop_punk_songs_you_can_headbang_to/) . Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416174455/https://www.altpress.com/features/10_neon_pop_punk_songs_you_can_headbang_to/) from the original on April 16, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20_NEON_POP-PUNK_SONGS_YOU_PROBABLY_FORGOT_30-0) "20 NEON POP-PUNK SONGS YOU PROBABLY FORGOT" (https://www.altpress.com/features/20_neon_pop_punk_songs_you_forgot/) . Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) . September 9, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200914215644/https://www.altpress.com/features/20_neon_pop_punk_songs_you_forgot/) from the original on September 14, 2020 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) McKenty, Finn (29 September 2010). "What is UR Favorite Classic Nu-Metal Band??" (https://www.metalsucks.net/2010/09/29/what-is-ur-favorite-classic-nu-metal-band/) . Metal Sucks (/wiki/Metal_Sucks) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143647/https://www.metalsucks.net/2010/09/29/what-is-ur-favorite-classic-nu-metal-band/) from the original on 4 February 2021 . Retrieved 28 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "HOW EIGHTEEN VISIONS BECAME THE OC METAL BAND KNOWN FOR INVENTING "FASHIONCORE" (https://www.ocweekly.com/how-eighteen-visions-became-the-oc-metal-band-known-for-inventing-fashioncore-6569812/) " (https://www.ocweekly.com/how-eighteen-visions-became-the-oc-metal-band-known-for-inventing-fashioncore-6569812/) . OC Weekly (/wiki/OC_Weekly) . 17 July 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210604141108/https://www.ocweekly.com/how-eighteen-visions-became-the-oc-metal-band-known-for-inventing-fashioncore-6569812/) from the original on 4 June 2021 . Retrieved 3 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Haenfler, Ross. Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change . p. 17. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Marcus, Caroline (March 30, 2008). "Inside the clash of the teen subcultures" (https://www.smh.com.au/national/inside-the-clash-of-the-teen-subcultures-20080330-gds7cn.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021534/https://www.smh.com.au/national/inside-the-clash-of-the-teen-subcultures-20080330-gds7cn.html) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 30, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "New Haights: Scene kids ought to receive a crash course on their group - Blogs - The Easterner - Eastern Washington University" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164149/http://www.easterneronline.com/2.4787/new-haights-scene-kids-ought-to-receive-a-crash-course-on-their-group-1.647922) . 10 July 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.easterneronline.com/2.4787/new-haights-scene-kids-ought-to-receive-a-crash-course-on-their-group-1.647922) on 2011-07-10 . Retrieved 7 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "11 Ways Emo & Scene Styles Were Different" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/174626-11-ways-emo-scene-style-in-the-early-2000s-were-totally-different-photos) . Bustle . 26 July 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190322030254/https://www.bustle.com/articles/174626-11-ways-emo-scene-style-in-the-early-2000s-were-totally-different-photos) from the original on 2019-03-22 . Retrieved 2019-03-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mueller, Chelsea (December 1, 2005). "Molten Rock" (https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/molten-rock-6399904) . Phoenix New Times (/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180730020950/https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/molten-rock-6399904) from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) MCCARTHY, LAUREN (16 November 2020). "AN ORAL HISTORY OF THE MID-2000S SCENE QUEENS" (https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/oral-history-of-scene-queens-myspace) . Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210222145613/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/oral-history-of-scene-queens-myspace) from the original on 22 February 2021 . Retrieved 27 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Rex, Hatti (31 July 2016). "11 Mid '00s Scene Queens You Loved" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/175700-11-scene-queens-who-influenced-your-alternative-style-in-the-mid-2000s-photos) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302211627/https://www.bustle.com/articles/175700-11-scene-queens-who-influenced-your-alternative-style-in-the-mid-2000s-photos) from the original on 2 March 2021 . Retrieved 27 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Jones, Fionnuala. "Where are your favourite Myspace scene queens now?" (https://www.dailyedge.ie/myspace-3546978-Aug2017/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927091622/https://www.dailyedge.ie/myspace-3546978-Aug2017/) from the original on 27 September 2020 . Retrieved 27 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Inked Mag Staff (9 November 2017). "You Won't Believe What This Blood on the Dance Floor Singer Does Today!" (https://www.inkedmag.com/culture/you-wont-believe-what-this-blood-on-the-dance-floor-singer-does-today) . Tattoo Ideas, Artists and Models . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121209/https://www.inkedmag.com/culture/you-wont-believe-what-this-blood-on-the-dance-floor-singer-does-today) from the original on 2019-01-19 . Retrieved 2019-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "In Defense of Screamo crunk" (https://www.studlife.com/cadenza/2009/04/27/in-defense-of-screamo-crunk/) . 28 April 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200706231407/https://www.studlife.com/cadenza/2009/04/27/in-defense-of-screamo-crunk/) from the original on 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 6 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Meet Shamate, China's Most Hated Subculture" (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/meet-shamate-chinas-most-hated-subculture) . BuzzFeed News . 18 December 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803100446/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/meet-shamate-chinas-most-hated-subculture) from the original on 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2020-07-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Sousa, Pedro Mesquita de; Ferreira, Adriana; Martins, Alissan; Gubert, Fabiane; Scopacasa, Ligia; Mesquita, Jaislâny; Filho, Francisco Sampaio; Paula, Paulo Henrique de; Vieira, Neiva; Pinheiro, Patricia (November 11, 2011). "Adolescência, cultura Emo e saúde: o olhar de adolescentes em Fortaleza-CE" (http://www.adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=269) . Adolescencia e Saude . 8 (2): 11–17. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173405/http://www.adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=269) from the original on October 14, 2013 . Retrieved October 13, 2013 – via www.adolescenciaesaude.com. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Ewens, Hannah (7 July 2015). "emo was the last true subculture" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/59bwj5/emo-was-the-last-true-subculture) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210601035045/https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/59bwj5/emo-was-the-last-true-subculture) from the original on 1 June 2021 . Retrieved 27 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Serra, Maria (12 February 2021). "10 DRUM PERFORMANCES THAT PROVE JOSH DUN CAN REALLY PLAY ANYTHING" (https://www.altpress.com/features/best-josh-dun-performances/) . Alternative Press (/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225111607/https://www.altpress.com/features/best-josh-dun-performances/) from the original on 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 27 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "People are Bringing Back Scene for 2019" (https://www.papermag.com/bring-back-emo-in-2019-2625152346.html) . PAPER . 2019-01-07. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201023020128/https://www.papermag.com/bring-back-emo-in-2019-2625152346.html) from the original on 2020-10-23 . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Welcome to the RAWRing 20s xD" (https://www.papermag.com/rawring-20s-internet-explorer-2643749415.html) . PAPER . 2020-01-03. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201029205949/https://www.papermag.com/rawring-20s-internet-explorer-2643749415.html) from the original on 2020-10-29 . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "FriendProject.net \| Make New Friends, Create Custom Profiles, Photos, Chat" (https://www.friendproject.net/) . www.friendproject.net . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201023215554/https://www.friendproject.net/) from the original on 2020-10-23 . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "A Teenager Has Remade Myspace and Everyone Is Loving It" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8kp4/a-teenager-has-remade-myspace-and-everyone-is-loving-it) . www.vice.com . 8 February 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210614041726/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8kp4/a-teenager-has-remade-myspace-and-everyone-is-loving-it) from the original on 2021-06-14 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Merrilees, Kristin (2020-07-02). "Teens Are Joining a Myspace Look-Alike Called FriendProject" (https://medium.com/digital-diplomacy/teens-are-joining-a-myspace-look-alike-called-friendproject-c4cd5c7097cc) . Medium . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201020001400/https://medium.com/digital-diplomacy/teens-are-joining-a-myspace-look-alike-called-friendproject-c4cd5c7097cc) from the original on 2020-10-20 . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Emo Tik Tok Influencers Champion Scene Hair – the New Need to Know Trend Revival" (https://maneaddicts.com/scene-hair-revival/) . Mane Addicts . 2020-03-26. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154148/https://maneaddicts.com/scene-hair-revival/) from the original on 2021-01-24 . Retrieved 2021-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Bassil, Ryan (26 July 2019). "Introducing: The E-Boy" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy44jj/what-is-an-e-boy) . Vice Media (/wiki/Vice_Media) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201115234803/https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy44jj/what-is-an-e-boy) from the original on 15 November 2020 . Retrieved 21 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Wilson, Scott A. (2015-05-26). Music at the Extremes: Essays on Sounds Outside the Mainstream . McFarland. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786494507 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220831124108/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8DeCQAAQBAJ&q=%22mallcore%22+%22scene+kids%22&pg=PA20) from the original on 2022-08-31 . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wilson_55-0) Wilson, Scott A. (2015). Music at the Extremes: Essays on Sounds Outside the Mainstream . McFarland. pp. 20–21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786494507 . ^ (#cite_ref-A_Deathcore_Extravaganza_56-0) "A Deathcore Extravaganza" (https://archive.today/20130216182644/http://www.reviewtheworld.com/content/staff/deathcore.html) . Review the World. Archived from the original (http://www.reviewtheworld.com/content/staff/deathcore.html) on 16 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Leave_The_Pig_Squeals_on_The_Farm_57-0) "Leave The Pig Squeals on The Farm" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524023223/http://americanaftermath.net/2010/09/26/leave-the-pig-squeals-on-the-farm/) . American Aftermath. September 26, 2010. Archived from the original (http://americanaftermath.net/2010/09/26/leave-the-pig-squeals-on-the-farm/) on 2013-05-24. ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Why Do Metal Nerds Like All These Deathcore Bands????" (http://www.metalsucks.net/2011/05/16/why-do-metal-nerds-like-these-deathcore-bands/) . Sergeant D from MetalSucks (/wiki/MetalSucks) . May 16, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524032433/http://www.metalsucks.net/2011/05/16/why-do-metal-nerds-like-these-deathcore-bands/) from the original on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . I like this band OK, but I think it's really funny how when they first came out everybody was like "WTF this band sucks they are posers/not real death metal!!!" Then they put out their second album, which was basically generic late-90s death metal like any of the 8962323 jillion bands who ripped off Cannibal Corpse and Suffocation at the time, and then everybody was all "I guess they are OK this record is pretty sweet." ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Deathcore... and how hard it is to find good bands???" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130419185908/http://www.daviddawson.com.au/music/deathcore-and-how-hard-it-is-to-find-good-bands/) . David Dawson. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.daviddawson.com.au/music/deathcore-and-how-hard-it-is-to-find-good-bands/) on April 19, 2013. External links [ edit ] "Inside the clash of the teen subcultures" (http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/scene-kids-are-like-so-not-wannabe-emos/2008/03/29/1206207488553.html) Sydney Morning Herald 30 March 2008 (http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/scene-kids-are-like-so-not-wannabe-emos/2008/03/29/1206207488553.html) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7z75z Cached time: 20240720164425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.543 seconds Real time usage: 0.658 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3297/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 118753/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 692/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 234387/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.344/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6722049/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 564.066 1 -total 63.93% 360.591 1 Template:Reflist 48.85% 275.544 52 Template:Cite_web 11.50% 64.863 1 Template:Short_description 8.29% 46.780 1 Template:Commons_category 7.90% 44.570 1 Template:Sister_project 7.63% 43.034 1 Template:Side_box 6.23% 35.161 2 Template:Pagetype 5.42% 30.545 1 Template:Portal_bar 4.55% 25.659 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21815362-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164425 and revision id 1235395249. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scene_(subculture)&oldid=1235395249 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scene_(subculture)&oldid=1235395249) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Subcultures (/wiki/Category:Subcultures) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) 2000s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:2000s_fads_and_trends) 2010s fads and trends (/wiki/Category:2010s_fads_and_trends) Youth culture in the United States (/wiki/Category:Youth_culture_in_the_United_States) Youth culture in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Youth_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom) Counterculture of the 2000s (/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_2000s) Counterculture of the 2010s (/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_2010s) Australian youth culture (/wiki/Category:Australian_youth_culture) Music and fashion (/wiki/Category:Music_and_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Fashion category of relaxed day clothes, originally separates This article is about fashionable clothing identified and marketed as 'sportswear'. For clothing for sports, see Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) . Woman wearing a "sport suit," American, June 1920. Sportswear originally described interchangeable separates, as here. Signed "Evans, LA" Sportswear is an American fashion term originally used to describe separates, but which since the 1930s has come to be applied to day and evening fashions of varying degrees of formality that demonstrate a specific relaxed approach to their design, while remaining appropriate for a wide range of social occasions. The term is not necessarily synonymous with activewear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) , clothing designed specifically for participants in sporting pursuits. Although sports clothing was available from European haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) houses and "sporty" garments were increasingly worn as everyday or informal wear, the early American sportswear designers were associated with ready-to-wear manufacturers. While most fashions in America in the early 20th century were directly copied from, or influenced heavily by Paris, American sportswear became a home-grown exception to this rule, and could be described as the American Look . Sportswear was designed to be easy to look after, with accessible fastenings that enabled a modern emancipated woman (/wiki/Emancipation_of_women) to dress herself without a maid (/wiki/Lady%27s_maid) 's assistance. Definition [ edit ] Sportswear has been called America's main contribution to the history of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) , [1] (#cite_note-fdf-1) developed to cater to the needs of the increasingly fast-paced lifestyle of American women. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) It started out as a fashion industry term describing informal and interchangeable separates (i.e., blouses, shirts, skirts and shorts), [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) and in the 1920s became a popular word for relaxed, casual wear typically worn for spectator sports (/wiki/Spectator_sport) . [1] (#cite_note-fdf-1) Since the 1930s, the term has been used to describe both day and evening fashions of varying degrees of formality that demonstrate this relaxed approach while remaining appropriate wear for many business or social occasions. [3] (#cite_note-3) The curator Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) put on an exhibition on sportswear in 1985 at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , in which he described sportswear as "an American invention, an American industry, and an American expression of style." [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) For Martin, American sportswear was an expression of various predominantly middle-class (/wiki/American_middle_class) aspects of American culture, including health ideals, the concept of democracy (/wiki/Democracy) , ideas of comfort and function, and innovative design which might refer to historical concepts or leisure attributes. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) The establishment of a five-day working week (/wiki/Work_week) and an eight-hour working day in America in the mid-20th century led to the need for clothing which enabled the fullest possible enjoyment of such increased leisure (/wiki/Leisure) time, and was designed accordingly. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) A subsequent exhibition of 1930s-70s sportswear, also curated by Martin, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in 1998, was introduced by Philippe de Montebello (/wiki/Philippe_de_Montebello) as showing pioneering garments, whose modesty, comparative simplicity, and wearability treated fashion as a "pragmatic art." [5] (#cite_note-montebello-5) de Montebello carefully explained how significant American designers such as Norman Norell (/wiki/Norman_Norell) , Pauline Trigère (/wiki/Pauline_Trig%C3%A8re) , Charles James (/wiki/Charles_James_(designer)) and Mainbocher (/wiki/Mainbocher) , were not considered sportswear designers, as they were not dedicated to the design principles of versatility, accessibility and affordability in the way that Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) or Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) were. [5] (#cite_note-montebello-5) The "American Look", which is an alternative term for American sportswear, was coined in 1932 by Lord & Taylor (/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor) executive Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) . [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) The evolution of American sportswear has had a profound impact on global fashion, characterized by its blend of practicality and style. Key designers such as Claire McCardell and Emily Wilkens revolutionized the industry by prioritizing versatility and accessibility, making fashionable clothing available to a broader audience. Their innovative approaches included the use of easy-care fabrics and accessible fastenings, catering to the needs of modern, independent women. This democratization of fashion led to the widespread acceptance of sportswear as suitable attire for a range of social and professional settings. The emphasis on comfort, function, and a relaxed aesthetic continues to influence contemporary fashion, underscoring the enduring legacy of American sportswear (https://foxedosports.com/) in shaping modern wardrobes. History of sportswear design [ edit ] Pre-sportswear tailormade by Redfern. Bon Ton (/wiki/La_Gazette_du_Bon_Ton) , April 1914. Pre-1920 [ edit ] Sportswear originally described activewear: clothing made specifically for sport. Part of the evolution of sportswear was triggered by 19th-century developments in female activewear, such as early bathing or cycling costumes, which demanded shorter skirts, bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers_(clothing)) , and other specific garments to enable mobility, whilst sports such as tennis or croquet (/wiki/Croquet) could be played in barely-modified conventional dress. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) One of the first couturiers to specialise in sports-specific clothing was the British John Redfern (/wiki/Redfern_(couture)) who in the 1870s began designing tailored garments for increasingly active women who rode (/wiki/Equestrianism) , played tennis (/wiki/Tennis) , went yachting (/wiki/Yachting) , and did archery (/wiki/Archery) . Redfern's clothes, although intended for specific sporting pursuits, were adopted as everyday wear by his clients, making him probably the first sportswear designer. [7] (#cite_note-7) Also in the late nineteenth century, garments associated with activewear and/or modified from menswear, such as the shirtwaist (/wiki/Shirt) began to form part of the working woman's wardrobe. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) Prior to 1920, men and women could both demonstrate their being at leisure simply by removing a jacket, either literally in the case of menswear, or metaphorically by a woman wearing a shirtwaist blouse that resembled a man's shirt worn without a jacket. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) Martin has observed that in America, prior to increasing worker freedoms from the mid-late 19th century onwards, leisure had been a luxury available only to the leisured classes during the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) ( c. 1760 – c. 1860 ), and before that, Puritan America (/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America) had condemned leisure for all. He cites the 1884 Georges Seurat (/wiki/Georges_Seurat) painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte) as an immobile, "static and stratified" depiction of leisure in "direct antithesis" of the relaxed, casual American equivalent. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) T.J. Clarke notes how La Grande Jatte illustrates people from the breadth of Paris society taking advantage of their free time by going to the riverside to show off new clothes, but that the act of removing one's jacket or otherwise loosening garments as a signifier of actually being at leisure was almost never done. [9] (#cite_note-9) 1920s [ edit ] While 1920s Paris designers offered haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) designs that could be considered sportswear, it was typically not their design focus. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) A notable exception was the tennis player Jane Régny (/wiki/Jane_R%C3%A9gny) (the pseudonym of Madame Balouzet Tillard de Tigny), who opened a couture house specialising in clothing for sport and travel. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) Another famous tennis player, Suzanne Lenglen (/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen) , was director of the sportswear department at Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) . [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) In contrast to the flexibility of American sportswear, these expensive couture garments were typically prescribed for very specific circumstances. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) Many couturiers began designing clothing that, whilst suitable for sport, could be worn in a wider range of contexts. [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , who promoted her own active, financially independent lifestyle through relaxed jersey suits and uncluttered dresses, became famous for clothes of "the sports type." [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 1926 Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) reported upon Chanel's sporty garments, noting the absence of equivalent apparel from New York fashion presentations. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) However, Martin has noted that while Chanel was undeniably important and influential, her work was always based on couture construction rather than the easy-wear nature of American sportswear. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) As more generic, versatile sportswear became more prominent in the Paris collections, the press increasingly promoted the wearing of such garments in an everyday context. [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) By the mid-1920s, American advertisers also began actively pushing the idea that sporty clothing was just as appropriate for regular daywear as it was for active pursuits, presenting it as the epitome of modernity and the American ideal. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) One advertisement put out by Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) in Vogue in 1929 suggested that while men might admire a girl in an glamorous evening gown, they would be less intimidated by her approachable, friendly appearance in good-quality sportswear. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) [14] (#cite_note-14) Sportswear was also presented as an accessible version of resort wear (/wiki/Resort_wear) , a term for the luxurious travelling clothing and holiday wear worn by those who could afford a leisurely lifestyle with multiple vacations, such as cruises, yachting, and skiing (/wiki/Skiing) . [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) Affordable, well-designed all-American sportswear was presented as a way of enabling a less wealthy customer to feel part of that same lifestyle. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) However, at first, American apparel firms mostly copied French styles. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Despite the acceptance of fashionable sportswear as a form of casual dressing in French fashion in the 1920s, the American garment industry went on to become the most prominent producers of such clothing. [12] (#cite_note-stewart-12) The key difference between French and American sportswear was that French sportswear was usually a small part of a high-end designer's output, while the American sportswear designers focused on affordable, versatile, easy-care garments that could be mass-produced and were relevant to the customer's lifestyle, enabling the modern, increasingly emancipated woman (/wiki/Emancipation_of_women) to dress herself without a maid (/wiki/Lady%27s_maid) 's assistance. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) Although the influence of Europe, particularly Parisian high fashion and English tailoring, was always significant, the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) which started in 1929 acted as a trigger to encourage American fashion to focus on homegrown style and design – particularly sportswear. [8] (#cite_note-arnoldorigin-8) With 13 million Americans left unemployed by the Depression, it was necessary to create jobs and reduce the competition from imported goods in order to improve the American economy. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) At the same time, the growth of female athleticism and increased female employment fueled a need for simpler and less expensive clothing. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) [17] (#cite_note-:1-17) A smart young woman in a lightweight jacket and printed silk blouse. American, 1935. 1930–1945 [ edit ] The precursors of true sportswear emerged in New York before the Second World War. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) and Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) were among the first American designers in the 1930s to gain name recognition through their innovative clothing designs, which Martin described as demonstrating "problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyle applications". [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) Garments were designed to be easy-to-wear and comfortable, using practical fabrics such as denim (/wiki/Denim) , cotton, and jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) . [18] (#cite_note-vs-18) McCardell in particular has been described as America's greatest sportswear designer. [18] (#cite_note-vs-18) Her simple, practical clothes suited the relaxed American dress code, neither formal nor informal, that became established during the 1930s and 1940s. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) McCardell once proclaimed: "I belong to a mass production country where any of us, all of us, deserve the right to good fashion." [19] (#cite_note-19) Martin credits the 1930s and 40s sportswear designers with freeing American fashion from the need to copy Paris couture. Where Paris fashion was traditionally imposed onto the customer regardless of her wishes, American sportswear was democratic, widely available, and encouraged self-expression. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) The early sportswear designers proved that the creation of original ready-to-wear fashion could be a legitimate design art which responded stylishly to utilitarian requirements. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) Many of the first sportswear designers were women, including McCardell, Potter, Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) , Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) , Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) , and Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) . A common argument was that female designers projected their personal values into this new style. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) One of the few male designers at this time was Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) , who by the late 1930s was regularly ranked alongside Potter as a leading name in mid-range priced sportswear. [20] (#cite_note-arnoldbrig-20) Like Potter, Brigance understood how to design smart and fashionable clothing for mass-production, which made his clothes attractive to manufacturers as well as to customers. [20] (#cite_note-arnoldbrig-20) Two other notable male designers of sportswear at this time were Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) and John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) . [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) In the 1930s and '40s, it was rare for clothing to be justified through its practicality. It was traditionally thought that Paris fashion exemplified beauty, and therefore, sportswear required different criteria for assessment. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) The designer's personal life was therefore linked to their sportswear designs. Another selling point was sportswear's popularity with consumers, with department store (/wiki/Department_store) representatives such as Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) of Lord & Taylor (/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor) using sales figures to back up their claims. [10] (#cite_note-rm-10) Maxwell and Potter were two of the first three sportswear designers, along with Helen Cookman, to be showcased and name-checked in Shaver's window displays and advertisements for Lord & Taylor. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Between 1932 and 1939, Shaver's "American Look" program at Lord & Taylor promoted over sixty American designers including McCardell, Potter and Merry Hull (/wiki/Merry_Hull) . [17] (#cite_note-:1-17) [22] (#cite_note-:2-22) Shaver advertised her American designers as if they were French couturiers, [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) and promoted their lower costs as a positive feature, rather than a sign of inferiority. [23] (#cite_note-:3-23) One of Shaver's retail experiments was a 'College Shop' section in the store, opened in the early 1930s and run by her assistant Helen Maddock, with the intent of offering casual but flattering clothing to young female college students. The stock, however, ended up selling swiftly to adult women as well as to the students. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Among the key designs produced by this new generation of American designers were capsule wardrobes (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) such as McCardell's group of five wool jersey pieces from 1934, comprising two tops, long and short skirts, and a pair of culottes; and Maxwell's "weekend wardrobe" of five tweed and flannel garments. Both were designed to accommodate formal and informal occasions depending on how they were assembled and accessorised. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) McCardell also became well known for designs such as the Monastic and Popover dresses (/wiki/Popover_dress) which were versatile enough to work in multiple contexts from swimsuit cover-ups to party dresses. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) [24] (#cite_note-24) Other McCardell signatures included ballet slippers (/wiki/Ballet_slippers) (made by Ben Sommers (/wiki/Ben_Sommers) of Capezio (/wiki/Capezio) ) as everyday footwear and functional pockets in skirts and trousers. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) [25] (#cite_note-feal-25) Dressy garments made from casual fabrics, such as McCardell and Joset Walker's evening dresses and dress-and-coat ensembles made out of cotton, became a key sportswear look. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) The American couturier Norman Norell (/wiki/Norman_Norell) declared that McCardell could make a smart dress to wear anywhere out of "five dollars worth of common cotton calico." [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Other sportswear designs often incorporated elements of sporty informal or casual wear, as exemplified by Clare Potter's evening sweater worn with a long skirt draped like a sidesaddle (/wiki/Sidesaddle) riding habit. [26] (#cite_note-ny-26) Alongside Dorothy Shaver, Eleanor Lambert (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) was an important promoter of the American Look and sportswear. As founder of the Council of Fashion Designers of America and creator of New York Fashion Week, Lambert is considered the first fashion publicist. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-:4-28) In the summer of 1940, Lambert was hired by the Dress Institute to promote American fashion, leading to newspaper and magazine articles about how New York was replacing Paris as a global fashion leader. [28] (#cite_note-:4-28) In 1940, both Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) published issues devoted to American fashion. [23] (#cite_note-:3-23) [29] (#cite_note-29) Rebecca Arnold and Emily S. Rosenberg have noted how the American look, demonstrated through healthy teeth and the use of affordable, good-quality fashionable clothing to present a neat and practical appearance, despite claims of egalitarianism (/wiki/Egalitarianism) , was ultimately held up against white standards (/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States) of beauty. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-rosenberg-31) Rosenberg has pointed out a six-page spread in LIFE dated May 21, 1945, which explicitly described girls with an athletic 'American look' of good teeth, good grooming, and good, not-too-masculine, simple, neat attire, as being seen as preferable to girls from England, France, Australia or Polynesia. [31] (#cite_note-rosenberg-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) 1946–1970 [ edit ] Claire McCardell surrounded by models wearing her designs, 2 May 1955. ( TIME (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) ) After the Second World War, the emergence in Paris of the luxurious "New Look" popularised by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , with its emphasis on accessorising and femininity, was in direct contrast to the relaxed, easy-wear American look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) . [25] (#cite_note-feal-25) Sally Kirkland (/wiki/Sally_Kirkland_(editor)) , a fashion editor at Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and LIFE (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) , noted that McCardell and others had already been thinking along the lines of longer and fuller skirts and fitted bodices, but that unlike Dior's heavily stiffened and corseted designs, they used bias-cut (/wiki/Bias_cutting) bodices and lightweight, easy-wear circle or pleated skirts to reproduce the same silhouette. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Unlike traditional made-to-measure French couture fashion, designed for specific silhouettes, American sportswear was designed to accommodate a variety of body shapes and enable freedom of movement. [25] (#cite_note-feal-25) With the lifting of fabric rationing and restrictions following the War, American designers were able to use unlimited fabric and the development of permanent pleating meant that pleated dresses and full skirts were easy to look after. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) In addition to this, American stores had begun to recognise the commercial value of separates, with LIFE reporting in 1949 that separates made up an all-time-high of 30% of clothing sales in the States that Fall. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) In the 1950s and 1960s, designers continued to develop the theme of affordable, practical and innovative sportswear, producing clothing that focused on wearability rather than fashion fads, including Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) 's coat-and-dress sets and dresses made with removable waistcoats to alter their look. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) The film costume designer Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) , who started producing ready-to-wear clothing in 1949, is considered one of the most influential American sportswear designers. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) She was known for her extremely practical layered ensembles inspired by ethnographic garments and textiles such as the Japanese kimono (/wiki/Kimono) and happi (/wiki/Happi) , ikats (/wiki/Ikat) , and the South American poncho (/wiki/Poncho) . [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-lacash-37) Her designs incorporated leather bindings, pockets with purse clasps, hooded jersey dresses and tops, and industrial zippers and fastenings. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) [37] (#cite_note-lacash-37) She put a brass clip resembling those used on dog leashes (/wiki/Leash) , on a long formal skirt so that it could be securely hitched up to enable the wearer to run up and down stairs, [37] (#cite_note-lacash-37) and her ponchoes and hoods (which could be rolled down to form elegant cowl-collars) were originally designed for driving on cool mornings. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Cashin became one of the first American designers to have an international reputation. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Alongside Cashin, Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) emerged in the 1950s as a key name in sportswear design, first becoming known for his swimsuits, but then expanding into geometrically cut, graphic clothes and knitwear that Kirkland described as the epitome of the "new California." [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Along with many other designers, Gernreich took advantage of the development in the mid-1950s of upgraded machine-knitting techniques to produce his work. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Double knitting (/wiki/Double_knitting) (which was developed in Italy) enabled the mass-production of easy-to-wear knitted suits, coats and dresses that retained their shape and became a key American look in the 1960s and '70s. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) [38] (#cite_note-vs2-38) Another knitwear development involved varying the lines of the classic T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) so that it could be extended into dress-length versions, long or short sleeves, and other variations, including, by 1960, a sequined long evening version by Kasper (/wiki/Nine_West_Holdings) for Arnold & Fox. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) In the 1960s, American sportswear depended on very simple shapes, often made in vivid colours and bold, geometric prints (such as those by Gernreich and Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) ). [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Towards the end of the 1960s, many sportswear designers such as Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) and Halston (/wiki/Halston) began to enter business independently, rather than relying on the backing of their manufacturers, or working in association with firms and companies. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) 1970–2000 [ edit ] In a 1974 essay titled "Recession Dressing," the writer Kennedy Fraser (/wiki/Kennedy_Fraser) noted how Halston's work, particularly his success with making basic garments in luxurious fabrics, was that of an "anti-designer" who liberated American women of fashion from needlessly elaborate, conventional high fashion from high-end establishment American designers. She also singled out Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) and Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) . [39] (#cite_note-fraser-39) Alongside Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) , and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) , Martin has described Halston, Ruffin and Burrows as "paragons" of 1970s and early 1980s Seventh Avenue sportswear style. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) During the 1970s, Lauren, Calvin Klein and Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) became particularly known for their sportswear designs, made in all-natural fibres such as wool, combed cotton, and linen, which placed them at the top tier of American fashion design alongside the Anne Klein label (designed by Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) and Louis Dell'Olio). [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) in 1975 described Calvin Klein as having styled his clean, casual separates with the authority of a couture designer, and by 1985, Martin described him as "one of the great American stylists" with a solid international reputation and worldwide influence entirely based on his skills as a sportswear designer. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) The industry empires of Lauren and Calvin Klein would be joined in the mid-1980s by Donna Karan's own-name label and Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , each of whom created distinctive wardrobes for the American woman based upon stylish but wearable, comfortable and interchangeable multi-purpose clothes that combined practicability with luxury. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) These clothes were also designed to have a long, stylish and undated life, rather than to only be fashionable for one season. [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) In 1976, the designer Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) brought out the first of a number of collections of extremely simple garments made of the finest quality fabrics; garments that barely changed over the years and which became cult objects to his wealthy clientele. [40] (#cite_note-menkes-40) In 1993, the fashion journalist Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) declared Zoran's less-is-more sportswear prophetic of the early 1990s modernist trend, whilst Zoran stated that the work of Calvin Klein, Karan, and the Anne Klein label epitomised the "comfort, simplicity, and practicality" associated with sportswear. [40] (#cite_note-menkes-40) Most early 21st century sportswear design follows in the footsteps of these designers. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) Other notable sportswear designers of the late 20th century include Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) , whose 1980s fashionable garments made from sweatshirt (/wiki/Sweatshirt) fabric were highly influential; [4] (#cite_note-martin-4) [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , whose eponymous label renowned for layered informality in both day and evening wear was founded in 1986, and Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) , who presented his first collection in 1987. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) In the 1970s, Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) , one of the first significant male sportswear designers, incorporated relaxed layering and elements of menswear into his women's clothing, details that continue to widely influence early 21st century industry designers. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) In 1970, Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass_(designer)) , whose fashion career began in 1946, founded his own company, Bill Blass Limited. [41] (#cite_note-blass-41) Blass's wearable designs were designed to be worn day and night and he was said to have raised American sportswear to the highest possible level. [42] (#cite_note-nemy-42) Like Beene, he introduced menswear touches to his sportswear, which was described as clean, modern and impeccable in style. [42] (#cite_note-nemy-42) Kirkland commented in 1985 that sportswear designers such as Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) and Joan Vass were no longer "borrowing from the boys," but had begun making menswear too. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) In addition to the high-end names who produced apparel in large quantity, a more personal level of sportswear was offered in the early 1980s by smaller designers such as Mary Jane Marcasiano (/wiki/Mary_Jane_Marcasiano) and Vass, who specialised in hand-knits in wool and cotton. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) By the mid-1980s, sportswear had become a key part of the international fashion scene, forming a large part of America's contribution to the twice-yearly fashion presentations alongside top-end collections from Paris, Milan and London. [21] (#cite_note-kirkland-21) 21st century sportswear [ edit ] Relaxed easy-wear sportswear by Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Spring-Summer 2014. In 2000, the Lifestyle Monitor , an American trade magazine (/wiki/Trade_magazine) owned by Cotton Incorporated (/wiki/Cotton_Incorporated) published that their surveys showed that an average of 64% of women interviewed preferred casual wear, including sportswear as distinct from active wear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) . [43] (#cite_note-43) Notable New York sportswear designers of the first decade of the 21st century included Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) , Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) , Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) , Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) , and Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) , who were all featured in the Sportswear section of the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) 's New York Fashion Now exhibition in 2007. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) Designers who do not typically work in the sportswear tradition such as Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) sometimes incorporate elements of sportswear and activewear into their work. Lhuillier, mainly known for formal gowns, introduced sporty necklines and aerodynamic elements into her collection for New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Fall 2011. [44] (#cite_note-Shahg-44) In 2012, Tim Gunn (/wiki/Tim_Gunn) noted that the boundaries between activewear and fashion sportswear had become increasingly blurred since the 1980s, with many people choosing to wear hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) , yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) , and other garments explicitly associated with athletic wear as everyday dress. [45] (#cite_note-gunn-45) Hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) and tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) became popular items of hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) from the 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) to the 2010s. (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) American sportswear for fall-winter 2010 by Phillip Lim (/wiki/Phillip_Lim) , seen at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) Outside the United States [ edit ] Italy [ edit ] In the late 1940s and 1950s, non-American designers began to pay attention to sportswear, and attempted to produce collections following its principle. French couturiers including Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SA) and Fath (/wiki/Jacques_Fath) simplified their designs for ready-to-wear production, but at first only the Italian designers understood the sportswear principle. [46] (#cite_note-dc-46) Italy already had a reputation for fine fabrics and excellent workmanship, and the emergence of high quality Italian ready-to-wear that combined this luxury with the casual quality of American sportswear ensured the worldwide success of Italian fashion by the mid-1970s. [38] (#cite_note-vs2-38) Italian designers, including Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) and Simonetta Visconti (/w/index.php?title=Simonetta_Visconti&action=edit&redlink=1) , grasped that there was a market for clothing that combined sophistication and comfort. [46] (#cite_note-dc-46) This was a challenge to the American industry. John Fairchild (/wiki/John_Fairchild_(editor)) , the outspoken publisher of Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) opined that Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , and other Italian designers were "the first to make refined sportswear." [38] (#cite_note-vs2-38) Before co-founding the business that later became Missoni with his bride Rosita in 1953, Ottavio Missoni (/wiki/Ottavio_Missoni) , himself an athlete, and his teammate Giorgio Oberweger (/wiki/Giorgio_Oberweger) had an activewear business in Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) making wool tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) christened Venjulia suits. [47] (#cite_note-sportsref-47) The success of the Venjulia suits, which took into account the need of athletes for functional, warm garments enabling freedom of movement, led to their being worn by the 1948 Italian Olympics team (/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics) (which included Missoni himself). [48] (#cite_note-48) In the 1960s Missoni became renowned for their uniquely colored, mix-and-match knitwear separates based upon activewear, [49] (#cite_note-49) which have remained desirable and fashionable well into the 21st century. [50] (#cite_note-indobit-50) The quality of Italian sportswear was recognized early on by Robert Goldworm, an American sportswear designer who in 1947 joined his New York-based family company Goldworm (/wiki/Goldworm) . [51] (#cite_note-barbara-51) Through his second company base in Milan, Goldworm became the first American knitwear designer to take advantage of Italian quality and bring it to the New York market. [51] (#cite_note-barbara-51) In 1959 Goldworm, in recognition of his active promotion and support of the Italian knitwear industry, was made a Commander of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity (/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Italian_Solidarity) by the Italian government. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) In the 21st century, Italian fashion remains a leading source for sportswear design outside the United States. Narciso Rodriguez (/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez) , who is known for streamlined and pared down clothing, launched in Milan (/wiki/Milan) in 1997, but moved to New York in 2001. [2] (#cite_note-nyf-2) Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) revived the fortunes of her family company Prada (/wiki/Prada) with her top-quality sportswear designs in the 1990s, and continues designing for the firm. [46] (#cite_note-dc-46) France [ edit ] French resort-wear designers, rather than Paris couturiers, were most likely to capture the principle and spirit of sportswear. Richard Martin cited the French Riviera (/wiki/French_Riviera) -based design label Tiktiner (/wiki/Tiktiner) as an example of French sportswear, noting that their focus on separates, knitwear and basic colours created a specific "Tiktiner look". [54] (#cite_note-54) Tiktiner, founded in the late 1940s by Dina Tiktiner Viterbo, became extremely popular in the United States as well as in Europe. In 1972 a Tiktiner boutique was opened in the London department store Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) . [55] (#cite_note-55) Viterbo's husband, Henri, was President of the Fédération Française du Vêtement (French Clothing Federation), which meant that he regularly promoted French fashion abroad, [56] (#cite_note-ASN-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) while their eldest daughter, Miquette, an international attorney, had married Mort Schrader, the son and heir of the successful American ready-to-wear fashion manufacturer Abe Schrader. This meant that Miquette was well-positioned to manage Tiktiner's American interests. [56] (#cite_note-ASN-56) United Kingdom [ edit ] Successful British sportswear designers include Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , known for her jumpsuits and easy-to-wear separates. McCartney was asked to design the athletic uniforms for the 2012 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics) , bringing fashionable sportswear design to the world of high-profile activewear. [58] (#cite_note-58) See also [ edit ] Casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) Fitness culture (/wiki/Fitness_culture) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) References [ edit ] ^ a b Calasibetta, Charlotte Mankey (1988). Fairchild's Dictionary of Fashion (2nd ed.). Fairchild Publications, New York. p. 545. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56367-235-9 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stanfill, Sonnet (2007). New York Fashion . V&A Publications, London. pp. 28–49 (https://archive.org/details/newyorkfashion0000stan/page/28) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85177-499-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sportswear" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sportswear) . Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. (accessed: March 11, 2009) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) . "All American: A Sportswear Tradition". In Martin, Richard (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) (ed.). All-American: A Sportswear Tradition . Fashion Institute of Technology. pp. 8–21. ^ a b de Montebello, Philippe (/wiki/Philippe_de_Montebello) (1998). "Foreword". In Martin, Richard (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) (ed.). American ingenuity : sportswear, 1930s–1970s . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 7–8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870998638 . ^ a b c d F, José Blanco; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (2015-11-23). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe . ABC-CLIO. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781610693103 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Walking costume by Redfern" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O154069/walking-costume-redfern-john/) . V&A Search the Collections . V&A Museum . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Arnold, Rebecca (2008). "New York and the Evolution of Sportswear 1929-39: Sportswear". The American look : fashion, sportswear and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York . London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 23–29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860647635 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Clark, T. J. (1985). The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers . Princeton University Press. p. 267. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781400866878 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Martin, Richard, American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s-1970s (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amsp/hd_amsp.htm) in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Staff writer (August 1932). "The Dressmakers of France" (http://www.gbacg.org/costume-resources/original/articles/dressmakers.pdf) (PDF) . Fortune . Time, Inc . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ a b c d e f Stewart, Mary Lynn (2008). Dressing modern Frenchwomen : marketing haute couture, 1919-1939 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 209–10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780801888038 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Krick, Jessa. "Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel (1883–1971) and the House of Chanel" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chnl/hd_chnl.htm) . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Advertisement (16 March 1929). "Advertisement caption for Abercrombie and Fitch". Vogue : 15. Cited by Arnold, p.24 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lockwood, Lisa (2012-09-08). "Sportswear: An American Invention" (http://wwd.com/globe-news/ready-to-wear-sportswear/sportswear-an-american-invention-6241103/) . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Kennedy, Alicia; Stoehrer, Emily Banis; Calderin, Jay (2013-02-01). Fashion Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the History, Language, and Practice of Fashion . Rockport Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781610582018 . ^ a b J., Robinson, Rebecca (2003-01-01). "American Sportswear: A Study Of The Origins And Women Designers From The 1930s To The 1960s" (https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1054926324) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires \|journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b Steele, Valerie (1997). Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look To Now . Yale University Press, New Haven & London. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-07132-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Batterberry, Michael; Batterberry, Ariane (1982). Fashion, the mirror of history (2nd ed.). New York: Greenwich House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780517388815 . ^ a b Arnold, Rebecca (2008). The American look : fashion, sportswear, and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York . London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 9, 107, 120–122. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860647635 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sally Kirkland (/wiki/Sally_Kirkland_(editor)) . "Sportswear for Everywhere". In Martin, Richard (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) (ed.). All-American: A Sportswear Tradition . Fashion Institute of Technology. pp. 34–43. ^ (#cite_ref-:2_22-0) "Dorothy Shaver: The First Lady of Retailing" (http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/WIB-tour/dorothy_shaver.pdf) (PDF) . Smithsonian Institution. 2002 . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ a b Rosenberg, Emily S.; Fitzpatrick, Shanon (2014-07-30). Body and Nation: The Global Realm of U.S. Body Politics in the Twentieth Century . Duke University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822376712 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Claire McCardell: "Popover" dress (C.I.45.71.2ab) (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.45.71.2ab) \|Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Web. 14 Nov 2009. ^ a b c Unknown. "American Look" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1946-1960/American-Look.html) . Fashion Encyclopaedia . Advameg Inc . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-ny_26-0) Schiro, Anne-marie (11 January 1999). "Clare Potter, Who Set Trends In Women's Clothes, Dies at 95" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CEFDF1731F932A25752C0A96F958260) . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Skarda, Erin (2012-04-02). "Eleanor Lambert – All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2110513_2110630_2110690,00.html) . Time . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0040-781X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X) . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b Collection, Gioia Diliberto Journalist and author of The (2009-11-09). "Eleanor Of Seventh Avenue: Where Fashion Week Came From" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gioia-diliberto/eleanor-of-seventh-avenue_b_268619.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|first= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-29) "How Fashion Legend Bonnie Cashin Broke Into Bazaar" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a15125/bonnie-cashin/) . 2016-04-15 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Arnold, Rebecca (2008). The American look : fashion, sportswear, and the image of women in 1930s and 1940s New York . London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 47–48. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860647635 . ^ a b Rosenberg, Emily S.; Fitzpatrick, Shanon (30 Jul 2014). Body and Nation: The Global Realm of U.S. Body Politics in the Twentieth Century . Duke University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822376712 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Lewis, Nina (21 May 1945). "What is the American Look?" (https://books.google.com/books?id=50kEAAAAMBAJ) . LIFE . pp. 87–91. ^ (#cite_ref-33) O'Neill, William L. (September 2002). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: The 1960s . Cengage Gale. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780684806662 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Anne Fogarty: Day dress and coat (C.I.63.47.3ab)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.63.47.3ab (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.63.47.3ab) (October 2006) Accessed February 18, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Fashion Czars Flirting with Lowered Waists" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/141378859/) . The Pittsburgh Press . 14 January 1960. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) (subscription required) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Steele, Valerie; Mears, Patricia (2009). Isabel Toledo: Fashion from the Inside Out . Yale University Press. p. 109. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300145830 . ^ a b c Times Staff (6 February 2000). "Bonnie Cashin; Influential Fashion Designer" (http://articles.latimes.com/2000/feb/06/local/me-61631) . Los Angeles Times . Wire Reports . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ a b c Steele, Valerie (1997). Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look To Now . Yale University Press, New Haven & London. pp. 104–105. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-07132-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-fraser_39-0) Fraser, Kennedy (/wiki/Kennedy_Fraser) (1981). "Recession dressing (1974)". The fashionable mind: reflections on fashion, 1970-1981 . Knopf. ^ a b Menkes, Suzy (28 September 1993). "Simply Modern:Contrasting Looks at Luxury for the 1990s" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/28/style/28iht-zoran.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-blass_41-0) Biography of Bill Blass (from the (http://www.biography.com/people/bill-blass-9215129) Encyclopædia Britannica ) (http://www.biography.com/people/bill-blass-9215129) . Accessed 16 March 2012 ^ a b Bill Blass, Whose Clothes Gave Casual an Elegant Air, Dies at 79 (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/13/obituaries/13BLAS.html) . Published 13 June 2002. Accessed 16 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-43) The Monitor Celebrates Sixty Years of Sportswear (http://lifestylemonitor.cottoninc.com/lsm-weekly/lsm-weekly-articles/?articleID=209&prevArticle=387&nextArticle=389) , Lifestyle Monitor, 23 March 2000 ^ (#cite_ref-Shahg_44-0) Saitama Sportswear. "Custom Jerseys Maker" (https://saitamasportswear.com/) , The Saitama Sportswear , September 12, 2011. Accessed 16 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-gunn_45-0) Gunn, Tim; Calhoun, Ada (2012). "Athletic Wear: Attack of the Playclothes". Tim Gunn's fashion bible : the fascinating history of everything in your closet (1st Gallery Books hardcover ed.). New York: Gallery Books. pp. 205 (https://archive.org/details/timgunnsfashionb0000gunn/page/205) –212. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781451643862 . ^ a b c da Cruz, Elyssa. "Made in Italy: Italian Fashion from 1950 to Now" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itfa/hd_itfa.htm) . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004) ^ (#cite_ref-sportsref_47-0) "Ottavio Missoni Bio, Stats and Results" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014521/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mi/ottavio-missoni-1.html) . Sports Reference. Archived from the original (https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mi/ottavio-missoni-1.html) on 18 April 2020 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Isa Tutino Vercelloni, ed. (1995). Missonologia : the world of Missoni . Translated by Steve Piccolo (1st U.S. ed.). Milan: Electa. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0789200481 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Black, Sandy (2006). Fashioning fabrics: contemporary textiles in fashion . London: Black Dog. p. 176. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1904772412 . ^ (#cite_ref-indobit_50-0) Watson, Linda (10 May 2013). "Ottavio Missoni: Fashion designer who transformed the world of luxury knitwear" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ottavio-missoni-fashion-designer-who-transformed-the-world-of-luxury-knitwear-8611726.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ottavio-missoni-fashion-designer-who-transformed-the-world-of-luxury-knitwear-8611726.html) from the original on 2022-05-24 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ a b Perso Heinemann, Barbara (2008). Fashioning an Artful Life: One Woman's Life History in Clothes . University of Minnesota. pp. 107–108. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780549405054 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Lambert, Eleanor (1976). World of fashion : people, places, resources . New York: R.R. Bowker Co. p. 224. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780835206273 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Ms. Mandell, Mr. Goldworm are Married at Makonikey" (http://mvgazette.com/news/2008/08/08/ms-mandell-mr-goldworm-are-married-makonikey?k=vg530b761bdebde&r=1) . Vineyard Gazette . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . His late father was a fashion designer and executive for Goldworm Knitwear based in New York and Milan, Italy. He was awarded the Star of Solidarity and the title of commander by the Italian government. ^ (#cite_ref-54) Martin, Richard; Benbow-Pfalzgraf, Taryn (2002). Contemporary Fashion . St. James Press. p. 651. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55862-348-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Adburgham, Alison (/wiki/Alison_Adburgham) (28 March 1972). "Ship shapes" (https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/mar/27/fashion-what-to-wear-on-a-cruise) . The Guardian . (Original article here (https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/3/25/1395769906059/shipshape-001.jpg) ) ^ a b Staff writer (8 August 1976). "Fashions to Show" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-08-1976-3146159/) . Amarillo Sunday News Globe . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Bianchini, Roger-Louis (1 November 2001). "Une affaire de familles" (https://www.lexpress.fr/region/une-affaire-de-familles_481077.html) . LExpress.fr (in French). ^ (#cite_ref-58) Chetty, Derick. "Stella McCartney brings a sexy vibe to sportswear" (https://www.thestar.com/living/fashion/article/1064553--stella-mccartney-brings-a-sexy-vibe-to-sportswear) , The Star , 4 October 2011. Accessed 16 March 2012 External links [ edit ] Sportswear Chic (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/contemporary-new-york-fashion/) on the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) website. v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e American sportswear 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (/wiki/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6cz5w Cached time: 20240712172501 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.628 seconds Real time usage: 0.742 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3287/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 122132/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 848/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 212067/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.358/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5133979/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 587.166 1 -total 53.03% 311.379 1 Template:Reflist 29.84% 175.201 26 Template:Cite_book 21.62% 126.958 4 Template:Navbox 20.65% 121.268 1 Template:Fashion 10.65% 62.530 1 Template:Short_description 7.91% 46.453 11 Template:Cite_news 6.19% 36.353 2 Template:Pagetype 4.50% 26.434 7 Template:Cite_web 3.24% 19.011 1 Template:About Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21905326-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172501 and revision id 1227024192. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sportswear_(fashion)&oldid=1227024192 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sportswear_(fashion)&oldid=1227024192) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American fashion (/wiki/Category:American_fashion) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st-century fashion (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing periodical (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) Pages containing links to subscription-only content (/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
American lingerie and cosmetics retailer This article is about the American retailer. For other uses, see Victoria's Secret (disambiguation) (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_(disambiguation)) . Victoria's Secret & Co. Lexington Ave storefront New York, NY Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : VSCO (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:VSCO) S&P 600 (/wiki/S%26P_600) component Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded June 12, 1977 ; 47 years ago ( 1977-06-12 ) Stanford Shopping Center (/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center) , Palo Alto, California (/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California) , U.S. [1] (#cite_note-Blakeslee2010-1) Founders Roy Raymond (/wiki/Roy_Raymond) Gaye Raymond [2] (#cite_note-:13-2) Headquarters Reynoldsburg, Ohio (/wiki/Reynoldsburg,_Ohio) , U.S. Number of locations 1,070 (2020) 775 (by 2021) Areas served Primarily US (/wiki/United_States) and Canada (/wiki/Canada) Key people Martin Walters ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) [3] (#cite_note-3) Greg Unis (president) Dein Boyle ( COO (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) ) Products Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) underwear (/wiki/Underwear) cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) fragrances (/wiki/Fragrances) Revenue US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 11.84 billion (2021) [4] (#cite_note-H-4) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$1.58 billion (2021) [4] (#cite_note-H-4) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$844 million (2021) [4] (#cite_note-H-4) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$11.57 billion (2021) [4] (#cite_note-H-4) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) –US$662 million (2021) [5] (#cite_note-N-5) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Pink (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) Victoria's Secret Beauty Victoria's Secret Lingerie Website victoriassecret (http://victoriassecret.com) .com (http://victoriassecret.com) Victoria's Secret is an American lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) , clothing, and beauty (/wiki/Beauty_products) retailer. Founded in 1977 by Roy and Gaye Raymond (/wiki/Roy_Raymond) , [6] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1986December27BishopKatherine-6) [7] (#cite_note-:11-7) the company's five lingerie stores were sold to Les Wexner (/wiki/Les_Wexner) in 1982. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, growing the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion (/wiki/Billion) by the early 1990s, when Victoria's Secret became the largest lingerie retailer in the United States. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) From 1995 through 2018, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) was a major part of the brand's image, featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by the company as fantasy Angels. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) The 1990s saw the company's further expansion throughout shopping malls, along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the new brand Body by Victoria , and the development of a line of fragrances and cosmetics. In 2002, Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) , a brand that was aimed to teenagers and young women. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-:8-11) Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expanded internationally, with retail outlets within international airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and company-owned stores throughout Canada and the UK. [12] (#cite_note-:22-12) By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share began to decline due to competition from other brands that embraced a wider range of sizes [13] (#cite_note-13) and a growing consumer preference for athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) . [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) The company canceled the circulation of their catalog in 2016. The brand struggled to maintain its market position following criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek (/wiki/Edward_Razek) . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) [17] (#cite_note-:6-17) As of May 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , with over 1,070 stores, Victoria's Secret remained the largest lingerie retailer in the United States. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [18] (#cite_note-:3-18) History [ edit ] 1977–1981 [ edit ] Victoria's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond (/wiki/Roy_Raymond_(businessman)) , and his wife, Gaye Raymond, [2] (#cite_note-:13-2) [6] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1986December27BishopKatherine-6) [7] (#cite_note-:11-7) on June 12, 1977. [19] (#cite_note-19) [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) The first store was opened in the Stanford Shopping Center (/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center) in Palo Alto, California. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) Years earlier, Raymond was embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store. Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) reported Roy Raymond stating: "When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife, I was faced with racks of terry-cloth robes and ugly floral-print nylon nightgowns, and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder." [20] (#cite_note-20) Raymond reportedly spent the next eight years studying the lingerie market. [21] (#cite_note-21) [2] (#cite_note-:13-2) At the time when the Raymonds founded Victoria's Secret, the undergarments market in the U.S. was dominated by pragmatic items from Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) , Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) , and Jockey (/wiki/Jockey_International) , often sold in packs of three at department stores, while lingerie was reserved for special occasions such as one's honeymoon (/wiki/Honeymoon) . [22] (#cite_note-Adler2010A-22) Considered niche products, lingerie items (such as lacy thongs and padded push-up bras) were only found in specialty shops like Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) , located "alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes". [22] (#cite_note-Adler2010A-22) In 1977, Raymond borrowed $40,000 from family and $40,000 from a bank to establish Victoria's Secret: a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) [23] (#cite_note-Slate2013October30BarrNaomi-23) The store was named in reference to Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and the associated refinement of the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) , while the "secret" was hidden underneath the clothes. [23] (#cite_note-Slate2013October30BarrNaomi-23) Victoria's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business ($2.34 million in 2023), [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations [24] (#cite_note-24) and a mail-order (/wiki/Mail-order) operation. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) The fourth store, added in 1982 at 395 Sutter Street in San Francisco, [25] (#cite_note-Schiro1982-25) operated at that location until 1990, when it was moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis (/wiki/Westin_St._Francis) . [26] (#cite_note-26) In April 1982, Raymond sent out his 12th catalog at a cost to customers of $3 (equivalent to $9 in 2023); catalog sales accounted for 55% of the company's $7 million annual sales that year. [25] (#cite_note-Schiro1982-25) Victoria's Secret was a minor player in the underwear market at this time, with the business described as "more burlesque than Main Street." [27] (#cite_note-Palmeri2006-27) 1982–1990 [ edit ] In 1982, Victoria's Secret had grown to five stores, a 40-page catalog, and was grossing $6 million annually. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) Raymond sold the company to Les Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc (/wiki/The_Limited) of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million. [8] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1993September02-8) [28] (#cite_note-28) In 1983, Wexner revamped Victoria's Secret's sales model towards a greater focus on female customers. [29] (#cite_note-Tomasino2007-29) Victoria's Secret transformed into a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear with "new colors, patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful, glamorous way and with the snob appeal of European luxury" meant to appeal to female buyers. [29] (#cite_note-Tomasino2007-29) To further this image, the Victoria's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began: [30] (#cite_note-30) listing the company's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address, with the real headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. [29] (#cite_note-Tomasino2007-29) The stores were redesigned to evoke the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) reported in 1982 that the financial success of the Victoria's Secret catalog influenced other catalogs by presenting lingerie as "romantic and sensual but tasteful", "in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds." [25] (#cite_note-Schiro1982-25) Howard Gross became president in 1985. [31] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1985May21-31) In October of that year, the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) reported that Victoria's Secret was stealing market share from department stores; [32] (#cite_note-32) in 1986, Victoria's Secret was the only national chain devoted to lingerie. [33] (#cite_note-33) The New York Times reported that Victoria's Secret swiftly expanded to 100 stores by 1986. [34] (#cite_note-34) and described it in 1987 as a "highly visible leader" that used "unabashedly sexy high-fashion photography to sell middle-priced underwear." [35] (#cite_note-35) In 1990, analysts estimated that sales had quadrupled in four years, making it one of the fastest growing mail-order businesses. [36] (#cite_note-36) Sales and profits from the catalog continued to expand due to the addition of clothing, swimwear and shoes and wider circulation. [ citation needed ] Cynthia Fedus-Fields (/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Fedus-Fields&action=edit&redlink=1) oversaw the company's direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000. [37] (#cite_note-:9-37) During her tenure, total revenues increased to nearly $1 billion. [37] (#cite_note-:9-37) In 1987, Victoria's Secret was reported to be among the bestselling catalogs. [38] (#cite_note-WSJ1992January23AginsTeri-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) 1991–2005 [ edit ] Victoria's Secret experienced quality problems with their product in the early 1990s and was working to resolve the issues. [40] (#cite_note-Businessweek1993-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) In 1991, Howard Gross (/w/index.php?title=Howard_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1) was assigned to fix the L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) subsidiary Limited Stores. [42] (#cite_note-Strom1993-42) In 1993, Business Week reported that both divisions suffered. [40] (#cite_note-Businessweek1993-40) Grace Nichols, who worked to improve the product quality, succeeded Gross. [42] (#cite_note-Strom1993-42) The company's margins tightened, resulting in slower growth in profits. [40] (#cite_note-Businessweek1993-40) With the introduction of their own line of fragrances in 1991 and their entry into the billion-dollar cosmetics market in 1998, Victoria's Secret expanded beyond apparel in the 1990s. [43] (#cite_note-43) Victoria's Secret introduced the 'Miracle Bra' in 1993, selling two million within the first year. [44] (#cite_note-Underwood1994-44) When faced with competition from Sara Lee (/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation) 's WonderBra (/wiki/WonderBra) a year later, in 1994, the company responded with a TV campaign. [44] (#cite_note-Underwood1994-44) At the same time, in 1994, Wexner discussed the creation of a company fashion event with Ed Razek (/wiki/Edward_Razek) . The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) , held in 1995 in New York, became a mainstay for the company's image for the next 23 years. By 1998, Victoria's Secret's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent [45] (#cite_note-Goldman1999Apr-45) [11] (#cite_note-:8-11) and the company also entered the $3.5 billion cosmetic market. [46] (#cite_note-46) The following year, in 1999, the company added the Body by Victoria line. [47] (#cite_note-47) The catalog had achieved "an almost cult-like following". [48] (#cite_note-48) In May 2000, Cynthia Fedus-Fields stepped down as CEO after delivering record profits in 1999 and early 2000. [ citation needed ] Fedus-Fields later claimed that, up until the time of her departure, the company had acted in accordance with the sensibilities of what a European woman would choose to wear. [37] (#cite_note-:9-37) After her departure in 2000, the brand pursued an image that was "much more blatantly sexy." [37] (#cite_note-:9-37) In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney (/wiki/Sharen_Jester_Turney) , previously of Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria's Secret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions. [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) Forbes reported Turney stating, "We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage." [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) In 2000, Turney began to redefine Victoria's Secret catalog from "breasts—spilling over the tops of black, purple and reptile-print underthings" to one that would appeal to an "upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla (/wiki/La_Perla_(clothing)) or Wolford (/wiki/Wolford) lingerie."; [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) "dimming the hooker looks" such as "tight jeans and stilettos"; and moving from "a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms," to something closer to a Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) lifestyle layout, where lingerie, sleepwear, clothes and cosmetics appear throughout the catalog. [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) Beginning in 2000, Grace Nichols, CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct, led a similar change at Victoria's Secret's stores—moving away from an evocation of 1800s England (or a Victorian bordello). [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) 2006–2020 [ edit ] Victoria's Secret storefront in Columbus, Ohio (/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio) , 2012 By 2006, Victoria's Secret's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry. [50] (#cite_note-50) In May 2006, Wexner promoted Turney from the Victoria's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company. [27] (#cite_note-Palmeri2006-27) In 2008, she acknowledged "product quality that doesn't equal the brand's hype." [51] (#cite_note-51) In September 2006, Victoria's Secret reportedly tried to make their catalog feel more like magazines by head-hunting writers from Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [52] (#cite_note-52) The company had about a third of the market share in its category in 2013. [11] (#cite_note-:8-11) In February 2016, Turney stepped down as CEO of Victoria's Secret after being in the business for a decade. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) Victoria's Secret was split into three divisions: Victoria's Secret Lingerie, Victoria's Secret Beauty, and Pink, each with a separate CEO. [56] (#cite_note-56) In 2016, direct sales only grew 1.6% and fell by 7.4% in the last quarter of the year, typically a high revenue period due to the holidays. The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing, such as swimwear. [57] (#cite_note-57) Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017. [58] (#cite_note-58) In late 2018, CEO Jan Singer resigned amid declining sales. [59] (#cite_note-59) The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) reported that only one quarter showed an increase in same-store sales between 2016 and 2018. [60] (#cite_note-60) Singer's announcement came one week after CMO (/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer) Ed Razek made a controversial comment that the company does not cast transgender or plus-size models in its annual fashion show "because the show is a fantasy." [61] (#cite_note-61) After a 40% stock plunge in a single year, Victoria's Secret announced the closure of 53 stores in the U.S. in 2019, as well as the relaunch of its swimwear line. [62] (#cite_note-people1-62) L Brands, the parent company of Victoria's Secret, came under public pressure in 2019 from an activist shareholder of Barington Capital Group, L.P., who took issue with the performance of Razek and urged the company to update its brand image and switch up its predominantly male board of directors. [63] (#cite_note-63) In August 2019, chief marketing officer Ed Razek resigned following a disastrous Vogue interview in which he made inflammatory statements about transgender models. [64] (#cite_note-64) Also in 2019, executive vice president April Holy stepped down after 16 years. [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) In November 2019, Victoria's Secret announced it would no longer hold the annual fashion show featuring its angels, indicating a major change in marketing strategy. [67] (#cite_note-67) External video How Victoria's Secret revolutionized lingerie — then fell behind (https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/02/07/victorias-secret-changed-lingerie-but-now-falls-behind.html) CNBC, 2019, 10:54 In January 2020, L Brands chairman and CEO Lex Wexner was in talks to step down. [68] (#cite_note-68) Reports of widespread bullying and harassment at Victoria's Secret surfaced in February 2020. [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) [69] (#cite_note-69) On February 1, 2020, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) published an exposé on "the culture of misogyny" at Victoria's Secret, which painted a picture of long-time influential executive Ed Razek's rampant sexual misconduct. [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) The company announced a sale in February 2020 to private equity firm Sycamore Partners (/wiki/Sycamore_Partners) for $525 million, with L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) retaining a 45% minority stake. [70] (#cite_note-70) [71] (#cite_note-71) On April 22, 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Sycamore Partners wanted out of the deal, which included exceptions for a pandemic. [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) The deal ultimately fell through. Wexner stepped down but maintains a role as chairman emeritus. In June 2020, a shareholder filed a lawsuit against the company for inaction following reports of harassment, discrimination, and retaliation at Victoria's Secret. [74] (#cite_note-74) Shareholders of parent company L Brands filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of Delaware on January 14, 2021, stating that former chair Wexner, among others, created an "entrenched culture of misogyny (/wiki/Misogyny) , bullying and harassment" and was aware of abuses being committed by accused sex trafficker (/wiki/Sex_trafficking) Jeffrey Epstein (/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein) , which breached his fiduciary duty (/wiki/Fiduciary_duty) to the company, causing devaluation of the brand. The complaint also names Wexner's wife, Abigail, current chair, Sarah E. Nash, and former marketing officer, Ed Razek (/wiki/Ed_Razek) , whose "widely known misconduct" was long allowed at the company. [75] (#cite_note-75) 2021–present [ edit ] VS & Co logo after split from L Brands In 2021, after the resignation of Razek as well as the sale of the company by Wexner, Victoria's Secret's new ownership and management implemented policy changes and new partnerships with a number of new spokeswomen, including Megan Rapinoe (/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe) , Priyanka Chopra Jonas (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , and Naomi Osaka (/wiki/Naomi_Osaka) . [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) Wexner's parent company, L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) spun Victoria's Secret off to become an independent business (trading on the NYSE as VSCO) on August 3, 2021. [78] (#cite_note-VSCO_brand_split-78) Following this brand positioning, Victoria's Secret reported sales increase in all three completed quarters of 2021. [79] (#cite_note-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) Martin Waters was named CEO in 2021, replacing Stuart Burgdorfer, who had served as interim CEO. [81] (#cite_note-:25-81) In July 2022, Victoria's Secret named Amy Hauk (daughter of Steve Hauk (/wiki/Steve_Hauk) ) chief executive of both the Victoria's Secret and Pink brands. [82] (#cite_note-82) In November 2022, it was announced that Victoria's Secret had acquired the New York (/wiki/New_York_City) -headquartered lingerie brand, Adore Me (/wiki/Adore_Me) for US$400 million. [83] (#cite_note-83) In October 2023, several media outlets reported about Victoria's Secret's planning on reverting their rebranding and going back to their marketing strategy before. The decision was made after the initial sales increase from the rebranding turned into plunging sales. [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) Products [ edit ] Victoria's Secret lingerie, store display in Seattle in 2008 In addition to the primary brand of lingerie for Victoria's Secret, the company has secondary product lines: namely, activewear known as Victoria sports, swimwear, and a beauty division with fragrances, make-up, accessories, and other bath and body products. The swimwear, introduced in 2002, [86] (#cite_note-86) was made available until April 2016, when the company announced that the line would end and be replaced by a new line of activewear. [87] (#cite_note-87) The swim line was relaunched in November 2018. [88] (#cite_note-88) In March 2019, the swim line was made available in shops. [62] (#cite_note-people1-62) In 2010, Victoria's Secret launched the 'Incredible' bra. [89] (#cite_note-89) The company released Victoria's Secret Designer Collection in 2012, described by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) as the company's "first high end lingerie line." [90] (#cite_note-90) In 2016, Victoria's Secret confined the elimination of swimwear, apparel, shoes, and accessories. [91] (#cite_note-:10-91) In 2017, the company began to put more emphasis on bralettes (/wiki/Bralette) (bras without underwire, often intended to be worn visibly) and sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) (under the Victoria Sport label) to appeal to a younger customer base. [92] (#cite_note-92) In 2019, Victoria's Secret relaunched its product line of eyewear and footwear, in hopes of boosting struggling sales for the brand. [62] (#cite_note-people1-62) In October 2021, Pink launched a line of reusable period panties. [93] (#cite_note-93) [94] (#cite_note-94) In 2022, Victoria's Secret & Co. announced they would no longer use cashmere in their product lines. [95] (#cite_note-95) Operating divisions [ edit ] Victoria's Secret store, New York The Victoria's Secret brand is organized into three divisions: 'Victoria's Secret Stores' (physical locations), 'Victoria's Secret Direct' (online and catalog operations), and 'Victoria's Secret Beauty' (bath and cosmetics). [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) The change was made in 2016 by Wexner to "refocus on core business" and it required each division to have its own CEO. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [91] (#cite_note-:10-91) Physical locations [ edit ] The physical store locations were an important part of establishing the brand and remained concentrated in the United States from 1977 until the early 2000s. Victoria's Secret stores took over the lingerie market during the 1980s by using a fabricated sense of Britain, featuring this romantic styling and soft classical music. [45] (#cite_note-Goldman1999Apr-45) [96] (#cite_note-96) In the early years, Wexner himself was involved in carefully orchestrating store interior design through the use of English floral wallpaper circa 1890, gilded fixtures, classical music, soft lighting, the scent of old-fashioned sachet, and elegant perfume bottles that "look like your grandmother's crystal". [97] (#cite_note-97) August 2011 map of store locations in the United States A Victoria's Secret store in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware (/wiki/Rehoboth_Beach,_Delaware) During the 1990s, in-store sales at Victoria's Secret increased by 30% after the company tracked and applied data analysis of where specific styles, sizes, and colors were selling. [98] (#cite_note-98) The decade also brought an expansion of store size to triple from 1,400 square feet (130 m 2 ) to an average 4,500 square feet (420 m 2 ). [99] (#cite_note-GrovesSep1989-99) The trend continued into 2002, when the average Victoria's Secret store was 6,000 square feet (560 m 2 ). [100] (#cite_note-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) In 2000, the Los Angeles Times reported that the company continued the practice of putting on "a British air—or what the Ohio-based chain thinks Americans believe is British. Boudoirish (/wiki/Boudoir) . Tony. Upscale." [102] (#cite_note-102) By 2010, there were 1,000 Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria's Secret Beauty Stores in the United States, mostly in shopping centers, then offering bras, panties, hosiery, cosmetics, and sleepwear. [103] (#cite_note-TraubMarsh2008-103) International stores [ edit ] The international expansion of Victoria's Secret stores began in 2008. [12] (#cite_note-:22-12) As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , L Brands maintained control of operations at company-owned stores in Canada, the UK, and China but relied on franchises (/wiki/Franchising) elsewhere in the world for its Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) locations. [12] (#cite_note-:22-12) [104] (#cite_note-:24-104) Canada [ edit ] The drive for growth, coupled with a maturing American retail market, led to a shift towards expansion, first into Canada. [103] (#cite_note-TraubMarsh2008-103) [105] (#cite_note-105) In 2010, the first Canadian store opened in Edmonton, Alberta (/wiki/Edmonton) . In 2012, Victoria's Secret opened stores in Nova Scotia (/wiki/Nova_Scotia) and Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) . [106] (#cite_note-106) Several of the company's stores in Canada are considered large by retail standards and span more than 10,000 square feet (930 m 2 ) each. As of 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , the company's Canadian locations included cities in all ten provinces, from British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) all the way to the Maritimes (/wiki/The_Maritimes) . However, the company announced in May 2020 plans to permanently shutter 13 of its 38 Canadian stores, representing a loss of one-third of the Canadian fleet. [107] (#cite_note-107) United Kingdom [ edit ] Victoria's Secret opened a store at the Westfield Shopping Centre (/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City) , Stratford, London (/wiki/Stratford,_London) in July 2012. [108] (#cite_note-108) Their flagship 40,386-square-foot- (3,752.0 m 2 ) store on New Bond Street (/wiki/New_Bond_Street) , London followed in August 2012. [109] (#cite_note-109) Locations in the United Kingdom include the cities of Leeds (/wiki/Trinity_Leeds) , Manchester (/wiki/Trafford_Centre) , Sheffield (/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre) , Birmingham (/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham) , Bristol (/wiki/Cabot_Circus) , Westfield London (/wiki/Westfield_London) , Bluewater (/wiki/Bluewater_(shopping_centre)) , Brent Cross (/wiki/Brent_Cross) and Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) . [ citation needed ] As of June 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , there were 25 stores in the United Kingdom. [110] (#cite_note-110) That same month, Retail Dive reported that as the brand's UK arm filed the "equivalent of Chapter 11" bankruptcy, as it struggled with falling sales, profits, and market share. [111] (#cite_note-111) China [ edit ] In 2016, it was reported that L Brands fully purchased 26 stores back from its franchise partners in China. [104] (#cite_note-:24-104) The company announced plans to expand on the existing 26 Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) stores (boutiques which sold beauty products in airports or malls), through the addition of flagship stores in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) and Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) . [104] (#cite_note-:24-104) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) reported that, as of June 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , Victoria's Secret had two dozen stores in Greater China. [112] (#cite_note-112) That same month, the company permanently closed its 50,000 square feet (4,600 m 2 ) flagship store in Causeway Bay (/wiki/Causeway_Bay) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) after only two years of operation. [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) On January 25, 2022, Victoria's Secret announced a Joint venture (/wiki/Joint_venture) partnership agreement with Regina Miracle International (Holdings) Limited. Under the terms of the agreement, Victoria's Secret will own 51% of the joint venture and Regina Miracle will own 49%. CEO Martin Waters commented, "I am delighted to announce this partnership with Regina Miracle, who has been a valued merchandise supplier partner for more than twenty years. Together with Regina Miracle, we aim to grow the China business through joint investment in product development, distribution, and marketing. We expect the partnership will positively impact the speed and agility of the business to benefit consumers and provide us with a platform for a strong future in this important market." [115] (#cite_note-115) Victoria's Secret Direct [ edit ] Catalog (1977 - 2016) [ edit ] Prior to the emergence of e-commerce, the company's catalogs were a key aspect of successfully marketing a product considered risqué to consumers in the privacy of their own homes. According to Joseph Sugarman, the 1979 catalog was "a lot more sensuous" and took the form of "an upmarket version of a Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) lingerie catalog." [116] (#cite_note-116) The New York Times reported that the success of Victoria's Secret catalogs influenced others to present lingerie as "romantic and sensual but tasteful" with models photographed in elegant settings. The company was known for accepting phone orders at any hour, which helped it establish dominance in the lingerie market. The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) described the catalog in 2000 as having achieved "an almost cult-like following." [ citation needed ] The company was mailing more than 400 million catalogs annually in 2010. [117] (#cite_note-117) In May 2016, the brand decided to discontinue the catalog, which had run at a cost of $125 million to $150 million annually, due to concern that catalogs had grown stale as a marketing device and confidence that sales would not be affected. [118] (#cite_note-118) E-commerce [ edit ] Victoria's Secret spent three years building an e-commerce website that was officially launched on December 4, 1998. Following heavy promotion of the 1999 fashion show, the website experienced high traffic volumes, with visitors enduring "slowdowns and bottlenecks" while viewing the first online fashion show on February 3, 1999, the largest online streaming event to date, reaching an estimated 1.5 million viewers. [119] (#cite_note-:4-119) [120] (#cite_note-LargestOnlineWired1999-120) Ad placement in the Wall Street Journal and a 30-minute TV spot during the Super Bowl contributed to drive record numbers of visitors to the website. [119] (#cite_note-:4-119) Victoria's Secret Beauty [ edit ] In 1998, Intimate Brands Inc., the parent company of Victoria's Secret, created a new entity: Intimate Beauty Corporation. [121] (#cite_note-:19-121) The goal for Intimate Beauty Corporation was to manage and develop the bath, fragrance and cosmetic products for Victoria's Secret. [121] (#cite_note-:19-121) By 2006, the Victoria's Secret Beauty division had reported sales of nearly US$1 billion. [122] (#cite_note-122) The company sought to expand its beauty and accessories stores at airports around the world in the early 2010s. [123] (#cite_note-123) Franchise locations worldwide (VSBA) [ edit ] Victoria's Secret Beauty opened a provisional UK boutique at Heathrow Airport (/wiki/Heathrow_Airport) in 2005 through partnership with World Duty Free (/wiki/World_Duty_Free) . [124] (#cite_note-124) In 2010, Victoria's Secret expanded with Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessory (VSBA) franchises (/wiki/Franchising) internationally. That year, M.H. Alshaya Co. (/wiki/M.H._Alshaya_Co.) opened the first Victoria's Secret store in the Marina Mall in Kuwait, selling cosmetics and accessories but not the company's lingerie line. [125] (#cite_note-125) Two VSBA stores were opened in the early 2010s at Schiphol International Airport (/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol) , Netherlands. [126] (#cite_note-126) [127] (#cite_note-127) That same year, the first Latin American franchise store opened in Isla Margarita (/wiki/Margarita_Island) , Venezuela, followed by a store in Bogota (/wiki/Bogota) , Colombia, in July 2012. [128] (#cite_note-128) An additional store opened in the Multiplaza Mall in San Salvador (/wiki/San_Salvador) , El Salvador, in 2012. [129] (#cite_note-129) A Caribbean location opened in November 2011 at Plaza Las Americas (/wiki/Plaza_Las_Am%C3%A9ricas_(Puerto_Rico)) in San Juan, Puerto Rico (/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico) [130] (#cite_note-130) followed by a store in Santo Domingo (/wiki/Santo_Domingo) , Dominican Republic, at the Agora, [131] (#cite_note-agora-131) and Sambil Santo Domingo [132] (#cite_note-sambil-132) malls in 2012. In July 2012, the first Polish store opened at the Złote Tarasy (/wiki/Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy) shopping mall in Warsaw (/wiki/Warsaw) , also operated by M.H. Alshaya Co. [133] (#cite_note-133) A Serbian store opened in January 2014 at the Nikola Tesla Airport (/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Airport) in Belgrade (/wiki/Belgrade) . [134] (#cite_note-134) As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) , L Brands had more than 370 VSBA franchise shops worldwide, with the company's largest international market reportedly in Turkey and the Middle East. [104] (#cite_note-:24-104) Corporate affairs [ edit ] Ownership and name [ edit ] The company's business name changed from Victoria's Secret, Inc. to Victoria's Secret Stores, Inc., after the 1982 sale to Wexner. In 2005, the name was revised to Victoria's Secret Stores, LLC. [ citation needed ] Victoria's Secret was originally owned by The Limited. [135] (#cite_note-workman-135) Victoria's Secret's parent company was Intimate Brands, a separately traded entity with Ed Razek as president. [27] (#cite_note-Palmeri2006-27) [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) In 2002, Intimate Brands was combined with the Limited, then renamed Limited Brands. [137] (#cite_note-137) By 2006, the majority of the revenue for Limited Brands came from Victoria's Secret and Bath & Body Works. [138] (#cite_note-:17-138) In July 2007, Limited Brands sold a 75% interest in Limited Stores and Express to Sun Capital Partners (/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners) , in order to focus on expanding their Victoria's Secret and Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) units. [139] (#cite_note-139) The sale resulted in Limited Brands taking a $42 million after-tax loss. [138] (#cite_note-:17-138) In 2013, parent company Limited Brands officially changed its name to L Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) . [140] (#cite_note-140) Victoria's Secret recorded peak worldwide net sales in 2016 of $7.78 billion. [141] (#cite_note-:18-141) In 2019, worldwide net sales had receded to $6.81 billion. [141] (#cite_note-:18-141) Management structure [ edit ] At 'Victoria's Secret Stores', Howard Gross was promoted to president of the division in 1985. [31] (#cite_note-NewYorkTimes1985May21-31) Grace Nichols succeeded Gross and led the division from 1991 through 2007. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) Victoria's Secret Stores was helmed by Lori Greely from 2007 until 2013. [144] (#cite_note-144) Cynthia Fedus-Fields served as president and CEO and oversaw the Victoria's Secret Direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000. [37] (#cite_note-:9-37) She was succeeded in May 2000 by Sharen Jester Turney (/wiki/Sharen_Jester_Turney) as chief executive of the division. [49] (#cite_note-Wells2000Nov13-49) Turney stepped down in 2016 and was succeeded by Jan Singer as CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct from 2016 to 2018. [145] (#cite_note-145) John Mehas was appointed CEO starting in 2019. [146] (#cite_note-146) He was replaced by Martin Waters in November 2020. [147] (#cite_note-147) Hired by L Brands in 1998, Robin Burns was CEO of Victoria's Secret Beauty until 2004. [148] (#cite_note-148) Burns was succeeded in August 2004 by Jill Granoff, COO, and Sherry Baker, president. [149] (#cite_note-:02-149) In May 2006, Christine Beauchamp was named president and CEO of Victoria's Secret Beauty. Shashi Batra was appointed president of the division in 2009. [150] (#cite_note-150) In November 2012 Susie Coulter became president of Victoria's Secret Beauty. [151] (#cite_note-151) Greg Unis was hired to serve as CEO of the beauty division in 2016. [152] (#cite_note-152) Manufacturing and environmental record [ edit ] In 2006, the Financial Times reported that Victoria's Secret paid factory workers $7 per day to make bras in Thailand. [153] (#cite_note-Bullock2006-153) The Huffington Post stated in 2011 that working conditions in factories producing Victoria's Secret items in Jordan were comparable to slave labor (/wiki/Slavery) as a result of the Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement (/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement) , which retreated from standards established in the 1990s. [154] (#cite_note-154) In 2012, Victoria's Secret was manufacturing bras in the South Indian city of Guduvancheri (/wiki/Guduvancheri) . [155] (#cite_note-155) [156] (#cite_note-156) In 2021, Victoria's Secret fronted the money to more than 1,250 Thai garment workers who were owed $8.3 million when their factory, Brilliant Alliance, closed after declaring bankruptcy. [157] (#cite_note-157) After years of pressure from environmentalists, Victoria's Secret and a conservation group reached an agreement to make the catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006. [158] (#cite_note-158) [159] (#cite_note-159) Catalog wood pulp was required to contain 10 percent recycled paper and avoid source forests with woodland caribou (/wiki/Caribou) habitats in Canada, unless certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council) . [160] (#cite_note-160) The company bought organic and fair trade (/wiki/Fair_trade) -grown cotton to make some of its panties in 2012. [161] (#cite_note-161) Marketing [ edit ] Victoria's Secret visual merchandising with Angel wing display. Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley) , Nevada (/wiki/Nevada) store, 2006 Since the company's founding, the mail order catalog has been its main method of marketing. Early catalogs featured lingerie-clad models holding violins and glasses of sherry. [162] (#cite_note-:21-162) Catalog marketing shifted towards female models accompanied by men for several years in the 1980s, a practice that was eventually abandoned by 1991. [162] (#cite_note-:21-162) In the early 1980s, Victoria's Secret used FCB/Leber Katz Partners (/wiki/Draftfcb) for the development of their brand, marketing, and advertising. [163] (#cite_note-163) In 1989, FCB/Leber Katz Partners and Victoria's Secret executed a national advertising campaign with a ten-page glossy insert in the November issue of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Vogue , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Victoria , House Beautiful (/wiki/House_Beautiful) , Bon Appétit (/wiki/Bon_App%C3%A9tit) , New Woman (/wiki/New_Woman_(magazine)) , and People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) magazines. [99] (#cite_note-GrovesSep1989-99) Victoria's Secret used the insert to announce their expansion into the toiletries and fragrance business. [99] (#cite_note-GrovesSep1989-99) The catalog, sporadic ads in fashion magazines, and word of mouth had all contributed to the company's growth before the insert. [99] (#cite_note-GrovesSep1989-99) Ed Razek joined in-house branding operations at the Limited in the 1980s and increasingly began to shape the marketing and branding at Victoria's Secret. [149] (#cite_note-:02-149) However, Razek credited Wexner as the creative force behind much of the marketing. [149] (#cite_note-:02-149) The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to hire supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) for its advertising and fashion shows. [164] (#cite_note-164) Well-known models hired in the early 1990s included Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) , Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) , Yasmeen Ghauri (/wiki/Yasmeen_Ghauri) , and Jill Goodacre (/wiki/Jill_Goodacre) . [165] (#cite_note-165) [166] (#cite_note-166) The models helped the brand gain an audience and were soon featured in televised commercials. From 1995 to 2018, L Brands used the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show as a significant marketing tool. [167] (#cite_note-Holmes2011-167) [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) The show was a mix of "beautiful models scantily clad in lingerie" and A-list entertainers that, over time, became "less about fashion and more about show". [167] (#cite_note-Holmes2011-167) The 2000 fashion show in France was produced with the help of Harvey Weinstein (/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein) . [149] (#cite_note-:02-149) In 1999, a 30-second Super Bowl advertisement resulted in one million visits to the company's website within an hour of airing. [168] (#cite_note-168) Victoria's Secret sued a strip-mall store in Elizabethtown, Kentucky (/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky) called Victor's Little Secret over the issue of trademark dilution (/wiki/Trademark_dilution) . [169] (#cite_note-:7-169) On March 4, 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Victoria's Secret in Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (/wiki/Moseley_v._V_Secret_Catalogue,_Inc.) on the grounds that there was insufficient proof of actual harm to the trademark. [169] (#cite_note-:7-169) In 2004, Victoria's Secret presented an uncharacteristic advertisement with Bob Dylan (/wiki/Bob_Dylan) as an alternative means of promoting the brand. [170] (#cite_note-:14-170) [171] (#cite_note-:15-171) [172] (#cite_note-:16-172) Razek, then chief creative officer, credited Wexner himself with the idea to cast Dylan in a commercial. [171] (#cite_note-:15-171) The ad proved to be memorable, but more out of a tendency to unsettle and baffle viewers familiar with Dylan. [170] (#cite_note-:14-170) [171] (#cite_note-:15-171) [172] (#cite_note-:16-172) Victoria's Secret TV commercials, directed by Michael Bay (/wiki/Michael_Bay) , were released in 2010 and 2012 with mixed results, regarded by critics as macho and misguided. [173] (#cite_note-173) [174] (#cite_note-174) [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) In 2014, the company created a campaign to market its Body bra line called The Perfect Body , that elicited substantial controversy for supporting only a limited and unhealthy body type. [175] (#cite_note-175) Victoria's Secret announced the appointment of Raul Martinez as head creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) in December 2020. [176] (#cite_note-:23-176) Martinez, formerly of Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) , took on the role following the departure of chief executive John Mehas, who stepped down in November 2020. [176] (#cite_note-:23-176) Victoria's Secret Fashion Show [ edit ] Main article: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Kelly Gale (/wiki/Kelly_Gale) at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, 2014 The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was held in 1995 and was broadcast (/wiki/Broadcast) on primetime (/wiki/Primetime) American television (/wiki/American_television) . [177] (#cite_note-177) The fashion show, overseen by Ed Razek, was described by Newsweek as "a combination of self-assured strutting for women and voyeuristic pleasures for men" that made lingerie mainstream entertainment. [178] (#cite_note-178) Ken Weil, vice president at Victoria's Secret, and Tim Plzak, responsible for IT at Victoria's Secret's parent company, Intimate Brands, led Victoria's Secret's first-ever online streaming of their fashion show in 1999. [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) The 18-minute webcast streamed February 2, 1999, was at the time the Internet's "biggest event" since inception. [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) The 1999 webcast was reported as a failure by a number of newspapers on account of some users' inability to watch the show featuring Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , and Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) [179] (#cite_note-179) as a result of Victoria's Secret's technology falling short being able to meet the online user demand resulting in network congestion and users who could see the webcast receiving jerky frames. [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) In all, the company's website saw over 1.5 million visits, a number significantly higher than the 250,000 and 500,000 simultaneous viewers that Broadcast.com, the website hosting the show, was able to handle. [180] (#cite_note-180) In total, 1.5 million viewers either attempted or viewed the webcast. [181] (#cite_note-181) The 1999 webcast served to create a database for Victoria's Secret of over 500,000 current and potential customers by requiring users to submit their contact details to view the webcast. [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) The next spring, Victoria's Secret avoided technical issues by partnering with Broadcast.com (/wiki/Broadcast.com) , America Online (/wiki/America_Online) , and Microsoft (/wiki/Microsoft) . [136] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-136) By 2011, the budget for the fashion show was $12 million, up from the first show's budget of $120,000. [182] (#cite_note-182) In November 2019, Victoria's Secret canceled its runway show. In July 2021, the company said there are plans to relaunch the show, but without the Victoria's Secret Angels. [183] (#cite_note-183) In May 2024, PageSix reported that Victoria's Secret intends to bring back the fashion show after a five year-hiatus. [184] (#cite_note-184) Victoria's Secret Angels [ edit ] Main article: List of Victoria's Secret models (/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models) The company's Angels underwear collection was marketed in 1997 by a TV commercial that included supermodels Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) , Karen Mulder, Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) , Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks. In the commercial, the Angels appear in a white cloudscape in dialog with "God", played by Welsh singer Tom Jones (/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)) , widely known for his fans' tradition of tossing their panties at him during shows. [185] (#cite_note-185) The spoof proved popular and the Angels, as characters, became a regular feature of the advertising as brand ambassadors (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) . The term "Angel" soon became synonymous with the brand. Official Angels have greater responsibilities than other runway models for the brand, as the Angels are obliged to appear in marketing campaigns, talk shows, major runway shows, and the annual fashion show. [186] (#cite_note-:12-186) The Angels are contracted spokesmodels for the brand, but the company is not transparent about the terms of these contracts. [186] (#cite_note-:12-186) In 1998, the Angels made their runway debut at Victoria's Secret's 4th annual fashion show ( Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) filled in for Christensen). [187] (#cite_note-E!TV1998-187) [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) The brand's Fashion Show and the Angels were closely connected through 2018, the final year that event was held. Some of the early Victoria's Secret Angels included Inés Rivero (/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Rivero) and Laetitia Casta (/wiki/Laetitia_Casta) . [189] (#cite_note-189) In 2004, the company did not hold a fashion show due to fallout from the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) , and instead alternately marketed the brand via a tour called Angels Across America. [190] (#cite_note-190) Victoria's Secret sent its five contract models (Banks, Klum, Bündchen, Lima, and Ambrosio) out for the event. Victoria's Secret's Angels continued to be featured in popular culture and were chosen to be part of People magazine's annual "100 Most Beautiful People in the World" in 2007. [191] (#cite_note-191) The Angels became the first trademark (/wiki/Trademark) awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame) on November 13, 2007, with Klum, Lima, Ambrosio, Kurkova, Goulart, Ebanks, Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) , and Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) at hand. [192] (#cite_note-192) Alongside new Angel Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) , they also took part in the grand reopening of the Fontainebleau in Miami in 2008. [193] (#cite_note-193) In 2009, the brand held a nationwide competition for a new Runway Angel. [194] (#cite_note-194) Thousands of contestants applied; Kylie Bisutti (/wiki/Kylie_Bisutti) prevailed as the winner but soon grew disillusioned and parted ways with the brand. [195] (#cite_note-195) Ellingson, Kroes, and Kloss departed after the 2014 fashion show. [196] (#cite_note-196) [197] (#cite_note-197) Several promotional tours featuring the Angels have been organized by the brand. These included the 2010 Bombshell tour, [198] (#cite_note-198) the 2012 VSX tour, [199] (#cite_note-199) and the 2013 Swim tour. [200] (#cite_note-200) [201] (#cite_note-201) In 2015, Angels featured on the brand's first Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) were Elsa Hosk, Martha Hunt, Jac Jagaciak, Stella Maxwell, Lais Ribeiro, and Jasmine Tookes, along with model Joan Smalls. [202] (#cite_note-eonline-202) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) In 2019, new Angels Leomie Anderson (/wiki/Leomie_Anderson) , Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) , Alexina Graham (/wiki/Alexina_Graham) , and Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) , were added to the roster. Palvin made her fashion show debut with Victoria's Secret in 2012, not appearing again until 2018, while Graham (the first redheaded (/wiki/Red_hair) Angel) walked in both 2017 and 2018. [204] (#cite_note-graham_hire-204) [205] (#cite_note-Harper's_Bazaar-205) Anderson began walking in 2015, while Elizabeth (a PINK spokesmodel, 2016 - 2019) walked her first Victoria's Secret show in 2016. [206] (#cite_note-leomie_hire-206) [207] (#cite_note-elizabeth_hire-207) The Victoria's Secret brand has had at least 3 dozen official Angels (as of 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&action=edit) ) [208] (#cite_note-208) [a] (#cite_note-209) Other notable spokesmodels for the brand have included Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , [209] (#cite_note-210) Eva Herzigová (/wiki/Eva_Herzigov%C3%A1) , [187] (#cite_note-E!TV1998-187) Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) , Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) , Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) , [210] (#cite_note-211) and Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) , [211] (#cite_note-212) as well as celebrities such as Taylor Momsen (/wiki/Taylor_Momsen) . [212] (#cite_note-213) In 2021, the Angels were discontinued in favor of a new concept known as the "VS Collective", which features a more diverse array of models and influencers as spokespeople, such as photographer Amanda de Cadenet (/wiki/Amanda_de_Cadenet) , Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) , actress and Miss World 2000 Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) , soccer player Megan Rapinoe (/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe) , and Valentina Sampaio (/wiki/Valentina_Sampaio) —the first openly transgender model to be featured on the Sports Illustrated S wimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . [213] (#cite_note-214) Nationality Name Contract [b] (#cite_note-215) First hiring Runway shows [214] (#cite_note-216) United States (/wiki/United_States) Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) 1997–2000 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1992 1995–2000 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) 1997–1998 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) [187] (#cite_note-E!TV1998-187) 1996 [215] (#cite_note-217) 1996–1997 Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) 1997–2000 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1992 [216] (#cite_note-218) 1996–2000 Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) 1997–2003 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1996 [217] (#cite_note-219) 1998–2001 United States (/wiki/United_States) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) 1997–2005 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) [218] (#cite_note-220) 1996 1996–2003 2005 Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) 1998 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) [c] (#cite_note-221) 1998 1997-1998 Argentina (/wiki/Argentina) Inés Rivero (/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Rivero) 1998–1999 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1998 1998–2001 France (/wiki/France) Laetitia Casta (/wiki/Laetitia_Casta) 1998–2000 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1997 1997–2000 Germany (/wiki/Germany) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1999–2010 [ citation needed ] 1997 [ citation needed ] 1997–2003 2005 2007–2009 (host only in 2006) Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) 2000–2007 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1999 1999–2003 2005–2006 Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 2000–2018 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 1999 [219] (#cite_note-222) 1999–2003 2005–2008 2010–2018 Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2004–2017 [220] (#cite_note-Moraski2012-223) [221] (#cite_note-224) 2000 2000–2003 2005–2017 Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2005–2008 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) [222] (#cite_note-225) 2000 2000–2008 2010 Cayman Islands (/wiki/Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005–2009 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2004 2005–2010 Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005–2008 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2004 2005–2016 United States (/wiki/United_States) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007–2010 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2002 [223] (#cite_note-226) 2007–2009 Australia (/wiki/Australia) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2007–2013 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) [224] (#cite_note-227) 2005 2006–2009 2011–2012 Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2008–2014 [225] (#cite_note-228) [226] (#cite_note-229) [227] (#cite_note-230) 2004 2005–2006 2008–2009 2011–2014 Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2009–2019 [228] (#cite_note-231) 2007 2007–2015 2018 United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) 2010–2011 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2005 [229] (#cite_note-232) 2006–2010 South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2010–2018 2007 2007–2015 2017–2018 United States (/wiki/United_States) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) 2010–2012 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2008 [230] (#cite_note-233) 2009–2011 Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) 2010–2013 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2008 2008–2013 Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) 2010–2018 [231] (#cite_note-234) [232] (#cite_note-235) 2008 2009–2017 Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) 2011–2014 [188] (#cite_note-:20-188) 2006 2007–2014 Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) 2013–2015 [233] (#cite_note-236) [234] (#cite_note-237) 2011 2011–2014 2017 Russia (/wiki/Russia) Kate Grigorieva (/wiki/Kate_Grigorieva) 2015–2016 [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) [235] (#cite_note-VSAA-238) 2014 2014–2016 United States (/wiki/United_States) Taylor Hill (/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(model)) 2015–2021 [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2014 2014–2018 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) 2015–2020 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2011 2011–2018 United States (/wiki/United_States) Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) 2015–2020 [202] (#cite_note-eonline-202) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2012 2013–2018 Poland (/wiki/Poland) Jac Jagaciak (/wiki/Monika_Jagaciak) 2015–2016 [202] (#cite_note-eonline-202) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) [235] (#cite_note-VSAA-238) 2013 2013–2015 New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) Stella Maxwell (/wiki/Stella_Maxwell) 2015–2021 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2014 2014–2018 Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) 2015–2021 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2010 2010–2011 2013–2018 Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) Sara Sampaio (/wiki/Sara_Sampaio) 2015–2021 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2012 2013–2018 Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Romee Strijd (/wiki/Romee_Strijd) 2015–2021 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2014 2014–2018 United States (/wiki/United_States) Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) 2015–2021 [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) [203] (#cite_note-vogue_uk_angels-203) 2012 2012–2018 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Josephine Skriver (/wiki/Josephine_Skriver) 2016–2021 [237] (#cite_note-240) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2013 2013–2018 Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) 2019–2021 [205] (#cite_note-Harper's_Bazaar-205) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2011 2012 2018 United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Alexina Graham (/wiki/Alexina_Graham) 2019–2021 [204] (#cite_note-graham_hire-204) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2017 2017–2018 Leomie Anderson (/wiki/Leomie_Anderson) 2019–2021 [206] (#cite_note-leomie_hire-206) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2015 2015–2018 United States (/wiki/United_States) Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) 2019–2021 [207] (#cite_note-elizabeth_hire-207) [236] (#cite_note-eonline1-239) 2016 2016–2018 Pink spokesmodels [ edit ] Main article: Pink (Victoria's Secret) (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) Nationality Name Contract Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2004–2005 [238] (#cite_note-241) Australia Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2007 [239] (#cite_note-242) Namibia Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2008–2011 [240] (#cite_note-243) [241] (#cite_note-244) Sweden Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) 2011–2014 [242] (#cite_note-245) United States Rachel Hilbert (/wiki/Rachel_Hilbert) 2015–2016 [243] (#cite_note-246) United States Zuri Tibby (/wiki/Zuri_Tibby) 2016–2019 [244] (#cite_note-247) United States Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) 2016–2019 [245] (#cite_note-248) Criticisms and controversies [ edit ] Harassment and abuse [ edit ] In 2019, nonprofit advocacy group Model Alliance (/wiki/Model_Alliance) and several other publications reported on initiatives underway in California, New York and the United States aiming to protect models from harassment and sexual abuse. [246] (#cite_note-249) [247] (#cite_note-250) [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) [248] (#cite_note-251) Silencing of harassment complaints [ edit ] After Razek left Victoria's Secret in 2019, Monica Mitro, a high-ranking executive at the company reported she had been repeatedly verbally abused by Razek during his time there. Mitro was executive vice president of public relations for the brand and was heavily involved in the production of its annual fashion show, having been one of the public faces of the brand. The day after Mitro made her allegations, she showed up to work to find she had been locked out of the building and placed on administrative leave. Though the brand claimed this decision was made prior to Mitro lodging her complaint, many believed this was a retaliatory action (/wiki/Organizational_retaliatory_behavior) by the company and in late 2019 Mitro indicated she was pursuing legal action against her dismissal. It was reported in 2020 that she had settled with the brand for an undisclosed sum. [249] (#cite_note-252) Connections with Jeffrey Epstein [ edit ] Les Wexner (/wiki/Les_Wexner) , who founded Victoria's Secret along with Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works,_Inc.) , was reportedly having direct ties with Jeffrey Epstein (/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein) , an American sex offender and a pedophile, which he met sometime around 1986. [ citation needed ] Wexner was also reported giving Epstein attorney powers, and have been reportedly shacked up in his "Wexner Xanadu", which is a property of Les Wexner located in Ohio (/wiki/Ohio) . Wexner also reportedly given Epstein his money, an Upper East Side (/wiki/Upper_East_Side) townhouse (which later sold for $51 million [250] (#cite_note-253) ), and a Boeing 727 (/wiki/Boeing_727) owned by L Brands. [251] (#cite_note-254) Racism and corporate apologies [ edit ] The company has faced a number of major complaints of racism, profiling, and discrimination [16] (#cite_note-:5-16) by both managers and employees, with several recurring issues being raised by former employees, the federal government, state governments, and customers in the United States. [252] (#cite_note-255) [253] (#cite_note-256) Each time, Victoria's Secret management or a corporate spokesperson has issued an apology and disavowed the discriminatory actions of any individual employee. [254] (#cite_note-257) Victoria's Secret has changed some employment practices, and settled some of the cases, including a $12 million settlement in California and New York reached in 2017, [255] (#cite_note-258) and a $179,300 settlement with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission) . [256] (#cite_note-259) Influence on socio-cultural body image norms [ edit ] In the 2008 academic research article "Victoria's Dirty Secret: How Sociocultural (/wiki/Sociocultural_perspective) Norms Influence Adolescent Girls and Women", authors from Wilfrid Laurier University and the University of Waterloo [257] (#cite_note-Strahan,_E._2008-260) stated: "Women's body dissatisfaction is influenced by socio-cultural norms for ideal appearance that are pervasive in society and particularly directed at women", cautioning that the marketing practices of Victoria's Secret, delivered through TV commercials, ads, and magazines send a message to girls and women that their models are a realistic standard of beauty, concluding that "Exposure to societal messages that reflect the socio-cultural norm for ideal appearance has a negative effect on women." [257] (#cite_note-Strahan,_E._2008-260) Use of cultural stereotypes [ edit ] During the 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the segment 'Wild Things' caused controversy due to the "tribal style" outfits on display. The most notable of these was worn by Afro-Brazilian model Emanuela De Paula (/wiki/Emanuela_De_Paula) who, alongside a group of dancers, was painted with black lines, meant to depict tribal body art. This outfit received backlash from the media, not only for appropriating African culture but for the racist connotations associated with dressing a woman of color in animal print lingerie and body art and branding her a 'Wild Thing'. No apology was released by the brand. [258] (#cite_note-261) In 2012, the company drew criticism for a lingerie collection offer for sale on their website that was titled 'Go East', with a tagline that pledged to women the capacity to "indulge in touches of eastern delight with lingerie inspired by the exquisite beauty of secret Japanese gardens." [259] (#cite_note-Alexander2012Aug-262) [260] (#cite_note-HuffingtonPostSep2012-263) The collection included a 'Sexy Little Geisha' outfit that was pulled by the company after critics described the items as "stereotypical images that use racist transgression to create an exotic edge." [261] (#cite_note-264) The Wall Street Journal confirmed that the geisha (/wiki/Geisha) outfit was "accessorized with a miniature fan and a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) -esque obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) sash" and the Asian-themed collection "that traded in sexualized (/wiki/Sexualized) , generic pan-Asian ethnic stereotypes (/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype) " was removed by the company. [262] (#cite_note-265) [263] (#cite_note-Alexander2012Sep25-266) At the 2012 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, an outfit in the 'Calendar Girls' segment caused controversy. The outfit, worn by Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) , was meant to represent November and the American holiday of Thanksgiving (/wiki/Thanksgiving) , but featured a Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) headdress alongside an animal print bikini. This caused outrage among members of the Native American community, who stated that the headdress depicted had deep cultural significance and was only worn by certain notable war chiefs and warriors. After media backlash over the offensiveness of the outfit and the uncomfortable position that the brand put Kloss in, the outfit was cut from the show's final broadcast. Kloss apologized for the incident via Twitter and the brand later made a statement of apology. [264] (#cite_note-267) At the 2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the brand was accused of cultural appropriation during the segment entitled 'The Road Ahead' which drew inspiration from both Chinese and Mexican culture. Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) 's flame tail wings, Elsa Hosk's dragon costume, and Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 's embroidered thigh-high boots caused an uproar, as some media and fans believed it was inappropriate for women of other descents to wear items important to Chinese culture. Victoria's Secret claimed it included this segment in the 2016 show because of their recent expansion into the Chinese market, and believed a segment featuring Chinese garments, as well as Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) and Ming Xi (/wiki/Ming_Xi) , two popular Chinese models, would be a good way to appeal to their new Chinese customer base. No apology or statement was released from the brand. [265] (#cite_note-268) In the 2017 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, the brand faced further controversy and allegations of cultural appropriation. The criticism was directed at fashions in the 'Nomadic Adventures' segment that appropriated Native American and Indigenous (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) African cultures. [266] (#cite_note-269) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) magazine suggested that the company had learned nothing from previous, similar incidents. [267] (#cite_note-270) Transgender models [ edit ] In a November 2018 interview with Vogue , Victoria's Secret president Ed Razek stated (when discussing diversity in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show): "Shouldn't you have transsexuals in the show? No. No, I don't think we should. Well, why not? Because the show is a fantasy. It's a 42-minute entertainment special. That's what it is." [268] (#cite_note-271) These comments received immediate backlash from many in the modeling community, including transgender (/wiki/Transgender) model Carmen Carrera (/wiki/Carmen_Carrera) , Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , then Angel Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , and former Angel Karlie Kloss. [269] (#cite_note-:1-272) Razek later issued an apology, stating "My remark regarding the inclusion of transgender models in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show came across as insensitive. I apologize. To be clear, we would absolutely cast a transgender model for the show." [269] (#cite_note-:1-272) In August 2019, the brand cast its first openly transgender Brazilian model Valentina Sampaio (/wiki/Valentina_Sampaio) , who was hired to work for PINK. [270] (#cite_note-273) That same month, Razek stepped down. [271] (#cite_note-274) In 2022, the brand hired Emira D'Spain (/wiki/Emira_D%27Spain) as their first Black transgender model. [272] (#cite_note-275) In 2023, the brand hired Alex Consani (/wiki/Alex_Consani) to be a part of the Victoria Secret rebrand in the 2023 fashion show. [273] (#cite_note-276) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ohio portal (/wiki/Portal:Ohio) List of Victoria's Secret models (/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models) Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-209) There have been various instances where the fashion show credits included models who were not Angels but were prominently featured by the brand, such as Candice Swanepoel, Lindsay Ellingson, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Erin Heatherton, and Behati Prinsloo in 2009, Lais Ribeiro in 2011, PINK model Elsa Hosk in 2013 and Hosk, Ribeiro, Jasmine Tookes, Martha Hunt, and Stella Maxwell in 2014. All of them later went on to become Angels. ^ (#cite_ref-215) Most Angels started working with the company years prior to signing an Angel contract. Listed above are the dates of first published or aired campaigns or, by default, first runway show or event. ^ (#cite_ref-221) Contracted as a replacement Angel for Helena Christensen during the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1998 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) and released immediately afterwards References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Blakeslee2010_1-0) Melise R. Blakeslee (January 15, 2010). Internet crimes, torts and scams: investigation and remedies . Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-537351-6 . Retrieved December 15, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Moyer, Justin (December 9, 2014). "How Victoria's Secret and its fashion show went primetime — after its founder killed himself" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/10/how-victorias-secret-went-from-clandestine-to-primetime-after-its-founder-killed-himself/) . Washington Post . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/board-member/martin-waters/ (https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/board-member/martin-waters/) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Annual Report 2021" (https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/static-files/3975733c-80f9-4c70-9a30-75307c3e4d72) . Bath & Body Works, Inc . ^ (#cite_ref-N_5-0) "Symbol Lookup from Yahoo Finance" (http://www.finance.yahoo.com/quote/LB/balance-sheet?p=LB) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Katherine (December 27, 1986). "An Elegant Kids' Store Fails" (https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/27/business/an-elegant-kids-store-fails.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mzezewa, Tariro (November 16, 2018). "Victoria's Secret? In 2018, Fewer Women Want to Hear It" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/16/style/victorias-secret-bras-decline.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Roy Raymond, 47; Began Victoria's Secret" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/02/obituaries/roy-raymond-47-began-victoria-s-secret.html) . New York Times . September 2, 1993 . Retrieved October 14, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hanbury, Mary (May 21, 2020). "The rise and fall of Victoria's Secret, America's biggest lingerie retailer" (https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-rise-and-fall-history-2019-5) . Business Insider . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Merrick, Amy (February 29, 2008). "Apparently, You Can Be Too Sexy" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120421181615799917) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved June 6, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Stevenson, Seth (June 9, 2020). "Victoria's Secret Has Only Itself to Blame" (https://slate.com/business/2020/06/victoria-secret-coronavirus-jeffrey-epstein-les-wexner.html) . Slate Magazine . Retrieved June 16, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Eaton, Dan (October 17, 2012). "Wexner wants Victoria's Secret accessory stores as 'ubiquitous as Starbucks' (https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/blog/2012/10/wexner-wants-victorias-secret.html) " (https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/blog/2012/10/wexner-wants-victorias-secret.html) . Columbus Business First . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Bhattarai, Abha (February 20, 2020). "5 factors that led to Victoria's Secret's fall" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/02/20/5-factors-that-led-victorias-secrets-fall/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . ^ Jump up to: a b Cheng, Andria (February 28, 2019). "Victoria's Secret Knows It Has A Problem, But Does It Have Time To Fix It?" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/andriacheng/2019/02/28/theres-no-sign-of-reprieve-for-victorias-secret-yet/#632364eb3775) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved July 14, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Goldberg, Carey (January 3, 2020). "Victoria's Secret Models Got Thinner Over 23 Years Of Fashion Show, Study Finds" (https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/01/03/victorias-secret-models-thinner) . WBUR . Retrieved June 4, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Silver-Greenberg, Jessica; Rosman, Katherine; Maheshwari, Sapna; Stewart, James B. (February 1, 2020). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/business/victorias-secret-razek-harassment.html) 'Angels' in Hell: The Culture of Misogyny Inside Victoria's Secret" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/business/victorias-secret-razek-harassment.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_17-0) Koul, Scaachi (November 25, 2019). "No One's Gonna Miss The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/scaachikoul/victorias-secret-fashion-show-rihanna-savage-fenty) . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_18-0) Thomas, Lauren (May 21, 2020). "Victoria's Secret parent company L Brands set to close 250 stores, and that could just be the start" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/l-brands-set-to-close-250-victorias-secret-stores-with-more-to-come.html) . CNBC . Retrieved June 4, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Victoria's Secret" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/victorias-secret/) . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved November 27, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Newhall, Emily (November 16, 1981). "A Catalog-Business Boom". Newsweek . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Peter J. Rea; Harold Kerzner (September 19, 1997). Strategic Planning: A Practical Guide . Wiley. p. 299. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-471-29197-8 . Retrieved October 14, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Adler, Carlye (June 9, 2010). "Victoria's Secret's Secret – The man behind the company that made lingerie mainstream and mall-friendly" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110913203136/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/06/09/victoria-s-secret-s-secret.html) . Newsweek . Archived from the original (http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/06/09/victoria-s-secret-s-secret.html) on September 13, 2011 . Retrieved October 15, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Barr, Naomi (October 30, 2013). "Happy Ending, Right?" (http://www.slate.com/articles/business/when_big_businesses_were_small/2013/10/victoria_s_secret_founding_roy_raymond_had_a_great_idea_but_les_wexner_was.html) . Slate . United States. The Slate Group . Retrieved March 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Tom Pendergast; Sara Pendergast (2000). St. James encyclopedia of popular culture . St. James Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55862-403-0 . Retrieved October 25, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Schiro, Anne-Marie (May 15, 1982). "Luxury Lingerie: A Mail-Order Success" (https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/15/style/luxury-lingerie-a-mail-order-success.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Watson, Lloyd (June 3, 1990). "Union Square Area Draws Five Big-Name Retailers". San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to: a b c Palmeri, Christopher (December 4, 2006). "Victoria's Secret Is Sexy Again" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121120093219/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-12-04/victorias-secret-is-sexy-againbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice) . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-12-04/victorias-secret-is-sexy-againbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice) on November 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Briefs". New York Times . July 15, 1982. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tomasino, Anna (2007). Discovering popular culture . Pearson Longman. p. 57. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-321-35596-6 . Retrieved October 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Faludi, Susan (August 15, 2006). Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women . Random House Digital, Inc. p. 201. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-307-34542-4 . Retrieved October 25, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Lerner Stores' New President" (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/21/business/lerner-stores-new-president.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . United States. May 21, 1985. p. D2 . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Groves, Martha (November 5, 1985). "Frederick's Tries to Update Its Image as Rivals Get Tougher" (https://articles.latimes.com/1985-11-05/business/fi-4449_1_frederick-mellinger) . Los Angeles Times . United States . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Belkin, Lisa (August 24, 1986). "Lingerie's Great Leap Forward" (https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/24/business/lingerie-s-great-leap-forward.html) . New York Times . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Hochswender, Woody (June 7, 1988). "Patterns" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/07/style/patterns-535288.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Gross, Michael (April 26, 1987). "Lingerie Catalogues: Changing Images" (https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/26/style/lingerie-catalogues-changing-images.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Hirsch, James (May 29, 1990). "Victoria's Secret? Keep Earnings Up with Garter Belts". Wall Street Journal . p. A1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Maheshwari, Sapna (September 6, 2019). "Victoria's Secret Had Troubles, Even Before Jeffrey Epstein" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/business/l-brands-victorias-secret-les-wexner-epstein.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ1992January23AginsTeri_38-0) Agins, Teri (January 23, 1992). "Specialty Shops Chase Sweet Scent Of Success". Wall Street Journal . United States. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Asinof, Lynn (April 16, 1987). "Mail-Order Catalog". Wall Street Journal . United States. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Did Leslie Wexner Take His Eye Off The Ball?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130324012054/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1993-05-23/did-leslie-wexner-take-his-eye-off-the-ball) . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . May 23, 1993. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1993-05-23/did-leslie-wexner-take-his-eye-off-the-ball) on March 24, 2013 . Retrieved October 15, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-41) Storm, Stephanie (July 7, 1992). "Gap Is Reportedly Adding Women's Underwear Brand" (https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/07/business/company-news-gap-is-reportedly-adding-women-s-underwear-brand.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Strom, Stephanie (November 21, 1993). "Profile: Grace Nichols; When Victoria's Secret Faltered, She Was Quick to Fix It" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/21/business/profile-grace-nichols-when-victoria-s-secret-faltered-she-was-quick-to-fix-it.html) . New York Times . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Robertson, David; Lineback, Kent (2017). The Power of Little Ideas: A Low-Risk, High-Reward Approach to Innovation . Harvard Business Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781633691698 . ^ Jump up to: a b Underwood, Elaine (September 19, 1994). "Bust-Boosting Bra Battle Begins; Victoria's Secret Launches Rare TV Campaign to Fight Wonderbra Barrage". AdWeek . ^ Jump up to: a b Goldman, Abigail (April 10, 1999). "Amid Wear and Tear, Firm Seeks to Rework Image" (https://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/10/business/fi-25916) . Los Angeles Times . United States . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Ono, Yumiko (September 14, 1998). "Victoria's Secret to Launch Makeup With Sexy Names" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB905733693105057000) . Wall Street Journal . p. B6 . Retrieved October 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Ellison, Sarah (May 20, 2002). "Is Less Risque Risky For Victoria's Secret?" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1021850336374016400) . Wall Street Journal . p. B1 . Retrieved October 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Koda, Harold; Yohannan, Kohle (2009). The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 205. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781588393135 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wells, Melanie (November 13, 2000). "Cosmetic Improvement". Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Barbaro, Michael (July 15, 2006). "What Women Want; Underwear That Fits So Well It Can Be Outerwear" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E4DC1F30F936A25754C0A9609C8B63) . New York Times . United States . Retrieved December 5, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Seckler, Valerie (March 19, 2008). "Advice on Staying Ahead of the Trends" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/publishing/advice-on-staying-ahead-of-the-trends-461058) . Women's Wear Daily (WWD). p. 8 . Retrieved January 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Tang, Syl (September 2, 2006). "Catalogue shopping for the discerning crowd" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c8be6c44-3a1f-11db-90bb-0000779e2340.html) . Financial Times . Nikkei . Retrieved November 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Victoria's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/victorias-secret-ceo-sharen-jester-turney-quits) . British Vogue . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Wahba, Phil. "Investors Rattled After Victoria's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly" (http://fortune.com/2016/02/12/victorias-secret-ceo/) . Fortune . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "The departure of Victoria's Secret's longtime CEO 'does feel very abrupt' - Business Insider" (http://www.businessinsider.com/sharen-jester-turneys-abrupt-departure-from-victorias-secret-2016-2/?r=US&IR=T#5YlStFEJdrcQ1Arh.97) . Business Insider . February 17, 2016 . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Hanbury, Mary (March 15, 2019). "People slammed Victoria's Secret after its marketing chief made controversial comments about transgender models, but he didn't resign. This could be why, according to former executives" (https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-why-ed-razek-didnt-resign-execs-say-2019-3) . Business Insider . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Victorias Secret direct sales grow little in 2016" (https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2017/02/23/victorias-secret-direct-sales-grow-little-2016/) . Digital Commerce 360 . February 23, 2017 . Retrieved January 12, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Victoria's Secret Sales Are Down 20% and L Brands' Stock Is Plummeting" (http://fortune.com/2017/02/22/victorias-secret/) . Fortune . Retrieved January 12, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Safdar, Khadeeja. "Victoria's Secret Chief Is Out Amid Declining Sales" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/victorias-secret-chief-is-out-amid-declining-sales-1542212186) . WSJ . Retrieved November 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Will The Victoria's Secret CEO's Resignation Provoke Brand Change?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/victorias-secret-ceo-steps-down) . Vogue . November 15, 2018 . Retrieved November 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Cadenas, Kerensa. "Victoria's Secret Apologizes After Executive's Statements About Transgender and Plus-Size Models" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/11/victorias-secret-ed-razek-comments) . Vanities . Retrieved November 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Talarico, Brittany (March 19, 2019). "Victoria's Secret's Swimwear Line Is Back Just in Time for Spring Break" (https://people.com/style/victorias-secret-is-bringing-back-swimwear-just-in-time-for-spring-break-heres-a-sneak-peek/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Hanbury, Mary (March 5, 2019). "An activist shareholder is urging Victoria's Secret parent to update 'tone-deaf' brand image to boost sales" (https://www.businessinsider.com/shareholder-urges-victorias-secret-to-update-tone-deaf-image-2019-3) . Business Insider . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview) "We're Nobody's Third Love, We're Their First Love"—The Architects of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Are Still Banking on Bombshells" (https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview) . November 8, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-65) Valinsky, Jordan (October 10, 2019). "Victoria's Secret head of stores is stepping down" (https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/10/business/victorias-secret-stores-resignation/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved November 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Victoria's Secret cancels annual televised fashion show as viewers turn off" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/nov/22/victorias-secret-cancels-annual-televised-fashion-show-as-viewers-turn-off) . The Guardian . November 22, 2019 . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Mackelden, Amy; Gonzales, Erica (November 21, 2019). "Victoria's Secret Officially Cancels Fashion Show" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a27441922/victorias-secret-fashion-show-tv-broadcast-canceled/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved November 27, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Silver-Greenberg, Jessica; Maheshwari, Sapna; Rosman, Katherine (January 29, 2020). "Les Wexner, Victoria's Secret Owner, Is in Talks to Step Down" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/les-wexner-victorias-secret.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved February 4, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Gross, Elana Lyn (February 5, 2020). "What The Victoria's Secret Harassment Allegations Teach Us About Retaliation" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/elanagross/2020/02/05/what-the-victorias-secret-harassment-allegations-teach-us-about-retaliation/) . Forbes . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Accardi, Nicollete (February 21, 2020). "Victoria's Secret sold for $525M; all stores to remain open for now" (https://www.nj.com/business/2020/02/victorias-secret-sold-for-525m-all-stores-to-remain-open-for-now.html) . NJ.com. NJ Advance Media . Retrieved February 22, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) Valinksy, Jordan (February 2, 2020). "Victoria's Secret is going private. It's only worth $1.1 billion" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/business/victorias-secret-private/) . CNN . Retrieved February 22, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Lombardo, Khadeeja Safdar and Cara (April 22, 2020). "Victoria's Secret Buyer Seeks to Cancel Takeover After Coronavirus" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/sycamore-partners-cancels-plan-to-buy-victoria-s-secret-11587568843) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved April 22, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Stewart, James B. (April 29, 2020). "The Victoria's Secret Contract That Anticipated a Pandemic" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/29/business/victorias-secret-sycamore-coronavirus.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) Repko, Melissa (June 4, 2020). "Lawsuit filed by shareholder requests records, alleges Victoria's Secret has 'toxic culture of sexual harassment' (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/04/lawsuit-alleges-victorias-secret-has-toxic-culture-of-sexual-harassment.html) " (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/04/lawsuit-alleges-victorias-secret-has-toxic-culture-of-sexual-harassment.html) . CNBC . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "New Complaints About 'Culture of Misogyny' at Victoria's Secret", by Kellie Ell (https://wwd.com/business-news/legal/leslie-wexner-victorias-secret-complaints-1234697900/) , Women's Wear Daily , January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-76) Maheshwari, Sapna; Friedman, Vanessa (June 16, 2021). "Victoria's Secret Swaps Angels for 'What Women Want.' Will They Buy It?" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html) on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved June 18, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Ell, Kellie (November 17, 2021). "EXCLUSIVE: Naomi Osaka Joins VS Collective, Talks Mental Health, Fashion and Serena Williams on Victoria's Secret Podcast" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/naomi-osaka-vs-collective-victorias-secret-1234997051/) . WWD . Retrieved November 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-VSCO_brand_split_78-0) Thomas, Lauren (July 20, 2021). "Victoria's Secret details comeback plan after L Brands split, admits it lost relevance with women" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/victorias-secret-details-comeback-plan-after-l-brands-split.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . NBCUniversal Television and Streaming (/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_and_Streaming) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210820184037/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/victorias-secret-details-comeback-plan-after-l-brands-split.html) from the original on August 20, 2021 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Cornell, Joe. "Newly Separated Victoria's Secret Breaks Free Of Bath & Body Works" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/joecornell/2021/08/20/newly-separated-victorias-secret-breaks-free-of-bath--body-works/) . Forbes . Retrieved November 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "This Week: Tyson Foods, Walmart, Victoria's Secret earnings" (https://wtop.com/consumer-news/2021/11/this-week-tyson-foods-walmart-victorias-secret-earnings/) . WTOP News . November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:25_81-0) "L Brands Names New CEO at Victoria's Secret" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183116/https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/workplace-talent/l-brands-names-new-ceo-at-victorias-secret) . The Business of Fashion . February 4, 2021. Archived from the original (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/workplace-talent/l-brands-names-new-ceo-at-victorias-secret) on July 9, 2021 . Retrieved July 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Victoria's Secret Names Pink Brand Head as CEO" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/retail/victorias-secret-names-pink-brand-head-as-ceo/) . The Business of Fashion . July 12, 2022 . Retrieved September 20, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) "Victoria's Secret will acquire Adore Me for $400 million to fuel comeback" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/victorias-secret-will-acquire-adore-me-for-dollar400-million-to-fuel-comeback) . Vogue Business . November 1, 2022 . Retrieved November 1, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) " (https://edition.cnn.com/style/why-victorias-secret-is-bringing-sexy-back-bof/index.html) 'It's not been enough to carry the day': Why the Victoria's Secret rebrand is over" (https://edition.cnn.com/style/why-victorias-secret-is-bringing-sexy-back-bof/index.html) . CNN . October 17, 2023 . Retrieved November 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) "Sorry, Victoria's Secret, your 'woke' rebrand failed because it was performative pants" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/22/sorry-victorias-secret-your-woke-rebrand-failed-because-it-was-performative-pants) . The Guardian . October 22, 2023 . Retrieved November 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) Branch, Shelly (October 25, 2002). "A New Secret From Victoria: The Bikini Show". Wall Street Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Harrison, Lily (April 21, 2016). "Victoria's Secret Won't Sell Swimsuits Anymore" (http://www.eonline.com/news/758928/victoria-s-secret-will-stop-selling-swimwear-in-favor-for-new-activewear-line) . E! Online . Retrieved June 4, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) Ell, Kellie (November 20, 2018). "Victoria's Secret Is Bringing Back Swimwear" (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/victorias-secret-returning-to-swim-1202910121/) . WWD . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Rao, Priya (August 11, 2010). "In SoHo, 'Incredible' Launch" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704164904575421583319421848.html) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Alexander, Ella (January 25, 2012). "Lingerie Secret" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/01/25/victorias-secret-launches-designer-collection) . Vogue . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Mau, Dhani (May 19, 2016). "Victoria's Secret Reorganizes to Focus on 'Core' Businesses" (https://fashionista.com/2016/05/victorias-secret-eliminates-swim-apparel) . Fashionista . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Bernard, Katherine (January 4, 2017). "From Push-Ups to Bralettes: Victoria's Secret Revamps" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/fashion/victorias-secret-bras-bralettes-flagship-store.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Brandi (October 19, 2021). "Victoria's Secret PINK Period Panties Only $12.95 (Regularly $20)" (https://hip2save.com/product-reviews/victorias-secret-period-panties/) . Hip2Save . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Ziegler, Ashley (November 2, 2021). "These Brands Making Period Underwear For Teens Are Serious Game Changers" (https://www.romper.com/parenting/period-underwear-for-teens) . Romper . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Victoria's Secret bans cashmere!" (https://apparelresources.com/business-news/sustainability/victorias-secret-bans-cashmere/) . Apparel Resources . December 6, 2022 . Retrieved May 26, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) Rubin, Sylvia (October 27, 2007). "Bras — a century of suspension" (http://www.sfgate.com/style/article/Bras-a-century-of-suspension-3237587.php) . San Francisco Chronicle . United States . Retrieved December 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Morgan, James (September 8, 1991). "Frisky Business" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1991/09/08/frisky-business/966d630b-4d59-4925-8ddd-ef60e41931dd/) . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Roger D. Blackwell (November 12, 1997). From Mind to Market: Reinventing the Retail Supply Chain . HarperCollins. pp. 188 (https://archive.org/details/frommindtomarket00blac/page/188) –189. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-88730-833-8 . Retrieved October 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Groves, Martha (September 18, 1989). "Victoria's Secret Won't Keep Secret Anymore" (https://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-18/business/fi-209_1_victoria-s-secret) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Greenberg, Cara (February 14, 1993). "Where Strong Men Fear to Tread" (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/14/style/foraging-where-strong-men-fear-to-tread.html) . New York Times . No. Foraging. United States. The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Rozhon, Tracie (October 25, 2002). "A Lingerie Maker Returns To Its Racier Past" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/25/business/a-lingerie-maker-returns-to-its-racier-past.html) . New York Times . United States . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Wedlan, Candace A. (August 11, 2000). "The Pillar of Panties" (https://articles.latimes.com/2000/aug/11/news/cl-2431) . Los Angeles Times . United States . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marvin Traub; Lisa Marsh (September 15, 2008). Marvin Traub: Like No Other Career . Assouline Publishing Corporation. pp. 145–173. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7594-0272-4 . Retrieved October 25, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Eaton, Dan (May 19, 2016). "L Brands sees China as second 'home market' as it takes control of its stores" (https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2016/05/19/l-brands-sees-china-as-second-home-market-as-it.html) . Columbus Business First . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Holmes, Elizabeth (March 29, 2010). "U.S. Apparel Retailers Map an Expansion to the North" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704059004575127531941249538.html) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) Kelsey, Sarah (May 3, 2012). "Victoria's Secret To Open First Quebec Store" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/03/victorias-secret-quebec_n_1473725.html) . The Huffington Post Canada . Canada . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Dunham, Jackie (May 21, 2020). "Victoria's Secret closing 250 stores" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/victoria-s-secret-bath-body-works-closing-stores-in-canada-u-s-as-retailers-struggle-1.4948122) . CTV News . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Lidbury, Olivia (May 21, 2012). "Victoria's Secret set date for UK debut" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120616095331/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG9279216/Victorias-Secret-set-date-for-UK-debut.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG9279216/Victorias-Secret-set-date-for-UK-debut.html) on June 16, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Karmali, Sarah (August 28, 2012). "Secret No More" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/08/28/victorias-secret-bond-street-london-flagship-store-opening-date-confirmed) . Vogue UK . United Kingdom . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-110) "Victoria's Secret UK arm goes into administration" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/06/06/victorias-secret-uk-arm-goes-into-administration.html) . The Jakarta Post . June 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) Howland, Daphne (June 8, 2020). "What's Victoria's Secret's next move?" (https://www.retaildive.com/news/whats-victorias-secrets-next-move/579382/) . Retail Dive . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) "Breakingviews - Corona Capital: Nike, Microsoft and retail pain" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-finance-breakingvi-idUSKBN23X2B3) . Reuters . June 26, 2020 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Ell, Kellie (June 25, 2020). "Victoria's Secret Closes Hong Kong Flagship" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/victorias-secret-closes-hong-kong-store-june-1203660582/) . WWD . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) "Victoria's Secret closes its flagship store in Causeway Bay" (https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/news/victorias-secret-closes-its-flagship-store-in-causeway-bay-062520) . Time Out Hong Kong . June 25, 2020 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Victoria's Secret & Co. Announces Partnership With Regina Miracle International (Holdings) Limited for Existing Business in China \| Victoria's Secret & Co" (https://www.victoriassecretandco.com/news-releases/news-release-details/victorias-secret-co-announces-partnership-regina-miracle/) . www.victoriassecretandco.com . Retrieved May 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Sugarman, Joseph (2012). "Lingerie for Men" (https://books.google.com/books?id=1dzIU-ruXBsC&pg=PT7) . The Adweek Copywriting Handbook: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Powerful Advertising and Marketing Copy . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781118428795 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Marianne M. Jennings (December 13, 2010). Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment . Cengage Learning. pp. 510–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-538-47054-4 . Retrieved October 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Monllos, Kristina (May 24, 2016). "Why Victoria's Secret Won't Be Mailing Out Any More Catalogs" (https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/why-victorias-secret-wont-be-mailing-out-any-more-catalogs-171661/) . adwekk . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ohlson, Kathleen (February 5, 1999). "Victoria's Secret knows ads, but not the Web" (http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9902/05/vicweb.idg/) . CNN . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-LargestOnlineWired1999_120-0) "Web Tempest in A D-Cup" (https://www.wired.com/2009/02/feb-5-1999-web-tempest-in-a-d-cup-2/) . Wired . Retrieved August 6, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Secret maneuver" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-12-08-9812090028-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . December 8, 1998 . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) Born, Pete (March 31, 2006). "Granoff Exiting Victoria's Secret Beauty" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/granoff-exiting-victoria-s-secret-beauty-540025/) . WWD . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-123) "Victoria's Secret snags Polo Ralph Lauren exec" (https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20121009/RETAIL_APPAREL/121009886/victoria-s-secret-snags-polo-ralph-lauren-exec) . Crain's New York Business . October 9, 2012 . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-124) Rimmer, John (September 21, 2004). "World Duty Free secures exclusive deal with Victoria's Secret Beauty" (https://www.dfnionline.com/latest-news/retail/world-duty-free-secures-exclusive-deal-with-victorias-secret-beauty-21-09-2004/) . DFNI . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Jannarone, John (October 20, 2011). "Victoria's Overseas Secret Remains Behind Closed Doors" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204485304576641430635247262.html) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) "Victoria's Secret Opens Its First Store In Schiphol Airport Lounge 3" (http://www.designcurial.com/news/victoria-s-secret-opens-its-first-store-in-schiphol-airport-lounge-3) . Design Curial. June 14, 2011 . Retrieved September 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) Mezzasalma, Nicole (November 13, 2012). "Victoria's Secret opens second Schiphol store" (http://www.dfnionline.com/article/Victorias-Secret-opens-second-Schiphol-store-1864606.html) . DFNI Online . Retrieved September 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Kraul, Chris (August 7, 2012). "Optimism in Colombia Textiles". Women's Wear Daily (WWD). ^ (#cite_ref-129) Trujillo, Daniel (May 29, 2012). "Roble inicia cambios en Multiplaza y Metrocentro" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121028144706/http://elmundo.com.sv/roble-inicia-cambios-en-multiplaza-y-metrocentro) . El Mundo . Archived from the original (http://elmundo.com.sv/roble-inicia-cambios-en-multiplaza-y-metrocentro) on October 28, 2012 . Retrieved October 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) Sieczkowski, Cavan (November 17, 2011). "Victoria's Secret Puerto Rico Grand Opening Touched by Angels" (http://www.ibtimes.com/victorias-secret-puerto-rico-grand-opening-touched-angels-photos-709079) . International Business Times . Retrieved January 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-agora_131-0) "Agora Mall abre el 23 de Agosto 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120823232730/http://elmundofemenino.wordpress.com/2012/08/09/noticias-fashion-agora-mall-abre-el-23-de-agosto-2012-lista-de-tiendas/) . ElMundoFemenino. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original (http://elmundofemenino.wordpress.com/2012/08/09/noticias-fashion-agora-mall-abre-el-23-de-agosto-2012-lista-de-tiendas/) on August 23, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-sambil_132-0) "Sambil \| Inicia comercializacion de Sambil Santo Domingo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111016071536/http://tusambil.com/Noticia/179/Inicia_comercializacion_de_Sambil_Santo_Domingo) . Tusambil.com. Archived from the original (http://www.tusambil.com/Noticia/179/Inicia_comercializacion_de_Sambil_Santo_Domingo) on October 16, 2011 . Retrieved November 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) "Victoria's Secret Beauty & Accessories \| Złote Tarasy" (http://zlotetarasy.pl/en/Sklep/victorias-secret) . Zlotetarasy.pl . Retrieved October 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-134) "Аеродром Никола Тесла" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707045509/http://www.beg.aero/passengers/travel/shops/shops.573.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.beg.aero/passengers/travel/shops/shops.573.html) on July 7, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-workman_135-0) Workman, Nancy. "From Victorian to Victoria's Secret: The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140905210319/http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=5b14e223-22e1-4401-9fd4-05f1ea92cfb9@sessionmgr12&vid=5&hid=13&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#db=afh&AN=3113631) . Journal of Popular Culture; Fall96, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p61-73, 13p. Archived from the original (http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/3113631) on September 5, 2014 . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sanders, Tim (July 22, 2003). Love Is the Killer App: How to Win Business and Influence Friends . Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 34–37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4000-4683-6 . Retrieved October 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) Howland, Daphne; Vembar, Kaarin (March 10, 2020). "Un-Limited: How Les Wexner ruled retail for 6 decades" (https://www.retaildive.com/news/un-limited-how-les-wexner-ruled-retail-for-6-decades/573778/) . Retail Dive . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/07/10/all_or_nothing_for_victorias_secret_brand.html) 'All or nothing' for Victoria's Secret brand" (https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/07/10/all_or_nothing_for_victorias_secret_brand.html) . Toronto Star . July 10, 2007 . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) "Limited Sells Majority Stake in Namesake Brand" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/limited-sells-majority-stake-in-namesake-brand/) . New York Times . July 10, 2007 . Retrieved October 26, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "Limited Brands changes its name to L Brands" (https://www.reuters.com/article/limitedbrands-name-idUSL1N0CEET720130322) . Reuters . March 22, 2013 . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Net sales of Victoria's Secret worldwide 2010-2017 \| Statistic" (https://www.statista.com/statistics/255806/net-sales-of-victorias-secret-worldwide/) . ^ (#cite_ref-142) "People" (https://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-09/business/fi-7360_1_limited-s-victoria-s-secret-stores) . Los Angeles Times . January 9, 1991 . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) Moin, David (January 30, 2007). "Nichols Exits as Victoria's Secret CEO" (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/nichols-exits-as-victoria-s-secret-ceo-509358/) . WWD . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) Goldsmith, Suzanne. "Is it #TimesUp for Victoria's Secret?" (https://www.columbusmonthly.com/lifestyle/20190429/is-it-timesup-for-victorias-secret) . Columbus Monthly . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-145) Parmar, Hema (November 14, 2018). "Head of Victoria's Secret Lingerie resigns" (https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/retail/head-of-victorias-secret-lingerie-resigns-20181114.html) . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-146) Robert, Yola. "Victoria's Secret Replaces CEO Amid The ThirdLove New York Times Ad" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/yolarobert1/2018/11/26/victoriassecretreplacesceo/) . Forbes . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-147) "L Brands names a new chief to lead Victoria's Secret, as it works to revive the lingerie brand" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/25/l-brands-names-a-new-chief-to-lead-victorias-secret.html) . CNBC . November 25, 2020 . Retrieved November 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-148) "Burns Exiting Victoria's Secret, CEO Nixes Contract Extension" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/burns-exiting-victoria-8217-s-secret-ceo-nixes-contract-extension-705238/) . WWD . August 3, 2004 . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Acker, Suzanne Gravette (November 2004). "From the Archives: The Man Behind the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (https://www.columbusmonthly.com/news/20190513/from-archives-man-behind-victorias-secret-fashion-show) . Columbus Monthly . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) Naughton, Julie (April 3, 2009). "Victoria's Secret Beauty Takes Cue From 'Project' (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/victorias-secret-beauty-takes-cue-from-project-runway-2090644) " (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/victorias-secret-beauty-takes-cue-from-project-runway-2090644) . Women's Wear Daily (WWD) . Retrieved December 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) Silva, Belisa (October 10, 2012). "Susie Coulter to Take Helm at Victoria's Secret Beauty" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/beauty-duty-6397774) . Women's Wear Daily (WWD) . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) "L Brands announces new hires for Victoria's Secret" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/l-brands-announces-new-hires-for-victoria-s-secret,695358.html) . Fashion Network . May 23, 2016 . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bullock2006_153-0) Bullock, Max (October 4, 2006). "Fans of offshoring drift away from economic reality" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cd062556-5344-11db-99c5-0000779e2340.html) . Financial Times . Nikkei . Retrieved November 12, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Tasini, Jonathan (May 25, 2011). "Victoria's Secret, Slave Labor And So-Called "Free Trade" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-tasini/victorias-secret-slave-la_b_74261.html) " (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-tasini/victorias-secret-slave-la_b_74261.html) . Huffington Post . Workers are allowed just 3.3 minutes to sew each $14 Victoria's Secret women's bikini, for which they are paid four cents. The workers' wages amount to less than 3/10ths of one percent of the $14 retail price of the Victoria's Secret bikini ^ (#cite_ref-155) Ramakrishnan, L (July 4, 2012). "A new direction" (http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/a-new-direction-2/) . The Indian Express . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Bhalla, Nita (May 22, 2012). "Victoria's Secret bras a boost for rural Indian women" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-empowerment-idUSBRE84L0NN20120522) . Reuters . ^ (#cite_ref-157) "Victoria's Secret pays sacked Thai workers $8.3m in 'wage theft' settlement" (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/28/victorias-secret-thai-garment-workers-wage-settlement) . The Guardian . Agence France-Presse in Bangkok. May 28, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-158) Chipello, Christopher J; Merrick, Amy (October 14, 2004). "As the Catalogs Pile Up, Environmental Activists Take on Attractive Target" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109771178553844885) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Merrick, Amy (December 7, 2006). "Victoria's Secret Goes Green On Paper for Catalogs" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116545222061942857) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved June 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-160) "Victoria's Secret catalogue no longer in pulp friction" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/victoria-s-secret-catalogue-no-longer-in-pulp-friction-1.597634) . CBC News . December 6, 2006 . Retrieved June 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-161) DuBrin, Andrew J. (2012). Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills . Cengage Learning. p. 107. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-133-43522-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b Okun, Alanna (August 31, 2012). "The 35-Year Evolution Of Victoria's Secret" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/alannaokun/the-35-year-evolution-of-victorias-secret) . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-163) Dougherty, Philip H. (June 9, 1988). "Advertising; Victoria's Secret Goes To FCB/Leber Katz" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/09/business/the-media-business-advertising-victoria-s-secret-goes-to-fcb-leber-katz.html) . New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) Leonard M. Lodish; Howard L. Morgan; Shellye Archambeau (March 21, 2007). Marketing That Works: How Entrepreneurial Marketing Can Add Sustainable Value to Any Sized Company . Pearson Education. p. 30. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-271632-1 . Retrieved October 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-165) "Yasmeen Ghauri" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140122225149/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/yghauri/yasmeenghauri/) . nymag.com . New York Media. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/yghauri/yasmeenghauri/) on January 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-166) "Victoria's Secret "Old School" Models (March 2006 - July 2013) - the Fashion Spot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206112844/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f96/victorias-secret-old-school-models-march-2006-july-2013-a-41069.html) . Archived from the original (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f96/victorias-secret-old-school-models-march-2006-july-2013-a-41069.html) on December 6, 2017 . Retrieved May 1, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holmes, Elizabeth (November 29, 2011). "Heard & Scene: Show Time on Victoria's Runway" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703848204575608893620518892.html) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-168) Goldman, Abigail (February 3, 1999). "Victoria's Secret Ad a Hit for Web Site" (https://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/03/business/fi-4398) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Savage, David (March 5, 2003). "Court says Victor's Secret safe – Lingerie giant fails to sway justices" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-03-05/news/0303050263_1_trademark-dilution-act-brand-famous-mark) . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stevenson, Seth (April 12, 2004). "Tangled Up in Boobs – What's Bob Dylan doing in a Victoria's Secret ad?" (http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2004/04/tangled_up_in_boobs.html) . Slate . Retrieved October 27, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Davies, Hugh (April 6, 2004). "Hey, Mr Lingerie Man . . " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1458742/Hey-Mr-Lingerie-Man-.-.-..html) . Daily Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1458742/Hey-Mr-Lingerie-Man-.-.-..html) from the original on January 11, 2022 . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Lynn (April 13, 2004). "Lingerie is back in the drawer" (https://articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/13/entertainment/et-smith13) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-173) Rivera, Isabell (March 12, 2020). "Victoria's 'Dirty Secret' (http://ourweekly.com/news/2020/mar/12/victorias-dirty-secret/) " (http://ourweekly.com/news/2020/mar/12/victorias-dirty-secret/) . Our Weekly Los Angeles . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-174) "Why Is Michael Bay Still Directing Victoria's Secret Commercials?" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/copyranter/why-is-michael-bay-still-directing-victoria-secret) . BuzzFeed . October 16, 2012 . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-175) Peterson, Hayley (October 31, 2014). "Victoria's Secret Sparks Outrage With 'Perfect Body' Campaign" (http://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-perfect-body-campaign-2014-10) . Business Insider. Business Insider Inc . Retrieved November 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fernandez, Chantal (December 3, 2020). "Victoria's Secret Hires Condé Nast Creative Director Raul Martinez" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/marketing-pr/victorias-secret-hires-conde-nast-creative-director-raul-martinez) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved January 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-177) Bernd Schmitt; David L. Rogers; Karen Vrotsos (2004). There's No Business That's Not Show Business: Marketing in an Experience Culture . FT Press. p. 113. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-047119-2 . Retrieved October 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-178) Givhan, Robin (March 19, 2012). "The Evolution Of The Bra, From Mad Men's Day To Our Own" (https://www.newsweek.com/evolution-bra-mad-mens-day-our-own-63743) . Newsweek . Retrieved June 5, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-179) "It's No Secret: A Bust-See Web Site" (https://archive.today/20130204033042/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/02/14/it-s-no-secret-a-bust-see-web-site.html) . Newsweek . February 15, 1999. Archived from the original (http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/02/14/it-s-no-secret-a-bust-see-web-site.html) on February 4, 2013 . Retrieved October 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-180) "Flood of Viewers Jams Lingerie Webcast" (https://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/05/news/cl-5000) . Los Angeles Times . February 5, 1999 . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-181) Quick, Rebecca (February 5, 1999). "Victoria's Secret Has Lesson for the Web: Lingerie Exerts Pull—'Cybercast' of Underwear Was Such a Smash That Many Were Left Out in Cold". Wall Street Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-182) Monget, Karyn (November 8, 2011). "A Look Behind The Curtain" (http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/intimates-activewear/a-sneak-peek-of-the-victorias-secret-show-5355803) . Women's Wear Daily (WWD) . Retrieved October 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-183) Hanbury, Mary (July 20, 2021). "Victoria's Secret will relaunch its annual fashion show — without its Angels" (https://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-angels-annual-fashion-show-will-run-again-2021-7) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . ^ (#cite_ref-184) Contino, Kristin (May 15, 2024). "Victoria's Secret is bringing its controversial fashion show back to the runway" (https://pagesix.com/2024/05/15/style/victorias-secret-is-bringing-its-controversial-fashion-show-back-to-the-runway/) . PageSix . ^ (#cite_ref-185) Ellis, Lucy; Sutherland, Byrony (2009). Tom Jones: Close Up . London: Omnibus Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857121073 . ^ Jump up to: a b Opelka, Brenna; Boan, Daniel (May 10, 2019). "There's a huge difference between a Victoria's Secret model and an Angel — here's what it takes to get Angel status" (https://www.insider.com/difference-between-victorias-secret-model-and-angel-2017-11) . Insider . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Victoria's Secret Special , E!TV, 1998 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Boan, Daniel (November 29, 2018). "THEN AND NOW: What 25 former Victoria's Secret Angels are doing today" (https://www.insider.com/former-victorias-secret-angels-then-now-2018-11) . Insider . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-189) Todd, Anne M. (2009). Tyra Banks: Model and Talk Show Host . New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781438128306 . ^ (#cite_ref-190) Krause, Amanda (May 10, 2019). "19 iconic moments from the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, which may be ending as we know it" (https://www.insider.com/victorias-secret-fashion-show-iconic-moments-2018-11) . Insider . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-191) "The Models of Victoria's Secret" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071030141244/http://www.people.com/people/package/video/0,,20034523_20036555_20036614,00.html) . People . 1998. Archived from the original (http://www.people.com/people/package/video/0,,20034523_20036555_20036614,00.html) on October 30, 2007 . Retrieved May 11, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-192) "Victoria's Secret Angels :: The Hollywood Walk of Fame" (http://hwof.com/star/special/victoria-s-secret-angels/2447) . hwof.com . February 24, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-193) CRITCHELL, SAMANTHA. "Victoria's Secret models bare all - StAugustine.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141211035702/http://staugustine.com/stories/120608/fashion_1206_008.shtml) . staugustine.com . Archived from the original (http://staugustine.com/stories/120608/fashion_1206_008.shtml) on December 11, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-194) "Victoria's Secret looking for new 'Angel' (https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/09/25/Victorias-Secret-looking-for-new-Angel/28481253894671/) " (https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/09/25/Victorias-Secret-looking-for-new-Angel/28481253894671/) . United Press International . September 25, 2009 . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) Eggenberger, Nicole (May 14, 2013). "Kylie Bisutti Responds to Victoria's Secret Slam: "Truth Is in the Book" (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kylie-bisutti-responds-to-victorias-secret-calling-her-a-liar-the-truth-is-in-the-book-2013145/) " (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kylie-bisutti-responds-to-victorias-secret-calling-her-a-liar-the-truth-is-in-the-book-2013145/) . US Weekly . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-196) "Victorias Secret Show London 2014 Pictures and Report (Vogue.co.uk)" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/12/03/victorias-secret-show-london-2014-pictures-and-report) . Vogue UK . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-197) Bailey, Alyssa (February 23, 2015). "Karlie Kloss and Doutzen Kroes Are Leaving Victoria's Secret" (http://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a26893/karlie-kloss-is-leaving-victorias-secret-to-go-to-nyu/) . elle . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-198) "Victoria's Secret Summer Bombshell Tour" (https://www.entertainmentaffair.com/photos/victorias-secret-summer-bombshell-tour/) . Entertainment Affair . June 10, 2011 . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-199) Peiffer, Kim (February 27, 2012). "Victoria's Secret Model Visiting Mag Mile Store" (https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/victorias-secret-erin-heatherton/1950580/) . NBC Chicago . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Asinof, Lynn (April 16, 1987). "Mail-Order Catalog". Wall Street Journal . United States. Dow Jones & Company Inc. ^ (#cite_ref-201) McKinley, Hannah Weil (June 18, 2013). "Angel Invasion! Find Out Where the VS Swim Tour Is Headed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130623020522/http://www.fabsugar.com/Victoria-Secret-Swim-Tour-2013-30827601) . POPSUGAR Fashion . Archived from the original (http://www.fabsugar.com/Victoria-Secret-Swim-Tour-2013-30827601) on June 23, 2013 . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Toomey, Alyssa (April 28, 2015). "Heavenly News! 2015 Victoria's Secret Angels Announced: Martha Hunt, Stella Maxwell and More!" (http://fr.eonline.com/news/650862/heavenly-news-2015-victoria-s-secret-angels-announced-martha-hunt-stella-maxwell-and-more) . eonline.com . E! (/wiki/E!) . Retrieved April 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Scarlett Kilcooley-O'Halloran (April 28, 2015). "Victoria's Secret Announces 10 New Angels" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2015/04/28/new-2015-victorias-secret-angels-list-confirmed) . vogue.co.uk . Vogue UK. Condé Nast . Retrieved April 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Newis-Smith, Josh (March 21, 2019). " (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/alexina-graham-victorias-secret) 'This is for my bullies!' We exclusively meet Victoria's Secret's first red-haired angel, Alexina Graham" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/alexina-graham-victorias-secret) . Glamour Magazine. ^ Jump up to: a b "Barbara Palvin is the Newest Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a26824746/barbara-palvin-new-victorias-secret-angel/) . Harper's Bazaar . March 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 14, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Leomie Anderson announced as newest Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://www.aol.com/article/lifestyle/2019/04/04/leomie-anderson-announced-as-newest-victorias-secret-angel/23705896/) . AOL. April 4, 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b Rutherford, Chrissy (April 10, 2019). "Exclusive: Grace Elizabeth Is Now a Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a27092140/grace-elizabeth-new-victorias-secret-angel/) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ (#cite_ref-208) "The complete list of every Victoria's Secret Angel ever" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/the-complete-list-of-every-victorias-secret-angel-ever/image-gallery/301694c4108320c04ba23b5171d29ab7) . Vogue Australia . February 22, 2016 . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-210) Palmeri, Christopher (August 24, 1998). "Forbes Thought Of The Day" (https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1998/0824/6204058a.html) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-211) "Victoria's Secret Angel Ana Beatriz Barros Marries In Valentino" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/bride/the-inspiration/victorias-secret-angel-ana-beatriz-barros-marries-in-valentino) . Harper's BAZAAR Arabia . July 11, 2016 . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-212) "PHOTOS: Who Is Bregje Heinen?" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/31/bregje-heinen-victorias-secret_n_1725011.html) . Huffington Post . July 31, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-213) "Taylor Momsen Joins Victoria's Secret to Launch Love Rocks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130624074421/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/01/15/taylor-momsen-joins-victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-launch-love-rocks/) . PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/01/15/taylor-momsen-joins-victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-launch-love-rocks/) on June 24, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-214) "Victoria's Secret Swaps Angels for 'What Women Want.' Will They Buy It?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/victorias-secret-collective-megan-rapinoe.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . June 16, 2021 . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "Which Countries Are All 295 Victoria's Secret Models From?" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/thrillist/which-countries-are-all-2_b_4966301.html) . Huffington Post . March 14, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-217) "Helena Christensen's Career Highlights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152649/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/hchristensen/helenachristensen/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/hchristensen/helenachristensen/) on October 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) "Karen Mulder's Career Highlights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052843/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/kmulder/karenmulder/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/kmulder/karenmulder/) on November 8, 2016 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-219) "Daniela Pestova's Career Highlights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152657/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/dpestova/danielapestova/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/dpestova/danielapestova/) on October 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-220) "CBS Specials: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005" (http://www.cbs.com/specials/victorias_secret_2005) . CBS . Retrieved November 8, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) "Adriana Lima's Career Highlights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152649/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/alima/adrianalima/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/alima/adrianalima/) on October 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Moraski2012_223-0) Moraski, Lauren (October 3, 2012). "Rihanna, Justin Bieber to play Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57525284/rihanna-justin-bieber-to-play-victorias-secret-fashion-show/) . CBS News . Retrieved October 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-224) Talarico, Brittany (November 21, 2017). "Alessandra Ambrosio Confirms the Rumors She's Leaving Victoria's Secret" (http://people.com/style/alessandra-ambrosio-quits-victorias-secret-rumors/) . People Magazine . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) Streib, Lauren (May 27, 2009). "The World's Top-Earning Models" (https://www.forbes.com/2009/05/27/moss-bundchen-klum-business-media-models.html) . Forbes . Retrieved October 18, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) Moss, Hilary (November 11, 2011). "Marisa Miller Splits" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/20/marisa-miller-splits-from_n_429534.html) . The Huffington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-227) Critchell, Samantha (November 20, 2009). "Heidi Klum wows crowd at Victoria's Secret show" (http://seattletimes.com/html/entertainment/2010313897_apusfeafashionvictoriassecret.html) . Associated Press . Retrieved October 19, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-228) Bertoni, Steven; Blankfeld, Keren (May 13, 2010). "World's Top-Earning Models" (https://www.forbes.com/2010/05/12/top-earning-models-business-entertainment-models.html) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-229) "Doutzen Kroes has left Victoria's Secret" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171110095246/http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/doutzen+kroes+has+left+victorias+secret,35813) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/doutzen+kroes+has+left+victorias+secret,35813) on November 10, 2017 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-230) "Instagram post" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150323002722/https://instagram.com/p/zV4nZLI0qZ/) . Archived from the original (https://instagram.com/p/zV4nZLI0qZ/) on March 23, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-231) Krause, Lucy Yang, Amanda. "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show as we know it may be ending. Here's what every Angel wore in her first fashion show for the brand" (https://www.insider.com/angels-first-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2018-11) . Insider . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-232) Rosie Huntington's Career Highlights (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/rhuntington/rosiehuntington/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152653/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/rhuntington/rosiehuntington/) October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . nymag.com . Retrieved October 4, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-233) "Chanel Iman's Career Highlights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152652/https://nymag.com/fashion/models/ciman/chaneliman/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/models/ciman/chaneliman/) on October 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-234) "Lily Aldridge" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160803211440/http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/a/lily-aldridge) . Tatler. Archived from the original (https://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/a/lily-aldridge) on August 3, 2016 . Retrieved November 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-235) "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: Three Newest "Angels" Stretch Their Wings on the Runway" (https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20024096-10391698.html) . CBS News. November 30, 2010 . Retrieved November 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-236) "Karlie Kloss is a Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131023043615/http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/karlie-kloss-is-a-victoria-s-secret-angel) . ElleUK. Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/star-style/news/karlie-kloss-is-a-victoria-s-secret-angel) on October 23, 2013 . Retrieved March 15, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-237) "Karlie Kloss Is Leaving Victoria's Secret! (PEOPLE Exclusive)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150228100825/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/02/20/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-people-exclusive/) . People . Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/02/20/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-people-exclusive/) on February 28, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "VS All Access - Get the Inside Scoop - Victoria's Secret" (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151206063643/https://www.victoriassecret.com/vsallaccess) . Victoria's Secret . Archived from the original (https://www.victoriassecret.com/vsallaccess) on December 6, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Weinberg, Lindsay (June 17, 2021). "Victoria's Secret Officially Ends Its Angels Era for Brand Overhaul Led By Priyanka Chopra, Megan Rapinoe" (https://www.eonline.com/de/news/1280748/victorias-secret-officially-ends-its-angels-era-for-brand-overhaul-led-by-priyanka-chopra-megan-rapinoe) . Retrieved June 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) Steff Yotka. "Victoria's Secret Names Josephine Skriver an Angel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161203094040/http://www.vogue.com/13403570/josephine-skriver-named-victorias-secret-angel//) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/13403570/josephine-skriver-named-victorias-secret-angel/) on December 3, 2016 . Retrieved February 19, 2016 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-241) "Victoria's Secret Targets College Women" (https://www.nbcnews.com/id/5551845) . NBC News. July 29, 2004 . Retrieved November 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) "Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220035/http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New) . Zimbio.com. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.zimbio.com/Miranda+Kerr/articles/370/Miranda+Kerr+Launches+Victoria+Secret+New) on October 6, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-243) Barnett, Leisa (May 27, 2008). "Victoria's Pick" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2008/05/27/behati-prinsloo-at-victorias-secret) . Vogue . UK . Retrieved November 3, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-244) Kaunitz, Kate (March 15, 2010). "Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK" (http://fashionista.com/2010/03/behati-prinsloo-opens-pink/) . Fashionista . Retrieved October 18, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-245) Lewis, Casey (November 3, 2012). "Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business" (http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2012-02/victorias-secret-pink-model-elsa-hosk) . Teen Vogue . United States. {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-246) "Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria's Secret Pink—See the Pics!" (http://www.eonline.com/news/665116/rachel-hilbert-is-the-new-face-of-victoria-s-secret-pink-see-the-pics) . United States: E! Online. June 10, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-247) Scharf, Lindzi (August 24, 2016). "Victoria's Secret's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall" (https://www.yahoo.com/style/victorias-secrets-newest-model-zuri-tibby-was-discovered-at-the-mall-153958689.html) . United States: Yahoo! Style. ^ (#cite_ref-248) Rutherford, Chrissy (April 10, 2019). "Exclusive: Grace Elizabeth Is Now a Victoria's Secret Angel" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a27092140/grace-elizabeth-new-victorias-secret-angel/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved June 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) "2019 Model Alliance Press" (https://modelalliance.org/press) . Model Alliance (/wiki/Model_Alliance) . 2019 . Retrieved November 27, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-250) Feitelberg, Rosemary (October 2, 2018). "California Lawmakers Pass Talent Protections Act to Help Models and Entertainers Fight Sexual Harassment and Eating Disorders" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/california-lawmakers-pass-talent-protections-act-help-models-entertainers-fight-sexual-harassment-and-eating-disorders-1202866245/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190223162032/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/california-lawmakers-pass-talent-protections-act-help-models-entertainers-fight-sexual-harassment-and-eating-disorders-1202866245/) from the original on February 23, 2019 . Retrieved November 27, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-251) Stewart, James B. (February 3, 2020). "A Top L Brands Executive Complained of Harassment. Then She Was Locked Out" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/business/victorias-secret-l-brands-leslie-wexner.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-252) Stewart, James B (February 3, 2020). "A Top L Brands Executive Complained of Harassment. Then She Was Locked Out" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/business/victorias-secret-l-brands-leslie-wexner.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved May 13, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-253) "Jeffrey Epstein's Upper East Side Townhouse Has Sold for $51 Million" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a33417733/jeffrey-epstein-manhattan-townhouse-palm-beach-home-for-sale/) . Town & Country . March 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-254) McCreesh, Shawn (June 29, 2022). "How Leslie Wexner Helped Create Jeffrey Epstein" (https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/how-leslie-wexner-helped-create-jeffrey-epstein.html) . Intelligencer . Retrieved February 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-255) "EEOC Sues Retailer Victoria's Secret" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-14-fi-rup14.4-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . August 14, 2002 . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-256) "VICTORIA'S SECRET SUED BY EEOC FOR RACIAL, RELIGIOUS BIAS" (https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I81def9f153ed11dbbd2dfa5ce1d08a25/View/FullText.html?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true&bhcp=1) . ^ (#cite_ref-257) Chapman, Bridget (June 7, 2018). "Woman says she was racially profiled at Victoria's Secret in Collierville" (https://wreg.com/news/woman-says-she-was-racially-profiled-at-victorias-secret-in-collierville/) . WREG News Memphis . ^ (#cite_ref-258) Bell, June (July 14, 2017). "Victoria's Secret to Pay $12 Million to California On-Call Workers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200805020944/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-pay-%2412-million-to-california-on-call-workers.aspx) . SHRM . Archived from the original (https://shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/state-and-local-updates/pages/victoria%E2%80%99s-secret-to-pay-$12-million-to-california-on-call-workers.aspx) on August 5, 2020 . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-259) Dreiband, Eric (2003). "Office of General Counsel Fiscal Year 2003 Annual Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190122023951/https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/litigation/reports/03annrpt/index.html) . EEOC.gov/ . Archived from the original (https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/litigation/reports/03annrpt/index.html) on January 22, 2019 . Retrieved March 5, 2020 . In EEOC v. Victoria's Secret Stores, Inc., the EEOC alleged that defendant, subjected charging party," ". . . to a hostile working environment because of her race and religion (Baptist) and failed to accommodate her need to attend religious services." "As a result of the hostile working environment, charging party quit her job. The case was resolved through a consent decree which provides for payment of $179,300 to charging party. ^ Jump up to: a b Strahan, E.J.; Lafrance, A.; Wilson, A.E.; Ethier, N.; Spencer, S.J.; Zanna, M.P. (2008). "Victoria's dirty secret: How sociocultural norms influence adolescent girls and women". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (/wiki/Personality_and_Social_Psychology_Bulletin) . 34 (2): 288–301. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0146167207310457 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167207310457) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18212336 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18212336) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 1457893 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1457893) . ^ (#cite_ref-261) Matera, Avery (November 7, 2018). "5 Times Victoria's Secret Was Accused of Cultural Appropriation" (https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/victorias-secret-fashion-show-cultural-appropriation/amp) . Teen Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-Alexander2012Aug_262-0) Alexander, Ella (August 2, 2012). "Angels Are Go" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2011/08/19/victorias-secret-uk-store---new-bond-street) . Vogue . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-HuffingtonPostSep2012_263-0) "Victoria's Secret 'Sexy Little Geisha' Outfit Sparks Backlash" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/24/victorias-secret-geisha-outfit-photos_n_1909366.html) . The Huffington Post . September 24, 2012 . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-264) Sauers, Jenna (September 26, 2012). "And Here We Have a 'Sexy Little Geisha' Outfit From Victoria's Secret" (http://jezebel.com/5946583/and-here-we-have-a-sexy-little-geisha-outfit-from-victorias-secret) . Jezebel . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-265) Yang, Jeff (September 17, 2012). "Why the Rise of Asia In Fashion Isn't As Beautiful As It Seems" (https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/09/17/why-the-rise-of-asia-in-fashion-isnt-as-beautiful-as-it-seems/) . Wall Street Journal . No. SpeakEasy. United States. Dow Jones & Company Inc . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Alexander2012Sep25_266-0) Alexander, Ella (September 25, 2012). "Victoria's Secret Geisha Outfit Faces Criticism" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/09/25/victorias-secret-sexy-geisha-outfit-faces-criticism) . Vogue . Retrieved December 16, 2012 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter \|agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-267) Hall, John (November 13, 2012). "Victoria's Secret Apologizes for Offense Caused by Using Native American Headdress on Model Wearing High Heels and Leopard Print Underwear" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/victorias-secret-apologises-for-offence-caused-by-using-native-american-headdress-on-model-wearing-8312308.html%3famp) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/victorias-secret-apologises-for-offence-caused-by-using-native-american-headdress-on-model-wearing-8312308.html%3famp) from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-268) Matera, Avery (December 1, 2016). "Some Chinese Viewers Are REALLY Upset About the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (http://www.teenvogue.com/story/victorias-secret-fashion-show-cultural-appropriation-chinese-vs-show-2016) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-269) Heller, Susanna (November 27, 2017). "Every time Victoria's Secret has been accused of cultural appropriation in its annual fashion show" (https://www.insider.com/victorias-secret-fashion-show-accused-cultural-appropriation-2017-11) . Insider . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-270) Nazim, Hafeezah (November 21, 2017). "Victoria's Secret Still Hasn't Learned That Cultural Appropriation Is Wrong" (https://www.nylon.com/articles/victorias-secret-fashion-show-headdresses) . Nylon . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-271) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview?intcid=inline_amp) "We're Nobody's Third Love, We're Their First Love"—The Architects of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Are Still Banking on Bombshells" (https://www.vogue.com/article/victorias-secret-ed-razek-monica-mitro-interview?intcid=inline_amp) . Vogue . Retrieved November 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Victoria's Secret Faces Backlash After Exec's Comments About Trans and Plus-Size Models" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/victorias-secret-backlash-ed-razeks-comments-trans-size-models-spark-outrage-1160446) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-273) "Valentina Sampaio Becomes First Transgender Model for Victoria's Secret" (https://thegavoice.com/news/valentina-sampaio-becomes-first-transgender-model-for-victorias-secret/) . Georgia Voice. August 5, 2019 . Retrieved August 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-274) "Victoria's Secret CMO Ed Razek quits days after first trans model is hired" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2019/08/victorias-secret-cmo-ed-razek-quits-days-first-trans-model-hired/) . Retail Gazette. August 7, 2019 . Retrieved August 7, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-275) "Meet Emira D'spain, The First Black Transgender Model To Work With Victoria's Secret" (https://www.nylon.com/beauty/xoxoemira-emira-dspain-victorias-secret-beauty-tips-tiktok) . Nylon . March 7, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-276) "Alex Consani Insider View of The Tour '23 set" (https://www.victoriassecret.com/us/vs/vsnow/world-tour/backstage-with-alex-consani) . September 6, 2023. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons (/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons) has media related to: Victoria's Secret ( category (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Victoria%27s_Secret) ) Official website (https://www.victoriassecret.com) Business data for Victoria's Secret, Inc.: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/VSCO:US) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/VSCO:NYSE) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/VSCO.N) SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1856437) Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/VSCO) Victoria's Secret navigational boxes v t e Bath & Body Works, Inc. (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works,_Inc.) Current Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) C. O. Bigelow (/wiki/C._O._Bigelow) The White Barn Candle Company (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Former Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Express (/wiki/Express,_Inc.) Galyan's (/wiki/Galyan%27s) Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) Lane Bryant (/wiki/Lane_Bryant) Lerner New York (/wiki/New_York_%26_Company) The Limited (/wiki/The_Limited) La Senza (/wiki/La_Senza) The Limited Too (/wiki/Limited_Too) Victoria's Secret v t e Victoria's Secret Angels (#Victoria's_Secret_Angels) Former Angels Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Leomie Anderson (/wiki/Leomie_Anderson) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Laetitia Casta (/wiki/Laetitia_Casta) Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) Grace Elizabeth (/wiki/Grace_Elizabeth) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) Alexina Graham (/wiki/Alexina_Graham) Kate Grigorieva (/wiki/Kate_Grigorieva) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) Taylor Hill (/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(model)) Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) Jac Jagaciak (/wiki/Jac_Jagaciak) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) Stella Maxwell (/wiki/Stella_Maxwell) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Inés Rivero (/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Rivero) Sara Sampaio (/wiki/Sara_Sampaio) Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) Josephine Skriver (/wiki/Josephine_Skriver) Romee Strijd (/wiki/Romee_Strijd) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) Related articles Edward Razek (/wiki/Edward_Razek) Limited Brands (/wiki/L_Brands) List of Victoria's Secret models (/wiki/List_of_Victoria%27s_Secret_models) PINK (/wiki/Pink_(Victoria%27s_Secret)) Victoria's Secret Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) elf (/wiki/Elf_(cosmetics)) Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) Fabergé (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)) Farmec (/wiki/Farmec) Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) Fresh Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) Hard Candy (/wiki/Hard_Candy_(cosmetics)) Helena Rubinstein (/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein) Jeffree Star Cosmetics (/wiki/Jeffree_Star_Cosmetics) Kao Corporation (/wiki/Kao_Corporation) Kevyn Aucoin (/wiki/Kevyn_Aucoin) Kiehl's (/wiki/Kiehl%27s) Kylie Cosmetics (/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) Laneige (/wiki/Laneige) Laura Mercier Cosmetics (/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics) Lise Watier (/wiki/Lise_Watier) L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) L'Occitane (/wiki/L%27Occitane_en_Provence) Love Cosmetics (/wiki/Love_Cosmetics) Lush (/wiki/Lush_(company)) MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Mary Kay (/wiki/Mary_Kay) Max Factor (/wiki/Max_Factor) Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics) Missha (/wiki/Missha) Molton Brown (/wiki/Molton_Brown) Morphe Cosmetics (/wiki/Morphe_Cosmetics) NARS (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) Natura (/wiki/Natura) Natural Wonder (/wiki/Natural_Wonder_(Revlon_subsidiary_brand)) Nature Republic (/wiki/Nature_Republic) Neal's Yard Remedies (/wiki/Neal%27s_Yard_Remedies) Neutrogena (/wiki/Neutrogena) Nexxus (/wiki/Nexxus) Nivea (/wiki/Nivea) NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) O Boticário (/wiki/O_Botic%C3%A1rio) OPI (/wiki/OPI_Products) Oriflame (/wiki/Oriflame) Origins (/wiki/Origins_(cosmetics)) Paula Begoun (/wiki/Paula_Begoun) Pond's (/wiki/Pond%27s) Red Earth (/wiki/Red_Earth_(company)) Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) Richard Hudnut (/wiki/Richard_Hudnut) Rimmel (/wiki/Rimmel) Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) SimplySiti (/wiki/SimplySiti) Sinful Colors (/wiki/Sinful_Colors) SK-II (/wiki/SK-II) Skin Food (/wiki/Skin_Food) Stila (/wiki/Stila) Tarte Cosmetics (/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics) The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) The Face Shop (/wiki/The_Face_Shop) Ulta Beauty (/wiki/Ulta_Beauty) Ultima II (/wiki/Ultima_II_(cosmetics_line)) Uoma Beauty (/wiki/Uoma_Beauty) Urban Decay (/wiki/Urban_Decay_(cosmetics)) Vaseline (/wiki/Vaseline) Victoria's Secret Wella (/wiki/Wella) Younique (/wiki/Younique) Yves Rocher (/wiki/Yves_Rocher_(company)) Categories Companies (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies) People (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_people) History (/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics) v t e Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Lower leg Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Bootee (/wiki/Bootee) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Leg warmer (/wiki/Leg_warmer) Loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) Socks (/wiki/Sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_socks) Crew sock (/wiki/Crew_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_socks) Anklet (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Low cut (/wiki/Low_cut_sock) Full leg Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Fully fashioned stockings (/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) RHT stockings (/wiki/RHT_stockings) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Full body Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Historical Boothose (/wiki/Boothose) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Brands Aristoc (/wiki/Aristoc) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Calzedonia (/wiki/Calzedonia) Edoo (/wiki/Hanesbrands) Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) Gerbe (/wiki/Gerbe_(lingerie)) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) HUE (/wiki/Kayser-Roth) Coopers (/wiki/Jockey_International) L'eggs (/wiki/L%27eggs) Levante (/wiki/Levante_(hosiery)) Lululemon Athletica (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) No Nonsense (/wiki/Kayser-Roth) Pretty Polly (/wiki/Pretty_Polly_(hosiery)) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Victoria's Secret Wigwam (/wiki/Wigwam_Mills) Wolford (/wiki/Wolford) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/133781201) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13573727k) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13573727k) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐nv9nn Cached time: 20240720164438 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.767 seconds Real time usage: 3.104 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 26330/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 677135/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 63859/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 27/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1087228/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.646/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20133445/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 240 ms 13.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 220 ms 12.1% ? 200 ms 11.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 160 ms 8.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 120 ms 6.6% type 100 ms 5.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 100 ms 5.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 80 ms 4.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 80 ms 4.4% <mw.lua:694> 60 ms 3.3% [others] 460 ms 25.3% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2673.704 1 -total 55.23% 1476.594 3 Template:Reflist 18.53% 495.559 110 Template:Cite_web 17.24% 460.859 107 Template:Cite_news 7.79% 208.286 1 Template:Infobox_company 7.62% 203.686 2 Template:Infobox 7.21% 192.797 1 Template:Navboxes 6.65% 177.744 7 Template:Navbox 6.42% 171.556 17 Template:Cite_book 5.48% 146.630 34 Template:Cite_magazine Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22418985-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164438 and revision id 1234773005. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&oldid=1234773005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&oldid=1234773005) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Category:Victoria%27s_Secret) Lingerie brands (/wiki/Category:Lingerie_brands) Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_Columbus,_Ohio_metropolitan_area) Clothing companies established in 1977 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1977) Retail companies established in 1977 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1977) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) History of Santa Clara County, California (/wiki/Category:History_of_Santa_Clara_County,_California) Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange) 1977 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:1977_establishments_in_California) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Corporate spin-offs (/wiki/Category:Corporate_spin-offs) Les Wexner (/wiki/Category:Les_Wexner) Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Companies_that_have_entered_administration_in_the_United_Kingdom) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: unsupported parameter (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use American English from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2020) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2020) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers)
Socks company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Toe_Brands&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Gold Toe Brands, Inc. , is the third-largest United States (/wiki/United_States) based producer of socks (/wiki/Sock) . [1] (#cite_note-andresen-1) History [ edit ] Gold Toe was founded by Fritz S. Stern, Fritz Bendheim, and J. Kuglemanin in Bally, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Bally,_Pennsylvania) on September 18, 1919, under the name Great American Knitting Mills. [2] (#cite_note-goldtoe-2) In 1923, Rudolf Abrams, a cousin of Fritz Stern's wife, joined the company. [3] (#cite_note-3) During the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) , Gold Toe began manufacturing men's socks from high quality Irish linen, making their product resistant to holes and fraying. [1] (#cite_note-andresen-1) In the 1930s, the company added gold acetate thread to the toes of its socks in order to make it visually distinctive on store shelves. [1] (#cite_note-andresen-1) The manufacturer changed its name to Gold Toe Brands Inc. in 2002. [2] (#cite_note-goldtoe-2) Gold Toe merged with competitor Moretz in 2006 to form Gold Toe Moretz. Gildan Activewear (/wiki/Gildan_Activewear) acquired the company in 2011. The following year, they partnered with advertising agency, DeVito/Verdi (/wiki/DeVito/Verdi) , to “revitalize and contemporize” the brand. Operations [ edit ] The company's headquarters are located in Burlington, North Carolina (/wiki/Burlington,_North_Carolina) , with executive headquarters in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [2] (#cite_note-goldtoe-2) Gold Toe Brands, Inc. has shifted much of its manufacturing to China (/wiki/China) , particularly the Zhejiang (/wiki/Zhejiang) province. [4] (#cite_note-fishman-4) Vice-president Trish McHale intended to create cheap socks for mostly men. [5] (#cite_note-wash-5) [6] (#cite_note-harvard-6) [4] (#cite_note-fishman-4) Although its primary market is men's dress socks, Gold Toe Brands has expanded into other areas of the sock market. [2] (#cite_note-goldtoe-2) In 1983, it added a line of women's socks; then in 1986, began producing boys' socks. In 1992, the brand started making women's tights (/wiki/Tights) . [2] (#cite_note-goldtoe-2) Gold Toe socks produce 140 million pairs of socks annually [1] (#cite_note-andresen-1) and are on the American Podiatric Medical Association's (/wiki/American_Podiatric_Medical_Association) approved list of brands for foot health. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Katya Andresen, Kate (FRW) Roberts (2006). Robin Hood Marketing: Stealing Corporate Savvy to Sell Just Causes . John Wiley and Sons. pp. 86–87. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7879-8148-8 . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldtoe Brands Inc. "Goldtoe's History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090420030124/http://www.goldtoebrands.com/aboutus/aboutgt.htm) . Goldtoe Brands Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.goldtoebrands.com/aboutus/aboutgt.htm) on 2009-04-20 . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) 75th anniversary Collection of Memories, Great American Knitting Mills ^ Jump up to: a b Ted C. Fishman (2005). China, Inc: how the rise of the next superpower challenges America and the world . Simon and Schuster. pp. 70 (https://archive.org/details/chinainc00tedf/page/70) –71. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7432-5752-7 . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-wash_5-0) Givhan, Robin (2006-07-24). "Blue-Chip Socks: Haute Hose by Vivek Nagrani, Just the Thing to Cool Your Heels" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/23/AR2006072300832_pf.html) . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-harvard_6-0) Harvard Medical School (2005). Foot Care Basics: Preventing and Treating Common Foot Conditions (Second ed.). Harvard Health Publications. p. 44. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933225-76-0 . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐ljsfv Cached time: 20240713030634 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.162 seconds Real time usage: 0.213 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 569/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16650/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 332/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24491/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.109/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4553889/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 199.608 1 -total 47.57% 94.944 1 Template:Reflist 36.00% 71.862 3 Template:Cite_book 20.91% 41.735 1 Template:Advert 20.57% 41.052 1 Template:Short_description 19.20% 38.330 1 Template:Ambox 13.56% 27.073 2 Template:Pagetype 8.58% 17.136 1 Template:Portal 2.94% 5.876 1 Template:Cite_news 2.71% 5.418 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22608069-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713030634 and revision id 1218156811. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Toe_Brands&oldid=1218156811 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Toe_Brands&oldid=1218156811) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in North Carolina (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_North_Carolina) Hosiery brands (/wiki/Category:Hosiery_brands) Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from January 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_January_2016) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone)
Finnish reality television series Muodin huipulle Created by Eli Holzman (/wiki/Eli_Holzman) Starring Minna Cheung (/w/index.php?title=Minna_Cheung&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Cheung) ] (season 1) Jaakko Selin (/w/index.php?title=Jaakko_Selin&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Selin) ] Anssi Tuupainen (/w/index.php?title=Anssi_Tuupainen&action=edit&redlink=1) (season 1) Nora Vilva (/w/index.php?title=Nora_Vilva&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Vilva) ] (season 2) Janne Renvall (/w/index.php?title=Janne_Renvall&action=edit&redlink=1) (season 2) Miisa Grekov (/w/index.php?title=Miisa_Grekov&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miisa_Grekov) ] (season 3) [1] (#cite_note-seura-1-1) Sofia Järnefelt (season 3) [2] (#cite_note-iltal-1-2) Country of origin Finland No. of seasons 4 No. of episodes 47 Production Running time Approx. 43 minutes Original release Network MTV3 (/wiki/MTV3) Release 1 October 2009 ( 2009-10-01 ) – present Muodin huipulle ( Finnish (/wiki/Finnish_language) , " To the Top of Fashion ") is Finland's (/wiki/Finland) version of the American reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) series Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . The show aired on Finland's MTV3 (/wiki/MTV3) from 2009 to 2011. In February 2023, over a decade after its second season, the series returned for a third season with a new judging panel and mentor. [1] (#cite_note-seura-1-1) [2] (#cite_note-iltal-1-2) Overview [ edit ] The show began airing in October 2009 at 20.00. In addition, Muodin huipulle Extra started airing on MTV3's daughter channel Sub (/wiki/Sub_(TV_channel)) on 24 September at 21.00. The first season was hosted by fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) Minna Cheung (/w/index.php?title=Minna_Cheung&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Cheung) ] [3] (#cite_note-3) in Heidi Klum's (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) role and fashion editor (/wiki/Editing) and host Jaakko Selin (/w/index.php?title=Jaakko_Selin&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Selin) ] filled Tim Gunn's (/wiki/Tim_Gunn) role as fashion mentor. The second season's host was model Nora Vilva (/w/index.php?title=Nora_Vilva&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Vilva) ] and mentor was designer Janne Renvall (/w/index.php?title=Janne_Renvall&action=edit&redlink=1) . Janne Kataja (/wiki/Janne_Kataja) , who is well known for working on MTV3 and Sub programs, hosted Muodin huipulle Extra . [4] (#cite_note-4) The first season's winner, Katri Niskanen, received a one-year contract with Spalt PR (/w/index.php?title=Spalt_PR&action=edit&redlink=1) , one year cooperation with L'Oreal Paris (/wiki/L%27Oreal_Paris) hair and makeup, and a Bernina Sewing Machine (/wiki/Bernina_Sewing_Machine) worth €6,000. In addition to this, the winner's collection was featured in the February 2010 issue of Finnish fashion magazine Olivia (/wiki/Olivia_(magazine)) . Seasons [ edit ] Season Premiere date Winner Runner(s)-up Other contestants (In order of elimination) No. of contestants 1 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_(season_1)) 1 October 2009 Katri Niskanen Maria Jokela Hanna-Maaria Sinkkonen, Silja Jeskanen-Wehber, Achilles Ion Gabriel, Hely Seppänen, Antti Putkonen, Laura Korhonen, Olga Sjöroos, Antti Asplund (/wiki/Antti_Asplund) , Mirkka Metsola, Jarno Viitala, Mert Otsamo (/wiki/Mert_Otsamo) 13 2 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_(season_2)) 22 February 2011 Linda Sipilä Leni Lauretsalo Paula Karsurien, Jarna Papinniemi, Caterina Montagni, Ville Lipponen, Anne-Mari Pahkala, Tuomas Kantola, Mari Koppanen, Essi Karell, Suvi Jaskari-Marchesi, Harriet Kjellman, Reta Raven, Jussi Salminen 14 3 (/w/index.php?title=Muodin_huipulle_(season_3)&action=edit&redlink=1) 2 February 2023 [1] (#cite_note-seura-1-1) Pali Albin Jarkko Karppinen, Sakari Säämäki [5] (#cite_note-5) Lauri Järvinen, Kaisa Turtiainen, Krista Virtanen, Markus Aejmelaeus, Riikka Manni, Antèro Kabongo, Anna Palmén [2] (#cite_note-iltal-1-2) 10 4 (/w/index.php?title=Muodin_huipulle_(season_4)&action=edit&redlink=1) 8 February 2024 Miro Hämäläinen Carla Norldund Katariina Kekoni Pinja Antikainen, Aleksi Peräkylä, Elias Pitkänen, Suvi Hänninen, Jutta Virtanen, Mauro Severino, Reetta Hellgren 10 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Räsänen, Anu (2 February 2023). "Muodin huipulle palaa pitkältä tauolta – Muotirealityn juontaa nyt Miisa Grekov" (https://seura.fi/tv/poiminnat/muodin-huipulle-palaa-pitkalta-tauolta-muotirealityn-juontaa-nyt-miisa-grekov/) . Seura (/wiki/Seura) (in Finnish) . Retrieved 20 October 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Koste, Henna; Saarinen, Sonja (15 December 2022). "Tässä ovat uudet Muodin huipulle -kilpailijat ja tuomarit! Mukana myös Minttu Räikkönen" (https://www.iltalehti.fi/tv-ja-leffat/a/11628a64-0071-4cc9-9990-764de726652e) . Iltalehti (/wiki/Iltalehti) (in Finnish) . Retrieved 20 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Viihde" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090305100825/http://www.iltasanomat.fi/viihde/uutinen.asp?id=1660211) . Archived from the original (http://www.iltasanomat.fi/viihde/uutinen.asp?id=1660211) on 5 March 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "MTVuutiset.fi" (http://www.mtv3.fi/ohjelmat/rekry.shtml/muodin_huipulle?837858) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Räsänen, Piritta (19 July 2023). "Emoilu teki Muodin huipulle -voittaja Pali Albinista muotisuunnittelijan" (https://www.hs.fi/nyt/art-2000009516253.html) . Helsingin Sanomat (/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat) (in Finnish) . Retrieved 20 October 2023 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.mtv.fi/ohjelma/2490b52bb3bc75755310) v t e Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) Seasons Original (/wiki/Project_Runway) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_7) 8 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_8) 9 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_9) 10 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_10) 11 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_11) 12 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_12) 13 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_13) 14 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_14) 15 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_15) 16 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_16) 17 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_17) 18 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_18) 19 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_19) 20 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_20) All Stars (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_7) Junior (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior_season_2) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_Project_Runway_contestants) Winners Original Jay McCarroll (/wiki/Jay_McCarroll) Chloe Dao (/wiki/Chloe_Dao) Jeffrey Sebelia (/wiki/Jeffrey_Sebelia) Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) * Leanne Marshall (/wiki/Leanne_Marshall) Irina Shabayeva (/wiki/Irina_Shabayeva) Seth Aaron Henderson (/wiki/Seth_Aaron_Henderson) Gretchen Jones (/wiki/Gretchen_Jones) Anya Ayoung-Chee (/wiki/Anya_Ayoung-Chee) * Dmitry Sholokhov (/wiki/Dmitry_Sholokhov) Michelle Lesniak Dom Streater Sean Kelly Ashley Nell Tipton Erin Robertson Kentaro Kameyama Sebastian Grey Geoffrey Mac (/wiki/Geoffrey_Mac) Shantall Lacayo (/wiki/Shantall_Lacayo) Bishme Cromartie All Stars Mondo Guerra (/wiki/Mondo_Guerra) * Anthony Ryan Auld Seth Aaron Henderson (/wiki/Seth_Aaron_Henderson) Dmitry Sholokhov (/wiki/Dmitry_Sholokhov) Dom Streater Anthony Williams Michelle Lesniak Junior Maya Chelsea Austin Scarlett (/wiki/Austin_Scarlett) * Bradon McDonald (/wiki/Bradon_McDonald) Candice Cuoco (/wiki/Candice_Cuoco) Carol Hannah Whitfield (/wiki/Carol_Hannah_Whitfield) Chris March (/wiki/Chris_March) Christopher Straub (/wiki/Christopher_Straub) * Daniel Franco (/wiki/Daniel_Franco_(designer)) Daniel Vosovic (/wiki/Daniel_Vosovic) * Dexter Simmons (/wiki/Dexter_Simmons) Diana Eng (/wiki/Diana_Eng) Elena Slivnyak (/wiki/Elena_Slivnyak) * Elisa Jimenez (/wiki/Elisa_Jimenez) Emilio Sosa (/wiki/Emilio_Sosa) Garo Sparo (/wiki/Garo_Sparo) Jack Mackenroth (/wiki/Jack_Mackenroth) Kara Janx (/wiki/Kara_Janx) Kayne Gillaspie (/wiki/Kayne_Gillaspie) Keith Michael (/wiki/Keith_Michael) Kelli Martin (/wiki/Kelli_Martin) Kevin Johnn (/wiki/Kevin_Johnn) Korto Momolu (/wiki/Korto_Momolu) Laura Bennett (/wiki/Laura_Bennett) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) Michael Costello (/wiki/Michael_Costello_(fashion_designer)) Mila Hermanovski (/wiki/Mila_Hermanovski) Mychael Knight (/wiki/Mychael_Knight) * Nick Verreos (/wiki/Nick_Verreos) Nicolas Putvinski (/wiki/Nicolas_Putvinski) Santino Rice (/wiki/Santino_Rice) Stephen "Suede" Baum (/wiki/Stephen_%22Suede%22_Baum) Steven Rosengard (/wiki/Steven_Rosengard) Uli Herzner (/wiki/Uli_Herzner) Wendy Pepper (/wiki/Wendy_Pepper) International (/wiki/Project_Runway_(franchise)) Project Runway Algeria (/wiki/Project_Runway_El_Djazair) Designerspirene (/wiki/Designerspirene) Muodin huipulle 1 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Muodin_huipulle_season_2) Project Catwalk (Netherlands) (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_(Dutch_TV_series)) Project Catwalk (UK) (/wiki/Project_Catwalk) 1 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_series_3) Projeto Fashion (Brazil) (/wiki/Projeto_Fashion) Project Runway Australia (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Australia_season_4) Project Runway Arab World (/wiki/Project_Runway_(Middle_East)) Project Runway Canada (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada_season_2) Project Runway Israel (/wiki/Project_Runway_Israel) Project Runway Korea (/wiki/Project_Runway_Korea) Project Runway Latin America (/wiki/Project_Runway_Latin_America) Project Runway Malaysia (/wiki/Project_Runway_Malaysia) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Malaysia_season_1) Project Runway New Zealand (/wiki/Project_Runway_New_Zealand) Project Runway Philippines (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines) 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_2) 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines_season_4) Project Runway Poland (/wiki/Project_Runway_Poland) Projecto Moda (Portugal) (/wiki/Projecto_Moda) Project Runway Thailand (/w/index.php?title=Project_Runway_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1) Project Runway Vietnam (/wiki/Project_Runway_Vietnam) Spin-offs Project Runway: Fashion Startup (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Fashion_Startup) Models of the Runway (/wiki/Models_of_the_Runway) On the Road with Austin & Santino (/wiki/On_the_Road_with_Austin_%26_Santino) Project Accessory (/wiki/Project_Accessory) Project Runway: Threads (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Threads) Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (/wiki/Tim_Gunn%27s_Guide_to_Style) Under the Gunn (/wiki/Under_the_Gunn) Starring Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Tim Gunn (/wiki/Tim_Gunn) Nina Garcia (/wiki/Nina_Garcia) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Rachel Roy (/wiki/Rachel_Roy) Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) Elaine Welteroth (/wiki/Elaine_Welteroth) Italics indicate All Star contestants * Asterisk indicate Fan Favorite-voted contestants on their season Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Finland (/wiki/Portal:Finland) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐56mv8 Cached time: 20240718145528 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.609 seconds Real time usage: 0.761 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3421/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61004/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2193/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31940/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.407/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21301126/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 699.472 1 -total 21.98% 153.749 1 Template:Infobox_television 20.86% 145.935 1 Template:Reflist 18.26% 127.748 1 Template:Infobox 17.92% 125.330 5 Template:Cite_web 15.43% 107.961 4 Template:Lang 13.58% 95.012 4 Template:Navbox 12.94% 90.536 1 Template:Project_Runway 10.12% 70.781 1 Template:Short_description 6.95% 48.629 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22687864-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718145528 and revision id 1218864590. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muodin_huipulle&oldid=1218864590 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muodin_huipulle&oldid=1218864590) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Muodin huipulle (/wiki/Category:Muodin_huipulle) 2009 Finnish television series debuts (/wiki/Category:2009_Finnish_television_series_debuts) 2010s Finnish television series (/wiki/Category:2010s_Finnish_television_series) Finnish reality television series (/wiki/Category:Finnish_reality_television_series) MTV3 original programming (/wiki/Category:MTV3_original_programming) Finnish television series based on American television series (/wiki/Category:Finnish_television_series_based_on_American_television_series) Hidden categories: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023) Articles containing Finnish-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text) Official website not in Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata)
Collection of clothing items that do not go out of fashion A capsule travel wardrobe A capsule wardrobe is a minimalist (/wiki/Minimalism) collection of clothes (/wiki/Clothing) that can be put together in different ways to cover a variety of outfits and occasions. The aim is to have an outfit suitable for any occasion without owning excessive items of clothing. This is usually achieved by buying what are considered to be "key" or "staple" items in coordinating colours. [1] (#cite_note-1) It has been the subject of several popular television series and appears widely in British and American fashion media. Capsule wardrobes appeared in American publications as early as the 1940s as small collections of garments designed to be worn together which harmonize in color and line. Susie Faux, owner of London boutique (/wiki/Boutique) "Wardrobe", revived the term in the 1970s. According to Faux, a capsule wardrobe is a collection of a few essential items of clothing that do not go out of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , such as skirts (/wiki/Skirt) , trousers, and coats, which can then be augmented with seasonal pieces. [2] (#cite_note-Susie-2) American designer Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) popularised the idea when in 1985, she released an influential capsule collection of seven interchangeable work-wear pieces. [3] (#cite_note-donnakaran-3) History and popularity [ edit ] The use of "capsule" to mean "small and compact" was a distinctly American use of the word that surfaced in 1938 according to the Oxford English Dictionary . The term capsule wardrobe appeared in American publications as early as the 1940s to denote a small collection of garments designed to be worn together which harmonized in color and line. [4] (#cite_note-4) The term was revived by Susie Faux, [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-About_Susie_Faux-6) owner of the West End boutique "Wardrobe", [7] (#cite_note-About_Wardrobe-7) in the 1970s to refer to a collection of essential items of clothing that would not go out of fashion, and therefore could be worn for multiple seasons. The aim was to update this collection with seasonal pieces to provide something to wear for any occasion without buying many new items of clothing. [2] (#cite_note-Susie-2) Typically, Faux suggests that a woman's capsule wardrobe contain at least "2 pairs of trousers, a dress or a skirt, a jacket, a coat, a knit, two pairs of shoes and two bags". [8] (#cite_note-8) [ unreliable source? ] The concept of a capsule wardrobe was popularised by American designer Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) in 1985, when she released her "7 Easy Pieces" collection. [9] (#cite_note-9) [3] (#cite_note-donnakaran-3) Her aim was to fill what she referred to as "a void in the marketplace" for a stylish and practical wardrobe designed with working women in mind. [10] (#cite_note-10) When the collection debuted, she showed eight models (/wiki/Model_(profession)) dressed only in bodysuits (/wiki/Bodysuit) and black tights (/wiki/Tights) . The models then began to add items of clothing such as wrap-skirts (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) , trousers, and dresses, [11] (#cite_note-11) to demonstrate her interchangeable style of dressing. As a term, "capsule wardrobe" is widely used in the fashion media; the fashion sections in British newspapers The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) and The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) have run feature articles on capsule wardrobes, [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) as have British Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazines, among others. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The concept has been further popularised by several television programmes, including Trinny and Susannah (/wiki/Trinny_and_Susannah) 's ' What Not to Wear (/wiki/What_Not_to_Wear_(British_TV_series)) ' , which aired on the BBC 2001–2007, and Gok's Fashion Fix , which aired on Channel Four (/wiki/Channel_4) from 2008 onwards. Presenter and stylist Gok Wan (/wiki/Gok_Wan) asserts that a capsule wardrobe is an especially important tool in a recession (/wiki/Great_Recession) as it allows people to look good on a small budget. [16] (#cite_note-16) Examples [ edit ] Below are examples of a typical capsule wardrobe, one for women [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) and one for men. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-apoloformen-21) Sample women's wardrobe Sample men's wardrobe A belted trench coat (/wiki/Trench_coat) A suit Skinny jeans A pair of jeans A white shirt A coat (/wiki/Coat) A black blazer T-shirts A dress (/wiki/Dress) Cotton shirts A pair of tailored trousers A blazer (/wiki/Blazer) A pencil skirt (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) A pair of trousers T-shirts and camisole tops A pair of smart shoes A cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) sweater A pair of casual shoes A sundress (/wiki/Sundress) A pair of sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) A pair of ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) A pair of rugged boots A pair of long boots A wool sweater A tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) A watch A clutch bag A jacket A silk scarf A knit scarf Sunglasses Sunglasses A pair of high heels A pair of casual shoes See also [ edit ] Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Normcore (/wiki/Normcore) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "mycapsulewardrobe.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120327034021/http://www.mycapsulewardrobe.com/index.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.mycapsulewardrobe.com/index.htm) on 2012-03-27 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Susie, Faux. "Capsule Wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120104130844/http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48) . Archived from the original (http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48) on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Donna Karan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120414084640/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Donna_Karan_(Brand)) . voguepedia . Vogue. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Donna_Karan_%28Brand%29) on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Przybyszewski, Linda (2014). The Lost Art of Dress: The Women Who Once Made America Stylish . New York: Basic Books. p. 197. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780465036714 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The perfect capsule wardrobe" (http://uktv.co.uk/really/item/aid/2676) . UKTV . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-About_Susie_Faux_6-0) Faux, Susie. "About Susie Faux" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130726035722/http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?page_id=17) . Archived from the original (http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?page_id=17) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-About_Wardrobe_7-0) Susie, Faux. "About Wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120501153959/http://www.wardrobe.co.uk/welcome.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.wardrobe.co.uk/welcome.html) on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Clarke, Zoe (4 February 2012). "Capsule Wardrobe" (http://lifeofavegetariangirl.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/capsule-wardrobe.html) . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Krebs, Jost. "Donna Karan Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090303031355/http://infomat.com/whoswho/donnakaran.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.infomat.com/whoswho/donnakaran.html) on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Karan, Donna (20 June 1994). "Fortune Turn for a Fast-Rising Fashion Star" (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/20/us/fortunes-turn-for-a-fast-rising-fashion-star.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hyde, Nina (/wiki/Nina_Hyde) . "Donna Karan show report" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OWMaAAAAIBAJ&pg=2671,689945&dq=donna+karan&hl=en) . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-12) Walker, Harriet (1 February 2009). "The Capsule Wardrobe" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG4401266/How-to-build-a-capsule-wardrobe.html) . The Independent . London . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Trotter, Louise (1 February 2009). "How To Build A Capsule Wardrobe" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG4401266/How-to-build-a-capsule-wardrobe.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Capsule Wardrobe Staples" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120311203925/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/best/34806/10/capsule-wardrobe-staples.html#index=9&slider=off) . Marie Claire. Archived from the original (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/best/34806/10/capsule-wardrobe-staples.html#index=9&slider=off) on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Weir, Laura. "Romantic Getaway" (https://archive.today/20120729145257/http://www.elleuk.com/style/occasions/romantic-getaway) . Elle UK. Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/style/occasions/romantic-getaway) on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Wan, Gok. "Gok's Fashion Fix" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170228235859/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/goks-fashion-fix) . Archived from the original (http://www.channel4.com/programmes/goks-fashion-fix) on 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Faux, Susie. "Capsule Wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120104130844/http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48) . Archived from the original (http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48) on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "How to build the perfect capsule wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120510165219/http://www.opentalkmagazine.com/fashion-style/womens_style-tips/3166-how-to-build-the-perfect-capsule-wardrobe.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.opentalkmagazine.com/fashion-style/womens_style-tips/3166-how-to-build-the-perfect-capsule-wardrobe.html) on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "10 wardrobe essentials every man must own" (http://www.quidco.com/blog/wardrobe-essentials-for-men/) . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The capsule wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107023941/http://www.menshealth.co.uk/style/tips/get-a-capsule-wardrobe) . Men's Health. Archived from the original (http://www.menshealth.co.uk/style/tips/get-a-capsule-wardrobe) on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-apoloformen_21-0) "Wardrobe Essentials Every Man Should Have" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305015429/http://www.apoloformen.com/wardrobe-essentials-every-man-needs/) . apoloformen.com. Archived from the original (http://www.apoloformen.com/wardrobe-essentials-every-man-needs/) on 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hbcmb Cached time: 20240712170028 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.513 seconds Real time usage: 0.662 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1587/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 67853/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2090/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 84469/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.328/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5485417/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 565.533 1 -total 45.70% 258.453 1 Template:Reflist 33.23% 187.930 17 Template:Cite_web 21.83% 123.455 3 Template:Navbox 21.82% 123.376 1 Template:Fashion 19.06% 107.788 1 Template:Short_description 11.16% 63.106 1 Template:Unreliable_source? 11.14% 63.004 2 Template:Fix 9.21% 52.106 2 Template:Pagetype 8.36% 47.269 3 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22775152-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712170028 and revision id 1216146778. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capsule_wardrobe&oldid=1216146778 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capsule_wardrobe&oldid=1216146778) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1930s neologisms (/wiki/Category:1930s_neologisms) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Category:Anti-fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Fashion terminology (/wiki/Category:Fashion_terminology) Minimalist clothing (/wiki/Category:Minimalist_clothing) Simple living (/wiki/Category:Simple_living) Fashion aesthetics (/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2020)
Trousers for formal day attire This article is about trousers for formal day attire. For trousers for informal lounge suit jackets, see lounge suit (/wiki/Lounge_suit) . Nancy (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) , and U.S. President (/wiki/U.S._President) Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) together with Emperor Hirohito (/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito) of Japan (/wiki/Japan) , both men in morning coats (/wiki/Morning_coat) with formal trousers (known as morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) ) (1983). Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Formal trousers , also known as formal striped trousers or colloquially (/wiki/Colloquially) spongebag trousers , are grey striped or patterned formal (/wiki/Formal_attire) trousers for day attire (/wiki/Morning_dress) in traditional Western dress code (/wiki/Western_dress_code) , primarily associated with formal morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) or secondly its semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_attire) equivalent black lounge suit (/wiki/Stroller_(style)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Traditionally made from heavy wool (/wiki/Wool) ranging from worsted (/wiki/Worsted) , melton (/wiki/Melton_(cloth)) to partial twill (/wiki/Twill) weave, the pattern is most often of a muted design in stripes of black, silver, white and charcoal grey in various combinations (not to be confused with pinstripe (/wiki/Pinstripe) or chalkstripe (/w/index.php?title=Chalkstripe&action=edit&redlink=1) , which are formed of single thin lines spaced equally apart). In addition, formal trousers may also come in check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) patterns, such as houndstooth check (/wiki/Houndstooth_check) , or plaids (/wiki/Plaids) , although these variants are widely considered as not the most formal. Typically, formal trousers are intended to be worn with braces (/wiki/Braces_(clothing)) with a fishtail back covered by a waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) , and have pleats (/wiki/Pleats) for correct ironing (/wiki/Ironing) result and comfort. Likewise, for traditional reasons of formality, they do not have turn-ups (/wiki/Turn-ups) , since these are considered less formal. Name [ edit ] The British synonym "cashmere striped trousers" refers to the actual name of the stripe pattern, and not to the fabric (/wiki/Fabric) . Similarly, the slang term "spongebag trousers" or "spongebags" is due to the perceived similarity of the distinctive stripe pattern to traditional sponge-bags, a bag of toiletries (/wiki/Toiletries) (but does not apply to check patterns). In Germany, the synonym "Stresemann trousers" occurs, for the same reasons as the semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal) stroller (/wiki/Stroller_(style)) is called a "Stresemann". History [ edit ] Formal trousers were originally introduced in the first half of the 19th century as a complement to the then widely worn frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) . As established formal day attire trousers, they were subsequently introduced to go with the morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) , which in turn gradually replaced the frock coat as formal day attire standard by 20th century, along with its semi-formal equivalent black lounge suit (/wiki/Stroller_(style)) . Gallery [ edit ] Different innovative, early interpretations of formal trousers with frock coats (/wiki/Frock_coat) and top hats (/wiki/Top_hat) , in Stockholms mode-journal (1847). Edwardian era (/wiki/Edwardian_era) -styled morning coat (/wiki/Morning_coat) with formal striped trousers ( Fashion , 1901). Brazilian President Washington Luís (/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs) during a military ceremony (late 1920s−early 1930s). Sir John Goodwin (/wiki/John_Goodwin_(British_Army_officer)) and Lady Goodwin together with Neil Campbell (/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(politician)) and his wife, walking over the Grey Street Bridge (/wiki/Grey_Street_Bridge) in morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) , top hats (/wiki/Top_hat) and spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) (1931). U.K. Prime Minister (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom) Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) in a black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) with homburg hat (/wiki/Homburg_(hat)) and walking stick (/wiki/Walking_stick) on Downing Street (/wiki/Downing_Street) , giving his famous 'V' sign during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . Former U.S. President (/wiki/U.S._President) Harry Truman (/wiki/Harry_Truman) with William Lyon Mackenzie King (/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King) (1947). Prince Philip (/wiki/Prince_Philip) consort of Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) of the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) (1951) John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, in wedding attire, outdoors (1953) Patrick Moenaert (/wiki/Patrick_Moenaert) , Mayor (/wiki/Mayor) of Bruges (/wiki/Bruges) (left), and Paul Breyne, Governor (/wiki/Governor) of Western Flanders (/w/index.php?title=Western_Flanders&action=edit&redlink=1) (right), both in morning dress along with formal trousers at the Sanguis procession in Bruges (/wiki/Bruges) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) . Formal trousers to a black lounge suit in an exhibition of the Textilfabrik Cromford (/wiki/Textilfabrik_Cromford) , Ratingen (/wiki/Ratingen) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) . See also [ edit ] Trews (/wiki/Trews) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Storey, N. (2008). History of Men's Fashion: What the Well-dressed Man is Wearing . Remember When. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84468-037-5 . Retrieved September 5, 2017 . Matthes, B.D. (2006). Dressing the Man You Love: A Woman's Guide to Purchasing, Coordinating, and Caring for His Classic Wardrobe . Peter's Pride Publishing. p. 217. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9773878-3-0 . Retrieved September 5, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Formal trousers (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_trousers) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐2fb8g Cached time: 20240719071133 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.394 seconds Real time usage: 0.549 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 953/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 82072/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2180/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43704/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.223/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4473421/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 402.811 1 -total 30.55% 123.071 1 Template:Western_dress_codes 30.08% 121.149 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 22.76% 91.693 1 Template:Reflist 21.48% 86.521 2 Template:Cite_book 16.95% 68.283 1 Template:Short_description 13.24% 53.326 6 Template:Navbox 11.97% 48.218 1 Template:Clothing 9.71% 39.132 2 Template:Pagetype 4.83% 19.445 1 Template:Commonscat-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22814485-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719071133 and revision id 1174710005. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_trousers&oldid=1174710005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_trousers&oldid=1174710005) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) Semi-formal wear (/wiki/Category:Semi-formal_wear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Canadian actress and model Julia Voth Voth at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival (/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival) Born ( 1985-05-16 ) May 16, 1985 (age 39) [1] (#cite_note-JV-1) Regina, Saskatchewan (/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan) , Canada [1] (#cite_note-JV-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Occupation(s) Actress, model Years active 2002–present Spouse David Zonshine (/wiki/David_Zonshine) Children 2 Website juliavoth (http://juliavoth.com) .com (http://juliavoth.com) Julia Voth (born May 16, 1985) is a Canadian actress and model. She is best known for her roles in the 2009 film Bitch Slap (/wiki/Bitch_Slap) and the TV-series Package Deal (/wiki/Package_Deal_(TV_series)) , as well as for being the character model for Jill Valentine (/wiki/Jill_Valentine) for a number of the Resident Evil (/wiki/Resident_Evil) video games. Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] Julia Voth cosplaying as Jill Valentine (/wiki/Jill_Valentine) at WonderCon (/wiki/WonderCon) 2016 Voth's modeling career has included photo shoots and commercials for brands such as Guess (/wiki/Guess) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) and Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) . She served as the character model for Jill Valentine (/wiki/Jill_Valentine) of the 2002 Resident Evil (/wiki/Resident_Evil_(2002_video_game)) video game. Her likeness was also used in several other video games in the Resident Evil (/wiki/Resident_Evil) franchise. [3] (#cite_note-3) After receiving a custom-made Resident Evil beret from a fan, Voth was inspired to do a photoshoot cosplaying (/wiki/Cosplay) as Valentine. [4] (#cite_note-4) Acting [ edit ] Voth starred alongside America Olivo (/wiki/America_Olivo) and Erin Cummings (/wiki/Erin_Cummings) in the action film Bitch Slap (/wiki/Bitch_Slap) , playing the down-on-her-luck stripper named Trixie. She has also appeared on episodes of the TV series' Castle (/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)) , Supernatural (/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)) and Huge (/wiki/Huge_(TV_series)) . Voth had a main role in the comedy sitcom Package Deal (/wiki/Package_Deal) , which ran for two seasons from 2013 to 2014. [5] (#cite_note-5) Personal life [ edit ] Voth is married to talent-manager/film-producer David Zonshine (/wiki/David_Zonshine) . [6] (#cite_note-6) They have one child, a daughter, born in 2020. [7] (#cite_note-7) Filmography [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Julia Voth" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Julia+Voth%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Julia+Voth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Julia+Voth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Julia+Voth%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Julia+Voth%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Julia+Voth%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2009 Bitch Slap (/wiki/Bitch_Slap) Trixie 2009 Love Hurts (/wiki/Love_Hurts_(2009_film)) Young Amanda Bingham 2009 The Anniversary Shelly 2011 Alone Sarah Eastwood Short film 2011 Lilith Sarah 2012 Project S.E.R.A. (/wiki/Project_S.E.R.A.) Gillean Eames Short film 2013 Christmas Crush: Holiday High School Reunion Katie 2015 Painkillers Masters 2016 Seattle Road Eve 2017 Hard Surfaces Liz Van Houten 2019 Bit Siran Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2009 The Phone (/wiki/The_Phone_(American_TV_series)) Agent #1 Regular role 2010 Huge (/wiki/Huge_(TV_series)) Chelsey "Parents' Weekend: Parts 1 & 2" 2010 Supernatural (/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)) Lana "The Third Man" 2011 Castle (/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)) Violet Young "To Love and Die in L.A." 2012 Holiday High School Reunion Katie TV film 2013 Project: SERA Gillian Eames Regular role 2013–2014 Package Deal (/wiki/Package_Deal_(TV_series)) Kim Mattingly Main role Video Games [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2002 Resident Evil (/wiki/Resident_Evil_(2002_video_game)) Jill Valentine (/wiki/Jill_Valentine) Likeness 2007 Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles (/wiki/Resident_Evil:_The_Umbrella_Chronicles) Jill Valentine Likeness 2009 Resident Evil 5 (/wiki/Resident_Evil_5) Jill Valentine Likeness References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Julia Voth" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180115132216/http://www.craveonline.com/girl/julia-voth) . CraveOnline (/wiki/CraveOnline) . Archived from the original (http://www.craveonline.com/girl/julia-voth) on January 15, 2018 . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brioux, Brian (September 26, 2013). " (http://www.news1130.com/2013/09/26/package-deal-among-canuck-sitcoms-taped-in-front-of-live-audience/) 'Package Deal' among Canuck sitcoms taped in front of live audience" (http://www.news1130.com/2013/09/26/package-deal-among-canuck-sitcoms-taped-in-front-of-live-audience/) . News 1130 (/wiki/CKWX) . Archived (https://archive.today/20130927161014/http://www.news1130.com/2013/09/26/package-deal-among-canuck-sitcoms-taped-in-front-of-live-audience/) from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dodd, Adam (February 24, 2014). "Watch Jill Valentine Play the 'Resident Evil' HD Remaster" (http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3333484/watch-jill-valentine-play-resident-evil-hd-remaster/) . Bloody Disgusting (/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting) . Archived (https://archive.today/20150224160022/http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3333484/watch-jill-valentine-play-resident-evil-hd-remaster/) from the original on February 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Macy, Seth G. (January 5, 2016). "Wrap Your Head Around This Jill Valentine Cosplay From Jill Valentine Actress" (http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/01/05/wrap-your-head-around-this-jill-valentine-cosplay-from-jill-valentine-actress) . IGN (/wiki/IGN) . Archived (https://archive.today/20170227115905/http://au.ign.com/articles/2016/01/05/wrap-your-head-around-this-jill-valentine-cosplay-from-jill-valentine-actress) from the original on February 27, 2017 . Retrieved May 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Vlessing, Etan (March 13, 2015). "Meet the Family, Package Deal cancelled" (http://playbackonline.ca/2015/03/11/meet-the-family-package-deal-cancelled/) . Playback (/wiki/Playback_(magazine)) . Archived (https://archive.today/20170506100016/http://playbackonline.ca/2015/03/11/meet-the-family-package-deal-cancelled/) from the original on May 6, 2017 . Retrieved May 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jill Valentine Got Married... Well, Sorta - Rely on Horror" (https://www.relyonhorror.com/latest-news/jill-valentine-got-married-well-sorta/) . August 30, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "May I introduce to you Baby Yoda- winner of Halloween 2020 and our hearts forever" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/juliavoth/2433164786369049377) . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/CHEVntThDMh/) on December 25, 2021. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julia Voth (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Julia_Voth) . Official website (http://www.juliavoth.com/) Julia Voth (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2972478/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Canada (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Video games (/wiki/Portal:Video_games) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000012036749X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/170795672) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwXQpYMYqgJDjbGTqqQq) National Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5092571) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011031955) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐vxkr8 Cached time: 20240720174245 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.432 seconds Real time usage: 0.579 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2495/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42074/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2427/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 38154/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.290/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8301025/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 533.422 1 -total 24.34% 129.852 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.37% 108.682 1 Template:Reflist 17.37% 92.674 7 Template:Cite_web 14.79% 78.916 1 Template:Authority_control 11.41% 60.863 1 Template:Short_description 10.11% 53.930 1 Template:BLP_sources_section 9.77% 52.126 1 Template:BLP_sources 9.21% 49.140 1 Template:Ambox 8.56% 45.641 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22819574-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174245 and revision id 1203750897. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Voth&oldid=1203750897 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Voth&oldid=1203750897) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 21st-century Canadian actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Canadian_actresses) American female models (/wiki/Category:American_female_models) American film actresses (/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses) Canadian emigrants to the United States (/wiki/Category:Canadian_emigrants_to_the_United_States) Canadian female models (/wiki/Category:Canadian_female_models) Canadian film actresses (/wiki/Category:Canadian_film_actresses) Cosplayers (/wiki/Category:Cosplayers) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Actresses from Regina, Saskatchewan (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Regina,_Saskatchewan) 1985 births (/wiki/Category:1985_births) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2020) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) BLP articles lacking sources from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_January_2020) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BNE identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Japanese retail outlet chain This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Aigan##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aigan&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Aigan" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aigan%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aigan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aigan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aigan%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aigan%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aigan%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2019 ) For the Scottish mountain, see Ben Aigan (/wiki/Ben_Aigan) . Aigan Aigan headquarters Company type Kabushiki gaisha (/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha) Founded January 11, 1961 ; 63 years ago ( 1961-01-11 ) Headquarters Tennōji-ku (/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka) , Osaka (/wiki/Osaka) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) Products Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Aigan store in Nerima (/wiki/Nerima,_Tokyo) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) Aigan Co., Ltd. ( 愛眼株式会社 , Aigan Kabushiki gaisha (/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha) ) ( TYO (/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) : 9854 (https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=9854) ) is a Japanese retail outlet chain that sells glasses (/wiki/Glasses) (spectacles). The company is headquartered in Tennōji-ku (/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka) , Osaka (/wiki/Osaka,_Osaka) , Osaka Prefecture (/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Aigan was founded in 1961. Aigan opened its first store in China in 1994. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2012, Aigan launched a collection of officially licensed Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) glasses. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2022, Aigan announced it was liquidating its stores in China after recording losses for seven consecutive years. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Description [ edit ] Aigan has 223 stores (2022). [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) See also [ edit ] Eyewear retailer (/wiki/Eyewear_retailer) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " 会社概要 (http://www.aigan.co.jp/company/) ." Aigan. Retrieved on August 16, 2011. "大阪市天王寺区大道四丁目9番12号" ^ Jump up to: a b c Van, Tong (2022-11-30). "Japanese eyewear retailer Aigan to exit China" (https://insideretail.asia/2022/11/30/japanese-eyewear-retailer-aigan-to-exit-china/) . Inside Retail . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kooser, Amanda (8 October 2012). " (https://www.cnet.com/culture/star-wars-glasses-use-the-four-eyes-luke/) 'Star Wars' glasses: Use the four eyes, Luke!" (https://www.cnet.com/culture/star-wars-glasses-use-the-four-eyes-luke/) . CNET . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . External links [ edit ] Aigan (http://www.aigan.co.jp/index.html) (Japanese) Aigan (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/9854:TYO) - Google Finance (/wiki/Google_Finance) This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aigan&action=edit) . v t e This retail business article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aigan&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8m5hr Cached time: 20240712205924 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.511 seconds Real time usage: 0.699 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1658/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26741/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1265/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21740/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.368/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19624901/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 643.516 1 -total 19.61% 126.192 1 Template:Infobox_company 18.56% 119.411 1 Template:Nihongo 16.39% 105.474 1 Template:Reflist 16.04% 103.250 1 Template:Infobox 13.87% 89.276 1 Template:Short_description 13.67% 87.977 2 Template:Cite_web 11.88% 76.435 1 Template:One_source 10.91% 70.217 1 Template:Ambox 10.89% 70.069 2 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22864670-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712205924 and revision id 1228231774. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aigan&oldid=1228231774 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aigan&oldid=1228231774) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Osaka Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Osaka_Prefecture) Retail companies established in 1961 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1961) Eyewear retailers of Japan (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_retailers_of_Japan) Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) Japanese company stubs (/wiki/Category:Japanese_company_stubs) Retail company stubs (/wiki/Category:Retail_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2019) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Venezuelan beauty pageant titleholder and Fashion Model Mariangela Bonanni Born Mariaangela Bonanni [11] (#cite_note-11) ( 1988-08-15 ) 15 August 1988 (age 35) San Cristóbal (/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Venezuela) , Táchira (/wiki/T%C3%A1chira_(state)) , Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Citizenship Venezuelan (/wiki/Venezuelan_people) Italian (/wiki/Italian_people) Occupation Fashion Model (/wiki/Model_(profession)) Years active 2009–present Known for Miss Táchira 2009 (Winner) Miss Venezuela 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2009) (1st Runner-Up) Miss Earth 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2010) (Top 7) Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Hair color Red (/wiki/Red_hair) Eye color Brown (/wiki/Eye_color#Brown) Agency Brand Model Management (Finland) [1] (#cite_note-1) Women 360 Management (New York, NY.) [2] (#cite_note-2) The Hive Management (London) [3] (#cite_note-3) Model Management (Germany) [4] (#cite_note-4) Line Up Models (Spain) [5] (#cite_note-5) Two Management (Los Angeles, CA.) [6] (#cite_note-6) DModel Agency (Greece) [7] (#cite_note-7) The Lab Models (Milan, Italy) [8] (#cite_note-8) Oui Management (Paris, France) [9] (#cite_note-9) Mikas (Stockholm) [10] (#cite_note-10) Website mariangelabonanni (https://mariangelabonanni.com/) .com (https://mariangelabonanni.com/) Mariángela Bonanni (born 15 August 1988) is a Venezuelan fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder. She started her career representing her native state Táchira (/wiki/T%C3%A1chira_(state)) in the Miss Venezuela 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2009) pageant on 24 September 2009, and won the title of 1st runner up and Best Catwalk . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) She subsequently represented Venezuela in the 2010 Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2010) beauty pageant, in Nha Trang (/wiki/Nha_Trang) , ( Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) ) on 4 December 2010, and ranked in Top 7. [14] (#cite_note-14) After the beauty pageants, she began her career as a model in 2012, which she currently continues developing. In her career as a model she has lived in different countries such as Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) , Greece (/wiki/Greece) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , London (/wiki/London) and the United States (/wiki/United_States) . Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] She began her modeling career in 2012 with the agency Model Zone in Mexico City where she did TV commercials for brands such as Always (brand) (/wiki/Always_(brand)) , Ruffles (/wiki/Ruffles_(potato_chips)) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Doritos (/wiki/Doritos) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Baileys Irish Cream (/wiki/Baileys_Irish_Cream) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Tequila Cazadores and Jose Cuervo (/wiki/Jose_Cuervo) , [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Canon Inc. (/wiki/Canon_Inc.) and Gamesa (/wiki/Gamesa) . [ citation needed ] In 2015, she continued to develop her career in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , starting in Spain with the agency Berta Models; where she became part of the worldwide campaign for Wella (/wiki/Wella) Koleston beauty products. [ citation needed ] After being contacted by her current Mother agency Brand Management, she was hired by different agencies around the world where she has worked for magazines such as ELLE (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Brigitte, Hello Monthly, Flair, Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) , La Viva, You, The My Fair, Madame Figuero, and Diva&Donna. She has also been part of campaigns for important brands such as Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) , Wolford (/wiki/Wolford) , Triumph International (/wiki/Triumph_International) , Next plc (/wiki/Next_plc) , Chantelle (/wiki/Chantelle_(lingerie)) , Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , Best Company 1982, Myla and Simone Perèlè. [ citation needed ] Bonnani won the Miss Táchira 2009 title in a state pageant held in San Cristóbal (/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Venezuela) , Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) on 28 May 2009. [20] (#cite_note-20) Titles [ edit ] Miss Táchira 2009 (Winner) Miss Venezuela 2009 (1st runner up) Miss Venezuela Earth 2010 Miss Earth 2010 (Top 7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Brand / Mariangela Bonanni" (http://www.brand.fi/models/mariangela/) . Brand Management . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Women 360" (https://www.w360management.com/search/9742-mariaangela_bonanni.web) . Women 360 Management . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Hive" (http://www.thehivemanagement.com/women/mariangela-bonanni/) . The Hive Management . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Model / Mariangela Bonanni" (https://www.model-management.de/book/soc/mariangela-bonanni-1462) . Model Management . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Line Up / Mariangela Bonanni" (http://www.lineupmodels.com/women/219-mariangela/) . Line Up . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Two M/ Mariangela Bonanni" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190623164614/https://www.twomanagement.com/main-women/1351989/mariangela-bonanni) . Two Management . Archived from the original (https://www.twomanagement.com/main-women/1351989/mariangela-bonanni) on 23 June 2019 . Retrieved 23 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "DModel / Mariangela Bonanni" (http://www.dmodelagency.com/model/mariangela-bonanni/) . DModel Agency . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Lab / Mariangela Bonanni" (https://thelabmodels.com/model/?id=1451&divisione=&stringa=Mariangela%20bonanni&k=1&dep=) . The Lab Model . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Oui / Mariangela Bonanni" (https://www.ouimanagement.com/model/mariangela-bonanni) . Oui Management . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mikas / Mariangela Bonanni" (https://mikas.se/models/mariangela-bonanni-33374/) . Mikas . ^ (#cite_ref-11) http://www.elnorte.com.ve/missvzla.pdf (http://www.elnorte.com.ve/missvzla.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152147/http://www.elnorte.com.ve/missvzla.pdf) 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mariángela Bonanni al Miss Venezuela" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110819190915/http://lanacion.com.ve/noticias.php?IdArticulo=117421&XR=2) . La Nación . Archived from the original (http://lanacion.com.ve/noticias.php?IdArticulo=117421&XR=2) on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Marelisa Gibson fue electa Miss Venezuela 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090926042509/http://www.el-nacional.com/www/site/p_contenido.php?q=nodo%2F100719%2FEntretenimiento%2FMarelisa-Gibson-fue-electa-Miss-Venezuela-2009) . El Nacional . Archived from the original (http://www.el-nacional.com/www/site/p_contenido.php?q=nodo/100719/Entretenimiento/Marelisa-Gibson-fue-electa-Miss-Venezuela-2009) on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Người đẹp Ấn Độ đăng quang Miss Earth 2010" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101207003148/http://vovnews.vn/Home/Nguoi-dep-An-Do-dang-quang-Miss-Earth-2010/201012/162361.vov) [Miss India was crowned Miss Earth 2010] (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original (http://vovnews.vn/Home/Nguoi-dep-An-Do-dang-quang-Miss-Earth-2010/201012/162361.vov) on 7 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mariangela, Bonanni. "¿Rubia, Pelirroja O Trigueña? El Equipo Ruffles Posa Para Nuestro ¡Lunes De Mallitas!" (https://www.sopitas.com/noticias/ya-llego-su-lunes-de-mallitas-al-puro-estilo-de-la-nfl/) . sopitas.com . Retrieved 26 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bonanni, Mariangela. "Doritos 'Bold on Bold on Bold' (https://vimeo.com/119919051) " (https://vimeo.com/119919051) . Vimeo . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Bonanni, Mariangela. "Nuevo Baileys Dulce de leche. No se lo digas a nadie" (https://vimeo.com/246239275) . Vimeo . TV Commercials . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Bonanni, Mariangela. "Jose Cuervo Rolling Stones" (https://matbisher.com/Jose-Cuervo-Rolling-Stones) . matbisher.com . TV Commercials . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Bonanni, Mariangela. "Jose Cuervo Rolling Stones 'Flight 72' (https://vimeo.com/139240866) " (https://vimeo.com/139240866) . Viemo . TV Commercials . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Miss Táchira llega a su final" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110819190842/http://lanacion.com.ve/noticias.php?IdArticulo=117285&XR=2) . La Nación . Archived from the original (http://lanacion.com.ve/noticias.php?IdArticulo=117285&XR=2) on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . External links [ edit ] Mariángela Bonanni at Wikipedia's sister projects Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mari%C3%A1ngela_Bonanni) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6766125) from Wikidata Official website (https://mariangelabonanni.com) Mariángela Bonanni (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/mariangela_bonanni/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Mariángela Bonanni (https://models.com/models/mariangela-bonanni) on Models.com Mariangela Bonanni (https://twitter.com/mariangelabr) on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) Preceded by Jessica Barboza (/wiki/Jessica_Barboza) Miss Earth Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) 2010 Succeeded by Caroline Medina (/wiki/Caroline_Medina) Preceded by Jennipher Bortolas Miss Táchira (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Succeeded by Germania Pimiento (/wiki/Germania_Pimiento) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Lists (/wiki/Portal:Lists) v t e Miss Earth 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2010) national titleholders Yovana O'Brien (/wiki/Yovana_O%27Brien) Anastasiya Sienina (/wiki/Anastasiya_Sienina) Norayla Francisco (/wiki/Norayla_Francisco) Jennifer Pazmiño (/wiki/Jennifer_Pazmi%C3%B1o) Sandra Marie Lees (/wiki/Sandra_Marie_Lees) Soyini Fraser (/wiki/Soyini_Fraser) Nicole Faria (/wiki/Nicole_Faria) Sahana Bajracharya (/wiki/Sahana_Bajracharya) Nicole Morrell (/wiki/Nicole_Morrell) Silvana Vásquez (/wiki/Silvana_V%C3%A1squez) Psyche Resus (/wiki/Psyche_Resus) Yeidy Bosques (/wiki/Yeidy_Bosques) Tijana Rakić (/wiki/Tijana_Raki%C4%87) Danielle Bounds (/wiki/Danielle_Bounds) Mariángela Bonanni Lưu Thị Diễm Hương (/wiki/L%C6%B0u_Th%E1%BB%8B_Di%E1%BB%85m_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) Miss Earth delegates of 01 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2001_delegates) 02 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2002_delegates) 03 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2003_delegates) 04 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2004_delegates) 05 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2005_delegates) 06 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2006_delegates) 07 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2007_delegates) 08 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2008_delegates) 09 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2009_delegates) 10 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2010_delegates) 11 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2011_delegates) 12 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2012_delegates) 13 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2013_delegates) 14 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2014_delegates) 15 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2015_delegates) 16 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2016_delegates) 17 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2017_delegates) 18 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2018_delegates) 19 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2019_delegates) 20 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2020_delegates) 21 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2021_delegates) 22 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2022_delegates) 23 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2023_delegates) 24 (/wiki/Template:Miss_Earth_2024_delegates) v t e Venezuelan (/wiki/Venezuelan) placements in Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth) Miss Earth Alexandra Braun (/wiki/Alexandra_Braun) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2005) ) Alyz Henrich (/wiki/Alyz_Henrich) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Miss Air (1st runner-up) Stephany Zreik (/wiki/Stephany_Zreik) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Miss Water (2nd runner-up) Silvana Santaella (/wiki/Silvana_Santaella) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007) ) Jessica Barboza (/wiki/Jessica_Barboza) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2009) ) Osmariel Villalobos (/wiki/Osmariel_Villalobos) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2012) ) Maira Alexandra Rodríguez (/wiki/Maira_Alexandra_Rodr%C3%ADguez) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2014) ) Stephanie de Zorzi (/wiki/Stephanie_de_Zorzi) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) ) Miss Fire (3rd runner-up) Marianne Puglia (/wiki/Marianne_Puglia) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2006) ) Caroline Medina (/wiki/Caroline_Medina) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2011) ) Top 7-8 Daniela Torrealba (/wiki/Daniela_Torrealba) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2008) ) Mariángela Bonanni ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2010) ) Andrea Rosales (/wiki/Andrea_Rosales) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) Ninoska Vásquez (/wiki/Ninoska_V%C3%A1squez) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017) ) Diana Silva (/wiki/Diana_Silva_(model)) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) María Daniela Velasco (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Daniela_Velasco) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2021) ) Top 10-12 Jhosskaren Carrizo (/wiki/Jhosskaren_Carrizo) ( 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2023) ) Unplaced Lirigmel Ramos ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2001) ) Dagmar Votterl ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2002) ) Driva Cedeño ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2003) ) Michell Castellanos ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Oriana Pablos (/wiki/Oriana_Pablos) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) ) Did not compete Solsiret Herrera ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2004) ) Miss Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Miss Earth Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Venezuela) Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth) v t e Miss Earth Venezuela titleholders 2000s Lirigmel Ramos (2001) Dagmar Votterl (2002) Driva Cedeño (2003) Solsiret Herrera (2004) Alexandra Braun (/wiki/Alexandra_Braun) (2005) Marianne Puglia (/wiki/Marianne_Puglia) (2006) Silvana Santaella (/wiki/Silvana_Santaella) (2007) Daniela Torrealba (/wiki/Daniela_Torrealba) (2008) Jessica Barboza (/wiki/Jessica_Barboza) (2009) 2010s Mariángela Bonanni (2010) Caroline Medina (/wiki/Caroline_Medina) (2011) Osmariel Villalobos (/wiki/Osmariel_Villalobos) (2012) Alyz Henrich (/wiki/Alyz_Henrich) (2013) Maira Rodríguez (/wiki/Maira_Rodr%C3%ADguez) (2014) Andrea Rosales (/wiki/Andrea_Rosales) (2015) Stephanie de Zorzi (/wiki/Stephanie_de_Zorzi) (2016) Ninoska Vásquez (/wiki/Ninoska_V%C3%A1squez) (2017) Diana Silva (/wiki/Diana_Silva_(model)) (2018) Michell Castellanos (2019) 2020s Stephany Zreik (/wiki/Stephany_Zreik) (2020) María Daniela Velasco (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Daniela_Velasco) (2021) Elizabeth Gasiba (/wiki/Elizabeth_Gasiba) / Oriana Pablos (/wiki/Oriana_Pablos) (2022) Jhosskaren Carrizo (/wiki/Jhosskaren_Carrizo) (2023) Karleys Rojas (/wiki/Karleys_Rojas) (2024) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐95zp2 Cached time: 20240720180005 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.802 seconds Real time usage: 1.062 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7658/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 111862/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16416/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 109163/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.446/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 11022241/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 944.754 1 -total 26.41% 249.501 1 Template:Infobox_model 19.32% 182.502 1 Template:Reflist 17.51% 165.426 3 Template:Navbox 16.10% 152.104 19 Template:Cite_web 15.70% 148.286 1 Template:Miss_Earth_2010_delegates 9.17% 86.663 16 Template:Flagicon 7.83% 73.960 51 Template:Main_other 6.76% 63.882 2 Template:Succession_box 6.35% 59.945 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23006886-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720180005 and revision id 1224676309. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariángela_Bonanni&oldid=1224676309 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariángela_Bonanni&oldid=1224676309) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Miss Earth Venezuela (/wiki/Category:Miss_Earth_Venezuela) 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from San Cristóbal, Táchira (/wiki/Category:People_from_San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira) Venezuelan female models (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_female_models) Venezuelan beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_beauty_pageant_winners) Miss Earth 2010 contestants (/wiki/Category:Miss_Earth_2010_contestants) Venezuelan emigrants to Spain (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_emigrants_to_Spain) Venezuelan people of Italian descent (/wiki/Category:Venezuelan_people_of_Italian_descent) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)) Use dmy dates from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata)
American fashion designer and TV personality (born 1982) Leah McSweeney McSweeney in 2009 Born Leah Christine McSweeney ( 1982-08-27 ) August 27, 1982 (age 41) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , U.S. Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2004–present Children 1 Website leahmcsweeney (http://leahmcsweeney.com) .com (http://leahmcsweeney.com) Leah Christine McSweeney [1] (#cite_note-nitro-1) (born August 27, 1982) [1] (#cite_note-nitro-1) is an American fashion designer and television personality. She founded the women's streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) line Married to the Mob (/wiki/Married_to_the_Mob_(brand)) in 2004, and has starred on the reality television series The Real Housewives of New York City (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City) from 2020 to 2021. Life [ edit ] Early life [ edit ] McSweeney was born in Manhattan to Bryan and Bernadette "Bunny" McSweeney and raised in an Irish-Italian family. [1] (#cite_note-nitro-1) She attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart Catholic all-girls school on the Upper East Side (/wiki/Upper_East_Side) . After being expelled at 14, her family moved to Newtown (/wiki/Newtown,_Connecticut) , Connecticut (/wiki/Connecticut) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2002, McSweeney suffered several injuries in a physical altercation with the New York Police Department. [3] (#cite_note-3) She, along with streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) designer Rob Cristofaro, used her $75,000 settlement to create Married to the Mob, a line of feminine streetwear. [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Married to the Mob [ edit ] Married to the Mob (MTTM) has made several collaborations since its initiation. Amongst its first major collaborations featured a Kangol (/wiki/Kangol) cashmere ' beanie (/wiki/Knit_cap) ' cap [5] (#cite_note-5) and a Kaws (/wiki/Kaws) two-piece graphic swimsuit. Later, MTTM would collaborate with German accessory brand MCM (/wiki/MCM_Worldwide) , and French boutique Colette (/wiki/Colette_(boutique)) for a limited-edition Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) lip-print sneaker. [6] (#cite_note-6) MTTM would later create another limited-edition sneaker with Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . MTTM have also collaborated with French graffiti artist Fafi, [7] (#cite_note-7) Krink, and Jessy "Nite Rider" Kennedy. [8] (#cite_note-8) MTTM has also released collections with models including Chanel West Coast (/wiki/Chanel_West_Coast) , Kid Sister (/wiki/Kid_Sister) , Lil Debbie (/wiki/Lil_Debbie) , and the Clermont twins (/wiki/Shannon_and_Shannade_Clermont) . Reality television [ edit ] In 2010, McSweeney appeared as a client on an episode on Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(US_TV_channel)) 's The Millionaire Matchmaker (/wiki/The_Millionaire_Matchmaker) . [9] (#cite_note-Matchmaker-9) Her appearance on Matchmaker was well received by critics, and has led to appearances and cameos on other television programs, including VH1 (/wiki/VH1) 's Love & Hip Hop: New York (/wiki/Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_New_York) . McSweeney was confirmed to have joined The Real Housewives of New York City (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City) during an appearance at Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)) 's "BravoCon" fan convention in November 2019. [10] (#cite_note-10) McSweeney was referred to production by former cast member Bethenny Frankel (/wiki/Bethenny_Frankel) , who left the series after the previous season. [11] (#cite_note-11) McSweeney officially signed on for her second season as a full-time cast member of The Real Housewives of New York City (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City) . [12] (#cite_note-12) McSweeney held off on renewing her contract until she was offered a higher salary, being paid only $3,000 an episode during her season 12 stint. [13] (#cite_note-13) In March 2023, McSweeney starred in the third season of The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_Ultimate_Girls_Trip) on Peacock (/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)) . Other projects [ edit ] In 2015, McSweeney became a featured recurring star on Shade 45 (/wiki/Shade_45) 's Lip Service with Angela Yee (/wiki/Angela_Yee) of Power 105.1 (/wiki/Power_105.1) . The following year, she began Improper Etiquette with Laura Stylez of Hot 97 (/wiki/HOT_97) . On the podcast, McSweeney and Stylez provide candid perspectives and advice on lifestyle and current issues with occasional celebrity interviews. [14] (#cite_note-14) McSweeney has been a frequent contributor to the online publication Hypebeast, where she offers commentary on wellness, streetwear style, and motherhood. She also writes an advice column for Penthouse (/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)) magazine. [15] (#cite_note-15) On June 27, 2018, McSweeney wrote a controversial article for Penthouse (/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)) titled Can We Talk About Toxic Femininity? [16] (#cite_note-16) where she criticized Rose McGowan (/wiki/Rose_McGowan) and Asia Argento (/wiki/Asia_Argento) and accused them of using the #MeToo movement for personal gain. McSweeney received wide backlash and praise alike for her op-ed piece. On December 10, 2018, McSweeney co-wrote an investigative article about Anti Semitism and corruption within the Women's March organization for Tablet Magazine [17] (#cite_note-17) titled "Is The Women's March Melting Down?" In March 2023, McSweeney launched a podcast on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) and other platforms called The Leah McSweeney Show , [18] (#cite_note-18) where she interviewed individuals such as model Teddy Quinlivan (/wiki/Teddy_Quinlivan) , [19] (#cite_note-19) publicist Kelly Cutrone (/wiki/Kelly_Cutrone) , [20] (#cite_note-20) Fox News' Gutfeld! panelist Kat Timpf (/wiki/Kat_Timpf) [21] (#cite_note-21) and 2024 Democratic presidential candidate Marianne Williamson (/wiki/Marianne_Williamson) , the latter of whom she endorsed. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Personal life [ edit ] McSweeney gave birth to her only child with Rob Cristofaro, daughter Kier Marie, in 2007. [24] (#cite_note-24) McSweeney converted to Judaism in March 2022. [25] (#cite_note-25) Filmography [ edit ] Film Year Title Role Notes 2023 The Kill Room (/wiki/The_Kill_Room) Alisha Television Year Title Notes Ref. 2010 The Millionaire Matchmaker (/wiki/The_Millionaire_Matchmaker) "Opposites Don't Attract" (season 4, episode 7) [9] (#cite_note-Matchmaker-9) 2013 Celebrity Page (/wiki/Celebrity_Page) Season 7, episode 126 2015 Love & Hip Hop: New York (/wiki/Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_New_York) "Call Your Bluff" (season 5, episode 9) 2020–21 The Real Housewives of New York City (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City) Main cast member (seasons 12-13) 2020 Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen (/wiki/Watch_What_Happens_Live_with_Andy_Cohen) Season 17, episode 70 2023 The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_Ultimate_Girls_Trip) Main cast (season 3) 2023 The Other Two (/wiki/The_Other_Two) Season Three, Self/Hottie #1 See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of American fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#United_States) List of fashion topics (/wiki/List_of_fashion_topics) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c McSweeney in Lam, Wendy (July 19, 2007). "Let's Get Intimate with... Leah @ Married to the Mob" (https://nitrolicious.com/2007/07/19/lets-get-intimate-with-leah-married-to-the-mob/) . Nitrolicious. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200618002846/https://nitrolicious.com/2007/07/19/lets-get-intimate-with-leah-married-to-the-mob/) from the original on June 18, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Queen Tee: The Designer Who's Beating the Boys" (https://observer.com/2007/10/queen-tee-the-designer-whos-beating-the-boys/) . The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . 9 October 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Leah McSweeney's Arrest" (https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/07/leah-mcsweeney-arrest-mugshot-arrested) . Heavy . July 1, 2020 . Retrieved Jan 1, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How Leah McSweeney Went From Starting Married to the Mob to Joining 'The Real Housewives of New York City' (https://www.complex.com/style/leah-mcsweeney-married-to-the-mob-rhony-journey) " (https://www.complex.com/style/leah-mcsweeney-married-to-the-mob-rhony-journey) . Complex Networks . April 17, 2020 . Retrieved Jan 2, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Married to the Mob x Kangol Beanie" (http://hypebeast.com/2007/12/married-mob-x-kangol-beanie/) . Hypebeast. December 18, 2007 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Espinoza, Joshua (April 18, 2019). "Married to the Mob and Reebok Classics Reunited 10 Years After First Collaboration" (https://www.complex.com/style/2019/04/married-to-the-mob-reebok-classics-3-am-capsule) . Complex . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Fafi x MTTM I" (https://mttmnyc.com/pages/fafi-for-mob) . Married to the Mob . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jessy Kennedy for Married to the Mob "Heather" Tee" (https://hypebeast.com/2009/3/jessy-kennedy-for-married-to-the-mob-heather-tee) . Hypebeast. March 23, 2009 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Watch Opposites Don't Attract" (https://www.bravotv.com/the-millionaire-matchmaker/season-4/opposites-dont-attract) . Bravo. November 30, 2010 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Quinn, Dave (November 15, 2019). "Leah McSweeney Is Bravo's Newest Real Housewives of New York City Star" (https://people.com/tv/leah-mcsweeney-joins-real-housewives-of-new-york-city/) . People . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Quinn, Dave; McNeil, Liz (February 12, 2020). "Bethenny Frankel Helped Cast Leah McSweeney on RHONY Before Her Exit: Sources" (https://people.com/tv/bethenny-frankel-helped-cast-leah-mcsweeney-on-rhony-before-her-exit-sources/) . People . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Naumann, Ryan (22 September 2020). " (https://theblast.com/143241/rhony-star-leah-mcsweeney-signs-contract-returning-for-season-13) 'RHONY' Star Leah McSweeney Signs Contract, Returning For Season 13 After Holding Out For Raise" (https://theblast.com/143241/rhony-star-leah-mcsweeney-signs-contract-returning-for-season-13) . The Blast . Retrieved 2020-09-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cook, Cynthia (15 September 2020). "Leah McSweeney's RHONY Salary Is Revealed As She Might Not Return Next Season After Reportedly Receiving A Low Ball Offer And 'Minuscule' Pay Raise From Bravo" (https://realityblurb.com/2020/09/15/leah-mcsweeney-rhony-salary-is-revealed-as-she-might-not-return-next-season-after-reportedly-receiving-low-ball-offer-and-minuscule-pay-raise-from-bravo/) . Reality Blurb! . Retrieved 2020-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Laura Stylez & Leah McSweeney Kick Off 'Improper Etiquette' Podcast" (https://snobette.com/2016/05/new-stylez-mcsweeney-kick-off-improper-etiquette-podcast/) . Snobette. May 20, 2016 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Briscuso, Lex (August 23, 2019). "Leah McSweeney Joins the 'Real Housewives of New York' Cast After Bethenny's Exit: 'She's Perfect for the Show' (https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/leah-mcsweeney-joins-rhony-cast-as-bethenny-frankel-exits/) " (https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/leah-mcsweeney-joins-rhony-cast-as-bethenny-frankel-exits/) . Life & Style . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) McSweeney, Leah. "Can We Talk About Toxic Femininity?" (https://penthousemagazine.com/can-we-talk-about-toxic-femininity/) . Penthouse . Retrieved 2018-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Is the Women's March Melting Down? - Tablet Magazine" (https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/is-the-womens-march-melting-down) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Hodgkins, Taylor (2023-03-18). " (https://theblast.com/465465/rhony-alumna-leah-mcsweeney-launches-a-new-podcast/) 'RHONY' Alumna Leah McSweeney Launches A New Podcast!" (https://theblast.com/465465/rhony-alumna-leah-mcsweeney-launches-a-new-podcast/) . The Blast . Retrieved 2023-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Cuckhold's & Controversy with Trans Model Teddy Quinlivan" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CydtWBF7qdY) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . The Leah McSweeney Show. 2023-04-04 . Retrieved 2023-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Nothing But The Truth With Kelly Cutrone" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3RlC7-Yeio) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . The Leah McSweeney Show. 2023-03-23 . Retrieved 2023-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) \|url= https://youtube/aM1d45_hRn0 (https://youtube/aM1d45_hRn0) ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Marianne Williamson: A Mother in The White House (around 01:03:20)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRlDOuz3dA0) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . The Leah McSweeney Show. 2023-04-25 . Retrieved 2023-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Marie, Ashley (April 28, 2023). "RHONY Leah McSweeney endorses Marianne Williamson for president" (https://starcasm.net/rhony-leah-mcsweeney-endorses-marianne-williamson-for-president/) . Starcasm . Retrieved April 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Laviola, Erin (April 2, 2020). "Rob Cristofaro, Leah McSweeney's Ex: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know" (https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/04/rob-cristofaro/) . Heavy . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Vena, Jocelyn (24 March 2022). "Leah McSweeney Has Completed Her Conversion to Judaism" (https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/rhony-leah-mcsweeney-converts-to-judaism#:~:text=%22I%20quit%20drinking%20again%2C%20and,calling%20to%20convert%20to%20Judaism.%22&text=Post%2DMikveh%20%E2%9C%A1%EF%B8%8F%20two%20years,are%20and%20I%20love%20you.) . Bravo TV . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://leahmcsweeney.com) Married to the Mob website (http://mttmnyc.com) Iarrobino, Bianca (November 13, 2014). "Get to Know Leah McSweeney of Married to the Mob" (https://www.nylon.com/articles/get-to-know-married-to-the-mob-november-2014) . Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐7pq49 Cached time: 20240623111835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.549 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2750/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48523/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2135/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 95950/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.256/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7303859/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 504.235 1 -total 36.70% 185.044 1 Template:Reflist 35.23% 177.636 1 Template:Infobox_person 31.96% 161.175 24 Template:Cite_web 15.30% 77.142 1 Template:Short_description 11.26% 56.756 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.31% 46.969 2 Template:Pagetype 8.13% 41.018 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.74% 33.980 1 Template:Flat_list 6.41% 32.299 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23153700-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623111835 and revision id 1224732068. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leah_McSweeney&oldid=1224732068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leah_McSweeney&oldid=1224732068) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1982 births (/wiki/Category:1982_births) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) American women television personalities (/wiki/Category:American_women_television_personalities) Television personalities from New York City (/wiki/Category:Television_personalities_from_New_York_City) People from Newtown, Connecticut (/wiki/Category:People_from_Newtown,_Connecticut) 21st-century American Jews (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_Jews) Jewish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Jewish_fashion_designers) Converts to Judaism from Christianity (/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Judaism_from_Christianity) 21st-century converts to Judaism (/wiki/Category:21st-century_converts_to_Judaism) American people of Italian descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Italian_descent) American people of Irish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
Italian women's clothing brand Marina Rinaldi Company type SRL (/wiki/Limited_liability_company#Italy) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1980 Founder Achille Maramotti (/wiki/Achille_Maramotti) Headquarters Reggio Emilia (/wiki/Reggio_Emilia) , Italy Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Max Mara Fashion Group (/wiki/Max_Mara_Fashion_Group) Website marinarinaldi.com (http://www.marinarinaldi.com) Marina Rinaldi is a ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) , plus-size (/wiki/Plus-size_clothing) women's clothing brand of the Italian (/wiki/Fashon_in_Italy) Max Mara Fashion Group (/wiki/Max_Mara_Fashion_Group) , one of the best known of the company’s 35 different labels. [1] (#cite_note-mmfg-1) [2] (#cite_note-about-2) [3] (#cite_note-Indy-3) It has more than 300 stores worldwide, [1] (#cite_note-mmfg-1) including ones located in the high fashion shopping districts of several major cities: Wilshire Boulevard (/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard) in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) , Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Old Bond Street (/wiki/Old_Bond_Street) in London (/wiki/London) , and Corso Vittorio Emanuele in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Founded in 1980, Marina Rinaldi Group takes its name from the great-grandmother of the founder of Max Mara Fashion Group, Achille Maramotti, [3] (#cite_note-Indy-3) who in 1850 owned a fashion atelier in Reggio Emilia (/wiki/Reggio_Emilia) , Italy. [5] (#cite_note-about2-5) Since 1984 its collections have been available internationally from stores in such cities as Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) and Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Until the founding of Marina Rinaldi there was no fashion group concerned with the fashion needs of curvaceous women. [7] (#cite_note-Zargani-7) Marketing [ edit ] A Marina Rinaldi store window from July 2011 Marina Rinaldi began advertising in 1981. [ citation needed ] From its very first advertising campaigns, developed together with Emanuele Pirella, the brand developed a pioneering concept in an area where advertising aimed at fatter women was nonexistent. [ citation needed ] The first idea was to present a line of clothing that could satisfy the needs of women who had, until then, been neglected by fashion and stylists. [ citation needed ] Marina Rinaldi was the first to introduce the Italian expression taglia comoda (“plus-size”, literally, “comfortable size”), replacing the traditional term taglia forte (“outsize”) which had been used until then to describe this type of product. [ citation needed ] Marina Rinaldi has employed photographers in its advertising, including Arthur Elgort (/wiki/Arthur_Elgort) , Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) , Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) , Greg Kadel (/wiki/Greg_Kadel) , and Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) . [ citation needed ] The faces of the brand have included India Hicks (/wiki/India_Hicks) from Autumn-Winter 1998 to Autumn-Winter 2000, Carré Otis (/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_Otis) from Spring-Summer 2002 to Autumn-Winter 2003, and Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) from autumn 2009. [ citation needed ] In 1991 MR Characters , the brand’s house organ (/wiki/House_organ) , became the first Italian magazine dedicated entirely to the demands and desires of curvaceous women, [7] (#cite_note-Zargani-7) and included not only fashion reports, but also articles on design (/wiki/Design) , literature (/wiki/Literature) , art (/wiki/Art) , cooking (/wiki/Cooking) , travel (/wiki/Travel) , beauty (/wiki/Beauty) and wellness (/wiki/Wellness_(alternative_medicine)) . [ citation needed ] In 1992, 450,000 copies of the first issue of this free semiannual magazine were distributed in English (/wiki/English_language) , French (/wiki/French_language) and Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) translation at Marina Rinaldi stores worldwide. [ citation needed ] In July 2010 Marina Rinaldi collaborated with UK pop band Temposhark (/wiki/Temposhark) using their songs Joy and Crime to promote their latest fashion campaigns. [8] (#cite_note-8) Since then they have collaborated with Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) , Precious Lee and other well known plus size celebrities and brands. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In February 2012, Melissa McCarthy (/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy) wore Marina Rinaldi at the 2012 Academy Awards. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "BRANDS - MMFG" (https://www.maxmarafashiongroup.com/en/brands) . www.maxmarafashiongroup.com . ^ (#cite_ref-about_2-0) ‘ History & Philosophy’ (http://www.marinarinaldi.com/en/About-Us-History-and-Philosophy) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130203084223/http://www.marinarinaldi.com/en/About-Us-History-and-Philosophy) 2013-02-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Marina Rinaldi. ^ Jump up to: a b Barbieri, Annalisa (2005), "Tycoon who pioneered 'off the peg' designer clothes with his fashion label MaxMara" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081211015258/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/achille-maramotti-488030.html) , The Independent , London (published 2005-01-24), archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/achille-maramotti-488030.html) on December 11, 2008 , retrieved 2008-04-09 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Trova il negozio più vicino a te" (https://it.marinarinaldi.com/store-locator) . marinarinaldi.com . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-about2_5-0) ‘Max Mara Fashion Group’ (http://www.marinarinaldi.com/en/About-Us-Max-Mara-Fashion-Group) , Marina Rinaldi. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Marina Rinaldi - Dizionario della Moda - DellaModa.it (http://dellamoda.it/fashion_dictionary/m/marina_rinaldi.php) (registration required) ^ Jump up to: a b Zargani, Luisa (2021-02-17). "Marina Rinaldi Turns 40" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/marina-rinaldi-turns-1234732429/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Marina Rinaldi Official Website \| Women's Plus-Size Clothing" (http://www.marinarinaldi.com/it/Personality) . Marina Rinaldi . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mosely, Rachel (2022-04-15). "18 Body Positive Plus-Size Stores We Love" (https://www.oprahdaily.com/style/g39696433/best-plus-size-stores/) . Oprah Daily . Retrieved 2022-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Zargani, Luisa (2017-09-20). "Ashley Graham Designs Capsule for Marina Rinaldi" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/ready-to-wear/ashley-graham-designs-capsule-for-marina-rinaldi-10988407/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Oscars 2012: Stars arrive" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17174658) . BBC News . 2012-02-27. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marina Rinaldi (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marina_Rinaldi) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐nt7qz Cached time: 20240721024518 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.456 seconds Real time usage: 0.604 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3122/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40116/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5895/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34844/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.284/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7367973/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 558.895 1 -total 26.43% 147.724 1 Template:Reflist 23.15% 129.380 8 Template:Citation_needed 19.42% 108.514 8 Template:Fix 18.95% 105.913 6 Template:Cite_web 18.12% 101.284 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.92% 88.995 1 Template:Infobox 14.54% 81.267 1 Template:Short_description 8.79% 49.144 16 Template:Category_handler 8.64% 48.311 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23156200-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721024518 and revision id 1222928477. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Rinaldi&oldid=1222928477 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Rinaldi&oldid=1222928477) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies established in 1980 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1980) Italian companies established in 1980 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1980) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Companies based in Reggio Emilia (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Reggio_Emilia) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Max Mara (/wiki/Category:Max_Mara) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
English clothing brand Musto Genre Clothing manufacturer Founded 1964 Founder Keith Musto Headquarters London , United Kingdom Revenue £24m (2005) Owner Canadian Tire (/wiki/Canadian_Tire) Website www (http://www.musto.com) .musto (http://www.musto.com) .com (http://www.musto.com) Musto is a clothing brand based in England, with its headquarters at International House, St Katherine's Way, London E1W 1UN. [1] (#cite_note-1) The brand was established in 1964 by Keith Musto (/wiki/Keith_Musto) , a British Olympic sailor and engineer. Musto sells sailing (/wiki/Sailing) clothes, equestrian clothing, shooting (/wiki/Shooting) apparel and lifestyle outdoor clothing. [2] (#cite_note-telegraph-2) History [ edit ] In 1979 Musto developed the first three-layer clothing system for sailors. In 1987 Keith Musto won the British Design Council (/wiki/Design_Council) Award for his ocean clothing. In 1989 Musto became the supplier to the RNLI (/wiki/RNLI) for its offshore lifeboat crews. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2010 the company was granted royal warrants (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) , naming them as official suppliers, from Queen Elizabeth and her husband. [4] (#cite_note-4) It worked closely with equestrian Zara Phillips (/wiki/Zara_Phillips) to launch a jointly designed equestrian clothing range named ZP176. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2017, Musto was acquired by Norwegian outdoor clothing maker Helly Hansen (/wiki/Helly_Hansen) , [6] (#cite_note-6) which was then acquired in 2018 by Canadian retailer Canadian Tire (/wiki/Canadian_Tire) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Sponsorship [ edit ] Musto has sponsored British sailor Ellen MacArthur (/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur) [8] (#cite_note-8) since 1994. They sponsored the Vestas Sailrocket and Pete Goss (/wiki/Pete_Goss) and his crew on Spirit of Mystery. Musto were the title sponsor of the Musto Skiff (/wiki/Musto_Skiff) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In equestrianism (/wiki/Equestrianism) , they sponsor Zara Phillips, [10] (#cite_note-10) William Fox-Pitt (/wiki/William_Fox-Pitt) , Kristina Cook (/wiki/Kristina_Cook) and Matthew Wright (/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Wright_(equestrian)&action=edit&redlink=1) . They also sponsor British sports shooter Charlotte Kerwood (/wiki/Charlotte_Kerwood) . [ citation needed ] Simon Le Bon (/wiki/Simon_Le_Bon) lead singer for Duran Duran (/wiki/Duran_Duran) wore Musto for The Whitbread Around the World boat race in 1985–86. See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "MUSTO LIMITED overview" (https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01004420) . GOV.UK . Companies House . Retrieved 6 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_2-0) Hall, James (4 December 2005). "It's the Musto have brand" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2927555/Its-the-Musto-have-brand.html) . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Musto timeline" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102201816/http://www.musto.com/fcp/content/Heritage/heritage) . Archived from the original (http://www.musto.com/fcp/content/Heritage/heritage) on 2011-01-02 . Retrieved 2010-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Musto granted Royal warrant (http://www.boatingbusiness.com/news/musto-granted-royal-warrant) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) ZP176 Range launch video (http://www.musto.com/fcp/content/zara_video/content) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007185759/http://www.musto.com/fcp/content/zara_video/content) 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ben Dummett (2017-10-18). "Norway's Helly Hansen Nears Deal for U.K.'s Musto—Source" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/norways-helly-hansen-nears-deal-for-u-k-s-mustosource-1508367840) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2018-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pete Evans (2018-05-10). "Canadian Tire buys sportswear company Helly Hansen for nearly $1B" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/canadian-tire-helly-hansen-1.4656546) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . Retrieved 2018-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ellen MacArthur Trust and Musto" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033812/http://www.ellenmacarthurtrust.org/index.php/supporters/view/musto/) . Archived from the original (http://www.ellenmacarthurtrust.org/index.php/supporters/view/musto/) on 2010-01-02 . Retrieved 2010-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "MUSTO and Ovington Boats have signed a renewed contract securing MUSTO as the title sponsor of the class for the next 5 years" (http://www.mustoskiff.com/reports-and-news/2016/musto-renew-title-sponsorship.html) . Musto Skiff Class Association. 2016-03-16 . Retrieved 2018-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Zara Phillips to design own range of Musto clothing (http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/businessnews/7544/281630.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114447/http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/businessnews/7544/281630.html) 2010-01-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Official Musto Clothing website (http://www.musto.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9vd5b Cached time: 20240713202324 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.279 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1849/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24433/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2471/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30227/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6264090/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 374.131 1 -total 40.18% 150.309 1 Template:Reflist 25.75% 96.347 6 Template:Cite_web 24.34% 91.054 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.82% 81.627 1 Template:Infobox 18.84% 70.470 1 Template:Short_description 10.54% 39.428 2 Template:Pagetype 9.91% 37.092 1 Template:Citation_needed 9.54% 35.691 2 Template:Fix 6.52% 24.403 4 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23240177-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713202324 and revision id 1175641048. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musto_(company)&oldid=1175641048 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musto_(company)&oldid=1175641048) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Clothing companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Companies based in Essex (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Essex) British companies established in 1965 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1965) Clothing companies established in 1965 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1965) British royal warrant holders (/wiki/Category:British_royal_warrant_holders) Sailing equipment manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Sailing_equipment_manufacturers) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from February 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2018) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018)
Ethical label for garments This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sweatshop-free) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sweatshop-free) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweatshop-free&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO) . Please help rewrite the content (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweatshop-free&action=edit) so that it is more encyclopedic or move (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki) it to Wikiversity (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/) , Wikibooks (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/) , or Wikivoyage (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/) . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sweatshop-free or sweat free [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) is a term first used by American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) , [5] (#cite_note-americanapparel.net-5) a famous American clothing brand, which means coercion-free, fair-compensation for the garment workers who manufacture their products. The aim of sweatshop-free wish to ensure that all employees are treated fairly and products are made in good working conditions. Sweatshop-free standards include the right to collective bargaining, non-poverty wages, safe workplaces, back wages, and non-harassment. It has been heavily featured in American Apparel’s advertisements and become a common term in the garment industry. Versus sweatshop [ edit ] Sweatshop [ edit ] A sweatshop is a factory or workplace, that can be specific to clothing, where employees are paid very little for a lot of work in bad conditions. Several sweatshop companies in developing nations, including India, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, hire low-paid labor or even small children between the ages 10-14 to work in their factories. These employees put in about 16 hours a day, seven days a week. Their employers do not provide them with any essential benefits, such as health care insurance, maternity leave, sick pay, or holiday pay. In hopes to prevent maternity leave they will occasionally require female employees to use birth control and regularly check for pregnancy. The hourly pay for these workers is only 25p an hour, which is less than the federal minimum wage. Even though laborers put in long hours every day, their pay will typically only covers the necessities of existence. Sweatshop factories usually have harsh working conditions. [6] (#cite_note-6) For example: no rest break or air-conditioning, and workers have to stand for their entire shift. Some workers even have to work in unsafe and hazardous conditions which may cause working injuries or even fatal factory incidents. Take China as an example, in 2009 alone, approximately one million workers were injured at work and about 20,000 suffered from diseases due to their occupation. The reason for this is that the sweatshop factories did not provide any safety guidance for their employees. Many sweatshop workers also suffer from labour abuse, sexual harassment and discrimination in their workplaces. To avoid labours organizing protests or any campaign against unfair labour practices, many sweatshop factories find ways to prevent the establishment of the trade unions. Alongside this, these conditions did not discontinue during the pandemic. In fact, the COVID-19 Pandemic worsened these appalling conditions with poverty pay. The actions of huge Western brands boost their profit margins continue to condemn millions of garment workers to the threat of starvation and destitution. Sweatshop-free [ edit ] In a sweatshop, labours have to work for long hours but receive very low salary which is only half or even less than the legal minimum wage (/wiki/Minimum_wage) under a harsh working condition. The aim of sweatshop-free wish to ensure that all employees are treated fairly and products are made in good working conditions. Sweatshop-free standards include the right to collective bargaining, non-poverty wages, safe workplaces, back wages, and non-harassment. American Apparel, for example, provides all employees and their families a range of employee benefits including health insurance, parking, subsidized public transport, subsidized lunches, free on-site massages, a bike-lending program, a program of paid days off as well as opening an on-site medical clinic for their employees. [5] (#cite_note-americanapparel.net-5) American Apparel makes sure that their workers are treated fairly and working in a good working conditions. The average employee would earn $25,000 per year, at $12 per hour. [5] (#cite_note-americanapparel.net-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) By choosing to buy products that are produced sweatshop-free, consumers can support these efforts and help to create a more just and sustainable economy. Sweatshop scandals [ edit ] Apple Inc. [ edit ] Workers in a China Apple factory. An investigation found some workers had to work 15 hours a day for £27 a month The "S" is for Sweatshop Apple Inc (/wiki/Apple_Inc) the world's most valuable technology multinational corporation has been accused that their contractors are forcing workers to do overtime involuntarily at sweatshop working conditions and employing underage workers in its factories. Some laborers are forced to work 24 hours at a time and others are forced to stand for their entire shift. And some workers even had to work at unsafe and hazardous condition. In December 2011, 61 workers in the Riteng Computer Accessory Co factory were injured in a gas explosion whilst trialling aluminum iPad 2 back panels. [ citation needed ] Due to the pressurized working conditions, in 2009, 18 workers who work in Foxconn factory, one of the Apple manufacturer, committed suicide after losing an iPhone prototype. [ citation needed ] Over next two years, at least 18 other Apple workers try to commit suicide. Besides, undercover Inspectors have been monitoring Pegatron factory, one of the Apple contractor in Taiwan, for five months and found Apple supplier broke 86 laws and regulations including workers are forced to work up to 70 hours per week as well as hiring more than 100,000 underage labour to work on the production lines. [ citation needed ] These sweatshop scandals strongly affected the reputation of the company. A lot their workers were not only underage, but many if not all were undocumented and weren't able to speak English. This making them an easy target for these companies. (/w/index.php?title=A_lot_their_workers_were_not_only_underage,_but_many_if_not_all_were_undocumented_and_weren%27t_able_to_speak_English._This_making_them_an_easy_target_for_these_companies.&action=edit&redlink=1) Protesters stand outside the Primark shop on Oxford St with SWEATSHOP SHAME banner Primark [ edit ] Primark (/wiki/Primark) , a leading high street fashion chain, has been blamed that three of its Indian suppliers are using child labour in their factories. After BBC Panorama’s six months undercover investigation, they discovered the Indian suppliers were sub-contracting middlemen who employed children at Bhavanisagar refugee camp. Investigators found a 9-year-old boy who is working in the refugee camp sweatshop “Sometimes we get major orders in and we have to work double quick. I get paid a few rupees for finishing each garment, but in a good day I can make 40 rupees (60p)” and “The beads we sew are very small and when we work late at night we have to work by candle - the electricity in the camp is poor.” [8] (#cite_note-8) Primark sub-contractors hired young children to work under poor working conditions, paying them as little as 13p an hour and they have to work up to 48 hours a week. After BBC Panorama investigation discovered that the Indian suppliers had used child labour to carry out embroidery and sequin work, Primark then fired the Indian suppliers. [9] (#cite_note-9) BBC also reported that TNS Knitwear, [10] (#cite_note-10) a Manchester-based supplier that provide Primark with about 20,000 garment a week, was not only employing illegal immigrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan and India, but also paying them as little as £3 per hour [11] (#cite_note-11) which is well below than the legal minimum wage (/wiki/Minimum_wage) but the company has denied all the allegations. Sweatshop-free legislation and activism [ edit ] The contemporary anti sweatshop movement first began in 1993 and aimed to target large apparel, textile, and footwear corporations that still used sweatshops for labor. This movement was crucial as it was the forefront of activists targeting and shaming large corporations and spawned a movement that would change the way Americans view Consumerism. As working conditions decreased, activism arose, and the sweatshop-free movement grew and soon caused the implementation of laws and sanctions to protect workers. In October 2008, the City of Portland, Oregon passed the "City of Portland Sweatshop Free Procurement Policy” [12] (#cite_note-12) which is the pacific northwest’s first city to adopt this policy. Portland Sweatshop-Free Purchasing Policy requires the local apparel manufacturers to guarantee their garments were produced in workplaces free of sweatshop conditions. Local apparel manufacturers have to disclose their manufacturing facility locations and meet ethical sourcing practices. [13] (#cite_note-13) Apart from monitoring the local apparel manufacturers, the city also participates and collaborates with public agencies and other non-profit organizations to promote sweatshop free procurement practices [14] (#cite_note-14) which is institutionalizing meaningful change. A not-for-profit organization called SweatsHops [15] (#cite_note-15) aims to produce ethical factories in Kolkata, India to stop human trafficking (women and children), and also aims to create an ethical place of work for the victims of abuse, freeing them from sex trade. This workplace will become a place of refuge, education, childcare and provide a decent wage. They believe shutting down one sweatshop will only create fewer jobs for people who are already struggling with employment, or that another sweatshop will just open up next door. Retailers are always trying to get cheaper manufacturing costs, this is why we need to stand up and demand ethical treatment and wages for staff. If the consumers demand this, and demand an ‘open book’ of their suppliers, we will create a sweatshop-free world. See also [ edit ] Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Anti-sweatshop (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop) Child labour (/wiki/Child_labour) Minimum wage (/wiki/Minimum_wage) Exploitation of labor (/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor) National Anti-Sweating League (/wiki/National_Anti-Sweating_League) Nike sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) Protectionism (/wiki/Protectionism) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "SweatFree Communities: Shop with a Conscience Consumer Guide" (http://www.sweatfree.org/shoppingguide) . Sweatfree.org . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Living Green: Sweatshop-Free Clothing" (http://www.greenamerica.org/livinggreen/nosweatshops.cfm) . Greenamerica.org . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Are your clothes made in sweatshops? - Oxfam Australia" (https://www.oxfam.org.au/explore/workers-rights/are-your-clothes-made-in-sweatshops/) . Oxfam Australia . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Sweatshop-Free : TreeHugger" (http://www.treehugger.com/tag/sweatshop-free/) . treehugger.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c "American Apparel - Fashionable Basics. Sweatshop Free. Made in USA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120610043456/http://www.americanapparel.net/aboutus/verticalint/workers/) . Americanapparel.ne . Archived from the original (http://www.americanapparel.net/aboutus/verticalint/workers/) on 2012-06-10 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Barboza, David (5 January 2008). "In Chinese Factories, Lost Fingers and Low Pay" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/business/worldbusiness/05sweatshop.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tungate, Mark (2008). Fashion Brands . Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780749453053 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Exposed: Primark's sweatshops that pay children just 60p a day" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/exposed-primarks-sweatshops-that-pay-children-just-60p-a-day-6875294.html) . The Evening Standard . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "BBC News - Primark linked to UK sweatshops" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7824291.stm) . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Primark: clothes made by sweatshop labour in UK factory" (http://www.nosweat.org.uk/story/2009/01/12/primark-clothes-made-sweatshop-labour-uk-factory) . Nosweat.org.uk . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Primark linked with Manchester sweatshop" (http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/872736/primark-linked-manchester-sweatshop/) . Managementtoday.co.uk. 2009-01-12 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "ADM-1.17 - Sweatshop Free Procurement Policy Administrative Rules" (http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?c=26882&a=264837) . Portlandonline.com . 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Portland city officials adopt sweatshop-free policy" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/10/20/newscolumn1.html?page=all) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "ADM-1.16 - Sweatshop Free Procurement Policy and Code of Conduct for Apparel Contractors" (http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?c=26882&a=218021) . Portlandonline.com . 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "SweatsHope" (http://www.sweatshope.org) . SweatsHope.org . Retrieved 2015-04-07 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐pkxr8 Cached time: 20240717155302 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.356 seconds Real time usage: 0.458 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1800/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 86460/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8910/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68215/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.226/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5803818/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 386.697 1 -total 34.40% 133.007 1 Template:Reflist 27.18% 105.121 3 Template:Ambox 26.65% 103.074 12 Template:Cite_web 21.87% 84.561 3 Template:Navbox 21.83% 84.434 1 Template:Fashion 18.93% 73.188 1 Template:Multiple_issues 15.33% 59.269 1 Template:Short_description 8.92% 34.478 2 Template:Pagetype 8.25% 31.914 1 Template:Essay-like Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23421334-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717155302 and revision id 1235080270. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweatshop-free&oldid=1235080270 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweatshop-free&oldid=1235080270) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fair trade (/wiki/Category:Fair_trade) Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2015 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_April_2015) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Articles needing cleanup from April 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_April_2015) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles containing how-to sections (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_how-to_sections) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020)
Chinese model (born 1988) In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is Liu (刘) (/wiki/Liu_(surname)) . Liu Wen Liu Wen in 2019 Born ( 1988-01-27 ) 27 January 1988 (age 36) [3] (#cite_note-Look-3) Yongzhou (/wiki/Yongzhou) , Hunan (/wiki/Hunan) , China Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) [1] (#cite_note-thesoc-1) Hair color Black [1] (#cite_note-thesoc-1) Eye color Brown [1] (#cite_note-thesoc-1) Agency The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) (New York) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (Paris, Milan, Barcelona) Storm Management (/wiki/Storm_Management) (London) [2] (#cite_note-2) Liu Wen ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 刘雯 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 劉雯 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Liú Wén ; born 27 January 1988) is a mainland Chinese model (/wiki/Fashion_model) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She is widely regarded as China's first supermodel. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [6] (#cite_note-NYT-6) [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) She was the first Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) model to walk the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) , [8] (#cite_note-first_ever_Chinese_model_to_walk_for_the_Victoria's_Secret_show-8) the first East Asian spokesmodel for Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) cosmetics, and the first Asian model to ever make Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) magazine's annual highest-paid models (/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_models) list. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Forbes-10) In 2017, Liu became the second Chinese model to ever appear on the cover of American Vogue , and the first to be featured on the front cover rather than foldout. [11] (#cite_note-VogueUS-11) She landed on the cover a second time in American Vogue's April 2020 issue and a third in May 2023, becoming the first person of Chinese descent to appear three times. [12] (#cite_note-VogueUS2-12) In 2024, she became the first model of Asian descent to be featured solo on the cover of French Vogue. [13] (#cite_note-FrenchVogue-13) She is currently represented by The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) [14] (#cite_note-14) and is based in New York City (/wiki/Chinese_in_New_York_City) . Early life [ edit ] Liu was born in Yongzhou (/wiki/Yongzhou) , Hunan Province (/wiki/Hunan) , China (/wiki/China) . [15] (#cite_note-businessinsider-15) Her father was a construction worker. [6] (#cite_note-NYT-6) She is an only child (/wiki/Only_child) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Liu was encouraged by her mother to pursue modeling in order to improve her posture after she developed the habit of hunching her back as she towered over her classmates. [15] (#cite_note-businessinsider-15) Career [ edit ] Early career 2005-2008 [ edit ] In 2005, 17-year old Liu won the semi-final of the New Silk Road World model contest in her home province of Hunan. She was motivated to participate because the winning prize included a new laptop. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Although she didn't place in the top 10 during the national final, she was offered to model in Beijing. [17] (#cite_note-Florsheim-17) When Liu was 17, she moved to Beijing to start her career. [18] (#cite_note-18) She initially struggled to find jobs because her appearance didn't match the commercial look that was in-demand at the time. However, Liu eventually became a sought-after model and gained first attention by the international modeling industry in 2007, when she appeared in an editorial for Chinese Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , styled in Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) and Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) . [19] (#cite_note-19) In February 2008, she appeared in four fashion-related articles for Chinese Vogue . [20] (#cite_note-nymag-20) She debuted on international runways in the same month, walking for Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) and closing the fall Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) show in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . The week after, she walked for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , and Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) in Paris. A year later in February and March 2009, Liu Wen appeared in 74 shows in New York, London, Milan, and Paris for the Fall 2009 ready-to-wear season — this was the highest number shows for a model in that season. It also remains the record for the most shows ever walked by a model of Asian descent in a single season. She followed that up with the Spring 2010 ready-to-wear season, walking 70 shows in the same four cities. This statistic made her the second most booked model for the season following French model Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) . [ citation needed ] Rise to prominence 2009- 2013 [ edit ] In 2009, Liu became the first woman of Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) descent to walk in the Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Fashion Show. [8] (#cite_note-first_ever_Chinese_model_to_walk_for_the_Victoria's_Secret_show-8) Liu also participated in the 2010-2012 shows. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) She returned to the Victoria's Secret runway again in 2016, 2017, and 2018. [23] (#cite_note-23) In the same year Liu worked with top brands such as Calvin Klein, Roberto Cavalli, Alexander Wang, Dolce&Gabbana, Oscar de la Renta and she also appeared on the cover of Vogue Germany, Spain, Italia and America. Liu was the first Chinese model to appear on the cover of Vogue USA. In 2010, Liu worked with Fendi, Salvatore Ferragamo and Givenchy. For the Spring/Summer 2011, Liu walked 48 shows held in Milan, New York and Paris. In April 2010, it was announced that Liu along with Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) and Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) would help to represent the cosmetics company Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) . [24] (#cite_note-24) In March 2012, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) featured Liu Wen on the cover and in the main feature for their Style "T" Magazine's Travel Issue, and she was dubbed "China’s first bona fide supermodel". [6] (#cite_note-NYT-6) In the same year, she attended the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) for the first time. In Spring 2013, Liu Wen was dubbed one of "The New Icons" by H&M (/wiki/H%26M) for her widely admired street-style. [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2013, she also became the first Asian to mke the Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' list of the world's highest-paid models, as number 5. [10] (#cite_note-Forbes-10) [26] (#cite_note-26) She repeated the feat in 2014, with her salary rising from $4.3 million the previous year to $7 million. [27] (#cite_note-27) Also in 2013, Liu ranked third on the Models.com Top 50 Models Women List. [28] (#cite_note-28) She is the highest-ranked model of Asian descent in history. In July 2014, Models.com elevated her to the status of "New Supermodel", the first Asian model to ever receive that honor. [29] (#cite_note-MDC0714-29) She remains on that list as of February 2015. Continued Success 2014- present [ edit ] Liu Wen has garnered a heavy social media (/wiki/Social_media) following on platforms such as Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and Weibo (/wiki/Sina_Weibo) . The immensity of her audience led American Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) to dub her as a leader in the digital movement, saying in their April 2014 issue, in an article about social media’s rise in the fashion industry, that "Liu also has, by far, the biggest social-media audience of any model". [30] (#cite_note-Vogue-30) Models.com dubbed her the first ever Asian "New Supermodel" in July 2014. [29] (#cite_note-MDC0714-29) In October of the same year, Liu became the first person in the world to showcase an Apple Watch (/wiki/Apple_Watch) on a magazine cover when she appeared on Vogue China (/wiki/Vogue_China) ' s November 2014 issue. [31] (#cite_note-Wired-31) In April 2015, she and South Korean (/wiki/South_Korea) singer Choi Siwon (/wiki/Choi_Siwon) participated in a Chinese spin-off (/wiki/Spin-off_(media)) of the South Korean variety show We Got Married (/wiki/We_Got_Married) . [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) In 2015 Liu appeared on the show ''Let's fall in love'' and in 2018 Liu participated in the China Central Radio and Television autumn festival. [34] (#cite_note-34) In the following year Liu appeared in the second season of the reality show ''Adventure Life.'' On March 2021, the first barbie model, looking like her was produced. [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2017, Liu Wen became the second ever Chinese model to appear on the front cover of American Vogue for its 125th Anniversary March 2017 issue, photographed by Inez Van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin alongside Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) , Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Imaan Hammam (/wiki/Imaan_Hammam) , Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , and Vittoria Ceretti (/wiki/Vittoria_Ceretti) . [11] (#cite_note-VogueUS-11) As a model, Wen has been associated with several major global brands. Examples of brands that have featured Wen in their marketing efforts include Calvin Klein, Hugo Boss, Roberto Cavalli, and Dolce & Gabbana. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) The model has also marketed products manufactured by Gap, H&M, Prada, and Bergdorf Goodman. Also, Chanel Beauty – a French company that produces luxury clothes and accessories – has appointed Wen as its global ambassador. These engagements have contributed significantly to Wen's growth as a professional in her modeling career. Liu has appeared in campaigns for Calvin Klein, Dolce & Gabbana, Roberto Cavalli, Oscar de la Renta, Hugo Boss, Alexander Wang, Rag & Bone, H&M, Marni, Lane Crawford, Bergdorf Goodman, Diesel, Gap, and Vivienne Tam. Her record for a single season is seven including DKNY Jeans, The GAP, Barneys New York, Benetton, Alexander Wang, Converse, and cKone in Spring 2009. She has been featured as the only female in major Vogue editorials for Vogue Germany, Vogue Thailand, Vogue Espana, Vogue China, Vogue Italia, British Vogue, American Vogue and Vogue France. She has also been featured in editorials for Numéro (as well as a cover), GQ, V magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Pop Magazine, Allure, i-D (as well as a cover), Interview, and W. Controversy [ edit ] In February 2018, Liu Wen posted a photo on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) showing herself and Wendi Deng Murdoch (/wiki/Wendi_Deng_Murdoch) with the English caption "Happy Lunar New Year (/wiki/Lunar_New_Year) !", which drew a large group of Chinese netizens accusing her of forgetting her Chinese roots and pandering to other Asian countries. Numerous other Chinese and international netizens defended her usage of the phrase. As a result, she changed the English caption to "Happy Chinese New Year (/wiki/Chinese_New_Year) " later. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) After the fashion brand Coach (/wiki/Coach_(brand)) produced a T-shirt listing Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Macau (/wiki/Macau) and Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) as separate countries, rather than under China's flag, Liu cut her contracts with Coach. "I want to apologise for the harm caused to everybody due to my indiscreet selection of brand to represent," she said. "I love my country, and will adamantly safeguard China's sovereignty. National sovereignty and territorial integrity are sacred and cannot be violated under any circumstances." [38] (#cite_note-38) Personal life [ edit ] In the past, Liu has said that after modeling she might enjoy working as a stylist or, were the opportunity to arise, as an actress—she feels that modelling and acting have much in common, but for now she enjoys modeling and working in the fashion industry. She has stated that she knows that, as a career choice, working as a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) or stylist would be "very hard work", [39] (#cite_note-39) but she is now more seriously considering becoming a stylist because she would like "to share her fashion style— tomboyish (/wiki/Tomboy) , vintage (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) , and comfortable—with the world". In 2022, she began dating actor Jing Boran (/wiki/Jing_Boran) . [40] (#cite_note-40) See also [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Chinese in New York City (/wiki/Chinese_in_New_York_City) Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Liu Wen" (https://www.thesocietymanagement.com/society-women/49-liu-wen.web) . The Society Management. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Liu Wen – Model" (https://models.com/models/liu-wen) . ^ (#cite_ref-Look_3-0) "The new faces of Spring 2009" (http://nymag.com/fashion/look/2009/spring/models/index1.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 2009-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mark Graham (February 1, 2014). "SAY WEN" (http://prestigeonline.com/hk/People/Celebrities/SAY-WEN) . Prestige Hong Kong . Retrieved April 28, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Nick. "How a small-town girl became China's first supermodel" (https://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/30/living/liu-wen-supermodel/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Liu Wen Express" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/t-magazine/liu-wen-visits-china.html) , New York Times Style Magazine , March 15, 2012 ^ Jump up to: a b "Liu Wen - Model" (https://models.com/models/liu-wen) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mirbach, Iva (20 August 2013). "The million-dollar babes" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/models/the-milliondollar-babes.htm) . Fashion Model Directory News . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "THE HIGHEST PAID MODELS: GISELE BÜNDCHEN, MIRANDA KERR, AND MORE (PHOTOS)" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2013/08/20/the-highest-paid-models-gisele-bundchen-miranda-kerr-and-more-photos.html#a852544e-a4aa-48f8-8240-163111ab9d19) . The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) . 20 August 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "The World's Highest-Paid Models Of 2013" (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eimi45mdj/no-5-liu-wen/) , Forbes , August 19, 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b "Vogue's 'diverse' March cover slammed as not so diverse" (http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/09/us/vogue-diverse-cover-trnd/) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-VogueUS2_12-0) "Models From Around the World Celebrate Today's Global Runway—in a Gorgeous Mosaic of Denim" (https://www.vogue.com/article/global-models-cover-april-2020) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 12 March 2020 . Retrieved 2021-06-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-FrenchVogue_13-0) "La force créatrice des femmes à l'honneur du numéro de mars 2024 de Vogue France" (https://www.vogue.fr/article/vogue-france-force-creatrice-femmes-mars-2024) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 2024-02-20 . Retrieved 2021-02-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "The 10 best dressed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130609075214/http://www.matchesfashion.com/womens/the-style-report/top-10-dressed) . Matches Fashion. Archived from the original (http://www.matchesfashion.com/womens/the-style-report/top-10-dressed) on 2013-06-09 . Retrieved 2013-05-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ma, Alexandra (March 13, 2018). "The incredible life of Liu Wen, China's highest-paid supermodel who went from being a 'hunched' teenager to walking on a Victoria's Secret runway" (https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-liu-wen-china-highest-paid-supermodel-2018-2?r=DE&IR=T) . Businessinsider . Retrieved April 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Halpin, Trish (2016-03-03). "Liu Wen Talks Style, Diversity And What It Means To Be China's First Supermodel" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/liu-wen-interview-china-s-first-supermodel-talks-style-diversity-and-her-mango-campaign-15375) . Marie Claire UK . Retrieved 2023-07-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-Florsheim_17-0) Florsheim, Lane (2019-08-09). "China's Biggest Supermodel on Traveling to the Arctic" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/liu-wen-china-supermodel-travel-11565353942) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Toma, Glenda. " (https://www.forbes.com/sites/glendatoma/2017/07/20/fall-in-love-with-the-work-you-do-chinese-supermodel-liu-wen-on-making-your-career-last/) 'Fall In Love With The Work You Do': Chinese Supermodel Liu Wen On Making Your Career Last" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/glendatoma/2017/07/20/fall-in-love-with-the-work-you-do-chinese-supermodel-liu-wen-on-making-your-career-last/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Akhtar, Amina; Odell, Amy (17 November 2008). "The Girls Have It" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091121090112/http://nymag.com/fashion/look/2009/spring/models/index1.html) . nymag . Archived from the original (https://nymag.com/fashion/look/2009/spring/models/) on November 21, 2009 . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag_20-0) "Liu Wen in NY Magazine's Model Manual" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101219081446/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lwen/liuwen/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.nymag.com/fashion/models/lwen/liuwen) on 2010-12-19 . Retrieved 2009-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Liu Wen Is the First Asian Model Confirmed for the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/11/liu_wen_is_the_first_asian_mod.html) , New York Magazine , November 12, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: Liu Wen's Tattoos Took Six Hours to Prep" (http://news.instyle.com/2012/11/08/victorias-secret-fashion-show-2012-liu-wen/) , InStyle , November 8, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-23) Friedman, Kate (December 16, 2016), "A Record Number of Asian Models Are Walking in The 2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show" (http://www.glamour.com/story/asian-models-walking-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2016) , Glamour ^ (#cite_ref-24) Liu Wen the First Asian Face of Estée Lauder (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/04/estee_lauder_signs_liu_wen_and.html) . Retrieved 2010-04-17. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "H&M's New Model-Inspired Collection" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/03/22/hm-new-icons-collection---joan-smalls-lindsey-wixson-daphne-groeneveld-liu-wen) , Vogue.co.uk , March 22, 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-26) Le, Vanna (2013-04-19). "The World's Highest-Paid Models, 2013: Gisele's Earnings Down, Kerr's Are Up" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/vannale/2013/08/19/the-worlds-highest-paid-models-of-2013/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2016-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "The world's highest paid models of 2015" (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/emjl45edfdd/12-liu-wen/) . Forbes . 2015 . Retrieved 2016-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Top 50 Models" (http://models.com/model_culture/50topmodels/top50.cfm?fnumber=10&lnumber=6) . Models.com . Retrieved 2016-03-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b "New Supers" (http://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/5070#5070) , Models.com , August 18, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_30-0) "Follow Me: Kate Upton Leads the Charge of Models Who've Gone Crazy for Social Media" (http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/kate-upton-model-social-media/#4) , Vogue , March 25, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-Wired_31-0) "Apple Watch to feature on VOGUE cover" (https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-10/09/vogue-apple-watch-cover/) , Wired.co.uk , October 9, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Choi Siwon to Appear on Chinese "We Got Married" with Top Model Liu Wen" (http://www.soompi.com/2015/04/03/choi-siwon-to-appear-on-chinese-we-got-married-with-top-model-liu-wen/) . Soompi . 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Siwon and model Liu Wen are 'in love' for Chinese version of 'We are in love' \| allkpop.com" (http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/04/siwon-and-model-liu-wen-are-in-love-for-chinese-version-of-we-got-married) . Retrieved 2015-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Liu Wen 1988" (https://fashion.mam-e.it/liu-wen/) . fashion.mam-e.it . 2023-06-28 . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Liu Wen 1988" (https://fashion.mam-e.it/liu-wen/) . fashion.mam-e.it . 2023-06-28 . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Lo, Kinling (20 February 2018). "Chinese supermodel Liu Wen slammed on Instagram for referring to 'Lunar New Year' (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2133954/chinese-supermodel-liu-wen-slammed-instagram-referring-lunar-new) " (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2133954/chinese-supermodel-liu-wen-slammed-instagram-referring-lunar-new) . SCMP . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Liu Wen: China supermodel's new year message sparks row" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43127128) . BBC News. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Breaking Celebrity News, Entertainment News and Celeb Gossip" (https://www.eonline.com/news) . E! Online . Retrieved 2024-01-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Videofashion Daily - Liu Wen AW10.11. (http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTY2NDUyMDA4.html) Retrieved on 2010-09-29. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200218131325/http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTY2NDUyMDA4.html) 2020-02-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Lim, Ainslyn (20 July 2022). "Chinese Actor Jing Boran & Supermodel Liu Wen Seen Holding Hands While On A Double Date With Rainie Yang & Li Ronghao" (https://www.8days.sg/entertainment/asian/jing-boran-liu-went-hold-hands-dating-663916) . 8 Days . Retrieved March 2, 2024 – via Mediacorp (/wiki/Mediacorp) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liu Wen (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liu_Wen) . Wikiquote has quotations related to Liu Wen (model) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Liu_Wen_(model)) . Liu Wen (https://www.instagram.com/LiuWenLW/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Liu Wen (https://www.facebook.com/ModelLiuWen) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐cggcg Cached time: 20240720164212 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.646 seconds Real time usage: 0.866 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4202/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79097/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5187/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 146253/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.438/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10751764/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 807.705 1 -total 33.82% 273.134 1 Template:Reflist 27.25% 220.081 1 Template:Infobox_model 20.41% 164.867 22 Template:Cite_web 16.10% 130.008 1 Template:Short_description 11.40% 92.083 22 Template:Main_other 9.73% 78.598 1 Template:SDcat 5.97% 48.233 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 4.83% 38.984 2 Template:Pagetype 4.82% 38.912 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23444125-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164212 and revision id 1216746936. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Wen_(model)&oldid=1216746936 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Wen_(model)&oldid=1216746936) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Chinese female models (/wiki/Category:Chinese_female_models) People from Yongzhou (/wiki/Category:People_from_Yongzhou) Chinese expatriates in the United States (/wiki/Category:Chinese_expatriates_in_the_United_States) The Society Management models (/wiki/Category:The_Society_Management_models) Elite Model Management models (/wiki/Category:Elite_Model_Management_models) Storm Management models (/wiki/Category:Storm_Management_models) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text) Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Israeli actress, musician and model Sarai Givaty Born Sarai Givaty ( 1982-06-24 ) June 24, 1982 (age 42) Tiberias (/wiki/Tiberias) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) [1] (#cite_note-imdb-1) [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) Nationality Israeli (/wiki/Israel) Other names ESH Occupations Actress television host singer-songwriter model Years active 2004–present Spouse Or Luboschits ( m. 2014) Children 2 Sarai Givaty-Luboschits ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : שרי גבעתי ; ( 1982-06-24 ) June 24, 1982) is an Israeli (/wiki/State_of_Israel) actress, singer-songwriter, and model. [3] (#cite_note-3) As a musician, she is also known by her stage name ESH . Early life [ edit ] Born Sarai Givaty (or Givati) [1] (#cite_note-imdb-1) in Tiberias, Israel (/wiki/Tiberias,_Israel) , and raised to an Israeli family of both Sephardi Jewish (/wiki/Sephardi_Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish) ( Iraqi-Jewish (/wiki/Iraqi-Jewish) and Moroccan-Jewish (/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish) ) descent. [4] (#cite_note-Mako-4) [5] (#cite_note-israelHayom-5) Her parents are Edna (née Elkayam) and Eliyahu Givaty. She has two sisters, one of whom is married to Israeli actor Guy Arieli. [4] (#cite_note-Mako-4) Givaty moved to the U.S. after her high school graduation. She claims that she was discharged from the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) after several days of military service, because of severe allergies to dust. [4] (#cite_note-Mako-4) Career [ edit ] Givaty's first role was in a live sketch on the Israeli tonight show (Kol Layla) where she played an American reporter. [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) The segment was very successful. On the final show, Israeli hush critic Raana Shacked called it "the pick of the show". Givaty continued shooting the segment even after she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) where she attended acting school at the HB Studios. In 2005 Givaty was a part of a small group of well-known young adult television hosts who received the "Best Teen Show of The Year" from the Israel Golden Screen Award (Masah Hazahav) for hosting the show Exit on Arutz 10 (/wiki/Channel_10_(Israeli_TV_channel)) . [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) Shortly thereafter, Givaty became a big name in the Israeli entertainment industry and received many large company endorsements. [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) A year later Givaty decided to explore her work options in Los Angeles. Upon her arrival, she quickly landed the lead role in a film called The Passage (/wiki/The_Passage_(2007_film)) starring opposite Stephen Dorff (/wiki/Stephen_Dorff) . [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) In 2007, the movie premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival (/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival) where critics called Givaty's performance "star making". [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) Another notable project she has worked on was the lead in the Enrique Iglesias (/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias) video " Somebody's Me (/wiki/Somebody%27s_Me) ". [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) In 2008, she played a Russian spy in the pilot episode of My Own Worst Enemy (/wiki/My_Own_Worst_Enemy_(TV_series)) next to Christian Slater (/wiki/Christian_Slater) . [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) In 2009, she was back in Israel to shoot yet another comedic role in TV series called The Pilot Wives . [2] (#cite_note-Shalom-2) In 2010, it was announced that Givaty would portray Mossad (/wiki/Mossad) Officer Liat Tuvia for two episodes in the eighth season of NCIS (/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Then-executive producer Shane Brennan (/wiki/Shane_Brennan) elaborated on the character's role in the story arc, saying that Liat's presence would leave series regular Ziva ( Cote de Pablo (/wiki/Cote_de_Pablo) ), a former Mossad agent, feeling replaced "personally and professionally". [7] (#cite_note-7) In an interview after the first episode aired, Givaty commented, "Let's just say, Liat is a good guy at the end of the day. It's just that her ways are different. Like, she doesn't say 'Drop your weapon' before she shoots a terrorist. She just shoots him and says 'Drop your weapon'...So, yeah, she has her way, but at the end of the day, she's a good guy." [8] (#cite_note-8) Givaty also plays piano (/wiki/Piano) and guitar (/wiki/Guitar) in a band and has been playing concerts in both Israel and Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . In 2014, she appeared in The Expendables 3 (/wiki/The_Expendables_3) alongside Mel Gibson (/wiki/Mel_Gibson) and Robert Davi (/wiki/Robert_Davi) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2017, she co-starred in the romantic thriller film Body of Deceit , alongside Kristanna Loken (/wiki/Kristanna_Loken) . Personal life [ edit ] Givaty married Israeli businessman Or Luboschits on September 5, 2014. In 2015, they had a baby son, Riff. In March 2018, she had her daughter, Kai. The four reside in Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Yafo) , Israel. [10] (#cite_note-10) Filmography [ edit ] List of acting performances in film and television Title Year Role Notes and awards Exit 2003 Herself Host Kol Layla 2004 Stefanie/Hollywood Reporter TV series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation) 2006 Natal Peled TV series, episode " Happenstance (/wiki/Happenstance_(CSI)) " The Passage (/wiki/The_Passage_(2007_film)) 2007 Zahara My Own Worst Enemy (/wiki/My_Own_Worst_Enemy_(TV_series)) 2008 Female Russian Agent TV series, episode "Breakdown" The Pilot Wives 2009–2010 Daniela TV series, 125 episodes NCIS (/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)) 2010 Mossad Officer Liat Tuvia TV series, 2 episodes Am Sgula 2011 Various TV series, 2 episodes The Legend of Hercules (/wiki/The_Legend_of_Hercules) 2014 Saphirra Film The Expendables 3 (/wiki/The_Expendables_3) 2014 Camilla Film Words with Gods (/wiki/Words_with_Gods) 2014 The Jews are Coming (/wiki/The_Jews_are_Coming) 2014 Stav Burstein TV show Irreversible 2016 Hila TV series, 1 episode Body of Deceit 2017 Sara Film State Rules 2018 Noga Gilboa TV series See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) Music portal (/wiki/Portal:Music) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) List of Israelis (/wiki/List_of_Israelis) Music of Israel (/wiki/Music_of_Israel) Women of Israel (/wiki/Women_of_Israel) List of Israeli actors (/wiki/List_of_Israeli_actors) List of Jewish actors (/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors) List of Jewish musicians (/wiki/List_of_Jewish_musicians) List of Israeli musical artists (/wiki/List_of_Israeli_musical_artists) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Sarai Givaty (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1873204/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Baylen, Ashley (July 7, 2011). "Exclusive Interviews with Top Jewish Models - Sarai Givaty" (http://www.shalomlife.com/culture/15529/exclusive-interviews-with-top-jewish-models-sarai-givaty--page2/) . Shalom Life . Retrieved June 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sarai Givaty for BelleMode Magazine: Cover Photo Shoot" (http://www.fashiontv.com/video/sarai-givaty-for-bellemode-magazine-cover-photo-shoot_392614.html) . FashionTV (/wiki/FashionTV) . December 31, 2011 . Retrieved June 4, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "שרי גבעתי על המוזיקה, האלבומים, הקריירה בהוליווד ודימוי הדוגמנית" (https://www.mako.co.il/music-Magazine/articles/Article-94881f02163ef21006.htm) . mako . May 12, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-israelHayom_5-0) "היא כל כך יפה" (https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/62115) . Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). 28 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Shechnik, Raz (November 21, 2010). "Sarai Givaty to star in NCIS" (http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3986875,00.html) . Ynetnews (/wiki/Ynetnews) . Retrieved April 21, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Marsi, Steve (October 17, 2010). "Sarai Givaty to Guest Star on NCIS" (http://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/10/sarai-givaty-to-guest-star-on-ncis/) . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "NCIS: Sarai Givaty" (https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgr2hu_ncis-sarai-givaty_people#.Ua7QjGXn_IU) . TV Guide . November 24, 2010 . Retrieved June 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Love on Set" (http://exflix.blogspot.sg/2013/11/love-on-set.html) . The Ultimate Blog of "The Expendables" Franchise . 17 November 2013 . Retrieved March 20, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "ארזה את החלום ההוליוודי: שרי גבעתי חזרה לישראל" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZldYicLzKxQ) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ZldYicLzKxQ) from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com. External links [ edit ] Sarai Givaty (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1873204/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) "Sarai Givaty Official Site" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140119020252/http://www.saraigivaty.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.saraigivaty.com/) on January 19, 2014. Sarai Givaty Official MySpace (http://profile.myspace.com/sarai/) Sarai Givaty Official Site Art (http://www.saraigivatyart.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/128155648116718330009) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007413163405171) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐5njvm Cached time: 20240719221459 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.573 seconds Real time usage: 0.757 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2942/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30410/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3296/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47718/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.396/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20221103/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 708.483 1 -total 32.56% 230.656 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.87% 162.046 1 Template:Reflist 17.09% 121.104 9 Template:Cite_web 15.35% 108.746 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 13.64% 96.620 1 Template:Lang-he 11.46% 81.208 1 Template:Short_description 8.19% 58.002 1 Template:Authority_control 7.71% 54.650 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.93% 49.093 1 Template:Married Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23530655-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719221459 and revision id 1232292545. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarai_Givaty&oldid=1232292545 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarai_Givaty&oldid=1232292545) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Israeli film actresses (/wiki/Category:Israeli_film_actresses) 21st-century Israeli women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Israeli_women_singers) Israeli emigrants to the United States (/wiki/Category:Israeli_emigrants_to_the_United_States) 1982 births (/wiki/Category:1982_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Tiberias (/wiki/Category:People_from_Tiberias) Israeli female models (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_models) Israeli women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Israeli_women_television_presenters) Israeli women singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:Israeli_women_singer-songwriters) Israeli singer-songwriters (/wiki/Category:Israeli_singer-songwriters) Israeli people of Iraqi-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Iraqi-Jewish_descent) Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Moroccan-Jewish_descent) Israeli Mizrahi Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Mizrahi_Jews) 21st-century Sephardi Jews (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Sephardi_Jews) Hidden categories: CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) EngvarB from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2023) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers)

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.