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Archive \| December, 2012 04 December 2012 ~ 0 Comments Complexity Squared I decided to give to this blog post an obscure title because today I want to talk about something that in complex network analysis goes under many names, so I did not want to favor any of them. What I am talking about are networks with multiple types of relations in them, the main subject of my PhD Thesis and of a recent article that I published in the World Wide Web Journal. These structures are putting more complexity on top of complex networks, therefore they are complex network squared: hence the fancy blog title. These networks are referred to in the literature with the following terms: • Multidimensional (the term that I use in my thesis); • Multirelational; • Layered; • Interdependent; • Multisliced; • Multilevel; and so on and so forth. All these terms refer to the same theoretical object, that is also implemented in many ways. I’ll mention some of them just to sound like the guardian of an obscure cult: labeled multigraphs, hypergraphs, mesostructures and coupling edges. Despite the confusion that I tried to create with the first paragraphs, the general idea of this line of research is brutally simple: in our everyday life we are not part of only one network. It may look like we are, but when we start thinking harder about our relationships, we realize that we know the people we know for different reasons. This idea is the one behind the fact that every person can belong to different “communities” at the same time, which I already discussed in these pages. But it is deeper than that. It does not only require the more sophisticated, but still traditional, community discovery algorithm that I described in that blog post. It requires a whole new model and mindset. Before multidimensional networks (forgive me if for clarity I’ll use my term for these structures) the classical complex network analyst would just assume that a single relation represents a particular phenomenon and nothing else can be said about it. Allow me to recycle this picture about my Facebook friends: Intuitively this looks nice, as we can find communities and central nodes. But is this picture really telling us everything about my Facebook friends? What about a higher order of aggregation among them? What about not only their friendship links but also their common interests? The multidimensional network analyst throws a bunch of new connections on top of it and she tells you: “There’s something more”. In this case: A visualization that is not nearly as elegant as the previous one, I give you that, but nevertheless it is useful to understand a higher level aggregation of my Facebook friends. On top of the connections between friends, we added edges connecting people if they are part of the same group or if they like the same stuff on Facebook. The two gigantic hairballs are composed by people who are in the same location: there is the cluster of people living in Italy, the one of people living in the US, and connections between them from people travelling between the two countries. So, we saw that adding different types of relations uncovers structural properties that none of the relations by itself would reveal. I’ll give you another example of a cool real world effect of multidimensional networks. This is not from a work of mine, but it is from the Nature paper “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks” by Sergey V. Buldyrev, Roni Parshani, Gerald Paul, H. Eugene Stanley and Shlomo Havlin. Suppose you have a power grid: what happens if one plant is subject to a failure? The classical complex network analyst tells you that we could not care less: the power grid is a scale free network, in which the majority of plants are only connected to a couple other plants. So, a random failure of one plant does not affect the rest of the network too much, unless we are extremely unlucky and we lose a power hub (but that’s really rare, and the classical network guy is an incurable optimist). A multidimensional network scientist, instead, is way more careful. Why? Because he knows that the power grid network is not independent from everything else, but it is plugged into another network. For example, in a computer network that regulates its functioning. When a power plant goes down, a set of computers cannot work anymore. And what happen to the plants that are connected to those computers? They fail too, triggering another computer failure and God helps us all. It is theoretically proven that two different scale free relations, dependent on each other, are much much much more fragile than a single scale free network. This actually happened in Italy (where else?) and the following is a depiction from Buldyrev et al’s paper: In the first Italy we see one plant going down (in red on the map) taking with it the computers it supplies with energy (in the flying network). This triggers a couple more failures in the second picture that eventually, in the third picture, completely destroy the power supply chain of southern Italy. So far I gave you the idea that multidimensional networks are not exactly the same animal as classical complex networks. To give you a taste of how to prove this, I’ll spare you the super complicated equations of interdependent network percolation present in the Nature paper. I’ll instead provide another example from community discovery. As I said in my previous post, community discovery is loosely defined as the problem of grouping nodes in a network that are “densely connected”. Naturally, when we deal with multidimensional networks, the “densely connected” has to be changed into “multidimensionally densely connected”. Why is this challenging? Here I’ll give you an intuition and I promise that in the future I’ll come back with more details. For now, it is sufficient to use two pictures. Here’s the first: Here we assume that we have two different dimensions and they are represented with solid or dashed edges. Is this set of nodes multidimensionally dense? Of course: everybody is connected with everybody and all dimensions of the network are equally represented. Now consider another situation: Is this set of nodes multidimensionally dense? Of course: everybody is connected with everybody and all dimensions of the network are equally represented. But the two examples are very different. That’s funny: we just discovered that, in multidimensional networks, density is an ambiguous concept. And, as conclusion, I’ll add some multidimensional flavor to another classical network problem: link prediction. Link prediction aims at predicting your next Facebook friend. The above mentioned multidimensional network scientist steps in and says: “But why only your next Facebook friend? Why not your next virtual acquaintance tout-court?”. He means that all your social media connections and their different types play a role in determining when and where you’ll connect with somebody. This is exactly what multidimensional link prediction is, and how to do this is a complex problem that currently remains unsolved. But the multidimensional network guy loves complex problems as much as he loves complex words. 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Read on to find out. How it works ... Otherwise, it's quick and easy. Show me the money … or not The bottom line ... But for me, the money's just not there. There are 114 comments If they increase they pay off I would download this! HolaSoyGian says: Yeah, me too, im not saying that i would be retired to Bora Bora by the time im 35 with this app, but hey, i spent 600$ on the phone i use to watch your adds and im sure that they get more that 3 cents an hour. In fact, (haven´t done the math on that) i think i spend more that 3 cents an hour on data usage if i had to watch every youtube video or web site they offer... lilbyrdie says: You might be right... On a metered plan, it's possible the ad payments won't cover the data cost. mwara244 says: Pay people in Data. Every time you view an ad it ads 50 mb to your account up to 300 mb a day. So you can watch the ads via wifi and get free data. That would be nice badbradd2 says: You don't have to open any of the ads that they show you. You get $.01 regardless. You make a cent every time you unlock your phone. I haven't opened one ad yet but I have still made $2 in the last week haha. I agree they should offer more than $.01 per unlock though, which they state may go up in the future. xd1936 says: It doesn't sound like a lot, but if you've got a Nexus 4 and a $30/mo StraightTalk or T-Mobile account, and you're making around $10/month, that's a third of your bill paid off. Fronto app is pretty much the same thing but way better with payout. And no limit!(; http://i.fronto.co/i/19pm Jaredshoes says: Cool idea, probably will be exploited. Posted via Android Central App sentinelred says: If and when that is, I'll be very interested in how much is made from Locket. Dark mode, bitch! btgrave says: Thanks Phil! Now I can say no to Locket. NexusKoolaid says: I didn't need his help to make the same call on this one. can3gxw says: I haven't changed my lockscreen wallpaper for close to a year. A great photo of my little girl (she's 5 now) blowing bubbles on our front lawn. Sorry, Locket, my girl is worth more than 72 cents per day. gravage says: That's great. Tell it to Facebook. glazedfaith says: 10/10, you heartless bastard. sentinelred says: Dark mode, bitch! John-Smith says: LuLz 2013, Fancy feast. mwara244 says: Wasn't Bubbles A Clown = P You make one cent and they make 40 cents. Geek_News says: My thoughts exactly! Most of those old cash for click or views type websites paid more than .01 per interaction. They could easily bump the pay scale and make it worth while for users. I didn't see it mentioned but you can't cash out until you reach $10 and then it has to go to Pay-Pal (wonder if you get hit with fees there too?). Uh, so what? Literally free money you're talking about here. And "worthwhile"? It's one three hundred thirty second the effort you put into writing this comment for nothing, if you count one swipe to one keystroke at ratio. Why are you complaining when you could be making money? Seems to me that if the effort it takes to do something like this is so great that the people who make the software need to make it "worth your while" by paying you in adsense wages, that you make a lousy plaintiff by donating a large amount of effort to a zilch like this comment was. Guess my point is this: What's your beef? Pl4ub says: 72c - increased electricity bill = 0$ pixelslave says: >> Let's round that up to $2 even Look at it this way, $2 a week for a year = $104, 2 year = $208. It's not much, but to someone who's buying a phone off contract, it's enough to cut 1/3 of the phone's price. If you are on contract, with many flagship phones costing 99 after just 2 months after their releases, 1 year is all it takes to bring the price to zero. I know, it's still not much, but it's better than nothing. ConTejas says: You're not doing "nothing" to get it, are you? If you're into this type of "work" there are much better opportunites to be found with a simple search. Incubus123 says: You are pretty much doing nothing.. other than what you would normally do anyway, that is.. unlocking your phone when you feel like it. And then you get paid for that.. Dirty-Bird says: You can't enter a passcode to unlock? hannaxu says: You can still have that enabled. You'll have two lock screens though (one to swipe and unlock and the 2nd to enter your passcode). Definitely working to add that functionality. Leo209 says: It's might not be for everyone, but personally I just had the swipe to unlock on my phone, and I never used shortcuts on the lock screen, so it does work for me. I've used it for about a week and a half, and referred 2 people. I've made about $7.20 so far. Thanks for the free lunch Locket! bales says: So you're basically paying for your Netflix or Google Play/Spotify accounts each month? This really doesn't seem that bad. dwhall says: I put this on my phone a few days ago... I don't use widgets or anything else with my lock screens so if someone wants to give me 3 cents an hour to unlock my phone, I am all game :) kill4kandy says: I agree 100%.. KingGinger55 says: I Dont know where they get 3¢ I'm getting 5¢. Posted via Android Central App KingGinger55 says: Actually I think I was doing it as the hour changed. Posted via Android Central App reg0303 says: I'm at $2.25 and the ads are actually nice looking. Don't really care about my lockscreen, so its kinda a win-win for me. Suntan says: I don't use a lock screen. But if I did, this would be no less annoying than any of the other swipe to unlock screens. yankeesusa says: Used it for a week. Never had an issue. I even have my current lockscreen still active and it works fine. I uninstalled couple days ago because I thought it was draining my battery. I will give it another shot for about 2 weeks this time. We'll see how it goes. Via Android Central App from a Galaxy Note 2 sedracer says: Just installed this last night and I can't really complain. Since 4.0 or 4.1 we've been able to pull the notification bar down over the lock screen and its really all I ever use. Already made $.20. This seems like a proof of concept app and seems to work well. Unlocks smoothly on my gnex and most of the time I unlock without ever looking at the ad. They need more advertisers for variety and if they could do local deals it would be a game changer. Can you please give me locket .apk cause play store says its not supported for my gnex in my country... forgot to mention e-mail. [email protected] one80oneday says: Ha. Nice move. Posted via Android Central App r1fo says: I signed up using your link - I figure you may as well get $1 off of something I was going to do anyway :) one80oneday says: Worth a try, thanks! Ruchelli says: Thanks! Why the hell not. Just made 3 cents for looking at my phone. To the person that said that 72 cents a day was not worth loosing the pic of your five year old blowing bubbles on the front yard, no worries. As soon as you swipe right on the ad it takes you to your normal lock screen. You don't lose any of your pics. Win win...... I'm going to save up for a new house! Posted via Android Central App I just found a way to pay for my college tuition. Posted via Android Central App ichuck7 says: Battery life is what I'm most concerned about. Now what if locket used 3/4 of the screen for the ad and allowed you to have one widget? More people would probably jump on board and I doubt that would cut into their bottom line. I hate lock screens and didn't use one until this app paid me to do so. The biggest questions I have are on battery life: - How much more battery am I using as a result? Even if it's 1% a day, over the course of the life of the phone it will degrade the non-removable battery. - Does the additional battery and electricity consumption negate the 40-50¢ a day one can gain? - Why do I feel compelled to rack up 6¢ between 11:59 and 12:00 when the reality is it's the same 3¢ per hour no matter when you rack it up? Posted via Android Central App sasopu says: About the battery life - it suffers A LOT. That was the case on my EVO 3D and my S3, the EVO went from 2 day battery life to everynight charging and the S3 had to be charged over the day versus nightly before locket. That and the fact that it'll take forever to get to $10 are the reasons I uninstalled the app. I'm leaning in this direction. Will probably delete after my first pay out. Posted via Android Central App Looks like they just updated today. Hopefully improves battery life. Posted via Android Central App can3gxw says: What about your data plans as well? I know that a lot of you in the US have unlimited plans, but it seems like all this advertising on your lock screen might also be drawing a fair bit more data than not having Locket at all. I'd be VERY interested for someone (Phil? Jerry?) to try and quantify the data usage with Locket. And yes - I realize that this app is great for some. For others, it's not. It's all about preference. :-) hannaxu says: Should only be about 5mb per month. Perhaps less than that (as we're currently not downloading ads from the server). But ads themselves are only about 100kb anyway. But we have seen a few odd usages so I'd suggest just keeping an eye on it. Just asked a dev, and looks like the odd usage should be fixed on all phones in the next update. Hunter Petit says: Well on Kindle devices they show ads on your lock screen and YOU have to pay Amazon to take it off. This is better. Posted from the old Google Nexus 7 via Android Central App MarkSeven says: Good point. Forgot about that.. durhamite says: I tried Locket and it actually does have beautiful ads, ads so pretty that i actually stop to see what they are most of the time. The payout is defiantly not worth leaving my phone unlocked. Good idea though, if they paid about 1.00 per day, ore maybe even .50 a day I would reinstall it. bgrushin says: Durhamite, simple calculation, $.03 * 15hrs of active phone use/day is $.45, isn't that close enough to $.50? And that's only 15 hours, another 1 or 2 hours a day if you don't sleep much and you're at that 50 cent mark. benurd says: Not sure why I'm using this app. So far I'm at $2.50. I figure at ten bucks I'll be able to get a dime bag and shmoke three bowls lol. The ads are in high quality tho, and I found two of them useful. Found the Anchorman 2 trailer from the ads which was a new trailer that I hadn't seen. The money clearly isn't there, but I don't mind the ads. I was only using the slide unlock screen before this one. I'll uninstall the app once I reach ten bucks. Posted via Android Central App tsipka says: So when you click on this link, that person gets a $1. pretty cool if you are the first of your friends doing this NDchem2014 says: Any chance someone can answer these questions? 1: What's the battery like with using the app a lot? 2: Do I have to just unlock my phone or actually watch the video or load the webpage? hannaxu says: Hey ND there's shouldn't be any noticeable battery drainage. But there has been a report here and there where it's been having some unusual amount of battery usage. But our next update should hopefully fix it anyway. I suggest, if you see a big difference to just hold off for a few days. Just unlock phone, no watching video, no loading webpage. Paid either way. And you don't get extra for actually engaging. Ritzy11 says: Doesn't seem to be compatible with my Note 2 in Canada hannaxu says: US only. Sorry. mlsanders says: Does it work on tablets? In other words, can I double my profits by using it on 2 devices? And get my wife to use it on her phone and tablet as well? Suddenly that $262/year becomes $1000/year! Posted via Android Central App hannaxu says: Doesn't work on tablets. But you can link accounts to the same paypal. You'll need separate accounts for different phones though. romiust says: It works fine on my nexus 7. I have it running on both my tablet and galaxy s3! tire_007 says: Works perfect on my acer iconia a500 This will be difficult one I'm using the Moto X's sweet unlock screen. For now I am treating it as my insurance plan for my next phone, though. hannaxu says: Hey Phil, just wanted to mention. Although 5 accounts in in the terms of use, we have certainly been paying people for more than 5 referrals. And if anyone has more than 5 and want to make sure it goes through, a quick email will definitely work. I think the main reason it was in our terms of use was in case we got an influx of users where we'd be unable to pay. Just a safety net for us in case something bad happens. The Tick077 says: So my question is this: I usually just pull down my notification shade to access any emails or texts that I get and don't actually do the swipe to unlock my phone. If I continue to use my phone in this way will I get paid for those "unlocks" or do I have to swipe to receive the payout? EeZeEpEe says: So far in two days I've averaged $0.40. That's $72 in a half a year. I see it as I'm constantly finding change without actually dealing with coins. As long as the ads look nice like they do I'll probably keep it. Dirty-Bird says: Downloaded this awhile back but never set it up. Now when I open it I get a warning there is a new version available and it asks me to go to the Play store. When I go there, there is no new version. Looks like I can't do anything now. Tried to re install. Same thing. briankariu says: Holy Lord!!! That is crazy money. This will fund all my play store purchases!!!!! 5 bucks a week is a lot of money in my country,considering that I still dont have a job. Hell, I might even be able to afford a stable internet connection. Sweet apps! briankariu says: EDIT: Not available in my country. Figures. :( djeborn says: Get a free USA VPN... Not too sure says: It works very well with my Floating Toucher app. I keep the things I need to access quickly there, and can avoid the Locket if I'm in a rush. Otherwise Locket isn't a bother and why not get paid a little for the unlock you're going to do anyway. BatmanRulz says: If you're paying $10 a gig that's 1 cent a MB when not on wifi. If the adds are 0.25 MB (which is reasonable) You'll be paying to see adds if you unlock your phone more than 12 times an hour (assuming they refresh every time).... Posted via Android Central App Lancer033 says: I've got a Droid 1 and Droid X at home not being used, now i just need this and an app that wakes up the phone and unlocks it every 20 minutes. I'll turn those 2 devices on and let them sit and collect money while i'm doing nothing. atst44 says: Can Tasker be set to do this?.... Makes me wonder... I know you can set it do do more stuff than I could ever imagine... But I doubt it can "unlock" the app's lockscreen replacer. trlovejoy says: So, Phil, after all this, did you leave it running and discard it? KingGinger55 says: I'm curious as to how this works with multiple devices. Like a tablet and a phone. Do you get 2X the lock cap? Posted via Android Central App Its not actually as bad as it seems, I made $1.25 in two days and I didn't even force myself to open my phone 3 times an hour because we all open our phones more than 3 times an hour. So why not get paid to open our phone, and this is a beta app so its going to improve over time and eventually have worthy outputs. For now the only downside is that it only pays out with paypal, or that's the only option I've seen so far, I wish they had a straight to google play credit but ehh its $10 I earned just by opening my phone, which is mandatory to use the device. Also,I used this for maybe 10 minutes on my nexus 7 (2013) and I have seen significantly worse battery life(even after uninstalling it) something is up with how its using device resources.. I just don't feel like 1 cent is worth it per unlock if you were willing to bump it up to 4 cents an unlock I would use this. Besides your profit per unlock may go down slightly but your overall profits would increase because more people would be willing to use the service Posted via Android Central App djeborn says: Hmm... I wonder if I could set up an android emulator on my server that I have running 24/7, install Locket, and setup a macro to unlock every 20 minutes. It's not a lot, but it would pay for the server being on all day! marcus.plans says: I honestly don't understand why anyone would have a problem with this. I don't even look at my lockscreen. I swipe right, then I unlock. With this, I'm at least treated to a different image every time I unlock my phone. I literally do nothing and it isn't changing the way I use my phone. Granted, it isn't much, but if I'm making the maximum amount per hour at 16 hours a day, that's a free twelve pack of brew. Why not? What's so special about your lockscreen that you refuse to get paid for ads rather than have them forced down your throat everywhere else? Posted via Android Central App jlczl says: Agree wholeheartedly. Posted via Android Central App rudyy50 says: Not even for $1 for every ad. Posted via Android Central App EeZeEpEe says: Really? Cause at my rate I would get $273 a week if it was a dollar per ad. ridie1389 says: I emailed them about the 3 cent cap on the 18th, and I got this response: "Hey Riley, Thanks a lot for your feedback. It's a good thing we're not a big company yet :) - and hopefully we never become too busy to respond to emails. We're definitely going to try other ways of capping it in the next few months. We're starting off with this method as the initial test, so we'll be running it for a while and collecting feedback. Please keep in touch and watch for our updates. We'll be including bonuses and looking at different ways of paying out in the near future. Co-founder, Locket" So hopefully, its not permanent NickmoW says: Just wondering, what is stopping people from just making a lot of emails and pretending its a friend then getting a dollar? EeZeEpEe says: Time and hassle. You have to create a Locket account too each time too. jyemenai says: So, every 2-3 days, I can buy an app? Sounds like a win, actually. XavierMatt says: Yep. Not a bad idea. HTC ONE ~ Android Central App Papa.pompous says: I personally love it but to each their own. Give it a try: http://getlocket.com/r/?63b9089b Posted via Android Central App atst44 says: They can keep their money. I like the ads. I have a galaxy S3 and do not care for the widgets on my lock screen, That's what my Notification light is for... I will NEVER make money on this, but I like it. chuckz28 says: I'm almost up to $5 already. The trick is to just lock and unlock the phone 3 times in a row to ge the full 3 cents an hour. Since I have it and my wife does we are expecting to make $150-175 a year. Nothing to scoff at for no work. It will pay for our phones when we are up for new ones. So basically to have an ad that ill see for a split second when I unlock my phone I get free phones every two years. I think it's awesome. s2weden2000 says: if you think a little harder..like how much data (it is not free) is used by the ads..it is more like you end up paying for it yourself in the end Ger G says: I got this app. Works good. Haven't had time to do referrals. my $1s though. Posted via Android Central App Ger G says: Having making my plan payment. Wearing out WiFi. Y'all gave me a good idea. Posted via Android Central App mikesmith says: I updated the app and now it seems like they dropped it to .02 cents an hour. Anyone else seeing this or am I just missing the extra cent? Still 3¢ here. Just my .02. Posted via Android Central App hannaxu says: Hey Mike, it's still 3 cents. Sometimes the bar 1c doesn't update though when the hour changes ): so you only see 1c twice. But if you watch it from the actual account, it should be going up. mikesmith says: I noticed that the first 1¢ doesn't show up in the circle, but I still get credit for it. tire_007 says: Its a great app here my referral link http://getlocket.com/r/?43d306c4 Gearu says: Abuse with bluestacks and unlimited VPNs or something. This is such a terrible idea it deserves to be abused until the people behind it are bankrupt. Clancy3434 says: So conceivably I could simply download this onto an old phone that I don't use anymore, and just unlock it three times an hour when I'm home bullshitting on the couch, and get a few bucks for it? Meh... not bad Posted via Android Central App EeZeEpEe says: Why not just use it on a current phone you already use rather than have two devices? ajnevares says: What the hell, right? Here is my referral link http://getlocket.com/r/?53b607c3 skipatrol says: I referred someone. When will i see the buck? Also it locks up a lot. I'm keeping it though. Ski trip cash. lol Posted via Android Central App drokssilva says: Hi! Good app worth it I'm really what else are you using your lock screen for. Use my referral please: http://getlocket.com/r/?550a07d9 Posted via Android Central App I love this app. I only miss about four hours a day because I don't waste much time with sleep. I figure that by mid October I can buy Gta 5 free of charge. That's what I'm talking about. The per hour cap has been lifted! Now you will get $.01 every time :) KBChick says: Only on "new" ads. If you already got the cent for the ad, you don't get it. I unlock my phone probably over 100 times everyday and I only got 5 cent yesterday. I'd take the 3 cent cap an hour over this. indirectfire says: I cashed out after $18 and now back up to $3 I also did the earn more. Think of the price of gas ..I have a gallon on my phone for beautiful ads and information. larry r1 says: Update gang Locket has stopped paying for swipes, now you have to get one of the offers that are on your screen to get anything from Locket. lame deal gang the broke thier word pass it on	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '845', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.960654079914093}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '355267', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:X35N5B6GN5TZQZHRBKBKM44LXFRYEJX3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a2eeba77-3ca4-439d-93c7-daf75ceb7488>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 29, 5, 25, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.83.132.88', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PWD3FDR4M4WMNJF6SYGI7VMGTL36VSZA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0863eb34-55d6-4c75-9daa-5df78f220739>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.androidcentral.com/one-week-locket-lockscreen-app-pays-show-you-ads-updated', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:170bf872-218a-4355-9b10-5a5b855e2fee>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '4919', 'url': 'http://www.androidcentral.com/one-week-locket-lockscreen-app-pays-show-you-ads-updated', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-35\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for August 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026910006999969482', 'original_id': '4ea3e0c7ee11e381d34d2767b4860e715e9e9da64c2231cccb1a8d8a8e8bd43c'}
259k2 to the form fk + rk2 + ak*3 + j and give a. -3 Rearrange -201q*2 + 195q*2 + 4353q - 71 - 4349q to the form tq*2 + gq + j and give t. -6 Express -585d - 7d*2 - 101 + 1211d - 626d in the form td + o + jd2 and give o. -101 Rearrange -265s*3 - 2 + 264s*3 - s - 2s + 16s2 to js*3 + t + ps + rs2 and give t. -2 Rearrange (-30z + 30z - 8z*2)(-3z + 3z + 13z2)(6 - 1 - 1)(-4 + 3 + 6) to hz*3 + yz*2 + nz*4 + jz + g and give j. 0 Express 1 + 128006v - 5v*2 + 54v*2 - 128020v as hv2 + f + uv and give u. -14 Express -8 + 3 + 15 - 8r2 + 2r*4 + 2r + 10r3 - 12 as o + zr + lr3 + kr*4 + qr*2 and give k. 2 Express -208c - 7 + 6354c2 - 234c - 6355c2 as t + jc*2 + vc and give t. -7 Rearrange (-7 - 8n + 7)(0 - 1 + 0) - n + n + n + (14n + 115 - 115)(-2 + 0 + 1) + 2n - 3n - n to sn + h and give s. -7 Rearrange (-2c + c + 2c)(0 + 3 + 3)(84c + 61c - 41c) to z + mc + qc*2 and give q. 624 Express (0 - 4 + 5)(-2m + 2m - 2m) + (-2 + 5 + 0)(-13m + 356 - 9m - 355) as zm + l and give z. -68 Express -z3 + 50z - 6 - 13z - z3 - 103z + 5z3 in the form mz*3 + dz + v + qz2 and give m. 3 Rearrange -8j*2 - 4986 - 13j + 2485 + 2531 to p + vj2 + gj and give v. -8 Rearrange (-789p - 162 + 395p + 392p)(-3 + 10p - p + 3) to jp*2 + vp + t and give v. -1458 Express -320 - 3017j2 + 320 + 9121j*2 in the form ij*2 + p + bj and give i. 6104 Express 5 - 9 + 8 - 2o3 - 1 - 42o*2 in the form ko + io3 + r + qo*2 and give r. 3 Rearrange -54 + 75 - 36 - 94 - 11v - 79 to the form dv + b and give b. -188 Rearrange -2d*2 - 3 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 3d*2 + (1 + 0 - 9)(-17 + 17 + 4d2) to the form kd + vd2 + a and give v. -31 Express -k3 - 39 - 7k*4 + 22k + 116 - 35 - 41 in the form ok2 + d + xk*3 + nk + yk4 and give y. -7 Rearrange ((-3 + 0 + 4)(13 - 13 + 37) - 2 + 5 + 7)(-3h + 0h + h)(-2 - 1 + 0)(-4 + 3 - 4) to gh + j and give g. -1410 Rearrange -17t2 - 5 - 128t*4 - 17529t + 131t4 - t3 + 17529t to lt + j + kt*2 + yt*4 + ft*3 and give y. 3 Express (0 - 6 + 1)(-3 - 2s + 3) - s - 1 + 1 + (-3 + 3 - 2s)(0 - 2 + 3) + (3 + 1 - 3)(4s + s - 3s) - s + 12s - s as h + ds and give d. 19 Express -1766f3 + 168f*2 - 11 - 33f*2 + 1764f*3 as rf*2 + hf + l + bf3 and give b. -2 Express (-383y - 5777 + 5777)(8 - 22y*2 + 45y*2 + 3y - 25y2) as hy*2 + ay + zy3 + n and give a. -3064 Express (-2q + 4 - 4)(2 - 1 + 0) - q + 9q + q + (-3 + 0 + 4)(0q - q + 3q) + 9q + 4q - 86q as bq + l and give b. -64 Express -483 - 4789k - 3k3 + 4789k as wk + ok*3 + x + gk*2 and give w. 0 Rearrange -3250r + 1171r - 3572r - 127r - 1467r to w + cr and give w. 0 Rearrange (22266 - 6025 + 27813 + 31159 - 14048)(2a4 + 0a*3 + 0a*3) to xa*3 + ba*4 + sa*2 + ca + t and give b. 122330 Express (-1125 - 10r + 1125 + 345r)(-80r - 10477 + 10477) in the form s + fr2 + hr and give f. -26800 Express 22632r2 - 3r - 30702r2 + 3r as ir + pr*2 + n and give p. -8070 Express -2w*2 - 2 - 6701699w*3 - 2w + 6 + 6701718w3 - 3w*2 as rw*2 + h + lw*3 + zw and give z. -2 Rearrange (-793q - 1570q + 806q)(-q*2 + 0q + 0q + (3q - 2q + 0q)(-5q + 2q + q)) to sq + pq2 + vq*3 + d and give v. 4671 Express 1820o*3 - 2576o - 2558o + 5133o + (-4o3 + 6o*3 + 0o*3)(3 + 0 - 1) as xo2 + ko*3 + i + yo and give k. 1824 Express (-13i - 9i + i)(4 + 4 - 1) + (-8 + 0 - 3)(0 + 0 + i) in the form a + zi and give z. -158 Rearrange (-20l + 13l + 26l)((2l*2 - 3 + 3)(4 + 0 - 2) + 613l2 + 1452l*2 - 320l*2)(0 + 2 + 0) to the form z + tl + vl*2 + jl*3 and give j. 66462 Rearrange 65d*4 + 2d + 2d3 - 7d + 47d4 - 16d*4 - d to the form wd + td2 + yd*4 + md*3 + u and give w. -6 Express -102x*3 - 49x*2 + 20x*2 + 43 + x + 11x*2 + 17x*2 - 41 in the form tx*3 + v + gx + jx2 and give g. 1 Express -4275y*2 - 774y*2 + 783y*2 + 4y - 1664y2 - 107y*2 in the form py*2 + ny + c and give n. 4 Rearrange 320d - 7d*3 + 328d - 68 - 653d - 8 to the form zd*2 + ad*3 + g + xd and give x. -5 Express 136j - 1 + 64j*2 - 68j*2 - j in the form rj + x + oj2 and give r. 135 Rearrange (2 + 2y*2 - 2)(-45618 + 6287 - 25294 - 7797 + 9967 - 39372) to by2 + sy + p and give b. -203654 Express -3x4 + 26x*2 - 2x - 496 + 31x2 + 495 - x3 + 2x*3 in the form nx*4 + cx*2 + z + sx*3 + qx and give s. 1 Express -1634u2 - 2u - 757u2 - 605u*2 - 1183u*2 as a + nu*2 + yu and give y. -2 Express -3f - 151497f*3 + 3f*4 + 80f*4 + 151494f*3 in the form lf + cf2 + s + pf*4 + of*3 and give p. 83 Rearrange (-21g*2 - 1 - 318g + 318g)(-17 + 51 + 71 - 24) to the form x + ig + rg*2 and give r. -1701 Rearrange -22 - 59p*2 + 3p + 3p - 73p*2 + 206p*2 - 72p*2 + 4p*3 to bp*2 + zp + i + up3 and give z. 6 Rearrange -1790456y*2 - 4y*3 + 1790453y*2 + 6y + 0y + 3 to w + ay*2 + qy + my3 and give w. 3 Rearrange (-2 + w + 2)(-3529 - 3485 - 4953 - 492) to kw + z and give k. -12459 Express -12 - 1243d + 12 + (-1 + 1 - 3)(-2d + 4d + 0d) as g + td and give t. -1249 Rearrange 2160l*2 + 2111l*2 - 8409l*2 + 2137l*2 - 12 + 2155l*2 to the form rl*2 + dl + o and give o. -12 Rearrange -7p3 + 2p*3 + 2p*3 + (-249935 + 5p + 249943 + 271p)(0p + 0p - p*2) to mp + wp2 + xp*3 + u and give u. 0 Express -416 - 417 - 421 - 419 + 2712v + 1671 as n + xv and give x. 2712 Rearrange 87g + 14g + 26 + 2g*2 - 104g to qg2 + i + jg and give j. -3 Express 103a2 - 2a*3 + 22 + 2a - 43 + 0a + 20 in the form za*2 + qa*3 + da + i and give q. -2 Express (0 - 3 + 2)((1476 - 1476 + 36r)(5 + 2 - 5) - 7r + 3r - r) in the form ar + j and give a. -67 Rearrange -v*2 - 30v*3 - 113v*3 - 45v - 5 - v*4 + 144v3 + v2 to hv2 + n + sv*4 + fv*3 + uv and give n. -5 Express 41349 - 11114j - 10305j - 41349 as x + ij and give i. -21419 Rearrange 10270g + 2 - 5154g + 2g*2 - 3g4 - g3 - 5133g to ag*3 + f + ug + hg4 + qg*2 and give f. 2 Express 950d*2 + 1042d + 969d2 + 965d*2 - 2888d*2 in the form kd + u + nd2 and give n. -4 Express 166b*3 - 124b*3 - 2 + 26b*2 - b - 41b*3 + 5b*4 as ab*3 + cb*4 + sb*2 + fb + t and give c. 5 Express -5 - 1 + 7007b - 12 + 18 in the form vb + n and give v. 7007 Express -80i + 42i*3 - 43i + i*2 - 4 + 124i + 4i4 in the form xi + j + qi4 + mi*2 + bi*3 and give j. -4 Rearrange (-y + 3 - 3 - 1)(-3 + 3 - 167275y2 - 729y + 167272y2) to gy*2 + py*3 + t + dy and give t. 0 Rearrange (0 + 2 - 1)(417r*3 + 322r*3 + 251r*3)(-2 + 3 + 3) to kr2 + or + g + dr3 and give d. 3960 Rearrange -124t*2 - 163 + 163 + (-12t + 6t - 8t)(-2t - t - 2t) to the form c + st*2 + kt and give s. -54 Express (1 - 5 - 1)(-2t + 5t - 2t)(2 + 8 - 7)(-63 + 63 - 19t) in the form it + pt2 + d and give p. 285 Rearrange 1291d + 305d - 613d - 2 + 3636d + 3 to the form wd + p and give w. 4619 Rearrange (47z - 27z + 190z)(4 + 0 - 2)(-3 + 3 + 2z) + (-1 + z*2 + 1)(-3 + 0 - 1) + 3z2 + z2 - 2z*2 to mz*2 + k + lz and give k. 0 Express -779y - 30y*2 - 35y*2 - 172y + 100y2 - 32y*2 as sy*2 + iy + g and give g. 0 Express 4 - 4 + 22146l + 0 - 37306l in the form x + nl and give n. -15160 Express 554116 - 554116 + 2655o*2 as ro*2 + ao + d and give r. 2655 Rearrange (61 + 2m - 3m*2 + 60 - 124)(6m + m - 4m)(-1 + 1 + 7m) to nm3 + cm + ym2 + km*4 + b and give n. 42 Express (4z + 2z - 5z)(2 - 2 - 1) - 2z + z + 3z - 57z - 42z + 17 + 125z as l + bz and give b. 27 Rearrange (-3o - 5o + 5o)(191 - 15206 - 10012) to the form ao + k and give a. 75081 Rearrange 14 - 14u2 - 34 + 2u*3 + 2 - 22u*2 - 23 to the form ju*3 + ku + s + tu2 and give s. -41 Express (9t*2 - 2t*2 + 2t*2)(-t + 3t - 4t) + (5t2 + 24t*2 - 12t*2)(-t - t + 5t) as bt*3 + kt + h + wt2 and give b. 33 Rearrange (-2l + 0l + 3l)(-2 + 5 - 2) + (6l - 9 + 9	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'defdc58dc5ded422ac7ca46b3de01d6a71d5f49dc806c616f1d75808dcd9eb8c'}
ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS Appellate Court Kerbes v. Raceway Associates, LLC, 2011 IL App (1st) 110318 Appellate Court EARL KERBES, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Caption Situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RACEWAY ASSOCIATES, LLC, d/b/a Chicagoland Speedway, a Subsidiary of International Speedway Corporation, a Florida Corporation, Defendant-Appellee. District & No. First District, First Division Docket No. 1-11-0318 Filed November 21, 2011 Held A class action by part-time hourly employees of a racetrack alleging that (Note: This syllabus the change of the paid workweek from Tuesday through Monday to constitutes no part of Saturday through Friday resulted in the denial of overtime pay was the opinion of the court properly dismissed for failing to state a cause of action where there was but has been prepared no allegation that any class member would work over 40 hours in the new by the Reporter of workweek, there was no allegation that proper compensation for overtime Decisions for the would not be paid if class members did work overtime, the new convenience of the workweek complied with the Minimum Wage Law and the Wage reader.) Payment and Collection Act, as interpreted by the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the evils addressed by that Act were never implicated. Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CH-09662; the Review Hon. Mary Anne Mason, Judge, presiding. Judgment Affirmed. Counsel on Touhy Touhy & Buehler, LLP, of Chicago (Terrence Buehler, of Appeal counsel), and John Downey, of John J. Downey, P.C., of Hinsdale, for appellant. Loeb & Loeb LLP, of Chicago (Jeremy D. Margolis, Theresa L. Davis, and Michelle LaMar, of counsel), for appellee. Panel JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice Hall and Justice Karnezis concurred in the judgment and opinion. OPINION ¶1 Plaintiff, Earl Kerbes, individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, filed the instant class action lawsuit against defendant, Raceway Associates, LLC, d/b/a Chicagoland Speedway, a subsidiary of International Speedway Corporation, a Florida corporation (collectively, ISC). The suit arises out of ISC’s decision to change the paid workweek of its part-time hourly employees from a schedule that ran from Tuesday through Monday to one running from Saturday through Friday. Plaintiff, alleging that the class of part-time workers he represented typically worked well over 40 total hours during racing events held from Thursday to Sunday, sought to recover overtime pay allegedly denied them due to the change in the workweek schedule. The circuit court dismissed plaintiff’s claim for a failure to state a cause of action and plaintiff has now appealed. For the following reasons, we affirm. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND ¶3 Plaintiff filed his initial complaint against ISC on March 10, 2010. In that complaint, plaintiff generally alleged that he had been a part-time security guard since 2002 at Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, IL. Chicago Speedway hosted a number of motorsport events at its racetrack, with the races themselves typically held on a Sunday following a weekend of related activities that would begin the preceding Thursday. During such race weekends, as many as 800 part-time employees would be employed at the racetrack. Such employees were paid hourly and would frequently work between 60 and 80 total hours over the four-day weekend. ¶4 When plaintiff began working at Chicagoland Speedway in 2002, the scheduled workweek for hourly employees such as himself was Tuesday through Monday. Thus, when plaintiff and the other part-time employees worked more than 40 hours during a racing event weekend, they would earn substantial overtime pay. In June of 2007, however, International -2- Speedway Corporation acquired the Chicagoland Speedway and changed the workweek of its hourly employees to Saturday through Friday. This change effectively split any racing event weekend into two different workweeks. Furthermore, because racing events are rarely scheduled on consecutive weekends, plaintiff and the other part-time hourly employees no longer earned overtime pay for their work on racing event weekends. ¶5 Plaintiff’s class action complaint sought to recover for unpaid overtime on behalf of himself and a class of similarly situated hourly employees of ISC. Specifically, plaintiff asserted that he and other similar ISC employees “regularly worked more than eight hours per day and forty hours per week during their employment,” but that the change in the scheduled workweek eliminated any possibility of overtime pay for their work. This change allegedly violated provisions of the Illinois Minimum Wage Law (Minimum Wage Law) (820 ILCS 105/1 et seq. (West 2010)), the Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act (Wage Payment Act) (820 ILCS 115/1 et seq. (West 2010)), and the Eight Hour Work Day Act (Eight-Hour Act) (820 ILCS 145/1 et seq. (West 2010)). ¶6 ISC filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)), asserting that the complaint failed to state a claim under any of these three statutes or, indeed, any other relevant state or federal regulation. ISC contended that nothing in the Eight-Hour Act required it to pay overtime for hours worked in excess of eight hours per day, and nothing in the other two statutes cited by plaintiff precluded its decision to change the workweek in such a way that its part-time employees would no longer accumulate significant overtime hours on race weekends. ¶7 Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the claim brought pursuant to the Eight-Hour Act, and the trial court subsequently dismissed the complaint without prejudice following a hearing on August 24, 2010.1 In its written order, the trial court indicated that plaintiff was given leave to file an amended complaint “to assert a claim for overtime earned but unpaid as of the change in the definition of the work week[, i.e., for overtime earned in the transitional week]. Plaintiff’s original claim may be repled for purposes of preserving it for appeal.” ¶8 Plaintiff subsequently filed an amended complaint which included both his original claim as well as a new claim that ISC also owed him and other similar employees for overtime earned during the week when ISC made the transition to the new workweek schedule. The complaint also included additional factual allegations in support of both claims. Notably, in the amended complaint plaintiff now alleged that the workweek change occurred in June of 2008. A scheduling order entered by the trial court on October 26, 2010, indicates that ISC filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, but neither that motion nor any response 1 While plaintiff has attached a transcript of this hearing to his brief on appeal, the transcript was not actually included in the record and it is well recognized that the record “cannot be supplemented by attaching documents to the appendix of a brief.” Whittmanhart, Inc. v. CA, Inc., 402 Ill. App. 3d 848, 852 (2010). As such, we will not further address the contents of that transcript here. -3- thereto appears in the record on appeal. Instead, the record includes only an order entered on December 21, 2010, a scheduled status date, dismissing the amended complaint with prejudice. Plaintiff timely appealed. ¶9 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 10 On appeal, plaintiff abandons any claim regarding unpaid overtime earned during the transitional week. Thus, he only challenges the trial court’s dismissal of his claim that ISC’s change to its employees’ workweek was improper and denied him and other similar employees overtime and thus violated provisions of the Minimum Wage Law and the Wage Payment Act. We find that this claim was properly dismissed. ¶ 11 A. Standard of Review ¶ 12 A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint. R&B Kapital Development, LLC v. North Shore Community Bank & Trust Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 912, 920 (2005). “The proper inquiry is whether the well-pleaded facts of the complaint, taken as true and construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief may be granted.” Loman v. Freeman, 229 Ill. 2d 104, 109 (2008). A trial court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 is reviewed de novo. Collins v. Superior Air-Ground Ambulance Service, Inc., 338 Ill. App. 3d 812, 815 (2003). ¶ 13 B. Preliminary Issues ¶ 14 We first address two preliminary issues. First, while both the plaintiff’s original complaint and his amended complaint contain the original claim regarding ISC’s change to its workweek schedule–and it is the dismissal of that claim that plaintiff challenges on appeal–the amended complaint contains additional factual allegations in support of both that claim and plaintiff’s additional claim regarding the payment of overtime in the transitional week. Indeed, the amended complaint asserts that the workweek schedule change actually occurred in June of 2008 instead of June of 2007. However, the trial court’s order dismissing the original complaint only granted plaintiff leave to add an additional claim regarding the transitional week and to replead the original claim “for purposes of preserving it for appeal.” The trial court did not grant plaintiff leave to amend the factual foundation supporting the initial claim. Typically, “[i]n order to file an amended complaint, the plaintiff must seek and obtain the court’s permission.” Moyer v. Southern Illinois Hospital Service Corp., 327 Ill. App. 3d 889, 895 (2002). ¶ 15 Moreover, ISC indicates in its brief on appeal that plaintiff did not respond to its motion to dismiss the amended complaint in the trial court. ISC contends plaintiff instead filed a motion to voluntarily dismiss the amended complaint with prejudice and it was this motion that was granted on December 21, 2010. There is nothing in the record to support or refute this rendition of events, other than the order entered by the trial court on October 26, 2010, indicating that ISC filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint and scheduling briefing -4- on that motion, and the December 21, 2010, order which dismissed plaintiff’s amended complaint without reference to ISC’s motion and without providing any specific basis for the dismissal. ¶ 16 However, we do note that: (1) plaintiff did not file a reply brief in this court challenging ISC’s assertions; and (2) in his opening brief on appeal plaintiff appears to reference the factual allegations contained in the original complaint when he refers to June of 2007 as being the time frame in which ISC changed its employees’ workweek. On this record, it thus appears that the operative allegations at issue in this appeal are those contained in plaintiff’s original complaint. See Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984) (an appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently complete record of the proceedings at trial, and any doubts that may arise from the incompleteness of the record will be resolved against the appellant). As such, and although the differences between the allegations contained in the two complaints do not materially affect our analysis, we will consider plaintiff’s appeal to challenge the dismissal of his claim as presented in the original complaint below. ¶ 17 Second, we note that both parties on appeal variously refer to provisions of the Minimum Wage Law and the Wage Payment Act in ways that are inconsistent or incorrect. Specifically, while plaintiff indicates that his claim is based upon an overtime provision contained in section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law (820 ILCS 105/4a (West 2010)), he also repeatedly cites to provisions of the Wage Payment Act and case law interpreting that act. For example, he cites to a provision in the Wage Payment Act for the definition of “wages” despite the fact that the Minimum Wage Law has its own definition for that term. See 820 ILCS 105/3(b) (West 2010) (Minimum Wage Law definition); 820 ILCS 115/2 (West 2010) (Wage Payment Act definition). In turn, ISC incorrectly refers to section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law as a provision actually contained within the Wage Payment Act. ¶ 18 Here, plaintiff’s complaint generally alleges violations of, and seeks recovery pursuant to, both the Minimum Wage Law and the Wage Payment Act. Both of these acts provide employees with wage protections and also provide that an employee has a private right of action to collect wages due from an employer. See 820 ILCS 105/12(a) (West 2010); 820 ILCS 115/11 (West 2010). Only section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law specifically concerns overtime payments, however, and it is clear that plaintiff’s claim for overtime is fundamentally premised upon this section of the Minimum Wage Law. Thus, we limit our discussion to the relevant provisions of the Minimum Wage Law. ¶ 19 C. Statutory Framework, Regulations, and Case Law ¶ 20 The Minimum Wage Law contains a “Legislative Policy” provision which provides, in part, that: “it is the policy of this Act to establish a minimum wage standard for workers at a level consistent with their health, efficiency and general well-being; to safeguard such minimum wage against the unfair competition of wage and hour standards which do not provide such adequate standards of living; and to sustain purchasing power and increase employment opportunities.” 820 ILCS 105/2 (West 2010). As such, the Minimum Wage Law further provides that it is “against public policy for an employer to pay to his employees an amount less than that fixed by this Act.” Id. -5- ¶ 21 Of particular relevance here, section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law concerns overtime payments and mandates that “no employer shall employ any of his employees for a workweek of more than 40 hours unless such employee receives compensation for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than 1 1/2 times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 820 ILCS 105/4a(1) (West 2010).2 Section 12 of the Minimum Wage Law provides employees with a right to bring a civil action to pursue any underpayment of wages due under the law (820 ILCS 105/12(a) (West 2010)), while section 10 grants the Director of the Illinois Department of Labor the power “to make and revise administrative regulations, including definitions of terms, as he deems appropriate to carry out the purposes of this Act, to prevent the circumvention or evasion thereof, and to safeguard the minimum wage established by the Act” (820 ILCS 105/10(a) (West 2010)). ¶ 22 Pursuant to the authority granted by section 10(a), a number of administrative regulations implementing the Minimum Wage Law have been adopted. These include a regulation providing: “a) An employee’s workweek is a fixed and regularly recurring period of 168 hours–seven consecutive 24-hour periods. It need not coincide with the calendar week, but it may begin on any calendar day and at any hour of the day. b) Once the beginning time of a workweek is established, it remains fixed regardless of the schedule of hours worked by the employee. The beginning of the workweek may be changed if the change is intended to be permanent and is not designed to evade the overtime requirements of this Act. c) In the event an employer fails to establish a fixed and regular work week, the Director shall consider a calendar week as the applicable work week. ‘Calendar week’ means that seven consecutive day period beginning at 12:01 a.m. Sunday morning and ending on the following Saturday night at midnight.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.400 (2010). ¶ 23 Even a cursory review of this regulation is enough to establish a number of points about the workweek established by ISC. Specifically, the workweek under which plaintiff and other similar ISC employees were paid did not have to coincide with the calender week, so long as it consisted of “seven consecutive 24-hour periods.” Furthermore, the workweek for purposes of payment need not coincide with the schedule of hours actually worked by any employee. We note that such administrative rules have “the force and effect of law” and are therefore entitled to weight and deference so long as they are not inconsistent with the statute pursuant to which they are adopted. Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 367-68 (2009). Finding nothing about this regulation to be inconsistent with section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law, and despite the fact that plaintiff’s complaint alleges that part-time hourly employees such as himself actually worked most if not all of their hours for ISC from 2 The Minimum Wage Law specifically exempts certain classes of employees from this overtime requirement. See 820 ILCS 105/4a(2) (West 2010). There is no indication that any of these exemptions apply in this case, and neither plaintiff nor ISC claims that these exemptions apply in this case. -6- Thursday to Sunday, we must therefore find that there is nothing inherently improper about either the original Tuesday through Monday workweek or the new workweek running from Saturday through Friday. ¶ 24 Nevertheless, plaintiff maintains that he has stated a claim by alleging the actual change to the beginning of the scheduled workweek was improper because it was made to “avoid paying overtime.” Plaintiff contends that this modification therefore violated the portion of the regulation requiring that any change be permanent and not be “designed to evade the overtime requirements of this Act.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.400(b) (2010). We disagree with this contention. ¶ 25 We first note that there are no additional Illinois Administrative Code regulations that provide further explanation of what type of workweek changes would be “designed to evade the overtime requirements of this Act,” nor are we aware of any Illinois case law interpreting this language. However, the Illinois Administrative Code (56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.120 (2010)) does provide that–in interpreting the Minimum Wage Law–the Director of the Department of Labor may refer to regulations and interpretations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) (29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. (2008)). Furthermore, other courts have recognized that in light of their substantial similarities, provisions of the FLSA and interpretations of that legislation can be considered in applying the Minimum Wage Law. Turner v. The Saloon, Ltd., 491 F. Supp. 2d 767, 770 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (citing Haynes v. Tru-Green Corp., 154 Ill. App. 3d 967, 977 (1987)). In light of the paucity of authority directly considering section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law and its implementing regulations, we will similarly consider the FLSA, its implementing regulations, and relevant interpretive case law. ¶ 26 Just as in section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law, section 207(a)(1) of the FLSA provides that covered employees that work more than 40 hours in a workweek must be compensated for those excess hours “at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1) (2008).3 In turn, provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) implementing this provision mirror the language contained in the Illinois Administrative Code by similarly allowing employers to establish workweeks that may begin or end on any day of the week, at any time of the day, and without regard to the employee’s actual work schedule. Compare 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.400 (2010), with 29 C.F.R. § 778.105 (2011). Nevertheless, the CFR also provides that the beginning of an employee’s workweek may be changed “if the change is intended to be permanent and is not designed to evade the overtime requirements of the Act.” 29 C.F.R. § 778.105 (2011). However, while the Illinois Administrative Code does not itself provide further clarification of the type of practices that would improperly “evade the overtime requirements” of the Minimum Wage Law, the CFR does provide two specific examples of improper devices under the FLSA. ¶ 27 First, federal regulations provide that “the overtime provisions of the act cannot be avoided by setting an artificially low hourly rate upon which overtime pay is to be based and 3 Again, there are exemptions to the federal overtime requirement as well, but they are not relevant to this case. -7- making up the additional compensation due to employees by other means. * Payment for overtime on the basis of an artificial ‘regular’ rate will not result in compliance with the overtime provisions of the Act.” 29 C.F.R. § 778.500(a) (2011). Second, the CFR prohibits a “split-day” plan whereby “the normal or regular workday is artificially divided into two portions one of which is arbitrarily labeled the ‘straight time’ portion of the day and the other the ‘overtime’ portion. Under such a plan, an employee who would ordinarily command an hourly rate of pay well in excess of the minimum for his work is assigned a low hourly rate (often the minimum) for the first hour (or the first 2 or 4 hours) of each day.” 29 C.F.R. § 778.501(a) (2011). Neither of these two examples is particularly relevant to plaintiff’s instant claim against ISC, and neither lends any support to his assertion of a FLSA or Minimum Wage Law violation on the basis that ISC made a permanent change in the starting date of its employees’ workweek only to avoid paying its employees overtime. ¶ 28 Turning to the case law interpreting the overtime requirements of the FLSA, we find that plaintiff’s assertions have been generally rejected by the courts. For example, in International Ass’n of Firefighters, Local 349 v. City of Rome, Georgia, 682 F. Supp. 522 (N.D. Ga. 1988), the court addressed a change in the work schedule of a group of municipal firefighters. The firefighters challenged this change, asserting that it was nothing but “a subterfuge, an artificial device designed to avoid illegally the overtime provisions of the FLSA.” Id. at 527. The court noted that the municipality admitted that the only reason for the change was to take advantage of certain provisions of the FLSA applicable to such firefighters “so as to avoid overtime payments.” Id. at 528. The court found, however, that “[t]his motive, in itself, is not improper.” Id. Another federal court addressed a similar challenge to a work schedule change brought by municipal police officers in Lamon v. City of Shawnee, Kansas, 972 F.2d 1145 (10th Cir. 1992). Citing to the City of Rome decision, the federal court found that even if the municipality’s “sole purpose were to avoid the prospect of paying overtime rates , Plaintiffs do not demonstrate in what way that aim would be improper.” Id. at 1153. ¶ 29 Aside from the issue of an employer’s motive, courts have also historically found no FLSA violation where an employee’s actual schedule of work is split over two separate employer-defined workweeks. Thus, in Harned v. Atlas Powder Co., 192 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Ky. 1946), the court addressed a situation where employees were on a rotating schedule of seven consecutive days of work, but those days never fell completely within the employer’s established “workweek.” The court rejected a claim that the establishment of a workweek that did not comport with the schedule of days an employee actually worked violated the FLSA. Specifically, the court found that “[b]efore appellant is entitled to overtime he must labor 40 hours during the workweek established by the Company. The staggering of the three shifts by the Company so that appellant never started work on any shift on Wednesday, the first day of the workweek, does not deny him overtime, although it may prevent him from receiving the maximum overtime to which he would be entitled if we accept his contention that a workweek is any and every consecutive seven days that he labors.” Id. at 380-81. ¶ 30 Similarly, in Barclay v. Magnolia Petroleum Co., 203 S.W.2d 626, 627-28 (Tex. Civ. App. 1947), the court addressed a claim that the “spirit” of the FLSA and other employment statutes was violated where an employer split the 80 hours an employee worked over seven -8- consecutive days into two separate workweeks and thus avoided paying any overtime. The court disagreed, finding that the “right of the employer to establish a ‘work week’ seems to be well settled. If the purpose and intent of [the FLSA and other statutes] was to prohibit the employer from working the employee seven consecutive days without paying the premium pay, it would have been a simple matter to have included such an express provision in the wording of the statutes. Such a provision is not included therein.” Id. at 628. ¶ 31 We find that this authority supports the conclusion that ISC’s modification of its workweek did not violate the overtime requirements of the FLSA. The change was permanent, having been made once and there being no allegation it was ever modified again. Furthermore, as the above authority instructs–and contrary to plaintiff’s assertions here–the FLSA does not require a workweek schedule that maximizes an employee’s accumulation of overtime pay. Thus, a schedule whereby an employee’s actual work schedule is split between two workweeks does not violate the federal legislation. If such a schedule does not itself violate the FLSA, we fail to see how a change to such a schedule could be viewed as having been “designed to evade the overtime requirements of this Act.” ¶ 32 Indeed, it is evident from the language of the FLSA, and its implementing regulations, that the federal legislation bars an employer from modifying its workweek schedule in order to deny employees overtime wages that they are actually owed pursuant to the legislation’s requirements, not changes that in some way limit an employee’s ability to earn such overtime payments in the future. Here, while the new schedule may limit the amount of future overtime payments to ISC employees, there is no allegation that plaintiff or any of the other purported class members would not be paid overtime should they actually ever labor more than 40 hours in a given workweek under the new schedule. Again, this is not a violation of the FLSA. Moreover, in light of our general practice of interpreting our state’s labor law in conformity with the FLSA, we also find that there was no violation of the overtime requirements contained in section 4a(1) of the Minimum Wage Law. ¶ 33 D. Dissenting Authority ¶ 34 Despite this clear authority, our research has revealed a number of decisions that appear to support the notion that an employer violates the FLSA when it alters its workweek in such a way to reduce overtime payments without a separate and legitimate business purpose, and that the desire to avoid overtime payments is not on its own a sufficiently legitimate aim. See Abshire v. Redland Energy Services, LLC, No. 10-2170, 2011 WL 4633093, at 2 (W.D. Ark. Oct. 6, 2011) (collecting cases). The majority of these decisions are unreported federal district court orders, however, and such orders are not binding or precedential before Illinois courts. County of Du Page v. Lake Street Spa, Inc., 395 Ill. App. 3d 110, 122 (2009). Indeed, even reported federal circuit and district decisions are only persuasive authority in Illinois state courts. Bowman v. American River Transportation Co., 217 Ill. 2d 75, 91 (2005). In light of the contrary authority cited above, which notably includes the reported decisions of a federal district court in City of Rome and a federal circuit court in Lamon, we therefore decline to follow the reasoning espoused in these unreported federal decisions with respect to their interpretation of the FLSA. More to the point, we simply disagree with the notion -9- that an employer’s decision to make a permanent change from a workweek schedule that fully complies with the FLSA–but allows employees to earn significant overtime–to another schedule that also fully complies with the FLSA–but nevertheless results in the employees earning less overtime–constitutes a change “designed to evade the overtime requirements” of the FLSA. ¶ 35 We are also unpersuaded by the decision of a California state court in Seymore v. Metson Marine, Inc., 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d 13 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011). In that case, the court was asked to interpret provisions of California state labor laws. Id. at 15. Just as in Illinois, California courts refer to the FLSA for guidance in interpreting its own state labor laws. Id. at 17-26. After consideration of a number of cases interpreting the FLSA, the court in Seymore found that an employer’s practice of defining a workweek that differed from the actual work schedule its employees actually worked was nothing more than an attempt to evade the requirements of the California labor law. Id. at 20. The court relied in part on the fact that “[n]othing in the record suggests that the designation of the workweek was designed to serve a legitimate business purpose or any purpose other than the avoidance of the obligation to pay overtime wages.” Id. ¶ 36 We reject the Seymore decision for a number of reasons. First, we note that the reasoning of the court in Seymore was guided in large part by its consideration and acceptance of the reasoning contained in many of the very same unreported federal district court interpretations of the FLSA referred to and rejected above. Id. at 20-21. Second, the California regulations at issue in Seymore were substantively different from the FLSA. While both the California regulation and the FLSA regulations define a workweek as “seven consecutive 24-hour periods,” the Minimum Wage Law and FLSA regulations further provide that a workweek “need not coincide with the calendar week but may begin on any day and at any hour of the day” and may be fixed “regardless of the schedule of hours worked” by an employee. Compare Cal. Labor Code § 500(b) (West 2010), with 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.400 (2010), and 29 C.F.R. § 778.105 (2011). As the Seymore court specifically noted, its state labor laws “may provide greater protection than the FLSA.” Seymore, 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 17. In contrast, the Minimum Wage Law and its implementing regulations are generally interpreted in dovetail with the FLSA. Turner, 491 F. Supp. 2d at 770; Haynes v. Tru-Green Corp., 154 Ill. App. 3d at 977. ¶ 37 E. Policy Argument ¶ 38 Finally, we also reject plaintiff’s contention that allowing ISC to modify its workweek would violate the policy and purposes underlying the FLSA, and by extension, the Minimum Wage Law. First, we are not certain that the espoused purposes underlying the FLSA are particularly relevant to our interpretation of the Minimum Wage Law in light of the fact that our legislature has specifically provided its own statement of the policy underlying the state statute. 820 ILCS 105/2 (West 2010). Nevertheless, because we have consistently interpreted the state and federal laws together we will entertain this argument. The purposes underlying the overtime requirements of the FLSA have been described as follows: “The first purpose was to prevent workers willing (maybe out of desperation, though this -10- is no longer very likely) to work abnormally long hours from taking jobs away from workers who prefer to work shorter hours. In particular, unions’ efforts to negotiate for overtime provisions in collective bargaining agreements would be undermined if competing, non-union firms were free to hire workers willing to work long hours without overtime. The second purpose was to spread work and thereby reduce unemployment, by requiring an employer to pay a penalty for using fewer workers to do the same amount of work as would be necessary if each worker worked a shorter week. The third purpose was to protect the overtime workers from themselves: long hours of work might impair their health or lead to more accidents (which might endanger other workers as well). This purpose may seem inconsistent with allowing overtime work if the employer pays time and a half, but maybe the required premium for overtime pay is intended to assure that workers will at least be compensated for the increased danger of working when tired.” Mechmet v. Four Seasons Hotels, Ltd., 825 F.2d 1173, 1176 (7th Cir. 1987). ¶ 39 We find no violation of these purposes alleged in plaintiff’s complaint. As discussed above, the FLSA overtime rules apply only where an employee works over 40 hours in any single workweek. There is no assertion that plaintiff or any other purported class member will ever work over 40 hours in the newly established workweek here, nor are there any allegations that any employee will not receive proper compensation if they did work overtime under the new schedule. Thus, the new workweek complies with the FLSA, the evils that the federal legislation attempts to guard against are never implicated, and we therefore find that plaintiff’s complaint was properly dismissed. ¶ 40 III. CONCLUSION ¶ 41 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. ¶ 42 Affirmed. -11-	mini_pile	{'original_id': '0f7bf94f9b800c4c1ef858ca18b5e7382e7ff7400e0bb72754144f838881a785'}
The Annual International Berkeley Undergraduate Prize for Architectural Design Excellence 2020 Berkeley Prize 2020 Madhura Vaze and Nabha Joshi - Proposal Being students studying the building blocks of society, we were highly intrigued by the question posited and decided to seize the opportunity to carry out this practical experiment of analyzing and inquiring into basic functional civic processes. This opportunity has given us the chance to explore our respective fields for which we are extremely thankful. India is an agrarian country where markets and commercialization of agricultural production work in tandem. Right from the British era, certain structures were earmarked where people from different strata of society could converge and be facilitated with the perfect environment for fostering fair trade. Nowadays, the gated communities are leading to fragmented communities with the privatization of public spaces. Markets are the soul of communities that allow free expression leading to honest interaction and gradual development of social relationships resulting in the well-being and stability of the community. Pune, located in the state of Maharashtra is one of the most culturally rich and progressive cities of India. It has inherited some beautiful architectural structures which are both aesthetic and functional. The economy of Pune has its roots in market places. As Roth says, farmers’ markets are “proven business incubators” that have “helped to revitalize urban centers and bring back a sense of community” (1999). At the heart of Pune, a gigantic octagonal building stands tall hosting a huge eight-acre retail vegetable and fruit market. This Gothic style market was built by the British in the 1880s, formally renamed as “Mahatma Phule Mandai” from “Lord Reay Market” and is now commonly known as “Mandai”. It has a traditional stone and wooden structure attenuating the intense light and allowing cross ventilation through eight entrances. It is a vibrant and lively place surrounded by vendors selling everything from clothes to utensils to special festive goods. This heritage site dwells in the hearts of the commoners and is looked at as an auspicious place to carry out traditional, cultural, religious and political programs. A distribution of vendors took place and led to efficiency in the local commerce. The advancement in the economy attracted more vendors and soon created the problem of encroachment of space and revenue shares. The vendors from the original setting started moving out of the building to increase accrued sales, leading to a greater infraction. Addressing this problem, In the 1960s a need for a bigger and a different location for such trade was realized and hence, “Market Yard” was constructed. It is a modern commercial fruit and vegetable market, designed in an oval shape to ensure a smooth flow of vehicles, goods, and people. It flaunts its colorful facades and the louvers act as a protective device. It is easily accessible from all the nearby villages through highways. The platform allows people to carry out informal gatherings. Mandai and Market Yard, coincide on various economic, administrative and managerial factors. Both these settings have a climate-responsive architecture, high communal satisfaction, act as transportation hubs and contribute to economic growth. A unique sense of discovery, festivity, diversity, transformations and permanence within the community leads to the success of these markets. Community is highly complex and represents every layer of the society while architecture is in a permanent inter-dependency with the community. The civic architecture succeeds with the value to the community. In India, the industrialization of the building industry has not yet made great headway, for there is a lack of technological infrastructure to support it and the absence of ‘architecture-for-all’ in the independent country has rarely had a public or social agenda. While designing a successful civic structure, the community issue is to be approached by specialists from various fields. The future focus needs to be on creating civic structure facilitating community needs as per the dynamic social, political, economic factors. Additional Help and Information Are you in need of assistance? Please email The Gothic style traditional market in the core of Pune city- Mahatma Phule Mandai The hustle bustle modern market in the outskirt of Pune city - Market Yard Copyright © 1998-2020 Berkeley Undergraduate Prize for Architectural Design Excellence Privacy Policy Cookie Policy	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9510053396224976}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14635', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LW6M7QYGZXSMZFCW27GHGSUWK4QR3R3P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0a3901a1-a2aa-47e3-ac5f-aa8ec844a7d4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 2, 20, 0, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.198.230.251', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:62Q6Z5YAKJ4436IYTE2F47Z65X4QS4HS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d50d973-2f7c-4056-9fd5-c0dbbe6716a8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://berkeleyprize.org/competition/essay/2020/winning-essays/madhura-vaze-and-nabha-joshi-proposal', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:58f2d05b-22dd-4218-a173-8d0cae8e8f12>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '750', 'url': 'http://berkeleyprize.org/competition/essay/2020/winning-essays/madhura-vaze-and-nabha-joshi-proposal', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-60.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.037034690380096436', 'original_id': 'd375cf6abae545cba6ec0904841b290a9492c89687e34ce6744b9b5e4411986e'}
Q: File browser control to replace I'm working on an ASP.NET web application for our corporate intranet users. I have a form where a user should provide a path to the file on the local network (something like "\localServer\someFolder\someFile.ext") without uploading the actual file. The issue is that users don't want to type the whole file path and want to use some kind of visual browse dialog. The standard HTML <input type=file> element allows to browse for a file, but most of the browsers (except for IE) don't allow to access file's full path, so I think it should be done by some external component like Silverlight, Flash, Java applet etc. I tried to do it with Silverlight, but I'm getting a SecurityException when trying to access file's full path using Silverlight's OpenFileDialog class. This java applet http://jumploader.com/demo_images.html seems to do something similar to what I'm looking for, but it's focused on uploading files - I only need to be able to get file's full path and pass it to the server as a string. Any suggestions would be appreciated. A: Telerik ASP.NET AJAX RadFileExplorer has the functionality you're looking for: http://www.telerik.com/products/aspnet-ajax/fileexplorer.aspx You can use their Custom File Content Provider to hook the GUI to your server's file system. http://demos.telerik.com/aspnet-ajax/fileexplorer/examples/server-sideapi/dbfilebrowsercontentprovider/defaultcs.aspx	mini_pile	{'original_id': '41bee43c304404f5eb8e661cb7384c139d1e8233cf67337fdd2dee5ebeb52c25'}
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html class="frame" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> <title>Address Security and Privacy Risks</title> <!-- JQUERY (use 1.x branch to be compatible with IE 6/7/8) --> <script type="text/javascript" src="../../lib/jquery/js/jquery-1.11.2.min.js"></script> <!-- BOOTSTRAP --> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../lib/bootstrap/css/bootstrap-3.3.2.min.css"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../lib/bootstrap/css/bootstrap-theme-3.3.2.min.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="../../lib/bootstrap/js/bootstrap-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <!-- REPORT SPECIFIC --> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/model.css"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/i18n.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/frame.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/imageMapResizer.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="panel panel-default root-panel"> <div class="panel-heading root-panel-heading"> <!-- Name --> <b>Address Security and Privacy Risks</b> <!-- If a View with Viewpoint --> (<span class="i18n-elementtype-Principle"></span>) <a class="glyphicon glyphicon-info-sign" id="hint-Principle" target="hint"></a> </div> <div class="panel-body root-panel-body"> <!-- If this is a digram model (has children and no bounds) show the image --> <div role="tabpanel"> <!-- Nav tabs --> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"> <!-- Purpose / Documentation / Content --> <li role="presentation" class="active"><a href="#documentation" aria-controls="documentation" role="tab" data-toggle="tab" class="i18n-documentation"></a></li> <!-- Properties --> <li role="presentation"><a href="#properties" aria-controls="properties" role="tab" data-toggle="tab" class="i18n-properties"></a></li> </ul> <!-- Tab panes --> <div class="tab-content"> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="documentation"> <div class="convertlinks documentation" style="white-space:pre-wrap">Address security and privacy risks Take a balanced approach to managing risk by implementing appropriate privacy and security measures. Make security measures frictionless so that they do not place a burden on users. Guidance: Address security and privacy risks Digital services are core to service delivery, and they must securely store and manage the information of Canadians to maintain trust in government services. Security and privacy should be taken as a consideration from the onset of work for a given service, in alignment with Iterate and Improve. The implementation of security and privacy controls should be considered part of daily work. Similarly, processes should promote and monitor the continuous implementation of security and privacy controls throughout the lifecycle of a service. This will demonstrably increase the security and privacy posture of digital services by leveraging automated testing and real time reporting and monitoring over anecdotal document-heavy manual processes. Said processes, and the security and privacy controls themselves, should be frictionless, ensuring that services are designed first and foremost for users, not to satisfy existing legacy government procedures, tooling, or processes. Furthermore, by creating frictionless processes and permitting services to be iterated and improved upon quickly, the government is better situated to respond quickly to security or privacy risk. By responding to these operational needs within hours or minutes rather than months, the government can improve its security and privacy posture. Aligned Behaviours 1. Our team considers security and privacy throughout the service design process. 2. When implementing or enforcing security or privacy controls, our team takes into consideration how they would impact the quality or efficiency of the service and how it will impact the end users of the service. 3. Security measures are frictionless so that they do not place a burden on users. 4. Our team has privacy and security knowledge and understanding as a competency within the team. 5. The service has implemented automated security checks and privacy protections include role-based access and audit functions against the service. 6. There are procedures and processes in place to quickly respond to security or privacy breaches or incidents. Misaligned Behaviours 1. Team has no internal privacy or security knowledge, relying on other teams to identify nearly all security or privacy controls and best practices. 2. The core services upon which our team works have no automated security checks or privacy protections. 3. Our team relies on security through obscurity, hiding services or information rather than improving the security posture of the service. 4. 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Bikini Baby It's funny the news you hear about when you've been away for awhile. For instance, I couldn't tell you what happened with our presidential candidates while I was gone but I did hear about a big controversy brewing over Jessica Simpson's baby picture of little Maxwell in a yellow bikini. Go figure. Anyway, I searched online to find the photo that was causing the buzz. It's Feedback Friday... Do you find this photo of baby Maxwell "sexualized"? As a parent, would you have made a photo like this public? Is this just a sweet photo of a baby posted by a proud parent? 1. She's just a cute little pudge of a baby in a cute little bikini. People post babies in nothing but diapers all the time. So this is more coverage, after all! People are just silly. 2. Personally I don't like putting little girls and babies in bikinis...but...I don't think this picture is any different than millions of other pictures people post of their kids in bikinis, and I don't see why people are making a big deal about this picture when there's no uproar over others. 3. It's all about personal choice, I'm not about to buy or dress my little girl in a bikini, but if Jessica Simpson wants to then she should. 4. Whats the differences of taking a picture of you cute little baby in a bikini and sharing a picture of your baby in just a diaper. I think the media is just looking for something to talk about if Maxwell was not a celebrity baby everyone else would just think it was cute. 5. This sweet little baby looks adorable! Why are they making a big deal of this? 7. My daughter has had 2pc suits all her life. As a baby it's so much easier to change diapers. As she got older, it was still easier to get just the bottoms off to use the bathroom. I see no problem with this picture at all. Tell me what you think! Your Skin Fix, December Edition	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9682871699333192}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '98391', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OJTKP4UJUGREB573AI4YTDX536LQZAZK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e21a91af-98ab-4dba-be8e-17c9f2c6eb76>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 20, 10, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.218.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7LEGWEELTBBXDVHGFEZGPCTJ7ATE7CSX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f682ba88-6b5d-43d8-9da2-3d1403a467c7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://hopestudios.blogspot.com/2012/09/bikini-baby.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:765a4d05-b6c4-4bda-be77-9cd952e1a952>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '373', 'url': 'http://hopestudios.blogspot.com/2012/09/bikini-baby.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-237-242-155.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5989506244659424', 'original_id': 'afbfda4d302b7faf6f776b3c1cd85888f26e5ab8aab9d8e77cad6f2f15d0e57c'}
Main content area Enhanced performance of red mud-based oxygen carriers by CuO for chemical looping combustion of methane Deng, Guixian, Li, Kongzhai, Zhang, Guifang, Gu, Zhenhua, Zhu, Xing, Wei, Yonggang, Wang, Hua Applied energy 2019 v.253 pp. 113534 active sites, aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, catalytic activity, combustion, copper, cost effectiveness, cupric oxide, ferric oxide, industry, methane, oxidative stability, oxygen, particle size, solid wastes The development of inexpensive oxygen carriers is of great significance for the large-scale application of chemical looping combustion technology. Red mud, a solid waste of alumina industry, is a very promising candidate as oxygen carrier for this technology due to its suitable content of Fe2O3 and low cost. In this study, the red mud oxygen carrier is modified by CuO, which is used as a cost-effective oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of methane. The results show that CuO as an additive strongly improve the activity and redox stability of the red mud oxygen carriers. The sample with 20 wt% content of CuO represents the highest CH4 conversion (80%), CO2 selectivity (100%) and oxidation efficiency (2.9 mmol‧g−1‧min−1) in the multiple redox testing, which are only 22%, 81% and 1.1 mmol‧g−1‧min−1 for the raw red mud. Comprehensive characterizations indicate that two kinds of Cu species (free CuO and CuFe2O4) are detected in the CuO-modified red mud after calcination at 900 ℃. Coper oxides in the both oxides can be firstly reduced to metallic Cu during the reaction with methane. The reduce Cu species may acts as active sites for methane activation and oxygen releasing, which would improve the reaction between iron oxides in red mud and methane. The element mapping indicates that the Cu species are well dispersed on the oxygen carrier after reduction by methane, which is beneficial for enhancing the catalytic function of Cu species. After the long-term redox experiment, the particle size of Cu oxides increases, while the interlacing distribution between Cu and Fe oxides are promoted. This may improve the interaction between Cu and Fe oxides and help the CuO-modified red mud to maintain relatively high stability in the successive chemical looping combustion process.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9084022641181946}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25926', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QOJ6MW4OL245HJJ7WF7NWIOIPIWGVKT5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dcba9142-f1c1-4097-bce9-2f3fe7ba042e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 20, 9, 47, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.136.16.162', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RB7KIW46ZXH6UTEEG4N2BLQ5WXCAYRXF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3723872-da14-41c7-9b6e-eb41b0245840>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/6537458', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:49ef7da9-2aee-4f6f-8b34-19e86d15bc18>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '351', 'url': 'https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/6537458', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-133.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08544552326202393', 'original_id': '3287ec33dfe829fef38e88d4f2602529eb933172164f5a6255c49e16a6cbae70'}
The Family Heart Study is a prospective randomizd clinical trial of individual and family behavioral interventions of the first-time and repeat cardiac surgery patients and family members designed to: 1) monitor and enhance recovery at home, 2) reinforce inpatient teaching on risk factor reduction, and 3) provide support to the family as primary caretaker. Family stress and coping theory and social learning theory (self-efficacy) provide the theoretical basis. Baseline (preoperative) measures of family functioning, family coping, demands of illness and cardiac status are compared with those at three and six months post-surgery, along with self-reports of recoery, self-efficacy, quality of life and physician appraisal of patient recovery. Specific study aims are: 1. to test the efficacy of nursing interventions designed to facilitate posthospital recovery and rehabilitation of the cardiac surgery patient and his family; 2. to describe the impact of cardiac surgery on the family over time; and 3. to document care needs and differences in recovery for the older (ages 70-80) cardiac surgery patient and family. Long term objectives are to mobilize family coping and personal efficacy in recovery from surgical treatment for heart disease, in ways that maximimze the surgical benefit for patients and promote families.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '2d3e57195226b343bd81c8e40a7f7159778df7fa6ac09e192421ada4d6df3f40'}
When Horses Shy: How to Give Your Horse Confidence herd of horses You’re walking along a beautiful trail; your horse is happy, relaxed; all is serene – suddenly, you find yourself in a spin that would do any reining horse proud, followed by a mad gallop! Yikes! One might think a bear had come out from behind a tree! So why did your horse go from complete relaxation to total panic? Why horses shy or spook herd of horses If the leader flees the entire herd will follow suit. Photo credit: Mike Kamermans The first step to making sense of it is to understand who the horse is and what is in his nature. First and foremost he is a prey animal. Secondly, he is a flight animal. Third, he is a herd animal. No matter how much training a horse has, his instincts and natural behavior will always be there. In the wild, horses’ survival depends upon their ability to see, hear, and smell danger. They must respond immediately to survive nature’s predators. The gift of flight is their tool for survival. Being a herd animal, the horse needs a leader. Have you ever seen a herd of horses peacefully grazing when suddenly one horse picks up his head and without hesitation spins around and gallops off? You can be assured if the leader flees the entire herd will follow suit before even checking to see why they’re running. The leader guides the herd. The horse looks to the rider While handling and riding the horse we strive to become his leader. Through ground work we teach the horse to follow us, to move his legs forward, laterally, and back. We teach him to focus on us through laterally giving at the pole, the jaw, and the wither. We should not have a problem with him shying at this point, right? No, it’s not that simple! Even a focused horse can be startled when suddenly a squirrel jumps down from a tree as you pass. It’s a sudden movement that causes his natural instincts to kick in. No matter how much “desensitizing” is done, I have not seen many horses who don’t react at a sudden unseen object. How violently he shies depends on you, the rider. Your body language, your reaction, your timing, and his trust in you all play an important role in how quickly the horse will regain his composure. Bluntly said, you cannot lie to a horse! You can put on a brave face, but he feels and sees your truth. If you become tense he will absolutely know that, indeed, this is something to be frightened of. If you are unable to react quickly and guide him quietly forward by asking for his focus through laterally giving, by properly asking him to move forward from your legs, and by sitting softly in a balanced manner, then he will take matters into his own hands. You have inadvertently deserted him as his leader, and he will believe he must watch out for himself. In the same situation, if you are able to react quickly and confidently, he might just take a few steps sideways or scooted forward a moment, then refocus on you and realize he is being guided by you. We should not expect to change the nature of the horse, but rather to give the horse confidence in our leadership. I realize this is easier said than done: a shying horse can be frightening to the rider, and if the pattern continues, it can become a vicious cycle that’s tough to break. But after working with many riders with fear issues, I do believe that, with guidance, a committed rider can and will work through this. One of my students who deals with fear is constantly saying to her horse, “you’re ok, you’re ok.” I chuckle because what she really means is “I’m ok, I’m ok.” The words don’t help the horse because her voice and her body are full of tension. The horse listens to body language. Leading by example So how do you overcome fear and become a confident leader for your horse? I believe understanding your role with the horse first from the ground cannot be understated. Ground work is invaluable as a first step. If he doesn’t follow and trust you from the ground it will not be any better once mounted. There are many methods of ground work and I do not condone bullying in any way. On the surface, you might get the response you’re looking for, but he will neither want to be with you nor will he trust you. Once mounted it is important to learn how to sit in a balanced seat without gripping. Your journey to developing confidence starts by learning the correct use of legs, seat, and hands, and becoming proficient in your ability to use them independently or all at the same time. Confidence, in turn, allows you to react, allows you to stay soft in your body, and ultimately allows you to guide your horse and pass that confidence on to him. Many years ago I was riding a horse on a small, narrow country road. There was no breakdown lane, only a deep ditch. I heard the unsettling noise of a tractor trailer truck coming in our direction. They were not allowed on the road so it was not a normal occurrence. I had nowhere to find safety, and he was fast approaching. The horse I was riding was young, skittish, and prone to bolting. I felt the panic rising in me, and then the voice of my instructor came to me saying, “If you relax, breath deep, and trust him to follow you, you’ll get a much better result.” Believe me, relaxing with a huge, noisy truck coming within a few feet of us was not at all what I was thinking, but I did it! As he got closer I put my hand on my horse’s neck, stroked him and breathed really deep. I put my calves on and asked him to keep walking. I asked him to give to the bit. He did nothing! He tensed a bit but did not do his normal spin and bolt (to which I had been subjected so many times). Since this is a “family blog” I will not say what I was muttering to the driver after the fact! He never slowed down or moved over one bit. Scary, and thankfully, I never had to repeat such an atrocious incident, but it made me a believer in the power of leadership through body language. I think I knew it was do or die! The ability to change my own normal reactions became easier each time, and it can for you too, with practice, patience, and understanding technique and horse behavior. Becoming a rider instead of a passenger takes study and practice. It is not generally a quick endeavor, but in the end the rewards far exceed the efforts. 5 Comments on “When Horses Shy: How to Give Your Horse Confidence 1. Thank you for you comments, they have helped my understanding a lot. • Lynn, I am happy that this article has been beneficial to you. If you have any comments or questions please write again! 2. Great article! I’m sharing with my friends! Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.979944109916687}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '71500', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VDVJUG7GCC2H6K7OIAWR2FUV6CNGDW3K', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:de53837e-be75-4940-a5e8-d190812a2244>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 22, 5, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.205', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DRI2CBQHINGQHLDLUQ6LEHZQHM4EO25T', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c1b7965b-21fb-48dc-8c92-2b37cf579190>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://sandiforester.com/2013/08/01/when-horses-shy-how-to-give-your-horse-confidence/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dce7cccf-3d69-42fc-bf23-aeb0e52f1587>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1222', 'url': 'https://sandiforester.com/2013/08/01/when-horses-shy-how-to-give-your-horse-confidence/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-229-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021724820137023926', 'original_id': 'dbf41357bab833862bb3cb3bd9386ddb90e2787f6f51b38cbefff745821dd8d5'}
Examining Modernization The great thing about modernization is that it typically means better, more efficient equipment, and overall less waste. However, that is not Dishwasher Powderalways the case. Sometimes, new equipment saves times but not resources, or resources but not time. When a tree is put into a wood chipper or sawing mill, most of the parts of the tree are sliced off as extra material. Now, this is good in saving time, because chopping down a tree is insanely time consuming. However, most of the wood of the tree is put to waste. On the other hand, if you enjoy beautiful quilts and you buy a completely handmade quilt, you are looking at a pretty pricey item. You are paying for the many hours of labor which were put into it and which were not part of the efficiency involved, but a loving part of the labor put into the item. You should always examine modern equipment or any proposed modernization to your company. If you don’t understand certain details, hire someone who does understand them. Make sure that they walk you through the process of understanding if something really will be made more eco friendly over time than it already is and if the modernization will undo any eco friendly successes which were made in the past. You don’t have to worry about chemical modernization, though. Envirosafe Solutions provides a variety of environmentally friendly liquids, such as our marine glass cleaner, radiator cleaner, and rubber remover, just to name a few. We believe wholeheartedly in the efficiency and work that good, eco friendly liquid products can bring to the jobsite. We believe in anything which helps to sustain and renew our planet as a whole. You don’t have to worry about what the chemical waste from our products will do to the environment, we tell you ourselves as clearly as we can. No, you just have to enjoy the satisfaction and clear mind of a job well done and an earth well preserved. Examine any and all modernization occurring in your business, get down and dirty with the details, ask plenty of questions, and play your part in the protection and safety of our earth: (+61) 1300 88 90 70.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.970337688922882}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '190672', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:A2TFVOIJNM77KMNRLKJ3OAIRZHFLWKI5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1fd91fb5-0b1d-4a16-8a73-b6ebc74b1855>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 20, 22, 51, 56), 'WARC-IP-Address': '101.0.68.214', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JSJTGTURUOSPLOO53E6KLWTHQIJIOE3X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:95bf16f9-494f-414f-8127-1ad556fca2df>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://envirosafesolutions.com.au/examining-modernization/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fc357eca-6144-4b91-8f8f-a7a0e1e2a35d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '371', 'url': 'https://envirosafesolutions.com.au/examining-modernization/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-17\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-55.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4230850338935852', 'original_id': '248c7636f33c3cac09a3e69ae13228a9569db5dcefb46ce5fde4374d0212e8ad'}
package org.tuio { public class TuioError extends Error { public function TuioError(msg:String){ super(msg); } } }	mini_pile	{'original_id': '99be1db6a9301ce923875ad2ec87d765a6ad145690a2dfce85019fffca08bbd5'}
Martin Freeman nearly blew Sherlock role MARTIN FREEMAN almost blew his audition for hit TV show SHERLOCK when he was targeted by a thief hours before meeting producers. Freeman plays the detective's sidekick, Dr. Watson, in the British drama but he failed to impress the show's bosses on his first tryout. The Hobbit star was distracted during the audition after his wallet was stolen earlier in the day, and he had to return for a second run-through to persuade producers he was right for the role. Freeman tells Britain's Radio Times magazine, "I'll admit maybe I was a bit stressed. But a week later my agent rang and said, 'Listen, this Sherlock thing, they're sort of under the impression you weren't that into it.' And I said 'Oh... I am really interested. Please call them and let them know that I am interested.' I wasn't being blase about it at all. I just wasn't on my best day." Freeman credits his chemistry with co-star Benedict Cumberbatch with helping him land the role, adding, "I came in again, read with Benedict and it instantly worked, it seemed to me... I thought he was a fantastic actor and there was something about our rhythms, similarities and differences that meant that it just happened." Copyright World Entertainment News Network. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'b3ddfb2ffbee709b68b9c9f1161162e790b1b669f9abda1e31e1f0f055961bbd'}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/materialize/1.0.0/css/materialize.min.css"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> </head> <body> <div class="section"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m12"> <div class="card #cfd8dc blue-grey lighten-5" style="border-style: solid;border-width: medium0;border-color:#78909c;border-radius: 20px;"> <div class="card-content black-text"> <p><b>At present, IIIT Una operates from its temporary premises of Transit Campus-II (DevBhumy Group of Institutes, Vill. Chandpur, Teh. Haroli, Una, H.P.) and Transit Campus-I (NIT Campus, Hamirpur).<br> The permanent campus is coming up in the district of Una In Himachal Pradesh. The new permanent campus is planned as follows :</b></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m6"> <div class="card #eceff1 blue-grey lighten-5" style="border-style: solid;border-width: medium0;border-color:#78909c;border-radius: 20px;"> <div class="card-content white-text"> <img class="responsive-img" src="images/IMG13.jpg" alt="photo"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col s12 m6"> <div class="card #eceff1 blue-grey lighten-5" style="border-style: solid;border-width: medium0;border-color:#78909c;border-radius: 20px;"> <div class="card-content white-text"> <img class="responsive-img" src="images/img1.jpg" alt="photo"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/materialize/1.0.0/js/materialize.min.js"></script> </body> </html>	the_stack	{'hexsha': '8d43c6250418415f149ee783a9da7677c9fcad18', 'size': '2035', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'about5.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'Abhilasha339027/Abhilashatharaniya-IIITU-Website', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '650cf4373a12de71abe70649b07dec3567e716c2', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '1', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2020-04-18T17:05:39.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2020-04-18T17:05:39.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'about5.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'Abhilasha339027/Abhilashatharaniya-IIITU-Website', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '650cf4373a12de71abe70649b07dec3567e716c2', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'about5.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'Abhilasha339027/Abhilashatharaniya-IIITU-Website', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '650cf4373a12de71abe70649b07dec3567e716c2', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '1', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '2020-04-20T06:06:31.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '2020-04-20T06:06:31.000Z', 'avg_line_length': '46.25', 'max_line_length': '218', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.5955773956', 'original_id': '2052490a8daf6cd9b3aa3ae619f251d557ca90506f529e5384de552bcc4db3af'}
In recent decades, important developments have been achieved in different accepts of cancer therapy. Many cancer types may be eradicated by proper therapy and patients can even be in a cancer--free state ([@R1]). Many patients receive BMT around the world and as a consequence, the number of survivors is increasing ([@R2]). Even though certain medications, their doses and spectrum activities are important and necessary in the treatment of a patient with different types of cancer, health professionals should also consider assessing Other means beyond just morbidity and mortality evaluations ([@R1]). General conditions on what patients should adapt when receiving BMT have been noted in the literature; however, there are limited explanations on patient's experiences with this process ([@R3]). Many psychometric studies have noted that psychiatric disorders and emotional distress such as anxiety and depression can follow BMT ([@R4]). The role of psychological factors in survival after BMT is supported by ongoing investigations ([@R5]). Since the number of patients who receive BMT and their life expectancy following this procedure are increasing, more attention needs to be given to those psychological factors that may affect the QOL of these individuals ([@R6]). Problems in cognitive function can interfere with daily activities, education, career and QOL of those suffering from cancer ([@R7]). Most researches have not noted any correlation between types of transplantation, conditioning regimen, usage or dosage of total body irradiation, diagnostic background and cognitive changes ([@R8]). Based on neuropsychological studies, some cancer patients have demonstrated neurological changes after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) including cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement and shown neurotoxic side effects induced by drugs like cyclosporine and tacrolimus ([@R9]). In 2005, Khan et al. reported that patients undergoing blood and bone marrow transplantations are at a high risk for psychiatric morbidities ([@R10]). In 2010, Maheri Azar et al. emphasized the frequent evaluation of psychological distress in BMT receivers ([@R4]). However, in 2011, Chao and colleagues noted that BMT procedure is not related to long-term morbidity in adult patients ([@R1]). The present study was aimed to evaluate parameters such as depression, anxiety and cognition in BMT patients both during pre and post-transplantation. Material and Methods {#s1} ==================== This prospective, cross-sectional study, held between July 2011 and May 2012, evaluated qualified candidates for receiving BMT at Valiasr BMT Center, Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran. Participants with hematological dyscrasia who were between 18 and 55 years entered this study. Exclusion criteria included no previous history of BMT, as well as not having received antidepressants or anxiolytics or other medications with confirmed central nervous system (CNS) toxicity (such as opioids and IT methotrexate) or drugs that can induce depression and anxiety (such as theophylline, decongestants and some of cardiovascular drugs) for at least two weeks before the initiation of the study. Patients who had a history of brain cancers, major psychiatric disorders (who were not in the remission phase), or immune deficiency as well as those who did not understand Persian language were also excluded from the study. Patients were only evaluated if survived at least one month after receiving BMT. The translations of the two scales of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ([@R11]) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) ([@R12]) were utilized to evaluate anxiety and depression as well as memory, respectively. These scales are being used in studies performed for the Iranian population. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of HADS were reported to be highly acceptable. (Reliability of HADs for Anxiety: r=0.75, p\< 0.001; Reliability of HADS for Depression: r=0.71, p\< 0.001). Additionally, the validity was reported as a range of 28%-98% for the subtests of the Farsi version of WMS and reliability was reported as 72% 68% 75% 54% 73% for general memory, attention/concentration, visual memory, verbal memory and delayed memory, respectively. HADS consists of 14 questions and assesses the severity of anxiety and depression based on patients' self-reports. The first 7 items are related to anxiety and the second 7 items to depression. When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer; therefore, the maximum score of each subscale is 21. The standard cut-off points for both subscales are (0--[@R7]) for anxiety-free, ([@R8]-[@R10]) for mild anxiety, ([@R11]-[@R14]) for moderate anxiety, ([@R15]-21) for severe anxiety ([@R4]). WMS is a neuropsychological test designed to measure different memory functions in a person. Scale subtests include information, orientation, mental control, logical memory, digits forwards and visual reproduction ([@R13]). SPSS was used to analysis the data (Version 18). Patients signed consent forms prior to entering the study. Study questionnaires were filled twice during this trial, one time before BMT procedure (within 72 hours after hospitalization) and another time 1 month after that. Result {#s2} ====== Twenty four patients were interviewed and entered this study. One patient expired and 2 patients did not receive BMT due to not fulfilling inclusion criteria. Twenty one patients (11 males and 10 females) entered and completed this study. Demographic characteristics are summarized in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The mean and standard deviation of the scores achieved for anxiety using HADS questionnaire in pre and post-transplantations are shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. A significant difference was found between pre and post-BMT anxiety. Anxiety was significantly lower in post-BMT compared to pre-BMT (P = 0.008). No patient was found to be severely anxious at pre-BMT and post-BMT. [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} demonstrated the mean and standard deviation of the scores obtained for depression in pre and post-BMT patients using HADS questionnaire. Pre and post-BMT depression was not shown to be significantly different in the studied patients based on HADS. No patient was found to be severely depressed at pre-BMT and post-BMT. [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} shows the mean and standard deviation for pre and post transplantation of overall Memory Quotient (MQ) that was computed based on the scores of the subsets of WMS. It was shown that there was a significant difference between pre and post-BMT MQ scores; post-BMT MQ scores were significantly higher in comparison to those values at pre-BMT (P = 0.001). Discussion {#s3} ========== Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) as a highly aggressive and demanding medical therapy ([@R4]) is followed by significant morbidity and mortality ([@R8]). Thus, both the underlying disease and transplantation sequels can greatly affect the daily life of the patients ([@R14]). Similar to the results observed in a study by Maheri Azar et al. ([@R4]), the present study showed that anxiety was significantly less at post-BMT in comparison to pre-BMT. Due to the fact that the subjects in our study did not receive anti-anxiety agents during the trial, it can be suggested that either the transplantation procedure by itself or the placebo effect of such a treatment may have resulted in the improvement of anxiety. However, it should be noted that none of the patients undergoing BMT were suffering from severe anxiety during both pre and post-BMT periods. Moreover, Fife et al. found that hospitalized BMT patients experienced severe psychological disorders that gradually improved within three months post-BMT ([@R15]). A prospective study by Trask et al. assessed emotional distress and anxiety in 50 potential BMT candidates and noted that approximately 50% of the patients experienced significant psychological distress at their initial BMT consultation visit. Despite the fact that the coordinators of the study underestimated the number of subjects who experienced high levels of emotional distress, there was a moderate but significant agreement between the patients and the coordinators regarding the ratings of anxiety and emotional distress. Patients reported the psychological distress as something beyond depression anxiety whereas the coordinators noted anxiety as the primary emotional distress. ([@R16]). The present study revealed no significant difference between pre and post-BMT mean depression scores. None of the patients suffered from severe depression during pre-BMT and at post-BMT. Based on a trial by Maheri Azar et al. none of the patients undergoing BMT were suffering major depression during both pre and post-BMT periods. However, in contrast to the results of our study, the levels of depression in their trial were significantly less during post-BMT. ([@R4]) A study by Syrjala et al. showed that physical improvement was observed earlier than psychological or work development in patients who underwent BMT. The authors of the latter study noted that the presence of depression at pre-transplantation could cause serious problems during the recovery process. Patients with GVHD and immune deficiency, poor social support as well as females were at a higher risk to experience depression after transplantation ([@R17]). Akaho et al. found an association between fatigue, depression, anger, anxiety and confusion with the rate of achieving disease-free state at 3 months after BMT. When analyzing the data based on gender differences, the above symptoms were also shown to have associations with poor prognosis in males at 3 and 8 months after transplantation. Therefore, the results of this study indicated an association between mood status before BMT and prognosis after BMT in a gender-dependent manner ([@R5]). In a study by Khan et al. it was reported that 37.5 % of the patients who underwent blood and BMT were suffering from psychiatric disorders. The authors concluded that psychiatric interventions in these patients were of importance ([@R10]). The study of Grulke et al. indicated that 10.1% of the patients presented with severe depression (67.15%) suffered from mild depression and 22.75% from moderate depression. The average of survival rates for patients who were suffering from acute, mild and moderate depression were 418, 848 and 699 days, respectively ([@R18]). Our study showed that the scores for MQ scores were significantly more at post-BMT when compared to pre-BMT. This can be due to the fact that patients' anxiety may have had decreased. Additionally, decreasing the side effects of intensive chemotherapy after discontinuing this treatment may have been another reason for the improvement in the patients' memory. Similarly, Syrjala et al. noted that the scores of all neuropsychological tests significantly decreased during the 80 days after BMT. Except for motor dexterity and grip strength, other tests were returned to pre BMT levels by one year. Although the recovery of memory and verbal fluency was reported to occur in one year, both of these factors were noted to be less than the normal values at all testing times (pre-BMT, 80 days and 1 year post-BMT). The above study reported that those patients who did not receive chemotherapy (subjects could receive hydroxyurea) before HCT, were not likely to have memory impairment prior to the BMT procedure. Additionally, it was pointed that treating chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) could increase the risk of impairment in motor dexterity after one year; however, long-term cognitive dysfunction was probably not resulted directly by HCT ([@R8]). Also, a study by Booth-Jones et al. demonstrated that 51% of BMT patients had at least a mild dysfunction in one or more cognitive dimensions, with 28% demonstrating moderate-to-severe problem. In their study, lower IQ, being male, older age and less education were found to be risk factors for "impaired score range" in cognitive tests. Interestingly, younger patients in that study had more complaints about problems with cognition. This finding may suggest the differences between patients who complained about cognitive function and those who were suffering from actual impairments in their cognition after BMT ([@R6]). Another study by Harder et al. indicated that selective attention, verbal learning, speed of information processing, executive function, verbal and visual memory were at a higher risk to be affected in patients undergoing BMT when compared with normal controls. Additionally, the results noted that patients scored significantly lower in the information processing speed task compared to the normal population. This study suggested educational level, fatigue and global health as predictors of impaired neuropsychological scores. Moderate to severe cognitive problems were also shown to be related to social functioning, employment status, overall mood states, physical functioning and subjective cognitive problems ([@R19]). Meyers et al. reported that cognitive and emotional functioning before transplantation are important predictors for the outcome in a long run and for the QOL in BMT patients. In addition, they reported the development of persistent short-term mood disturbance and memory problems in a few BMT patients. The level of social support, BMT type and locus of control were associated with cognitive functioning and psychological distress both during and after BMT. However, age was not a predictor for neurobehavioral symptoms during and after BMT ([@R20]). The limitations of the present study were as follows: Firstly, our sample size was relatively small in spite of enrolling patients for more than 9 months. Secondly, we did not use "structured interview" that could have resulted in the more precise evaluation of the patients in this study. Besides, one month was not a long time for evaluating psychiatric consequences of BMT. The current study provides ideas for future studies and basic information for those health professionals working at BMT wards. Conclusion {#s4} ========== The authors suggest that improvement of anxiety and memory status of patients one month after the bone marrow transplantation is expected even in the absence of consumption of any antianxiety agents. However, some psychosocial interventions are recommended before and after the BMT procedure in order to better prepare patients to cope with the increasing and worsening depression and anxiety during and after the time of the transplantation procedure. Further studies with larger number of patients and for a longer time are recommended to confirm the results of this study. The present manuscript is a part of the undergraduate thesis of Mina Shirinbakhsh Masule and has been supported by Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran (thesis number: p/177). Authors thank Mr Masoud Nezameddini (MS, RN) for his valuable contribution and help. There is no non-financial competing interest to be declared. ###### Baseline demographic characteristics of patients Variables n[†](#TFN1){ref-type="table-fn"}(percent) -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------- Sex Male 11(52.4%) Female 10(47.6%) Marital status Single 4(19%) Married 15(71.4%) Divorced 1(4.3%) Widow/Widower 1(4.3%) Education Being able to write 4(19.05%) Junior-high school 4(19.05%) High school diploma 8(38.1%) Academic education 5(23.8%) Age 18-30 5(23.8%) 31-43 9(42.8%) 43-55 7(33.4%) Types of disorder AML 7(33.33%) ALL 2(9.6%) HD 5(23.8%) MM 7(33.33 %) Types of transplantation Allogenic 8(38.1%) Autologous 13(61.9%) number of patients ###### Comparing the score achieved for anxiety, depression and memory within 72 hours after the hospitalization and 1 month after transplantation, using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) Time Pre- BMT[\#](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} Post --BMT[\$](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} P[\](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} value ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- Anxiety* Mean± SD[†](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.14±3.83 3.80±3.23 0.008 Depression Mean± SD[†](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.38±3.52 5.00±3.42 0.586 Memory Mean± SD[†](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 85.52±13.81 90.66±15.57 0.001 Within 72 hours after the hospitalization 1 month after transplantation Standard Deviation P-value is given for the comparison of before-after anxiety using paired-sample t test	mini_pile	{'original_id': '641590ea3236fd064aa5f6cf61062bf7c68aa9e525031599ab0402fda517e341'}
Q: list view population using only xaml I read a lot about the listView and still cant understand... I defined the following listView with 5 column, the first is label and the rest are texboxes. I need to add 13 rows that every textbox and labels needs to be bind to something diffrent. So I understand that listViewItem wont do it because every object in the list, binds to somethin else.. Thank you for your help. <ListView DockPanel.Dock="Top" Width="607" Height="400" Margin="10 0" HorizontalAlignment="Left" ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Hidden" BorderThickness="1"> <ListView.View> <GridView> <GridViewColumn Header="1" Width="120" > <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <Label/> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> <GridViewColumn Header="2" Width="120" > <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBox /> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> <GridViewColumn Header="3" Width="120" > <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBox /> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> <GridViewColumn Header="4" Width="120" > <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBox /> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> <GridViewColumn Header="5" Width="120" > <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBox /> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> </GridView> </ListView.View> </ListView> A: I finaly did a Grid in every item in the list like this: <ListView DataContext="{Binding CurrentMonitorCalib}" Grid.Column="5" Grid.Row="3" Height="488" Width="444" ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Hidden" BorderThickness="1"> <ListView.View> <GridView> <GridViewColumn Header="Cal Point" Width="80"/> <GridViewColumn Header="Source" Width="90" /> <GridViewColumn Header="Failure Limit" Width="90" /> <GridViewColumn Header="Reference" Width="90" /> <GridViewColumn Header="# DaysLimit" Width="90" /> </GridView> </ListView.View> <ListViewItem> <Grid Width="441" Margin="-359,0,0,0"> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="81" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="30" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <Label Content="Zero" Margin="5,0" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding Path=ZeroSource, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="2" Text="{Binding Path=ZeroFailureLimit, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="3" Text="{Binding Path=ZeroRef, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="4" Text="{Binding Path=ZeroZNDays, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" Margin="0,0,8,7" /> </Grid> </ListViewItem> <ListViewItem> <Grid Width="442" Margin="-359,0,0,0"> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="81" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="91" /> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="30" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <Label Content="Span" Margin="5,0"/> <TextBox Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding Path=SpanSource, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="2" Text="{Binding Path=SpanFailureLimit, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="3" Text="{Binding Path=SpanRef, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" /> <TextBox Grid.Column="4" Text="{Binding Path=SpanNDays, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged,ValidatesOnDataErrors=True}" Margin="0,0,8,7" /> </Grid> </ListViewItem> and so on..... thanks for your help!	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'f0d6e88f7224d5668f27f7a98b5e8e7e1ff3bd8b51c2a69f20ae6da3688ebc2e'}
Crown exposure is a procedure we use to expose impacted teeth, or teeth that are stuck in the surrounding tissue and bone. The most commonly impacted teeth are the wisdom teeth and the canine teeth. While the wisdom teeth are often unnecessary and can, therefore, be removed, the canine teeth are crucial for function, making extraction a bad idea. Exposing the canines is a simple procedure. During your appointment, Dr. Regan will create a small hole in the gum to allow the tooth to erupt. Then, using a dental brace, the tooth will be guided into the correct position. We invite you to contact our office to learn more about impaction and your treatment options.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.910666048526764}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '131151', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UTJ2RQEGQUOKCZ3M5Z4UKQB6QYRPI7A7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8ceac49e-7b0a-477f-b487-904cc75c40ca>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 19, 16, 54, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '209.90.72.28', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:R2UJJNJ5QO22QQ3D5KXAEZYLF2LX4G5J', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:65e36d16-e5cd-4a30-ab03-67753418b55b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.drjohnregan.com/orthodontics/bracesorthodontics/crown-exposure/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:07c611a1-2bef-481e-b65e-3cf95752c282>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '115', 'url': 'http://www.drjohnregan.com/orthodontics/bracesorthodontics/crown-exposure/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-154-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.19817417860031128', 'original_id': '6ba7168974904c8f194c216fab52811969de069064d5d7a31142950a9f56fb32'}
The Miami Heat defeated the Toronto Raptors , 104 - 89 , at American Airlines Arena on Saturday afternoon . The Heat ( 32 - 34 ) checked in to Wednesday 's contest with only seven wins in their previous seven games , but the Heat ( 38 - 28 ) were able to prevail with a much - needed win . The Heat ( 38 - 28 ) were able to outperform Toronto ( 38 - 28 ) to a 38 percent success rate from the field , and 13 percent from three - point range , while also holding the Raptors to a 38 percent success rate from behind the arc . The Raptors were led by DeMar DeRozan 's 17 points , which he supplemented with four rebounds , two assists and one steal . Serge Ibaka was next with nine points , four rebounds , an assist and three blocks . Jonas Valanciunas posted a 10 - point , 10 - rebound double - double that also included an assist . Fred VanVleet supplied five points , four rebounds , one assist and a steal . Tyler Johnson paced the bench with 16 points , three rebounds , three assists and a steal . Hassan Whiteside posted a 12 - point , 14 - rebound double - double that also included an assist , four blocks and a steal . Goran Dragic and Dion Waiters supplied matching 15 - point efforts , with the former also supplying a pair of assists and a steal , and the latter supplying five assists , one rebound and one steal . Wayne Ellington led the second unit with 11 points , three rebounds and one steal . The Raptors head back home to face off with the Atlanta Hawks on Friday afternoon , while the Heat travel to Atlanta for a Friday evening date with the Hawks .	the_stack	{'hexsha': '564830aa0efde1795b64e97c85c0c404cc812913', 'size': '1572', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'texts/S036.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'ehudreiter/accuracySharedTask', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'b6963f73baf235ed6ae43a51db29f89efa1e9d13', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['CC0-1.0']", 'max_stars_count': '14', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2020-12-16T17:56:37.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2021-12-20T22:20:20.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'data/texts/S036.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'ngarneau/accuracySharedTask', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '21b253f9610c13376fcf79f8372f36d801a9eee4', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['CC0-1.0']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'data/texts/S036.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'ngarneau/accuracySharedTask', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '21b253f9610c13376fcf79f8372f36d801a9eee4', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['CC0-1.0']", 'max_forks_count': '3', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '2021-02-16T08:17:20.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '2021-06-09T07:45:18.000Z', 'avg_line_length': '1572.0', 'max_line_length': '1572', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.7614503817', 'original_id': 'c2392b4d365b4cf9f21f32b7082fceb79608958427203f06f79755b3c8601895'}
Graduation... It seems so long ago That we were in kindergarten Eight years ago. Ending elementary school, Going on to high school. Many things have happened I'll always remember them. Our parents have stood by us all these years, Encouraging us in love And support. I wish I could relive those moments... But it is not to happen. Use your time wisely... You will treasure it.	the_stack	{'hexsha': 'f60ed517be38ef60c24ad474c170c6e5a81e4817', 'size': '390', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'final_project/poems/topics/graduation/GraduationPoemsGraduationPoembyMeganChow.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'AstridSlet/language_exam', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'dab0ed8e8466b11875324a821a4a6b94de940873', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '3', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2022-02-19T20:44:14.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2022-03-01T07:52:11.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'final_project/poems/topics/graduation/GraduationPoemsGraduationPoembyMeganChow.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'AstridSlet/language_exam', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'dab0ed8e8466b11875324a821a4a6b94de940873', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'final_project/poems/topics/graduation/GraduationPoemsGraduationPoembyMeganChow.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'AstridSlet/language_exam', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'dab0ed8e8466b11875324a821a4a6b94de940873', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '26.0', 'max_line_length': '46', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.7512820513', 'original_id': '61f001dfe55bdcb9e940c1a3a4f5890b1bb0a72d62724a7460cf0a3ec59b4f29'}
FPNotebook does not benefit financially from showing this medication data or their pharmacy links. This information is provided only to help medical providers and their patients see relative costs. Insurance plans negotiate lower medication prices with suppliers. Prices shown here are out of pocket, non-negotiated rates. See Needy Meds for financial assistance information. Ontology: Sublimaze (C0015845) Ontology: Fentanyl (C0015846) Definition (CHV) a kind of narcotic pain relieving drug Definition (CHV) a kind of narcotic pain relieving drug Definition (CHV) a kind of narcotic pain relieving drug Definition (NCI) A synthetic, lipophilic phenylpiperidine opioid agonist with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Fentanyl selectively binds to the mu-receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Stimulation of the mu-subtype opioid receptor stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex and subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase. This results in a decrease in intracellular cAMP and leads to a reduction in the release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline. The analgesic effect of fentanyl is likely due to its metabolite morphine, which induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, thereby resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Definition (MSH) A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078) Definition (PSY) Synthetic opiate frequently used illicitly. Definition (CSP) potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction; primarily a mu-opioid agonist, used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. About FPnotebook.com is a rapid access, point-of-care medical reference for primary care and emergency clinicians. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6591 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 721 chapters. Content is updated monthly with systematic literature reviews and conferences. Although access to this website is not restricted, the information found here is intended for use by medical providers. Patients should address specific medical concerns with their physicians. This page was written by Scott Moses, MD, last revised on 3/30/2018 and last published on 8/3/2018.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '26d0d2d69929b517b7d4bd276f95f04b2211a835da99f3aa26a42a4696af2bea'}
John Doe Lyrics Lets do this one positively This one goes out to me mislead To preserve the youths of tomorrow Today is the time to stop all the unnecessary blood shed Life of a gangster is not sweet And I'm coming to you straight from the streets This could be a story about anybody But let's call him John Doe A rude boy get murder cops were quicker on the draw Another youth get murder a victim of the law Rude boy get murder cops were quicker on the draw Another youth get murder a victim of the law [verse 1] Johnny was wicked ragamuffin and raw Pull off a robbery but the cops he never saw He got surrounded and they crushed him like a straw John Doe went out like that No, no, no He heard them coming but he didn't get to flee Wanted by the cops was living like a refugee Do no evil think no evil try it and you will see Bad boy and law man don't gree Wicker on the microphone that is where I get my vibe Trying to hustle and make a doller ain't got no 9 to 5 watching my back when going home and trying to stay alive Got to strive, got to strive, got to strive Johnny was a gangster well ain't life a bitch Robbing with his homies then they got ditched Thought he was the man but he was rolling with a snitch All he wanted to do was get rich [verse 1] Correct these lyrics Watch Shaggy John Doe video Hottest Lyrics with Videos check amazon for John Doe mp3 download Songwriter(s): Dave Kelly, Orville Burrell Record Label(s): This Compilation P & C 1997 Virgin Records Ltd Issued under exclusive license in the United States to Virgin Records America, Inc Manufactured by Vi Official lyrics by Rate John Doe by Shaggy (current rating: N/A) Meaning to "John Doe" song lyrics no entries yet capthca required Characters count : min. 50 characters	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9423215389251708}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '18962', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:O3FQD5TY4VGSHX2D6AKP53YWDTFTXO5E', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b87d8e49-a475-4635-8029-9a65523335e9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 13, 20, 54, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.4.113', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6B2DARIGNPJJZ3ZA7COCTYRCYPWDTFNE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b6860426-8458-41e8-b866-21b40a8185a9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.elyrics.net/read/s/shaggy-lyrics/john-doe-lyrics.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9db3ca3e-d1c9-4e14-89db-420209087821>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '344', 'url': 'https://www.elyrics.net/read/s/shaggy-lyrics/john-doe-lyrics.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-18-132.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0435674786567688', 'original_id': '469f3785d08598650f5ec0c5ddb0c83aecfcfe9b4a2c5f675853c6d0888371d6'}
January 18 1919 “Divisional XV” win trial match. The trial match to finalise the NZ Army team to play a series of matches in the United Kingdom was played at Richmond on January 18 1919 with the “Divisional XV”, from the NZ Division that had been serving in Europe, beating the “UK XV” of personnel from depots in England by 5 – 3. The teams included 16 past or future All Blacks, seven in the “Divisional XV”, nine in the “UK XV”. Jack Stohr - his conversion was the difference between the teams. It was the last recorded match for both these teams, but the NZ Army team, made up of players from both sides, went on to play 38 matches in Britain and France, winning 33 of them, and taking out the King’s Cup at an international tournament, before embarking on a 15 match tour of South Africa. Divisional XV 5: E A Bellis, try, L B Stohr conversion. UK XV 3: Arthur “Ranji” Wilson try.’ The teams.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9743158221244812}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '72694', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MFAE2ZJLYD4PY3NUUOP4BXANKE5CC3XQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e9415237-3e7e-4d5e-8075-6cf01f718943>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 22, 23, 31, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '203.114.129.75', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IPICY7Y7A2RTCR2CHR4HVLBRP76ZX6VT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:744c2471-c31f-4650-8bef-94fb9f11e929>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://rugbymuseum.co.nz/tdih-january-18-1919-divisional-xv-win-trial-match/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2a9ee754-5fbe-4394-87ec-dad015960a9c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '162', 'url': 'http://rugbymuseum.co.nz/tdih-january-18-1919-divisional-xv-win-trial-match/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-135.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02603769302368164', 'original_id': 'f2bf980125bf99f579ad1f84340c5adc0f4677e0a7b7aa46235028d45dbfa2d0'}
package ca.uhn.fhir.context; /* * #%L * HAPI FHIR - Core Library * %% * Copyright (C) 2014 - 2020 University Health Network * %% * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. * #L% */ import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IPrimitiveType; import ca.uhn.fhir.model.api.annotation.DatatypeDef; public class RuntimeIdDatatypeDefinition extends RuntimePrimitiveDatatypeDefinition implements IRuntimeDatatypeDefinition { public RuntimeIdDatatypeDefinition(DatatypeDef theDef, Class<? extends IPrimitiveType<?>> theImplementingClass, boolean theStandardType) { super(theDef, theImplementingClass, theStandardType); } @Override public ca.uhn.fhir.context.BaseRuntimeElementDefinition.ChildTypeEnum getChildType() { return ChildTypeEnum.ID_DATATYPE; } }	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'f121f11c349e9f72b86e2c9b79bf1b21531e9155f4b54b6ec6f2fa87a9d194e9'}
Kategori:Vikiproje Sovyetler Birliği bilinmeyen-önemli Şablon-sınıf sayfalar Vikimedya kategorisi Kategori:Vikiproje Sovyetler Birliği bilinmeyen-önemli Şablon-sınıf sayfalar nedir Wikimedia kategorisi	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32747648', 'collection': 'Wikidata', 'open_type': 'Semantic data', 'license': 'CC0', 'date': '', 'title': 'Kategori:Vikiproje Sovyetler Birliği bilinmeyen-önemli Şablon-sınıf sayfalar', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Multilingual', 'language_type': 'Semantic data', 'word_count': '17', 'token_count': '79', '__index_level_0__': '16160', 'original_id': '05bc5091b9c389f861bb34f2573f64d83acefabe5d91b8e57ae815045b2ce42b'}
Deshmukh's successor to be named on Dec 4 Mumbai, Dec 4: Congress Party on Thursday, Dec 4 will decide the sucessor of present Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Vilasrao Deshmukh. Senior party leaders External Affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee and Union Defence minister A K Antony are in Mumbai to meet the Congress MLAs and decide a successor to Deshmukh. Maharashtra CM offered his resignation taking responsilbility of the Mumbai Terror Attacks. It took five long days for the Congress High Command finally decide and accept his resignation. Today the Congress observers and its ally in the state NCP (National Congress Party) will meet after which a successor will be named. Soon after the news of Deshmukh's resignation was out heavy lobbying began for the post of Chief Minister in the ruling coalition. Sources say that Narayan Rane and Maharashtra Industry minister Ashok Chavan are the front-runners for the post. It is also learnt that only a Marata person will be taken into the post. Pranab and Antony will seek the views of the MLAs on the leadership issue in party's legislative meet. Deshmukh also drew some criticism for surveying the damages at the Taj hotel with a filmmaker and his actor son Riteish in tow. Ironicaly the out going Chief Minister of Maharashtra is the third political casuality of the Mumbai Terror Attacs after Shivraj Patil, who quit as Union Home Minister and NCP's R R Patil who wad the state deputy Chief Minister as well as Home Minister.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'ad30fe28f50bee5445d8b6c88b83656db33b09b1ed44500d81817c3ba2bbead0'}
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Movie Review and Trailer: ‘The World’s End’ August 23, 2013 When a movie’s tagline is “Good food. Fine ales. Total annihilation,” you know you’re in for it. The boys behind The Cornetto Trilogy of comedies — the first two of which are Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Hot Fuzz (2007) — are once again busting genres to the eternal appreciation and joy of an assembled fandom, with this weird yet epic tale of reunited drinking buddies on a decidedly ill-advised pub crawl. Danger is brewing. They barely get started before it’s an amber-gency right in their hometown, and they’re not hoppy about it…. Director Edgar Wright and stars Simon Pegg and Nick Frost bring back a bevy of players from the other movies to the final installment of the trilogy. The name comes from a brand of ice cream, and there is a flavor featured somewhere in each film. Shaun of the Dead had a strawberry-flavored Cornetto, which represented gore, Hot Fuzz had the original, which came in a blue wrapper (signifying the police), and The World’s End features the green mint chocolate chip as a reference to science fiction and aliens. A number of the supporting players who have been in all three movies are quite well known. Martin Freeman (now Bilbo Baggins and Watson of Sherlock fame), plays one of the reunited five, and fan favorite Bill Nighy (of a million British movies and TV) has an voice cameo. All the actors are not only superb, but through all the mayhem, hilarity and terror, the leads build multi-dimensional roles we grow to care about and genuinely hope survive. In Gary King, Simon Pegg’s character, who is the orchestrator of this drinking marathon, the audience is witness to a perfect representation of someone they know and pity, as well as inexplicably continue to countenance. He is that tragic friend trapped in one moment from a storied past that keeps them from stepping into the future. He brings Gary to life in such a genuine and sincere way, viewers forgive and even feel compassion for his irresponsible and narcissistic ways, while at the very same time wondering and then remembering from their own life why the other characters in the film continue to deal with him. “What an ass!” they say to themselves. Then, “Oh wait, I know that guy…” And, like Gary, they are friends with and love whoever he reminds them of despite his glaring faults and refusal or inability to fix his life. Pegg brings the poignancy of the character home to anyone who recognizes him. All the lead characters seem trapped in a morass of unhappiness and wasted potential, but none more so than Gary. The others seem to rationalize and soldier on, but he at least has the guts to bulldoze ahead and try to recapture a better time. As unlikeable as he is, in that way he becomes, surprisingly, the hero of the story. Nick Frost plays Andy Knightley, the friend with whom he has burnt the most bridges, but for all of his anger he still goes along with Gary and his former mates. Frost gets to play far more of the long-suffering straight man in this installment of the trilogy. It is no surprise that as an actor he can pull off the entire spectrum of adult expression, from staid and tightly wound to utter chaos in a skin wrapper, all with commitment and believability. Paddy Considine as Steven Prince, Eddie Marsan as Peter Page, and Martin Freeman as Oliver Chamberlain round out the hierarchy of friendship, and are joined by Rosamund Pike, who is anything but a damsel in distress. She doesn’t just hold her own. She is more fully fleshed out than any usual sci-fi female co-star (heroines a la Ripley excepted), being the most centered, and the closest thing to a voice of reason or conscience in the film. Don’t think these writers forsake humor for depth of characterization and the characters’ various dysfunctions. The further these characters get into their adventure and attempts to stave off humanity’s annihilation, the funnier the movie gets, especially to fans of the sci-fi and horror genres. It is, however, decidedly British, so those expecting The Hangover will not find satisfaction. The World’s End is so full of references and visual valentines to classic moments in the history of the sci-fi movie genre, it begs re-watching to catch them all. There is no question whatsoever the boys behind this talented cinematic brain trust know their genre films. They have shown it before and show it again here. I interviewed Wright, Pegg, and Frost when they were in DC to promote the film and all referenced both cult favorites and classics like 1962’s The Day of the Triffids, 1956’s Invasion of the Body Snatchers, and 1977’s Close Encounters of the Third Kind, (which Nick Frost declared is his favorite movie of all time). Music is a consistent thread through The World’s End, notably represented by Simon Pegg’s Gary essentially cosplaying Andrew Eldritch, the lead singer of the ’80s band The Sisters of Mercy, which happens to be Pegg’s favorite band. With his band T, his black leather duster, and omnipresent dark sunglasses, he is the perfect melding of Eldritch, circa 1992, and members of the band Fields of Nephilim. All songs are chosen very carefully. The one that opens the movie is Primal Scream’s Loaded, which is meant to be Gary’s anthem. The scene with everyone singing along in the car to the Soup Dragons’ “I’m Free” is taken from director Wright’s own experience. All the tunes used were from between 1987 and 1993, with the exception of The Alabama Song by the Doors, which actually puts into words the experience of the pub crawl. Fans of Edgar Wright’s direction, and the influence of the other members of the production team, know music is virtually another character in their films. The World’s End is no exception. The score by Steven Price is also notable and enhances the proceedings, and is clearly meant to bring to mind some of John Carpenter’s best. A minor grievance is the brief time in the last few minutes, where there is some plot tidying that feels like a temporary let down. Spoiling dictates no further explanation. Suffice to say things get a bit convenient, but by movie’s end the story finds its footing again and maintains its poignancy, leaving the audience with a connection to where the characters wind up, thank the Thelosians (or any alien race you choose). The movie as a whole is charming and hilarious and zany and deep all at once. It also offers some of the darkest and brightest moments and has arguably the most satisfying ending of the three movies. Ultimately this one asks and answers for itself: What does it take for those who struggle with their past to jump start their future? Does the world as they know it have to end, or can it just feel like it? With Shaun of the Dead and Hot Fuzz, the bar was set very high for these fellas in their last of the three. As a last call, it is with relief and glee that Cinema Siren can toast them for a job well done, and heartily suggest, should you enjoy British humor, that The World’s End is at least one comedy you’ll rate highly this summer. Knock this frothy one back. It may be nutty but it’s got a great finish. One emotionally stunted man-child, four men reaching deep to pull out their own irresponsible teen within, and a girl several of them crushed on as lads and still fancy, stumble through “The Golden Mile” in their hometown, chugging beers and facing both their pasts and futures by bickering, reminiscing and dealing with an alien invasion when they discover their old stomping ground might also be ground zero for the end of humankind. Time to drink.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '5c97d787e269a458e587bd6650627cbb135d6bd82cbeb29a76e8d04267d332db'}
Law School Frequently Asked Questions How can I find out about pre-law related events? Enroll in our Pre-Law Newsletter via Handshake. In your Handshake profile, select “Pre-Law” and you will subscribe to our newsletter regarding workshops, law school visits, employment opportunities, etc. How do I develop a list of target schools? There are many considerations to keep in mind when choosing where to attend law school. Though hardly exhaustive, here is a list of questions to ask yourself that will aid in your decision-making process. We also recommend that you schedule an appointment with your pre-law advisor as you weigh your options. • The Program: Does it have a national or regional reputation? Is it practical or theoretical in its approach to legal education? How flexible is the curriculum in allowing you to cross-register to pursue your unique interests? Are there joint-degree programs? Is the program full-time only or are there part-time and evening programs? What types of clinical offerings and externships are available? Are there enough clinical slots to accommodate student demand? • The Setting: Is the environment of the school urban, suburban, or a university campus? Is public transportation available? What is the availability, cost, and desirability of the housing? Do most students live in University-affiliated housing or in individually owned apartments nearby? Is the campus a place where you feel cultural compatibility? • The Students: What are the gender, racial, and socio-economic backgrounds of the students? What size is the entering class? How competitive/collaborative are students with each other? Are students ranked? How many matriculants enroll directly from their undergraduate programs and how many take at least one year (or more) off before they enroll? How large are the 1L (first-year) sections? Does the school offer small, seminar style classes after first year? • The Faculty: How accessible is the faculty? What is the student-faculty ratio? Do faculty members maintain open office hours? What are the particular strengths or interests of the faculty? Are they engaged in scholarly work, applied work, or a combination of both? Is there sufficient faculty in the area(s) that interest you most? • Financial Considerations: What is the overall cost of attending the school, including tuition, fees, books, housing and transportation? Is need-based and or merit-based financial aid available? To qualify for need-based aid, is family financial information required? What is the average debt load of graduates? Is there a loan repayment program for lawyers who go on to public interest work? • Career Placement: Where are graduates employed? What are their salary ranges? What assistance is given for locating summer and part-time work? Who recruits on campus and do they interview all students, or only a small percentage? How much support, financially and otherwise, is available for graduates who wish to pursue a non-law firm (i.e., public service) track? Do you have any advice for requesting letters of recommendation? When asking for letters of recommendation, it is important to get a genuine sense whether the letter writer is indeed willing to write for you. Your request should be phrased in such a way that, if the potential recommender does not feel comfortable writing for you, he or she can gracefully decline. A tactful question, for example, might be, “Do you feel you know me well enough to write a strong letter of recommendation supporting my applications to law school?” With that in mind, you should aim to make this request in person if possible; if not, then a phone call or email is appropriate. Once the person agrees to write a letter of recommendation on your behalf, it can be helpful to discuss your academic interests and your career plans with your recommender. Letters are most effective when the writer can describe you as being well-suited to a particular goal. Remember that career goals are a work in progress and that you can easily discuss your general interests, as well as specific plans, depending on your situation. Your recommender will also be curious about your background. To that end, providing an updated resume, current transcript, and any other relevant information is usually helpful. Once your recommender agrees to write on your behalf, it is always useful to mention your timeframe and, if necessary, a general deadline by which you would like this letter submitted. Giving a recommender at least 3-4 weeks to write a letter on your behalf is a good rule of thumb. Be as flexible as possible, while still maintaining a realistic sense of when this task must be completed. After the initial request has been made, you should feel free to follow up appropriately, but not excessively. How can I finance my law school education? There are a number of fantastic resources available for students interested in financing their law degree. Using the following resources to connect to various options.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.954117476940155}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '82858', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z5K2CHQL5KRDGBV2FFMAFELEZ4UKQZ6W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d5cc5004-4adc-4101-857c-2a8c430d05c3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 21, 2, 29, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.156.183.131', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:K5OUCGMMTKZZOUIIKXWBEXK2DNVX2UBQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3865831-6bfd-4625-8c80-2883e6a06b76>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://careerservices.upenn.edu/law-school-frequently-asked-questions/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c36ba564-2f33-4aa9-8fa9-96f8b29dfd01>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '791', 'url': 'https://careerservices.upenn.edu/law-school-frequently-asked-questions/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-17\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-253.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6599140763282776', 'original_id': '69377c964c0f5358ea11da8f08e2e09fb3a8733eef1f7f17374f7c65e5c762f8'}
Introduction ============ Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) produces approximately 80% of the world's sugar production and is also an important source of biomass. Due to its high productivity, sugarcane is used as biorefineries for the production of biomass, bioenergy and biomaterials ([@B3]; [@B12]). Sugarcane belongs to the genus Saccharum that was traditionally divided into six species, two wild species S. spontaneum and S. robustum, and four cultivated species S. officinarum, S. edule, S. barberi, and S. sinense ([@B58]). However, as originally proposed by [@B17], recent evidence based on morphological, cytological and population structure supported the classification of genus Saccharum into two horticultural species, S. spontaneum and S. officinarum, of which the latter one includes the other four Saccharum species and their interspecific hybrids ([@B58]). Saccharum spp. and Sorghum bicolor belong to the grass tribe Andropogoneae in the subfamily Panicoideae. Within the tribe Andropogoneae, Saccharum, Miscanthus, Erianthus, Narenga, and Sclerostachya form a closely related interspecific breeding group - commonly known as the 'Saccharum complex.' Saccharum officinarum (2n = 80) has high sugar content and low fiber, but poor disease resistance. S. spontaneum (2n = 36--128) is a low sugar, high fiber, disease-resistant species. Modern sugarcane cultivars are mainly derived from interspecific hybridization between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum to combine high sugar content from S. officinarum and disease resistance from S. spontaneum. Modern sugarcane hybrids are complex polyploids and aneuploids (2n = 80--140) and are comprised of 70--80% of chromosomes from S. officinarum, 10--20% from S. spontaneum, and 10% recombinants ([@B6]). The uneven progenitor genome contribution in the interspecific hybrids of sugarcane is due to a phenomenon called female restitution, wherein chromosome transmission is 2n from the female parent S. officinarum and n from the male parent S. spontaneum ([@B4]). Whole genome duplication (polyploidy) is common in plants and has been linked to rapid speciation and adaption ([@B34]; [@B44]; [@B49]). Polyploids are classified as autopolyploids, allopolyploids, or segmental allopolyploids ([@B46]). Autopolyploids arise via whole genome duplication within the same species; allopolyploids arise via hybridization between two different species with concominant genome doubling; and segmental allopolyploids carry two partially differentiated genomes ([@B46]). Multiple rounds of ancient (paleo) and/or recent polyploidization events are evident in most angiosperm genomes ([@B44]; [@B20]). Polyploidization is typically followed by genomic reorganization/fractionation that over time returns the genome to diploid state ([@B26]; [@B1]). All the species in the genus Saccharum are polyploid and there is no related diploid or tetraploid progenitors known. Despite high ploidy, Saccharum species form mainly bivalents at meiosis, and display varying degrees of polysomy and preferential pairing among chromosomes. S. robustum shows high proportion of preferential pairing, S. officinarum shows some preferential pairing, S. spontaneum shows no preferential pairing, and the hybrids of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum display a continuous range of pairing affinities between chromosomes ([@B7]). Assumption of molecular clock is useful for estimation of divergence time between species by comparing the divergence between genomic features such as genes and/or TEs. However, many factors contribute to the variation in molecular date estimates including the uncertainty in the absolute age of the evolutionary event used to calibrate the molecular clock, the use of different genes or genomic regions that may be under different selective constraints, and different methods used to estimate divergence times ([@B11]; [@B10]). The average synonymous substitution rate obtained from the grass adh1/2 alleles (6.5 × 10^-9^ per site per year) estimated by assuming the maize--rice divergence time of 50 million years (mys) ([@B11]) is commonly employed to estimate the divergence time in grasses. And, a two-fold higher substitution rate of 1.3 × 10^-8^ mutations per site per year is commonly used to estimate the insertion time of LTR retrotransposons ([@B31]). The polyploidization and divergence history of Saccharum lineage remains poorly understood. The octaploid sugarcane genome has experienced two rounds of whole genome duplication since its divergence from sorghum, and is thus, an ideal system to study the impact of polyploidy on speciation, subgenome divergence and genomic adaption to the duplicated state ([@B23]). Recent studies have variably estimated the divergence time of sugarcane and sorghum ([@B19]; [@B52]; [@B23]; [@B51]) and different models have been proposed for the type and time of polyploidy in sugarcane ([@B23]; [@B51]). [@B23] proposed that an allopolyploidy in the common ancestor of Miscanthus-Saccharum resulted in the divergence of Saccharinae and Sorghinae subtribes, and subsequent Saccharum-specific autopolyploidy resulted in random chromosome pairing within a group but infrequent pairing between groups. Although this scenario explains preferential pairing observed in S. officinarum, it does not explain no preferential pairing in S. spontaneum. [@B51] suggested that S. officinarum and S. spontaneum lineages each experienced independent autopolyploidization after their divergence. Further research is still needed to fully understand the polyploidization and divergence history of sugarcane. The large genome size, high ploidy level, interspecific hybridization and aneuploidy make sugarcane one of the most complex genomes and have long hampered genome research in sugarcane. The two sugarcane progenitors, S. officinarum and S. spontaneum are an ideal genomic resource to infer evolutionary history of the genus Saccharum, as well as to study the complex mechanisms leading to the superior productivity of sugarcane cultivars. In this study, we selected and sequenced homo/homeologous BACs from S. officinarum and S. spontaneum BAC libraries, and conducted comparative analysis to assess variation in genome size, and mode and time of divergence between Saccharum and sorghum, and between the modern sugarcane progenitor species, S. spontaneum and S. officinarum. Materials and Methods {#s1} ===================== Construction of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum BAC Libraries -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Young leaf tissue was harvested from Saccharum officinarum variety LA Purple (2n = 8X = 80) and S. spontaneum haploid clone AP85--441 (2n = 4X = 32) and used for nuclei extraction. Nuclei was isolated following the protocol described by [@B32]. The high molecular weight DNA was extracted from nuclei and then embedded in agarose and partially digested with Hind III. The fraction at approximately 120 kb was recovered and cloned into Hind III linearized pSMART BAC vector (Lucigen)^[1](#fn01){ref-type="fn"}^. A total of 76,800 colonies for LA Purple and 38,400 colonies for AP85-441 were archived in 384-well plates with freezing medium. BAC clones were spotted onto high-density nylon filters (Performa II Nylon Filters, Genetix) using Q-Pix2 (Genetix) for hybridization screening. Screening the BAC Libraries --------------------------- PCR primers targeting the genes involved in sucrose, lignin, and cellulose biosynthesis pathways were designed using Primer Premier 5 software^[2](#fn02){ref-type="fn"}^ and used for RT-PCR amplification. PCR products were purified using Wizard^®^ SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega) and used as probes to screen the BAC libraries. Hybridization screening of the BAC libraries was performed using the method described by [@B56]. High-density membranes of the BAC libraries were prehybridized in 0.5 M Na~2~HPO~4~, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 100 μg ml^-1^ heat-denatured herring sperm DNA for at least 4 h. Probes were labeled using a random primer labeling system (NEBlot Kit, New England Biolabs). The hybridization was performed overnight at 55°C in 0.5 M Na~2~HPO~4~, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 100 μg ml^-1^ heat-denatured herring sperm DNA with ^32^P-labeled probes. Hybridized membranes were washed twice in 0.5 × SSPE/0.5% SDS for 10 min each time. Verification of BAC Clones -------------------------- BAC DNA was isolated using the alkaline lysis method and digested with Hind III. The digested DNA samples were electrophoresed through a 0.8% agarose gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was blotted onto Amersham Hybond N+ membranes (GE Healthcare) using standard methods ([@B39]). Southern hybridization was performed using the method described by [@B56]. Sequencing BAC Clones and Sequence Assembly ------------------------------------------- BAC DNA was extracted from selected BAC clones using QIAGEN Large-Construct kit (Qiagen) and used for pyrosequencing on a Roche 454 GS FLX+ Titanium platform at Texas A&M AgriLife Genomics & Bioinformatics Service. Each BAC clone was labeled with a unique multiplex identifier and every 12 BACs were pooled at equal amount and sequenced on one region of a four-gasket sequencing run. The sequence reads were assembled using Newbler with default parameter settings. Sequence reads matching the Escherichia coli genome and the BAC vector were removed and trimmed. The sequence gaps were filled by primer walking and/or directly sequencing PCR products when possible. Sugarcane Repeat Database and Estimation of Repeat Content ---------------------------------------------------------- We used both de novo and structure-based approaches to identify high-copy number repeats in the 475 sugarcane BACs, including the BACs assembled in this study and 378 sugarcane BACs downloaded from GenBank. The BACs downloaded from GenBank included 2 BACs of AP85-441 (S. spontaneum), 4 BACs of LA Purple (S. officinarum), and 372 BACs of the modern sugarcane cultivar R570 (an interspecific hybrid between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum) (Supplementary Table [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The TEdenovo pipeline from the REPET package ([@B9]) and RepeatModeler ([@B42]) were used to de novo predict sugarcane repeats by an all-by-all comparison with default parameters. Among the de novo identified repeats that were classified as chimeric or SSR by the TEdenovo, those with less than 10 copies (at 80% coverage threshold) in the sugarcane BACs and those with matches to repeat-masked plant CDS sequences were filtered. Finally, we used ProtExcluder^[3](#fn03){ref-type="fn"}^ to remove protein coding genes from repeat library by mapping putative repeats against the plant protein database where transposon proteins were excluded^[4](#fn04){ref-type="fn"}^. In addition, LTR_finder ([@B55]) was used to predict full-length LTR retrotransposon and TRIMs. MITE_hunter ([@B15]) was used to generate consensus representative sequences for sugarcane MITEs. All repeats were combined and clustered using VSEARCH ([@B38]). The consensus sequences obtained from VSEARCH were then annotated using the RepeatClassifier script of the RepeatModeler package by comparison to the Repbase database ([@B21]). The final non-redundant repeat database was made using CD-Hit-EST ([@B27]) at 80% sequence identity. The full-length LTR representatives were classified by comparing their RT domains to the ones of the classified sugarcane LTR retrotransposons ([@B8]) and to the Gypsy Database 2.0 ([@B28]). The repeat content of the Saccharum BACs was estimated by RepeatMasker ([@B43]) using the custom sugarcane repeat database. Gene Model Prediction and Annotation ------------------------------------ We used MAKER ([@B5]) to annotate genes in the assembled Saccharum BACs. The gene models were predicted based on the combined available evidence based on matches to the repeat database, EST/cDNA, and proteins, as well as predictions by ab initio gene prediction programs. The repeats database included the MIPS Repeat Element Database (mips-REdat)^[5](#fn05){ref-type="fn"}^ ([@B33]), the Repbase repeat database^[6](#fn06){ref-type="fn"}^ ([@B21]) and the sugarcane repeats identified in this study. The transcript evidence included five RNAseq assemblies and the in-house sugarcane ESTs. The protein evidence included the plant protein database from the ProtExcluder package and plant proteins downloaded from Phytozome ([@B13]). Gene predictors, SNAP ([@B24]) using O. sativa hmm parameter and AUGUSTUS ([@B45]) using maize hmm parameter, were run within MAKER on both masked and unmasked sequence and gene models with the best AED score per locus was selected. Gene models with evidence support (AED score \> 1) or PFAM domains with default parameters in InterProScan were selected. The gene models were then annotated based on homology to the UniRef90 protein database ([@B48]). Estimation of Insertion Time of Full Length LTR Retrotransposon Elements ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The full-length LTR retrotransposons were identified based on full-length matches to the LTR consensus sequences using BLAST. The pairwise alignment between 5′ and 3′ LTR of each copy was generated by BLAST2seq. Pairwise alignments were conducted to estimate the number of base substitutions per site based on the Kimura 2-parameter model using MEGA7 ([@B25]). The divergence time was estimated using the mutation rate of 1.3 × 10^-8^ mutations per site per year ([@B31]). We used junctions formed at the LTR insertion sites as markers ([@B29]) to identify shared insertion sites between and within S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Up to 2 kb of the shared TE sequence (smaller than 2 kb in case of truncation) at the junction site was used for estimation of sequence divergence between paired BACs using the mutation rate of 1.3 × 10^-8^ mutations per site per year ([@B31]). Identification of Syntenic Gene Pairs and Calculation of the Ka/Ks Values ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The BAC sequences were uploaded to COGE. SynMap2 at CoGe ([@B30]) was used to identify syntenic gene pairs between sorghum and Saccharum species (S. officinarum and S. spontaneum), and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The homologous gene pairs were identified using discontinuous MegaBLAST algorithm and e-value less than 0.001. Relative gene order was used to compute chains of syntenic genes using DAGchainer ([@B14]), allowing a maximum distance of 30 genes and minimum number of 2 aligned gene pairs. A coverage depth ratio of 1 sorghum to 8 sugarcane genes was used. The pairwise CDS alignments for the syntenic gene pairs were generated using MACSE ([@B36]), and the rate of synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous (Ka) substitutions for each syntenic gene pair was calculated using the Nei--Gojobori model in MEGA 7.0 ([@B25]). The Ks values were converted to divergence times using the average synonymous substitution rate of the grass adh1/2 alleles (6.5 × 10^-9^ per site per year) estimated by assuming the maize--rice divergence time of 50 mys ([@B11]). Visualization of Orthologous BACs --------------------------------- The orthologous BACs were visualized using EasyFig ([@B47]). The repeat regions were lower case masked to allow BLAST extension from genes into neighboring shared ancestral repeats and suppress cross matches between other repeat regions. Results ======= BAC Library Construction, and Selection and Sequencing BACs ----------------------------------------------------------- A BAC library of AP85-441 (S. spontaneum, 2n = 4X = 32) and a BAC library of LA Purple (S. officinarum, 2n = 8X = 80) were constructed using Hind III partially digested high-molecular-weight DNA. The BAC library of AP85-441 consists of 38,400 clones and the BAC library of LA Purple consists of 76,800 clones. We randomly picked 120 clones from each library to estimate the average insert size. The average insert size of the BAC library of AP85--441 was estimated at 110 kb and the one of the BAC library of LA Purple was estimated at 120 kb. Since the genome sizes of AP85--441 and LA Purple are 3.36 Gb/2C and 7.66 Gb/2C ([@B57]), the BAC libraries of AP85-441 and LA Purple represent approximately 1.26 and 1.20 genome equivalents, respectively. We used the probes designed for the genes on sucrose, lignin, and cellulose biosynthesis pathways to screen the two Saccharum BAC libraries and selected 53 LA Purple BACs (named with So) and 44 AP85--441 BACs (named with Ss) for sequencing. The total length of the assembled sequence for the 97 BACs is 10,858,850 bp, 5,847,280 bp for the 53 So BACs and 5,011,570 bp for the 43 Ss BACs. These sequences represent approximately 0.08% of the LA purple genome and 0.15% of the AP85--441 genome based on an estimated genome size of 7.66 Gb for LA Purple and 3.36 Gb for AP85--441 ([@B57]). Among the 97 BACs, 79 BACs (41 So BACs and 38 Ss BACs) could be completed by primer walking, and each was assembled into a single contig. Seven BACs (5 So BACs and 2 Ss BACs) were each assembled into two ordered and oriented contigs. Three BACs (2 So BACs and 1 Ss BACs) were each assembled into three ordered but not oriented contigs. The rest 8 BACs (5 So BACs and 3 Ss BACs) were assembled into 7--21 contigs, of which the internal contigs couldn't be ordered and oriented. Sequence assembly statistics of the 97 BACs was summarized in Supplementary Table [S2](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The assembled BACs have been deposited in GenBank and the GenBank accession numbers are [MH182499](MH182499)-[MH182581](MH182581) and [KU685404](KU685404)-[KU685417](KU685417). Gene Prediction and Annotation ------------------------------ We used MAKER to annotate the Saccharum BACs and obtained 778 gene models that had an Annotation Edit distance (AED) score \< 1.00 and/or had a PFAM domain. The AED score measures the congruence between an annotation with its supporting evidence, and ranges from 0 to 1, where value 0 indicates perfect match of annotation to the evidence and value 1 indicates no evidence support of annotation. We filtered 29 gene models that had TE-related PFAM domains and AED value of 1.00. The remaining 749 genes models (401 from Ss BACs and 348 from So BACs) had AED score \< 1.00 and/or had a non-TE related PFAM domain. The Ss BACs have a relatively higher gene density (approximately 80 genes per Mb) compared to the So BACs (63 genes per Mb), which is consistent with the lower repeat content in Ss BACs than in So BACs (See details in "Repeat content in selected Saccharum BACs" and Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The functional annotation of gene models was based on sequence similarity search in the UniRef90 database (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ###### Summary of repeat content of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum BACs. Element S. officinarum BACs S. spontaneum BACs -------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------- ------------- ----------- Interspersed repeats DNA transposons Unknown 2865 0.05 7135 0.14 MULE-MuDR 45154 0.77 56697 1.13 PIF-Harbinger 109620 1.87 115483 2.30 TcMar-Stowaway 42664 0.73 55349 1.10 CMC-EnSpm 32453 0.55 34989 0.70 hAT (unclassified) 3085 0.05 2834 0.06 hAT-Ac 16941 0.29 8824 0.18 hAT-Tag1 1149 0.02 6434 0.13 hAT-Tip100 6316 0.11 3330 0.07 Helitron 1958 0.03 3119 0.06 Retroelements LTRs Unknown 3801 0.06 5160 0.10 Copia (unclassified) 39635 0.68 18973 0.38 Copia-Ale 51928 0.89 90752 1.81 Copia-Ang 109938 1.88 80897 1.61 Copia-Iva 23128 0.40 22273 0.44 Copia-Max 754158 12.90 451646 9.01 Copia-Tor 34550 0.59 21755 0.43 Gypsy (unclassified) 346401 5.92 142809 2.85 Gypsy-Ath 63989 1.09 117340 2.34 Gypsy-Crm 42722 0.73 21850 0.44 Gypsy-Del 816169 13.96 366879 7.32 Gypsy-Rei 43787 0.75 29932 0.60 Gypsy-Tat 292738 5.01 278733 5.56 LINE/L1 10443 0.18 8146 0.16 LINE/RTE-BovB 35478 0.61 12619 0.25 SINE/tRNA 861 0.01 1292 0.03 Unknown 45898 0.78 42075 0.84 Total interspersed repeats 2977829 50.92 2007325 40.05 Simple sequence repeats Low complexity 7814 0.13 7660 0.15 Satellite 10594 0.18 12551 0.25 Simple repeat 109561 1.87 47434 0.95 Total masked 3105798 53.11 2074970 41.40 Bold values mark large differences in repeat content between the two sugarcane progenitors. Approximately 86% of the gene models in Ss BACs and 89% of the gene models in So BACs had an AED ≤ 0.5 (Supplementary Figure [S1](#SM5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although six gene models were annotated as TE-related genes, we did not filter them because they could be bona fide expressed TEs as evidenced by their AED scores \< 1.00. Thirty-two gene models may be pseudogenes because they had an AED score of 1.00 but contained non-TE related PFAM domains. Twenty-eight gene models with AED \< 1.00 might be caused by artifacts or spurious protein alignments as they do not contain a PFAM domain and had an eAED score of 1.00. Repeat Content in Selected Saccharum BACs ------------------------------------------- We compiled a custom repeat database for sugarcane and used RepeatMasker to estimate the repeat content in selected Saccharum BACs using the sugarcane repeat library. The So BACs and Ss BACs contain 53 and 41% repetitive sequences, respectively (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). This repeat content may be underestimated because some bona fide repeats may escape detection due to their low copy number in the examined BACs and the repeat consensus sequences may not capture the full range of the repeat sequence variation. Like in other plants, LTR retrotransposons are the most abundant repeat in Saccharum BACs, accounting for 45% of the So BAC sequences and 33% of the Ss BAC sequences. The maximus lineage of the Ty1/Copia type and the Del lineage of the Ty3/Gypsy type elements form the largest fraction of LTR retrotransposon in both So and Ss BACs. In general, So BACs contain a higher total interspersed repeat content and total LTR retrotransposon content than Ss BACs. For the major LTR retrotransposons, a much higher percentage of Max lineage (Copia), Del lineage (Gypsy), and unclassified Gypsy LTR retrotransposons was observed in So BACs than in Ss BACs. Some of the unclassified Gypsy elements are possibly LARD elements that are related to Del. Identification of Syntenic Regions Between Saccharum and Sorghum and Between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We used SynMap to identify syntenic regions between Saccharum and sorghum genomes. Fifty-seven syntenic blocks were identified by mapping 87 Saccharum BACs (45 So and 42 Ss BACs) against sorghum genome based on synteny of 205 So and 227 Ss gene models to the sorghum gene models (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The syntenic regions for seven Saccharum BACs (6 So BACs and 1 Ss BAC) could not be identified by SynMap due to lack of a minimum of two genes syntenic to sorghum genes. We individually BLASTed these 7 Saccharum BACs into sorghum genome and identified seven syntenic blocks of which three have been identified by other Saccharum BACs using SynMap. The map location of the 94 Saccharum BACs on sorghum chromosomes are summarized in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary Table [S3](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Based on the map location in sorghum genome, we grouped the 94 Saccharum BACs into 61 homology groups. We further grouped the 61 homology groups into 8 types based on the number of So and Ss BACs mapped to a sorghum syntenic region. The eight types of homology groups were named Sb-2So-2Ss, Sb-3So-1Ss, Sb-2So-0Ss, Sb-2So-1Ss, Sb-1So-2Ss, Sb-0So-1Ss, Sb-1So-1Ss, Sb-1So-0Ss. The detailed information of the 61 homology groups can be found in Supplementary Table [S4](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. ![Mapping the Saccharum BACs on sorghum chromosomes. Homologous groups of two, three, and four BACs are shown in blue, red, and green, respectively. ^\#^: These homologous BACs were identified by Blast.](fpls-09-01414-g001){#F1} A schematic representation of a syntenic region between sorghum, S. officinarum (BACs So104I06 and So146O02), and S. spontaneum (BACs Ss03A17 and Ss32F07) is shown in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. The schematic for additional homologous groups is shown in Supplementary Figure [S2](#SM6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. A high degree of collinearity in genic regions was observed between Saccharum and sorghum and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The collinearity was interrupted by interspersed repeats (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). We used the mRNA coordinates of the syntenic genes to delineate and assess the pairwise difference in the length of the syntenic regions and the syntenic genes from sorghum and Saccharum. Of the 51 syntenic regions identified between S. officinarum and sorghum genomes, 29 showed expansion in S. officinarum and 22 showed expansion in sorghum (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Of the 44 syntenic regions identified between S. spontaneum and sorghum gnomes, 33 showed expansion in S. spontaneum and 11 showed expansion in sorghum (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). And, of the 31 syntenic regions identified between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, 17 had expanded in S. officinarum and 14 had expanded in S. spontaneum. Most expanded regions had up to 2-fold expansion, although there were few outliers (\>3-fold expansion) that might be caused by genome rearrangements, genome mis-assembly and/or high repeat insertions. Including the outliers, the total length of the syntenic regions in sorghum was 1.1-fold of S. officinarum and 0.96-fold of S. spontaneum. After excluding the outliers (with \>3-fold expansion), the total length of syntenic regions in sorghum was 0.92-fold of S. officinarum and 0.77-fold of S. spontaneum. Overall, S. spontaneum showed expansion relative to S. officinarum, and both S. officinarum and S. spontaneum showed expansion relative to sorghum. ![A schematic representation of a syntenic region between Saccharum and sorghum and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The color-coded arrows represent genes, rectangles represent repeats, and conserved domains in transposable elements are represented by pointers. The blast similarity between annotated genic regions is shown by connectors in gray color gradient. A high degree of co-linearity is shared between Saccharum and sorghum and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The large TEs are shared by homologous regions within the same species but not by the ones from different Saccharum species.](fpls-09-01414-g002){#F2} ![Relative size expansion between Saccharum and sorghum and between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum in syntenic blocks (A) and syntenic gene pairs (B). X: expansion.](fpls-09-01414-g003){#F3} We also compared the expansion within the annotated genes and found that the expansion in genic regions was at a much smaller scale (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Approximately half or more than half (46--65%) of gene pairs showed \< 1.3-fold expansion. Approximately 20% of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum genes showed \< 1.3-fold expansion relative to sorghum genes, approximately 27% of sorghum genes showed \< 1.3-fold expansion relative to S. officinarum and S. spontaneum genes, and approximately 35% of S. officinarum genes and 30% of S. spontaneum genes had \<1.3-fold expansion relative to S. spontaneum and S. officinarum genes, respectively. Our result indicated that the expansion of syntenic regions in Saccharum was largely caused by the expansion in the intergenic regions. Evolutionary Divergence Between Syntenic Gene Pairs --------------------------------------------------- We estimated the Ks and Ka values of syntenic gene pairs between sorghum and S. officinarum, sorghum and S. spontaneum, and S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The frequency distribution of the Ks, Ka, and Ka/Ks for the three comparisons is shown in Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}. The distribution of the Ks and Ka values of sorghum/S. officinarum and sorghum/S. spontaneum showed similar patterns. The peak Ks value for syntenic genes between sorghum and S. officinarum and between sorghum and S. spontaneum was 0.10 and the estimated divergence time was 7.7 mys. The peak Ks value of syntenic gene pairs between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum was 0.02 and the estimated divergence time was 1.5 mys. The peak Ka value for syntenic gene pairs was 0.2 for sorghum/S. officinarum and sorghum/S. spontaneum, and 0.1 for S. officinarum/S. spontaneum. The Ka/Ks values of most gene pairs (86--98%) was less than 1.00 suggesting that most syntenic gene pairs are under purifying selection (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). ![The frequency distribution of the Ks and the corresponding divergence times (A), Ka (B), and Ka/Ks values (C) between sorghum and Saccharum, and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum.](fpls-09-01414-g004){#F4} ###### Number of syntenic gene pairs used for calculation of Ks, Ka, and Ka/Ks ratios. Sb-So Sb-Ss So-Ss ---------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Total gene pairs 220 230 125 Pairs with Ks \< 0.5 208 (94.55%) 219 (95.22%) 122 (97.60%) Pairs with Ka \< 0.5 209 (95.00%) 223 (96.96%) 120 (96.00%) Pairs with Ka/Ks \< 1.00^∗^ 215 (97.73%) 221 (96.09%) 107 (85.60%) ∗ The Ka / Ks value for 4 Sb--So (1.82%), 5 Sb--Ss (2.17%), and 10 So--Ss (7.87%) gene pairs could not be determined because the Ks values of these comparison were 0. Insertion Time of LTR Retrotransposon Lineages in S. officinarum and S. spontaneum -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Retrotransposon activation can be triggered by many factors including genome duplication. Therefore, it would be interesting to see the impact of genome duplication on LTR retrotransposons in Saccharum genomes. We extracted the full-length LTR retrotransposon copies from the So and Ss BACs and estimated their insertion times. The number of full-length LTR retrotransposon copies extracted from So (38 copies) and Ss (37 copies) BACs were similar (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). However, there were more Del and Max lineage members in So BACs than in Ss BACs. Overall, the full-length LTR retrotransposons in Ss BACs are younger than in So BACs (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). In Ss BACs, 67 and 89% of the full-length LTR retrotransposons are younger than 0.5 and 1 million years, respectively. In So BACs, 32 and 60% of the full-length elements are younger than 0.5 and 1 million years, respectively (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). None of the full-length LTR retrotransposons in Ss BACs are older than 2 mys, which is the estimated time when S. officinarum and S. spontaneum diverged. Interesting, none of the intact LTR retrotransposons were shared between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. ![Full-length LTR retrotransposon copies in So and Ss BACs.](fpls-09-01414-g005){#F5} ![Insertion time of LTR retrotransposon families. The insertion time of LTR retrotransposon families in So (left graph) and Ss (right graph) BACs are shown. The X axis represents the insertion time (mys). Each dot in the graph represents insertion time of one element and these are stacked when more than one element has the same insertion time for easy visualization of copy number. The insertion time was calculated based on substitution rate of 1.3 × 10^-8^ ([@B31]).](fpls-09-01414-g006){#F6} Since S. officinarum and S. spontaneum diverged from a common ancestor recently, we would expect that remnants of some LTR retrotransposon fragments predating the divergence of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum have been retained and can be identified in the two genomes. TE insertions into the genome or within other TEs form unique junctions at their insertion sites, which can be used as markers even though the original copy has mostly degenerated ([@B29]). We identified signatures of shared LTR retrotransposon insertions between paired homologous BACs. A total of 18 LTR junction markers were identified in paired homologous BACs between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, 11 were identified in paired homologous BACs within S. officinarum, and 4 were identified in paired homologous BACs within S. spontaneum (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). It was estimated that S. officinarum and S. spontaneum diverged from a common ancestor approximately 1.5 -- 2 mys ([@B19]). Interestingly, the insertion times of all the LTR junction markers shared by homologous BACs within S. officinarum and within S. spontaneum were estimated at ≤2 mys, while the insertion times of all except three LTR junction markers shared between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum were estimated \> 1.5 mys (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). ###### LTR junction marker identified in paired homologous BACs in Saccharum BACs. Marker name BAC1 ID BAC1 coordinate BAC2 ID BAC2 coordinate Marker type Aligned length (%) Identity (%) ------------- ---------- ----------------- --------- ----------------- ------------- -------------------- -------------- -------- ---- So/Ss.1 So70L01 105063 105165 Ss33E24 101220 101315 End_Del 95.556 45 So/Ss.2 So01G09 48178 48075 Ss04J15 99569 99672 End_Max 98.333 60 So/Ss.3 So01G09 48178 48075 Ss41M03 9167 9065 End_Max 98.333 60 So/Ss.4 So104O01 49103 49198 Ss41F02 20444 20539 End_Max 100 60 So/Ss.5 So141L21 69996 70095 Ss33C03 63566 63664 End_Max 100 60 So/Ss.6 So141L21 92850 92947 Ss33C03 80868 80964 End_Max 98.333 60 So/Ss.7 So192M06 21741 21644 Ss34F19 35289 35386 End_Max 100 60 So/Ss.8 So33C13 29101 29006 Ss41F02 20444 20539 End_Max 100 60 So/Ss.9 So34B02 58358 58265 Ss84H16 86435 86527 End_Max 93.333 60 So/Ss.10 So75F14 25627 25722 Ss41F02 20444 20539 End_Max 100 60 So/Ss.11 So34B02 99058 99158 Ss84H16 78551 78450 Start_Ang 96.667 60 So/Ss.12 So01G09 50075 49976 Ss41M03 10993 10895 Start_Max 98.333 60 So/Ss.13 So01G09 50075 49976 Ss04J15 97667 97766 Start_Max 96.667 60 So/Ss.14 So141L21 89269 89368 Ss33C03 77272 77364 Start_Max 96.667 60 So/Ss.15 So141L21 68024 68123 Ss33C03 52616 52715 Start_Max 100 60 So/Ss.16 So155N20 60505 60592 Ss80F19 4670 4583 Start_Max 98.333 60 So/Ss.17 So34B02 57372 57471 Ss84H16 87420 87334 Start_Max 96.667 60 So/Ss.18 So86E01 40124 40222 Ss14E05 38389 38474 Start_Max 91.667 60 Ss/Ss.1 Ss04J15 99569 99672 Ss41M03 9167 9065 End_Max 96.667 60 Ss/Ss.2 Ss32E01 33882 33785 Ss69K24 2745 2842 Start_Ale 100 60 Ss/Ss.3 Ss04J15 97667 97766 Ss41M03 10993 10895 Start_Max 98.333 60 Ss/Ss.4 Ss32E01 7753 7654 Ss69K24 28879 28978 Start_Max 100 60 So/So.1 So04K09 13971 14067 So93O11 100606 100510 End_Del 98.276 58 So/So.2 So04K09 45961 46057 So93O11 92738 92643 End_Max 98.333 60 So/So.3 So04K09 45158 45257 So93O11 93534 93435 End_Max 100 60 So/So.4 So104O01 49103 49198 So75F14 25627 25722 End_Max 100 60 So/So.5 So104O01 49103 49198 So33C13 29101 29006 End_Max 100 60 So/So.6 So33C13 29101 29006 So75F14 25627 25722 End_Max 100 60 So/So.7 So104I06 97112 97211 So146O02 3957 3858 End_Tat 98.333 60 So/So.8 So171B07 22361 22461 So33D14 58463 58362 Start_Del 96.667 60 So/So.9 So04K09 46549 46461 So93O11 92160 92248 Start_Max 98.333 60 So/So.10 So04K09 43263 43361 So93O11 95353 95254 Start_Max 98.333 60 So/So.11 So104I06 79770 79868 So146O02 16385 16286 Start_Tat 98.333 60 ![Insertion times of LTR junction markers shared between Saccharum BACs. The X axis represents the insertion time (mys) and the Y axis represents the number of shared LTR junction markers. The insertion time was calculated based on substitution rate of 1.3 × 10^-8^ per site per year ([@B31]).](fpls-09-01414-g007){#F7} The LTR junction marker with the lowest divergence between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum was present in three So BACs (So104O01, So33C13, and So75F14) and one Ss (Ss41F02) BAC. A 7 kb-long multiple alignment was generated from the homologous region containing the LTR junction marker from the four BACs and used to estimate the divergence time of the intergenic region. The K values based on the homologous intergenic region showed that Ss41F02 diverged from the common ancestor of So104O01, So33C13, and So75F14 (K = 0.035--0.039) first, followed by the divergence of So33C13 from the common ancestor of So75F14 and So104O01 (K = 0.023 and 0.025), and So104O01 and So75F14 diverged the most recently (K = 0.012). The same pattern of divergence was observed using the divergence (Ks) of a syntenic gene shared by all four BACs (Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}). ![Pairwise evolutionary distance for a homeologous gene and a LTR. The homeologous gene and LTR sequence share a higher similarity among the three So BACs than to the Ss BAC.](fpls-09-01414-g008){#F8} Discussion ========== Sugarcane (Saccharum) is closely related to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The two progenitors of modern sugarcane, S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, are octoploids, which have experienced two rounds of whole genome duplications since the divergence of Saccharum and sorghum. The divergence time between sorghum and sugarcane has been variously estimated at 8--9 mys based on Adh1 gene ([@B19]), 7.7 mys based on 67 pairs of orthologous genes ([@B52]), 5.0--7.4 mys based on three homologous regions ([@B51]), and 5.4 mys by [@B23]. Similarly, the divergence time of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum was also variably estimated at 1.5--2 mys based on Adh1 gene ([@B19]), and 2.5--2.8 mys based on TOR haplotypes ([@B51]). We estimated the divergence time of sugarcane and sorghum at 7.7 mys (Ks = 0.10) and the divergence time of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum at 1.5 mys (Ks = 0.02) based on synonymous distance between syntenic gene pairs from S. officinarum, S. spontaneum and sorghum genomes. Our divergence time estimates overlap with those reported in previous studies and are expected to be more accurate because we used the mutation rate of a much larger number of genes from the two sugarcane progenitors. The evolutionary history of polyploidization events in the genus Saccharum is still debated. [@B23] proposed that allopolyploidy occurred in the common ancestor of Saccharum and Miscanthus, followed by Saccharum-specific autopolyploidy based on the distribution of Ks value peaks between Saccharum and Miscanthus paralogs. The authors used sorghum exons to identify paralogous Miscanthus exons, which were subsequently used to identify sugarcane paralogs from NCBI EST database. The authors used 2368 pairs of Miscanthus exons (equivalent to ∼391 genes, assuming 6.05 exons per transcript estimated for sorghum) to identify sugarcane paralogs from EST database. However, it is not clear whether the sugarcane paralogs were from S. officinarum only, as most ESTs in GenBank are from the sugarcane hybrid R570 which contains about 20% of the genome from S. spontaneum. Furthermore, a different research group reported that S. officinarum experienced two rounds of autopolyploidization and S. spontaneum experienced multiple polyploidization events independently after the two species separated from each other based on the distribution of shared TEs at the TOR and LFY haplotypes derived from S. officinarum and S. spontaneum genomes in the sugarcane hybrid R570 ([@B51]). The authors found that most TE insertions occurred after the estimated divergence of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum at 2.5 to 3.5 mys and some of these insertions were restricted to S. officinarum haplotypes ([@B51]). In this study, the authors did not find evidence of allopolyploidy shared between Saccharum and Miscanthus based on Ks values and shared TE insertions. If Saccharum lineage originated from an allopolyploid ancestor followed by Saccharum-specific autopolyploidy, the distribution of Ks values of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum gene pairs should form two peaks, the older peak representing the divergence between the two distinct sub-genomes of the allopolyploid ancestor and the younger peak representing the divergence between the genes derived from the two sub-genomes via autopolyploidization. In our study, we detected a single sharp Ks peak at 0.02, which represents the divergence of S. officinarum and S spontaneum at 1.5 mys. Our result does not support the hypothesis of allopolyploidy occurred in the ancestor of Saccharum and Miscanthus followed by Saccharum-specific autopolyploidy. Transposable elements form a large fraction of plant genomes. Although transposable element activity is tightly controlled in plant genomes by silencing or eliminating the TE copies, retrotransposition of TEs can be induced by stress ([@B53]; [@B18]), tissue culture ([@B16]; [@B37]), or events such as hybridization and polyploidy ([@B22]; [@B50]). Transposable element activation following polyploidy has been reported in numerous studies. Periodic bursts of centromeric LTR retrotransposon activity occurred after allopolyploidy through repeated formation of recombinants in maize genome ([@B41]). Similarly, specific LTR retrotransposon families showed proliferation following autopolyploidy in the Buckler Mustard species complex ([@B2]) and allopolyploidy in several other plant systems ([@B35]; [@B40]). With the passage of time, TE insertions degenerate due to mutations, nested insertions, and deletions, making it difficult to identify shared insertions in diverged genomes. The half-life of LTR retrotransposons is shorter in smaller genomes such as Arabidopsis and rice and longer in large genomes such as wheat ([@B54]). The half-life of LTR retrotransposons in rice, one of the smallest cereal genomes, was estimated at 4--6 my ([@B31]; [@B59]), which is longer than the estimated time of allopolyploidy in sugarcane at 3.8--4.6 mys ([@B23]). Surprisingly, most full-length LTR retrotransposon copies have inserted recently in both S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, long after the time of allopolyploidy (3.8 mys) proposed by [@B23]. In fact, of the 38 full-length retrotransposon elements identified in S. officinarum and 37 elements in S. spontaneum, none of them were older than 2.6 my and most had inserted in S. officinarum and S. spontaneum within the recent 1.6 and 0.9 my, respectively. Although a few full-length LTR retrotransposon insertions were shared by homologous chromosomes within S. officinarum and within S. spontaneum, no full-length elements were shared between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. If retrotransposition was activated following allopolyploidy, a large number of young TEs should be identified in both S. officinarum and S. spontaneum genomes. A dearth of TE insertions shared by S. officinarum and S. spontaneum supports the latter hypothesis that two or more autopolyploidization events occurred independently in S. officinarum and S. spontaneum after their divergence. Contrary to earlier expectations, however, it is possible that retrotransposition was not activated following allopolyploidy in Saccharum or that the LTR insertions were purged from Saccharum genome rather quickly. Although no shared full-length LTR retrotransposons were identified in S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, several remnants of shared TEs were identified based on unique TE junctions in S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. In general, the estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site (K) between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum were much higher than those between homologous regions within S. officinarum and within S. spontaneum. Divergence time estimated using an intergenic region harboring a TE-junction shared by 3 So and 1 Ss BACs revealed that the S. spontaneum intergenic region was distant to those from the 3 homologous regions in S. officinarum. In addition, the same pattern of divergence was observed using the divergence (Ks) of a syntenic gene shared by all four BACs. Our result supports the latter hypothesis that S. officinarum experienced independent autopolyploidization events following its divergence from S. spontaneum ([@B51]). However, we cannot exclude the possibility that high recombination and gene conversion may have homogenized the regions we examined from S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Therefore, close examination of shared TEs at several other locations is warranted. In summary, S. officinarum and S. spontaneum share a high degree of collinearity in genic regions. We did not find evidence of an early allopolyploidy in Miscanthus--Saccharum ancestor as proposed by [@B23]. The presence of many young LTR TEs, the absence of TEs closer to the proposed time of allopolyploidy, and high similarity of intergenic regions and a syntenic gene in at least 3 So BACs relative to the Ss BAC lend strong support to the hypothesis that S. officinarum and S. spontaneum experienced at least two rounds of independent polyploidizations in each lineage after their divergence from each other roughly 2 mys. The S. officinarum and S. spontaneum BAC libraries are a valuable resource for genomic studies of Saccharum and provide the foundation for identification of S. spontaneum and S. officinarum fractions in modern sugarcane genome. These BAC libraries can also be used for identification and characterization of targeted gene families, and for comparative and evolutionary genomics studies in sugarcane. Data Availability Statements ============================ The assembled BACs have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers [MH182499](MH182499)-[MH182581](MH182581) and [KU685404](KU685404)-[KU685417](KU685417). Author Contributions ==================== QY and RM designed the experiments, coordinated, and organized the all research activities. AS, JS, QL, RS, NR, KW, and JZ conducted the experiment and data analysis. AS and QY wrote the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conflict of Interest Statement ============================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Funding. This project was funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) grant no. DESC0010686 to RM and QY, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Bioenergy Initiatives to QY, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Genomics Seed Grant Program to QY, the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project TEX0-1-9374 to QY, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no. 31628013 to QY and KW. The open access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge Fund (OAKFund), supported by the University Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research. <http://www.lucigen.com> <http://www.premierbiosoft.com/primerdesign/> <http://www.hrt.msu.edu/uploads/535/78637/CRL_Scripts1.0.tar.gz> <http://www.hrt.msu.edu/uploads/535/78637/alluniRefprexp070416.gz> <ftp://ftpmips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plants/REdat/> <http://www.girinst.org/> Supplementary Material ====================== The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01414/full#supplementary-material> ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. [^1]: Edited by: Jun Yang, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center (CAS), China [^2]: Reviewed by: Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), Mexico; Renato Vicentini, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Silvia Perea, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Spain; Niranjan Baisakh, Louisiana State University, United States; Wei Yao, Guangxi University, China [^3]: This article was submitted to Evolutionary and Population Genetics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science	mini_pile	{'original_id': '222cde9c4a8d8619493fc26605f4bd5eaa4d428515a8ab9ca11938f1d62d9ec5'}
Y la herencia conoció y vistó que el coche había entrado en el patio, y había oído la voz de la señora baronesa diciendo que no debería salir porque iba a marchar al punto. —¿Qué iba a marchar? —Sí, señora. —Entonces es necesario que esperemos a ver dónde van, y a su salida decidiremos lo que se ha de hacer. —Si a su merced le parece, podrían los chicos esperar una ventanilla que hay siguiendo la carretera adonde la llevaban, a un tiro de balas de aquí, y que esperarían con nosotros caballos, y no otros no nos ocultaremos entre esos matorrales hasta ver si salen. El visconde consideró algo unos minutos, y dijo después: —Está bien pensado. Dales la orden. CAPITULO CXXV. El golpe. Rato había llegado a la quinta y estaban los perros ladrando, Trifon, cuando sintieron que se abría estrepitosamente la puerta del patio, y vieron salir el cochecito en el que había llegado una ante la baronesa. — Parece que el barón se va a Madrid —dijo Trifon en voz baja. —Y nosotros con él —repuso el visconde. —¿Han observado que las personas que guían el cochecito no son las mismas que lo han traído? —preguntó el rufián cuando pasó por delante de ellos el pesado carruaje. —Ya lo he visto, y conozco a las dos personas que van en el pesaroso. —¿Y os han hecho saber de qué va una señora en el coche? — Támbien, Todos lo veo, Trifón, todos lo veo y no creo que se me escape nada. — Perdón; pero creo haberle hecho un favor. —Y le agradezco mucho. Pero vamos de presa a reconocerlos caballeros, a fin de poder seguir a nuestro agente. Poco después, en la misma disposición en que habían venido de Madrid, regresaron a él. Los compañeros de Trifón que daban rienda suelta en el mismo viento torrencial, allá en la calle, y cuando salieron de Madrid fueron a reunirse con ellos, y tanto ellos como aquéllos siguieron al carruaje por la calle de Segovia hasta la plaza, Puerto Cerrada, y Concepción Gerónima, hasta llegar a la cárcel de Corte. —Ya sabemos dónde va—dijo el vizconde a Trifón, deteniéndose en la boca de la calle donde se hallaba la puerta de la cárcel. —¿Y qué vamos a hacer? —Ve con los caballos a esconderse en la calle de Barrío Nuevo, deja el mió y ve a buscarnos a la gente. ¿Y qué ha dicho de las veinte caras? Que venía con contigo uno de ellos, y los otros que van allí se van a una legua de aquí, a esperar la llegada del coche. ¿Y cuándo llegará? Cuándo llegará, antes que el coche llegue a el individuo que viene contigo; es quien le dará el aviso. ¿Es de decir que se trata de...? No; de la dama. ¿Y el señor barón? Como que opondrá resistencia, se ha de modo que no pueda oponerla más. El acento con que pronuncia estas palabras fue tan increíble, que Trifón no pudo menos de decir: "Está entendiéndolo". 1651 — Tú irás de tras del coche para apoderarte de la dama. —¿Y dónde de la hechos de conducir? —Ya te lo diré. —Otra cosa tenengo que preguntaros todavía. —Habla. —¿Se ha hecho cargo sumergido de que en el coche van dos hombres? —Sí; pero todavía depende de vosotros. —No comprendo. —Esos dos hombres estorban. —Habrá que atarlos. —No; habrá que encontrar algo más eficaz; puesto que son sirvientes del barón y se resistirán como él, justo es que sufran su misma suerte. —Vamos, ya veo que por fin vamos a hacer algo. —Algo que te pagará bien, como te tengo ofrecido. —Ya sabes sumergido que cuando la paga se abre bien, estamos dispuestos a todo. —Pues entonces, andando; no hay que perder tiempo. Poco antes, la desventura joven encaraba una base en presencia de Azara. Al ver la anciana, corrió hacia ella y estrechó los brazos, le dijo: —¡Bendita seas, mi pobre Rosa! Bendita seas porque has venido finalmente a prestarme algún consejo. Ya puedo morir, ya he llegado a verte. —¡Qué habláis de morir, padre mío! —exclamó Rosa llorando.—¿Por qué entristecéis con semejantes frases en momentos de felicidad? —Preguntaste al señor barón, y él te dirá si es cierto lo que acabo de indicarte. El barón había permanecido silencioso e imóvil de que entró en la prisión. Al verse a sí mismo directamente, se adaptó a la situación y dijo: —Es verdad, Rosa; lo que dice vuestro padre adoptivo es la pura verdad; pero le ha faltado ánimo, y eso sólo a nosotros nos lo abruma y que depende de mí de manera tan sencilla para legar a realizarse. —Y yo os he dicho que de vos no quiero la vida. —Mal hecho; por qué no sois mejor y perderéis la existencia, sino que, como os dije ayer, vuestra presencia quedará deshonrada; y en una persona como vos, que tanto blasona de honor, de pundonoroso, de leal y de digno, esto es terrible. —¡Pero, señor! ¿qué quiere decir esto? —exclamó mirándolo alternativamente a Azara y al barón. 1053 ¿No comprendéis que el sacrificio que me exigéis es superior a mis fuerzas? —Es una ocasión donde deberíais echárselo a cargo absolutamente de lo que puede suceder. —Basta, señor barón, basta —exclamó Azara sin poderse contener.—No martiricéis más a esta pobre criatura, a quién tanto habéis martirizado ya. —Hay martirios necesarios, como vos debéis comprender muy bien, y precisamente el que Rosita sufre de aquellos que se consideran indispensables. —Francamente, no comprendo qué objeto os lleva a provocar una entrevista de este género. —¿No lo había comprendido de este modo? —Sí, padre mío —exclamó Rosario con semblante serio— el barón no quiere más que el dinero; necesito mucho, y al precio de ella os aseguro que salvará la vida. Ya ves, hija mía, honrada y digna la conducta del señor barón. —Creo que no ha hecho más que pagarse uno y a la otra la que con mis desprecios se ha usurpado. —No—repuso Azara—la que merecías, y razón tuve en receler de tu peligro, puesto que ya ves, a pesar de mis precauciones y a pesar de tu templanza, siguiendo tus malas artes, he conseguido hacer la desgracia de esa pobre criatura. 1054 LA MAYA DE MARAVILLAS. —Lo que ahora pruebas, que vos habías estratificado un intento de apoderarte de sus bienes, para lo cual no habías vacilado en cometer aquella farsa de incendio, como os lo pude probar en el momento en que me plazca. Ya os dije que comprendía que para vos, la muerte, en el combate o en la tumba, era de poca importancia; pero la muerte en este caso, para vos que tanto os blade de honor y pundonoroso, envuelve algo más que eso: envuelve la deshonra, envuelve una acusación indigna, que estoy seguro que no podréis resistir. —¿Pero vais a hacer eso? —exclamó Rosa con tembloroso acento. Ya se ve que le he hablado de vostros, señor, de vostros, cuyo bien está en ser administrado; de vos, que habéis sido explotada indignamente hasta ahora. —Basta, señor Barón. —exclamó Azara visiblemente afectado. —Nada, nada, he llegado al momento de hablarme con vos; y no es posible guardar consideraciones de ninguna especie. Vos mismo lo habéis alegado; os he brindado la paz, y os optas por la guerra, no nos queda más que lucharnos por lo que pueda suceder. —Pero bien—exclamó Rosa cada vez más sorprendida—¿qué quiere decir esto? —Vais a saberlo, señora. ¿Sabéis por qué este caballero se niega a todo y hace alarde de una rigidez tan extremada? —¡Callado! —exclamó Azara lleno de indignación. —Yo no puedo callar más que por una condición solamente. L A M A J A D E MARAVILLAS. 1055 — ¿Peró y la tuviste? — exclamó el anciano. —En cuanto a la mía, he dicho y el sacrficio de ella ha sido de tiempo. —Pues bien— respondió Azara con firmeza.—Yo, que de la mía puedo disponer libremente, prefiero perderla, antes que dejársela a ese miserable lugar donde disfrutaría de tus bienes, y que ha conseguido el objeto que se propuso. Ya podéis, señor barón, interponer vuestra influencia en el consejo, un nuevo motivo para que me quite la vida. Ya podéis obrar como os placerá en este asunto; no tendré más que para aborreceros y para morir maldiciéndoos, y maldiciendo al mismo tiempo mi impotencia, que no pude arrancarte la vida de noche de tu vela. Está bien repuesto el barón con autoridad - podrían hacerlo que os place. —¿Es que yo no lo consiento? exclamó Rosa. —¿Sabéis dónde vuêsteis la propiedad? preguntó el barón. —¡Oh, no! pero de cualquier modo que os la entrego. —Y yo no la he garante. —Es una prueba de que han hablado de ella, y que buscan cubrir el vergonzoso suceso que han hecho de ella. El semblante de Azara tornóse liviano ante este insulto. El noble anciano no podía consentir que de aquel modo. Cogió a Rosario por el brazo, la aproximó a él, y la dijo con acento conmovido: —Respóndeme, hija mía, responderme como podrías hacerlo a tu padre, si en este caso se encontrara: ¿crees realmente en mi honor y en mi lealtad? ¿crees que al callar el sitio donde está guardado tu tesoro, lo hago únicamente para evitar que se sepa con la suya? ¿crees que es falsa la acusación que se hace contra mí? —Sí, padre mío, sí, lo creo; para mí es el más razonable y el más noble de todos los hombres. —Gracias. Ahora, señor barón —prosiguió haciéndolo de forma plena. —Sí que aquí hay arena; y del mismo modo que vos sufrióis la suerte que os prometió, Rosaura ha de sufrir también la más dolorosa de las suertes, la más horrible de todas las suertes. Vamos, señora, prosigue el barón cogiendo violentamente por un brazo a la joven y añade más tarde que solo tenemos que hacerte algo así. La despedida de Rosaura y de Azara, fue conmovedora. El anciano abrió sus brazos a la joven, que se precipitó en ellos, y durante algunos segundos confundieron sus lágrimas. El barón tuvo finalmente que intervenir, separando bruscamente a la joven del anciano. MAJA DE MARIJANA MARAVILJAS. MARAVILLA DE M A R A V I L L A S. 1057 —Á la del campo.— Otra vez allí encerrados todos nosotros— murmuró Domingo de mala gana. Y el carruaje se puso en movimiento, y a poco llegaba a la puerta de Segovia. Comenzaba a oscurecer. Ni Rosa ni el barón pronunciaron una palabra. Uno y otro iban sobradamente ocupados. Y ninguno se apercibió de un jinete que pasó a escape por su lado, les ganó la delante y fue a reunirse con otros que estaban esperando en el camino. Aquel jinete era Trifon. Una legua próxima a Madrid, cuando la noche cerró por completo, faltaba falta allí todavía la mitad del camino que recorrer. T O M O II. CAPÍTULO CXXVI Dónde está Rosa? Al despertar a la mañana, se encontró un gran grito en el interior de este y un violento golpe en el suelo, efecto del salto que había dado el pecante. Domingo lanzó un grito más y exclamó a la parque echada mano a su encargo, que llevaba en la caja del pecante: —No tienes cuidado, Venancio, que yo te lo vengo a pegar. Y creyendo que su compañero estaba ahí escondido, dispersó al azar, a cuyo lugar dispersó con más cuidado dos o tres, dando a alguna de las balas en la caja del coche. . 1059 — Me parece que con ese concepto habéis dicho lo que se debe decir. —Malo; en ese caso no somos más que dos. —Pero dos que valemos por cuatro. Domingo, hablando así, había bajado del pescante, cargando denuevo su baco y reuníendose con el barón. Entretanto, los cuatro hombres de Trifón iban cerca del carruaje. El vizconde, que se había reunido con el jefe de la partida, le decía: —Ve a reunirte con tu gente, y procura sobre todo que no se escape el barón. Trifón se separó del vizconde, y al responder que producía el fogonazo del encargo, gritó: —Adelante, muchachos, que no somos más que tres. —Venid cuando quiera —exclamó Domingo con gancia. Los bandidos nos hicieron repetir las órdenes de su jefe: aproximaron a nosotros y un pistolero disparó dos veces por el barón, les hicimos comprender la posición en la que se encontraban. Entonces concentraron toda su fuerza en el punto en el que se hallaban estos. Y dispararon sobre ellos, y el barón, soltando una de las pistolas, murmuró: — Domingo, me han herido en un brazo. — Pues deShieldandas es su merced con el otro. Y disparó al ver que se aproximaban a ellos dos bandidos. Pero estos, sin duda, habían previsto ya este caso, por que al ver la chispa de la piedra a la. En tonicidades, a proveyente encargada de este templo que escuchaba Domingo parar y volverse a cargo de la arma, arrojaron sobre él mismo puñal en mano. El barón dispuso en tonicidades la única pistola que quedaba. Uno de los bandidos cayó en tierra. Pero los otros tres y Trifon con ellos, en breves espacios se pusieron a su lado. Domingo, sin poder ya utilizar la carga de trabuco, cogió el arma por la boca, y haciéndola con ella una especie de municioncita, mantuvo a respetuosa distancia a sus adversarios. Pero esta situación no se podía prolongar. Trifon amenazó con una pistola y dispuso la carga. El efecto siguió inmediatamente. La balada Trifon había atravesado a través de la pechera del río. Este cayó lanzando una blasfemia. Pocos segundos después, el barón intentó bajar para coger el trabuco de Domingo, y este movimiento le perdió. Sus enemigos arrojaron sobre él, y mortalmente herido, cayó sobre el cadáver de su servidor. En este momento, el vizconde, que le había seguido de cerca, se aproximó al punto en que estaba librándose. —Vamos, señor vizconde— dijo Trifon al reconocerle— no os quejareis de muchoacho. La puerta estaba abierta. La ansiedad se apoderó de ellos, miraron a su alrededor, y con el corazón encogido, observaron los temblorosos instrumentos. Por la misma emoción que experimentaban, dio vuelta al carruaje, y preguntó a Trifón: —¿Dime: ¿y la dama que venía acá dentro? —¡Toma! ¿Desde dónde quieres que esté? —respondió el conductor. —Donde venía. —Pues buscalá allá afuera si la encuentras. —¿Qué decides? Y el conductor arribó uno de los faroles, el único que había quedado a su cargo, y alumbró el interior del carruaje. Una exclamación de sorpresa se escapó de sus labios. No había nadie dentro de él. —¿No habéis visto ninguno de vosotros—preguntó a los suyos—la dama que iba aquí dentro? —¿Qué había más de ver? ¡Para eso estaban más allá! — Pero si no es posible que pudiera salir por aquí—dijo el vizconde observando la situación en que estaban los cuerpos del barón y de Domingo.—Entonces se habrá escapado por el otro lado. —Es lo probable. —En este caso—dijo uno de los bandidos—no deberá andar mucho lejos. —¡Buscad la ensenada!— exclamó el vizconde de donde irá, a la solapa de la armada que hubiese en podido quedar sus esperanzas. Los bandidos pusieron sus ojos para registrar por todas partes, pero inútilmente. Rosa no parecía.	common_corpus	{'identifier': '0000013555_129', 'collection': 'Spanish-PD-Books', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1879.0', 'title': 'La maja de Maravillas novela histórica', 'creator': 'Castillo, Rafael del , ca. 1835-ca. 1900 //', 'language': 'Spanish', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '2541', 'token_count': '4311', '__index_level_0__': '34188', 'original_id': '0fc999246fc66291452f94b6060f16edf04a635269d43197e807e518fecf760c'}
The Manual For The Samsung Galaxy S6 Displays The Battery Is Actually Removable March 8, 2015 - Written By Phil Bourget The Galaxy S6 and S6 edge from Samsung were shown off at long last at Mobile World Congress last week, and when we got our first look at the new glassy, aluminium exterior, we were left without features that have been a hallmark of every Samsung smartphone: a removable battery and an external storage slot. While a removable battery isn’t a deal breaker for some consumers, Samsung device loyalists have been used to it for years and not having these features in a device could feel unfamiliar. According to the user manual for the Galaxy S6, it was found that while not traditionally removable like with smartphones that carry a removable backplate, the Galaxy S6 battery can be removed. The Galaxy S6 is the first Samsung flagship to part with both the option to replace the battery when it’s depleted or too small for the user’s liking and to add extra or inter-device storage with a Micro SD card. And, from what many who love Samsung products for exactly those two features have expressed since the announcement, it seems like Samsung isn’t aiming for the fans of Samsung products, they’re going for the fans of Samsung and their design(s), which is just fine. However, for those of us that still want Samsung’s Galaxy lineup to be in our pockets and purses, the user manual displays that removing the battery is possible with the Galaxy S6, and it describes how this process can be done. First, as noted in the manual, the steps and actual procedure of removing the back and battery are not meant for normal consumers, and are for the Samsung service folks, so it means they can charge you for it. Also worth noting is that you’ll probably be able to get a hold of some extra replacement batteries once the S6 launches globally to keep yourself charged, or prepared in case your battery is faulty. The issue though, lies in that you have to carefully remove the glass back panel / door of the Galaxy S6, unscrew 13 screws, remove the back guard from the main logic board, and then undo the ribbon cable that attaches the battery to the board, then reverse the process to get it back in ready-to-run condition. Though you won’t likely see people whip out a Phillips head and replacement battery on the train or bus to work, you can be sure people will do this if their battery actually dies for any serious reason. Even though the feature that many loved is gone, we know that Samsung devices are still relatively easy to get into and fix if something does go awry. Do you think the removable battery is a fad that has outstayed its welcome, or is it something that is genuinely a value-add? Is a more high-quality build worth the sacrifice of a removable battery, or would polycarbonate be okay for that reason alone? Let us know down below.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9485234618186952}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '108887', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FITOF6G6KBD4RG3GFN35S5D7P65I3XRC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:75baadc4-99d2-46fc-b37a-17fdf550b605>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 2, 14, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.83.117', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RE6HYONWCXARZTPMQJ62UNWWLCPVU6FL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d5a6ae03-9f5d-4c6a-bdbd-6ba6d25aa05c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.androidheadlines.com/2015/03/the-manual-for-the-samsung-galaxy-s6-displays-the-battery-is-actually-removable.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f732bbe-7c76-420b-8461-0acb0a62e3f6>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '501', 'url': 'https://www.androidheadlines.com/2015/03/the-manual-for-the-samsung-galaxy-s6-displays-the-battery-is-actually-removable.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-163-226.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01920902729034424', 'original_id': 'ee2e7afa8914b74182fea11c1638cf69f73b3cbca6aa430e64a7e7d99b7611ed'}
Actors of the stage will sometimes murmur rhubarb, rhubarb when they need to create the impression of background conversation or the rabble of a crowd. Because rhubarb doesn't sound like any other common words and has relatively soft, round phonemes, it easily reduces to indecipherable nonsense-noise in the ear of the audience. Sort of a phonic lorem ipsum.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8957456350326538}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '16890', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DQLA3NXYIJUEZW5AJN7QDE4QAY4UE6HK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3e908427-de99-44cc-a1b9-66f703ae45c6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 4, 42, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.203.250.209', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ORCC26FRIKSDP666Z3L6CUGSGPOP2FOU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e049e484-f2ee-43b0-8b81-ea843d525347>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://everything2.com/node/2056494', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:60f8d1da-7902-4f42-8a30-f5db30029263>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '58', 'url': 'http://everything2.com/node/2056494', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.8403093218803406', 'original_id': 'f2fd7e585bcd8bf738606dfc7653a264c741fc37a90a3843d0812639f9cc51bc'}
Skip to navigation. Main Street DVD by various add to cart Main Street is a diverse collection of new video art and animation. Curated by Family's David Jacob Kramer, and designed by Brian Roettinger. Co-published by Family and Space 15Twenty Andrew Jeffrey Wright * Jacob Ciocci * Miranda July * Kris Moyes * Peter Sutherland * Andrew Sutherland * Lori D. * Melanie Bonajo * Lucky Dragons * Paper Rad The videos range from the psychedelically patterned color abstractions of Andrew Jeffrey Wright and Kris Moyes, to the documentary-style mountain biking travelogue of Andrew Sutherland. Miranda July's meditation on tribal drumming, and Peter Sutherland's re-enactment of a dream where teenagers bring havoc to NYC, their minds controlled by a diabolical stone. Jacob Ciocci of Paper Rad defaces youtube videos of bedroom freak dancers with his neon animations, while Melanie Bonajo records a deadpan conversation between two women with household items tied to their every limb. Lori D.'s cartoons focus on leering men, while Lucky Dragons focus on flower gardens.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8739253878593445}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37155', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:74KBD3SNGR23WZ2WNUVEIY2AUXVN7J3G', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:468fa987-b030-411e-a66f-d66deb2f77ef>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 17, 21, 39, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.227.38.74', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GS4AGZ5CF2UNWSRQKFSUEJEC4KQRXKJH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4708c7c5-5882-424d-af68-05be3b8a8fee>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://store.familylosangeles.com/products/main-street-dvd', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bc633c57-b741-4aa1-8077-dd10845d1494>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '160', 'url': 'https://store.familylosangeles.com/products/main-street-dvd', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-99.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022011220455169678', 'original_id': '1b44ce2a37cda34b781eb5376a80de8190d2dabf8f81530097160f6fbb0de88a'}
In an interview with Sandra Smith from Fox News, a Nebraska farmer swatted down her contention that a Keystone XL pipeline President Donald Trump wants to revive will put America on the road to energy independence. Nebraska farmer Art Tanderup farms outside of Neligh (population 1,599 recorded by the 2010 census) and would be affected by the pipeline. Tanderup explained to Fox News viewers that Keystone XL would only travel through America, allowing Canadian Tar Sands to be exported from North America. ADVERTISEMENT “But it’s going across America to be refined and exported, which is not for America’s use,” Tanderup explained. “If they do not mix some high-quality crude with this, the best they get is poor-grade diesel fuel, which we can’t even burn in this country.” For years, Art Tanderup has been a burr in the saddle of TransCanada Corporation efforts to build the pipeline. In 2014, Tanderup traveled to Washington, DC as part of the Cowboy Indian Alliance against the KXL pipeline and his farm hosted a 10,000 attendee concert with artists Neil Young and Willie Nelson. Watch the video below: Watch the latest video at video.foxnews.com	mini_pile	{'original_id': '6fb1ef00b1d5b43ef9d40fd4197f34a2e9ccbd69f474804482ec63bc1259ef50'}
Introduction {#sec1} ============ Gram-positive bacteria, particularly of the Bacillus and Clostridium genera, have a sporulation mechanism by which they can protect their DNA and become dormant under harsh conditions that would otherwise kill them.^[@ref1]^ This survival mechanism allows for the bacteria to survive in a metabolically inactive state for long periods of time until conditions, such as temperature or nutrient content, allow for germination and outgrowth. Some spores have been recovered and cultured after storage in amber for millions of years.^[@ref2]^ The structure of the spore is well-understood, separated into distinct regions: an outer spore coat which is laminar and serves as a protective barrier;^[@ref3]−[@ref7]^ the cortex, composed of cross-linked peptidoglycan distinct from that found in the germinated bacterial cell wall and implicated in the heat resistance of spores;^[@ref8]−[@ref11]^ and the core, containing the bacterial DNA as well as protective molecules such as small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)^[@ref12]−[@ref14]^ and an aquo-coordination complex between Ca^2+^ and dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid).^[@ref15]−[@ref18]^ The spore core has a lowered water content compared to that of vegetative cells, which is thought to be a major factor in spore heat resistance.^[@ref19]−[@ref21]^ The exact nature of the water in the spore core is not well understood. Two main paradigms have formed around this question. One theory is that the core water is in an amorphous (glassy) state. This was suggested by Sapru and Labuza in 1993^[@ref22]^ by predicting glass transition temperatures for spores based on inactivation kinetics and finding that more heat-resistant spores had higher predicted glass transition temperatures. Ablett in 1999^[@ref23]^ used differential scanning calorimetry to identify features of B. subtilis spores that were indicative of low moisture content even in an excess water environment and using ^13^C NMR on calcium dipicolinate concluded it was likely in an amorphous solid state indicative of a core with low water content consistent with a glassy state. Amorphous calcium dipicolinate was also seen using Raman spectroscopy of B. cereus spores.^[@ref24],[@ref25]^ The other theory is that the core water is in a gel-like state. This hypothesis was put forward initially by Black and Gerhardt^[@ref26]^ as a means of explaining their results on water uptake in spores using tritium-labeled H~2~O; they proposed that the spore core is an insoluble gel whose components are cross-linked but water-permeable. More recently, some^[@ref27],[@ref28]^ have argued for the gel-like core theory based on deuterium relaxation times recorded from D~2~O-exchanged spores. Proponents of the gel core theory assert that the gel provides thermal heat resistance during dormancy by protecting proteins against thermal denaturation, assisted by the lower water content of the core.^[@ref27]^ Sunde et al.^[@ref27]^ asserted that, were the core in a glassy state, there would be a broad signal apparent in a ^2^H NMR spectrum of the spore; however, such a signal would be undetectable using the magnetic relaxation dispersion experiments as performed. Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ analyzed a quadrupolar-echo spectrum of hydrated spores and concluded that its line shape represents mobile water and labile deuterons from proteins, nucleic acids, and peptidoglycan. Thus, no immobilized water could be detected in the ^2^H NMR spectrum of fully hydrated spores.^[@ref28]^ Here, we report ^2^H NMR spectra of deuterated spores of a wild-type Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and the chloramphenicol-resistant strain Bacillus subtilis 1A578.^[@ref29]^ Deuterium--hydrogen exchange experiments were conducted to examine the permeability of water into the spore and to compare them against calcium dipicolinate trihydrate (a known spore core component) and bovine serum albumin (as a spore protein analogue). In addition, variable-temperature (VT) NMR experiments were performed to determine how the deuteron mobility varies as the spores are heated and cooled. Our results suggest that there is immobile water in the spore core that can be detected using quadrupolar echo deuterium NMR. Variable-temperature NMR data does not show a gradual increase in molecular mobility proportional to temperature as would be expected for a spore core containing a gel of highly mobile water. Instead, our VT NMR data indicate that deuterated biomolecules and deuterated water retain their anisotropic motion properties at 50 °C. Heating to 100 °C does not affect viability, and the NMR spectra show that the proteins remain immobile at this temperature. However, 100 °C causes a transition of some deuterons from anisotropic to isotropic motion which we attribute to immobile water associated with protein hydration. These observations support the glassy-state core theory for our samples of dried spore powders. Nonetheless, we also observe mobile water in the core as recently reported^[@ref27],[@ref28]^ and it remains possible that an aqueous spore suspension could have a gel-like core. Materials and Methods {#sec2} ===================== Spore Preparation {#sec2.1} ----------------- Bacillus subtilis 1A578, a chloramphenicol-resistant strain,^[@ref29]^ was obtained from Bacillus Genetic Stock Center (BGSC, Department of Chemistry at the Ohio State University). Spores were prepared from stock Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and 1A578. Frozen stock was inoculated overnight in 20 mL aliquots of LB medium, which was used to inoculate 200 mL of LB medium at 1% in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. The culture was allowed to grow (200 rpm @ 37 °C) for 24 h, after which it was centrifuged at 10000g at 4 °C for 20 min, the supernatant decanted, and the pellet resuspended in a separate 1 L flask with 200 mL of chemically defined sporulation medium (CDSM, composition included in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type="notes"})^[@ref30]^ and allowed to grow (200 rpm @ 37 °C) until the culture exhibited at least 80% spores via phase contrast microscopy (between 3 and 10 days). For partially deuterated spores, cultures were inoculated into 25% D~2~O LB medium and resuspended in 25% D~2~O CDSM for sporulation. Once the sample had sufficient spores, the culture was spun down, washed 1× with sterile Milli-Q water, spun down, and resuspended in a centrifuge tube in 20 mL of sterile 50% v/v EtOH:H~2~O. The resuspended spores were shaken at 200 rpm at 25 °C for 2 h to kill any remaining vegetative cells. The spores were then centrifuged 3X (10000g, 4 °C, 20 min); the supernatant was decanted and the spores were washed 3X with 20 mL aliquots of sterile Milli-Q water between each centrifugation. After washing, the spores were resuspended in a fresh 20 mL aliquot of sterile water and stored overnight at 4 °C; the following morning the culture was spun down and resuspended in fresh sterile water. The final step of purification involved delivery of the spores into a sterile centrifuge tube via syringe filtration using 3.1 and 1.2 μm glass fiber filters connected in series. The purified spores were centrifuged (10000g, 4 °C, 20 min), the supernatant was decanted, and the pellet was resuspended and transferred to a glass vial with 99% D~2~O (total volume 8 mL). The spore suspension was frozen with liquid nitrogen and lyophilized for 2 days to form a fluffy, charged white or off-white powder, which was stored at −20 °C until use. Spores were packed into 5 mm ceramic magic-angle-spinning rotors and sealed with O-ring caps for NMR experiments. For deuterium--hydrogen exchange experiments, the lyophilized deuterated spores were transferred to a sterile 15 mL Falcon tube and resuspended in sterile Milli-Q water. The tube was sealed with a plastic cap, covered in parafilm, and stored at 4 °C with occasional shaking for 1 week. The exchanged spores were transferred to a centrifuge tube and spun at 10000g (4 °C, 20 min). Water was decanted, and the wet spores were resuspended with sterile Milli-Q water to aid their transfer into a glass vial prior to lyophilization as described above. Spores for hydrogen--deuterium exchange experiments were prepared in a similar manner. Lyophilized spores grown in protonated media were suspended in sterile D~2~O for 1 week before drying. Synthesis of Amorphous and Crystalline Calcium Dipicolinate (CaDP) and Deuteration of BSA {#sec2.2} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Deuterated amorphous calcium dipicolinate trihydrate was prepared by modifying the procedure of Johnson et al.^[@ref31]^ to use 99% D~2~O. After dissolving the dipicolinic acid and adding calcium hydroxide to a pH between 9 and 10, the heated solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then stored in a desiccator for 4 days. Subsequently, the solution was further dried via lyophilization for 24 h. The resulting powder was packed into an NMR rotor to collect ^2^H NMR data. Crystalline deuterated CaDP was prepared using a modification of the procedure by Bailey et al.,^[@ref32]^ replacing deionized water with 99% D~2~O. Slight heating was necessary to dissolve the dipicolinic acid. After addition of Ca(OH)~2~, the solution was transferred into several 13 mm OD test tubes and stored in a desiccator for ∼1 month. Needle-shaped crystals began to form within 1--2 weeks. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray crystallography and found to have the same space group and similar dimensions as previously reported data.^[@ref33]^ Details of the X-ray crystallography procedures and results are provided as [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type="notes"}. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.) was dissolved in 99% D~2~O (100 mg/8.0 mL), stirred for 24 h at 4 °C, and lyophilized for 5 days before packing in a 5 mm rotor and collecting a deuterium solid-state echo (SSECHO) spectrum. A second sample was prepared by dissolving 100 mg of BSA in 8 mL of D~2~O, mixing for 24 h, and drying via lyophilization for 19 days. NMR Experiments {#sec2.3} --------------- Quadrupolar echo ^2^H NMR experiments were collected by placing the filled ceramic rotor into a Varian 5 mm wide-line NMR probe and inserting the probe into an Oxford 400 MHz (9.4 T) magnet (^2^H frequency = 61.424 MHz). Data was collected using a Varian Unityplus console and VNMR 6.1C software on a Sun workstation. The pulse sequence (SSECHO, 90~x~--τ~1~--90~y~--τ~2~--acquire) used a pulse width of 6 μs, recycle delay of 120 s, τ~1~ of 60 μs, and τ~2~ of 50 μs. The acquisition time was 40 ms. Deuterium NMR calibrations were performed with malonic acid-d~4~ and pure D~2~O samples to optimize the 90° pulse width and verify the appropriate spectral appearance of our calibration standards. The spore samples were studied at room temperature. The ^2^H T~1~ for immobilized water was found to be 24 s using a sample of frozen D~2~O (−40 °C) cooled by a stream of nitrogen gas chilled by a XRII FTS refrigeration unit. Data analysis was accomplished using VNMR 6.1C provided by Varian Inc. Variable-temperature ^2^H NMR experiments were performed by delivering heated dry air to the sample. The sample was held at the desired temperature for 15 min prior to data acquisition. Data was collected with the SSECHO pulse sequence using a delay time of 120 s for each of the 2000 transients (66 h data collection time). An initial spectrum was collected at 21 °C followed by heating to 50 °C. A spectrum collected at this temperature was compared to the 21 °C spectrum, and the sample was then cooled back to 21 °C. Another spectrum was collected to see whether changes that occurred, if any, at 50 °C were reversible. Subsequent spectra were also collected at 100 and 21 °C, respectively. Results {#sec3} ======= Deuterium--Hydrogen Exchange {#sec3.1} ---------------------------- The deuterium quadrupolar echo NMR spectrum of partially deuterated B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores is shown in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A. There are three distinct features that are present in this spectrum: feature I, a sharp singlet peak at 0 Hz referenced to a liquid D~2~O standard; feature II, a Pake doublet with a separation of approximately 32 kHz; and feature III, another Pake doublet with a 120 kHz separation. A second deuterium NMR spectrum was collected after the B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores were soaked in H~2~O (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B). Here, signals for features I, II, and III are present, although the intensity is lower due to either replacing labile deuterons with protons or sample loss after repacking the postexchange spores. After correcting for the latter through scaling of the spectrum by the same proportion as sample lost, an overlay of the pre- and postexchange spectra (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C) shows a diminution of features I and II while feature III is unchanged. ![^2^H solid-state NMR spectrum of 25% D~2~O-labeled B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores (A); of the same sample after one-week's exchange with H~2~O (B); A and B overlaid on the same axis and scaled for sample loss (C). Three main features (I, II, III) are apparent in the spectra, with feature I decreasing most after exchange. Spectra were collected at room temperature over 10,000 scans with a delay time of 120 s.](jp-2014-025119_0012){#fig1} Using the same methodology, spores of B. subtilis 1A578 were also studied using deuterium--hydrogen exchange via quadrupolar ^2^H NMR. Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the spectra for spores of B. subtilis 1A578 grown in 25% deuterated media before (A) and after (B) a one-week exchange with H~2~O, and a comparison of the two spectra on the same axis (C) corrected for mass loss during sample preparation. The 1A578 spores appear to have sharper features II and III than those of ATCC 6051. Likewise, the comparison in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C shows that feature III is not affected by soaking in H~2~O whereas features I and II become smaller. ![Deuterium quadrupolar echo NMR spectra of B. subtilis 1A578 spores: grown in 25% D~2~O media (A); same sample after one-week exchange with H~2~O (B); A and B shown on the same axis and scaled for mass (C). Three main features (I, II, III) are apparent indicating signals arising from different deuterons in the spore; feature I exhibits the largest decrease after exchange. Spectra were collected at room temperature over 10,000 scans with a delay time of 120 s.](jp-2014-025119_0013){#fig2} Hydrogen---Exchange Deuterium NMR of Spores {#sec3.2} ------------------------------------------- Spores of both strains of B. subtilis, ATCC 6051 and 1A578, grown in protonated media, were soaked in 99% D~2~O for 1 week and lyophilized, and quadrupolar echo ^2^H NMR spectra were collected. These spectra are shown as Figures [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. The spectrum of wild-type (ATCC 6051) spores shows a strong central feature I, an area of intermediate line broadening, and significant broadening at the baseline while features II and III are not observed. The chloramphenicol-resistant (1A578) spores produce a deuterium spectrum that is dominated by feature I and does not have features II and III, and broadening of the baseline is present but less intense. ![Deuterium solid-state spectrum of B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores grown in protonated medium and soaked in D~2~O for one week's exchange (room temperature, 120 s delay, 10,000 transients). Features II and III are not apparent, leaving only feature I and a broad signal.](jp-2014-025119_0001){#fig3} ![Deuterium solid-state NMR spectrum of spores of B. subtilis 1A578; this strain exhibits a different line shape after H-to-D exchange than B. subtilis ATCC 6051. Although the same overall changes (no features II or III and broad signal) are observed, the broad feature is much less intense. The spectrum was collected at room temperature with a 120 s delay time and a total of 7178 transients.](jp-2014-025119_0002){#fig4} Bovine Serum Albumin Spectra {#sec3.3} ---------------------------- The spectra of BSA lyophilized for 5 days and for 19 days are shown in Figures [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C, respectively. The mobile D~2~O peak is reduced in the 19-day spectrum versus the 5-day spectrum, with little to no difference in the broader signal. These spectra are identical to previously reported spectra of a deuterated enzyme, subtilisin.^[@ref34]^ However, we previously published a spectrum of deuterated BSA prepared under different conditions.^[@ref35]^ This spectrum is shown in Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A and shows a Pake doublet with a large separation, similar in width to feature III in Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}. For this sample, the protein:water ratio (500 mg:10 mL) and drying (1 day) were insufficient to achieve complete deuterium exchange and removal of excess water. Hence, Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A has a lower SNR and the additional set of Pake doublets are not seen in the samples with extended drying (Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C). ![A comparison of one sample of deuterated lyophilized bovine serum albumin lyophilized 1 day (A) with a second sample (BSA) dried for 5 days (B) and 19 days (C). The Pake doublet observed in A is attributed to bound water that vanishes when the sample is dried for longer periods of time (B, C). Spectra were collected at room temperature with a delay time of 120 s over 4364 transients (A) or 10,000 transients (B, C).](jp-2014-025119_0003){#fig5} Deuterium NMR Spectra of Calcium Dipicolinate {#sec3.4} --------------------------------------------- Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"} shows the quadrupolar echo deuterium NMR spectra of the amorphous and crystalline forms of calcium dipicolinate (CaDP) respectively. The amorphous sample presents itself as having a Pake doublet with a peak splitting of 116 kHz, with a central peak that is broader than that observed in the B. subtilis spores (Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}A). When a smaller sample of the amorphous CaDP is subjected to additional drying (Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}B), the Pake doublet disappears and the spectrum resembles that of the deuterated BSA samples (Figures [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C). The crystal form exists as a trihydrate, and, when isolated from deuterated water, crystalline CaDP·3D~2~O does not show a central peak (feature I), instead revealing a Pake doublet with a peak splitting of 31 kHz that broadens as it nears the baseline (Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}C). The crystal structure determined using a small portion of the CaDP·3D~2~O NMR sample is shown in Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}. ![^2^H NMR quadrupolar echo spectrum of amorphous deuterated calcium dipicolinate trihydrate dried for 24 h (A), a separate amorphous CaDP sample dried for 48 h (B), and crystalline calcium dipicolinate trihydrate (C). A Pake doublet surrounds a broad mobile D~2~O peak in A, which is not evident with longer drying on the other amorphous sample (B); crystalline CaDP shows a Pake doublet at ∼31 kHz indicative of limited motion (C). Spectrum A was collected at room temperature with a delay time of 120 s over 7768 transients; B over ∼2200 transients; C over 10,000 transients.](jp-2014-025119_0004){#fig6} ![Crystal structure of deuterated calcium dipicolinate trihydrate (CaDP·3D~2~O), as shown in a thermal ellipsoid plot, showing that it forms a dimer as a crystal.](jp-2014-025119_0005){#fig7} Variable-Temperature Deuterium NMR {#sec3.5} ---------------------------------- Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"} shows various spectra collected during the VT NMR experiment involving B. subtilis ATCC 6051. The first spectrum collected (top left) is similar to that of Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A, with variations caused by lower signal-to-noise ratio in these spectra collected with 2000 scans (66 h) versus 10,000 scans (333 h). When heated to 50 °C there are only minor differences observed, mostly a slight decrease in the Pake doublet features II and III. This change appears to reverse itself when the sample is cooled back to 21 °C. Feature I becomes dominant and features II and III become reduced when the sample is heated to 100 °C. As before, the spectrum resumes its previous appearance when cooled back to 21 °C (bottom right). ![Spectra obtained for the variable-temperature deuterium NMR of 25% deuterated B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores. Very slight changes are seen when the spores are heated to 50 °C and cooled; larger changes to the line shape are apparent when heated to 100 °C but appear to revert themselves when cooled to the original temperature. These changes and their reversion to previous line shape are suggestive of glass-like transitions inside a rigid spore core. Spectra were collected with a delay time of 120 s and 2000 transients at the temperatures indicated.](jp-2014-025119_0006){#fig8} Discussion {#sec4} ========== Assignment of Deuterium NMR Spectra {#sec4.1} ----------------------------------- The distinct features (I, III, and III) in the deuterium quadrupolar echo NMR spectrum of partially deuterated B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A) are assigned by comparison to samples of known composition. Feature I is attributed to deuterons with isotropic motion, possibly from water that is mobile or very dynamic in its environment; future experiments will examine feature I in more detail to study the T~1~ of this peak. Feature II has a Pake doublet separation (32 kHz) similar to that seen in the crystalline calcium dipicolinate sample, whose crystal structure shows water coordinated to the metal ion, carboxylic acids, and nearby water molecules. However, feature II could also be due to nonlabile deuterons incorporated in biomolecules. Using a growth medium with 25% D~2~O, our samples will have partial deuteration of every molecule. Thus, methyl groups will be found as −CH~2~D and give a Pake pattern with a 38 kHz peak separation.^[@ref36]^ The Pake pattern is reduced from the typical 140--220 kHz separation found in organic compounds^[@ref37]^ due to free rotation. It is well-known that −CD~3~ molecules in proteins and peptides present a similar NMR spectrum.^[@ref38]^ Labile water associated with the lipid bilayers, such as the spore membrane, gives a peak separation of a few kilohertz while deuterons in the lipid itself produce a larger separation, on the order of 30 kHz.^[@ref39],[@ref40]^ Feature II could also be interpreted as the result of C2 symmetry jumps; this is common in crystalline hydrates^[@ref41]^ and, if applicable to calcium dipicolinate trihydrate, would tie feature II to the spore core as well through the CaDP·3H~2~O. Attribution of feature III (peak separation of 120 kHz) to immobilized water molecules has been disputed and was suggested to arise from labile deuterons in biomolecules.^[@ref28]^ We have prepared and studied labile deuterons in the BSA protein sample, and the ^2^H NMR spectrum does not have feature III present after extended drying (Figures [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C). Spectra similar to Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B have been reported for hydrated subtilisin enzyme isolated from a D~2~O solution. This sample contains labile O--D and N--D groups along with a layer of hydration water strongly associated with the enzyme.^[@ref34]^ For a sample of BSA dried for 1 day, the spectrum shows a Pake doublet with a separation similar to that of feature III. We attribute the Pake doublet in Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A to water molecules (HOD) bound to the protein sample. These HOD molecules are not firmly attached to the protein as they can be removed with vacuum drying (Figures [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C). The outer edges of the Pake doublet in Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A are less sharp than the Pake doublet of frozen water (Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}C). This indicates that excess water associated with BSA is immobilized in a heterogeneous fashion. The variation in chemical environment can be due to localized differences in numbers of neighboring water molecules and the hydrogen bonding network. Similar observations are made with CaDP samples with a wide Pake doublet (Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}A) that is removed with further drying (Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}B). ![A comparison of the Pake doublets of B. subtilis 1A578 (A) versus crystalline CaDP·3D~2~O (B), bulk frozen D~2~O (C), and amorphous CaDP·3D~2~O (D), indicating the likelihood of the spore Pake doublets arising from immobilized core components. In this model feature III arises from bound water similar to that of amorphous CaDP but unlike bulk water; feature II may arise from methyl rotations or from the crystalline CaDP·3D~2~O signal.](jp-2014-025119_0007){#fig9} The shape of feature III (Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) shows that these deuterons are in an environment of substantial homogeneity compared to water associated with amorphous proteins or CaDP. If these deuterons are protein-associated water, they would be very susceptible to a temperature-induced increase in isotropic motion. These dynamics should be reversible and would not require the protein itself to undergo isotropic motion. Such behavior is shown after heating the spore to 100 °C and cooling it back down to 21 °C (Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}). The dramatic change of the anisotropic feature III into the isotropic signal of feature I supports our view that these deuterons are in rigid water associated with biomolecules, and their increased motion does not require a diffuse liquid-like state. Within a few degrees of the D~2~O melting point (3.8 °C), water molecules flip between ice crystal sites yielding a narrow isotropic peak. Wittebort et al.^[@ref42]^ used variable temperature ^1^H and ^2^H NMR studies to examine molecular dynamics in ice. In the hexagonal form of ice, I~h~, the central water molecule is bound to 2 neighboring H atoms (via the oxygen) and 2 neighboring oxygen atoms (via the protons). These four bonds form a tetrahedron around the central water molecule. In Wittebort's sample, a narrow line is seen at −6 °C and attributed to isotropic reorientation within the ice lattice. At −24 °C, the narrow line is very small due to a reduction in dynamics. Our spore samples were analyzed at room temperature, and thus bulk ice is not expected, although the water could be dynamic within a rigid lattice; the relatively small size of the narrow line at −6 °C in Wittebort's sample implies that its contribution to feature I would be negligible. Observation of immobile water at room temperature is not without precedence. A mixture of mobile and solid water has been reported for hydrated minerals. The sodium-silicate kanemite has three bound water molecules which move between tetrahedral binding sites within the mineral structure, though some water is found in between layers of the mineral.^[@ref41],[@ref43]^ Rigid water in the kanemite sample produces a Pake pattern separation \>190 kHz due to Na--O--D and Si--O--D bonds at −120 °C. At room temperature, a weak powder pattern is observed symmetric to an isotropic peak, indicating less mobile water undergoing jumps. Thus, water in nonbulk environments generates Pake patterns with varying quadrupolar coupling constants. Li et al. report that water in corn starch samples produces Pake pattern separations less than 144 kHz.^[@ref44]^ Thus, it is not unexpected that excess water bound to proteins could give a Pake pattern splitting of 120 kHz compared to that of 144 kHz for bulk ice. Dimers of α-truxillic acid form with two carboxylic acid groups arranged in a linear fashion. The result is a pair of O--H···O=C hydrogen bonds and replacement with deuterium producing a sharp Pake doublet with a 117 kHz splitting,^[@ref45]^ but only when those carboxylic acids are in the linear arrangement. We do not believe a homogeneous chemical environment such as that found in α-truxillic acid, however, produces feature III in bacterial spores. There are numerous carboxylic acid groups in the spore proteins, but they form hydrogen bonds with amide groups. Carboxylic acid groups in the peptidoglycan are arranged in a random disordered fashion and would not be expected to adopt a homogeneous linear conformation. The crystalline calcium dipicolinate unit cell shows one water bond to a carboxylic acid group, yet we do not see feature III in Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}C. Most of the carboxyl groups are involved in direct chelation of the Ca^2+^ ions, reducing the occurrence of O--D···O=C hydrogen bonding. Another possible source of feature III is nonlabile deuterons found as rigid C--D groups.^[@ref36],[@ref46]^ This labeling would be widespread among the various proteins, DNA, peptidoglycan, and membranes found in a mature spore. These deuterons could be responsible for the remaining portion of feature III at 100 °C not converted to the isotropic feature I. Thus, we believe that feature III is due to both nonlabile deuterons in biomolecules and rigid water associated with biomolecules. Due to the complexity of the spore sample and the heterogeneous nature of the deuterium spectrum, with many components, we were unable to generate a satisfactory quantitative estimate of each component in the spore. As seen with previous reports,^[@ref28]^ quantitative assignment would be dependent on the level of hydration. Nonetheless, our qualitative study provides additional insight in the spore core water environment. Future studies will attempt quantification through line shape simulation and comparison of simulated spectra with the spectra reported here. Sites Accessible to Exchange {#sec4.2} ---------------------------- The exchange of accessible deuterons with H~2~O is demonstrated in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} using spores of B. subtilis ATCC 6051. The decrease in the mobile D~2~O peak (feature I) is expected; mobile D~2~O would exchange freely with exogenous water. However, a significant fraction of mobile water is unreachable by external H~2~O. These deuterons can be both core and noncore water. In the latter case, deuterons are protected from exchange by protein conformations that trap water in a rigid matrix. Dormant spores, even hydrated, would maintain proteins in tight conformations which would limit access and exchange as a means of hindering chemical attack. If water can cross the membrane, some core-associated deuterons must be protected from exchange by protein conformations or the transport and exchange of water is very slow compared to the 7-day exchange period. As the exchange was carried out in a water suspension, excess water would cause full hydration and swelling of the spore samples, although in a state of dormancy active water transport would cease to function. A rigid core model would protect water from exchange, but it is also possible that a rigid core could transition into a gel state with excess hydration. If this were the case, some mobile deuterons in protein/DNA/CaDP environments must be inaccessible to gel water, or the core is a mixture of gel and rigid domains restricting access to exchange sites. Nevertheless, this analysis does not preclude the opportunity for gel core water to be present with dynamics different than bulk water.^[@ref28]^ However, experiments targeted to study core-water dynamics after H-to-D exchange would report only accessible water while trapped water would be invisible and not contribute to relaxation rate analysis. From the data in Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, this trapped water has a noticeable contribution to feature I. Thus, Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ do not report all possible water in hydrated spores. However, it is also possible that the membrane prevents water diffusion. In this scenario, the mobile water peak observed here and in previous work would be due to noncore water molecules protected from exchange by protein conformations. Unfortunately, changes to feature I after exchange cannot be used to evaluate whether the mobile water peak is due to core or noncore water. It is not unreasonable that the lipid bilayer would undergo significant structural and/or biochemical changes during sporulation to protect the core from dehydration or attack by sporicidal agents through the removal or closure of transmembrane channels and transport proteins, or structural changes to the phospholipids themselves creating a tighter network. Deuterium NMR is commonly used to examine the motion of lipid membranes and dynamics within the hydrophobic tails^[@ref47]−[@ref53]^ as well as other relevant biomolecules such as DNA.^[@ref54]^ If the lipid bilayer deuteron signals could be isolated from other components in the spore, these experiments could be used in the future to elucidate such changes. After lyophilization, the samples are exposed to atmospheric moisture during the 2-week time period required to collect a deuterium NMR spectrum. The rotor, approximately half to three-quarters full, allows for water vapor in the headspace to penetrate the spore and continue exchange processes. We do not detect changes in the spectrum over time or after recollection of prior data with the same sample. Thus, atmospheric H~2~O is not able to access exchangeable deuterons. Drying may cause the spore to acquire hydrophobic properties in the coat protein layers or membrane or change from a gel to rigid core. The inner Pake doublet (feature II) also decreases, indicating some of these deuterons are in an environment susceptible to exchange. No change would be seen for nonlabile deuterons in biomolecules created in the culture and sporulation media. If the spore core is impenetrable, water in the calcium dipicolinate trihydrate would remain after exchange and contribute to feature II, if the core CaDP has a structure similar to the crystalline material produced in our laboratory. It is also possible that some of the water associated with CaDP is subject to exchange, perhaps on the exterior of crystallites, whereas most of the water in CaDP is protected. Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ proposed that these signals could be due to deuterated methyl groups; similar line shapes were seen in magic-angle-spinning (MAS) spectra of deuterated valines inside of glycophorin A.^[@ref38]^ Interestingly, feature III is relatively unchanged after soaking in H~2~O. If this Pake doublet were, as suggested, due solely to labile deuterons,^[@ref28]^ the expected result of a deuterium--hydrogen exchange would be a loss of deuterium signal in the spectrum, or at least a decrease in intensity proportional to that seen for features I and II. Thus, these deuterons are either nonlabile or nonaccessible to external water. As described above, a glassy core would protect labile water deuterons in the core. Additionally, if linear hydrogen bonds such as in α-truxillic acid dimers^[@ref45]^ are responsible for feature III, they may persist in water if the biomolecules or peptidoglycan do not rearrange in response to swelling from excess hydration. This seems unlikely as Bacillus spores change shape/size in response to external water.^[@ref55]^ If these hydrogen bonds are susceptible to exchange, and responsible for feature III, then they would be nonexistent in the postexchange spectrum. Thus, the persistence of feature III after the D-to-H exchange process supports either bound water molecules in the spore or the partial deuteration of carbon atoms found in various biomolecules. As described above, we believe that both species are present. Similar behavior was observed in deuterium--hydrogen exchange experiments with a sample of B. subtilis 1A578 spores, as seen in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}. This indicates that changes to features I and II, and the persistence of feature III, are not a property confined to the ATCC 6051 strain. Nevertheless, the spores of the chloramphenicol-resistant and wild-type strains show dramatic differences when subjected to hydrogen-to-deuterium exchange experiments. In these experiments, spores were produced using protonated growth and sporulation media. Labile, and accessible, protons were replaced with deuterium by soaking in sterile D~2~O. The postexchange spectra for ATCC 6051 spores show a line shape (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) lacking the sharp features II and III of Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A. Hydrocarbons of biomolecules and lipid groups would not contribute to the post H-to-D exchange spectra. The lack of a strong feature II reinforces the conclusion that deuterons responsible for features II and III are not labile (perhaps in C--D or CHD groups) or not easily accessible for exchange (located in the core and/or protected by proteins). However, the 1A578 spores produce a spectrum (Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}) dominated by mobile water (feature I). The broadened baseline has a shape similar to that of the wild-type spores (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) but lower in intensity. Proteins external to the core may have a structural conformation that protects labile protons from exchange with deuterons. A proteomics study with the chloramphenicol-resistant 1A578 found 85 proteins already identified from Bacillus species and 69 novel proteins.^[@ref56]^ Thus, unique protein structures may exist that resist exchange with deuterium, a possibility that warrants further study. Both spore samples were handled in a similar fashion, thus comparison of the spectra indicates that 1A578 has a greater fraction of mobile water. This could result from the chloramphenicol-resistant spores retaining a greater mass of mobile water, having a mobile water fraction with greater resistance to drying, or the labile deuterons being predominately found as mobile water. These deuterons obviously have rapid isotropic motion, but it is not clear if they are located in the core, noncore regions, or both. If feature III of the spore deuterium NMR spectrum in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A was indicative of labile deuterons, asserted by Kaieda et al.,^[@ref28]^ the spectrum observed in Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} should look identical (or nearly so) to that seen in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A. Instead, Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows a feature II that is practically indistinguishable from the central mobile deuterium peak and broad shoulders instead of the sharp Pake doublet seen in feature III of Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A. Likewise, if feature III were the result of O--D···O=C hydrogen bonds susceptible to exchange, the H-to-D experiment should produce a sharp Pake doublet. Instead, we speculate that the broad signals in Figures [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} are from labile deuterons of proteins. When the spectra in Figures [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} are compared to a spectrum of BSA, the result is a nearly identical overlap for the wild-type 6051 spores (Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"}). However, with its large fraction of mobile water, the resistant 1A578 spores (Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}) do not overlap with the BSA spectrum unless the protein spectrum is reduced in height. While the scaling factor was 3.3, this number is somewhat meaningless as we are not convinced that labile deuterons in the coat proteins of 1A578 spores would be exchanged to a similar degree as labile deuterons in a homogeneous solution of BSA. ![Postexchange B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spore spectrum (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) to which the five-day-dried BSA spectrum (Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B) has been overlaid. BSA's spectrum fits very well to the spectrum of the whole spore.](jp-2014-025119_0008){#fig10} ![Postexchange B. subtilis 1A578 spore spectrum (Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}) overlaid on the same spectrum as the five-day lyophilized deuterated BSA (Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B). BSA's spectrum fits well to the broad peak feature in 1A578 but less so to the mobile water peak feature. The difference in line shape between this and Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"} is attributed to structural changes in B. subtilis 1A578 resulting in higher protein conformational homogeneity and may be responsible for the differences in line shape overall between B. subtilis 1A578 and B. subtilis ATCC 6051.](jp-2014-025119_0009){#fig11} Rigid Spore Core from Variable-Temperature Deuterium Solid-State NMR {#sec4.3} -------------------------------------------------------------------- We speculate that the spore core is more a solid than a gel-like state, but exchange experiments alone do not provide enough evidence to distinguish the physical state of the core. Instead, we base our analysis on variable-temperature data collected to provide this distinction. Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of the VT NMR experiments with B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores. It is evident that the mobile D~2~O peak does not increase perceptibly when the sample is heated from 21 to 50 °C. However, when cooled back to 21 °C and heated to 100 °C, the central peak intensity increases dramatically. The high temperature causes significant portions of the spore to undergo isotropic, or nearly isotropic, motion. Other portions of the spore retain anisotropic behavior as evidenced by the persistence of features II and III after heating. The lack of a dramatic change in features II and III at 50 °C suggests that components able to undergo isotropic motion are not affected by the moderate heating. This analysis does not support a gel-like core with a high mobile water content, which would be expected to show gradual changes as the temperature is increased. The rigid core analysis is similar to the predictions made by Sapru^[@ref22]^ indicating glass-transition temperatures in between 50 and 100 °C for various Bacillus strains. The analysis of our VT NMR data builds upon our assignment of spectra to different components, drying effects on the spectra, and changes caused by H/D or D/H exchange. As discussed below, we suggest a spore model with a rigid core where CaDP and biomolecules are rigid (features II and III) with a smaller fraction of deuterons existing as nonrigid, perhaps mobile, water (feature I). Data collected at 100 °C suggests that there is a phase change between 50 and 100 °C responsible for the large increase in the isotropic deuteron signal. The higher fraction of mobile deuterons could arise from faster dynamics of nonlabile deuterons in biomolecules. Nevertheless, 100 °C is insufficient to convert every deuteron of features II and III into an isotropic state. Deuterated peptidoglycan, contributing to feature III, is a highly cross-linked network and not expected to have large degrees of freedom, even with heating. Also, these deuterons may exist in proteins that resist conformation changes at high temperature. Crystalline CaDP may generate feature II, and work in our lab shows that crystalline CaDP does not melt in boiling water. When the sample is cooled back to 21 °C (from 100 °C), NMR data show that the sample characteristics which generate the room temperature spectra are nearly identical to those of the initial spectra collected at 21 °C prior to heating. This suggests that changes in the deuteron environment due to heating are reversible. Deuterated biomolecules would return to an immobile state, but we do not know if these biomolecules have been denatured to render the spore inert. Previous work by the Setlow Lab has shown that the viability of B. subtilis spores is relatively unaffected by dry heating to 100 °C.^[@ref20]^ The viability of these spores also suggests that the protein denaturation is modest and would not generate the isotropic signal at 100 °C. Thus, changes to feature III in Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"} are attributed to bound water molecules where heating increases their motion to generate an isotropic peak, yet cooling allows them to revert to the bound state without affecting the viability of the spore itself. From this viewpoint, the VT NMR data suggest the presence of bound water contributing to feature III in contrast to the assertions promoted by Kaieda et al. Proton NMR has been used to examine water in spores; however, the combination of heterogeneous samples and narrow chemical shift dispersion creates difficulties in assigning spectra. Nevertheless, the water will generate a very strong signal, and its chemical environment will influence spin relaxation rates. Bradbury et al. reported equal amounts of water in core and cortex + coat regions. Water was found to be both mobile and immobile. After separating the coat proteins and PG cortex, the water in these samples was found to be immobile; thus, mobile water was assigned to the core.^[@ref57]^ Using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, the characteristic ^13^C resonance for dipicolinic acid (DPA)^[@ref58]^ was detected with cross-polarization in freeze-dried and rehydrated spores of B. subtilis.^[@ref55]^ CPMAS data reflect those ^13^C spins that maintain strong dipolar coupling with nearby ^1^H nuclei, and thus indicate limited or absent molecular motion. In contrast, single-pulse MAS (SPMAS) signals are strongly affected by mobile species where strong spin--lattice effects cause fast T~1~ relaxation. Leuschner and Lillford could not detect DPA with ^13^C SPMAS, demonstrating that the DPA is in a firm rigid lattice, and rehydration of the core does not increase the molecular motion of DPA. From these prior studies, the core-specific DPA molecules may exist in a glassy core with water around the DPA also in an immobile state. We have shown in Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}B that the trihydrate form of crystalline CaDP produces a deuterium spectrum with a Pake doublet similar to feature II. This does not prove that CaDP in the core is crystalline, only that it is possible that CaDP could adopt a structural arrangement similar to the crystal structure. It is entirely possible that the CaDP is found as microcrystals in a glassy matrix of water, DNA, and proteins. The D-to-H exchange experiments show slight reduction of feature II; this reduction could be due to exchangeable waters around the CaDP crystallites. Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ reported a quadrupolar echo ^2^H NMR spectrum of fully hydrated Mn^2+^ depleted B. subtilis PS533 spores and concluded that the broad ∼130 kHz feature was entirely the result of labile deuterons in immobilized proteins and other biomolecules in the spore. Unfortunately, it is hard to understand how Kaieda et al. could state that there was no evidence for immobilized water in the core if their data and experimental techniques could not detect immobile core-associated D~2~O. Their protocol is essentially a hydrogen-to-deuterium exchange experiment introducing D~2~O after growing spores in deuterium-free media; however, instead of lyophilization, the authors used the wet spore pellet for their NMR analysis. The line shape observed in Figures [10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"} and [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"} (particularly Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}) is similar to that shown in Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ for their quadrupolar echo ^2^H NMR results. In their paper, the wet cell pellet creates a massive signal for mobile water. The authors claim that the wet pellet spectrum demonstrates swollen spores with a gel-like core and that their relaxation rate measurements reflect the dynamics of water within the core region. We do not dispute the validity of their data collection or their observation of water fractions with bulk and nonbulk behavior. We assert that their measurements are not representative of all water molecules in the spore sample. The persistence of feature I after D-to-H exchange suggests that water remains trapped, perhaps in a rigid core as suggested by our VT NMR data. Samples of 1A578 spores generated from protonated media and followed by deuterium exchange produce a spectrum (Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}) similar to that in Kaieda's work. We believe that our spectrum reflects the mobile water content (core and noncore) of a dried spore sample while Kaieda's data originates with fully hydrated samples. Upon closer inspection, their spectrum shows a broadened baseline similar to that seen with BSA protein reported here, and we agree that this baseline broadening is due to labile deuterons in biomolecules. Lastly, Sunde et al.^[@ref27]^ assert that, were the core in a glassy state, there would be a broad signal apparent on a ^2^H NMR spectrum of the spore; however, such a signal would not be detectable using the magnetic relaxation dispersion experiments as performed. We have observed this signal in different spore strains, and its width of ∼120 kHz is consistent with excess water bound to BSA and CaDP. The reason why the spectra reported in Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ are similar to that in Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"} (the B. subtilis 1A578), and why there are differences in the line shape between B. subtilis ATCC 6051 and 1A578, may have an explanation. While ATCC 6051 is a wild-type strain, 1A578 is a variant of B. subtilis 168 that has resistance to chloramphenicol.^[@ref29]^ It is possible that the mechanism of resistance causes structural changes in the vegetative cells of this strain. Such changes might manifest themselves in subtle alterations in the spore structure resulting in the differences in the deuterium NMR spectra of Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}--[4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}. The strain used both in Kaieda et al.'s work^[@ref28]^ and in the paper by Sunde et al.^[@ref27]^ is B. subtilis PS533, noted as being resistant to kanamycin.^[@ref59]^ Thus, the similarity of the deuterium NMR spectra reported by Kaieda et al. to B. subtilis 1A578 spectra shown in Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} may result from introducing a resistance locus to B. subtilis. From this viewpoint, it is possible that the data reported by Sunde et al. are also influenced by a similar phenomenon. It is also noteworthy that features II and III of the wild-type B. subtilis ATCC 6051 spores (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) show greater broadening and heterogeneity compared with the sharper lines seen in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, data from chloramphenicol resistant strain. Sharper lines result from enhanced structural homogeneity, and thus the resistance locus appears to have caused an observable reduction in variation of proteins/biomolecule conformation. This observation merits additional study with other bacterial spore strains. It may be possible to apply other sophisticated biomolecular NMR experiments to explore structural biology via ^13^C and ^15^N labeling. Conclusions {#sec5} =========== In this work, we studied deuterium NMR spectra of B. subtilis ATCC 6051 and 1A578 with an aim of determining the state of water inside of the spore core. This was aided by variable-temperature NMR studies of these species and ^2^H NMR spectra of calcium dipicolinate and bovine serum albumin. The overall NMR line shape of spectra for spores of both B. subtilis strains indicates that water is in multiple distinct states in the spore. The wide Pake doublet and the maintenance of its signal through deuterium--hydrogen exchange indicates that it is bound water, likely associated with the core. This is also demonstrated through the hydrogen--deuterium exchange spectra where the only signals that appear on the spectrum are those similar to bulk proteins such as those seen in deuterated bovine serum albumin. The difference between the spore spectrum shown in Kaieda et al.^[@ref28]^ and that of B. subtilis ATCC 6051 is postulated to be due to structural differences perhaps attributable to different proteins or antibiotic resistances, similar to B. subtilis 1A578. The crystalline calcium dipicolinate spectrum, when compared to spore spectra, suggests that the inner Pake doublet may be attributable to immobile core components. In addition, the lack of proportional increase in the mobile deuterium signal during the variable-temperature NMR experiments, and the return of the signal to its original line shape upon cooling, suggest a narrow transition along the lines predicted by Sapru^[@ref22]^ and Ablett^[@ref23]^ and thus a glassy core. The existence of bound water has come under recent scrutiny^[@ref27]^ from the measurement of deuterium relaxation rates. These samples were dispersed in deuterated water, and deuterium relaxation rates were measured with solution-state NMR methods at different magnetic field strengths. The spin--lattice relaxation could be explained by molecular motions on the order of 50 ps, which implies a mobile water fraction within the core. As described by the authors, this correlation time is too fast for water to be in a "rigid lattice" environment that would produce a 200 kHz wide spectrum. However, these water molecules are invisible in their deuterium relaxation rate measurements. As shown in this work, deuterium wide line NMR spectroscopy is able to detect both mobile and rigid lattice waters simultaneously. Our data demonstrate the existence of rigid lattice water molecules in bacterial spores and that these molecules are in a different chemical environment than water molecules within the tetrahedral bonding network of frozen water. Additional data show that immobilized water in spores is resilient and unable to undergo chemical exchange with water molecules in exogenous solution. The X-ray crystallographic unit cell properties and other crystallographic data of calcium dipicolinate trihydrate. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at <http://pubs.acs.org>. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### jp5025119_si_001.pdf The authors declare no competing financial interest. This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health (1R01GM090064-01), a NASA EPSCoR Research Infrastructure Development (RID) grant (NN07AL49A), and the University of Oklahoma. We also wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Kasthuri Venkateswaran, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, for insights and helpful discussions.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '0b40ef3c0be91f45554d4ef9963fff2810f1b11e683a6b044192f334335de9f5'}
simon cowell During this weeks semi-final competition on NBC's America's Got Talent, the State of Wyoming was prominently featured during a magic act! Jon Dorenbos is a professional football player and is entering his 14th season in the NFL and is getting ready for this year with the Philadelphia Eagle… Are you a solo singer? A girl group? duo? boy band? or a vocal group? Maybe you and your friends have always wanted to form a group or maybe you gave up on your dream of being a singer years ago? Well, now IS your time - it’s never too late to follow your dreams...	mini_pile	{'original_id': '9d8ac14b3bc6b347350973b23761adae4076a0b829735cc22e0f4f581c27e0c1'}
#qi-hardware IRC log for Friday, 2010-08-20 nebajothoh dear00:00 nebajoththis is fun00:00 nebajothI'm running nebajothhas anybody compiled a working kernel for the nanonote that uses a more recent kernel?00:02 nebajothI remember seeing the mailing list discussions regarding official inclusion00:03 nebajothin the mainline, that is00:03 nebajothah yes, as of 2.6.3600:06 wolfspraulyes definitely there are more recent kernels, 34/35. but I don't know exactly where the patches are or how to build them. I'd say you need to look in openwrt upstream.00:09 wolfsprauleverything based on the openwrt backfire release will stay with 3200:09 nebajoththat's fine00:10 nebajothI'm just going to work out how to build it then00:10 wolfspraul36 should have a lot of Ben NanoNote stuff mainline, but not everything00:11 wolfspraulmaybe one or two drivers are still missing, mmc if I recall00:11 nebajothWRONG CMD LINE00:11 nebajothjust looking at the patch00:33 nebajoththe one linus merged00:33 nebajothlooks like mmc is there00:33 nebajothI think00:33 nebajothbut I don't see anything for audio00:33 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: A new try at config.h management: moved it to ../common, along with io.h http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/57f342700:51 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Generate port, bit, and output mode definitions from io.h http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/f8cd15e00:51 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Turn the LED on while in the boot loader. http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/3c87d9f00:51 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Implemented AT86RF230 reset and access modes. (Completely untested.) http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/544795100:51 qwebirc47408i have purchased new nanonote03:44 qwebirc47408want oto put it into usb-bbot mode03:45 qwebirc47408but when I shorten the two pins then nanonote doesnt bootup03:45 qwebirc47408plz help03:45 kyakjust hold the "U" button during power on03:47 kyakno need to shorten if you have a working bootloader03:47 qwebirc47408if I am holding U button the it is not booting up03:57 wolfspraulqwebirc47408: you don't need to constantly hold it, just before and while you are pressing the POWER-ON button03:58 wolfspraulpress the power-on (together with 'u') for a good 2-3 seconds03:58 wolfspraulthen run 'lsusb' on your Linux host machine03:58 wolfspraulyou should see an ID 0x601a:471a:ns03:59 wolfspraulsorry, - you should see an ID 0x601a:474003:59 tuxbrain2qwebirc47408: in USB boot mode you will notice no reaction from nanonote , screen black , you hve to check if is in usb boot by lsusb in host computer and see a new device 0x601a:474003:59 wolfsprauldo you see that ID?03:59 qwebirc47408let me check04:01 qwebirc47408yes i m getting04:04 qwebirc47408how can I develop any C application for it and run over nanonote04:05 tuxbrain2qwebirc47408: http://en.qi-hardware.com/wiki/Compiling_for_the_NanoNote04:09 wolfspraulqwebirc47408: that's a great start! :-)04:11 wolfspraulif you see that ID, it means your NanoNote is alive, the CPU is running, and waiting for instructions04:11 wolfspraulit is not supposed to boot in that mode04:12 qwebirc47408what to do next04:12 wolfspraulnow you can run reflash_ben.sh, although I hate that script :-)04:12 qwebirc47408I want to reflash the nanonote04:12 qwebirc47408how shall I run usbboot application04:12 wolfspraulyou have usbboot installed already?04:12 wolfspraulthen just run reflash_ben.sh04:12 qwebirc47408how to check it04:12 qwebirc47408i have installed openwrt-xburst04:13 wolfspraulyou need to install the xburst-tools package04:13 wolfspraulthat's the sources, that comes later04:13 qwebirc47408yes I have04:14 wolfsprauldo you have reflash_ben.sh ? download and run04:15 wolfspraulI believe we do have some instructions in the wiki for that04:15 wolfspraulif you see the 601a:4740 ID all is fine. Now run reflash_ben.sh04:15 qwebirc47408I have downloaded reflash_ben and running it04:15 qwebirc47408what all will happen with this04:16 wolfspraulit will download the 0613 image and reflash the ben04:20 kyakweren't all these questions from beginner's guide?...04:22 bartbesbtw, wasn't there a photo viewer?05:27 wolfspraulbartbes: imgv05:29 bartbesis it in the default image?05:30 bartbesyes, it is05:30 wolfspraulhe, just trying05:30 bartbesah well, my jpeg is too big05:31 bartbes(for the memory)05:31 wolfspraulwe will cleanup the openwrt default app list and testing plan 'really soon', then a lot more should be included and stay included05:31 bartbesinterestingly enough I have yet to run out of memory while running a game engine, while I run out wanting to view a simple photo05:32 wolfspraulI have imgv but if I run it without parameters it just hangs05:32 wolfspraulscaling pictures can be very memory consuming, unless the scaling algorithm is specifically written to reduce memory footprint05:32 wolfspraulimgv --help or --version should at least say something, oh well...05:33 bartbesanyway, it was just a test to see if my camera supported SDHC05:33 bartbeswell, 'my' imgv doesn't hang when I run it (even without parameters)05:34 bartbesand about why --help and --version don't help, they just don't exist ;)05:34 bartbesI doubt it does any kind of arguments05:35 kyakcp: cannot stat `./files/qmake.conf': No such file or directory05:42 kyakthis is from recent qt05:42 kyakactually, i'm tired of things being broken every now and then upstream05:43 kyaki should better neve make package/symlinks05:43 kyakdo they even test before they commit?05:43 bartbeskyak: testing is overrated :P05:47 wolfspraulmirko: how is imgv supposed to work? in the 08-15 testing image, I try 'imgv some_image.jpg' and it just hangs.07:49 wolfspraulctrl-c will exit07:49 qwebirc26781reflashing is taking long time . is it ok ?07:52 wolfspraulhow long?07:52 wolfspraul20-30 minutes should be ok.07:53 qwebirc26781it is already 1 hr gone but stuked at fetching rootfs07:55 wolfspraulthat's not right07:57 wolfsprauloh well07:57 wolfspraulwait, maybe it is downloading? what is your internet speed?07:57 wolfspraulcould take an hour maybe. not sure. also I don't know how to check the download progress with the script.08:08 qwebirc26781how can i develop simple C application for it08:13 qwebirc26781and test it08:13 rafawpwrak: hey, after a while, yesterday, the bechnmark gives better values, no a lot more though.. : 65MB/s08:27 bartbesyeah, most tests you need to avarage as well08:32 wolfspraulzedstar: sorry I haven't gotten to replying to your mail yet. definitely will!10:18 bartbesin about 3 years10:18 bartbesor later10:18 wolfspraulI spend 50% of my time adding items to my todo list nowadays. Something is wrong...10:19 lars_you should add 'Stop adding items to my todo list' to your todo list ;)10:30 bartbesor if you want to cross something off10:32 bartbes'Add something to my todo list'10:32 wiwituhey guys11:13 wiwituquick question: whats the name for a powersupply with 16 pins, I cannot find one on the internet11:14 lekernelwtf? there are billions of power supplies with 16 pins11:23 lekernelif you're talking about PC power supplies this is the wrong channel11:23 viriche left, maybe realising that11:27 bartbeshe ran out of power ;)11:27 wpwrakhmm, if anyone is running a recent kernel under openwrt, it would be interesting to try the memset benchmark there, too. to exclude kernel differences as possible causes.12:10 wpwrakthe code is here: http://pastebin.ca/191977712:10 wpwraklekernel: nice analysis, thanks ! so my estimates are basically sane.12:11 wpwrak(running the benchmark) just compile, maybe with -O9 to make sure the compiler doesn't do anything funny, run top to make sure that there's nothing that burns cpu, then run the benchmark a few times with time ./a.out12:16 wpwrakit just takes a few seconds12:16 lekerneltry enabling RT priority too (ie context switches disabled)12:19 lekerneland write your own memset, in assembler if needed12:20 wpwraklekernel: (rt) naw, i'd rather not do that. might upset the timekeeping.12:20 lekernelthen use hwclock calls?12:21 wpwrak(own memset) i hope to get others interested in doing that, should it be necessary :)12:21 wpwrak(hwclock) uh, too complex for this little benchmark12:22 wpwrakit's not as if it would suffer high variability anyway12:22 lekernelapparently it does :)12:24 wpwrakright now, i'm not so much after maximizing memset, but after confirming that openwrt-based memset is slower than jlime-based12:24 wpwrakon the same system ? just a few percent12:25 wpwrak@#%. why does that silly device not respond to my control messages. almost the same code worked a gazillion times before.12:32 Action: wpwrak hates chasing trivial bugs12:33 wpwrakoh, lovely. looks like yet another sdcc compiler bug :-(12:41 viricwhat do you need to benchmark?12:42 viricI'm not running openwrt, but I run a iirc12:42 wpwrakviric: is your system uClibc-based ?12:43 viricwpwrak: no12:43 viricI can build that program for uclibc maybe.12:44 viric(not with glibc)12:44 wpwrakwell, could be useful to have another data point anyway. what system is it ? debian ?12:44 viricwpwrak: It's nixpkgs based12:44 viricwpwrak: (glibc 2.11.2, gcc 4.5.1, kernel wpwrakoh, very exotic ;-) another data point would definitely be fun then :)12:45 viricis that going to give evident results? or I have to measure in any special way?12:45 wpwrakviric: naw, just check with top nothing else burns a lot of cpu time. then run the benchmark a few times with time ./a.out12:47 viricwpwrak: a dynamic ELF?12:48 wpwrakdoesn't matter12:49 wpwrakjust use -O9 to make sure gcc tries to be efficient12:50 wpwrakgcc -O912:50 viricok ok12:50 viricI thought you had mistyped -O0 :)12:50 lekernel-O9 is like -O3 iirc12:50 lekerneljust like any -Ox with x > 312:51 wpwraklekernel: yup. it's idiomatic use for "make it as fast as you can" :-)12:51 viricaround 4.44s on avg for real/user time12:53 viricwpwrak: is that good?12:53 wpwrakviric: interesting. that's about 57 MB/s, much faster than openwrt but a bit slower than jlime12:54 wpwrakmaybe rafa is just overclocking his ben ;)12:54 mththe boot loader does the SDRAM initialization, so it can be relevant for memory bandwidth12:55 mthalthough I think all distros use the same boot loader, right?12:55 viricwpwrak: is that jlime uclibc based?12:55 wpwrakmth: oh. the kernel doesn't reset those things ? darn12:56 viricI'll tell you what bootloader I use...12:56 mthno, the current kernel does not touch them12:56 nebajothjlime is faster than openwrt?12:56 wpwrakmth: sigh. one more variable in the equation :-(12:57 mththe old gmenu2x version does change the PLL frequency, which also determines the MCLK value12:57 viricI'm using uboot 2010.06 with the patches from openwrt-xburst tree 3244d5ef9f93802f9b9b6f4405636424abf6fa8312:57 wpwrak(gemnu2x) wow. boldly stumbling where even the kernel doesn't dare to go12:57 mththe new gmenu2x uses cpufreq in sysfs to control the clocks, but there is no cpufreq support in the NanoNote kernel yet12:57 mthbut the old gmenu2x would reprogram the hardware via /dev/mem12:58 wpwraknebajoth: at least for memset, it seems to be12:58 wpwrakmth: are you by any chance running an up to date openwrt at the moment ?12:59 mthno, I don't even have a NanoNote, only a Dingoo13:00 wpwrakah, pity13:00 mthI'd like to see openwrt run on the Dingoo, but we didn't get very far yet13:01 mthI did port lars_'s kernel though13:01 nebajothwhat is lars_'s kernel?13:03 mththe one in the qi-kernel repository13:03 zearmth, rafa's getting my old dingoo soon, so we can hope for jlime port to the dingoo ;)13:03 mthnice :)13:04 mthrafa: please use the OpenDingux kernel then, it's more up-to-date than booboo's and it's still being maintained13:05 mthif you encounter any problems, please ask me13:05 viricas in 'what mips processor' the nanonote has... it's mips1?13:05 mthalso, it is much more like the NanoNote's kernel13:05 viric(from the options mips2, mips3, ...)?13:05 mthmips32 I think13:06 mthor maybe mips32r2?13:06 virichow to know?13:07 viricI'll go for mips32r213:10 viricand see13:10 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Added library for items commonly shared among tools. http://qi-hw.com/p/f32xbase/750113713:26 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: version.h is no longer generated and it thus only creates confusion if http://qi-hw.com/p/f32xbase/2a5850513:26 rafamth: what?13:30 rafaopendingux kernel for what?13:30 lars_viric: mips32r113:31 viricin terms of gcc arch, mips32, right?13:32 rafamth: ah.. for dingoo :D13:34 rafamth: yeah.. I still need to learn the whole system you already have13:35 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Put libraries at end of linker invocation to make it work with local http://qi-hw.com/p/f32xbase/fa7fb4815:16 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: - fw/atspi/Makefile (USB_ID): corrected and updated USB ID extraction http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/9a6b3fc15:27 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: More config rearranging: USB IDs are now in include/atspi/usb-ids.h, which http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/537c67515:27 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Simplified the presentation of build date information and added a http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/bb4b07f15:27 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Fix typo and make "make dfu" work again. http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/bf74a0315:27 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Introduce library with ATSPI access functions (largely untested) http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/ac349b015:27 wpwrakah, been a while since the last push ;-)15:28 viricwpwrak: that benchmark I did... all was compiled for mips116:35 viricwpwrak: instead of mips3216:35 viricwpwrak: I'll try with uclibc your memset benchmark17:21 viricwpwrak: 4.03s in average17:22 viricit is gcc 4.5.1 + uclibc 0.9.31 for mips3217:23 viric(statically linked test)17:23 viricwpwrak: Now I built with glibc for mips32 (the 4.4s measure was for mips1), and in this case I get an average of 3.9617:33 wpwrakah, so now they're the same. 64 MB/s.17:37 viricis that the jlime speed?17:38 viricI hope with this 'mips32' (I thought I had to use mips1 before) prboom will take less battery :)17:39 wpwrakyes, that's roughly the jlime speed. i think rafa said ~68 MB/s. so that's well within tolerances.17:39 qi-bot[commit] Juan64Bits: Routing http://qi-hw.com/p/xue/899d59917:39 wpwrakhehe ;-)17:39 wpwrakah no. he wrote 65 MB/s. so it's the same.17:39 wpwrakwhat options did you use on gcc ?17:40 viricbuilding gcc?17:40 wpwrakno, when invoking it17:40 viricgcc -static -O917:40 wpwrakah, nothing special for the cpu then17:40 viricthe gcc was built with "--with-arch=mips32"17:41 viricso it assumes that arch17:41 viricat every invocation17:41 wpwrakhmm. mine seems to be mips1, too17:44 wpwrakthe mips gcc should support several mips targets. you can switch them with -march=mips1\|mips32\|etc. no need to rebuild gcc just for that17:45 viricwell, for my case it's not any additional effort17:45 viricand this way I don't have to set anything special building every package. I get mips32 everywhere17:45 wpwrakone man's excessive effort is another man's laziness ;-)17:46 wpwraknow, let's see how this goes on my ben ...17:46 wpwraki should probably remove gmenu2x if it likes to play with the clocks ...17:47 viricI don't have it17:47 tuxbrain2I think the newest version should not play with clocks it was removed due flickering screen problems, but I'm not totally sure about this17:48 viricdo you use any NES emulator in the ben?17:49 wpwraktuxbrain2: yes, but this ben of mine still has the factory installation. i'll save the system upgrade for another day.17:50 wpwrakviric: me ? no. so far, i hardly "use" it at all. it suffers considerable abuse on the hardware side, though ;-)17:51 tuxbrain2so if you have the old gmenu2x yes remove it to do the performance tests17:51 viricwpwrak: ok :)17:51 wpwrakafter getting rid of gmenu2x, i get ~60 MB/s. too. no difference between mips1 and mips32 here. mips32r2 is a bit faster, though. (~2 MB/s)18:03 viricwpwrak: lars_ said the cpu should be mips32, not mips32r218:04 viricmaybe it is something in between18:04 viricwpwrak: the difference between mips1 and mips32 is at the time of compiling the libc, not the program18:04 wpwrak(mips1) ah, okay18:05 wpwrak(mips32r2) maybe it turns into a mips32r2 only for benchmarks ;-)18:05 virictuxbrain2: can you paste somewhere your asoundrc configuration?18:16 tuxbrain2viric actually using jlime , it can be valid?18:17 tuxbrain2also if you can tell me where this file is sopossed to be will be helpfull as well, I using opkg that drain resources as hell and not able do do a #find18:19 viricI only want the soft volume18:20 virictuxbrain2: ~/.asoundrc?18:21 viricor /etc/alsa/asoundrc? I'm not sure18:21 tuxbrain2I have no found any asoundrc file in jlime---?18:39 viricand you have softvol?19:06 viricBtw, I'm trying to run mpg321, and it does not work fast enough for the ben19:08 viricalthough it uses the same libmad 'madplay' should use.19:10 qi-bot[commit] Andres Calderon: some eth-phy to s6 nets has been routed http://qi-hw.com/p/xue/033f36119:11 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: Active-high IRQ_RF was routed to active-low interrupt input http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/1d0793322:20 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: xxx_MODE were used as if they were port bits, not registers. http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/14c1b4c22:20 qi-bot[commit] Werner Almesberger: We can now read the transceiver's registers. http://qi-hw.com/p/ben-wpan/4b2042122:20 turtleehi all.22:56 turtleeMr. Spraul! Nice to meet you.23:05 turtleeI got my nn on Monday and have been enjoying it.23:06 wolfspraulsame here - what takes you here?23:06 wolfsprauloh nice! well thanks for buying one first of all!23:06 wolfspraulyou just entered a massive construction site :-)23:06 turtleeHehe. I can see that! But it's well worth it. It takes me back to the fun of discovery I enjoyed as a child in the late 1980s.23:07 turtleeI'm here tonight because I've been playing with the startup sequence and I'd like to understand it better.23:08 wolfspraulturtlee: "I am a craftsman and I live and work within the belief that fine, durable workmanship combined with good design helps create a better world. I am passionate about quality and have been fortunate to study its expression in wood, metal, leather, and stone."23:09 wolfspraulthat's you?23:09 turtleeIndeed it is.23:09 wolfspraulgreat! we wish we get to those standards one day... it's a very good mission statement.23:09 wolfspraulWerner has been doing some 3D scanning work lately, have you seen that?23:10 turtleeNo, I haven't. Do you have a link?23:10 nebajothmailing list thread about the 3d scans: http://lists.en.qi-hardware.com/pipermail/discussion/2010-July/003231.html23:11 nebajothand: http://lists.en.qi-hardware.com/pipermail/discussion/2010-July/003379.html23:11 nebajothalso welcome turtlee23:11 nebajothyour mission statement sounds awesome23:12 turtleeThanks very much. I also like this quote from Anthony Bourdain that a friend sent me the other day:23:13 turtleePeople will continue to pay for quality. They will be less and less23:13 turtleeinclined, however, to pay for bullshit."23:13 Action: turtlee "If there's a new and lasting credo from the Big Shakeout, it's this: People will continue to pay for quality. They will be less and less inclined, however, to pay for bullshit."23:14 turtleeWell, close enough.23:14 wolfspraulwell exchanging these nice words is good, but for the Ben we have to keep our expectations realistic. It's a long way.23:14 wolfspraulfor example several connectors really suck, sorry about that23:15 wolfspraulas a mechanical guy it's painful for me to imagine that you take a closer look one day23:15 wolfspraulbattery connector for example23:15 wolfspraulmicroSD connector, especially insertion pin23:15 turtleeFair enough, but it's still a pleasure to hold, and that's a start.23:15 wolfspraulthanks, yes. it's not a hopeless start.23:15 wolfsprauldid you see werner's work?23:15 wolfspraul(the url)23:16 turtleeI did. It's wildly cool. Thanks very much.23:16 turtleeSo, were there not solid models before the molds were made?23:16 wolfspraulwe bought the design, and the tooling process was done without any input or oversight from us23:17 turtleeAh, that makes sense.23:17 wolfspraulour volumes are too low for our own professional mechanical design right now23:17 wolfspraulbut now we have work like Werner's so hopefully we get this process all opened up slowly23:17 wolfspraulwerner is hanging out here in irc, btw, his nick is wpwrak23:17 turtleeAt least you found a way to produce at your low volumes.23:18 wolfspraulvery hard work, but it's moving23:18 turtleeI preordered a Pandora last December. Ultimately gave up.23:18 turtleeCancelled and ordered a BeagleBoard and an nn.23:18 wolfspraulyes our project is very different from those, in priorities23:19 wolfspraulfor me manufacturability comes first23:19 wpwrakwelcome, turtlee ! you came to the right place :) mechanical is the weakest area of the whole process (and the device has its flaws there, too)23:19 turtleeThanks, Werner. :)23:20 turtleeI look at the frustration on the Pandora boards, and I think if they'd started from manufacturability at the outset, they could have arrived at this point with a lot more polish on the software and a lot more enthusiasm, even after the long wait.23:21 nebajothhell yeah23:22 nebajothwolfspraul is a pragmatist23:22 nebajothand it makes all the difference in the world23:22 wolfspraulthe pandora guys are fighting a massive uphill battle23:22 nebajothjust like torvalds is a pragmatist23:22 wolfspraulfirst they use more 'high-tech' than we have in the NanoNote, like the OMAP chip, and Wi-Fi23:22 turtleeI've been cruising around playing Flashback (via REmeniscence) and Monuments of Mars (via dosbox) on my nn.23:23 wolfspraulthen they do some work steps in China (mechanical), but they seem to have zero experience in actual manufacturing, so they learn painful lessons, and slowly.23:23 wolfspraulnow they are moving more work to the UK, and sooner or later they will realize that costs are going through the roof.23:24 wolfspraulso I don't know.23:24 wolfspraulI make my little NanoNote.23:24 wolfspraulmaufacturing under control23:24 turtleeAnd I enjoy your little nanonote.23:24 wolfspraulcan sell profitably at 99 USD, actually working towards reducing prices23:24 wolfspraulI take the beating and laughing over the hardware specs, no problem. Others can wait for their Pandora, position whatever in the queue :-)23:25 turtleeHeh, and they're just another layer. Look at the comments at Engadget about Pandora, and it's the same story.23:25 wolfspraulpeople don't like the hw specs anymore?23:26 wolfspraulengadget is typically just a hw spec pissing match23:26 wolfspraul"hey, my LCM has 40,000 dpi, how about yours?"23:26 turtleeSo, here's my experience:23:27 wolfspraulit's hilarious :-) also engadget has how much percent news that is just announcements? I stopped wondering.23:27 wolfspraulof course if you have to compete over numbers eventually you find out the numbers in the announcements are so much higher23:27 wolfspraulwe should announce a new NanoNote, with specs that beat the iPhone23:28 wolfspraulI'm sure engadget would take the 'story' (ahem)23:28 turtleeHah! That'll net you some press, at any rate.23:28 wolfspraulyeah, embarassing, isn't it.23:28 wolfspraulthis will never happen here.23:28 wolfspraulI rather build it slowly and through actual strength rather than announcements strength.23:29 turtleeYou and I are of the same mind.23:29 wpwrakwolfspraul: you're too late. there's that video about the "xphone" ...23:30 Action: turtlee looks into the youtube23:31 turtleeI took my foray into app-phones with a Droid, and am nonplussed. I think it's fair to say that I am not the target audience for convergence devices.23:35 turtleeI do have some specific tech questions.23:37 turtlee(and will be back here to talk shop again. you guys are fantastic.)23:38 nebajothits a trap!23:38 wolfspraulwpwrak: hah yes, it's great! thanks for the link didn't see it before23:38 turtleeI've already deactivated the gp2x menu23:39 turtleeper the new user guide instructions on the wiki.23:39 nebajothreal men run debian23:39 turtleenebajoth: Ah! So they do. Do we have a good keymap for debian yet?23:39 nebajothnot integrated into the rootfs yet though :D23:40 nebajothbut nothing keeping anybody from downloading it and using loadkeys23:40 nebajothand even making it automatic23:40 turtleeBecause that would probably induce answers to my other questions right away.23:41 nebajoththat one works nicely23:41 nebajothI further customized that one to make the capslock key give a dash (-)23:42 nebajothwhich I use all the time since I don't have any graphical environment installed on my NN23:42 turtleeAnd the flashing instructions on pyneo.org are good?23:42 nebajothyeah basically23:42 nebajothit leaves out some important bits23:42 nebajothlike the fact that you pretty much NEED swap space to run apt-get23:42 nebajothat least until I figure out where the hell compcache went in 2.6.3623:43 turtleeBut I can put that on the onboard nand, right? I've got an 8gig microsd. Not exactly hurting for space.23:44 nebajothI do it the other way around23:44 nebajothOS on the nand, swap on a 1G microsd23:44 nebajothbut what you describe would be fine23:44 nebajothpossibly even better23:45 wolfspraulturtlee: large parts of the Ben NanoNote kernel will be showing up in the 2.6.36 mainline kernel!23:45 nebajothyeah that's my headache now23:45 wolfspraulthat's really excellent and I hope it will make the job of people like nebajoth working on Debian easier...23:45 nebajothI want to compile 2.6.3623:46 nebajothbut I also want to enable compressed ram23:46 nebajothand there seem to have been some serious changes in the way compressed ram is dealt with in 2.6.3623:46 wolfspraulmaybe it will make your life easier over time :-)23:46 nebajothand I'm trying to wrap my head around it23:46 nebajothI'm sure 2.6.37 will be AWESOME23:46 turtleeWow, with so many distros running around, it's easy to forget that there's still a central kernel dev effort.23:47 nebajothsomebody doesn't read his lkml23:48 wolfspraulactually I am also working on getting xburst-tools into Debian23:48 wolfspraulpuh, hard23:48 wolfspraulmaybe soon we'll be there23:48 nebajothwe're gonna need zramconfig in there too23:49 nebajothI'll attempt it23:49 nebajothI'm not adding to your todos23:49 nebajothjust saying23:49 nebajothwell hell23:50 wolfspraulnebajoth: zramconfig in where?23:50 nebajothit should make it easier that its in ubuntu23:50 nebajothin debian23:50 wolfspraulI first want to get it into Debian, then improve the code inside (usbboot & xbboot utilities).23:50 nebajothits the userspace configuration utility for compressed ram23:50 nebajothI'm going to have to compile it from source23:50 nebajothif I ever get past the 2.6.36 kernel compile23:50 nebajothwhich is looking increasingly headachey23:51 turtleei'm the opposite of an expert on software engineering, but shouldn't a kernel compile be the most brain-dead-simple compile in the world?23:53 wpwraksimpler than "hello world" ? :)23:54 turtleei mean,23:54 turtleeDon't you need a kernel before you can have "hello world"?23:55 turtlee(Maybe I just need a kernel before I can have "hello world".)23:56 nebajothits not hard to actually compile23:56 nebajothwhat I'm finding difficult23:56 nebajothis determining what happened to the actual architecture of the component I need23:56 nebajoththey renamed it, for one23:56 nebajothall the CONFIG_X options seem gone23:56 nebajothand there's zero documentation outside of the git changelogs23:57 nebajothso I'm looking through those, trying to figure out whether the CONFIG_X settings got moved, removed, or what23:57 turtleeThat's...odd. o_O23:57 nebajothits probably really simple23:58 nebajothand I just don't understand what's going on23:58 nebajothI think it might just not need configs anymore23:58 nebajothand they're gone23:58 turtleeSo, swap was invented to make up for inadequate physical RAM,23:59 --- Sat Aug 21 201000:00	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '119', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8534604907035828}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '112028', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EXFSA6FVIFDMAUWW7QDPBDS2EIIBOYIQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b2f13a90-fcd0-4a73-937b-8168943d73e3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 12, 32, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '88.198.75.224', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LT6L6ACDWFIPWCNF4PXUBRZZOX2PGG4P', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3a6b97ad-4b2f-41e3-a3aa-5d86f9254014>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://en.qi-hardware.com/irclogs/qi-hardware_2010-08-20.log.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a703f4e1-3909-4ebc-8f8a-365857d0ef6a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '3927', 'url': 'http://en.qi-hardware.com/irclogs/qi-hardware_2010-08-20.log.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13434302806854248', 'original_id': '4517a7977af66a5e3732d5663b6058cf47dba4c85842ffc9234ce11f5764bdb1'}
My name is Ameer Talal Mahmood. Karachi, Pakistan Everett, Washington Seattle, Washington Ameer Talal Mahmood is not your ordinary Pakistani immigrant. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1994. One year after Ameer was born, he moved back to Pakistan with his parents and lived there until the age of 18. He’s American-born, but Pakistani-grown. On paper, he’s a U.S. citizen, but because he did not experience an American childhood, he still felt like an immigrant when he arrived in America. At first, Ameer was excited to come to the United States, he expected to do a lot right away, but got bored pretty fast. Through his initial experiences in the United States, Ameer realized that America is not always how it is portrayed in films and television. Apart from the weather, he felt that middle-class living in America did not differ all that much from the daily life in Pakistan that he remembered. After graduating from high school in Pakistan, Ameer moved to Seattle to pursue higher education. During his first year in the United States, he lived with his relatives in Everett in order to be eligible for in-state tuition at Washington state colleges and Universities. In the meantime, he worked at a 7/11 on 3rd Avenue in downtown Seattle, what he describes as “the ugly side of America,” filled with homelessness, shoplifting, and “gangster behavior.” It was a difficult working environment, but Ameer still liked it. He found the danger scary, but also exciting. He’s grateful to have worked there, it taught him how to be brave, mature and responsible. It was an experience he knows he would never have had back in Pakistan. My name is Ameer, Ameer Talal Mahmood, I moved here from Pakistan. I was born in Chicago, Illinois. My parents were there for a couple of years. My dad had taken a leave from his work. While they moved back [to Pakistan] I was around one years old. So I wasn’t here for almost 15 to 16 years. The first day I came here was just like on a weekend, that was pretty chill. A week later, I started working. One whole year, I worked at a 7/11 downtown in Seattle. It was a rough patch[place] to work at. But at the same time, working there, I kind of felt exciting because shit would go down all the time. I saw some of the thug life. So it was on 3rd Avenue, that’s like where the, the gangster shit goes on if anything, you know. It gets pretty bad down there. There was a lot of shoplifting, and we were told to not care about it, but I [would] like get pissed like “The fuck man? He’s just stealing from us and we won’t do shit?” So I would get like a lot of… I would get really confrontational with those people. And I have been threatened. This big ass guy, he’s like “Imma whoop yo’ ass if you don’t walk out [on me],” and I was like, “Alright man, I did my job, if you’re not gonna put it back, go ahead.” I acted tough, I’m like, “Alright, get the fuck out, imma just call the police,” I acted tough, [but] inside I was like, I was shitting my pants! Because [he] was a big guy, and he just goes like, “I’m not afraid of going back to prison” you know? He looks like the kind of guy who’s just like, who would just punch me straight up if I tried to do anything. So I was like, “alright, I don’t get paid enough to care about that.” I feel like coming here made me a lot more independent, and a lot more mature. I was born in one country you know, you’re just like living in a country, you grow there, you have your life there. And then you just, for 15 whole years you just grow up - 16 years, and then you come here. So you just feel like, “oh shit, this is all new.”	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.984560489654541}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '28512', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SOY2NPUM4CZ4V5M3LCEE63OU4RBSBVRN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8459c6cf-5920-4bb6-9d85-b74b62ba52d2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 21, 54, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.185.0.1', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:F5G5WAHNCIKAUJ2S6DF3NELQMA3TYHIG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:69354fb1-5907-4c8e-a123-9492298b5640>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.firstdaysproject.org/story/ameer-talal-mahmood', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:93b9f7d5-5c85-4e0b-bf6f-74da6fc9cabc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '692', 'url': 'https://www.firstdaysproject.org/story/ameer-talal-mahmood', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-101-220-24.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09964418411254883', 'original_id': '76f29a3c6e728f035432c53c430fbb4b165f041bf36524ddbc38c9d7d0db1b6f'}
How do tell a close Christian friend I am now an atheist? I can just see your response, "just tell her." I know that. But this is a person that I converted to evangelical Christianity! She is very involved in Emmaus, a cult-y sort of Christian group, which I recommended to her years ago. Now, I have been a sure atheist for about a year and have never told her. I am sure she notices that I don't suggest praying for our meals, or go to church, but she has no idea it has gone this far. I know it could hurt our relationship, depending on her response, and that it is best to be honest with her, but I am terrified of hurting her deeply, or confusing her faith that she holds dear! Yikes! Any success stories on coming out of the closet, or warnings of what not to do? Thanks! Replies to This Discussion This is a tough one Kim. I guess it depends how much time you spend with her. Also I would suggest let things take their natural course. Why do you need to tell her? If she asked for sure, and be honest, but I would ask, why you would want her to make aware of it. I mean don't hide it by any means. If it comes out in conversation for sure. Another way to go is to be subtle about it. Put out books you might be reading. Tweet something about it, if she's a follower. Don't hide who you are but also if she means a lot to you, don't be too quick to shove it in her face if she's not ready. Hi Kim... I know this is a really tough one. I was very involved in my So. Baptist youth ministry when I was young, and I "brought many souls to the Lord". However I was fortunate that these people weren't close friends, although I still felt weird about it. Anyway, I always think that honesty is the best answer in these situations. My mom always taught me, "I'd rather hear the awful truth than a beautiful lie.", and I've tried to live by that. When it comes to your friend I think this is a time for a quiet talk, away from anyone else, in private. Sit her down, and remind her of how you brought her into that group because you wanted her to share in what you've found. You spent time in there, and "as you always do" (not to put words in your mouth, but atheists tend to be "always thinking") you began to think about what they teach, their tenets, etc. and doing some research on your own. After a long time of an honest, thoughtful, reflective search you've realized that you made a mistake - you're not a christian. You were going through the motions to try to fit in, to try to feel better, whatever - use your own reasons - but now you're wiser and stronger, and you just can't be a hypocrite anymore. Tell her that you still love her to death, and you want her to be happy; and that if she wants to talk to you about this, ask questions, explore with you, etc. that would be great. Likewise, if she is happy there and feels satisfied, then that's fine too. You just didn't want t continue living a lie with her since she's a close friend. This way it makes her feel like you're confiding in her, and you're not being aggressive. Talks like this are never easy, but an approach like this will make it as minimally painful as possible. You should tell her. If she doesn't want to be friends, then she was not even a friend to begin with. That's like saying she wouldn't be friends with you if one day you got overweight, or got really skinny. That would be a really terrible friend in my opinion. Besides you can make new friends. if she was already a believer, you shouldn't feel guilty. i think it's hard to convert an atheist to christianity, so you probably had just shown her another version of the same story. was she an atheist? probably not as conviced as atheism requires, so it's not your fault again. a mature adult should know that people may change their ideas in their lives. ;)	mini_pile	{'original_id': '8ae206a3a8b3608ebf7635867c4bcf362c028c7c9210b4a2e0f8fba8af34f0ea'}
Dean of Faculty William F. Podlich Distinguished Fellows Program Application Form Use this form to apply for the Distinguished Fellows Program. All information will be held strictly confidential. All materials submitted shall be kept on file solely for the duration of the current selection process. * Name * Title * Discipline * Institution * Phone * Address 1. Curriculum Vitae 2. Program Proposal for the Fellow while on campus, including possible lecture topics, proposed research or writing projects, and curricular involvement. 3. Proposed budget/timeline for Fellowship period FILE UPLOAD: (Errors will result if the same document is attached multiple times). 1. Curriculum Vitae 2. Program Proposal 3. Budget/Timeline * = required fields	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '20', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7602226734161377}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '94662', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Y6AKAX3G3HEICD6L4Q5JIKRJB34ENOCK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9f940f9e-ed8a-4a37-839f-f1ce4a60a00d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 9, 14, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '134.173.180.116', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Y27TTNA5QS3N4MTUE2S7PFW2QWRRCB45', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4ef99250-7d4b-472f-b851-72f57a2a0fa1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://mailto:[email protected]/dof/podlich/application/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2a6e64d8-9d87-4d55-85be-a094e00437a1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '140', 'url': 'http://mailto:[email protected]/dof/podlich/application/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6878374814987183', 'original_id': '990c365cf55766793e939d0977bab89301a5dd21a7935577f26770f68173d101'}
It's pm Lr Americus. Ar 300 pm 8:30 am Lv A Ihany. Lv ~h 0 pm 11:00 am Ar. Alany. 7. \ r lio pjj • • 1:00 pm Lv...:. Connell. Ar fso pm i!.’!. 1:00 pm Lv Kramer Ar 12:38 pm Ar Helena Lv il 30 urn ..... 7:40 pm Ar SA <■>,ill Lv 700 am... 4:50 pm Ar Richmond i, v p a'ia m 8:30 pm Ar Washington Lv 4:30 am I 9:00 am Ar Philadelphia I.v 12:03 pm 1 11:00 am Ar New York. Lv pMI p :n\| ( lose connection at Cordolio for Macon and Atlanta also for Jacksonville, Palatka and all Florida points. Connection at Savannah for all points north either via Atlantic Coast Line or F. C and P. and Columbus and Charlotte. Also with ocean steamships for New York, Boston and Baltimore. No 17 WESTERN DIVISION. \| No 18 Ii " ITS pm Lv Americus. Ar. 12:00 am....' ft 10 pm Lv Omaha Lv 10:00 am ft 31 pm Lv.. Pittsburgh Lv 11:41 am.. S 0:1 pm Lv Huron. Lv 11:41 am.. II 1:00 pm Ar Selma via L. A & L Lv 4:30 am 0 Plain Ar Nashville Lv 0:16 pm _7 am pm St. Louis Lv 7:50 am......... ( lrse circuit connection at Boston for all (On the west and northwest. Also at New Orleans for all points in TANARUS (on the southwest). Nos. 17 and 18 will run solid between Montgomery and Savannah. CECIL GAHETT, vice president and General Manager, A. POPE (General Passenger Agent) Amsterdam, Da. J. L. BEK, Com. Agt., 11l Hay street. Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad Co. (Train, run on 10th meridian time, which is one hour slower than Savannah city time) line is able in effect. Out 12, 1885. I Train i 'lrath I Train Train NORTH. !_ 3tl 38 SOUTH. I l 37 Lv Jacksonville otjOpm' 730 am I.v New York 1215 am 4At pm Lv hernandtua , 033]mi: 73ftam Lv Philadelphia... 350 am 065 pm Lv Yutee.. . 7t6ptnl 812 am Lv Baltimore 022 am 920 pm Lv Brunswick 716 pm 1 84oam Lv Wuehinglon 1115 am 1043 pm Lv r verett . 845 pm Wftftam 'Lv Asheville 030 pm Lv Darien IPttm hitoam ILv Spartanburg 10pm Ar tsatannih .ft... .. loptpml 1142 am Lv Columbia 130 u n 12 10 pm Lv Savannah ylf j 1041 pm 116'apt lAf Savannah. . . .. ft4Q am 4 ftp dti Ar Fairfax. . C IS . am I4lpm :Lv Savannah i ■•.mam 4ua pm Ar Augusta i hAr Darien II 58 am 807 pm Ar Denmark. S. C 112 am 2 2ft pm, Ar Everett .... 742 am 702 pnt Ar Columbia. S. C 330 arr. 4Ou pm Ar Brunswick S4Jam 745 pm Ar Spitrtanburg. S C M'am pAr s’ulee I'4o urn 859 cm Ar Asheville. N. C . ... 10 00am • Ar 1- ernar.dlna 10 25 utn Ar unurloue. .\.t: 825 am 2' pm Ar Jaeksonvilitt. 1030 am 940 pits Ar Salisbury. N. C . 1.90 am! 0:4 pm j, Ar Luke city 1150 am ,' Ar Greensboro, N. C. 12 oft pm It) 4 pm Ar Live Oak 1240 pm Ar Danville, Va ISO pm 1201 n’t Ar Mnntieelio 252 pm Ar Richmond. Va #3opm! OUOam Ar Tallunuskee ... 137 pm Ar Lynchburg, Va ;tBS pm 153 am Ar River Junction.. fl spm Ar t harlottesvllle. Va ftnipm 335 am Ar Deusacola lluopm Ar Washington 9 40pm, 042 am Ar Mobile. to&am .. .. Ar Baltimore. 11:30 am 8:00 am Ar New Orleans. 7:35 am Ar Philadelphia. 2:50 pm 10:02 am Ar Waldo. 12:40 pm 12:48 am Ar New York 1:21 am 12:53 am Ar Boston. 1:00 pm 1:50 pm Ar Jacksonville. 10:05 am NOTE—Daily except Sunday. All other trains except Sunday. Daily. Ar Orlando. 6:00 am Ar Plant City 7:28 am Ar Tampa 7:10 pm 9:00 am Elegant Pullman buffet sleepers Tampa and New York without change on trains connecting at Charlotte with Washington and Southwestern limited train. Also through coach Jacksonville on this train. Pullman buffet sleepers Jacksonville and New York or trains 35 and 31 without change. Also Pullman buffet sleepers Jacksonville and Asheville on trains 35 and 36 without change. Also Pullman buffet sleepers Jacksonville and Asheville on trains 35 and 36 without change. For full information apply to A. O. MacDONELL, O. P. A., Jacksonville, Fla. N. S. PENNINGTON, Traffic Manager, Jacksonville, Fla. I. M. FLEMING, Division Passenger Agent, Savannah, Ga. Tickets to all points and sleeper accommodations secured at city office, corner Bull and Bryan streets and Central depot, Savannah, Ga. Trains leave from Central depot, corner West Broad and Liberty streets. D. C. ALLEN, City Ticket Agent. CENTRAL RAILROAD OF GEORGIA. H. M. COMER and K. S. HAYES. Receivers In Effect Sept. 1, 1908. GOING WEST—HEAD DOWN. GOING WEST—HEAD DOWN. No. 9, No. 7, No. 1, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, No. 10, No. 11, No. 12, No. 13, No. 14, No. 15, No. 16, No. 17, No. 18, No. 19, No. 20, No. 21, No. 22, No. 23, No. 24, No. 25, No. 26, No. 27, No. 28, No. 29, No. 30, No. 31, No. 32, No. 34, No. 35, No. 36, No. 37, No. 38, No. 39, No. 40, No. 42, SHELLMAN, Traffic Manager. J. C. SHAW, Traveling Passenger Agent.	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'sn86063034_1895-10-24_1_7_2', 'collection': 'US-PD-Newspapers', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '895', 'token_count': '1545', '__index_level_0__': '13806', 'original_id': '4d75978d51c357bea3d5bbde5485477b5f060d04a25c540e94f3cef4a48db89f'}
As the tempo of U.S. freedom of navigation operations (FONOPS) under the administration of Donald Trump increases, some scholars have argued that the United States should reevaluate the program entirely to avoid unnecessarily provoking China. If FONOPs were intended purely to challenge China’s maritime claims on a legal front, this argument would have been reasonable. After all, China’s rejection of the PCA ruling in 2016 shows that the current struggle in the South China Sea is primarily a political rather than a legal one. However, the effects of U.S. FONOPs are primarily political. By conducting repeated FONOPs in the South China Sea, the United States could send clear and costly signals to China and other countries in the region that it will not tolerate unilateral changes in the maritime status quo. The wisdom of maintaining regular FONOPs Critics of the FONOPs program argue that it is unwise for the United States to conduct repeated FONOPs in the South China Sea because it risks provoking Chinese hostility and antagonism. This assertion rests on shaky grounds for several reasons. First, even though China has reacted angrily to U.S. FONOPs, its responses have been mostly limited to diplomatic statements of protest. China has not taken any substantive retributive action in response to these FONOPs. In fact, China recently backed the U.S. led Security Council resolution, which authorizes a new round of harsh sanctions on North Korea. While this is merely one example, it does show that U.S.-China relations are robust and therefore unlikely to be harmed by U.S. FONOPs in the South China Sea. The broader implication of the argument against FONOPs, however, is that the United States should generally avoid irking China as much as possible. This lack of resolve, however, is exactly why the United States has failed to counter China’s low-intensity “salami-slicing” strategy. While both the U.S and China should exercise restraint and avoid excessively challenging the other’s core interests lest it lead to an unwanted war, it should be clear that in any “game of chicken”, the side demonstrating stronger resolve will have the upper hand. China’s coercive actions against its neighbors and the unparalleled land reclamation program in the South China Sea surely harm U.S. interests and risk of provoking a Sino-U.S. conflict, but China has persisted. If the United States is to stop China from engaging in these unwanted actions, always erring “on the side of comity rather than that of hostility and antagonism” is not a good idea. In fact, excessive deference to Beijing can embolden rather than deter Chinese leaders from adventurous actions. It is in U.S. interests to make it clear to all parties that the United States is constantly monitoring the situation and remains deeply engaged in the region’s affairs. Conducting FONOPs is not the only way of sending this signal, but it is one clear way of doing so. By executing repeated and regular FONOPs at different locations and at different points in time, Washington underscores its rejection of Beijing’s excessive territorial claims and its commitment to upholding the region’s rules-based order. It is therefore critical that the United States makes repeated FONOPs, and not just irregular, ad hoc ones. Suddenly ending these supposedly “redundant” FONOPs could be calamitous, as the United States might inadvertently send the wrong signal to Beijing. After all, no one at the time knew that Acheson’s speech at the National Press Club would encourage North Korean aggression. This is why U.S. officials have repeatedly and publicly emphasized U.S. security commitments to allies, rather than letting the mutual defense treaties speak for themselves. If repeating one’s defense commitment is not considered a redundant behavior, it is unclear why conducting repeated FONOPs should be considered redundant. By the same logic, when it comes to FONOPs, conducting one too many is surely better than conducting one too few. Necessary but not sufficient This does not mean either that the United States absolutely must push for more FONOPs in the near future or that conducting FONOPs alone would be sufficient to deter China from pursuing its ambitious claims. In fact, if the United States shows that it is only willing to challenge China’s territorial claims via FONOPs, the results could be highly detrimental. The point instead is that in order to convince Chinese leaders that they must reconsider their unilateral expansionist approach, countries must make costly signals in a consistent manner. FONOPs are a form of costly signal precisely because by conducting FONOPs, the United States incurs cost via the risk of military conflict with China, should vessels clash during the operation. However, FONOPs are insufficient in and of themselves because they do not actually challenge the territorial status quo. FONOPs alone will also not stop China from repeating another standoff like the Scarborough Shoal incident. Therefore, if the United States seriously wants to stop Chinese expansion in the South China Sea, it will have to engage in some costly tit-for-tat actions. One way of doing so is to punish Chinese companies and individuals that are directly or indirectly connected to land reclamation efforts. Should China continue to make further advances in the South China Sea, the United States should immediately respond by also declaring that it will supply China’s neighbors with military hardware to effectively deny China’s ability to dominate the South China Sea or to hold on to any island that it decides to unilaterally seize in the future. These actions will be much costlier and would mark a significant change in U.S. policy toward the South China Sea disputes. U.S. policymakers therefore should debate their options thoroughly before embarking on a new policy. Until that change comes, conducting frequent FONOPs will be necessary to let China know that the United States is determined to resist its expansion in the South China Sea. About Ngo Di Lan Ngo Di Lan is a PhD student in Politics at Brandeis University, where he focuses on U.S foreign policy and U.S-China relations. He is also a research associate at the Saigon Center for International Studies (SCIS) at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Ho Chi Minh City.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9517716765403748}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '44901', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:H4TVIBYSX2OJLQ5774HBBQL6QRFRUSK4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e12fb129-8330-41af-b03c-48ee15b50656>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 19, 44, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.197.129.166', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LVVUWKB6Q7GK5HY7J72IP6AEPHBVUVXS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bc5be420-808c-4dad-bf5f-f5214eb18142>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://amti.csis.org/usefulness-redundant-fonops/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e0a9a28a-5386-405f-b949-548917fd588e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1011', 'url': 'https://amti.csis.org/usefulness-redundant-fonops/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-164-234-169.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07149899005889893', 'original_id': 'abe98d52ca0a1fb024d06f9f2e0bb53cfabb20ebd9fe367a0b3e35ef1b8e9f84'}
The Origins of Western Thought An excellent and concise introduction to Presocratic philosophy. Use the links to explore concepts and individuals. When reading, work to form and idea of how Thales fits into the history and how his ideas compare to other Presocratics. Thales of Miletus An outstanding article by Patricia O'Grady. This is well worth reading thoughtfully. Wikipedia article with several useful links to important terms. During the sixth century B.C.E. in the costal city of Miletus (see F8 on the map) there lived a man whose powerful intellect exemplifies a critical change in human consciousness. Miletus was across the Aegean sea from Athens (see E5 on the map), a city that was destined to become a most fertile ground for Western culture. Thales (pronounced; tay-lees) was the man of Miletus. He was an astronomer, a mathematician, and engineer, and a philosopher. While it is very possible that some individuals far in the past have pondered the structure and meaning of reality, Thales is the first person in recorded history of the West to do so, especially in an analytic and abstract way. Diogenis Laertius, who lived between 200 and 500 AD, wrote about Thales, saying; From other sources, we know that Thales did even more. He is said to have discovered the use of the constellation Ursa Minor in navigation. He developed five of the first theorems and proofs of geometry. He formulated a naturalistic theory of what causes earthquakes. He is credited with some remarkable engineering feats, such as moving an army across a previously impassible river. Reportedly he used his knowledge of astronomy to predict a bumper crop of olives and, understanding that this would create a demand for olive processing, he borrowed money enough to purchase the olive presses in his region. Consequently, when his olive harvest prediction came true, he owned the means of olive oil production which resulted in a huge profit. Thales produced a theory that the earth is round, not flat. Notably, he correctly predicted the total solar eclipse of 585 B.C.E., which had decisive impact on the battle of the Medean and the Lydian armies. He held a number of original philosophical ideas, including the seeming strange notion that “everything is water.” Thales must have been an extraordinary intellect for any period of human history. It is not just his intelligence that matters to us now, but his way of thinking. Thales is one of many people whose way of thinking transformed in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Yet, Thales is perhaps the earliest recorded instance of these changes in an individual. He is one exemplary instance of a new form of human mind. What matters is understanding what that change of human mind involves, for in it we find the beginning of the form of consciousness that we call philosophy. His interest in the workings of the world and his way of thinking about the world indicates a change from mythic to analytic thought and from concrete to abstract thought. Next - learn more about mythic thought and analytic thought link to Augustine on faith IQ Home Lao Tzu	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '71', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9549990892410278}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '11799', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YIIQO6UMS2NNRZQD5F5EQA7QUQBS5GGV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:825e4c84-e0b1-44d4-b573-3ca55e1f2442>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 10, 14, 9, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '128.193.4.112', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:STHPCUHJH2ZOILKI3QX36BPJAUXHPPE3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a070602-3bb7-4894-b158-0d6f09ea2f37>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Thales/thales.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:56eb058f-b336-4c24-8f68-80057c04942f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '634', 'url': 'http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Thales/thales.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018960237503051758', 'original_id': '0839950f447a2e17a3b6bc9b85caa27ee2948c6501fb8fae02d81443b0465a94'}
There is an obligation for men to eat meat and drink wine on each day of Chol HaMoed, assuming one normally enjoys their consumption. I have three questions regarding this obligation: 1. May one fulfill this obligation at night or only during the day? Why or why not? 2. Does this obligation follow the particular details of other eating and drinking obligations? For instance, must one have a rivi'is of wine within kdei shtiyas rivi'is, and a kezayis of meat within kdei achilas pras? 3. Must the meat and wine be consumed together in one sitting, or can they be consumed separately at different times throughout the day? Sources or convincing arguments appreciated! • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – Monica Cellio May 9 '16 at 20:43 • -1 for a poorly-worded question. ❧ Your source says nothing about being obligated to eat meat. All it says is: "One should ... make an effort to eat meat every day of Chol Hamoed." ❧ Please: Edit your post. Make your words better match your source, or cite a source which better matches your words. ❧ Thanks in advance! – tealhill supports Monica Oct 16 '19 at 21:54 • It's best to consume wine together with slow-digesting proteins or fats (e.g. meat, fish, nuts, or legumes), instead of with a quick-digesting meal (e.g. a jam sandwich) or on an empty stomach. Alcohol is somewhat toxic to the brain, liver, and pancreas; if the wine reaches your intestines too quickly, this toxicity may be magnified. – tealhill supports Monica Oct 16 '19 at 23:43 Nemukei Orach Chaim 529:2 writes that one should have a revi'is of wine. Hilchot Chol HaMoed Zichron Shlomo (page 3; based on Sh”t Rosh 25:1), on the other hand, writes that a melo lugmav is sufficient. Regarding your third question: My intuition tells me that separate times are definitely not a problem. See http://dinonline.org/2016/04/28/drinking-wine-on-chol-hamoed/ for the pace at which the wine should be drunk. See also http://revach.net/ask/article.php?id=2162. Some authorities maintain that, at every meal eaten on Chol HaMoed, wine must be drunk. (See Emes L'Yaakov by Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky, siman 530, footnote 483.) You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9128437042236328}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '129899', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:INDMU7R5UFYW5AHKQI5IRDZKNI7MWIMW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e98f5725-4788-413a-8eee-79438bd8a6e0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 2, 21, 6, 6, 23), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.65.69', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DOXIRDSOMJ2R6DV4NXP6VG35UUS5B7Q3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2149e960-6aca-44a8-acfd-dc743b07a8f1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/71099/meat-and-wine-on-chol-hamoed', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:97a4ac5c-90d1-48eb-9b03-20d6942f080a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '360', 'url': 'https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/71099/meat-and-wine-on-chol-hamoed', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-228.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03905147314071655', 'original_id': '2e48acb2df88c0e078ae174823402af2ec5365d3de04ca5f27402f9bf1d5d163'}
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Yes that's what I believe. I believe that with a positive mindset and hardwork anyone can achieve success."</p> <p>Hello, I am a Computer Science student. I am persuing <b>Bachelor of Tecnology</b> from <b><i>"Dr. APJ Abdul kalam Technical University"</i></b> with specialization in <b>Computer Science</b> (2017-2021). I do front-end web development and software development. I know some computer programming languages like <b>HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, JAVA, PYTHON and C</b>.</p> <p>You can see my projects on <b><a href="https://github.com/CoderAariz">GitHub</a></b></p> <div class="buttons"> <button type="button" class="btn button primary-button" style="width: auto;" onclick="window.open('Aariz_Resume.pdf','_blank')">DOWNLOAD RESUME</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 316"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,192L34.3,165.3C68.6,139,137,85,206,69.3C274.3,53,343,75,411,106.7C480,139,549,181,617,170.7C685.7,160,754,96,823,90.7C891.4,85,960,139,1029,186.7C1097.1,235,1166,277,1234,282.7C1302.9,288,1371,256,1406,240L1440,224L1440,320L1405.7,320C1371.4,320,1303,320,1234,320C1165.7,320,1097,320,1029,320C960,320,891,320,823,320C754.3,320,686,320,617,320C548.6,320,480,320,411,320C342.9,320,274,320,206,320C137.1,320,69,320,34,320L0,320Z"></path></svg> </section> <!--About section-end--> <!--Start Services-section--> <section class="services" id="services"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 317"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,224L40,208C80,192,160,160,240,165.3C320,171,400,213,480,208C560,203,640,149,720,138.7C800,128,880,160,960,192C1040,224,1120,256,1200,261.3C1280,267,1360,245,1400,234.7L1440,224L1440,0L1400,0C1360,0,1280,0,1200,0C1120,0,1040,0,960,0C880,0,800,0,720,0C640,0,560,0,480,0C400,0,320,0,240,0C160,0,80,0,40,0L0,0Z"></path></svg> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 text-center serv-title"> <h1>SERVICES OFFERS</h1> <p>These are the skils that I acquire and can implement in the work.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/html.png" style="height: 100px; width: 50%;" alt="html"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">HTML</h5> <p class="card-text">Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/css.png" style="height: 100px; width: 40%;" alt="css"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">CSS</h5> <p class="card-text">CSS is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a HTML.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/bootstrap.png" style="height: 100px; width: 50%;" alt="bootstrap"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">BOOTSTRAP</h5> <p class="card-text">Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/javascript.png" style="height: 100px; width: 40%;" alt="javascript"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">JAVASCRIPT</h5> <p class="card-text">Javascript is an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/python.png" style="height: 80px; width: 40%;" alt="python"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">PYTHON</h5> <p class="card-text">Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. We can use python for developing both desktop and web applications.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-12"> <div class="serv"> <div class="serv-img text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/java.png" style="height: 80px; width: 40%;" alt="java"> </div> <div class="card-body text-center crd"> <h5 class="card-title">JAVA</h5> <p class="card-text">Java is a programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 316"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,192L34.3,165.3C68.6,139,137,85,206,69.3C274.3,53,343,75,411,106.7C480,139,549,181,617,170.7C685.7,160,754,96,823,90.7C891.4,85,960,139,1029,186.7C1097.1,235,1166,277,1234,282.7C1302.9,288,1371,256,1406,240L1440,224L1440,320L1405.7,320C1371.4,320,1303,320,1234,320C1165.7,320,1097,320,1029,320C960,320,891,320,823,320C754.3,320,686,320,617,320C548.6,320,480,320,411,320C342.9,320,274,320,206,320C137.1,320,69,320,34,320L0,320Z"></path></svg> </section> <!--End Services-section--> <!--Contact section-start--> <section id="contact" class="contact"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 317"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,224L40,208C80,192,160,160,240,165.3C320,171,400,213,480,208C560,203,640,149,720,138.7C800,128,880,160,960,192C1040,224,1120,256,1200,261.3C1280,267,1360,245,1400,234.7L1440,224L1440,0L1400,0C1360,0,1280,0,1200,0C1120,0,1040,0,960,0C880,0,800,0,720,0C640,0,560,0,480,0C400,0,320,0,240,0C160,0,80,0,40,0L0,0Z"></path></svg> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 text-center con-title"> <h1>CONTACT</h1> <p>If you'd like to say hi or work with me, drop me an email or you can send messages on the platforms given below.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12"> <div class="mail"> <a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Regarding job/internship offer."><img src="./images/gmail.png" class="img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto d-block" alt="gmail"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12"> <div class="mail"> <a href="https://www.fiverr.com/users/aariz_anomaly/"><img src="./images/fiverr.png" class="img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto d-block" alt="fiverr"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12"> <div class="mail"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-aariz-02a704184/"><img src="./images/linkedin.png" class="img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto d-block" alt="linkedin"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 316"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,192L34.3,165.3C68.6,139,137,85,206,69.3C274.3,53,343,75,411,106.7C480,139,549,181,617,170.7C685.7,160,754,96,823,90.7C891.4,85,960,139,1029,186.7C1097.1,235,1166,277,1234,282.7C1302.9,288,1371,256,1406,240L1440,224L1440,320L1405.7,320C1371.4,320,1303,320,1234,320C1165.7,320,1097,320,1029,320C960,320,891,320,823,320C754.3,320,686,320,617,320C548.6,320,480,320,411,320C342.9,320,274,320,206,320C137.1,320,69,320,34,320L0,320Z"></path></svg> </section> <!--Contact section-end--> </main> <!--Start footer--> <footer class="footer-area"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1440 317"><path fill="#0099ff" fill-opacity="1" d="M0,224L40,208C80,192,160,160,240,165.3C320,171,400,213,480,208C560,203,640,149,720,138.7C800,128,880,160,960,192C1040,224,1120,256,1200,261.3C1280,267,1360,245,1400,234.7L1440,224L1440,0L1400,0C1360,0,1280,0,1200,0C1120,0,1040,0,960,0C880,0,800,0,720,0C640,0,560,0,480,0C400,0,320,0,240,0C160,0,80,0,40,0L0,0Z"></path></svg> </div> <div class="container"> <div class=""> <div class="text-center py-4"> <img src="./images/logo.png" alt="logo" style="height: 70px; width: 200px;"> </div> <div class="social text-center"> <h4>FOLLOW ME</h4> <a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Regarding job/internship offer."><i class="fas fa-envelope"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-aariz-02a704184/"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a href="https://github.com/CoderAariz"><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/aariz.emad"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/me_aariz_anomaly/"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a> <a href="https://www.hackerrank.com/aarizanomaly"><i class="fab fa-hackerrank"></i></a> </div> <div class="copyright text-center"> <p class="para1"> Copyright ©2020 All rights reserved \| This template is made by <a href="#home"><span><b>Mohd Aariz</b></span></a> </p> <p class="para2">Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik" title="Freepik">Freepik</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon"> www.flaticon.com</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <!--End footer--> </body> <!--Body End--> </html>	the_stack	{'hexsha': 'd0f43fe16887e6837ae3f159d1b6b0479477fda2', 'size': '20631', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'index.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'CoderAariz/Web-Portfolio', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '35bd47149a0049d92a974bbeae80553f8d716afa', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'index.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'CoderAariz/Web-Portfolio', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '35bd47149a0049d92a974bbeae80553f8d716afa', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'index.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'CoderAariz/Web-Portfolio', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '35bd47149a0049d92a974bbeae80553f8d716afa', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '77.8528301887', 'max_line_length': '564', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.4875672532', 'original_id': '620822f54c16c6fc6ebda49d85e52dfe5f73a6d8d6751a033fcd61a117a777d6'}
Archive for 'Ippudo Midtown' One of my biggest issues with ramen places like Ippudo and Totto Ramen is that they never let me take the food to go. No doggie bags and no to go orders. So to experience one of those places at prime time, you had no choice but to wait in line and sit at their bar and who has time for that?? The specialty here will be ramens made with a “tori paitan” base which is a creamy chicken broth. There will be add-ons like Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, basil, and thick-cut bacon. And unlike at other Ippudo locations, you can take the soups to-go here. This is actually the second location of Kuro-Obi, the first being in Times Square’s City Kitchen. It is due to open sometime this week and when I stopped by over the weekend, the stall looked finished and ready to go. Let’s get to slurping! During our first look at Ippudo Westside last July, we mentioned that Ippudo would be offering vegetarian options in the future, and the day has finally come! In the main dining room (not the secret upstairs, we had mentioned back in July), Ippudo Westside is now offering hot and cold special “Shojin” ramen ($18) made with koshihikari rice noodles. According to the Tasting Table, the shojin ramen, which is also gluten-free, contains gentler flavors including a base-broth composed of soybean and seaweed, and toppings such as Japanese sweet potato, chestnuts, Chinese wolfberry seeds, and a rotating cast of seasonal specials. Most of us are obviously going to stick with the Akamaru Modern, but for vegetarians or people with celiac this is huge news. If you’ve had a chance to try it, let us know what you think in the comments. We’ve been waiting a mere two and a half years for this event (remember when Eater dropped the news back in February 2011?), and though it might be 90+ degrees outside, that didn’t stop us from checking out Ippudo’s newest Midtown location, Ippudo Westside. Despite a discouraging first official lunch day this past Monday cut short by an emergency in the kitchen, I returned on Tuesday for an experience that proved to more than make up for my lunchless trip on Monday. Ippudo, we’re glad you’re here in Midtown! I was so excited to check out Ippudo Westside for it’s first official weekday today. After a weeklong soft opening they had they’re official grand opening this past Saturday, July 13th. Sadly it just wasn’t meant to be today. Assuming it would be crowded as hell today on the first real business day of opening, I got to 321 West 51st at 1:15pm and was super surprised that there was no one to be found. I almost thought I struck gold until I looked closer to see a “Closed” sign. I managed to talk to an employee who said that there was an emergency in the kitchen and technicians had to be called in. The employee said that Ippudo would be closed for at least a couple hours, but would probably be open for dinner tonight. In anticipation of the grand opening, Ippudo Westside (Ippudo’s newest Midtown location, which we found out last month was opening on July 13th) is now soft open for lunch and dinner! According to the website, they are serving lunch from 11-2pm everyday until the grand opening on Saturday, July 13th. Dedicated ramen lovers, let us know how the lines are and how the menu compares to the East Village! We told you way back in 2011 that Ippudo would be opening a branch of their super famous ramen shop in Midtown West, and now Village Voice brings word that our dreams will finally be answered next month. Located on 51st btw. 8+9th the Midtown incarnation of the city’s most popular ramen spot had some kind of pre-opening party last night, even though they won’t be officially open to the public until July 13. It looks like the menu will be similar to the East Village location, but the broths will be made with dashi and there will be more Shojin options, as well as New York City’s very first gluten free and vegan bowl of ramen. My guess is we’ll have another amazing ramen spot in Midtown with another ridiculously long line. Posted by brianhoffman at 1:30 pm, June 20th, 2013 under Ippudo Midtown. Other potential midtown lunch spots include a “retro soda shop” concept called The Skylight Shoppe at 50th & Madison, which will serve an oysters Rockefeller po’boy. Additionally, Laurent Tourondel, formerly of the BLT group, will be opening an upscale burger joint at 40th & 5th, and will be serving his signature burgers, kobe hot dogs, and boozy milkshakes. In brighter news, it looks like the new Midtown Ippudo is finally set to open in December. Ramen lovers in Midtown, it looks like the second coming of Ippudo will be much later than originally expected. Last year, we learned that a January opening might be in the works, but one only needs to take a glance at the space to think that Crain’s might have meant January 2013, not ’12. Although I’m certainly not an expert at interpreting these things, the work permit seems to indicate that construction approval was only recently granted on April 18th. I called the East Village location to get more information, but received a “No Comment” from the person that answered the phone.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '3f7d58beb415a4101f462166c6fe3d394adc43154ae0cfb31e88d3af4bf0a4bd'}
Background ========== Oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy has shown promising efficacy results. However, safety is still concerning. Objectives. To evaluate safety of egg-OIT. To identify clinical/immunological predictors of adverse events. Methods ======= Prospective longitudinal epidemiological intervention study. Egg-allergic children aged 5--18 underwent a Spanish-approved egg-OIT protocol without premedication. Clinical data, skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) at baseline and 9 months after OIT were registered. All dose-related reactions, treatments needed and cofactors involved were recorded. Through survival analysis, we studied the cumulative probability of reactions resolution over time and clinical/immunological risk factors of reactions persistence. Results ======= 51 children were recruited. Mean follow-up was 16 months. 74% reached desensitization to one raw egg. 90% of children suffered reactions, 88% of which affected a single organ. Reactions occurred in 7% of doses, being mainly grade 1 (30%) or 2 (32%). Gastrointestinal (37%) and cutaneous (35%) were the most frequent symptoms. Reactions were heterogeneously distributed: (a) 23 children (45%) had occasional symptoms which ceased over time; (b) 28 (65%) children had more frequent and intense symptoms (71% of total reactions). 11 of them, the most difficult cases, had to interrupt the treatment early, whereas in 17 children reactions decreased in frequency but persisted over-time. Reactions persistence was associated with a higher frequency and severity. Kaplan--Meier estimate revealed a cumulative probability of reactions resolution of 25% at 6 months (95% CI: 2.95-9.05) and 50% (95% CI: 7.2-18.8) at 13 months. Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression model identified 2 variables (egg white-sIgE and Sampson's severity grades 3 or 4 at baseline egg challenge) as independent risk factors of reactions persistence, with hazard ratios of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05-1.27; p=0.002) and 4.39 (95% CI: 1.78--10.87; p=0.01), respectively. Early withdrawal was associated to pre-existing asthma and higher sIgE levels (p\<0.05). Conclusion ========== OIT with raw egg white led to early withdrawal due to adverse events in 21% of children. An additional 33% had persistent reactions over follow-up. Egg white-sIgE, reaction severity at baseline challenge and pre-existing asthma would help clinicians to identify highly reactive patients before egg-OIT. Further research is needed to improve safety before egg-OIT can be extended to routine practice. Disclosure of interest ====================== None declared.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'd9fdcebe8eebe5ae5c4534e22db5f58eef415eeeea39422d0584a3a51d4d7d9f'}
The Brant County Health Unit has declared a COVID-19 outbreak at Cobblestone Elementary School in Paris. The Ministry of Education defines an outbreak as two or...	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'e0567f2b12648060b599b8a52255b8508e20561bd4a1a3b285da1483996d1c59'}
The Israelites journey home was filled with toil and tears and so it is with our journey home. And just as there was great joy when they got to the promised land there will be joyful singing when we get to heaven. On your journey with its toil and tears can you imagine the joy ahead? Blessings this day of grace,patricia (2) Image: morgueFile	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9131705164909364}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '56071', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WQ5M2TJ64JSFRNXKHUWBWQQTZQ2VCVGC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:35c78b2e-ca65-414f-8650-f74987818bc9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 8, 11, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3JJ3YOOHK3FTBJSURVBZGP53KCRSMUGT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3e3c1940-1200-4a76-99dd-3a92292857f6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://dayofgrace.me/2015/03/04/psalm-1265-niv/?shared=email&msg=fail', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1b801631-c206-4e8e-a7af-1b2169c052ba>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '63', 'url': 'https://dayofgrace.me/2015/03/04/psalm-1265-niv/?shared=email&msg=fail', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-184-109-84.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.21221232414245605', 'original_id': 'ba6078ba368b38133c7bc4f748a288fe8eb42b7f9adc2d2eedeec6ea18acc655'}
Comprehension of marked pronouns in Spanish and English: object anaphors cross-linguistically. Previous research on pronoun resolution has identified several individual factors that are deemed to be important for resolving reference. In this paper, we argue that of these factors, as tested here, plausibility is the most important, but interacts with form markedness and structural parallelism. We investigated how listeners resolved object pronouns that were ambiguous in the sense of having more than one possible antecedent. We manipulated the form of the anaphoric expression in terms of accentuation (English: Experiments 1a and 2a) and morphology (Spanish: Experiments 1b and 2b). We looked at sentences where both antecedents were equally plausible, or where only one of the antecedents was plausible. Listeners generally resolved toward the (parallel) grammatical object of the previous clause. When the pronouns were marked due to accentuation (English) or use of specific morphology (Spanish), preference switched to the alternative antecedent, the grammatical subject of the previous clause. In contrast, when one of the two antecedents was a much more plausible antecedent than the other, antecedent choice was almost wholly dictated by plausibility, although reference form prominence did significantly attenuate the strength of the preference.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'b29043b6de99441db4b0335340d2490fd0845cc7b3c6eec954b68188ac3597f8'}
Title : High-Performance Digital Electronics Using Superconducting Integrated Circut Technology Type : Award NSF Org : EEC Latest Amendment Date : August 6, 1999 File : a9700794 Award Number: 9700794 Award Instr.: Standard Grant Prgm Manager: Mary Poats EEC DIV OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND CENTERS ENG DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING Start Date : August 1, 1997 Expires : July 31, 2001 (Estimated) Expected Total Amt. : $375056 (Estimated) Investigator: Marc J. Feldman [email protected] (Principal Investigator current) Mark F. Bocko (Co-Principal Investigator current) Sponsor : University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 585/275-4031 NSF Program : 1340 ENGINEERING EDUCATION Fld Applictn: 0101000 Curriculum Development Program Ref : 0000,OTHR, Abstract : EEC-9700794 ABSTRACT This award provides funding to the University of Rochester under the direction of Dr. Marc J. Feldman, for the support of a Combined Research-Curriculum Development project entitled, "High-Performance Digital Electronics Using Superconducting Integrated Circuitry Technology." This project is aimed toward students who seek careers in both the superconductor and semiconductor integrated circuitry industry. The superconducting electronics "industry" is still quite small, limited to specialized niche applications, however superconducting electronics provides an ideal training ground for engineers preparing to join the forefront of semiconductor electronic and integrated circuitry technology; the design principles and testing methodology employed in superconducting circuitry development will clearly have a growing importance to semiconductor technology as current trends toward faster and lower power semiconductor circuits continue. A two-semester lecture/laboratory course will be developed for Senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Superconducting digital electronics is presently practiced at a modest level of integration, thousands of active elements, so that students may manage the entire development and testing of a superconducting integrated circuit with state-of-the-art performance.	the_stack	{'hexsha': 'ed637b2bdbaa9231711617244eb617896f702e0f', 'size': '2627', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'Corpus/Part 2/awards_1997/awd_1997_00/a9700794.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'kgusman/SearchEngine', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'f94cc3dd54227642ed47ba8144c5784d091323d1', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '3', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2020-04-18T03:11:06.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2021-12-22T01:03:05.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'Corpus/Part 2/awards_1997/awd_1997_00/a9700794.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'kgusman/SearchEngine', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'f94cc3dd54227642ed47ba8144c5784d091323d1', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'Corpus/Part 2/awards_1997/awd_1997_00/a9700794.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'kgusman/SearchEngine', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'f94cc3dd54227642ed47ba8144c5784d091323d1', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '54.7291666667', 'max_line_length': '93', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.6699657404', 'original_id': '0c22caa18c2c1ecb712f8887018529e22756e070c11e6d25a1cc996bc767e1cb'}
WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump on Wednesday threatened to do what no American president before him has done: Unilaterally adjourn Congress so that he can appoint his nominees to senior positions and the federal bench without Senate approval. But according to legal scholars, the president only has the authority to adjourn Congress if — and only if — the House and the Senate disagree with one another over when to adjourn. Currently, there is no such disagreement. "The Senate's practice of gaveling into so-called pro forma sessions where no one is even there has prevented me from using the constitutional authority that we're given under the recess provisions," Trump said during Wednesday's coronavirus pandemic briefing. "The Senate should either fulfill its duty and vote on my nominees, or it should formally adjourn so that I can make recess appointments." During congressional recess periods, both chambers hold extremely brief parliamentary sessions every few days, known as pro forma sessions, precisely so that the legislature is never officially adjourned, and no president can bypass the Senate's confirmation process to make recess appointments. Trump said he needed the ability to make recess appointments in order to appoint key officials to aid in the response to the coronavirus pandemic. "We have a tremendous number of people that have to come into government and now more so than ever before because of the virus," Trump said in the Rose Garden. "If the House will not agree to that adjournment, I will exercise my constitutional authority to adjourn both chambers of Congress," the president said. "The current practice of leaving town while conducting phony pro-forma sessions is a dereliction of duty that the American people cannot afford during this crisis. It is a scam that they do." No president before has ever forcibly adjourned Congress. And while the Constitution does give the president that power, it only applies in limited circumstances, all of which are nearly unimaginable. Even if the GOP controlled Senate agreed to adjourn, formal adjournment resolutions must be adopted by both chambers of Congress, and it's hard to envision a scenario in which Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi would agree to adjourn so that Trump could appoint his nominees. Not only would the Democratic controlled House surely object to such an adjournment, but shortly after Trump issued his threat Wednesday, a spokesman for Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell indicated that the Senate would likewise not adjourn. "Leader McConnell had a conversation today with the president to discuss Senate Democrats' unprecedented obstruction of the president's well-qualified nominees, and shared his continued frustration with the process." the spokesperson said. "The Leader pledged to find ways to confirm nominees considered mission-critical to the COVID-19 pandemic, but under Senate rules will take consent from Leader Schumer." It's not clear precisely why Trump chose Wednesday to unleash his frustration over stalled nominees, especially while so much of his administration is currently focused on the coronavirus response. But one clue may lie in the stalled nominee who Trump repeatedly mentioned during the briefing: Michael Pack, Trump's pick to lead the U.S. Agency for Global Media, formerly known as the Broadcasting Board of Governors. The agency oversees the Voice of America news service, among other government-run media services. "He's been stuck in committee for two years, and it's preventing us from managing the Voice of America," Trump said, before launching a broadside at the internationally respected VOA. "If you heard what's coming out of the Voice of America, it's disgusting," Trump said. "The things they say are disgusting toward our country. Michael Pack, he would do a great job but he's been waiting for two years, because we can't get him approved." Pack is a controversial nominee whose ties to former White House chief strategist Steve Bannon have done little to endear him to either Republican or Democratic senators. Pack's nomination was further imperiled last year when CNBC's Brian Schwartz reported that Pack had been funneling money from a nonprofit group he ran into a private media company that he owned. The White House declined to comment. Yet even the president himself seemed to acknowledge that he was pushing the boundaries of constitutional law with his threat to adjourn Congress. "Perhaps it's never been done before. Nobody's even sure if it has. But we're going to do it," Trump said. Asked whether there was a deadline for the Senate to approve more nominees, Trump dodged the question. "They know they've been warned and they've been warned right now," Trump said. "If they don't approve it, then we're going to go this route. And we'll probably be challenged in court, and we'll see who wins."	mini_pile	{'original_id': '7b6948b78ce56bf5842d733989426caa2beee98f69a5076aa409282655770944'}
Go to HHH home page. Election Academy Bookmark and Share [Image courtesy of b5z] A few weeks ago, I used a Pew Election Data Disptach to invoke Anna Karenina as a metaphor for the myriad ways jurisdictions can become "unhappy" via long lines. Pew's latest Dispatch about long lines in Galveston, TX is yet another example of that phenomenon but also a reminder that sometimes the problem isn't unanticipated (i.e., what isn't supposed to happen) but rather a natural consequence of election law and procedure - i.e., what is supposed to happen. Pew explains: What happened? State law requires a zero-out report on Election Day--printing out all races on every voting machine to ensure no votes have been recorded before polls open. The challenge with doing this in a vote center county is that each voting system has every possible ballot programmed into it--and they all must be printed out. In some cases the machines ran out of paper and then had to be restocked. County election officials said this took much longer than they expected. Whether or not the election office anticipated this issue - and if it did, how well it conveyed those concerns during the discussion about switching to vote centers - it ended up being a big problem for the County and its voters on Election Day. The first consequence - provisional ballots when polling hours are extended - is a requirement of federal law pursuant to the Help America Vote Act; it was included as a means to segregate (and if necessary, exclude) provisional ballots cast during extended hours if the court order extending voting is later declared invalid. The second consequence - missing provisional ballots - isn't a direct result of the law but is certainly related to the first. As Pew notes, because of the wrinkle presented by the late opening, there was a brief period of confusion after Election Day about how many provisional ballots were cast. While it was ultimately resolved, the confusion confirms how disruptive even minor deviations from standard practice can be. My takeaway from all of this is that even as election officials prepare for things they can't anticipate, they also need to focus on the things they can like the interaction of laws and technology in the polling place - whether or not those have changed. Failure to do so can result not just in headaches on Election Day but afterwards as court-ordered provisional ballots complicate the count. In other words, not every unintended consequence is unanticipated. Leave a comment Humphrey School Sites Humphrey New Media Hub	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '248', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9674195647239684}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25052', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UWANZNTAIIQQHIUQ5FIPFFEIC5WIPCHY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9d390625-27a6-4711-a2e2-a8d28c28e3b0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 22, 2, 6, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '134.84.159.35', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BELY3BEOF7B76UPQFPBFJQLXJEQOUZB5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5e79afcf-43aa-41e8-85c7-ccb217204bc9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cspg/electionacademy/2012/11/unintended_consequences_pew_ex.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1854a203-250c-416a-90f1-cdcb50cff707>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '570', 'url': 'http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cspg/electionacademy/2012/11/unintended_consequences_pew_ex.php', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03668016195297241', 'original_id': '2afe03218a9a9d7a5043b3abf64f126519d19181ac378fec5ca37ce1d21cc21a'}
about us Healthier diet means more brains Healthier diet means more brains The aging process shrinks your brain, and this process causes the negative mental effects of aging - such as a decrease of memory and a decrease in the speed with which your brain solves problems. A Dutch study, which epidemiologists from Erasmus University Medical Center will soon publish in Neurology, suggests that a healthy diet inhibits that process. The researchers made MRI scans of the brain of 4213 study participants aged 45-97 years between 2005 and 2015. Because the study participants had told what they ate, the researchers knew their diet fairly precisely. Based on the list below, the researchers gave the quality of the participants' diet a score between 0 and 14. Healthier diet means more brains The better the diet quality, the larger the brain volume. With every point the researchers gave to the quality of the diet, the brain content of the study participants increased slightly. Healthier diet means more brains Healthier diet means more brains "There are many complex interactions that can occur across different food components and nutrients and according to our research, people who ate a combination of healthier foods had larger brain tissue volumes", summarizes research leader Meike Vernooij in a press release. [ May 16, 2018] "People with greater brain volume have been shown in other studies to have better cognitive abilities, so initiatives that help improve diet quality may be a good strategy to maintain thinking skills in older adults." Neurology. 2018 May 16. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005691. High fitness in middle age reduces the chance of dementia by ninety percent 18.03.2018 Do you cook curry often? It helps keep your brain cells in good condition 08.12.2017 Scans don't lie - yoga protects against dementia 21.09.2017 Alzheimer's & Dementia Elderly fish eaters have better brains The amount of grey matter in your brain - the bit of the brain where the real work happens - decreases as you age. American researchers have discovered that fish consumption inhibits the decay. Citicoline improves concentration Citicoline supplementation improves your ability to concentrate and helps you make fewer faults when performing tasks that require focus and attention. Walk at least two kilometres a day for protection against dementia There's a way that people in their seventies can protect themselves against neurological diseases of aging such as Alzheimer's. It costs nothing and it's environment friendly too.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9216595888137816}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10160', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:V6TXGKHIHONBL6FDNFEDHIKBYXF5OXXO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8ed9030a-c39b-47bc-ad8b-39f3680292a1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 18, 0, 6, 8), 'WARC-IP-Address': '34.249.138.199', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MKIGK4P7PNN6FUASXTOCUXSGKD5XQNWT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:81bedb87-612c-46ce-80e9-581d405ddecc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://ergo-log.com/healthier-diet-means-more-brains.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8de9bac9-9d95-4690-abf2-73ac5a056211>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '412', 'url': 'http://ergo-log.com/healthier-diet-means-more-brains.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-137-170-67.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.22245121002197266', 'original_id': '98a025ef73e977056271cfbe2f90d07c30e728cc44e86e5272860fa7ea8e03e3'}
package net.ibizsys.paas.control; /** * 异步部件处理对象参数 * @author lionlau * / public interface IAjaxControlHandlerParam { /* * 是否启用属性权限控制 * @return / boolean isEnableDEFieldPrivilege(); // // // /* // * 是否启用用户数据权限 // * @return // / // @Override // public boolean isEnableDP() // // // // /* // * 获取数据操作 // * @return // / // String getDPDataAction() // /* // * 是否支持指定操作 // * @param strAjaxActionName // * @return // / // boolean isEnableAjaxAction(String strAjaxActionName); // // // // // /* // * 获取操作对应的实体行为 // * @param strAjaxActionName // * @return // / // String getDEActionName(String strAjaxActionName); // // // // // /* // * 获取数据访问行为 // * @param strAjaxActionName // * @return // */ // String getDataAccessAction(String strAjaxActionName ); }	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://github.com/bluebird88/iBizSysRuntime/blob/master/saibz5base/src/main/java/net/ibizsys/paas/control/IAjaxControlHandlerParam.java', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'Apache-2.0', 'date': '2017.0', 'title': 'iBizSysRuntime', 'creator': 'bluebird88', 'language': 'Java', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '120', 'token_count': '383', '__index_level_0__': '17423', 'original_id': 'db4e65c99194aeef0017cad4f2b62096a284417ac82c4322d2bf98fe73a90fa5'}
Chelsea has never been a giant in football and its decline is almost inevitable with the imminent departures of some of its stars. Now, concerning Cristiano Ronaldo, why would he leave Manchester United? He is actually playing for the biggest and richest football club in the best football league, which are the main reasons of his success. Under the guidance of Sir Alex Ferguson and Carlos Qieroz he is to become a Manchester United legend sooner rather than later. In case you people don't know, the statistics will tell you that no player has been able to perform on a better stage after leaving Manchester United, not a single one with the exception of Mark Hughes when he left for Barcelona (for an unsuccesful spell) but Sir Alex Ferguson signed him back two years later. Mark "Sparky" Hughes Last edited by Varun on Wed 11 Jun 2008 - 22:59; edited 1 time in total I guess you don't have any idea about football, Deesha. 11 players play against 11 other players on the field. It's not only Ronaldo versus Chelski (Oops! Sorry, Chelsea.) or any other team, it's Manchester United versus another team. Well, Ramsey has already snubbed Manchester United for the Gunners. Manucho will certainly be a bench warmer or even loaned to another club as may be Roque Santa Cruz is on his way to Old Trafford and Louis Saha will still be a member of the next campaign. Concerning Fraizer Campbell, he is on loan at Hull and his future is undecided. That's the perfect view of our football club, Henry, which always hasbeen and always will be far more important as a club than a support actto any single player, however good that player is, or thinks he is. After Robson...the Double Double. After Cantona...the Treble. After Beckham...'just' the FA cup. And after Roy Keane...back to back titles and champions of Europe. NOBODY is bigger than United, the club, according to SAF 'that waits for no man'. Real's desperation to hijak CR7 is understandable, mind. Theydidn't romp a poor la Liga, they finished top - someone had to. They'reoff everyone's pace, not just the English PL teams in Europe, by astreet and they know it. (Failure at the first knock-out stage for thelast 4 years) Their team is still in transition, their managers' hotseat is a magic roundabout and the latest club president is on anotherego trip to the stars. Stable Real Madrid are not, unlike rock-steadyUnited. They are also permanently casting envious and anxious eyes towardsManchester, where the sole challenge to their previously unquestionedclub supremacy has been taking serious shape under the Ferguson regime. Which is all just more ways of confirming that right now really isn'tthe time for CR7 to leave Manchester United. So far he's beenbrilliant, but to be regarded as a true United legend he needs a couplemore silver shiny things; how about a treble of league titlesChristiano? Unprecedented back to back Champions League titles? Then you'd be a true football icon, not jus a marketing one. Andconsider, if people think - however mistakenly, that United are a oneman team, wait till you trot out at Real and find every other player isenvious of you for stealing the show. Then you'll really discover thatone man does not a great team make. But of course by then it'd be too late, which would be a shame. And probably more so for you than United.BLOODY WANKER....!!!!!!!!!!!!GO TO HELL May be Frank Lampard will eventually end up at Inter Milan following the arrival of Deco at Chelsea. On the other hand, Roman Calderon has already conceeded defeat in his pursuit of landing Cristiano Ronaldo at the Santiago Bernabéu and Manchester United are eyeing the dutch striker, Klaas Jan Huntelaar. First, I'm not too happy to see Louis Saha going away because whenever he is fit (may be for half of the season) he can guarantee 15 - 20 goals. Second, £32 million is a bit a too much for someone like Dimitar Berbatov. He isn't Tevez or Rooney who have about 10 years left in their career. He may have a good strike rate but at 27 years of age this won't seem as money well spent. I would have preferred someone like Klaas-Jan Huntelaar but well, I don't think we can argue with Sir Alex Ferguson too much. Yeah you are right varun the price is too demanding considering the age of the player. The transfer closes on monday??? i thought on sunday at midnight. Thanks for the info. Huntelaar is another great option but i cant understand why ferguson is not making a move. I think spurs are trying to benefit from manutd's situation just as they did for liverpool. Keane is certainly not worth the £20 million price tag.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '4ca54ad3ba81d75084292c0aefa9eccb828204465cd51ecab3518e6df8149969'}
Q: GoogleAppsScript - getting Calendar event by id function getEventById() { var cal = CalendarApp.getDefaultCalendar(); var eventseries = cal.getEventSeriesById("[email protected]"); Logger.log(eventseries.getTitle()); // how to get event from eventseries //Logger.log(event.getStartDate()); } I verified GoogleAppsScirpt for Calendar doc but do not find any way to convert CalendarEventSeries to ClaendarEvent object. Is there any way to do so ? A: I think, currently, there is no such option. May be you should file a feature request in issue tracker.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'cb9039c179043699aee65eabcda8955fefec1728208aabfcb8056a1755395582'}
A lynx that has escaped from a zoo in Devon is continuing to outwit police and stuff who are trying to recapture him - after evading a trap and making off with food inside. Two-year-old Carpathian lynx Flaviu dug its way out of an enclosure at Dartmoor Zoo two days ago, sparking and officers have spent 48 hours trying to track down the animal amid a flurry of reported sightings. They caught up with it on Thursday night using drones with thermal imaging technology, but a team of marksmen was unable to shoot it with a tranquiliser dart. Drones also spotted a 'small animal' in woodland near the Devon zoo yesterday and when experts arrived at the location they found paw prints.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '69c7401721e92cbaaf99b038d5cf8a6c92eb90de700f449f8da348b719b4c063'}
It’s all in the rotation: exploring planets orbiting distant stars An artist’s impression of the polar orbit of WASP-79b. ESO/B Addison, CC BY-NC Click for a full size image It’s all in the rotation: exploring planets orbiting distant stars With the discovery so far of more than 3,300 planets orbiting other stars, the challenge now is to learn more about these distant worlds. The mere act of discovering an exoplanet gives some information about its nature. With the two main planet detection techniques – the radial velocity and transit methods – we see a star wobbling or winking, periodically. The period of the wobble, or the time between winks, tells us the orbital period. From the orbital period, we calculate the size of the planet’s orbit. The closer a planet is to its star, the shorter its orbital period. For planets discovered using the radial velocity technique we can learn a little more about the planet’s orbit by studying the way that the host star wobbles. The more circular the planet’s orbit, the more regular will be the wobble. But our observations have revealed that some planets move on orbits that are far from circular. And, as we’ve discussed before, such planets are an important piece of our best explanation of the origin of some of the strangest planets found to date. Measuring up The radial velocity method also allows us to estimate the planet’s mass. A more massive planet, moving on the same orbit, would cause a larger wobble. But because we’re not actually seeing the planet, we don’t know the tilt of its orbit to our line of sight. As a result, the mass we estimate is the minimum the planet could have, assuming that its orbit is edge-on. And we have no idea of the planet’s physical size, just an estimate of its mass. The transit method, by contrast, allows us to work out the physical size of the planet, by measuring the amount of light it obscures during a transit. The bigger the planet, the more light it obscures, and the larger the wink of its host star. But this gives us no information about a planet’s mass. The ideal situation is planets for which we can observe both transits and radial velocity wobbles. The wobble then tells us the true mass, and the transit tells us the planet’s size. Put the two together, and we can work out the planet’s density, which is the key to determining if it is a rocky or metallic world, or a gaseous behemoth. For this reason, follow-up observations of planets found using the transit method are of great interest to astronomers. This is driving the construction of several new dedicated radial velocity facilities including Australia’s very own MINERVA-Australis. The true nature of ‘hot Jupiters’ Knowing the density of planets is just the start. Astronomers are now applying innovative new techniques to learn even more about some of the strangest exoplanets known, the “hot Jupiters”. An artist’s impression of a hot Jupiter, being slowly torn apart and boiled away by its host star. NASA/GSFC/Frank Reddy Click for a full size image Enormous and bloated, these worlds nearly skim the surfaces of their host stars, orbiting with periods of days, rather than weeks or years. Being both massive and close to their hosts, they induce large, easily detectable radial velocity wobbles and transits. In many ways, they are the low-hanging fruit of the exoplanet world, and are the ideal population to hone the tools that will one day allow us to study distant Earth-like worlds. Using the stellar rotation One of the various factors that make it harder to find planets using the radial velocity method is the fact that stars spin on their axes. Unless the star is pole-on to the Earth, this means that one part of the star is always rotating towards our planet, while another rotates away. As a result, the light from one side of the star will be slightly blue-shifted, while that from the other side will be slightly red-shifted. The result is the star’s spectral lines (the very feature used to measure its radial velocity) will be broadened, with the light we observe being the sum of that emitted from each part of the star’s surface that points our way. The faster the spin, the broader the line. For transiting planets, however, this behaviour is actually beneficial. It affords astronomers an additional tool, allowing them to measure the degree to which the planet’s orbit is aligned (or misaligned) with the equator of its host star. To do this, astronomers make rapid, repeated observations of the star’s radial velocity during a transit. Imagine a planet orbiting in the same direction as its star spins (a prograde orbit). The planet and star rotate in the same direction, a prograde orbit. Wikipedia/Autiwa, CC BY Click for a full size image First, the planet will block part of the side of the star coming towards the Earth. As a result, we will receive more light from the red-shifted side than the blue-shifted side, and all the star’s spectral lines will appear to shift slightly to the red. As the planet moves further along its orbit, it will block parts of the star approaching us more slowly, and then parts moving away, and so the star’s lines will gradually shift back to their normal location, then move to the blue. Finally, as the transit ends, with the star once more unobscured, the lines will shift back to their starting place. By contrast, for a planet moving against the direction its star spins (a retrograde orbit), the lines will go to the blue, then red and back again. A planet moving against the direction its star spins, a retrograde orbit. Wikipedia/Autiwa (modified), CC BY Click for a full size image The technique can even reveal planets that transit off-centre, particularly if they are also moving on tilted orbits (and therefore only block the red or blue side of the star!). This effect of the rapid red- and blue-shifting of light during a transit was first observed for eclipsing binary stars, almost a century ago, and is known as the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. By measuring a star’s radial velocity through a transit, the tilt the planet’s orbit to the star’s equator is made clear. One of us (Brett) is using this technique with some of the world’s largest telescopes, contributing to the growing catalogue of planets found on unusual orbits. The results are startling. Of 91 hot Jupiters with measured orbital tilts, more than one-third are significantly misaligned, tilted by more than 20 degrees, with nine of those planets found moving on retrograde orbits. Will the same hold as we move from the Exoplanet Era to the ExoEarth Era, and start to find planets like the Earth around these distant stars? Only time will tell, but these results offer a tantalising glimpse of a universe far more complicated than we ever imagined!	mini_pile	{'original_id': '3044d9ed156e0693bab13056aecdb38766babce2e86d6ece663b3ee1afc41102'}
Q: Is there a method to clear UILabel and UIImageView? Is there another way to clear a UILabel text and a UIImageView image without doing something like this? label.text = @""; image setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@""]; Are there methods to execute these actions? A: these also work if you just want to play around.. label.text =nil; image.image= nil; what exactly do you wish to achieve....?	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'ee779937f16efd9b51169e082fb6d96e25068c2428f0dd74f404c4d5b225d104'}
Discussion in 'Italian-English' started by macellodipollo, Mar 30, 2008. 1. macellodipollo Member qualcuno sa darmi la traduzione di pollock, 2. TimLA TimLA Senior Member Los Angeles English - US QUI c'è qualcosa interessante. Merluzzo (nero) 3. Benzene Benzene Senior Member Italian from Italy Two types of Pollok (or Pollak) exist and, they are cods: In italian: "Merluzzo nero" "Merluzzo dell'Alaska" 4. furs furs Senior Member E' sicuramente un 'parente' del merluzzo, ma e' un pesce che da noi non esiste, quindi non esiste una traduzione univoca. In particolare ci andrei cauto con 'merluzzo dell'Alaska', visto che certamente e' un pesce che si pesca anche in Inghilterra (ho mangiato un 'Cornish pollock' recentemente dalle parti di Bristol -buonissimo!) 5. curiosone curiosone Senior Member Romagna, Italy AE - hillbilly ;) I've always heard "pollock" as a slang (sometimes derogatory) way of describing someone of Polish origin. However when I googled "definition" I also found this definition: Also called saithe. a North Atlantic food fish, Pollachiusvirens, of the cod family. I also found this: or pollockEither of two commercially important North Atlantic species offood fish in the cod family (Gadidae). Pollachius (or Gadus ) virens, called saithe or coalfish in Europe, is deep green with a palebelly. It has a small chin barbel (fleshy protuberance) and threedorsal and two anal fins. A carnivorous, lively, usually schoolingfish, it grows to about 3.5 ft (1.1 m) long and weighs up to 35 lbs(16 kg). The other species, Theragra chalcogramma , or walleyepollack, closely resembles P. virens . Last edited: May 6, 2012 6. Beachbum101 New Member 7. Lorena1970 Lorena1970 Banned Italy, Italiano Just few corrections to your anyway good attempt in Italian. Hope you don't mind and find it useful :) 8. Beachbum101 New Member @Lorena - grazie! 9. mr cat Senior Member English - England Polack (is how it sounds in BE) for a Pole. Mildly disparaging. And as suggested Pollock and Pollack (confusingly) are slightly different fish, the former is also known as coley (coalfish) and saithe. See this site for differences; 10. gio2710 Member Pollock or pollack (pollachius virens) is called "merlano nero" or "merluzzo carbonaro" 11. Tegs Tegs Mód ar líne English (Ireland) Yes, Polak for a Pole, and we also have pillock, meaning an idiot. Try not to order either of those in a restaurant :D 12. curiosone curiosone Senior Member Romagna, Italy AE - hillbilly ;) What I'm seeing are varied spellings for the term referring to Poles. I suppose that's because one usually HEARS Pollack/Polak/Pollock/Polack jokes, as opposed to reading them. Quando venni in Italia ho ritrovato le stesse barzellette applicate ai carabinieri. Share This Page	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '35', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7948240637779236}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '72731', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5EJU6JM6ZLIN4X24HP4QPMJMRGX5PCU3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:674a9f60-3a72-4663-aec1-79387b21c3dd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 7, 36, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '207.244.70.164', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:D2XLHPNZP2EXWEZRAVRMKC4CJTRLXE63', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9fd21305-47a4-49be-ac5a-1b05d13cb058>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/pollock.892535/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:218669d9-3492-49b6-9f9a-6f0f03d0259e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '418', 'url': 'https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/pollock.892535/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-232-73-119.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09064209461212158', 'original_id': 'f267253ed451cc2d738cb831baf5d1ec49a895e33fd9c8e1bbec214f81c734b1'}
An Open Plea: Stop Giving Morons Undue Attention Within the past few weeks, the story of Indiana Senate Bill 101, a superannuated piece of legislation that grants permission to private business owners in the state refuse service to anyone on religious grounds, has been met with fierce opposition, as many see it as directly targeting the LGBT community. While a private business technically has the right to refuse service to nearly anyone for any reason, the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensured that what business owners cannot do is discriminate against patrons on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin. Unfortunately, the federal act has not been amended to be LGBT-inclusionary, meaning the decision to introduce anti-discrimination protections into law for LGBT people is left to the states, about 20 of which have them in place, along with some individual cities. So, as a societal denomination, the LGBT community is already legally allowed to be discriminated against by private businesses—both as potential employees and customers—in a majority of states. Of course, the intention of the bill wasn’t to be specifically invidious towards the LGBT community, it’s just a particularly detestable side effect (not to mention the slew of potential lawsuits). Eventually, the national spotlight given to the legislation managed to sire a poster child for the Religious Freedom Restoration Act: Memories Pizza, a tiny restaurant in Bumfuck (also known as Walkerton), Indiana whose owners publicly stated they would not cater a gay wedding, though they reiterated they would never refuse service to gay people, they just didn’t believe in same-sex marriage on religious grounds. As so often happens, an interview with two ignorant people attempting to excuse their bigotry based on their misguided religious beliefs was picked up by national news outlets and begat a national firestorm. Their tiny shop in a rural town whose most noteworthy assets are literally that their post office is 150 years old and they produced a NASCAR driver became a national lightning rod. As a result, they received death threats, which in turn caused them to close their shop, thence garnering them more than $800,000 in donations from supporters. It begs the question, when will we as a society stop turning prats into plenipotentiaries? Whereas a simple refusal to transact with an enterprise who has discriminatory business practices would result in being directly fiscally detrimental to varying degrees, bringing them to the forefront of a divisive political debate is going to bring out their supporters who, in this instance, are the religious loonies with seemingly bottomless wallets. More recently, a florist in Washington who was fined $1001 for refusing to provide a bouquet to a same-sex couple for their wedding, thereby violating the state’s anti-discrimination and consumer protection laws that provide LGBT protections, has, so far, received more than $171,000 from supporters. We’ve seen it happen time and time again, yet we masochistically continue in the same pattern. When you consider the fame of people like the Kardashians, it’s generally understood they’re mindless people that are an ephemeral blip on the current pop culture landscape who pander to other mindless people. They serve no real purpose, but they also don’t really directly hurt anyone, aside from perhaps those of us who feel the need to occasionally bang our heads against a wall at the mere mention or sight of them. The issue of human equality, however, is one that is of great importance, so elevating these cacophonous, anti-gay hyenas to positions that wield some influence they’d otherwise not have allows them to further their feckless canard of intolerance, and only seeks to make the struggle for equality more Sisyphean. Eventually, of course, these individuals will become vestiges in the scheme of things, but the fact of the matter is that it’s not beneficial for anyone but them and their retinue when we’re singling them out instead of focusing on the larger picture. In addition to increasing bigots’ hegemonic hold on the LGBT community, highlighting them brings out the worst in those who are on the other side; in this case, those in favor of both marriage and same-sex equality. Perhaps worse than the fact protesters are allowing these people to expend their hateful, ill-gotten message to others by inadvertently funding them is that they threaten them with violence. For a group of people who profess to be enlightened enough to realize that all humans deserve to be treated in an egalitarian manner, they certainly have no problem going so far as to threaten to kill them. Obviously, these people can’t be taken too seriously, but regardless, threatening people who already hold a negative view of LGBT people and their supporters only furthers their gormlessness and abjection towards the LGBT community. You may think you’re taking a stand, but realistically you’re hoisting your own petard. From a personal standpoint, when I hear someone spewing anti-gay nonsense, my innate inclination has never been a particularly apoplectic one, because the situation is most often (a) so much an argumentum ad lapidem that it’s not worth my time or energy, or (b) an opportunity to hear where the other person is coming from and have a rational, coherent debate, as opposed to transforming it into a futile shouting match, thereby rendering it a lose-lose for both sides. All of that having been said, my conclusion is less a cessation and more so an appeal: kindly stop giving louts (and loutettes) unnecessary concentration and a widespread forum to expel their inanity. We’ll all be better off for it.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9485546350479126}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37056', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:67FFMXJ53CDZ4K4UWSU7JIVS2VF5QHM4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8e45bb2d-de51-49e0-a4d4-28de6b8f74d7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 21, 16, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.13', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OWWHFA5RXLDYZZJQ4WKSFVCH3OOFP44D', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9a256925-32c7-4cd3-872f-5bab810d78b5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lucaslascivious.wordpress.com/2015/04/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0d420361-291a-4456-91db-4d31cae2049b>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '864', 'url': 'https://lucaslascivious.wordpress.com/2015/04/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-28-51.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11980384588241577', 'original_id': 'a04ba9075a28d4c34a9ba0d40a3569a4a09dd72779ad52bdfedc0dea0db72ffd'}
Micro Management Growing Your Business Through Franchising Naz Daud asked: If you are looking to grow your business using the franchising model, then there are certainly lots of issues that you have to consider beforehand. It’s also wise to consider consulting with a suitably qualified specialist. Franchising is a model used by many large businesses, including Subway and McDonald’s, and has inevitably contributed towards their rapid expansion and global presence. Doesn’t Dilute Equity When you finance the growth of your business through franchising it allows the existing shareholders to maintain a greater share of equity within the firm. This means that going forward they can run the business in a way that they see fit, and capitalize on opportunities when they arise. Scale Quicker Your business should be able to scale much quicker when you opt for the franchising model. Each time you enter into new markets, and sell more franchises, your balance sheet will become stronger through franchising fees. This is in comparison to other businesses, where they will often have to heavily leverage their business or dilute equity to finance this. Limit Losses Dependant on the structure of your franchise agreement it is unlikely you will be able to make a gross loss from selling a franchise in any giving trading year. Most franchisees pay a yearly management fee to the franchisor, which is a percentage of revenue. This means even if one particular franchise is not profitable, this will not impact the business as negatively as it otherwise would. This makes the business far more stable with more predictable earnings. Well Managed It is likely that each franchise will be well managed when the owner is so closely vested in its success. This allows for your business to worry about micro-managing less, and worry about long-term strategy more. It also means you will most likely have higher caliber management in place than you otherwise would. Cannibalization Less Problematic If two McDonald’s franchisees open restaurants near each other then it will probably benefit the parent company. Not only do they benefit from the initial fee from both companies, but they also benefit from the increased revenue brought by their wider reach. Although this may benefit McDonald’s in this case, if they owned the stores directly they may find that they were competing against each other for the same business. This means that total revenue would be higher, but profitability would take a hit. With business franchising, your business becomes immune to this. Encourage Efficiency Through making the franchisee responsible, as directly as possible, for the costs that they bring to your business it’s possible to drive efficiency within your business in a way that would not otherwise be possible. If one franchisee is using up more head office resources than you would like, there expenses can reflect this. Economies of Scale Because you will be able to reach critical mass much faster than you otherwise would, it means that expenses can be shared out amongst a larger organization. For example: when the business pays for a new product design everyone benefits. This makes the business more cost efficient. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9558194279670716}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '102254', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QASEWCSMJGWCCPOOIE2UBRLTFNCAJZSG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6dfadd78-ddbb-4591-9f5d-839374944943>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 8, 3, 12, 48, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '146.88.236.84', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:25OGAUU5IY7VAR2YCN4B3GEO2WHBAYIN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2d600ab2-4346-411c-9343-36958afba669>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://leadershiptrainingtutorials.com/leadershiptraining/micro-management/growing-your-business-through-franchising/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7016d3ea-3cdd-4006-9860-669b2331ab93>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '532', 'url': 'https://leadershiptrainingtutorials.com/leadershiptraining/micro-management/growing-your-business-through-franchising/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-31\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July/August 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-218.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.045721352100372314', 'original_id': 'fe7f4271ef7fa4a4ca613f27f1f7aba603978d067cf36cbdb701fe69a6c61c70'}
Molecular structures of the two most stable conformers of free glycine. The equilibrium molecular structures of the two lowest-energy conformers of glycine, Gly-Ip and Gly-IIn, have been characterized by high-level ab initio electronic structure computations, including all-electron cc-pVTZ CCSD(T) geometry optimizations and 6-31G* MP2 quartic force fields, the latter to account for anharmonic zero-point vibrational effects to isotopologic rotational constants. Based on experimentally measured vibrationally averaged effective rotational constant sets of several isotopologues and our ab initio data for structural constraints and zero-point vibrational shifts, least-squares structural refinements were performed to determine improved Born-Oppenheimer equilibrium (r(e)) structures of Gly-Ip and Gly-IIn. Without the ab initio constraints even the extensive set of empirical rotational constants available for 5 and 10 isotopologues of Gly-Ip and Gly-IIn, respectively, cannot satisfactorily fix their molecular structure. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment is found for the rotational constants of both conformers, the rms residual of the final fits being 7.8 and 51.6 kHz for Gly-Ip and Gly-IIn, respectively. High-level ab initio computations with focal point extrapolations determine the barrier to planarity separating Gly-IIp and Gly-IIn to be 20.5 +/- 5.0 cm(-1). The equilibrium torsion angle tau(NCCO) of Gly-IIn, characterizing the deviation of its heavy-atom framework from planarity, is (11 +/- 2) degrees. Nevertheless, in the ground vibrational state the effective structure of Gly-IIn has a plane of symmetry.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'e50df692230356d1c24a5871d99267650778debba103b01e6e3cb06ce56c3e9a'}
1.. Introduction {#s1} ================ Although the isomorphous Fe-based chalcogenides Fe (X = Te, Se, S) crystallize at room-temperature to the tetragonal structure, however (as far as the low-temperature structural, magnetic, and electronic properties are concerned) their phase diagrams \[[@C1]--[@C7]\] are distinctly different: FeSe is an orthorhombic nonmagnetic superconductor; FeTe is a monoclinic antiferromagnetic metal while FeS is a tetragonal nonmagnetic and nonconducting compound \[[@C8]--[@C10]\] though, in sharp contrast, most theoretical work suggests metallic character \[[@C11]--[@C13]\]. Further distinction among these Fe is evident in the response of their individual states to applied pressure, doping, intercalation, or a magnetic field. Most striking are the differences among the superconducting phase diagrams of their solid solutions, e.g. Fe(Te) (X = Se, S) \[[@C1], [@C2]\]: substitution leads to a gradual suppression of magnetism and to an eventual surge of superconductivity; on the other hand, for Fe(SeS~x~), substitution leads to a slight enhancement in T~c~ up to x = 0.2 but on further substitution the superconducting transition is monotonically suppressed. It is remarkable that in spite of such a distinction between the electronic states of these Fe compounds, theoretical studies \[[@C11]--[@C13]\] predicted a metallic normal-state: while this metallicity is established for low-temperature phases of and FeSe, experimentally FeS was reported to manifest an absence of metallic conductivity \[[@C8]\]. Given that the question of the electronic character of FeS is of a fundamental importance to the general understanding of the normal and superconducting phase diagrams of these Fe-based chalcogenides, this work addresses the electronic properties of FeS using x-ray diffraction, spectroscopic (ultra violet photoelectron spectroscopy, UPS), and thermodynamic (magnetoresistivity and magnetization over a wide range of temperature T, pressure P, and magnetic field H) techniques. Based on the stoichiometry of the iron monosulfides FeS, there are, in general, three classes \[[@C9]\]: (i) this FeS system (mackinawite) which, just as for the other isomorphous Fe, manifests an excess of Fe and crystallizes in the layered anti-PbO type structure \[[@C14]\]; an application of 3.3 GPa at room temperature transforms its tetragonal phase into an orthorhombic structure \[[@C15]\]. (ii) the near-stoichiometric and hexagonal antiferromagnetic FeS (troilite) \[[@C16], [@C17]\], and (iii) the hexagonal Fe--deficient ferromagnetic FeS ( 0.2) which crystallizes in the nickel arsenide form (pyrrohotite) \[[@C18]\]. The structural and physical properties of both FeS and FeS have been extensively investigated \[[@C18], [@C19]\]; in contrast, FeS has been relatively unexplored except for some structural and mineralogical studies \[[@C20]--[@C22]\]: neutron diffraction and Mössbauer analysis indicated nonmagnetic character \[[@C8]\]; this contradicts an analysis done by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) \[[@C13]\] which suggested, instead, a single-stripe antiferromagnetic ground state. Electronic structure calculations \[[@C11]--[@C13], [@C23]\] on FeS indicated a significant Fe 3d orbital delocalization (primarily due to the basal-plane, intralayer Fe-Fe interactions), a dominant 3d contribution to the density of states (DOS, ) at the Fermi level, E~F~, and a weaker hybridization between the Fe and S \[[@C11]--[@C13]\]. As mentioned above such a predicted metallic character is in disagreement with the experimentally observed nonmetallicity. In this work, we show that FeS is indeed metallic just as theoretically predicted; the reported nonmetallicity \[[@C8], [@C24]\] will be shown to be due to a localization of charge carriers. It is recalled that such a discrepancy between experiment and theory had already been reported in other transition metal sulfides \[[@C25]\]: e.g., troilite is a p-type semiconductor with a band gap of 0.04 eV \[[@C17]\]; yet band structure calculations have placed E~F~ within the d-p hybridized bands \[[@C26]\]. Similarly, a PES study on pyrrohotite reported a 25--30% narrower Fe DOS band-width than the theoretical prediction \[[@C27]\]. 2.. Experimental {#s2} ================ Mackinawite was synthesized using the method reported by Lennie et al \[[@C21]\]. Powder x-ray diffractograms on a conventional Cu Kα diffractometer indicated a single phase structure with a = 3.675(2) Å , c = 5.035(6) Å . Based on an energy dispersive x-ray analysis, the actual stoichiometry was found to be Fe:S = 0.52:0.48 giving FeS which is in agreement with the reported ranges \[[@C21], [@C28]\]. It is well-known that the tetragonal FeS is chemically unstable against a variation in P, T and aging \[[@C29]\]: aging at room temperature would slowly transform it into an amorphous product plus the semi-metallic cubic Fe~3~S~4~ (greigite). During this study, it became evident that (i) such a conversion can be temporarily inhibited if the sample is stored at cooler temperatures e.g. below 5° C; (ii) this tetragonal FeS, when subjected to a higher pressure, would start to convert into an amorphous product, reminiscent of the amorphization in FeSe and FeSeTe \[[@C30], [@C31]\], plus the semiconducting hexagonal FeS (troilite). Accordingly, such a phase instability requires that extra care should be exercised during (as well as before and after) the measurements so as to ensure that all results had been obtained on the very same tetragonal phase: otherwise most of the results (in particular the resistivity) are irreproducible. With this in mind, the following measurements and their analysis were carried out. Resistivity, ρ, was measured using a standard four-in-line method on cold-pressed pellets (care was undertaken to ensure that the grain boundary influence was minimized---see below). For , hydrostatic pressures, up to 3.0 GPa, were generated by a BeCu/NiCrAl clamped piston-cylinder cell using Fluorinert as a P-transmitting fluid while Pb as a manometer. Similarly, P-dependent magnetizations were measured using a hydrostatic pressure cell (up to 1 GPa). Daphne oil was used as a P-transmitting fluid while Sn as a manometer. UPS was measured at a base pressure of 2.0 × 10^−8^ Pa and at a temperature of 300 K with He I (21.2 eV), He II (40.8 eV) and Xe I (8.44 eV) resonance lines. So as to obtain a fresh surface, samples were cut within an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The Fermi energy was referenced to that of an Au film which was measured frequently during the experiments. 3.. Results {#s3} =========== Figure[1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}(a) illustrates = 0, P = 0.1 MPa) of FeS \[[@C8], [@C24]\]. It is remarkable that mΩ-cm suggesting that this (monotonic but non-sharp) low-T rise is not due to a conventional metal-insulator transition; most probably, it is a manifestation of localization of charge carriers \[[@C32]--[@C36]\] (see below). Following the analysis of \[[@C37]\], it is taken that the resistivity is intrinsically metallic, any nonmetallicity is attributed to this localization. Figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}(d) reveals such nonmetallic character as a negative . Moreover, as 300 K, at ∼300 K: assuming a stable tetragonal phase (see Experimental), the event = 0 is taken as a crossover from a nonmetallic state into a metallic one. A closer look at the evolution of 300 K) suggests that there are at least two types of localization-induced behavior \[[@C37]\]. The first appears to be a thermally-assisted behavior \[[@C38], [@C39]\]: Such a thermally activated (△ ∼ 20 K) process (see figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}(b)) is assumed to be due to a hopping of carriers from one localized state into an itinerant state which is separated by an effective energy \[E-E~c~\] where E~c~ represents the mobility edge \[[@C38], [@C39]\] and should not be confused with the conventional semiconducting behavior. A manifestation of an activated behavior below a crossover/transition was already observed in RNiO~3~ \[[@C40], [@C41]\]. The second process looks like a weak-localization process which is often encountered in the low-T phase of a disordered metal \[[@C32]--[@C36]\]. In chalcogenides \[[@C37]\], the disorder is attributed to the nonperiodic scattering potentials (see below). Then their should follow \[[@C32]--[@C36]\] where S is a measure of the scattering process while T~o~ and ρ~o~^L^ are any measured pair (figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}(c)). Such a log-in-T character was already reported for other chalcogenides \[[@C5], [@C37], [@C42], [@C43]\]. Presently it is not evident why this process is not proceeded by a metallic-like state as observed in, e.g., \[[@C37]\]. ![Typical resistivity curves of Fes (a)--(d) under ambient-pressure while (e)--(g) are under an applied pressure of 3.09 GPa. (a) and (e) isobaric ρ T curves. (b) ρ T curve in a log-reciprocal plot emphasizing the activated process; the solid line is a fit to equation ([1](#M0001){ref-type="disp-formula"}). (c) and (f) ρ T curves in a linear-log plot emphasizing the weak localization behavior; the solid lines is a fit to equation ([2](#M0002){ref-type="disp-formula"}). (d) and (g) T curve: a negative (positive) value represents nonmetallic- (metallic-) like behavior. The crossover point is denoted as T~L~. The obtained , Δ, S parameters are collected in figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}.](TSTA11661214F01){#F0001} An application of pressure leads to pronounced effects: e.g. (i) on comparing of panels (a) and (e) of figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}, one notices a reduction in the overall resistivity, and (ii) the crossover point signalled by = 0, denoted as T~L~(P), moves to well below 300 K: the metallicity is pressure-enhanced to a wide range of temperature \[[@C40], [@C41]\]. Just as for the ambient-pressure case, of figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}(e) was analyzed in terms of the above mentioned two processes. The baric evolution of the fit parameters are shown in figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}; P reduces all scattering processes: a monotonic decrease of (i) within the metallic state, (ii) Δ within the activated region, and (iii) S below 20 K. All these influences lead to a strong reduction of 2 GPa). Above 2 GPa, T~L~(P) is weakly but monotonically decreasing till ; such a thermal evolution is also manifested for each of the parameters shown in figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}(b)-(c). ![The baric evolution of (a) T~L~ of FeS (a measure of localization strength which is emphasized below T~L~(P) curve), (b) Δ (the activation energy in equation ([1](#M0001){ref-type="disp-formula"})) (c) left ordinate:S (as a measure of strength of the localization process below 20 K, see equation ([2](#M0002){ref-type="disp-formula"})); right ordinate: within 300 K (a measure of the thermal evolution of the metallic resistivity).](TSTA11661214F02){#F0002} figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}(a) identifies unambiguously the metallic state as being an intrinsic high-T property of FeS: this provides a direct confirmation of the theoretical predictions. Evidently, without the clarification provided by the high-P or high-T curves, the activated rise in ρ( 300 K) as T is lowered would be mistakenly taken as indicative of intrinsic nonmetallic conductivity \[[@C8]--[@C10], [@C24]\]. Various possible mechanisms can give rise to the pressure influence on each of the Δ, S parameters (figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}); two of which are (i) the cold-pressed pelletizing process brings together the already metallic grains; as such an application of further pressure (during the measurement) would lead to a further enhancement of the grain connectivity. (ii) The influence of the pressure is intrinsic both on the involved scattering processes as well as on the electronic structure of FeS. To differentiate between which of these is the most plausible mechanism, we carried out a magnetization measurements. Based on the above, FeS is expected to be a nonmagnetic metal, thus its should be constant-in-T, Pauli-like and proportional to . If the observed P-induced effects are due to grains connectivity then should not be influenced. If, otherwise, P influences its nonpolarized electronic structure, then its should also be modified. Indeed figure [3](#F0003){ref-type="fig"} indicates a P-induced enhancement of χ and as such an enhancement of : this is in an excellent agreement with the P-induced enhancement of the conductivity observed in figure [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}. ![The excess, pressure-dependent molar susceptibility of FeS. The ambient pressure ,P = 0.0 GPa) curve (upper inset) is similar to that of Sines et al \[[@C44]\]. As the total contribution includes those of weak magnetic impurities and the cell body and as that these contributions are not influenced by P (see the two insets), then, for clarity, these contributions are subtracted out by plotting, in the main frame, 0.0 GPa).](TSTA11661214F03){#F0003} The general features of figures [1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}--[3](#F0003){ref-type="fig"} can also be interpreted in terms of a P-induced reduction of the involved scattering processes (not only as an enhancement of as in figure [3](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}); this suggests that (i) within the metallic state (), the electron-phonon or elelctron-electron interactions are reduced and that (ii) for , P induces a partial (but weak) delocalization of those carriers that had been previously localized. From above it is concluded that FeS is intrinsically metallic but below T~L~ localization effects are manifested. Then it is interesting to investigate the influence of localization on the electronic states at the Fermi surface. We addressed this question by carrying out a PES study using UPS. Fig [4](#F0004){ref-type="fig"} shows a UPS spectra near E~F~ measured using a Xe I source of = 8.44 eV under ultrahigh vacuum at 300 K. We observed a broad spectra with no Fermi edge: a non-metallic state which should be contrasted with the metallic features observed in Fe Te \[[@C45]\]. The presence of localization in this system could account for these features. We observed the same phenomenon with the He I (21.2 eV) and He II (40.8 eV) spectra but given the greater mean free path of the Xe I source (ca. 1 μm) we take this result as being more representative of the bulk sample. ![UPS spectrum of FeS near E~F~ (dashed vertical line) using a Xe I source ( = 8.44 eV), under ultrahigh vacuum at T = 300 K.](TSTA11661214F04){#F0004} The phase instability of FeS can be best illustrated by of figure [5](#F0005){ref-type="fig"}: on a first cooling branch, ,3 GPa) shows metallic behavior followed by a localization-induced uprise below T~L~. On warming, 3 GPa) follows the cooling curve except at high-T wherein thermal lag is manifested due to thermal gradients that are generated across the massive body of the pressure cell. On a second cooling branch, after some days at room temperature, GPa) was found to be completely modified, showing an absence of metallic-like behavior and an uprise on lowering the temperature which starts already at 300 K. This irreproducibility is related to the above mentioned phase instability: indeed post-measurement XRD data indicated a partial phase transformation to the hexagonal troilite form but with no evident change in the lattice parameters of the remaining mackinawite phase. Evidence of amorphous material (most probably amorphous mackinawite) was also found. ![Various resistivity curves of FeS measured under 3.0 GPa: the resistivity curve during the first cooling is similar to the first warming (taking into consideration the inherent thermal lag due to the massive body of the pressure cell). On a second cooling, the resistivity deviates strongly from the first cooling curve: this is related to phase instability. On a final warming branch, the resistivity retraces the behavior of the second cooling. The inset shows that the magnetoresistivity measured at 2 K (circles) and 100 K (triangle).](TSTA11661214F05){#F0005} 4.. Discussion and conclusions {#s4} ============================== Figure [2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}(a) is a manifestation of a pressure-induced enhancement of the stability of the metallic phase \[[@C46]\]. Similar enhancement had been observed in the RNiO~3~ charge-transfer perovskites \[[@C40], [@C41]\], wherein a metal-insulator transition at marks the sharp uprise in and, furthermore, the monotonic decrease in is related to the P-induced decrease in the charge-transfer gap. In spite of the similarity in the manifestation of the localization and the associated P-induced effects, we believe that the crossover event in FeS is not due to an Anderson-type metal-insulator transition because (i) the is no low-T AF order or a strong hysteresis effects, (ii) the rise in is weak ( mΩ-cm), smooth and extends over a wider temperature range, and (iii) there are two (an activated and a log-in-T ) processes operating at different temperature regions. Instead, it is assumed that there is a weak localization process which is due to scattering from any non-periodically arranged potentials (the most probable disorder/defects centres are the randomly distributed excess Fe or chalcogens deficiencies as in Te and Fe Se) \[[@C5], [@C37], [@C42], [@C43]\]. The manifestation of two types of localization processes is not unique to FeS; it had been already observed in thin films \[[@C33]\] though the order of appearance, as is varied, is inverted. The activated behavior (equation ([1](#M0001){ref-type="disp-formula"})) within 100 K is taken to be due to a hopping of carriers; on the other hand, the log-in-T (equation ([2](#M0002){ref-type="disp-formula"})) behavior below 20 K is attributed to quantum corrections arising from scattering from the above mentioned non-periodic potentials \[[@C32], [@C33]\]. The log-in-T relation \[[@C32], [@C33]\] is also valid for localization of weakly interacting carriers though with a different logarithmic prefactor \[[@C34], [@C35]\]. Alternatively, interaction effects in disordered 2D Fermi systems within the metallic regime can also give rise to a log-in-T relation \[[@C36]\]. As is the usual practice, a distinction between whether a log-in-T behavior is due to either a non-interacting \[[@C32], [@C34], [@C35]\] or an interacting carriers can be obtained from a magnetoresistivity experiment: on increasing H, a negative magnetoresistivity is manifested for the weak localization case while a positive one for the interaction case. The magnetoresistivity of FeS at 2 K (inset of figure [5](#F0005){ref-type="fig"}) is positive indicating that interactions among the diffusing carriers are important \[[@C36]\]. Such a manifestation of electron-electron interactions is taken to be behind the absence of superconductivity in FeS: indeed no such strong field-dependent magnetoresistivity had been observed in the isomorphous FeSe (see figure [5](#F0005){ref-type="fig"} of \[[@C47]\]). At higher temperature (\>100 K), such a positive magnetoresistivity is drastically reduced while, at higher field, there is a tendency towards negative magnetoresistivity. In summary, FeS is shown to be a metal but due to localization processes, such metallicity is not reflected in the thermal evolution of 300 K) nor in the UPS spectra. Applied pressure does reduce the influence of the localization processes and as such the metallic character is manifested even for temperatures as low as 75 K at 3.0 GPa. Such a pressure influence is also evident in the Pauli-like susceptibility which is enhanced monotonically with P. Using low-T magnetoresistivity analysis, the weak localization that gives rise to a log-in-T behavior is suggested to be due to interaction effects in this disordered Fe-based system. It is assumed that such electron-electron interactions are behind the absence of superconductivity in this Fe-based chalcogenide. This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Japan Science and Technology (JST) agency through the Strategic International Collaborative Research Program (SICORP-EU Japan).	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'ebdef93fae5136ff456835a8f72da6b07aaf16ba6ea73d8f8e5ae68d75cf1b26'}
Q: EventListener for value of number I have played around with addEventListener() but I can't seem to figure out how it works. I want to try to make it so the event listener recognizes when the total amount of money reaches a certain point, then function mow() is triggered. window.addEventListener(); //??? function mowEm(){ var moreMow = setInterval('mow()', 1000); } function mow(){ window.money = document.getElementById('tot'); money.innerHTML = Number(money.innerHTML) + 2; } <div class="tot" id="tot"> 0 </div> <br><br><br> <div class="element"> <input class=button type=button value="Hire employee" onclick='mowEm()'> Click to mow someone's lawn. <input class=button type=button value="MOW" onclick='mow()'> </div> Does anyone have any ideas on how I can make this work? A: It sounds like you just need to listen for the money amount to reach a certain point and then do something else. You can do that by checking the value each time it goes up: function mow() { money.innerHTML = Number(money.innerHTML) + 2; if (money.innerHTML === '8') { alert('Amount of 8 reached, fire some function and do something...'); } } //window.addEventListener(); //??? var money = document.getElementById('tot'); function mowEm() { var moreMow = setInterval('mow()', 1000); } function mow() { money.innerHTML = Number(money.innerHTML) + 2; if (money.innerHTML === '8') { alert('Amount of 8 reached, fire some function and do something...'); } } .hidden { display: none; } .show { display: block; } h1 { font-size:40px; text-align:center; color:#032441; } .tot { font-size:90px; text-align:center; color:#032441; } .element { font-size:20px; text-align:center; color:#032441; } .button { background-color:; color:#032441; cursor:pointer; } <h1> Total money: </h1> <div class="tot" id="tot"> 0 </div> <br><br><br> <div class="element"> <input class=button type=button value="Hire employee" onclick='mowEm()'> Click to mow someone's lawn. <input class=button type=button value="MOW" onclick='mow()'> </div>	mini_pile	{'original_id': '365fb0922517e19896593e8b454896765f1ae5933434df34b6f6fb12a5f7cfa6'}
« That's a Big Printer \| Main \| Faked-up Photos » Wednesday, 11 May 2016 Just goes to show how tempting it is to make "perfect" images - even for seasoned pros who make a healthy living from photography. This is why I am less into photography now than I used to be. Digital sort of ruined it for me, both as a photographer and as a connoisseur of photographs. What about all the highlight bits in the dark background on the right. You could admit erasing those as well. My wife once complained when she saw me using the spot healing brush on infant acne - my point was, without the acne our daughter's soul shines through. I sometimes clone out light switches and other "distracting elements." I don't consider myself a journalist, but an artist. My camera is my tool, and my digital file is my canvas. However, I am pretty lazy also, so I would have gone with the curves adjustment in that McCurry photo and left it at that. I only resort to the photoshopping when I am printing or if a distracting element activates my hypervigilance. Great! Maybe this latest cock-up by McCurry will slowly inspire some of the big names in documentary photography to go back to film. A means of proving and silencing any doubts of the veracity of their work. I think the issue of "truth in imaging" is one that pertains strictly to journalism and photo-journalism. Otherwise it is up to each photographer to convey to the viewer what standard he or she applies to the work. The truth is that in the world of art-photography today conceptualism rules, and realism of any sort, never mind truthfulness, is a very distant consideration. I work mostly in architecture based images, and while I generally present truthful representations of what I photograph, I also want to make beautiful prints, which often requires significant tonal manipulations, depending on the light conditions under which the image is made. I also stitch frequently--some shots have people in them, some don't, and I pick and choose in the final assembly. It's all truthful representation but artistic, with some latitude for alterations that enhance the image I have in mind. I see nothing wrong with alterations of the sort McCurry is criticized for above, as long as the work is not mispresented as photojournalism. Mike, I am guess you will have a flood of these comments, but in the first two images there are two people (passengers in the cart) removed from the modified photo. >>Not as bad, arguably, as the example of the soccer-playing boys on PetaPixel where a whole person was removed.<< In the rickshaw picture a person was removed, too. Correction to my previous comment, there are three people removed. Two from the cart, and a person in a red shirt from the store in the centre of the background. The red shirt becomes something for sale on the counter. I count 3 people removed, and 1 just moved. But I was never good at those find the differences puzzles, so there may be more. I am afraid that every photo (or rather digital image)that I see now, my first thought is how much Photoshop was done? Add this to the disqualified wining landscape photos in prestigious photo competitions and I think it is a hopeless cause to expect see non-manipulated images. Bland sky? No problem just drop in a cloudy sky from a different photo. I'm not following your point here. There are at least 3 whole people removed from the example picture at the top of the article. I've taken multiple photos of a group involved in an activity and chosen one, which I presume is what Steve McCurry did with the photo of the footballers. Sometimes the best shot is where one of the group isn't visible at all. So my photograph of the group shows just what was in front of the camera, but incorrectly shows that there were, say, seven players when there were eight. Now, I am not in any way saying that it is correct to retouch a documentary photo and remove a player to improve the composition, but how does doing that differ from just selecting a photo which shows one less player than there really was? Or how does it differ from cropping a photo to remove one player and so improve the composition? Sometimes I'm not happy at all about doing either of those last two things. My thought is that a photographer must have integrity, and be open about how or why a captured image has been modified. More so in some photography types (photojournalism) needing more detailed disclosure than others, where manipulation is potentially desired (portraiture). My opinion is that the changes are neither good nor bad from a value standpoint, but a photographer can't claim one level of manipulation when a greater level occurred. It's one thing to tone images in order to adjust white balance, contrast, etc., but any overt manipulation of documentary photos is a step too far in my mind. Many photojournalists tone their images in order to achieve a certain look - the stunning Cuba pictures you recently featured (which I'm pretty sure were taken by Daniel Berehulak) are a perfect example of this, but it's another thing entirely when you start shifting pixels, even if they don't affect one's reading of the image in question. As someone who has spent the better part of a decade working in the news industry, I find it absolutely shocking when the World Press Photo organisation reveals that more than 20% of submissions in the 2015 contest were manipulated beyond widely accepted norms. That someone like McCurry should find himself in such a situation is disheartening. Either way, I suggest you take a look at this website - food for thought: http://www.10bphotography.com/index.php?page=ethic&lang=eng what is the purpose of the photo/image (P/I)? To me that is the critical issue in discussiing post-processing. Documentary P/Is are by definition intended ro represent the real world. Clearly, modification that changes the intent or meaning with which the P/I is presented are wrong, but are changes which enhance the viewability or focal point of the P/I necessarily wrong? Documentary P/Is are often taken in less than ideal conditions, so simply for clarity of viewing, or due to limitations of reproduction media, things like brightness, contrast B&W conversion, may be needed for simple legibility. Ditto cropping, where the P/I maker cannot get close enough to isolate the subject of interest. If the cropped area is irrelevant to the subject and does not add or subtract context or meaning, is cropping the P/I wrong? And what about presentation size? Often a 4x6 version in a newspaper will look very different from an 8x10 in a magazine. And sometimes its not the P/I maker who makes the changes, its the editors. But they don't get the blame. So, for me, the documentary P/I judgments need to be made on each P/I case by case basis. Since in most cases the P/I viewer doesn't have the data on image context or modification, it becomes a matter of what media do you trust? And where the image intent is interpretive, artistic or whatever, then take the image as presented and enjoy (or not). One could argue that McCurry ceased to be a photojournalist a long time ago. I wonder how much of his income is now derived from producing coffee table books, fine art prints and workshops. I was looking at the workshops timetable of a couple of well known Magnum photographers recently and such was the number and frequency I was left thinking that they had very little time left to do any journalistic work. Having said that it does seem that there is a bit of an industry springing up that involves poring over the work of successful photographers and highlighting any evidence of image manipulation as evidence of fraudulent practice. Do we really know whether the picture used to illustrate this piece was taken as part of a journalistic assignment or was it some personal work? What is the motivation of the person behind this? Does he have some axe to grind with McCurry? It is easy to use moral indignation and whip up the equivalent of an online lynch mob. Personally I long ago stop believing in the veracity of photographs after seeing how W Eugene Smith manipulated his images. I like McCurry's work and this revelation does nothing to alter that. It's all a bit of a storm in a teacup. At the risk of being pedantic, I'll point out that your X-T1 does take B&W photos, but then manipulates them into color during processing. Subsequently returning them to B&W during post-processing merely undoes this damage and restores them to their (mostly) original form. ;^) Once you start deleting or moving things, it is not a photograph but a manufactured piece , call it Art if you wish but not a photograph. Can we agree photography is the taking of an image which is then viewed in various different media. Anything else is manufacturing of images other than by exposure to light. Development digitally is not deleting/moving objects. McCurry sets up his tableaux on occasion, that was his first step to these false photos. He blames others but I regret to say I do not believe he had no knowledge of his changes to the images. He can do whatever he wishes but he cannot call himself a photographer in relation to these images. "Study that for a couple of minutes and you can see how deep the changes go. Not as bad, arguably, as the example of the soccer-playing boys on PetaPixel where a whole person was removed. " No. In this case he removed three people. Four, possibly; it's hard to say exactly what he did on the far right. If it's presented as art or as commercial photography then no problem. Add, delete and warp all you want. A crocodile in a top hat trampling Donald Trumps hair into a bowl of grape jelly and nail clippings? No problem. But if you present it as documentary then problem. No different, really, than if you write an article about something that happened to you, that turned out didn't actually happen. If you search 'Steve McCurry' on Wikipedia you will get this: Steve McCurry (born 1950) is an American editorial photographer best known for his 1984 photograph "Afghan Girl" which originally appeared in National Geographic magazine.[1] If Wikipedia (hence the world) sees McCurry as an editorial photographer, meaning a photojournalist who is trying to convey the truth of a scene or subject through the lens, he should not use the scene or subject as a means of artistic expression. McCurrys 'art' defense, along with blaming some Photoshop artist, is weak at best. He should have relayed his artistic slant to the editors at National Geographic a long time ago and saved himself the embarrassment. The truth of his decades of output, which can only be described as stellar, is now questioned. If you can find one, ask a newspaper or wire service photographer about altering images. You will hear a common yet terse consensus: "Someone of McCurrys stature should have known better. In editorial work its not about the photographer, its about the subject. Always." "Something like the example above is way beyond the pale for photojournalism, but we now accept that photojournalism sets itself apart with higher standards than most less rigorous photographic pursuits care to hold themselves to." Careful there! Photojournalism doesn't have "higher" standards. It has different standards that are more appropriate to its intent. For example, Jerry Uelsmann has incredibly high standards — at least as high as those of photojournalists — which are reflected in his intentional manipulations of film images. Photojournalism does, as you write, "set itself apart" from other kinds of photography, but that is not because it is "more rigorous" or in possession of "higher standards." For the record, I think that Curry made a pretty big mistake here. Not because it is necessarily wrong to make the changes he made to an image, but because he traffics in authenticity — the ability to find and see realities that the rest of us supposedly don't or cannot see. Here I think he betrays a core value of his own work, unfortunately. Well, for photojournalistic purposes, proscribing the erasing or adding of an object is a good start. Likewise, moving images around, probably best to avoid. Actually, McCurry’s color and contrast enhancements do not bother me, but the missing humans and some reconstructed background elements should easily violate photojournalistic standards; I would hope. But as folks have said above, is McCurry really a photojournalist at this stage? In any case, when I jumped into photography a quick decade ago, I plunged into numerous books on the matter, several of which included heavily manipulated photographs. So for me, it’s all photography. I’m semantically comfortable with this. Besides, I'm the type who contends that photographs, without explanatory text, do not tell stories, but they are quite apt at telling lies. So no, it’s not just a “knee-jerk” reaction to reasonably counter that manipulation is basically as old as photography itself. Yes, the ease and sophistication in the digital domain marks a considerable shift, but we are also a bit more skeptical now; well, some of us are. But they had them believing in fairies back then, so degrees of deceptive effect probably haven’t changed as dramatically as the technology. If delineation needs to be established, then so be it. But part of my reservation is that in other forums, the “this is not a photograph, it’s digital art” reaction sometimes comes adorned with derogatory overtones. And I say this as someone who only shoots film. Was he representing the photos as "photojournalism"? If this is just some selects from a personal project, I'm not sure it matters that much. I think the moral standard is not "is there deception?", but "does the framework permit deception, and if so, what kind?" We expect one kind of deception, mainly omission, with straight journalism. We expect a different kind with, for instance, the opera "Nixon in China" (1987), which apparently was based on quite a bit of research. Since "photography" is not just one thing, one genre, it's not clear what framework to use to read a photo. There is a group film photographers doing street photography in Tokyo right now who are perfectly happy with the telltale imperfections of film, lenses, cameras, and the physicality of prints, because they make clear the kind of deception aimed at their audience. The amount of grain, lack of rule of thirds, camera shake, etc.,would give the average gearhead forum dweller the screaming fantods. (There's even someone doing handheld 8x10 color street photography!!!) As for me, I thought the original rain/rickshaw photo was strong and complex, and didn't need much to make a fine print. (I'm sure that it didn't tell the story he wanted to, but life is like that.) Today, I would have leaned heavily on emphasizing the foreground people by painting in layer masks. More sharpening, more saturation, for them, other masks to make the background people softer, more desaturated. More dodging and burning to darken the background and send it back in space. In other words, doing the same thing the light and the lens is already doing, only more so. It's so easy to direct people's attention in a strong photo that you don't need to clone things out. For what he wanted to do - if I wanted to do it, I would have made the manipulation patently obvious - I would have filtered that image hard, leaned in on the dodging and burning so much that the chiaroscuro would have made Titian blush, subtracted even more of the background, and gone on top of every pixel of the figures at 200% with a wacom tablet and painted in exactly the strokes I wanted to see. I would have made my hand so obvious and so strong that there would be no doubt that this was my vision, my painting, and by Heaven, no one would mistake it for another's. Maybe, perhaps, the problem was that he didn't go far enough. How do we all feel about 'staged' pictures in photojournalism? No cuts and pastes, no clone stamping, but still entirely dishonest IMO. But having said all that, is this image trying to be reportage, or just a travel image of India? It doesn't change the meaning of the image one iota, so does it really matter? It's not like cloning out all the construction cranes from an image of a nice hotel in a travel brochure. That's just evil... Is it not the intention to deceive that is really the issue, rather than the act of editing? I suppose that if we are providing evidence of a scene then any removal or addition of pixels is an issue. It wouldn't want this image used in a court of law. However I do see a difference in what was there versus what the photographer saw. Is McCurry just trying to show us what he saw or felt, rather than just a basic factual representation of a screen? I've photographed a beautiful sunrise, only to get home and see a piece of plastic bag in the image that I don't remember seeing when I was there. I have no issue with removing that because I want my image to represent the scene as I saw it and how it made me feel, not necessarily just as it was. Nor would I have an issue removing a person from an image because a few moments later they wouldn't be there anyway. So what we have is a matter of intent. Is the photo intended to be a factual representation or is it designed to convey a message or emotional response? My personal opinion has always to imagine what another person would see if they stood on the same spot at a different time. The things we both see stay. Everything else is up for negotiation, unless I'm presenting an image as evidence. I wasn't concerned so much with the removal of the remnant bit of the cyclothing at the rear, but I was really concerned with the removal of two passengers. The desperate cyclothing operator is on foot pushing the thing with great effort because it is overloaded -- and at least one of the overload doesn't care, he is smiling at the camera. I think those extr two passengers are important, because that is what the story of the picture is about. Without them, it actually doesn't make sense; the effort portrayed by the operator is excessive. With just two passengers, he would be on the pedals. The other area is the background stuff and whatnot ahead of the cyclothing. Sure, minimize it a bit, but removing it to leave a nearly empty street also takes away from what is vital about the scene. In fact, shade it down (particularly the white cart -- the fact that it is white rather than some other color is irrelevant) but leave it in, and crop a bit from the left. The high contrast/saturation? I like it! I live in a tropical environment where we get monsoon downpours and often it is bright too. I;m just envious of how he has got the rain showing up like that. I've tried and tried… The kids playing soccer? Again, the cloning out of a figure takes way from the pic. Kids games are supposed to be chaotic and messy and noisy and exhausting -- particularly stuff like his in the tropical (warm!) rain. The original pic shows that; the missing figure makes everything a bit orderly and dead to my eye. It's one thing to burn, crop or even somewhat pose a photograph that is purportedly found photojournalism but in that world removing people is a capital offense. McCurry's explanation is smarmy, in that it leads with a gratuitous bit of virtue signaling about "mujahideen" and an appeal to his long experience in South Asia as a war and news photographer. His leading with all that reveals that he still sells to his audience with that reputation. He knows what's been done is a bad, bad thing. There is no way major compositional elements, i.e. humans, would have been deleted in his operation without his approval. I get the sense that McCurry is betting that this affair will remain in the nooks and crannies of the online world (not TOP, Mike!) and that his reputation and business are unaffected. I hope not. This is just plain dishonest. Oh -- and the halo in your pic. Heh, heh, naughty boy. The very first wedding I photographed, which was here in the tropics over half a century ago, I took some very nice shots. The best picture of the bride was really, really nice -- except that they had some pedestal fans spaced around the bridal party and the picture showed the bride with a perfect halo of one of the fans. I hadn't even seen the fan when I was taking the picture. I learned a hard lesson that day. :( Am I the only one who thinks the photoshopped pictures are more visually bland and uninteresting when compared to the originals? Squat down and shoot up at a person waving hello... and presto, you have a shot of them giving the Nazi salute. No Photoshop required, yet even more manipulative. So I don't really care about photojournalistic purity because it has always been a myth. I'd just like to see more professional photographers getting paid to make interesting pictures by whatever means they care to use. I wonder what is going through McCurry's mind as he removed two whole humans from the rickshaw? I mean, how in the age of the internet does that internal dialogue go? "What they don't know won't hurt them"? It boggles the mind. I was a McCurry defender, mainly because I am curious about a lot of things on this old Earth and I really value all the data I can get . . . arguments about cultural appropriation aside. Now . . . sigh. I have to ask: Do we know what McCurry's side of the story is? Has he said anything? I expect a lot more attention to this in the coming weeks. I believe that's what you call polishing a t***. If it was a good shot, there wouldn't have been a need for such drastic 'shopping. McCurry should have passed on this one, or picked up painting. I don't know how to Photoshop. The only image editing software I use are LightRoom and compositing software for stitching panoramas (e.g., Hugin). I do remove dust spots because these are not part of the image captured. Likewise, ghosting flare for the same reason. But lately, I leave the ghosts in if they look interesting. Flare have become a regular feature of TV ads and movies and more are familiar with them. I crop my pictures to eliminate edge intrusions and to improve composition. Also, I convert color pictures to B&W and process for color since I've been shooting RAW. Otherwise, I don't manipulate my pictures and don't want to learn how to outside of LightRoom. I consider Steve McCurry more of a fine art photographer—I love his color photography—than a photojournalist let alone a war correspondent. At most, he is a human interest pj, if there is such a thing. I begrudge him to the extent that he has been manipulating his pictures beyond the minimum processing strictures of National Geographic but only for his photos published in the magazine. Nat Geo is also complicit if they made an exception of McCurry's work. [It's almost midnight and I'm still at work, so I haven't read all the comments and apologize if this point has already been made by someone else.] I find the most telling -- and most appalling -- change made to McCurry's picture is the removal of the 3rd person in the bicycle/rickshaw. Not just because it denies that he was there (there are several other people that have been removed from the picture as well), but because it lies to us about the mental state of those in the vehicle, and it lies to us about McCurry's role in the scene. At first I didn't understand why he was removed from the picture (wouldn't a 3rd passenger in the small vehicle add to the visual interest?). Then I realized that the removed passenger was looking and smiling AT MCCURRY. His gaze and smile destroy the illusion that McCurry managed to snap this scene anonymously, without being noticed by his subjects. In that way, I think McCurry's edits are actually considerably worse than your halo "prank". You were making a statement, but it was praising a 3rd party. McCurry's edits also make a statement, but they are self-serving. His edits say the following: 1. I am a master photographer. I have the skill and patience to find the clean, visually appealing shot without distractions. 2. I did not intrude upon the scene. My presence did not affect the picture before me because I managed to fit in / be stealthy. 3. My subjects didn't notice I was there. [Although they are related and seem to be making the same point, I think 2. and 3. are separate statements. #2 is about McCurry, his role and how he carried himself. #3 is a comment about the subjects and their alleged lack of awareness of their environment.] I wonder at what level you have to be shooting at to have to force mediocre images into good ones in post processing? I am curious because that is where I do not want to go as a visual story teller. The magic of photojournalism is that amazing photographs happen all the time. They happen all the time and they require little to no manipulation. They just require work and patience to find. We, as a culture, are visual people and there is a great demand for perfect images. Maybe we are making promises to those who look at pictures that we can't really keep. Maybe we are promising them flawless images when those don't really exist. I missed the Cole story the first time around so I'm just catching up. But it seems to me that there's a stark difference between Teju Cole's critique of McCurry's India book and these revelations that McCurry's photos were doctored. Cole took McCurry's honesty for granted and lamented what it revealed about the way the photographer and his many appreciators see the world. Whether the photographs were staged or doctored or not wasn't relevant. That they had the appearance of staging and were classically composed were indeed part of Cole's complaint, but Cole never impugned McCurry's skills as a photographer. In other words, it wasn't McCurry's working methods that bothered Cole so much as what he was working from, and toward. Nevertheless, his essay was misunderstood --here on TOP and elsewhere-- as a "takedown" of McCurry the photographer, instead of what it really was--a critique of a cultural point of view as manifested in McCurry's book-length treatment of India. This latest is an entirely different thing. This really does go straight to the honesty and integrity of McCurry the photojournalist. It will diminish his reputation and the value of his work. Whether it will highlight or obscure the point Teju Cole tried to make-- among photographers, journalists, or the general public-- is something I'm curious to see. What I find unforgivable here is that the frame and load of the removed blue bicycle was left in. That's just incompetent! On the other hand, the very clever way they turned the man in a red shirt dead center in the background into some random red thing back in the shop is a technique I'll have to remember. I am finding the color of a lot of work lately is going to date also. I know that each film and digital camera/brand has a color accent, but processing has its own and it will be time stamped. I felt the same with the earlier post with the cock fight image. Also, I thought that your improvement to your image was converting it to black and white. Fair play I thought. There is absolutely nothing wrong with presenting an image that has elements removed, yet the audience feels misled. No one likes to be misled, and so they are rightly angry. It all comes down to how you are presenting your work. If present it as a photojournalist, the audience expects the closest approximation of reality possible. Travel photography is held to the same standards, since the photographer is supposed to faithfully record a place, as opposed to a photojournalist who is supposed to faithfully record an event. In this case the work was not presented as either photojournalism or travel photography. It was presented as a "Steve McCurry". The problem here is that Steve McCurry as a brand (label) is very closely associated with photojournalism. It falls onto Steve McCurry himself to communicate with his audience that he is no longer a photojournalist or a travel photographer but just anther artist trying to make a good living. The larger point is the demand by the public, real or perceived by magazine editors and McCurry himself, for idealized portrayals of exotic brown people. The falseness of those portrayals is betrayed by the type of manipulation McCurry is now revealed to have practiced. That's the main point of Teju Cole's piece -- our collective appetite for images of the third world that conform to a pre-existing idealized notion of exoticism (noble, docile, and above all picturesque). The sum of the critique of McCurry's photography by Cole was a critique of the way the photos comfortably confirm these biases among westerners. I thought the weakest part of Cole's argument was tying the perfection of composition to the underlying falseness of the images. While I still think that idea is highly arguable in general, in McCurry's case it seems spot on. Talk about falling from grace! Once revered, Steve McCurry is now ridiculed. The irony is that it's all his fault. I don't understand what is in McCurry's mind that makes him insist in his quaint themes. He started it all, with considerable success, decades ago, and now everyone is doing it; there's nothing left to do there. It's like trying to plant trees on a barren field. On the other hand, it is clear that Steve McCurry has become Steve McCurry Inc., paying people to do his job. And it looks like he gives them free rein to do whatever they think they can in order to produce images that appeal to the untrained eye but are ultimately meaningless. McCurry built a career of prestige and his list of awards is awe-inspiring; he needn't put himself to shame by doing imitations of himself (and ones of bad taste). He has obviously settled down and just wants to make money out of his trademarked style. He clearly doesn't feel any need to be innovative and open new paths for others to follow, as he did when he was young. That happens far too often, actually, but I think he really should protect his reputation. On the other hand, I don't see an ethical issue in this debacle. In digital photography, image edition is as much part of the 'iter' as the darkroom work was when film was dominant. The only limit is when the photograph becomes a lie by pretending to be a document of something that does not exist, or never happened - which, to be fair, can't be pointed at Steve McCurry. Other than that it's all a matter of taste. The only ethical issue that could arise from this is that Mr McCurry pays people to do his work, but that's a moot point. Many people still resource to labs to develop their film and no one sees it as an ethical hurdle, even though that's a substantial part of the photographic process that's out of the photographer's hands. You can criticise McCurry for employing unskilled people to do his job, but it's up to him to gauge how much that affects his reputation (and his income). As I said before, it's ultimately a question of taste. If you like Steve McCurry's latest photographs, this little controversy will do nothing to change your mind. If you're like me and think his style is outdated and tasteless by today's standards, you're free to keep away from it. There's really no need to criticise the man. Just think of him as a company that mass-produces goods of controversial taste - because that's what Steve McCurry stands for nowadays. And you're free not to like and buy his pictures. The response to these revelations is what is most telling, not that the images are edited but that the editing was done by another person and that the photographer evidently took no part in this process, nor did he even bother to look at the final product that bears his name! Following this is a shameful response whereby McCurry refuses to accept responsibility for his images and shifts blame to another person. The ethical thing to do would be to QC your images before publishing and if you make a mistake then accept responsibility personally. Now if Steve was shooting with a Fuji X PRO 2 he could have selected a Velvia peg for a colour punch. The top image looks like an unprocessed raw file and I like it but who could remember what it looked like 6 months later with your finger on the Levels/Vibrance controls. I think it is over done in the finished file. I would think that a circle with an E in it should be added to file names to indicate a processed image, to inform the viewer it was edited and not a "Straight" shot, and the viewer can decide on its merits. So, go back to a Nikon F and Tri-X and a darkroom print. Anyhow, don't really matter. Just about all the news organizations today rely on bystanders with their cell phone cams posting on some social media platform instead of a professional photojournalist . McCurry shot himself in the foot. And again in the other one by his implausible defense. The result could be that we now start looking for manipulations in all of his work. Do you really think that the eyes of this Afghan girl were green? Once I showed my photography teacher at art school an example of incredible good airbrush retouching of a Playboy centrefold. “Next time get a better model!” he remarked. Truth be told I'm no photo 'editor' but it took me about 10 mins to adjust the original and remove the lampost a couple of people and a pile of rubbish. No fancy settings - just pressing buttons. Imagine how tempting it is to fix photos? Imagine there was zero effort involved - just wishing the photo better. What would you do? What I see is photography liberating itself from the expectation of being a testimony of the world, just like painting did when this new invention came around that permitted to recreate the world on a glass plate. A photograph is what it is. An image on a piece of paper, or screen. The truthfulness and the honesty embedded in it is not intrinsec to itself, but to the photographer. In other words, photographs neither tell a truth nor a lie, its the photographer that does that. Leaving journalism aside, whose job is to describe and depict the world as precisely as possible, and in my opinion any artistic intent actually reduces the veracity in it, people do expect a photograph to do the same function of truth, even outside this framework. How many times have we heard the anxious question if a picture has been photoshopped? Photography is just a tool to convey meaning, just like a pen and paper in a writer's hand. Then why do we get anxious and feel cheated with the possibility of it not being truthful (outside the world of journalism of course)? And why can't a photographer do fact and fiction? There are fiction writers who are also journalists. Should we bash their fiction stories or dismiss their news coverage, like it is happening with McCurry? Honesty resides in the creator, not in the media itself. For that matter, does the fact that I turned the photograph into black-and-white make it a photo illustration and not a photograph? It's not the way the X-T1 "sees." Mike, can't you configure the camera to record B&W jpegs, and doesn't the evf then present to you a B&W image as well? If it is your intention to make a B&W image, you can configure the camera to do so, and then what you see in the evf is what the camera will record, albeit as a jpeg. If you're recording RAW+jpeg, you can of course return to the RAW image, but the photographer's intention vis a vis the ultimate result remains, to my mind, integral throughout the process. You can go pretty far down the rabbit hole on these sorts of questions. "...we now accept that photojournalism sets itself apart with higher standards...." I don't know who your "we" is intended to include. It does not include me. In photojournalism, it is entirely accepted that the photographer can remove trash by hand before exposing an image, even if that trash has been there for weeks. It is entirely accepted that the photographer can move a potted plant to cover an electrical outlet, even if the only time that plant has ever been in that location is immediately after the photographer moved it. [In point of fact these things would not be considered acceptable by most news organizations, but go on.... --Ed.] It is entirely accepted to choose a frame that makes a subject look better or worse than he would normally be seen. Yet if a photographer removes trash digitally, moves a plant (or removes the outlet) digitally, or uses digital means to make a subject look better or worse, that's a firing offense. That's not "better", that's just different. Photographs regularly capture things that no human eye could see: very long exposures of moving water, color in very low light, momentary actions, expressions, or gestures, a whole range of things. There is no essential truth to an "unmanipulated" image that is not shared by an image manipulated to show what a viewer actually remembers. The real problems arise (to my mind, obviously) when the manipulation, either of the subject before the shot or of the photo after the shot, are intended to deceive in some important way. And that is as common in photojournalism that follows the arbitrary rules of that game as it is in advertising photography that follows its own rules. Does McCurry's edited photo really misrepresent what he saw in some important way? Or does it represent a graphically simpler and easier to understand version of what he saw? In my opinion, the strict but arbitrary photojournalistic rules bear as much relation to integrity as the strict but arbitrary NCAA rules do to amateurism: they probably don't do actual harm, but they also don't really do much actual good. ...am I the only guy that thinks the guy in the apron is Will Ferrell? Photojournalism = No changing the elements of the Image Like the copyright discussion before: because the new digital technology makes it easier to alter photos, doesn't make it right to do so for photojournalism. Cause you can copy at the touch of a button, doesn't make it right for you to steal intellectual property... These are being sold as ornamental prints, not Ina photo journalistic context. No problem here. Move on. Photojournalism should lay out some nugget of truth surrounded by all the messy, ambiguous clutter of real life. The imperfection gives the picture much of it's inner life. And for what it's worth I like the original image here a lot more than the cleaned up version. I am of the opinion that McCurry is greatly devalued, not only because he was passing these off as real life depictions, but also because, to me, so many of his manipulations, do not really add much to the photographs: making me question his aesthetic judgment. They make the images "cleaner", but not necessarily any better. Having defended McCurry earlier, I feel rather compelled to take it all back. I feel his "explanation" was not believable. We have to assume from now on that all, or most, of his shots are photoshopped greatly and judge them accordingly. His images were strong to start with, so all he has now achieved is embarrassment and loss of stature. Are we still flogging this old horse? The photographer saw the rickshaw with two passengers being pushed by the boy along a rain sodden street - in a fraction of a second. He neither had time to see or wanted to include the other elements which were then removed; precisely because they did not form part of the instant. Reading any more into it is to perpetuate an age-old argument which leads nowhere. Why are we so sure he removed elements? Maybe the original photo was so pictorial he "included" the noise elements to give a more authentic flavour? I remember once I saw a couple kissing and standing in the water in Washington Sq in NYC and the first shot was so clean and perfect it looked like an ad, so I picked one with more "noise". Both were genuine moments. My general feelings on this matter are perhaps already largely covered by Paul Amyes' earlier comments. Photography has always walked a testimony versus expression tightrope, long before computers were invented. It always will. But of course so has the textual part of journalism. Am I surprised to learn that Steve McCurry has permitted his work to be so heavily digitally edited? Frankly, yes. Color and tonality adjustments are certainly normal and, indeed, required to prepare for prints and press. I am more disappointed that he has apparently permitted wholesale post-capture content editing. Does this diminish Steve McCurry's lifelong photographic reportage work in my mind? Hardly at all. The nature of much of the work he's done often requires various forms of manipulation. Would it have made any difference if we learned that MCurry had staged and re-staged that pedicab scene to get the composition he wanted? Do you believe that McCurry's fellow Magnum photographers don't both take and make their frames? C'mon. I said earlier that the first photo looks like India in the monsoon, but the second does not. So there I was assuming that photography aims at some fidelity to what the photographer saw. That idea of fidelity stems, for me, from the world being a bit more surprising, a bit beyond what we expect, and sometimes a bit more delightful and a bit more complex than we could supply ourselves out of our limited imaginations and memories. In this light there is a second reason that I prefer the first photo, namely that it keeps in the other two characters, young men number three and four, whom the rickshaw driver is hauling. This just increases the sense of effort conveyed by the photo, and the general misery of at least the rickshaw driver's fate. And it does something else as well: it shows an interaction with the photographer, which removes the disembodied, god's eye view to which so much photography aspires. The photographer was standing there, and the grin on the face of the guy shows it. Photography struggled to be considered a "real" art form. Now it is, so people are struggling that artists render interpretations of reality in their mind. Cameras do not record reality, only a two-dimensional rendering subject to the artist's concepts and vision and controlled by sensor, lens, color and black and white renderings of the machine and the engineer and the imagination of the artist. How come no one is complaining that other art forms do not render reality? Get over the cultural assumption that photography renders the "truth" of reality. It does not and never has and cannot. One can argue that art is more truthful than reality by removing the meaningless chaos of everyday life to concentrate on an essential truth that is not noticed by the casual observance. Steve McCurry lives at the summit of photography mountain. His work is featured in prestigious galleries, he has a team of specialists that work up his prints, he has an unlimited travel budget and local fixers wherever he sets down, but look at how he chooses to use these resources. Year after year he keeps churning out the same photos. Where's the experimentation, the artistic growth? If life were fair, the photo gods would spread some of McCurry's resources to more interesting photographers. I agree with Teju Cole, McCurry's work is pretty but boring. McCurry shows a certain mastery of color, but his photos look about as spontaneous as an advertisement for house paint. I think McCurry has a great eye and when he's forced to work fast, like his photos of the women in the dust storm, his photos can look magical, however, when I page through my giant Steve McCurry anthology book, I start to see a repeated formula: a carefully chosen unique character wearing a carefully chosen outfit placed in front of a carefully chosen background. McCurry's photos are as staged as Gregory Crewdson's b ut he presents them as journalism. It doesn't surprise me that in his search for perfection, McCurry couldn't resist cloning out some of the messy aspects from his more candid, shot on the fly photos I am disheartened. At a time when misinformed, simplistic personal opinions, stated loud enough, have become equivalent to -- even preferred over -- complex truths, questions over what is and is not photojournalism is the last thing we need. I accept cropping as editorial license, even de minimus cloning to remove minor background detritus which nobody notices or cares about. However, in this McCurry image, one could argue that the "disappeared" person in the middle of the frame is the subject in the image. Of the four, he is the only one looking straight at and engaging the camera, smiling. It is not clear to me whether he was on the rickshaw or was a pedestrian. Either way, he was the only one who engaged the photographer's eye. And the photographer rubbed him out, because unattractive, intrusive. If that is not troubling, what is? Count me as greatly saddened by this trend. I only wanted Uncle Vernon standing by his own car (a Hudson) on a clear day, I got him and the car. Ialso got a bit of Aunt Mary’s laundry and Beau Jack, the dog, peeing on the fence, and a row of potted tuberous begonias on the porch and 78 trees and a million pebbles in the driveway and more. It’s a generous medium, photography. -- Lee Friedlander If you cut out all the clutter, then you get something no bigger than your imagination. You get a sci-fi universe with an omniscient author. If you leave it in, then we can find more later. (Is that an election poster behind, even if Steve didn't know? If it's 2016, these guys have cell phones, maybe someone sees how they're keeping them dry? If not, can we date it by when Calcutta switched to concrete lamp-posts, I'm sure some trainspotter knows this?) Sure, everyone does it now. Sure, it's "ornamental" not news. All morals are relative, who's to say what's right? Bullshit, there are honest ways to work with the grain of the medium, and this isn't one of them. If you carefully examine the famous EDWARD WESTON 8x10 negative of Charis in the doorway, you will find the leg hairs minutely retouched out, one by one! Must have taken forever. It's all just a matter of degree, you see. Actually, truth is not impossible to pin down, in fact, quite the opposite. Truth is based on facts and facts are not open to dispute. The smiling man was there, and McCurry or his minions, removed him. Just as they did with the kid in the pond photograph. The problem I have with this is that the image is presented as reportage, but because the images have been edited to remove "extraneous" subjects, in fact it is not reportage, it's a fake passing itself off as such. The viewer is being intentionally "had", and that is what I personally find objectionable. To often, IMHO, we get into bullshit discussions about "everything is subjective and there is no objective truth and photographs are an abstraction of reality to begin with" blah blah blah, all stuff that should have been hashed out by our sophomore years in college, and which is often presented in the form of, "Since we are allowed to do a little something, we should be able to do anything." Well, no. The fact that journalism isn't perfect doesn't mean a journalist shouldn't try hard to make it that way. Just because you can't be theoretically objective doesn't mean that a journalist shouldn't try to be. If you present a photo as journalism, you shouldn't alter it except in a few ways that don't change the image content -- you can increase the exposure level, you can try to take out some lens effects, and so on. You don't take out carts or cut people in half, or change things to improve aesthetic effects or to make a tendentious political point. That's the realm of art, not journalism. As a guy who spends time painting, I certainly don't have any trouble with the making of art, but I also don't confuse it with journalism. Photography can be used in the same way as painting -- as art, or advertising, or for sales, or whatever. But McCurry's problem is that he is at least implicitly presenting his photographs as a form of journalism, not as art, and that's the reason for the defensive reaction from his business. (If he weren't doing that, we wouldn't be having this discussion.) That one person or another is sophisticated enough to look at McCurry's photographs and say, "This is really art, rather than journalism" doesn't excuse the manipulation, and doesn't mean that less sophisticated people (and probably the huge majority of all people) don't buy the photos as being unmanipulated. Ken Tanaka asked, "Would it have made any difference if we learned that MCurry had staged and re-staged that pedicab scene to get the composition he wanted?" Absolutely it would have -- if he'd done it working for the NY Times or the Washington Post or most other large American newspapers, he would have been fired, and for good reason: you can't do that. Journalism is supposed to be a report on the messiness of the world, not the neatness of art. No. Same problem. McCurry's whole schtick is to tell us this is the "real" India he sees when he goes there. But it is not. He makes it up. Why not hire models to dress up as Rajastani camel drivers and not bother to go to the place at all? In the case of the McCurry, the sin is doing the manipulations ineptly, in a manner that doesn't really improve the end image to any degree. Photoshop makes some things easy; I think this leads to the novice forgetting that doing it well still takes skill. The conventional, traditional view is that photography is assumed to mechanically report 'that which was there, in front of the camera.' All staged photography, most prominently theatrical motion pictures, rely on that assumption. The assumption of 'reality observed' MAKES POSSIBLE the presentation of illusion. What McCurry did started as 'photography', but ended as 'photomontage.' McCurry should have labeled it as 'photomontage.' That he didn't means he can't be trusted as a reporter. If he's now an 'artist', his work...based on these examples...is no more interesting than the postcard shooter hobbyists on internet forums. I much prefer the second image. something really shocked me about the second picture: Is that person running Windows XP still? I always thought photography was the capture of a moment in time and it included all the elements within that fraction of a second. To sit at your computer and decide what gets omitted and added (perhaps from another image) is no longer photography. You are now creating something that did not exist and to label it as a photograph is just plain wrong no matter your opinion if creative manipulation improved the original photograph. Photo manipulation and photography should be two distinct artistic presentations and labeled as such. Journalism is communication to tell a story, a non-fiction story, but a story none the less. Does a writer include every detail, every bit of truth to tell that story. No, they only include what is important to the story as they see it. Then an editor may very well remove more of the information to fit the space available. Why should photojournalists be held to a different standard. All photography is at some level an abstraction - it is not reality. If the omissions, the deletions, the enhancements, or the colorful adjectives for that matter are not intended to deceive or twist the truth for a nefarious purpose does it matter? Turning the man in the red shirt standing at the counter into a headless torso is disturbing. I would like to add, when you start to argue the camera captures what is there, you maybe missing that what the camera sees can be altered. Unless you only use a normal 50mm equivalent lens. A telephoto will compress the shot, can even make two people seem close together. And a fish or wide angle can do wonders to your face, or the scene. Never mind Photoshopping - just change a caption and see what effect that can have Just another manipulated (colour removed) rickshaw photo. I was wandering about very early morning in Hue, I was at a roundabout. I saw this family coming on the other side of the roundabout. As they came to my side I got 3 shots. This is a negative I scanned and for some reason several years ago I decided to make the background black and white. The family is eating breakfast on the run but they aren't going to school, least ways not their school. Their mum is a PHO seller who was heading to her pitch outside the Technical college where she sold breakfast to the students arriving for school that day. I passed them as I wandered down the road. I know almost nothing about Steve McCurry, but what I've seen has always struck me as both untrustworthy and uninteresting because the truths he worked to communicate seemed to be platitudes. This manipulation confirms that response. What makes the original image so beautiful, so wonderful is the laughing man looking out of the image at him, at us. His pleasure brings me joy and makes me smile, it's delightful! I find it shameful that he was removed. As to the other details, they make the image more interesting, less boring, more convincing. I might hope that this episode would cause the photographer to reflect on his practice and go much deeper with his art. That would be of benefit both to him, his audience and ultimately his subject because I struggle to avoid seeing these images as a form of colonialism. Somebody loved your circuar flouro idea! [Ha! Now that's not subtle. Does any politician really deserve one of those? --Mike] So, it's like Where's Waldo in reverse? More like Where Was Waldo. The comments to this entry are closed. 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Mises Daily Home \| Library \| The Nature and Morality of Government The Nature and Morality of Government February 2, 2010 Tags Big GovernmentMedia and CultureThe Police StateWar and Foreign Policy [Excerpted from chapter 2 of Society Without Coercion, 1969] Bandits Roost Government is, by definition, a "social monopoly of force." The greatest instrumentalities of force which have ever been assembled, the police forces and armies of the world, are at the disposal of governments. With these great agencies of force at their disposal, the potential ability of governments to violate the rights of the individual is accordingly great and indeed it is easy to see that they have done so. Whenever one thinks of the worst injustices in history — massive wastes, confiscatory taxes, purposeless wars, great depressions, slavery, concentration camps, and genocide — one inevitably finds that such injustices were either a direct or an indirect result of governmental action. At the same time, governments usually meet valid and basic needs of human society (although almost never in a valid way). Thus, governments also provide water power and roadways, prevent fraudulent business practices, combat air pollution, quell riots, protect patents and copyrights, capture criminals, and defend their citizens against foreign invaders. Yet even in doing so, governments also almost invariably violate the rights of their citizens. What is it, then, that differentiates the proper from the improper actions of governments? What determines what is proper and improper for governments to do are, in essence, the same principles which differentiate the proper from the improper actions of the individual. Despite the lofty pretensions of most governments, the fact remains that they, like any other group of men, are nothing more than a collection of individuals. The "rights of a government," like the rights of any other association of men, can be morally no different than the rights of the men who comprise it. All that which is immoral for men acting individually is equally immoral for men acting in association. There is nothing a government can morally do, which individuals by themselves cannot morally do. The group is ethically no different from the individual. Consider the following situation: During the course of a day, one man approaches a second and demands of him that he surrender a portion of his income, on the grounds that the claimant needs the money more and knows better how to spend it than does the second man. If the second man refuses to surrender his money, then the first man attempts to take it by force. If the second man continues to protest and resist, the first man then shoots him. Now who would call the first man anything other than a thief and murderer? Who could regard the second man as anything but an innocent victim? The first man is clearly immoral and the second is clearly blameless. Now let us suppose that instead of being one man, the would-be thief is a part of a larger gang, which calls itself "the Mafia." Now if the Mafia proceeds to rob the second man as did the lone criminal, would their actions be any the less criminal simply because there were five or ten of them instead of only one? The only rational answer is that their actions would not be any different, that robbery is robbery and murder is murder whether it is being committed by a single thief by himself, or by a thousand acting in concert. Finally, let us say that our original thief is a member of a very large gang, that he in fact claims to be a representative of a group called "the Internal Revenue Service" and that this group is further empowered to seize money and property by an even larger group which is called "the government." Instead of calling himself a criminal, our thief calls himself a "tax collector," and instead of saying that he is taking money and property for himself, he claims that he is collecting it for "the poor." Now how, I ask, is this "tax collector" any different from the lone criminal or a member of the Mafia? Like the criminal, the so-called "tax collector" is taking money or property which does not belong to him, for a purpose which his victim does not choose to voluntarily support (for if the victim voluntarily supported the tax collector's cause, there would be no need for him to forcibly seize his money or property). Like the criminal, the tax collector will seize the man's property if he does not surrender it to him, and like the criminal the tax collector (or his agents) will kill the man if he attempts to protect his own property. It is irrelevant whether a man steals by his own authority or with the sanction of a million others, whether he takes money for himself or for "the poor," or for any other group which did not earn it. Theft consists of taking a man's property against his will, regardless of the beneficiary. "The 'rights of a government,' like the rights of any other association of men, can be morally no different than the rights of the men who comprise it." If the individual has an inalienable right to his own life, liberty, and property, then morally his life and property are his own to do with as he pleases. It is just as immoral for a government to attempt to tax his earnings, regulate his business, or draft his sons as it would be for some isolated individual acting on his own authority to do so. The association of men into a group called "government" does not free them from morality or sanction actions otherwise immoral. It is also irrelevant whether the tax collector's victim has some of his property returned to him in the form of road usage, postal services, police protection, etc., or not. Since it is government, rather than the individual, which is deciding what is to be taken and what is to be given, the individual's control of his own property has still been lost. The return of the tax collector's victim's property in the form of certain governmental services is not trade but theft. In trade, exchange is conducted by the mutual consent of the individuals who wish to participate in it, according to their own terms. In taxation the individual's property is taken from him without his consent and services may be returned to him according to the government's decrees. For this reason, the only thing which one can call taxation, the foundation of modern governments, is theft. Now that it has been made clear that the same moral law applies to governments as applies to individuals, we can begin to enumerate the actions of governments which are clearly immoral. Firstly, any actions committed by governments which force the individual to act are immoral since they are violations of his human right to life and liberty. Thus, in modern times, forcible participation in social security or medical care programs, conscription, forced housing and public accommodations laws, and compulsory attendance at public schools is immoral. Secondly, any interference with actions conducted by the mutual consent of the individuals involved is immoral. Thus laws prohibiting certain forms of sexual intercourse, laws against drugs, and anti-abortion laws are immoral. Thirdly, any interference with free trade is a violation of man's right to property. Thus antitrust laws, censorship, gun registration, and minimum-wage laws are immoral. Finally, the deprivation of the individual of any value, physical or mental, is immoral. Thus taxation, welfare programs, rent controls, the regulation of currency, zoning, subsidies and tariffs are immoral. To put it on a more personal level, whatever else it should do, a government can not morally tell a middle class office worker that he must pay 20 percent of his income to feed unwed mothers and ship computers to the Soviet Union, send his children to a school that will teach them that their father is a member of a corrupt and sinful generation, contribute to socialized medicine, and censor his TV set. The government of a moral society could not tell a poor Negro willing to work for less than $1.60 an hour that he cannot work for that amount, even though his employer cannot afford to pay him more; tax his income to build space ships and to pay farmers not to work; force his children to fight in Vietnam; or destroy his home in the name of "urban renewal." "It is irrelevant whether a man steals by his own authority or with the sanction of a million others, whether he takes money for himself or for 'the poor,' or for any other group which did not earn it." Government also cannot properly tell a corporation president that he must force his employees to join a union, cannot build a new factory without government approval, must pay 52 percent of his profits to subsidize Appalachia and build dams in the Tennessee Valley, cannot merge with GM, and cannot charge less than his competitors. In general, government can not morally coerce, threaten, harass, intimidate, investigate, conscript, regulate, censor, compete with, tax, subsidize, insure, license, inspect, indoctrinate, spy on, or murder its citizens. In other words, whatever else it does, the government of a free society does not itself act as a criminal in the name of its citizens, or try to judge and live their lives for them. What then are the functions left which government might conceivably engage in? The answer is those which deal exclusively with the use of retaliatory force, for government to essentially act as a "policeman of man's rights." This is exactly the limitation of functions which philosopher-novelist Ayn Rand proposes. Miss Rand defines what she considers to be a proper government as "an institution that holds the exclusive power to enforce certain rules of social conduct in a given geographical area," in essence, a social monopoly of retaliatory force. This is what we will call a limited government. It would seem that the limited government advocated by Miss Rand would restrict its functions to primarily those now conducted by the Judicial Division of the US government. Specifically, the primary functions of a limited government (and its associate implementary agencies) would be as follows: • the passage of laws defining and dealing with the use of initiatory and retaliatory force (the legislative branch) • the administration of such laws (the executive branch) • the registration of patents and copyrights (the Bureau of Patents and Copyrights) • the enforcement of contracts (Contract Enforcement Division of the Justice Department) • the prosecution of fraud (Anti-fraud Division of the Justice Department) • the investigation of crimes and the arrest of criminals (police forces) • the prosecution of criminals and the adjudication of the differences between men (court system) • the punishment of criminals (penal system) • the protection of the society from foreign invaders (armed forces) We will now consider the morality of such a limited government. The Morality of Limited Government Although such a limited government as described above would be a tremendous advancement over all of the political forms which man has ever known, there are still a number of questions which arise concerning its morality. First there is the question of how its national boundaries are properly determined and what makes its laws (e.g., its constitution and procedural rules) binding upon a society. Second, there is the question of whether a limited government can require men to patronize its services or participate in its activities. Lastly, there is the question of how a limited government can morally prevent competition with its own functions — i.e., how can it maintain its "social monopoly of retaliatory force?" Historically, national boundaries have been finally decided by force — the power of a ruling elite to maintain dominion over a given territory, against domestic and foreign challenges to their authority, by virtue of force of arms. If there was a dispute over which national group controlled a given piece of land, differences were settled by going to war, victor take all. Similarly, national laws were historically decided by force — the power of the ruling elite over its citizens. The state and its government then emerged, in general, not as the product of rational thought and voluntary agreements, but primarily as a consequence of simple brute force. The United States is only a partial exception to this rule. It is true that America originally offered groups, such as the Puritans or the Germans or the Catholics, if not individual members of such groups, a place where they could live according to their own beliefs. However, throughout its history, in the Indian Wars, in the Mexican-American War, in governmental sanctioning of slavery, and in hundreds of other instances, the boundaries and the laws of the United States have been based upon force. The most that can be said for the United States is that it was, in the 19th century, the freest country of the modern world, and is still, in the 20th century, among the freest. If one recognizes that the rights of the individual, including his property rights, are inalienable, then the only way in which social boundaries could be properly formed is by individual property owners voluntarily coming together to form a community whose boundaries are defined by their holdings. If within the perimeter formed by such holdings there existed an individual who did not wish to be a party to the community or consider himself a member of its "state," then he morally would be free to do so; and the external community would not have a right to force him to pledge allegiance to their national territory, flag, or goals. In a free society, each individual is in fact an autonomous state in himself, free to associate or not with a larger group. In a free society, cooperation between men, and hence the geographical boundaries of social groups, is a product of voluntary association. Applying the social principle of voluntarism to an existent nation-state such as the United States, we find that its present political boundaries are essentially the arbitrary product of the coercive organization of the state, rather than the product of a voluntary association of men. Consequently, there is no reason to consider present US boundaries as either necessary, or as necessarily proper and just. In addition to having a right to associate himself with a larger group, in a free society any individual would also have the right to dissociate himself from a formal society at any time (so long as he did not in the process violate a prior agreement). At no time can it be assumed that simply because a present political boundary exists, men are morally obligated to respect it. It may be impractical and irrational not to respect existent political boundaries; but there is nothing sacred about them, especially not today when virtually all societies are coercive. Similarly, there is nothing sacrosanct about the laws of today's societies. As we have already seen, most of the activities of the government of the United States are clearly immoral and in violation of the rights of the individual. Since the individual always has the right to retaliate against those who initiate force against him, there is no obligation on the part of the individual to obey most existent laws. Indeed, since the draft, censorship and a host of other laws threaten the very physical and intellectual existence of the individual, draft evasion, underground presses, and a host of other illegal acts are thoroughly moral and proper.[1] There is simply no obligation on the part of the individual to obey laws simply because the laws exist. If the individual's rights are violated by laws, he is morally justified in regarding the unjust laws as a criminal invasion of his privacy and in retaliating accordingly. There is, however, one type of law which is morally binding on all men — objective law. An objective law is one which is based on the objective facts of reality and on principles derived from those facts. In general, objective social laws are those which prohibit the initiation of force and protect the rights of men. Laws against theft, rape, embezzlement, arson, larceny, assault, fraud, and murder are examples of objective social laws. The individual is bound to obey objective social laws in the same way in which he is bound to obey objective physical laws. Both are statements of facts of reality whose attempted evasion will be to the detriment of the individual. Just as an individual risks physical destruction when he tries to evade the law of gravity by attempting to fly by jumping off a cliff and flapping his arms, so an individual risks psychological destruction by attempting to build a fortune on stolen money. Both the would-be flier and the would-be "robber baron" are attempting to defy objective conditions of their environment. This can only result in the attainment of the opposite of what they seek. Thus, the would-be flyer falls to the ground rather than rises in the air, and the would-be entrepreneur finds that his property mocks him rather than gives him happiness. If the "constitution" of a society consists of a statement of objective law which prohibits the initiation of force, then it is objectively valid and morally binding on men — all men, in fact, and not just the men of the particular society for which it was written. However, if the constitution of any society attempts to do more — for example, to prescribe political forms for the society, such as elections, and a division of powers, then that constitution is not binding upon men in those aspects. The reason that a constitution is not binding upon men in those respects should be obvious. How for example, can some group of men, declaring themselves to be the "representatives of the people" require that men vote every four years, or indeed at all? What principle of objective justice requires men to pledge their allegiance to the national political structure simply because they were born in a land where the structure exists? This leads us to the second question about the morality of a limited government: to what extent, if any, can such a government require men to participate in its activities? Remember first, that a free society is a voluntary association of men, according to their own terms, for their own ends. Thus a free society cannot compel men to vote in its elections, register their inventions with its bureau of patents and copyrights, or make them patronize its courts (unless they have committed a crime). A free society can only prohibit initiatory force. In essence, a free society is one in which participation is also free. If an individual wishes to live in the territory of a given society, without participating in its institutions and programs, that is his right. So long as he respects the rights of others, he is totally free to do as he pleases. So long as he violates none of his past agreements, his future choices are his to make. Finally, we come to the crucial question of how a limited government can morally prevent competition with its own functions — i.e., how can it maintain its "social monopoly of retaliatory force?" Let us first consider this issue in terms of a specific case. What happens if, for example, a group of men living within a "limited government" United States of the future decide that the state's police force is inefficient and that they could do a better job themselves. They then proceed to create their own "agency of retaliatory force" by hiring detectives and guards, and advertizing their services on TV and in the newspapers. Let us assume that they proceed unhampered by government for awhile and build up a sizable business through their competency. After a few months this private police force is serving thousands of citizens and is so competent at their task that they make fewer false arrests, catch more criminals, prevent more crimes, and charge less proportionately for their services than does the state police force. Eventually, the state of course notices this "private defense company." What are they to do now? The state has two basic alternatives: it can either leave the new free market defense company alone to prosper or fail, as dictated by its future actions, or it can decree that the defense company has usurped a rightful function of the state and order it to cease operations under penalty of fine, imprisonment, or death of its managers and employees. Now if the state does the former, if the state adopts an attitude of laissez-faire toward the defense company, then the state's monopoly of force will have been broken, and it will no longer be a government at all in the sense of a "social monopoly of retaliatory force." However, if the state does the latter, if it attempts to intimidate or to physically destroy the new defense company, it has then initiated force against innocent victims (persons who have not initiated force themselves). "Competing agencies of retaliatory force are practical because they are moral; they are not 'immoral' because they are 'impractical'." It does no good to assert that the state's action is moral since somewhere along the line the private defense company might have violated someone's rights through an error on the part of one of its policemen. The state also makes such mistakes, yet the proponents of limited government do not advocate its dissolution for this reason. If policemen of a free market defense company err, they should be punished for their error, as should the policemen of a state police force. But unless that error is a matter of company policy, then the managers and the corporation itself cannot be morally prevented from doing future business by the state. In general, if a free market agency of retaliatory force obeys objective social laws, acts as a policeman of man's rights, and gets its customers through their voluntary consent, it has just as much right to exist as do the agencies of retaliatory force of the nominal state. In short, the state has no moral right to prevent competitive agencies of retaliatory force from existing. In a free society, men are at liberty to form those agencies of retaliatory force which they wish to form in order to protect their rights. The form, number, and relationship between such agencies in any given geographical area can be variable. There may be one or many such agencies in any given area, and they may be functionally distinct or operationally integrated. What their form and number will be is for the free market to decide, which means it is for the voluntary judgment of each individual who participates in the market to decide. If the state intervenes, if it tells men that they cannot form such agencies under penalty of fine, imprisonment, or death, then the state is violating the rights of men to associate freely, and has in fact assumed the status of a coercive monopoly. In a truly free society there would then be nothing to prevent the formation of competing agencies of retaliatory force, nor would there be anything to fear from them so long as they operated on the basis of objective law. It is true that it is possible for such competing agencies of retaliatory force to violate the rights of the individual or to fight among themselves (as Miss Rand points out). However, it is not true that such possibilities are probable, or that the existence of such possibilities implies that competing agencies of retaliatory force are inherently immoral. The moral determines the practical, not vice-versa. The concept of "practicality" only has meaning in relationship to specific ends. Since morality is "a code of values to guide man's choices and actions — the choices and actions which determine the purpose and the course of his life," it is morality which enables man to select his ends; and because ends determine means, the moral determines the practical. Q.E.D. Competing agencies of retaliatory force are practical because they are moral; they are not "immoral" because they are "impractical." Moreover, it is also possible for government to violate the rights of the individual, and in fact every government in history has done so on an incredibly vast scale. The gas chambers of Nazi Germany, and the rolls of Vietnamese dead of welfare-statist America are a mute and tragic testimony to the human destruction wrought by governments. There is no such evidence that competing defense agencies would wreak similar carnage. Governments also fight among themselves, as R.A. Childs points out, but when they do, what occurs is not termed a battle, but a war; and the victims are numbered in the millions rather than the hundreds. $10 $8 There is nothing innately necessary or moral about a limited government. What defines the morality and practicality of any organization of retaliatory force in a free society is not whether its agencies are one or many, but whether they are just and objective. A "social monopoly of retaliatory force" whose existence depends upon the initiation of force is worse than a contradiction in terms — it is an epistemological absurdity. Since a "limited government" cannot, by definition be limited to dealing solely in retaliatory force, we necessarily conclude that limited government is inherently immoral and must be rejected by any advocate of human freedom and justice in favor of competing agencies of retaliatory force. [1] Whether they are to the individual's rational self-interest is another question, the answer to which depends upon many specific situational factors, such as the probability that the individual will be penalized for engaging in them or that his later success will be jeopardized by such acts. 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Wählen Sie Ihr Land Die digitale Finanzorganisation. Wo solltest du anfangen? Wie fängst du an? In diesem interaktiven Webinar diskutieren Robert Kugel, SVP & Research Director bei Ventana Research und Marco van der Kooij, Managing Director und Modern Finance Transformation Solution Architect bei ForSight Consulting: Warum die Verwendung der richtigen Technologie für eine erfolgreiche Finanztransformation unerlässlich ist. Wie eine Plattform zur Vereinheitlichung von Daten und Prozessen dazu beitragen kann, dass FP & A mehr Zeit für die Analyse und weniger Zeit für die Datenaufbereitung und Fehlerprüfung aufwenden kann. Warum ein schneller, sauberer (fehlerfreier) Abschluss ein nützlicher Maßstab für die Leistung der Finanzabteilung ist. Play Video Hi everyone and welcome to the webinar. Today's webinar is the digital finance organization brought to you by Ventana, CCH Tagetik and ForSight. I'm Leslie Cant, director of product marketing for CCH Tagetik and I'll be the MC of the webinar. So what we're going to go through today? We're going to go through a brief overview of CCH Tagetik, then we're going to get some insights from our top leaders from both Ventana Research and ForSight Consulting, what the digital finance organization is, how we can go above modern finance transformation and then as well top question by you that we've seen through the finance from both how we do and also in CCH Tagetik for embracing and engaging the finance transformation. How do you start? And also where should you start? I hope you'll find these tips possible for you. So first of all we have Robert Kugel from Ventana Research, he is the SVP and research director focusing on CFO and business research practices, specifically the application of IT to finance and business process optimization and on continuous planning and continuous accounting, control systems and analytics and price and revenue management 9a and he has many years of career experience at other firms as well. Next we have Marco Van Der Kooij who is managing director and also a modern finance transformation solution architect with ForSight Consulting. Marco has over 25 years of experience in the enterprise performance management field with previous experience with CCH Tagetik and other consulting firms across the broad spectrum of implementation, sales, consulting, research and everything. And who are we? Wolters Kluwer has been around for over 180 years. We have publishing, healthcare and tax & accounting as well as software. We have over 19.000 employees worldwide. We have 90% of the world's top banks and 93% of the Fortune 500 companies as well rely on Wolters Kluwer either consulting or products. CCH Tagetik specifically, we have over 20 years of experience, we have over 1000 customers worldwide which have over 2.500 applications. As our software is addressed to industries that we have across all industries here so including banking, insurance, manufacturing services etc. As CCH Tagetik what we provide is a unified solution, what we mean by that? It's that we have a platform for which we have consolidation, budgeting, planning, reporting, disclosure & regulatory all in one. As well what we're doing there allows you to streamline your processes, reduce your cycle time and also align finance, operations and business across the organization. As well on the planning side there we offer strategic financial and operational and everything. As well we have analytics too so that you're able to combine more granular data into your solutions with your consolidation, planning and forecasting so that you have a better view of your organization overall and which it makes better insights and better decisions. Just to go in, here there are our top customers or customers' communities across all of their industries here. So we can see clients here including Aegon, Daimler, Danone, Randstad and many more. After that I will pass the word to Robert to introduce the digital finance organization. Thanks Leslie, the idea of transforming the financial accounting department is decadal. Finance transformation, more recently digital transformation, refers to a long-standing objective to shift the focus of the finance department from transaction processing and an emphasis of what just happened to a more forward-looking analytical organization that serves as an advisor to the rest of them. Research that we've done confirms that 89% of industries says that it's important, very important for their finance department to assume a much more strategic role in the management of the company. Yet for all the talk of all these years about getting finance to digital transformation achieving this goal remains elusive. Some companies have made progress but the majority of finance professionals still spend too much time and efforts on the mechanics of day-to-day operations. And I think technology is being an important missing ingredient behind this. The technology wand isn't going to magically transform the department that phrase is necessary but insufficient applies here. 37a Technology has brought us a long way. And it put vision in the perspective that when it comes keeping books by hand, recording information and those works in journals and ledgers, just keeping the books occupies most of the department time. The rest of the time is devoted to generating reports about what just happened and creating financial statements. You now, really dealing with the basics. And all using mechanical adding machines and paper spreadsheets, it wasn't that long ago. Accessing data was difficult because everything was in paper documents and a lot of times in metal file cabinets. You could talk about your strategy but companies were mostly guided by a project that was mostly a typed strategy and often there was a reaction to what just happened. 41a The limits of what the department could do were defined by the available technology. Unfortunately in many aspects that are still true today but technology also is about to change everything. Over the next 10 years I-tech technology is going to have more a profound impact on what financial accounting departments do and it has over the past fifty. 44a Now to be sure it's not going to happen overnight but it will all happen. So unless you're expecting retire in the next 10 years I think you need to be sure that you're ahead of the curve, you need to start the process of change, you need to be part of that. Now if you've been around for just a little while you've heard of a lot of claims about technology from vendors, consultants, analysts, others that you really have the knowledge all transformed. This time it's about digital transormation. Now I'm skeptic and as a skeptic it pains me to say this but I think this time is going to be different. We're on the cusp of the third nature digital evolution of accounting made possible by a set of diverse technologies. The first stage occured with the beginning of the information age in the 50s and 60s. 50a People's intensive funcions such as billing and transaction processing were, you know, steadly ordinated by the features they used. We got a lot of basic efficiency by automating book keeping. The second wave occured with the adoption of client-servers and ERP systems in the business intelligence tools in the nearly 1990s. The systems were one more integrated and could manage finance and accounting processes. Beyond an analysis, important increasingly easier and more powerful and over the 1990s departments became substantially more efficient and, you know, the evidence there was that there was a 42% decline of the number of finance and accounting department's employees for million dollars revenue over that decade. Next stage of the evolution of finance and accounting departments it's going to transform the nature of working on accounts and people involved in there. New technologies give finance executives greater flexibility in managing their departments processes. 56a The familiar monthly and quarterly cadences of the accounting cycle are just s tradition, they really stem from the limitations of paper-based book-keeping. The timing of task balanced the cost of taking book-keepers offline to summarize what to type increasing journals and ledgers against the need for financial control. So it was a lot of time in order to do all of that, you know, kicking in time but you had to do that once a month, once a quarter to be able to remain in control and make sure that everything was working properly. Surprisingly until recently computers changed very little of that because ERP systems, designed for mid-sized and larger companies, they had to operate in batch mode. This is an important limitation because it can't be taken offline to summarize reconciled data overnight or at month end and windows to avoid interrupting operations. Today we have in-memory systems, we have in-memory data processing and advanced database technologies that eliminates this need for batch processing. So what once took days or hours now it accomplished really in seconds. Operating continuously it's possible to balance workloads. In the department over a months or a quarter you don't have to do things, you know, and bunching everything up at once. You can be doing it day-to-day or week-to-week. Over the coming decade much of the tedium now associated with the accounting we'll be eliminated by technology. The core values of the finance and accounting deparments won't change, but the attitudes and skills of people in the department will. 66a The next stage in the advance of the application of Information Technology to finance and accounting is something they are calling "robotic finance". Robotic finance is not about putting robots in charge of the department, it's not taking the tedious robotic work out of finance. The objective in transforming the department is to significantly shift the work done by the finance and accounting department from transactions processing 69a to more analytical support of the business. So back saying, in the 1930s corporations had a lot of book-keeper that tracked what had just happened: transactions to journals and ledgers, creating invoices and bills, keep track of payments, all that stuff. Consolidating books at the end of the month was a huge chore because work with reconciling accounts in different paper ledgers and journals and transposing entries on multiple ledgers, all that stuff, required a lot of people. It needed the bulk of book-keepers just at the end of the month. About the 1960s at least in the largest companies. 73a The first computers were being used to generate bills and do some accounting functions and this sent out the number of people working in the department. It was a great ability to do analysis, putting an emphasis on management and accounting. And even so the bulk of the work done was transactional. On the other hand, you know it, wasn't unusual spend most of the month closing your books, putting together hand reports, closing your books and doing all of that work. And that was even in a period where, you know, your annual reports were just, I don't know, ten or twenty pages and you only have two pages of what counts, even then you know that was a lot of work to get those. By the turn of the century a lot have changed. Fragmented financial management and accounting systems built on proprietary software awaited ERP software that could manage processes within and across departments. 80a There were consolidation systems that reduced the amount of efforts needed to close books. The AI systems placing intelligent systems brought together a lot more data than before and were affordable analytical tools for planning and budgeting for management accounting, for all sorts of processes. And in that period departments were downsized So there was a shift in the balance between analytical and transaction work but transactions still account for majority of the work being done by the department. Now over these next 10 years I think that's going to change because of technology finally it's going to deliver on its potential to shift the balance work to a more forward-looking analytical process. Artificial intelligence using machine learning is rated things like basic accounting because just like with chess there is a lot of ambiguity in basic accounting situations like say a self-driving car worked with vehicle drive licence. These are examples. There are a few implementations of what to do next, so even within the constraints of having to apply guided learning to teach systems to do useful things technology is pretty close to being capable of removing a substantial amount of the department work that occupies the department. Already for example we're getting up to 90% accuracy in invoice matching at the first task. I'm skeptic and as a skeptic I have to say that even if the technology is available it doesn't mean that departments are going to embrace it. Even if your organization isn't keeping it, you know your accounting records and paper binders really how up-to-date is it. What is the attitude to technology? How ready and willing is it for change? Because technology is going to drive a change. If you want to have a future in finance and accounting you need to ingress technology. Finance transformation and the goal of making the finance and accounting department more of a part of the rest of the company, you know, that's have people nodding their heads "Yeah, yeah, yeah yeah exactly, right" for a long time and everybody supports that. But there's just one snag: our research still finds the same problems that have been plaguing the department for decades reinforce that stereotype, you know, the backward-looking accounting not ahead of the curve. 96a We assess your overall performance formalizations. Our research has found that about half of the finance departments operated the lowest tactical level of performance and just 10% 97a have the highest innovative level. Similar in terms of introduction to technology which is part of that. So where are all the good intensions out there? And people saying it should be great, departments continue to do the same old things in the same old way. Their performance is hurt by an interrelated set of people processing information technology issues. There's a part of major cultural issue too that seems to be getting in the way because accounting is about doing the same thing over and over again exactly in the same way. 99a So what are the challenges that a finance executive faces? Getting the organization to increase, a cultural continuous improvement, because all this consistency is crucial. Overtime changes are absolutely necessary to address all these challenges. It's not so much the business challenges change because companies always need to attract and satisfy customers. It's the tools that businesses use that change and those tools gives a competitive advantage to organization that can use those tools first. It's easy to see that in manufacturing and in hardware. I think it also applies to finance departments. "We've always done in this way" are the six most expensive words in running the department and I think this is going to be absolutely apparent over the coming decade when technology upends how the department can operate and how the really competitive companies operate the finance transformation. Again, even though I'm a skeptic this time it's different because the technology won't just bring incremental improvements, way it's really been for decades, it's transformational technology that will change how you and your department work. So getting to the title of this webinar: where do you start your path on the finance transformation? Well, let me talk about three areas for I think most of financial departments are going to find out how to improve in their performance. One is the accounting close, second is improving the business value and the third is pumping your gain in analytics. So let's start with the close, you know, it's just like the theme of finance transformation, there have been a lot of talk in the past 25 or 30 years that shortening the close process will complete it sooner. But despite that only 40% of companies that we observed complete their quarter within 6 business days. The best clean close is widely acceptable. Why? Well, because one thing companies that close sooner have is financial and management information sooner. Our research shows that 75% of companies that complete their close within two business days say that the information produced by financial organization is always timely. By contrast only 20% of those, working come to take 7 or more business days to get the information. I should mention that it isn't just the fast close, it's a fast clean close. So, if your company closes in a week, you know in week 1, and you're still making material corrections of journal entries into weeks 2 and 3 that's not a clean close. That 43% of companies that are closing sooner because they automated more and use fewer spreadsheets are all a fewer selection. and then the 60% takes more than a week. When we ask people why they want to close sooner, the most frequent answer is to have more time to analyze results, implement any changes they need based on those results, make them sooner and get financial and management accounting data to executive managers sooner so that people always have timely information. I think there's another really bigger reason to focus on accelerating your close, because you know usually it's not just one thing that prevents companies from closing within one week, I just got anything that's a business issue. The closes are some sort of an interplay of people processing information and technology practices. And you usually can't focus on just one of those factors, and get kind of results you should compared to using a holistic process. So back to the close process it doesn't exist in a vacuum whatever it is that's prolonging the close whatever it is behind those delays, inconsistent execution, unreliable data, too many spreadsheets all of things probably emblematic, other problems in your department, and it's probably affecting every other process Finance and Accounting department is doing, probably actually applies the entire company the time to close is an useful performance indicator and I mean a fast clean close. Whatever you do to accelerate the close and to get it done cleanly is probably going to happen multiple of times. Of course technology and software specifically won't magically solve all the issues behind a too long close but trying to shorten the close without using the right technology is either difficult or impossible and given all the evidence you've probably seen over the years why not to do it in the right way? Our research confirms that automation accelerates the companies close. 131a A number shows that corporations that use a high degree of automation in their closes are more likely to close within 6 business days, than those in which doesn't use automation only in some parts of the process or little or no automation. 71% applies a high degree of automation and closes within 6 days, almost double the 41% that uses some automation and almost three times, the 21% that uses little or no automation. Yet only 11% by our numbers use a high degree of automation in their close so it's still a small percentage. So what is the reason why focusing on the closes as I said it's a useful metric or just about a lot of other things that are going on in the department. All companies close their books. Our research consistently finds that companies with exactly the same characteristics close books in very different rates. Company A for example closes books in 3 days while Company B, exact same industry, selling identical and very similar products, about the same number of employees, they take 11 days to close. Well that's three days vs eleven days, why? Technology isn't the only answer but it's critical to any companies efforts to accelerate the close process and technology is going to be increasingly the source of innovation and disruption in the finance organization in the coming decade. it's a jump from going to adding machines or from post binder paper to where we are today, in probably less than 10 years. So we are going to the second topic which is planning. We've been using a lot of different terms for this but continuous planning is the term that will be using to describe high participation, collaborative action-oriented types of planning built on frequent short planning sprints. The reason to do this it's that improves accuracy because refinements to the planner can maybe shorten the analysis. 145a Short planning cycles also make companies more agile in responding to market and competitive exchanges. It also means continuous across the entire organization having an ongoing collaborative dialogue that brings together finance, business managers and executives. And because it is a high-participation planning and not silo based all of this comprehend greater accountability coordination in operations. Continuous planning promotes a forward-looking action-oriented mindset in planning and reviewing that is focused on performance improvement. And continuous planning is integrated across the company. It's not just finance. Companies do a lot of planning, they plan sales, products and services they're going to offer, that they're going to charge, they plan the headcount they need to run the business to organize distribution in their supply chain. They also produce the budget which is a financial planning. The process of planning involves discussions about objectives and the resources and tactics that people need to use to achieve them. Planning, when it's done right, is the best way to get everyone onto the same page and ensure that the company's well organized and how it executes the planning. By the way that's along with its strategy that means coordinating planning. Setting in adjust the company's course requires coordination. Information Technology has the potential to make business planning much more useful for the entire business enabling it to improve company's performance and increase its competitiveness. And there's another technology-related aspect in continuous planning. Financial planning and analysis group spends too much time on repetitive mechanical tasks that have little value. Our research found that 68% spend the biggest portion of their time doing data preparation, only 28% spend the bulk of their time doing what they're most qualified to do and payed to do, and that is analyzed. Continuous planning is an approach that uses Information Technology to significantly reduce the need for data preparation so that business analysts in all parts of the business can do the more valuable analytical work. And just like accelerating the close, we were talking about changing budgeting and planning, a majority of companies still do it the old-fashioned way. There's a lot of manual effort going into collecting data, pulling it together, massaging it and analyzing it and doing multiple iterations of plan or budget and then when it comes to compare actual results of plan handling the data from multiple systems and trying to identify what happened and why: all of this is very time-consuming and not a lot of that work is as productive as possible. Doing things by hand the artisanal way may be great for bread or business suits but not for budgets and plans. So ideally your company should be doing all of its planning and budgeting on a single platform, one that allows each planning unit exactly the way it's doing its planning today but also enables other parts of the company to see the latest published plans and create life links between those publishing when it is necessary. So there's one individual or business units plans updated made available to the rest of the company, those numbers are going to instantly be available to update individual plans and update the company business. So the forecast of sales and revenues doesn't take hours or even minutes.The impact of a change in benefit-cost can be seen instantly because the HR, departments, plans are linked to everybody else's headcount. Now a big benefit of automating those lens is that the company can quickly run multiple simulations of what to do next in a very short period of time which makes planning more agile and forward-looking. This calls back to the close. The actuals are available sooner and you can run through an analysis sooner and examine the impact of a range of changes to respond to things that didn't go to plan sooner. Your company is going to be probably able to improve its performance. The main thing stopping you from doing this today is that you're not using the right technology, technology that's affordable, practical and available today. So our research has shown that there's a strong correlation between how all companies' planning processes work and the degree to which plans are integrated. Our research found that two-thirds of companies that have planning information directly linked, also have a planning process that works well or very well. Only 40% of those left copy and paste data from one system to another. Just 25% of those have no linkage at all. There's a lot of business value to continuous planning, everybody planning and budgeting on the same platform, everybody having the same date available sooner for analysis and for reviewing analytics. Analytics are a third way to start transforming your finance organization. There are a couple of dimensions to advancing your views of analytics. One is to do more and by that I mean using a much wider set of data without resorting to higher mathematics of a good financial analyst is compulsively dividing B into A see if there's something useful in the operation. Our research confirms that the majority of corporations performes a wide range of financial and performance analysis but many fewer of them routinely perform analysis, you know, that are related to things like customer and product profitability to do analysis of benchmarking your performance compared to other companies to all forces, their forces just doing the same forces as us, and doing predictive and prescriptive kind of analysis. And then they often spend so much time on the task of assembling accurate and consistent data that there's little time left for analysis. To eliminate this unproductive use of time the process must be automated. Where did you use data cuts down on time-consuming manual processes, achieve the benefit of data preparation tools it is being able to do that and mostly people who participate in our data preparation research, you know point of that is important benefit. And more than two-thirds of our companies in our next generation finance analytics on research still spend the most of time, as I said, on data preparation tasks, with only a little bit more than a quarter, 28%, they spend the most of the time on anlytics-related work. Organizations are to spend more time on analysis that has got to be easily available and ready to use. To eliminate the distraction that conflicting data causes the data needs to be from a single authoritative Source platform that's used by everyone. I can talk about predictive and prescriptive analytics and all the snazzy ways it is used in artificial intelligence and in analytics but I think you know if we're trying about where to start most companies just need to get the basics. Our research into the preparation of financial analytics has found that almost no organization is fully satisfied with the analytical processes that are used there by the finance department. Back, a majority of participants in our Office of Finance department research, 58%, said their analytical processes need significant or major improvements and another 34% said some adjustments are necessary. But fortunately organizations can take that to improve the efficiency of their analytical processes and increase the efficiency so that the business analysts in their role can spend most of their time on submit analysis. The advantage of self-service dataprep is that deals with existing issues of data accuracy and timeliness because they are no longer a trade-off. Our research has found that a large majority of companies agree that analysis produced by the finance department is accurate. But a majority also said that on balance the information isn't timely so the reason is you spending so much time fooling around with spreadsheets that by the time the information gets to people in the show that it's accurate it isn't timely anymore. Also by combining operational and financial data companies can improve their situational awareness across the organization because it's a combination of operational and financial issues. It is enhanced by connecting operational data with financial results so that FP&A; groups can more accurately measure the relationship between business decisions and financial outcomes. Analysis have to be based on both sets of data because it gives managers and executives much of broader set of information understand both their current conditions and the actions that they can take that will have an impact on their goals and objectives and using this data to provide a range of operations and financial key performance indicators it helps focus managers on the most important factors that affects everyone. And in this respect combining multiple sets of data and produce more insightful analysis with greater business values. The numbers are just accounting numbers, they are business numbers too. And to have that you have to have a single data platform, a single authoritative source platform. Here there are a couple of interesting data points from our Office of Finance research that support the idea that automation is the engine that drives transformation. Research shows that 70% of the participating finance organizations that have automated a significantly portion of their routine processes 213a also play an active role in the management of the company, one of the objectives of finance transformation. That's compared to less than a half haven't automated it, less than half of those people that play a role. And so similarly more than two-thirds of companies that have automated processes actively promote process and analytical excellence. Compared to less that a third that haven't. Again that's, you know, how you have you transformed in your organization with processing and analytical excellence. The research suggests that time-consuming task with limited business value the time organizations can devote to make necessary changes to enhance the strategic value of the performace of the department. Enhance department transformation requires top to bottom change management, a commitment to becoming more strategic from the top of the organization. And then crucially I think freeing up staff time by eliminating unnecessary work or work that can be easily automated it's promote a necessary change from the bottom up. Transforming the department starts with using fewer spreadsheets you shouldn't be using spreadsheets as much it probably you know that. Spreadsheets are absolutely necessary in the finance function, it is a stuntly growth as a personal productivity tool, they are absolutely the right choice for product analysis. but they have inherent technological defects that make them the wrong choice for any collaborative, repetitive process in the deparment. There are two dimensional grids that make it hard to manipulate data for analysis and reporting in multiple dimensions like customers, territories, products, time, all of that. I've been using electronic spreadsheets for nearly 40 years now. So I say it from experience that a lot of the skills you've acquired as a spreadsheet jockey aren't true, are just ways of adapting to really a awful technology, not a true productivity tool. So what tool eliminates unnecessary spreadsheets in the close, eliminates them in planning, eliminates them as much as possible in the repetitive analytics that you do? If you want to achieve finance transformation, spreadsheets aren't the answer. And with that I'll hand it back to you Leslie. Thank you very much Robert and now, well, I go on to Marco Van Der Kooij. Thank you very much Leslie, I've been working in this area for more than 25 years I've seen a lot of the things that Robert was just addressing and especially what I've seen apparently also lately is that responsibilities of the CFO office continue to expand and not only, of course, they need to close the books faster as what we were saying and make sure that they meet the regulations and especially on that side there were quite some changes lately especially for the financial services, insurance companies and Solvency II, banks concerning FinRep Corep, especially in Europe there was a lot about that but also in lease accounting a lot of changes in regulations took place and that took a lot of efforts and the responsibilities to be done by the CFO office. On the other hand what we are seeing and speaking about that also for more than 20 years in this area is that the CFO office is expected to be much more of a business partner and also to provide much more forward-looking information. The big difference however, compared to over 20 years ago, is that technology is really now in the position that it can really help companies and especially the CFO office to perform so much better in that area. Not only we see that in the analytics and also with budgeting and planning and forecasting but more specifically we see that in the sustainable value creation because actually that's where all about for company is to make sure that they create value in a sustainable way over time and in order to do so you need to know much more about your operations. And I will come back to that later on that as well. But overall what you can see over here is that on the one hand side a company needs to make sure that they close the book faster and be compliant at the same time but also they need to make sure that they can support their business in a much better way with both insights, actionable insights that's what I was saying it as well. but also make sure with forward-keeping information so they can really take decisions about what's coming from all that data. So what I still see in the market today is that companies have a lot of disparate systems which means that it's still very process-centric oriented in the finance office which means that there are separate application for consolidation, badgeting and planning. it's mainly about structure day. Because you know what you need to capture for both configuration that for your birthday and the disclosure internal data while there's no need for getting external data into a so it's also only focused on the important data only because also managing all kind of different systems we need to make sure that everything reconciles because there are multiple copies of the data That is where a lot of effort is going to make sure that the reconciliations are there and management meetings is not about the figures and how figures are compiled together, it's about taking actions. In order to do so as what's the big change I see lately is that companies need to implement the so called "data hub" and that supports multiple processes into the organization. So how you see on the right hand side also in the disclosure, profitability, again, what was really needed is a data information-centric foundation where both financial and operational data can be combined together and I put it in this way over here because then from the same source you can support all the process within the CFO office but at the same time also combine operational information into that because one of the great things about the finance organization is that they are really used to work in a very structured way with validated data so the data quality is quite good. And also what I see lately is that text is getting so much more importance not only for compliance research because from your commercial balance when you are doing the consolidation you can't arrive of course the fiscal balance but also that information is needed later on if you want to do, for instance, personal profitability to the economic profit level. So that's why it is also important to capture that data and based on that same foundation you can do all kind of analytics which I will discuss later on a as well. As it is really important to bring both financial and operational data together and also internal and external data of all types bring them together in one platform because if you want to be a business partner, if you want to be compliant at the same time and provide forward to the information then the technology is really there to accommodate that. So CCH Tagetik is providing a financial information platform which is really really unique in its form and not only it's providing and supporting all the different processes in the CFO office for the financial close, budgeting & planning, profitability, analysis, all kind of regulation like the legal, lease accounting, reporting and so on but it provides that in a unified platform where you can combine both financial and operational data at a very high quality so which means that there is confidence in all the data that is collected into the data hub and can be shared across the organization for all kind of business purposes. Moreover what's important is that the technology is agnostic, so it's not only based on a single server like Oracle, but also CCH Tagetik is the first one to provide this kind of solution on SAP Hana platform and SAP Hana provides, for instance, in memory technology but also all kind of predictive and prescriptive functions which you can use when you bring together all that financial and operational data and how it was in the past that you could only do that on parts of the software, how you can see I can check if a certain hypotesis it's true yes or no, nowadays with the new technology you can do all kind of analytics on the entire dataset server which is really important if you want to do, for instance, customer profitability and life-time value management of customers and you want to do the segmentation to know which customers are most valuable to my company and I will explain later as well about this so how can you do that because that's a question I get quite a lot, it's okay, it's nice that there is technology it's nice that also for more than 20 years we're speaking about the CFO office being a business partner on the other hand we are dealing with much more compliance all the time so how can we really achieve that? And for that it's really important to put a dot on the horizon about what is the vision as a finance organization, where do you want to go to, that's really important. But you can only establish that once you know what are the company's value drivers and so what makes the company working for a really great dataset, what do they do need for providing this value to the company and based on that the strategy is derived. There are all different kind of stakeholders, so the CFO office really needs to see and think about how they can contribute to the company strategy and make sure that they addressed all the stakeholder's information needs. So once you have that vision and also what I said earlier is that the finance organization is in a unique position with the way of working within the organization, being everywhere as a finance organization but also be able to work in process that really have good quality data, validated data etc. That is a big benefit to the entire organization if you also start to speak about operational data which also needs to be of good quality if you take important business decisions. Also if you start with the finance transformation you need to make sure that you have the dream team of the people and who can really help you inside this process, and it's not only about this kind of person, it's also really important in nowadays market that you keep your people but also that you're able to attract finance top data and you can do this by providing them great tools. Another aspect in the finance transformation roadmap is to simplify processes and if you want to close faster you really need to simplify because is not technology it's also the process that need to be improved, as saying for the planning process, The methodologies, like I said, speak about fiscal profitability or life-time value of the customer, you really need to make sure that you apply methodologies like activity-based costing or value-based management and because if you want to go to the economic profit of the customers they need to make sure that you can allocate all the relative costs to it and make sure that you are taking the right decision based on that. An another aspect I've seen quite a lot is that companies are still struggling to align strategy with the operations, that's always also important for instance to implement a strategy map or making sure that a strategy map is better aligned with the key initiatives of the company, with the key performance indicators based on value drivers. Then one thing I think it's really important for modern finance organization and that's also what Robert spoke about, it's that everything is getting more digital. So there is a lot of data available compared to marketing and sales and my experience it's also for creating data warehouses of out web analytics etc. So there we are speaking about really a lot of data but still compared to that, I'm out of data and I'll go into finance, it's of course, much more than it was in the past but a company needs to be really data-driven and I think the best way to accomplish that is to implement a single data point model, which means that data is collected only once but can be used for multiple purposes. To provide an example of that is, for instance, if you have fulltime equipment and you have the information that you've collected only once from your HR department but you can use the same data to calculate all your key performance indicators based on employees, and at the same time use that also in your budgeting & planning process and on the other hand also use that to integrate reports if you need to report about the composition of your workforce. The technology innovation, Robert spoke a lot about that, I think technology now is there in order to make this all happen As it was not there a while ago that's really can make a difference and also Robert told as well that companies are really innovating, they are the ones who can make the difference and otherwise it will be so much more difficult. And last but not least one of the things that's still really important is the quality of the data, as I said before, but also if finance is also getting much more operational data then finance really needs to make sure that they have stewardship about that data, so not only operational data but they are still making sure that the data is used in the right way. So that is the approach that I'm thinking with my customers and when we start to discuss and start to implement finance transformation roadmap in order to outcome sustainable value creation, for that I have a great example, currently I'm working at a services company who really wants to enable as a first step of customer profitability and later on life-time value management because they really want to share the business as a partner but also they need to be compliant at the same time. So what I did at that company is first we defined the finance transformation roadmap so what I said earlier is that with the finance organization we looked at what will be the dot on the horizon, what do we need or what do we need to accomplish that. As a second step redefine the requirements and we start to design the solution, of course this is as soon as CCH Tagetik's customer and one of the things we discussed during the the requirements is that we really want to have the data at a contract level, as we are really speaking about, very detailed data but the contract level data is needed in order to have a very good understanding about the customer profitability. So based on that we also decided to implement SAP Hana because we also speak about a lot of data and also they want to leverage that contractual level of data which they have about their customers about using that to later on defining what will be the life-time value of the customer. So not only the profitability at a certain point in time but also what will be the life-time value. For that it's really important also to do customer segmentation and for customer segmentation much more operational data is needed in order to do so, because if you want to understand why is this customer really profitable and we want to take a closer look at what are the characteristics of that customer to see if you can find more of these and how come it can be that companies with the same kind of characteristics are not as profitable as this customer is, so we can create opportunities for upselling and cross selling. But to come back to this customer again, we are implementing it by a base approach because they need to be compliant It's part of a are very large organization but they need to make sure that they can close the book on time and forget it and we are helping them to fix the processes and make sure that they collect the right data for that and at the same time by doing so we make sure that we have to data model already available so they can do later on the real customer profitability and life-time value management up to the economic profit so that's why there's also a step in between, is that we need to implement a tax application in order to have all that information available as well to do so. And then the last step that we will do over there is a further optimization of the processes, allocations, rules etc. to do so, a right profitability and life-time so you banished miscalculation. And then what they also want to achieve is that they want to improve all the forward-looking capabilities also for cash-flow planning. This is really a great example of what we have done in the survey for the modern finance transformation in order to create a roadmap and that's the next step in order to implement data. Thank you very much Marco, so where do you start? Robert do you have anything to add on to what Marco already said about where do you start? I guess a way to start is, we are short on time here, I think that like with any of these sorts of projects you want to be able to show progress as quickly as possible so you're really looking for find things that are going to show easily obtainable measurable improvements, you want to have executive-level results on all of that. A easy way here of getting results is reduce the number of spreadsheets you use, certainly the worst spreadsheets that you're using. Marco do you have anything to add to that? 351a Yes, what I think is important is to put a dot on the horizon, to really think as a finance organization and where do we want to go to and how do we really want to support the business, and that's really important whithin the organization, to know where you want to head to, to have a picture of the state in mind. That's really important because based on that you can peel it down to where are we today and from where we are today, how do we get there where we want to be. Great, thank you. Marco, so how and where do we start? What is the business case we should prepare to begin this transformation? As you can see over here the impact of such a program is huge and there are a lot of people who can benefit from it, so it's not only the CFO of course who can have much more time for instance for forward-looking, to connect strategy to drive and improve operational results that's what I was saying, making sure that the alignments of the strategy execution is much better but also using benefits from the controller, if you are using better tools and you reduce the needs for data reconciliation if you implement that within a single data point model, because a whiting a single data point model all data is reconciled by itself because you captured the data only once. Also within the other parts of the organization, for instance, for IT you also see that there is a platform available to advance for further innovation like predictive and prescriptive analytics. And moreover for the CEO what is really important is that there is a platform to support the entire management team so that they can really better coordinate all kind of decision-making and make sure that they can trust on the information that's provided to them. 364a Thank you. Well, Robert, do you have anything to add? Well, here's a very comprehensive list of things you can achieve. One of the challenges in doing these kinds of business cases is that very few instances you're going to see cash-on-cash returns for the kind of traditional financial analysis so maybe the best way to cast where the return is, what is the cost to put in a system like this? What is it cost in terms of the equivalent of full-time equivalents, you know, that is one, is it two, or three? If three people could accomplish all of this, wouldn't that be great? Just one thing I would add to that. So Robert, I will ask you best practices for a successful finance transformation. Since we're here at the top, just a kind of quickly say, a continuous improvement mentality is absolutely essential as a best practice, you're not going to change unless you have support for change within the organization.I think limiting spreadsheets, looking for ways to eliminate spreadsheets is dealing with a big jump in technology issues and look for a self-service, wherever is possible, you know you shouldn't be spending lots of your time as an FP&A; professional doing a lot of busy work, find ways to automate, make things easy for people to get to that information and I just leave it at that. One of the things I really would like to add and that's what I like from one of the slides I saw also from Robert, is automation drives transformation. I really think that technology right now is an enabler for that change and in order to do so I think it's really important to address change management in a really good way because technology is one of the priorities with change management is about people, processes and technology and I think you need to make sure that you keep a close eye on all these three aspects and if you do so than you will have a successful project. One of the other things I also think it's really important and that's what I also learned from some of the implementation ideas is that it's really important to have a close relationship with a software vendor because we are at the edge of doing new things and when the software vendors are really close by they can really help you in order to make sure that you use the software in the most optimized way or if some functions are missing they are close by in order to help you in providing a new functionality in a very very short way and that's something I learned especially from CCH Tagetik that are really close to that. 383a Alright, thank you both, in this webinar I've learnt a lot about how I should go above my finance transformation and I hope that you out there in the audience have learnt that as well and thank you very much Robert and Marco for participating and thank you all for attending our webinar. more videos	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '16', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9683262705802916}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '114060', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:J46REWVIGYAAGTRMAAMEVTFQCCXK664K', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:57107ee2-63aa-4e71-8016-cdd4105adfce>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 8, 13, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '99.84.181.48', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XW5PHNYB5JITEVMENE6GFXHBDZHS5CH6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fb3935b3-b60c-475f-aee6-af6f1a698c4d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.tagetik.com/de/ressourcen/videos/video?vid=digital-finance-organization', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1754ad15-a380-40db-bc8d-ae44e70a9f8b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '8789', 'url': 'https://www.tagetik.com/de/ressourcen/videos/video?vid=digital-finance-organization', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-229-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.103762686252594', 'original_id': '18380294be7c65496a7597abac49c64b9fb581d697a651f42c7fe1e470c332ed'}
John Betz_1507995867429 November 03, 2017 Everything about this piece was beyond my expectations. Very thick glass, straight arms on the percolators and nice ground joints. 18mm, ice catch, two 13 arm tree percs and a bell at the top. Beautifully done. Hits nice, definitely some drag but it’s big! It took 21 days to get to me. I was updated with tracking information the entire time the package was in transit. It arrived on my doorstep in a rectangular, plain yellow package with no indication to what was inside of it. I live on the East coast and it went through New York Customs on time, however Customs held it up and it spent a few days there before processing it through. The piece was packaged better than anything I could have thought of. It’s made entirely of a solid styrofoam block with a crevice cut out and molded to fit the piece. This thing is secure! This was my first order here on DH Gate. I’m very satisfied with the entire process and I will make more purchases in the future. -John, Extremely Satisfied in PA, USA shy**oze May 31, 2017 I absolutely love this item! It hits so well, gets you stoned on the first 2 hits... arrived in exactly 8 days to Washington state. I love this and I couldn't ask for anything better this is the best thing I've gone I completely recommend this. also I will definitely be buying from this person again this is worth every penny and I definitely believe that this would work for anybody it's about an inch taller than a foot and it's pretty epic thank you so much!!!! 10 Stars recommended thank you again. chrismon0131 April 24, 2017 Great Bong and definitely very satisfied with this purchase. At first I thought it was going to be to good to be true, but wow, definitely happy I bought this. You can't beat the price at $46, I've seen the same exact Bong at my local head shop run for around $200! It came after 13 days from purchase date. Comes in a styrofoam packaging which keeps it really secure through the mail in case you worry about it breaking for some reason. Will be purchasing from this seller again. Prodigal Borg April 25, 2018 VERY BEAUTIFUL and well made water pipes!! I ordered 10 of these to start and they are amazing! You really can't beat this quality for the price and the shipping was extremely fast! They arrived 6 days after I purchased them. <3 This seller kind and very trustworthy as well. If you have legitimate issues they will take care of you in a fair and respectful manner. I'll be buying more from this seller next week for sure! :) nqw199 December 22, 2017 This bong is AWESOME !! The hits are super smooth and has no imperfections. There's a little bit of drag because of the percolators but it causes no issue with the bong itself. The glass is thicker than I expected and this is by far the best purchase I've made on this website this bong would easily be 100$+ at some other smoke shops , would definitely recommend this to anyone who likes good glass for a great price. Nina_1507066237638 April 08, 2018 had this peice about a week now, thing rips !!! I love this bong, I've bought a couple other glass bongs off of this website before, but I'm wicked happy with this one! no complaints! really great value for under $50! seller answered all my questions and shipping was about 3 weeks not bad at all! this thing is wicked solid and really tall ! very happy with it , going to go rip it right now!!! 😊💚💨👌 Callie*Jangle June 06, 2019 Options: Green with random logo Brilliant service into NSW, Oz, fast and discreet, trackable. Packaging was adequate and done the item well over the whole trip (styro & yellow tape). Product is of exceptional quality and arrived to my local PO in excellent condition as shown. Billy rips well, provided you have a stable balance of water in your perc chambers, action is smooth and effecient. A++ Sth Coast, NSW. Jake Lindberg_1514079208675 February 25, 2019 Options: blue with random logo I ordered a green one from a different vendor and it lasted a good 2 years and survived several falls and finally broke 🤦‍♂️ so the same day it broke I ordered the same one but blue from this vendor and it took maybe 1 and a half months but the seller was helpful and kept me updated until i recieved the blue one intact I love it thanks again Angela_177751928 February 16, 2017 I absolutely love it. I bought it for my boyfriend for Valentine's Day and it showed up the day after which I also liked. The shipping was very fast. It took about a week. It was exactly as described and pictured. I recommend this product to the fullest. Also the packaging was great. rainbowles123 August 05, 2017 This is the best bong ever. It's great for the price and size. The bong's glass is pretty thick.The bowl has thin glass ,but its still very good. Shipping was extremely fast and overall I'm so happy with this. His name is Wilson and he is my new son. I can't wait to use him. :) bevewong June 20, 2017 By far the fastest shipping and one of the nicest glass I have ever bought on dhgate, it hits really smoothly and seller actually sent me the color I requested!👍👍👍 All together its A++++ and I am so happy to have this new baby to add into my collection:):):):) drunk**aman March 06, 2017 Great piece at a great price took about two weeks, said expected delivery the 1st and I got it the 5th so close. Quality work solid body and beautiful color..easy 200 at a head shop round here. SO impressed I have another on the way for a friend!	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'd306d2a196e6e9ca66240482b3887ca43a5aa86e20a88736279206584f434872'}
Lifetimes of photosystem I and II proteins in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The half-life times of photosystem I and II proteins were determined using (15)N-labeling and mass spectrometry. The half-life times (30-75h for photosystem I components and <1-11h for the large photosystem II proteins) were similar when proteins were isolated from monomeric vs. oligomeric complexes on Blue-Native gels, suggesting that the two forms of both photosystems can interchange on a timescale of <1h or that only one form of each photosystem exists in thylakoids in vivo. The half-life times of proteins associated with either photosystem generally were unaffected by the absence of Small Cab-like proteins.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '96588c177ae4329a759e5d81c74615c73055099a2c5f4c7c1b4769ab79ec7047'}
Date: Thu, 1 Nov 2012 02:59:20 +0000 From: Rob Armstrong Subject: Spike's Piercing Parlour Part Eleven: Hallowe'en Family Balling 2 SPIKE'S PIERCING PARLOUR, PART ELEVEN: HALLOWE'EN FAMILY BALLING 2 THIS STORY CONTAINS THEMES OF INCEST BETWEEN FATHERS AND THEIR 18/19 YR OLD SONS, WATERSPORTS AND DOMINATION. THESE CHARACTERS EXIST IN AN AIDS FREE, CONSEQUENCE FREE, FANTASY PARALLEL UNIVERSE AND ARE NOT TO BE EMULATED. PLEASE SUPPORT NIFTY WITH YOUR DONATIONS AND KEEP THIS INCREDIBLE RESOURCE GOING. SERIES FINALE part two The logistics of getting thirty-one men (including the two coaches) from the Upper to the Lower East Side all at the same time had been planned well in advance. Taxis would have been impossible to co-ordinate, and it was vital that Symansky and Rogers get them all to Spike's at the same time. The fathers of the teams were giddy on alcohol and the fact that they were off the leash from their wives for the evening - so nobody questioned the odd convenience of Coach Symansky being able to summon a city bus almost out of thin air to take them all down there. The fathers laughed raucously - going by bus just added to the adventure and made them all feel like they were eighteen again. At the wheel, Aaron Jonas Wilby III hid his face as best he could beneath his driver's cap and waved them all on board. Even so, one of the Manhattan fathers could be heard remarking to another, 'Hey, that guy's the spit of someone I saw once on the cover of Time Magazine.' When they were all seated Wilby shut the doors and, unseen by his passengers, flipped on the 'Not In Service' sign on the front of the bus in order to deter random New Yorkers from trying to catch a ride. Then they were off through the misty evening Manhattan traffic. Another of the parents, one of the Jersey guys, asked, 'Hey, does anyone know where our boys headed off to in such a hurry earlier? They left long before we did!' 'Ah, can it, O'Reilly!' came his answer, 'This is our night out too - and believe me, the less we know what they're up to, the less THEY know what WE'RE up to!' The laughter in the bus suggested this was the general consensus. Coach Symansky smiled to himself, put in mind of the naughty boys in 'Pinocchio', all laughing their asses off as they headed to Pleasure Island, never suspecting that they were all to be magically transformed into braying donkeys. His dick stirred to painful hardness in his pants. The fall mist was thicker downtown, rolling straight in off the Hudson as it was. Wilby deposited them on the sidewalk and the bus disappeared into the gathering fog. The father with the card for Spike's lost confidence in where he was supposed to be leading them - so Symansky was forced to take charge without appearing to do so. This whole venture had to look like the other guy's idea, but with some subtle nudging from Coach they found the place. 'Hey, this can't be right,' said one, 'It's a tattoo parlour!' 'Well, it says 'Spike's' over the door,' said the dad-in-charge, checking the address on the card Thor had been careful to give to him. And indeed the door stood open. Warm light washed out onto the steps up to street level. Music reached out to them from within, some female club singer groaning her way suggestively thru an old disco standard. Faint traces of perfume wafted on the cold, moist air. 'Yeah, this is the place already!' said an impatient dad, 'Let's get inside, my balls are starting to freeze off!' They trooped down the steps, crowding into the reception area. The place was hung with spooky Hallowe'en decorations and lashings of cobweb. Now that they were inside they could hear recordings of saucy female sighs and cooing played beneath the disco track. Men nudged each other and grinned in wicked delight. 'Hey look, free entry tonight,' said one, pointing out a sign. 'Yeah,' griped another, 'these places make most of their money on the bar - the tab's gonna be a bitch!' Before anyone could respond, the beaded curtain parted. The slender, sinuous figure that emerged was clad in Mummy wrappings which managed to reveal more of the slim hips and full breasts than they hid. Beneath a pharaoh's crown, a diaphonous veil concealed all but the beautiful doe eyes, lined with kohl in the Egyptian manner. Thirty-one pairs of eyes devoured the spectacular newcomer and there were wolf-whistles aplenty. 'Oooo, Mummy,' said one wiseass, 'Call me Daddy!' There were groans at the crass comment, but their hostess merely curtsied and with a graceful gesture bade them come thru the curtain. The tattoo equipment, barber chair and all, had been cleared away for the evening and placed behind black velvet drapes that now dressed the room. Clothing rails indicated that this was the coat check area, and the men all disrobed from their outer layers and winter accessories. The silent, mysterious beauty then took up an old-fashioned archeologist's lantern and indicated they should follow thru the inner doorway. More elbows nudged neighbouring ribs as the men's excited anticipation built. 'Wow, they certainly get into the spirit of it, don't they?' said one dad, thrilling to the drama. 'This is already better than any lap club I ever been to,' returned his buddy. As soon as the men were gone, led off into the tunnels, the warm, welcoming lights in reception were snuffed. The disco music and female sex noises died. The feminine scents evaporated. They had done their work. The door to the street was closed. And locked. And barred... Down... down... the sexy Mummy girl led them, thru the iron gate and beneath the ground, thru rumbling earthen tunnels that reached out with root structures to claw at their hair and pluck at their garments. 'Shit!' somebody remarked, 'It's like this joint is trying to tear our clothes off!' Nervous titters greeted this - their excitement was becoming tinged with uncertainty now. 'Jeez, just what IS this place...?' 'My guess, it's an old speakeasy from the 1920's...' 'It sure is one freaky Hallowe'en ghost tour!' 'You got that right!' Campy sound effects played thru hidden speakers - cackling witches, wailing spectres and howling wolves. Little plastic jack-o-lanterns sat in recesses in the walls, lighting their way. The hostess led them a slightly different route from the one Clay first took - a side passage that took them around the first two dungeons and the rock-walled maze. Gradually the silly sound effects were replaced by sinister, more serious orchestral music, the kind of choral pieces you would hear in movies like 'The Omen'. The jack-o-lanterns were larger now. Real flame danced within genuine pumpkin housing... ...And a mist had begun to rise from the dirt floor. The guys started coughing as the mist thickened. 'Bouagh-ha!' spluttered the dad-in-charge, struggling to follow the hostess' lantern, now an indistinct ball of light moving up ahead thru the cloudy vapour, 'Excuse me, honey? I think you need to get the boys in special effects to turn the fog machine down a little!' He waved a hand in front of his face. There was some kind of oily residue in this mist that was clagging his throat. But at least the light had stopped moving. She was waiting for them to catch up, holding the lantern aloft. The dad and his party stepped from out of the fog at last, a final spate of coughing marking their emergence. For some reason he was feeling a little flushed. His nipples were standing on end, though it was very far from cold down here in the tunnels. On the contrary. It was very hot. He found himself fighting the urge to rip his clothes off. All of the other dads were exhibiting the same symptoms - tugging at pullovers or loosening collars. 'Has anyone seen Coach Symansky?' enquired another dad, further back, 'I coulda sworn he was right behind me...' 'Yeah, Rogers is gone too!' Of the mysterious Egyptian beauty there was no sign either. Her lantern had been left hanging from an overhead root. 'Where'd she go?' Dad-in-Charge asked out loud. A little further down the tunnel her pharoah's crown lay discarded on the floor. Her veil was just beyond the next corner... ...And that led them onward to a pile of Mummy wrappings... 'Oh boy,' somebody said, 'I guess the striptease has started!' 'About fuckin' time - I'm hornier than a goat!' 'Yeah? How 'bout that - me too!' 'Don't sweat it, fellas,' said Dad-in-Charge - sweating - 'I think we've arrived!' They stood at an opening into a vast cavern. The place was bigger than a fucking cathedral! It was artfully lit with cool blues splashing against a distant rock face, dappling off the smoking pool of a natural hot spring - and fiery orange spotlights closer in, igniting off rock and dirt wall alike. There were even actual live wooden torches, burning in sconces at various intervals throughout the space. But everywhere between these accents, deep pockets of shadow beckoned, pregnant with amorous possibility - where unaccustomed delights could be sampled, anonymous and private, under the discretion of darkness. The party of dads entered, whatever strange new fire that surged in their blood drawing them on, piquing curiosity rather than disquiet - as it SHOULD have... The steam from the rock pool filtered the air thru a lens of soft focus and the newcomers were vaguely aware of other figures moving amongst the sultry shadows. Their outlines seemed oddly distorted and they made for strange silhouettes as they flitted in and out of view. The ominous music filled the Cavern, played over a professional sound system, adding to the atmosphere and heightening the fantasy... Distant sounds reached them now, above the music... grunts... groans... little cries of pleasure or pain, they could have been either... and the wet slap of flesh against flesh... 'Jee-zus, this place is a fucking SEX CLUB...' gasped a stocky Jersey dad, in the voice of one who had only ever heard of such things. Far from being deterred, however, the men felt pulled in that direction. The heat was tremendous, or so it seemed. As they drew further and further into the Cavern, items of clothing began to drop in their wake, barely noticed by those who abandoned them... Pullovers... ties... belts... ...shirts... The choral music segued into the opening bars of Holst's 'Mars: The Bringer of War'. Its quiet, threatening march accompanied them on their trek down the wide central concourse. Rocky tiers rose up to a natural terrace on either side, where some kind of dried-clay and granite-chip blocks had been sculpted. They looked like the pagan standing stones at Stonehenge, England, but squatter and more irregular in shape. Standing out from the rockface, these gravel blocks were several feet thick, but not entirely solid - they appeared to have various-sized holes and openings carved into them. Backlit by the flickering amber of torchlight, movement was visible up there within those orifices. Naked flesh glistened moistly, reflecting the firelight. The sex noises were loudest here. The men peered up at the strange sight, quietened and almost reverential. Trying to make out what it was exactly they were seeing. Utterly unable to look away... deep within their minds, libidinous hormones whispered to them that flesh was flesh, be it male or female, and that shame and guilt were things best left to the light of day... So totally caught up in the heavy, erotically-charged atmosphere of this place, several of the men unleashed their erections from the confines of their pants and began stroking them openly, balls out and bobbing like Hallowe'en apples. Others just groped themselves through their clothing. Or groped the guy standing next to him... Eyesight must have adjusted to the ambient gloom at some point - as the football fathers stared, they were able to make out more detail through the misty haze. 'Hey... that one's a guy up there,' murmured Jersey Dad, pointing. The guy in question appeared to be naked - from the waist up, leastways, cos he was laying on his stomach, only his head and shoulders emerging a little way from the block he occupied. The way his face was screwed up it was hard to make out what he looked like - and whether he was having the time of his life or enduring torture. One second he was groaning like an animal in heat, his tongue out, lapping at the tangy air - the next he was pinching up his features and thrashing his head from side to side in denial... 'Unghhh... ooooof.... unghhh... unghhh...' And then: 'Uh! Uh! Nnnnoooo... pleeeease...!' Then Jersey Dad saw how his head and shoulders were being thrust rhythmically forward and back and it hit him - there was somebody round the back of that structure, fucking the guy up the ass from behind! Fuuuuck... Kinnnky... Jersey Dad hauled out the big cock he had been groping - which happened to be his neighbour's, not his own - and got pumping... Few of the fathers still wore their shirts by now - and even those who did were fully unbuttoned and pulled wide - exposing sweat slicked torsos that spoke of their own high school or college athletic careers, somewhat forgotten and run to seed in some, freshly topped up and gym-sculpted in others. But every man there was a powerhouse of muscle, whether he ran to paunch or six-pack. The guy who was getting fucked had his gorgeous arms stretched out in front of him, torchlight on muscle, as if reaching out for help... Ohhhh fuuuck... that made Jersey Dad even hotter and he sped up the hands he had on both his and his neighbour's cocks, unable to take his eyes off the action. Fingertips absently brushed nipples... ...fingers brushed neighbour's nipples... ...finger's brushed buddy's nipples... ... and in one case, fingers brushed over brother's nipples... Just as it dawned on him that the sex noises surrounding them were all male, a call came from the other side of the concourse. 'This one's a guy, too!' 'And here!' 'And over here!' 'They're all guys...' On cue, the torches flamed higher and all was revealed. 'They're OUR guys! They're our SONS!' Jersey Dad's hands froze on the two cocks he was pumping. The naked young man being taken by force up there on the terrace - that he'd been beating off to - was his own son! 'Oh my God - Christopher?' A moment of eternity passed... ... and then he was jacking both cocks furiously... 'Ohhhh... oh Godddd... oh Christopherrr... oh fuuuck...!' It was the same everywhere. Up and down the length of the concourse, on either side, the strapping young athletes of both football teams had been reduced to stark naked sex-slaves, imprisoned in granite, getting their virgin holes plundered by a pack of unseen assailants. It was a vision of Judgement Day, their sons crying out in anguish for manhood lost... moaning in the ecstasy of pleasures found... whimpering in the hope of manhood yet to be regained... Some of the jocks had a little wiggle room, like Christopher. Others were entombed in a kind of sculpted pillory, only their heads and hands visible thru the dirt wall as they took a pounding from behind... Every face revealed the conflicting forces of pleasure and pain - tear-stained humiliation here, the flush of lust there - a heated frown of rapture, a grimace of torment... 'Our SONS...' went up the horrified cry, from one man to the next...'Those are our SONS they're fucking...' 'They're FUCKING our SONS... those deviant bastards, they're FUCCCKING our SONNNNS...!' It was a cry filled with outrage... and spiced with arousal... Groggily the dads lurched about, casting this way and that along the concourse, desperate to locate their own offspring... ...their reactions slowed by a heavy dose of the Schultz formula they received in the tunnels, and which was now being constantly topped up by the vapours rising from the hot spring... With most of the fathers, as soon as they located their sons they clambered drunkenly up over the rocks to go to their aid... ...but some dads could only stand rooted to the spot, hypntotised by the sight of their naked sons being forcibly sodomised... These fathers were rapt, frowning in concentration... ...mouths hanging open... ...sweat running down their shirtless torsos... ...dripping from pert nipples.. ...hands a blur on their dripping, juicy dicks... Those who went to their boys meant well. Swear to God. But as it turned out they would have done better to stay with the fathers down on the dirt floor, who were harmlessly jerking off at a distance. Thing was, they couldn't have known a thing about the Schultz formula, much less understand what it was doing to their sex drives. By the time Jersey Dad reached Christopher, his pants had fallen down and entangled his ankles. He kicked them away distractedly over his dress shoes, naked now apart from footwear and a jock strap. He tumbled to all fours and began crawling his way across the slate terrace to the granite edifice where his son was being thoroughly reamed out... 'Chris... sonnn...' Christopher looked out at his father through the intoxicated stupor of a sex-daze. 'Daddd...' he wailed, reaching out with those magnificent throwing arms again, 'Daddd... heeeelp meeee...' Dad reached his son, both knees on hard slate at the foot of the block, and they threw their arms around each other. The contact of their feverish, naked bodies was a flash between them... 'Aaaaaah...!' they both cried in unison. Christopher sank his face into his father's neck and moaned... 'Ohhhh... Dadddieee... pleeeease...' 'Ohhh SON... what are they DOIN to ya...?' 'Oh Daddd... ungh-ungh-ungh-UNGH! He's FU-uhu-uhu-HUCKING me...' Dad thought his dick would burst outta his jock. 'Who's fuckin ya, son...?' 'I dunno... some... unghhh... some guy...uhuuung..' Dad peered thru the tunnel of his son's confinement and glimpsed a tight, hairy torso flecked with grey at the other end, enthusiastically pumping a very impressive piece up his boy's shit-chute. Dad's dick throbbed inside his jock, smearing it with syrupy cock juices - no wonder Christopher was in some pain... 'He's fucking me, Dad... I'm getting FUUUUUCKED...!' he whined again... whimpering like a lost puppy... writhing in his father's arms... rubbing his tear-stained face up and down his dad's wet neck and stubbled cheek... 'Yeahhhh...' his father murmured in a hot, low voice, nuzzling his boy's neck, 'Is he reaming you OUT, son...?' He patted his head an ran his fingers thru his son's hair, 'Is he FUCKING you real HARD...?' Christopher grunted - grunted - grunted - that he was. The rhythm of the fucking threw Christopher's bowling ball shoulders up against his dad's, like fleshy rocks clashing in a stream. Dad held his boy so tight that he, too, was subject to the rutting movements... '...but aintcha... UNGH!... gonna STOP him, Daddy...?' 'In a minute, son,' replied Dad soothingly, 'in a minute...' The increasingly violen thrusts were pushing more and more of Christopher's upper body into his dad's - their sweat-slicked flesh rubbing and sliding over each other... They relaxed their embrace in order to reach out and allow questing hands to run over the other's body... ...feeling... ...exploring... Dad looked again through the apeture in the granite where his son lay on protective padding. By GOD his body looked mighty fine, bent over like that for a good, hard, doggy-style dicking! He glided a sweaty palm across the smooth caramel skin stretched taut over sculpted back muscles, scooping down into the narrow waist only an eighteen-year-old could know, before plumping out into the two rounded orbs of his tight ass... ...which even now was being speared by the fleshy harpoon of his ripped, older admirer... 'How does it feel, boy...?' Dad asked, reaching further in to run his hands over his boy's ass', '... does it feel GOOOOOD....?' ...SQUEEEZING his firm cheeks... 'Ungh... ungh... Guys don't get fucked, Dad...' Christopher replied, hedging the question - as if he weren't himself even now running his hand under the waistband of his father's jockstrap, groping his buns. 'MMMMmmm... tight ass, Dad... oooohhh yeaaahhh...' Dad slapped his ass HARD! SUDDENLY! Christopher threw his head back and yelled. Dad slapped him AGAIN! 'Yaaaah! Dad!' 'I asked you a question, boy!' SLAP! 'Unghh! Ohhh Daddy..!' Dad kissed his head... SLAP! 'Ooooohhhh..!' Dad kissed his face... SLAP! 'OOOooohhhh Dadddddieeee...' Dad kissed his lips... SLAP! 'Dadddddieee... it huuuuurts...' SLAP! '...soooo gooooood....' Next thing Dad was holding his son's head in his hands and they were frenching wantonly, moaning and groaning into each other's mouths. The guy still fucking Christopher took up the spanking while father and son got to know each other in a whole new way. Christopher just squirmed and writhed on his impalement now, experiencing only pure pleasure in the wrecking of his hole. So lost was he in tongueing his son's mouth, Jersey Dad barely noticed another on his own bent over hole... ...and yet another, nibbling and eating at his ass cheeks... 'Mmmmmmm...' moaned Jersey Dad, as hot tongues laved his trench and over the globes of his ass - but it was Christopher who received the benefit of his passion in their dirty incestuous kiss... As the fucker climaxed and fed Christopher his first ever load of hot manspunk, Chris's upper body pushed so far outta the hole that his Dad overbalanced and sprawled backward onto the floor. Immediately a second unseen guy took the first's place at Chris's ass and he plunged his dick up him in one go. Christopher barely grunted, as his upper body began to shake in time again. He only had eyes for Dad - he reached down and grabbed his father's dick, soaked in its housing of cotton fabric... 'Dad...?' Chris frowned. 'Isn't that... ungh, ungh... MY jock you're wearing...?' 'Erm...' 'The one I lost... UNGH!... like, weeks ago? The dirty one I put in the laundry 'cos it was so... UNGH! rank...?' Busted, Dad brazened it out. 'Yeah, well, it's MINE now, kiddo. Got it seasoned with a month of all my DAD juices...' Christopher ran a lewd tongue across his lips, his body rocking back and forth. 'Yeah? UNGH! Why doncha PROVE it, Pops?' Jersey Dad smiled. For the first time he became properly aware of the two men who had been eating his ass. The two enormous black guys, square-jawed and gorgeous, helped him to his feet. One wore a vampire cape and nothing else. The other was completely naked. Clearly brothers, they smiled and resumed licking every inch of Dad's body, first working their way up his short, beefy legs. Enjoying the attention, Dad stepped out of the jock and pressed it to his son's face, smearing all the juices over his mouth and nose. Chris lapped eagerly at the soaked cotton, doing his best to extract every drop of moisture from it. His eyes turned up in his head, so delirious was he made by the reek of his father's fluids. Meanwhile the black dudes licked their way up into Dad's armpits and coated his neck and chest in their rich saliva. Dad was pretty delirious himself by now, as they each latched onto a nipple and got chewing. Chris abandoned the jock and sucked his father's cock as deep into his mouth as he could bury it. Dad happily surrendered to pleasure, leaning back into the embrace of the black guys, frenching and licking them with as much gusto as they did him. Meanwhile his boy licked and slurped on his lolipop, coaxing a fiery load when Dad could contain himself no longer. Dad jetted volley after volley into Christopher's mouth, who savored the fresher spunk. The scene between Jersey Dad and Christopher was being repeated, with variations, up and down the slate terraces, as fathers who had gone initially to save their sons had, instead, become embroiled in their deflowering and pulled into very public acts of incest. Other denizens of the Cavern were making themselves known, now - studs who had been fucking the young jocks, horned demons or hot werewolves, emerging now to take their pleasure with their front ends. The football fathers saw and leaned quickly by example. Soon they were forcing their own dicks inside their sons' mouths, smothering them in their raunchy assholes, or pissing over their faces. When long fingers teased at his asshole, Jersey Dad welcomed them with excitement. The Schultz magic meant that his ass was looser than normal, and with the talented tongues and fingers of the brothers at work, it wasn't long before they got him nice and sloppy. In no time at all, father and son were tonguing each other's mouths again, both bent over and taking a magnificent rod up their cunts. The sounds of pagan bacchanalia were at last drowned out by a grandiose swell in the music as 'Carmina Burana' sounded its opening choral fanfare. Again, the flames shot high, and there was a pyrotechnic explosion up by the rock pool. A dramatic red spotlight picked out the enormous demonic figure that stood there. Spike was a terrifying vision, appearing in full satanic regalia. The spotlight painted his naked body crimson. Stacked platform boots, that the leatherworker had skillfully fashioned into resembling cloven hooves, added a further six inches to his height, bringing him close to seven feet tall. And then a headdress of curling ivory horns on his bald head took him well over that. A pair of wide animatronic devil wings had been affixed to the back of his leather harness. They flapped and closed dramatically, on a set programme of random movement... did the red devils tail, thrashing and writhing at his back, springing from a custom made butt plug that was lodged deep up Spike's cunt. Cruel coils of barbed wire pierced his proud nipples. But most terrifying of all was his blunt-headed monster of a phallus, which stood fully erect and dripping, needing only the adornment of a vicious-looking spiked cock cage and his 0 grade pa piercing. Most terrifying until, that was, he opened his eyes, and his UV sensitive contact lenses caused them to burn with inner hellfire... One of the football fathers actually screamed like a woman. Swear to God. 'Welcome!' Spike announced, his gravelly base amplified tenfold by a radio mic concealed in his headdress, 'Welcome to the Hallowe'en Family Ball!' He smiled widely, revealing his filed teeth and ran his forked tongue over them, completing his image as a demonic master of ceremonies. A large leather whip appeared in one hand suddenly, and he cracked it expertly, laughing with satanic fervor at the assembled hoard. 'So Get The Fuck Balling Each Other!' he commanded with a snarl. And then... well... all Hell broke loose... END OF PART ELEVEN. I LIED. THIS IS PLAINLY NOT THE FINAL INSTALMENT. THE DAMNED THING HAS DEVELOPED A LIFE OF ITS OWN.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9809973239898682}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27641', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BNH62Z63AI53DVT4CSCGRENUTZWZEOBJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:634d7d95-0f9c-4f76-b4f5-3c3c575cc57e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 22, 19, 46, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '185.59.223.11', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7KQGISZY57Y4R3C2GH5P5E5ZNNET4ISD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9de15376-3fd3-4d53-a3a0-21fbaa5e04d6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/authoritarian/spikes-piercing-parlour/spikes-piercing-parlour-11', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:159da185-7e6b-4a3c-a93c-fd905ad544ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '4381', 'url': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/authoritarian/spikes-piercing-parlour/spikes-piercing-parlour-11', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11962848901748657', 'original_id': 'bdd3d05902e47af8c88b284cef1ce3eb910b90950825d29fd614ecc56956b9fd'}
Fast Shrinking Greenland Glacier Now Growing Again 2019-03-31 22:02:43 New research has found that a major Greenland glacier that was once one of the fastest shrinking on Earth is now growing again.(1) Scientists from the American space agency NASA recently reported their findings about the Jakobshavn glacier, which sits off the island’s west coast.(2) NASA said Jakobshavn had been Greenland’s fastest-flowing and fastest-thinning glacier for the past 20 years.(3) During that time, it was the single largest source of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet.(4) Because of the glacier’s size and activity, researchers have used it to help predict world sea level rise.(5) Scientists from NASA and other organizations have been observing Jakobshavn for many years.(6) Researchers involved in the study say that, since 2016, the glacier has experienced major thickening.(7) It is also flowing more slowly and moving toward the ocean, instead of retreating inland.(8) They say cooling waters in the North Atlantic Ocean have caused the changes in the glacier’s activity.(9) The cooler waters reached western Greenland’s Disko Bay.(10) NASA says water temperatures in areas around the glacier are currently colder than at any time since the mid-1980s.(11) The research is based on information collected from NASA's Oceans Melting Greenland or OMG mission and other observations.(12) Ala Khazendar is a glacier scientist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. He helped lead the study.(13) "At first we didn't believe it,” Khazendar said. “We had pretty much assumed that Jakobshavn would just keep going on as it had over the last 20 years."(14) The research team has recorded cooling water near Jakobshavn for three years in a row.(15) Jason Box is an ice and climate scientist with the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. He was not part of the study.(16) He told the Associated Press the new discovery about Jakobshavn was surprising because it had been moving in the other direction for so long.(17) Box said, “The good news is that it’s a reminder that it’s not necessarily going that fast.”(18) “But it is going,” he added.(19) A statement by NASA confirmed that, even with Jakobshavn’s new growth, it “is still adding to global sea level rise.”(20) Scientists say this is because the glacier continues to lose more ice to the ocean than it gains from snowfall.(21) The sea level rise is just happening at a slower rate.(22) Researchers involved in the study as well as other scientists believe Jakobshavn is experiencing only short-term changes.(23) The main reason they think this is because the cold water affecting the glacier was set in motion by a climate system called the North Atlantic Oscillation.(24) This causes a natural, temporary cooling and warming of different parts of the ocean.(25) The system is similar to El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean.(26) El Niño develops when winds off the coast of South America weaken. This enables warm water in the western Pacific to move eastward.(27) The study identified a recent period that resulted in a “cooling of the Atlantic in general.”(28) In addition, extra cooling happened in 2016 in the waters along Greenland’s southwest coast, it said.(29) The cooler waters flowed up the coast and reached Jakobshavn.(30) Josh Willis is a lead investigator with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.(31) He said the latest research clearly shows that Jakobshavn “is getting a temporary break” from a long-held climate pattern.(32) But he warns that a great amount of existing research provides evidence that the world’s oceans are increasingly warming.(33) “And seeing the oceans have such a huge impact on the glaciers is bad news for Greenland's Ice Sheet," he said.(34) I’m Bryan Lynn.(35)	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '11', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.944737672805786}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '7624', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:M34GO5TZZNV6DF5TJ7WOPHRGPOC64D6W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9b2def49-0e66-4790-a644-35cadcf8218a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 22, 21, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.105.220.178', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VTHO2OCSPTBRL7HIORJLN4HC32DFZI3O', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2d954193-c6cf-4927-aee5-a15e46a3a799>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://learn-abc.com/reader/article/a8525f0d50d0d6f2825b57ae0e212169_zh-hans.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1834cad2-a585-43a5-8881-ea4b896c2089>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '607', 'url': 'http://learn-abc.com/reader/article/a8525f0d50d0d6f2825b57ae0e212169_zh-hans.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-174-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.041272521018981934', 'original_id': '42fa42bc3c39f4c7481731e145fc80da08fb06de1eb4a40343beeabf40dc7aba'}
Virtual events started out as a fad in the early 2000s with corporate giants like IBM and Microsoft pioneering the innovative, tech-savvy phenomenon that everyone couldn't stop talking about. Despite being the torch-bearers of technology, these leaders, along with all their followers generally delivered digital events with clunky interfaces and a substandard user experience. Screens would get stuck, web pages would take long to load, event navigation seemed disjointed and the whole experience was miles away from being a seamless extension of a physical event, which was what it was touted to be. Owing to the declining global economy near the end of 2009, most US companies adopted aggressive cost-cutting techniques to keep themselves afloat. Naturally, travel budgets also shrank which led to companies hosting hybrid events where live events were broadcasted online for remote employees. This budget-friendly alternative began to grow more and more popular across developed countries where some even started to use digital events simply for the added convenience rather than for cost savings. Wider adoption of online event broadcasts coupled with technological developments in the IT industry brought forward far better digital event platforms over the following years. This, in turn, made people warmer to the idea of both participating in and hosting virtual events for all the benefits that they offered. For B2B Marketers, virtual events particularly help with the 'evaluation stage' in the Sales Funnel. Once your prospects have identified their need for your product and are scouting for the best option, a virtual product launch or trade show helps really set your offerings apart. They help marketers showcase the best product features through rich interactive tools like webinars, discussion forums, product demos, chats, and videos. What comes particularly in handy with a digital event is the room it allows for real-time customization and conversation. Once a prospect visits your virtual booth, you can engage with them to identify their unique requirements and tailor your product demo to deliver the most relevant experience to them, there and then. This personalized interaction develops a superior lead-nurturing environment that leaves a lasting impression on the attendees. Scalability and reach are two other noteworthy benefits that help B2B marketers cater to a global audience and deliver as inclusive or exclusive an event as they require. Since an online event records every registration, login, click, download and share, event tracking has become easier than ever. For this reason, B2B marketing has started to revolve around tracking metrics, measuring ROI and developing data-driven follow-up strategies that improve the performance of upcoming events by enabling decisions backed by hard numbers. Another major development for B2B marketers is the growing reliance on real-time two-way communication with high-touch interaction points. The market is quickly distancing itself from age-old communication tactics that relied on contact forms with a 5-day reply notice period. Several B2B businesses are also leveraging the 'on-demand' tools in their virtual events which enable visitors to absorb content at their pace as opposed to following a strict schedule of conferences and presentations. Attendees have the liberty to bookmark, save and download content that they wish to see and can even access video recordings once the live stream is over. This further boosts event engagement and brings prospects one step closer to becoming loyal customers. Advertisement saturation is one of the biggest obstacles marketers face. We're surrounded by billboards, magazines, display advertisements when we're off the computer and with pop-ups, push notifications and Social Media advertisements when we're in front of our screens. In a world where companies are aggressively pushing their products onto potential prospects, one of the best things a B2B marketer can do to cut through the clutter is to step into the blue ocean of pull marketing. With virtual events, marketers offer a rich environment that the audience chooses to participate in. This puts them in the driver's seat and clears the path to the finish line which is where you make your sale. Since most B2B companies aim to help businesses overcome their obstacles by selling innovative solutions, it goes without saying that the agilest and innovative B2B marketers will reap the quickest and strongest benefits in the highly competitive B2B landscape of today. Engage your Audience with an Amazing Virtual Event Request a Demo	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9547677040100098}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '259805', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3CBZHNQN6QGXILIVOE2R6QHGIRAGLBQ5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b2b8b40e-b7f3-4f98-ae69-a12a95dfeb54>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 29, 3, 11, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '107.21.19.226', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VUYUFYKMYAVCKI7D7UEDN4FOVZEXKTLN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:33c5dc00-7853-424a-b388-631beb617146>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.vfairs.com/impact-virtual-events-b2b-marketing/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f8d9cfd-4cb8-4e4f-9d9a-13cf4235ab60>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '717', 'url': 'https://www.vfairs.com/impact-virtual-events-b2b-marketing/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-163.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.19484907388687134', 'original_id': '8a67f61e60949700adaaec6f1523f95968736ce424fc305545010601d9955ba9'}
897 F.2d 527 McGuirev.Sullivan* NO. 89-4628 United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit. FEB 22, 1990 1 Appeal From: S.D.Miss. 2 AFFIRMED. * Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 34.2	mini_pile	{'original_id': '63a72f857e29195df76ad85397ea6f55a889f2552c5cd179b92ea30d2da48406'}
Webcast FAQs Live webcasts feature leaders from the nation’s most progressive organizations discussing the most crucial topics in healthcare business, coupled with live audience participation. These interactive programs enable healthcare executives from different locations throughout the country to attend a media event distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology. The programs usually last 60 minutes, and a special block of time is set aside for audience questions and answers. This convenient format provides a timely, low-cost way for you to learn best practices and proven strategies from your peers. And more importantly, an entire group can attend a webcast at the same time, from the same computer, at no additional charge. Four days before the live program, you will receive an e-mail containing the log-in instructions and the web address where you can download an information packet that will include the program agenda, speaker biographies, and written data pertinent to the webcast topic. What is a webcast? A webcast is a live, online presentation. It includes a slide presentation, streaming audio via your computer speakers, and an interactive question and answer session via text chat. How long is a webcast? Webcasts are typically 60 minutes in length. Generally, the first 45 minutes is presentation followed by a 15-minute question and answer session via online text chat. How do I register for a webcast? Once you have selected a program, you can register online or by contacting customer service at 800-753-0131. How many people can participate in a webcast? Your registration to the webcast entitles you to one Internet connection for an unlimited number of people to participate. The use of a projector is suggested if multiple people are participating. You can print and distribute the program materials to all attendees at your location. If you have multiple locations desiring access, please order additional registrations. What are the system requirements to attend a webcast? To fully benefit from the webcast experience, you will need a computer equipped with a Broadband Internet connection, a sound card, and speakers or headphones. Macromedia Flash player Version 8.0 or greater, a recommended screen resolution of 1024 x 768, and an Internet Browser (e.g. Internet Explorer). The use of AOL or wireless Internet connections is not recommended. What do I need to do to ensure that I can view and listen to the webcast? Confirm that your computer has a soundcard and speakers connected. In addition, we strongly recommend that you check with your IT department for information regarding firewalls. Please perform the system check as listed in the log-in instructions e-mail prior to entering the live program to ensure that you connect to the program on time. What do I do if I'm behind a corporate firewall? Firewalls can interfere with participating in a webcast. Occasionally, customers have trouble with streaming media content because they are behind a corporate firewall. Please contact your IT department for assistance. How do I know how to log in? Four days prior to the webcast, registered participants will receive an e-mail with detailed instructions on how to connect to the webcast. Please be prepared to log in to the webcast 15 minutes prior to the event start time. What if I cannot log in to the presentation? If you cannot log in to the presentation, we suggest that you log out, refresh your Internet browser, and then try to log in again. If you continue to experience issues, please use the technical assistance information as listed on your log-in instructions. How do I download the materials for the program? The log-in instructions include the web address where you can download the material packet, which will include the program agenda, speaker biographies, and the presentation. What happens if I have technical problems viewing or listening during the webcast? Technical assistance is available throughout the live webcast to assist and help you with any issues experienced during the program. Technical assistance information is listed in your log-in instructions. How does the question and answer session work? During the live call, the program moderator will provide instructions on how you can ask questions via the online text chat. You may also pre-submit questions using the information and e-mail address provided in your log-in instructions. Are your webcasts available after the live event? Yes! You can purchase a on-demand version of the program and listen when you can. Please visit individual program description pages for more information. Additional questions? Please feel free to contact our customer service department at 800-753-0131 (Monday - Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Central Standard Time) or e-mail [email protected] with any additional questions.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '84', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.911012887954712}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40543', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BIBNYBYK3XCTTWR5CSVXTJU73APNG3EV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:31ad653c-7575-499c-8a87-c10138c11857>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 21, 35, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.202.38.66', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GGG5UPI52RXH2K3LIAIH3JKKD2AUKGEB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cb1914a5-0b36-4b30-bb4f-e821c659067e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://store.healthleadersmedia.com/webcast-faq', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f8557f7b-1a67-47e2-a4ce-913e66b8bba6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '763', 'url': 'https://store.healthleadersmedia.com/webcast-faq', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-159-220-225.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1003766655921936', 'original_id': 'ad82dab5d324c7e6c730ac940406a3b4c37b75a3234934ef9c33354bacdce77d'}
Future Income Tool \| Savings2Income It’s simple In 3 easy steps, you can compare the amount of Dependable, Spendable Retirement Income you can generate from your Personal Retirement Savings. It takes less than 3 minutes. It’s free You don’t have to sign up for anything. But if you’re impressed by what you see (and we think you will be), we hope you’ll revisit our website for new ideas on creating Dependable, Spendable Retirement Income. It’s private We don’t save any of the data you enter. And we only gather enough information to show you what you might be able to achieve. Disclosure and Assumptions - Future Income Calculator Golden Analytics Underlying S2I Future Income Calculator Golden Analytics is a patent-pending analytical tool developed by Golden Retirement, LLC that uses a mathematical process called an algorithm to help you evaluate and compare various alternatives to creating a Plan for Retirement Income (Plan). The underlying economic parameters of the Monte Carlo projections will be reviewed periodically. While the following describes the current version of Golden Analytics, subsequent releases of Golden Analytics will be expanded to include other asset vehicles, and allocation and distribution strategies. The information presented is based on the information you have provided to Golden Analytics in the planning process and in large measure on Golden Analytics assumptions involving certain economic parameters. While these assumptions are reasonable and reflect current and historical information, Golden Analytics cannot actually predict the future and cannot guarantee that the prior experience of these economic parameters will continue in the future. The projections establish a range of outcomes distributed by frequency of occurrences and are for illustrative planning and comparative purposes only. Please note that any tax-related information provided by Golden Analytics is not intended as and should not be construed as legal, tax, or investment advice. You should always consult your tax advisor to help answer specific questions regarding how tax laws apply to you. The tax information Golden Analytics provides is necessarily incomplete, and the tax laws and regulations are subject to change. Therefore, Golden Analytics does not guarantee and is not liable for the accuracy or completeness of any tax information provided, or any results or outcome as a result of the use of this information. The projections and other planning information generated by Golden Analytics regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results. Actual investment returns, asset allocations, risk profiles, fees, expenses, taxes, and interest rates underlying the Plans illustrated will vary from the projections shown, perhaps significantly. As time passes, goals, investment objectives and personal circumstances may change, as may the investment markets and the economic and political environments. Such changes can have a significant impact on what Plan options are appropriate. It is important for an investor to recognize these changes and, if appropriate, revise the Plan based on the new personal situation. Description of Plan in Savings2Income Future Income Calculator While Golden Analytics can help analyze various alternatives to creating a Plan for Retirement Income, it is uniquely able to analyze those utilizing the Savings2Income (S2I) planning method. Among other aspects, the S2I planning method involves the build-up of Guaranteed Income over time, and the purchase of Guaranteed Income for life. In the S2I website, there is a Future Income Calculator (Calculator) that develops retirement income and asset value projections for Personal Retirement Savings, i.e., assets invested and held outside of a qualified retirement Plan or Rollover IRA. The S2I planning method is applied to create after tax retirement income that is designed to increase every five years under median market conditions, until lifetime income is purchased at a specified secure income age. The balance of this document presents the Golden Analytics assumptions and methodology underlying this Calculator. Description of Managed Account and No-Load Variable Annuity during Accumulation Stage In the Calculator, Golden Analytics compares a Plan to accumulating Personal Retirement Savings (which are long term savings held outside of a qualified retirement Plan or Rollover IRA) in a Managed Account investing in mutual funds, to a No-Load Variable Annuity (No- Load VA). The Managed Account assumes that these non-qualified savings are invested in model portfolios of equity and bond mutual funds. Depending on the client's risk profile the account value is allocated and rebalanced among: a model portfolio of actively managed equity funds, a model portfolio of passive equity funds, and a model portfolio of bond funds. The No-Load VA has the identical allocation and periodic rebalancing as the Managed Account. Both Plans further assume that a fee-based advisor has developed and is monitoring the allocation and rebalancing. Description of Managed Account and No-Load Variable Annuity during Distribution Stage Although many distribution (payout) strategies are possible, the Calculator assumes that the investor's objective is to create a guaranteed stream of retirement income, maintain liquidity generally through the investor's life expectancy and some tax advantages. Thus, both Plans being compared assume the accumulated value is used to purchase one or more fixed annuities (immediate annuities certain and/or immediate installment refund life annuities or/and life only annuities) under the following income strategy. The S2I planning method permits the investor to consider a full range of conversion options, both as to the timing and amount of the conversions, and the form of annuity. This enables the investor to create a customized retirement income Plan to reflect personal circumstances and resources, in particular other sources of retirement income, such as Social Security and any pension income. Under S2I, conversions may be assumed as frequently as every 5th year, until a final secure income age. Forms of annuity are annuity certain from ten to twenty years, and life annuities with and without a refund feature. The conversion Plan is based on a specified percentage of the then account value, and is then applied to purchase the form of annuity chosen. The conversion at the secure income age can be set at less than 100% leaving a residual account value; however, in the No-Load VA, all assets need to be distributed by age 90. In comparing results, the S2I planning method assumes the same percentages are applied to the No-Load VA as the Managed Account. The Managed Account assumes that the value of the percentage of the account (after any taxes due) is used to purchase the annuity form selected. The No-Load VA assumes that the percentage of the account value of annuity is exchanged on a tax free basis to the form of the chosen annuity. Of course, many other distribution options are available, and in practice the fee-based advisor may present several alternatives. What is a simulation? In order to compare the Plans under consideration, Golden Analytics simulates certain historical market variables, including the performance of equities, bonds and interest rates, over the projection period. In order to facilitate this, the same sets of market variables are used to determine how each Plan performs, i.e., each Plan uses “the same playing fields” as opposed to a different set for every Plan. Golden Analytics uses Monte Carlo statistical analysis to create these simulations. Monte Carlo statistical analysis, also known as the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation technique, is a mathematical process used to implement complex statistical methods that chart the probability of meeting specific financial goals at certain times in the future. This charting is accomplished by generating hundreds of possible economic scenarios that could affect the performance of mutual fund investments and the price for purchasing the annuity income benefits at an investor's income start age. Golden Analytics uses at least 500 scenarios to help determine the relative (probable) results of alternative Planes, and analyzes the probability of outcomes resulting from investment models and underlying assumptions regarding certain economic parameters. The generation of these economic scenarios is designed such that over the entire range of scenarios the long-term return assumptions for each parameter presented in the section is reproduced. The purpose of the Monte Carlo simulation technique is to “stress-test” each Plan to see how each would perform under different economic scenarios. These scenarios are not representative of any individual security’s performance. Instead, these scenarios represent a range or spectrum of possible performance outcomes of the economic parameters. In order to create these scenarios, sets of financial statistics are combined again and again in new ways – always consistent with what is historically known about financial markets – to approximate different economic conditions. Golden Analytics uses these simulations by combining relevant and changeable economic data along with your personal information. This process generates multiple Plan projections that could occur based upon the risk profile and personal choices you have selected. The outcomes presented represent only a few of the many possible outcomes. Since past performance and market conditions may not be repeated in the future, your retirement goals may not be fulfilled by adopting any Plan that is based on the projections. Which are the economic parameters and long-term assumptions underlying the projections? Golden Analytics simulates the following economic parameters in order to project the performance of each Plan: (1) return on the equity Model Portfolios, (2) return on the bond Model Portfolio, (3) interest rate on any money market fund allocation (future), (4) distributions from the Model Portfolios and money market fund (future), and (5) interest rates underlying the calculation of annuity purchase rates at the income start age and beyond. Note that the current version does not adjust for inflation, and all amounts presented in current dollars and not purchasing power. In order to create the various scenarios for the equity Model Portfolios, the modeling (algorithm) takes into account the historical average returns and the volatility of the funds assumed for the equity Model Portfolios. For modeling purposes, Golden Analytics also considers the current market environment and the outlook for equity returns in the future. The assumed average annual rate of return (before advisor fees) used in Golden Analytics is 9.0% for the active equity Model Portfolio and 8.0% for the passive equity Model Portfolio. Interest rate scenarios are generated based on possible developments of current interest rates that are consistent with and correlated to the specific market returns produced by the Monte Carlo method. Historical standard deviation of interest rates (measuring volatility) is incorporated into the model as well. For purposes of modeling annuity purchase rates (used to determine how much income can be purchased), Golden Analytics uses an average benchmark interest rate of 5.0%. Golden Analytics also applies a simulated upward or downward interest rate adjustment. The scenario basis will be reviewed periodically. The returns for the fixed income Model Portfolio reflect the interest rates simulated above, the average effective duration and the convexity (which is a technical term for characterizing bond investments) of the investments in the bond Model Portfolios. This Plan will be reviewed periodically for consistency with the volatility of funds assumed for the fixed income Model Portfolios. The impact of the timing of investment returns and interest rates can be significant - the sequence and timing of returns or interest rates can have a material impact on achieving your retirement goals. Some sequences will provide better returns and some worse. There is no guarantee you will receive the investment returns projected and/or receive them smoothly. The methodology underlying Golden Analytics is based on historical returns and Golden Analytics informed judgment around the outlook for future returns. Over time, Golden Analytics may change the assumptions and/or the weight given to the economic parameters underlying Golden Analytics as analysis of additional historical data is taken into consideration. The equity securities purchased by the mutual funds in your equity Model Portfolios may differ significantly in terms of performance, volatility, covariance and risk from the equity securities that comprise the sub-asset classes used in Golden Analytics. As a result, the composition and characteristics of the mutual funds in a Model Portfolios may differ significantly from certain assumptions used in Golden Analytics. Similarly, the characteristics of the bonds and fixed income securities purchased by the mutual funds in a bond Model Portfolio may differ significantly from the assumptions used in Golden Analytics. Which elements of the Plans are simulated based on the economic parameters? Economic parameters are reset periodically. Once they are established on a given date for a particular scenario, each Plan is projected for each year over the projection period. The simulated elements are the rates of return for the Model Portfolios, interest rates, dividend and capital gains distribution rates. Based on these simulated elements, account values, dividend distributions, capital gains distributions, fees, taxes, reinvestments, rebalancing exchanges, cost basis, annuity purchase rates and income payments are projected. In essence, Golden Analytics develops at least 500 projections of how each Plan could be expected to perform using these simulated economic parameters. How are annuity purchase rates reflected in the modeling? In modeling the annuity purchase rates underlying the annuity certain, Golden Analytics simulates the benchmark interest rates, and adjusts those rates by a simulation of an interest rate adjustment above or below the benchmark interest rates. That simulated interest rate adjustment reflects the variation in the interest rates that insurance companies have historically earned above or below the benchmark interest rates on similar contracts. To the extent that the actual pricing in the future varies from these interest rate assumptions, any of the Plans that involve the purchase of the annuity would be more or less favorable. The current model does not distinguish between the different forms of annuities in setting the interest rate. What tax treatment was assumed for the two Plans? Yearly Tax Deducted from Account Value Personal Retirement Assets invested in a Managed Account are taxed each year on the realized capital gain, dividend, and interest distributions from the mutual funds held in the Managed Account. In Golden Analytics projections, taxes at the applicable rates are deducted from the distributions before reinvestment. The reinvested amount after tax increases the cost basis referred to below. The account is rebalanced each year, and capital gains or losses may be realized. Personal Retirement Savings invested in a No-Load VA are not taxed on investment returns from the underlying variable annuity mutual funds. The cost basis remains constant at the original invested amount. The variable annuity is rebalanced each year, but capital gains and losses are not currently taxed. Calculation of Retirement Income before Tax at Each Conversion Age For the Managed Account, Golden Analytics assumes the portion of the managed account is surrendered and the after tax proceeds (after any capital gains tax) are applied to purchase the form of annuity. The cost basis is further increased to reflect the net amount paid. Amounts in the Managed Account are liquidated on a pro-rated basis. For the No-Load VA, Golden Analytics assumes under the partial exchange rules recently adopted that the portion of the variable annuity is exchanged income tax free to the form of annuity. Under these new rules, a pro-rata part of the cost basis is applied under the partial conversion to determine the amount excluded from tax. Yearly Taxes Deducted from Annuity Payout to Determine Spendable Retirement Income For the Managed Account, under annuity rules, payments under the annuities are taxed at ordinary income rates, although a portion of each payment is received tax free as a return of principal. The higher cost basis of the Managed Account is used to calculate the excluded amount. For the No-Load VA, the original cost basis is used in determining what portion of annuity payment is received as a tax-free return of principal. Thus, in most cases a higher portion of annuity certain payments are taxable under the No-Load VA. What level of fees was assumed for the two Plans? Advisory, Product and Transaction Fees Fees for a Managed Account are typically made up of advisor and product fees, including fund fees, and transaction fees. The advisor fees are assumed to be 1.25% per year and to be representative of the fee on accounts under $250,000. The assumed fund fees are .85%. No transaction fees are assumed in the Managed Account. Golden Analytics will review these assumed fees periodically. For the No-Load VA, fees are made up of advisor fees, and product fees, including underlying fund fees and fees for the variable annuity. The advisor fees are assumed to be .85% and to be representative of the advisor fee on a No-Load VA under $250,000. The lower assumed advisor fee for the No-Load VA reflects the higher compounding account balances, and the simpler management of the tax deferred No-Load VA. Product fees are assumed to be .85% for the combined fund fees and No Load VA product fees. No transaction fees are assumed in the No-Load VA. Golden Analytics will review these assumed fees periodically. What approach to asset allocation was assumed? Based on the risk profile of the individual, Golden Analytics sets the allocation among Model Portfolios of passive equity, active equity and fixed income portfolios. The account is rebalanced annually among the Model Portfolios to the original allocation. The allocation and rebalancing among the equity and fixed income Model Portfolios are the same for the Managed Account and No-Load VA. How does Golden Analytics project taxable distributions from the underlying mutual funds? Golden Analytics has looked at the history of the funds assumed in the equity Model Portfolios, and aggregated their distribution of dividends, interest and realized capital gains. From that experience Golden Analytics has developed a simulation model that reflects the experience and volatility. Golden Analytics has also reflected the assumed realized capital gains incurred upon rebalancing. Golden Analytics has looked at the historical experience separately for the active and passive portfolios, and developed separate parameters for each. Golden Analytics will review these parameters on at least an annual basis. What tax rates were assumed in Golden Analytics? Federal Rates. Golden Analytics assumes that current federal tax law applies, which represents a reversion to pre-2001 rates starting in 2013. Golden Analytics does not, however, reflect the effects of the Medicare taxes on both earned and unearned income starting in 2013. Further, the model reflects the federal tax rate that you select, and also assumes that your taxable income remains within your original tax bracket. The model assumes you stay in the same tax rate after retirement. State Tax Rates. Golden Analytics reflects the effects of state income taxes in only those states that follow the federal definition of taxable income. Golden Analytics applies the average tax rate in those states through a mapping to the federal tax bracket. Any local taxes are ignored. While Golden Analytics goal is to create a reasonable comparison between the Managed Account and No-Load VA there are a number of other factors that might impact the comparison: 1. 1. Alternative Minimum Tax which could increase the investor’s effective rate. 2. 2. Other income sources or deductions might move the investor into a lower or higher tax bracket. 3. 3. Other transactions that the investor might initiate impacting the investor’s tax rate. What are the starting values in the accounts being compared? The two accounts are compared on the assumption that the initial investment is comprised of new money and the entire amount is the starting cost basis. An investment of, say, $100,000 is made in a Managed Account, while the same $100,000 is invested in a No Load VA. In practice, the source of funds for these Plans could be existing securities, managed account, annuities, CDs, etc. Each may have its own tax consequences under the two Plans, and may be more or less appropriate for transfer. Which projected results are displayed in the Calculator? While there are many results simulated under Golden Analytics, this Calculator displays the following: 1. Projected Spendable Retirement Income. This represents the after tax income the investor could spend. Year by year results are shown in addition to cumulative retirement income. The latter is the sum total of retirement income not dependent on the survival of the investor. 2. Projected Total Asset Value. These results are made up of the Investment Portfolio Value in either the Managed Account or No Load VA, plus the present value of any Guaranteed Income payable under the payout annuity contracts that are not dependent on the investor's survival. The present value will likely not equal the commuted value the investor might receive under the payout annuity, but rather represents the economic value to the investor. How does Golden Analytics present probabilities of success? The Projection Basis is determined from a Monte Carlo Simulation. A probability of success represents the percentage of hundreds of projected scenarios in which a specific value is exceeded. For example, if in 50 out of 500 scenarios the Spendable Retirement Income at age 65 exceeds $500 per month, Golden Analytics states that you have a 10% (50/500) or low probability to equal or exceed $500 of monthly income at age 65. The 10% probability represents the "UPSIDE" projection. Correspondingly, there is a 90% failure rate, in that Spendable Retirement Income would fall somewhere below (perhaps significantly below) $500 of monthly income at age 65 in 90% of the scenarios. On the other hand, the high probability is that in 90% of the scenarios the result is exceeded, and there is only a 10% failure rate. The 90% probability represents the "DOWNSIDE" projection. And the 50% probability represents the "Median" projection. There is no right answer to which probabilities are selected. It depends on many factors, including your willingness to accept risk, your age and health, and the nature of your retirement goals. Focusing on only one probability, however, may result in missing either the risks or rewards of a particular Plan. What are the limitations of Golden Analytics? The purpose of Golden Analytics is to enable you to compare alternative Plans. In order to compare alternative Plans, Golden Analytics assumes that historical correlations between certain economic parameters will continue in the future. However, market variables in the future may not perform as they have in the past. Since the activity in your simulation has not actually occurred, the results of the simulation may under- or over- compensated for the impact, if any, of certain market factors and may underestimate the impact of market extremes and the related risk of loss. The simulations projected may vary with each use and over time. Other investment categories not considered may have characteristics similar or superior to those being analyzed. pop up close To learn how you could increase your retirement income from Personal Retirement Savings Call 1-877-263-5576	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '127', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9219149947166444}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45314', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RRQELJ5QJ3LRHENW35LI4TYISQVKT753', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c87f21b8-7728-46f9-8850-66b2d2085714>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 10, 52, 11), 'WARC-IP-Address': '12.178.95.134', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LXNPUJKW6FETX5G6EQ5VZHS26FZCWFEO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:94ef9415-cfe1-49cf-9c14-dd590edc7106>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.savings2income.com/yourfreetools.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b71010b5-ddb5-4739-a570-9e4774d0b76b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '3705', 'url': 'http://www.savings2income.com/yourfreetools.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.035502493381500244', 'original_id': '7642493bfef29e7eee870d2db0525bfce448c7cdcb7713a98813cfe80f1d7459'}
looking for someone who wants to do live adult shows with me. we'll be sexfamous! inquire below ;)	the_stack	{'hexsha': 'cf5994c775c8f3fdeb49c759d774be5d7fe762fc', 'size': '98', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'data/beaverconfessions_output/beaverconfessions_posts_split/Output_47.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'WlFranzi/CornellConfessions', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '9d0f968e6c248101ea9979f06d13aa2bebdad78c', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'data/beaverconfessions_output/beaverconfessions_posts_split/Output_47.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'WlFranzi/CornellConfessions', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '9d0f968e6c248101ea9979f06d13aa2bebdad78c', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'data/beaverconfessions_output/beaverconfessions_posts_split/Output_47.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'WlFranzi/CornellConfessions', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '9d0f968e6c248101ea9979f06d13aa2bebdad78c', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '98.0', 'max_line_length': '98', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.7755102041', 'original_id': '6cc9d7367a0289b2b0e1520cc9d17b7a6badfc4b63d49ccb0af413cf62e5d947'}
Importance of Top Lyrical & Freestyle Dance Shoes During Performance Date: April 11, 2019 Dancing is all about maintaining proper posture. And, for that, you need to let your body relax. More importantly, you should manage your feet movement as your feet is the base of your dance moves. Shoes have a very important role in the success of your dance performance. You can't wear regular shoes while dancing. There are many dance forms and they all have their respective dance wears and shoes. For example, to enhance your freestyle dance performance you require top lyrical and freestyle dance shoes and make it look like a part of your body. Difference between Regular Wear Shoes and Dance Shoes You can't wear regular wear shoes in your dance class or your dance performance. You can't wear heels while dancing. Dancing shoes are made with three things irrespective of any dance form, comfort, safety,and functionality. A wrong shoe can cause many hazards while performing. Sometimes it will cause safety issues. The significance of Top Lyrical and Freestyle Dance Shoes There are many types of dance forms some are strictly traditional ballroom dances, such as waltz, rumba, cha chacha, swing, etc. and the others are just for fun, they are basically non-traditional, such as salsa, tango, hip hop, west coast swing, etc. Lyrical dances are a creative combination of ballet and jazz and in freestyle, dancing dancer improves his moves on the spot rather than planning it beforehand. So, when you are performing these types of dances than it is a priority that you should be comfortable and shoes are the most important component in your dance performances. So, you need to choose carefully whichever dance you are practicing or performing. Advantages of Online Shopping In present times it is very common for us to shop online. There are many advantages of online shopping. When you have a busy schedule and don't have the time to go shopping at their time then it is your best option. You can shop online from your place at your convenient time. There are many options online with so many websites. They have all the supplies which you may need for any dance performance. Buy from the Best Online Websites Well, do not get confused with so many online stores when you have the best one at your service, Danceland Dancewear. With our huge range of dance product, we can offer you the best within your budget. To know more visit our website.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.962238907814026}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51044', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:77UZFEEKBXSHZJB3YD4GDNPTMLEW7PQO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:509a6ae1-f44a-4cab-bd22-b2184063c072>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 23, 8, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '94.126.40.40', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J3N2VCWVFO4VRR7PD5DHGWWW6MKPUCWZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3551893-269d-4d27-a52f-ae0dfb6ae729>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://dancelanddancewear.co.uk/content/43-importance-of-top-lyrical-freestyle-dance-shoes-during-performance', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d49770d2-11c3-4fb8-adea-b13c0834d7c3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '415', 'url': 'https://dancelanddancewear.co.uk/content/43-importance-of-top-lyrical-freestyle-dance-shoes-during-performance', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-35\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-238.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026808202266693115', 'original_id': '175b5d2cbaef6f459b4a9d0c3d2f94bb8dfdd09f3e7aca00471aadebfaf17b77'}
Q: Como obter o valor da propriedade no pom.xml? Eu preciso obter o valor da versão atual da aplicação em várias partes do código. A priori eu pensei em criar uma classe contendo a versão: public class Version { public static String getVersion(){ return "0.1.0"; } } Mas deve existir uma forma melhor de fazer isto (creio eu). Eu vi que o Java possui uma especificação sobre versionamento, mas não entendi se é para o mesmo propósito que estou querendo. Bom, como estou usando o Maven e existe a propriedade <version> no arquivo de configuração, pensei que na hora de dar manutenção ficaria mais fácil atualizar somente esta propriedade usá-la em todo o projeto. A questão é: É possível obter essa propriedade? Se sim, como fazer? Se não, poderiam me dar alternativas? A: O Maven Resources Plugin permite realizar substituições de variáveis do maven nos arquivos (resources) do projeto. Esse plugin faz parte do plano de execução padrão do maven nas fases process-resources e process-test-resources, portanto o que você precisa fazer é instruir o plugin a substituir as variáveis durante essas fases. Seguindo o exemplo da documentação, você simplesmente precisa adicionar a configuração a seguir: <project> ... <name>My Resources Plugin Practice Project</name> ... <build> ... <resources> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <filtering>true</filtering> </resource> ... </resources> ... </build> ... </project> Então qualquer arquivo no diretório especificado vai ser processado pelo Maven. Você poderia então criar um txt ou properties contendo a versão: versao=${project.version} Dessa forma, o Maven se encarrega de colocar a versão correta quando empacotar o projeto. Se houver outros arquivos no projeto pode ser melhor evitar que eles sejam desnecessariamente ou indevidamente processados. É possível especificar várias tags <resource> contendo tags <include> e <exclude> para especificar quais arquivos deseja processar e quais devem permanecer intactos. Exemplo: <project> ... <build> ... <resources> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <filtering>true</filtering> <includes> <include>*/.properties</include> </includes> </resource> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <filtering>false</filtering> <excludes> <exclude>*/.properties</exclude> </excludes> </resource> ... </resources> ... </build> ... </project>	mini_pile	{'original_id': '64fa05e5e27b64db3efe77a39e2e730b8ee5a83ad68320eec773e99c4aa681b1'}
Associate Editor: Elizabeth Marques Introduction {#sec0005} ============ Pollution of the aquatic environment through anthropogenic activities, such as discharge of municipal sewage and untreated or partially treated industrial waste, creates means for selection, proliferation and dissemination of resistant traits among bacteria. Dissemination of resistance genes that diminishes the treatment options of infectious diseases has compromised human and animal health against multidrug resistant bacteria.[@bib0005] Pollution of aquatic environments is common in developing countries like India, one such case occurs with the largest tributary of river Ganga -- Yamuna, having its origin from Yamunotri Glacier of Uttar Kashi in Uttarakhand.[@bib0010] It enters the capital territory Delhi at Palla village 15 km upstream of Wazirabad barrage, that acts as a reservoir accounting for more than 70% of Delhi\'s water supply. Moreover, it is mainly the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna that receives high amount of discharge in terms of domestic sewage and industrial waste from urban centres and there are also various industrial settings established in and around the capital city.[@bib0015] Providing a better niche for their establishment, pollution of aquatic environment selects bacteria by causing exchange of genetic determinants as well as acquisition of resistance traits crucial for it to thrive under the increasing pressure of pollutants. There are several reports pertaining to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes, and it is known that their related genetic factors originate and are later transferred, from one bacteria to other bacteria present at a distant place.[@bib0020], [@bib0025], [@bib0030] Development of resistance in bacteria makes it potent to compete with the sensitive ones, particularly in selective environments. Co-resistance to antibiotics and metals share common structural and functional strategies, conferred by chromosomal or mobile genetic elements.[@bib0035], [@bib0040] There is an increasing concern regarding potential of metal contaminated environment, acting as a pool, for sequestering antibiotic resistance genes, both in environmental and clinical isolates.[@bib0045], [@bib0050] Studies reporting assembly of resistance determinants on the same genetic element, insinuates towards the need to elucidate the role of polluted environment in acquisition of resistance in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of aquatic habitats.[@bib0055], [@bib0060], [@bib0065], [@bib0070] Exploring the resistance profiles among microbes inhabiting the aquatic ecosystem in urban areas, is of significant importance, as they directly or indirectly influence the sanitation outlook of the area. The presence of mercury and other heavy metals in water samples collected from river Yamuna has been reported in the studies of Sehgal et al.[@bib0075] and Malik et al.[@bib0080] Tolerance of mercury at different concentrations, suggests operation of different modes of detoxification encoded by genes located on mer operon among bacterial inhabitants of the polluted environment. Additionally, mer operon genes have been frequently observed to be genetically linked to antibiotic resistance genes.[@bib0060], [@bib0085] Taken together, investigation of mer operon genes as a representation of resistance to mercury, becomes pre-requisite to determine its role in selection and survival of bacterial isolates in the polluted environments. Thus, in the present study, cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Delhi stretch of river Yamuna were assessed for its susceptibility towards wide range of antibiotics and heavy metals. Genetic determinants imparting ESBL positive phenotype, conjugation frequency and biofilm formation in different media composition were studied for the isolate. Additionally, growth kinetics and susceptibility pattern to antibiotic and heavy metal either singly or in combination were also performed. Methodology {#sec0010} =========== Isolation and characterization of bacteria {#sec0015} ------------------------------------------ Upon collection of the water samples from thirteen diverse locations -- spread across Delhi stretch during March--April and September--October, 2012 and 2013 -- bacterial screening was done by spreading 100 μL of serially diluted samples on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (4 μg/mL). Non-duplicate bacterial colonies with distinct colony morphology were selected and subjected to characterization by IMViC test and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility test {#sec0020} --------------------------------- The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute[@bib0090] guidelines. All isolates were subjected to drug susceptibility test against 21 antibiotics as described previously.[@bib0095] Representing 13 different categories that includes cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated, as described by Krumperman.[@bib0100] Categorization of bacterial isolates into, multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant and pandrug resistant, was strictly done on the basis of their resistance profiles following guidelines of Magiorakos et al.[@bib0105] Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was determined by broth micro-dilution method using Luria Bertani (LB) broth and E-test following CLSI guidelines with minor modifications in the culture medium. Similarly, resistance tests against heavy metals were determined by broth micro-dilution method by using different concentrations of heavy metal salts of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, lead and zinc. The cultures (96-well culture plates) were incubated at 37 °C for 14--18 h and Optical Density (OD) was measured at 600 nm. The minimum concentration of each antibiotic and heavy metal salt inhibiting the growth of isolate was considered as its MIC. An isolate designated in this study as MRC11, showing broader resistance to different class of antibiotics and heavy metals, was selected for further studies. Phenotypic screening for ESBL production {#sec0025} ---------------------------------------- Following susceptibility test to 3rd generation cephalosporins \[ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX) and ceftriaxone (CTR)\], selected bacterial isolates were screened for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase enzyme(s) by Phenotypic Disc Confirmatory Test (PDCT) on Mueller-Hinton Agar plates as described earlier.[@bib0095] E. coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Determination of ESBL and mer operon genes {#sec0030} -------------------------------------------- The cefotaxime resistant isolate was screened for ESBL determinants (bla~TEM~, bla~SHV~ and bla~CTX-M~) and carbapenem resistance genes (bla~NDM-1~, bla~OXA-23~ and bla~OXA-48~) along with the determinants of mer operon genes (merB, merP and merT), that confer resistance against mercury. Using gene specific primers ([Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}), PCR reactions were carried out as described earlier.[@bib0095] Amplified PCR products were sequenced directly using automated DNA sequencer at Xcelris Labs Ltd., Gujarat, India. DNA sequence data was analyzed for homology using BLAST online search engine at NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information).Table 1Primer sequences used for gene amplification.Table 1PrimerSequenceProduct size (bp)ReferenceID-F5′-GGCGGACGGGTGAGTAATG-3′649[@bib0095]ID-R5′-ATCCTGTTTGCTCCCCACG-3′TEM-F5′-ATGAGTATTCAACATTTCCGTGT-3′861TEM-R5′-TTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGG-3′SHV-F5′ATGCGTTATATTCGCCTGTGTATTATCTCCC-3′860SHV-R5′-TTAGCGTTGCCAGTGCTCGATCAG-3′CTX-MF5′-SCVATGTGCAGYACCAGTAA-3′480CTX-MR5′-GCTGCCGGTYTTATCVCC-3′merPF5′-ATGAAGAAACTGTTTGCCTCC-3′276merPR5′-TCACTGCTTGACGCTGGACG-3′merTF5′-TTAATAGAAAAATGGAACGAC-3′351merTR5′-ATGTCTGAACCACAAAACGGG-3′merBF5′-ATGAAGCTCGCCCCATATATTTTAG-3′667merBR5′-TCACGGTGTCCTAGATGACATGG-3′NDM1F5′-GCATAAGTCGCAATCCCCG-3′194This studyNDM1R5′-GGTTTGATCGTCAGGGATGG-3′OXA23F5′-GAAGCCATGAAGCTTTCTG-3′200OXA23R5′-GTATGTGCTAATTGGGAAACA-3′OXA48F5′-CCAATAGCTTGATCGCCCTC-3′209OXA48R5′-CCATAATCGAAAGCATGTAGC-3′ Localization of resistance genes by plasmid typing {#sec0035} -------------------------------------------------- Localization of resistance genes was performed by conjugation studies followed by screening through PCR based amplification. ESBL producing test isolate was designated as donor, and a plasmid free, sodium azide resistant strain of E. coli (J53 Az^R^) sensitive to 21 antibiotics, served as recipient in the conjugation studies. Briefly, donor and recipient cells in a ratio of 1:2 were mixed in 5 mL LB broth and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C without shaking. The trans-conjugants were selected on nutrient agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (10 μg/mL) and sodium azide (100 μg/mL). The frequency of plasmid transfer was calculated with respect to the donor cells. An E. coli isolate positive for ESBL production was used as a control. In order to study co-transfer of multiple resistance markers in the conjugant, antibiotic profiling was performed against 21 antibiotics. Transfer of complete conjugative plasmid was confirmed from test isolate and trans-conjugant by plasmid isolation using alkaline lysis method, followed by size determination by performing agarose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the isolated plasmid from trans-conjugant was used as template for PCR to check the presence of ESBLs and mer operon genes. Growth kinetics {#sec0040} --------------- Effect of antibiotic and heavy metal, separately and also in combination, was studied by measuring growth parameters at regular intervals in nutrient media and subsequent plotting of values in form of growth curves. For analysis of the growth pattern, secondary culture of the isolate was setup in four culture flasks containing (a) LB broth, (b) LB broth supplemented with 10 μg/mL cefotaxime, (c) LB broth supplemented with 2 μg/mL HgCl~2~, and (d) LB broth supplemented with 10 μg/mL cefotaxime + 2 μg/mL HgCl~2~. The cultures were grown aerobically till saturation, in an automated incubator shaker (Scigenics, India) set at 150 rpm and 37 °C. Similar experimental conditions were set up for the test isolate, its trans-conjugant, also for negative (E. coli strain ATCC 25922) and positive controls (E. coli isolate positive for ESBL production). Biofilm formation assay {#sec0045} ----------------------- Biofilm formation was investigated by crystal violet assay following protocol described by O'Toole and Kolter.[@bib0110] Briefly, bacterial culture with OD~600~ of 0.1 was diluted in tryptic soy broth (TSB) by adding 100 μL broth to 100 μL culture (1:1 ratio). Polystyrene microtitre plates (96-well) were inoculated with 200 μL of diluted culture per well and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Following this, cultures were discarded and wells were gently washed four times with 200 μL of sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.2) to remove loosely associated bacteria. Cells adhered to the wall were stained with 200 μL of 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet at room temperature for 20 min. It was followed by a wash with PBS. The crystal violet that stained the cells was solubilized in 200 μL of 95% (v/v) ethanol. Samples were incubated for 20 min at room temperature and biofilm formation was quantified by measuring OD~600~ in an ELISA reader (Thermo Scientific, MultiscanGo). Change in the amount of biofilm formation under different media composition was observed by supplementing TSB with cefotaxime (2 μg/mL), mercuric chloride (0.2 μg/mL) and their combination, and the wells containing TSB alone were used as blanks. The percentage of biofilm formation was calculated by the formula:$$\text{Percentage\ of\ biofilm\ formation} = \left( \frac{\lbrack\text{Test\ OD}_{600\,\text{nm}} - \text{Blank\ OD}_{600\,\text{nm}}\rbrack}{\text{Blank\ OD}_{600\,\text{nm}}} \right) \times 100$$ Taking a note of sensitivity to antibiotics, E. coli isolate known for ESBL production was used as a positive control and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, exhibiting sensitivity to antibiotics along with biofilm formation capability, was used as a negative control, in assessing the behaviour of the test isolate. Binary toxicity assay {#sec0050} --------------------- The multidrug resistant isolate was further subjected to combined toxic effect of heavy metals and antibiotics. The petriplates containing MHA supplemented with different concentrations of heavy metals was inoculated and spread with the bacterial culture. Combined toxicity was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition after placing antibiotic discs at appropriate distance and incubation for 12--14 h at 37 °C. On the basis of susceptibility, four antibiotics with three different modes of action: amikacin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), cefoxitin (chephamycin) and imipenem (carbapenem), were included in this study. Each antibiotic was used at four different concentrations, in combination with six heavy metal salts \[CdCl~2~ (175, 75, 50, 5 mg/L), CuCl~2~ (250, 100, 50, 5 mg/L), CrO~3~ (125, 30, 15, 5 mg/L), HgCl~2~ (15, 7.5, 1, 0.1 mg/L), Pb(CH~3~COO)~2~ (250, 125, 75, 10 mg/L) and ZnSO~4~ (500, 250, 100, 50 mg/L)\]. The concentrations of heavy metals were selected on the basis of MIC obtained for each metal. Results {#sec0055} ======= The bacterial isolate {#sec0060} --------------------- A total of 75 non-duplicate E. coli isolates were collected from water samples in heavily polluted Delhi stretch of river Yamuna. Screening for ESBL production revealed 34 E. coli isolates to be positive for ESBL production. Out of these ESBL positive E. coli isolates, an isolate (annotated as MRC11) collected on March 26, 2013 from Old Railway Bridge, 100--150 m downstream of Civil Mill Drain falling into the river (77°14′51.42″ E and 28°39′41.77″ N), displayed high incidences of resistance, therefore it was chosen for MDR studies against wide range of antibiotics and heavy metals. In addition to the identification by assessment of the biochemical parameters, recognition based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, confirmed the isolate to be an E. coli (NCBI Accession \# KT428597). Antimicrobial susceptibility {#sec0065} ---------------------------- By checking susceptibility of the bacterial isolates against antibiotics, it was observed that E. coli MRC11 exhibits resistance against broad range of antibiotics representing β-lactams, monobactams, fluoroquinolones, polymyxins, rifampicins and trimethoprim ([Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}). Phenotypic determination of ESBL production revealed complete absence of zone of inhibition for third generation cephalosporins, individually, as well as in combination with the inhibitor i.e. clavulanic acid. The isolate was found to be sensitive to tobramycin and amikacin. In summary, resistance displays peaks for amoxicillin and carbenicilin (MIC \>512 μg/mL) followed by aztreonam, cefotaxime and ceftazidime (MIC \>256 μg/mL), ofloxacin (32 μg/mL) and ciprofloxacin (30 μg/mL), respectively ([Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type="table"}). The isolate showed complete resistance to ofloxacin and trimethoprim, comprising choice of drugs available for the treatment of UTI infections. Besides, MIC value of 2 μg/mL (susceptible range) for amikacin, ZOI was observed to be in intermediate category (16 mm). Higher MAR index (0.95) for the E. coli MRC11 gives an indication of its portrayal as a therapeutic challenge. Simultaneously, by looking at the resistance against different heavy metals, it was observed that E. coli MRC11 exhibits a very high resistance profile for metals, even higher than the prescribed permissible limit which is considered tolerable for humans ([Table 4](#tbl0020){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Antimicrobial profiling of donor E. coli MRC11 strain and E. coli J53 trans-conjugant.Table 2[^2]Table 3MIC values of antibiotics towards E. coli MRC11 isolate and E. coli J53 trans-conjugant.Table 3[^3]Table 4MIC values of heavy metals towards E. coli MRC11 isolate.Table 4Heavy metalMIC (mg/L)Cadmium chloride250Copper chloride500Chromium (III) oxide125Mercuric chloride7.8Lead acetate500Zinc sulphate1000[^4] ESBL and mer operon determinants {#sec0070} ---------------------------------- Analysis of DNA sequence data revealed presence of two different variants of blaTEM (blaTEM-1 and blaTEM-116; NCBI Accession \# KU376497 and KT428598) gene in E. coli MRC11 that is credited towards contribution of resistance to β-lactams. As amplification could not be achieved for other two ESBL (blaSHV and blaCTX-M) genes and carbapenem resistance imparting genes (bla~NDM-1~, bla~OXA-23~ and bla~OXA-48~), it was concluded that the isolate is devoid of them. Presence of mer operon (merB, merP and merT) genes associated in imparting resistance against organic as well as inorganic mercury, gives an indication about the presence of both broad and narrow spectrum mer operon in the isolate. Plasmid profiling {#sec0075} ----------------- Conjugation efficiency of the magnitude of 3.5 × 10^−2^ and 6.1 × 10^−5^ trans-conjugant per donor cell was observed for E. coli MRC11 and control, respectively. Such high conjugation efficiency gives an indication of higher possibility of transfer of plasmid borne genes. Successful transfer of resistance determinants leads to the transformation of sensitive recipient into well acquaint resistant phenotype ([Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}). An ∼22 kb plasmid DNA isolated from trans-conjugant confirms complete transfer of conjugative plasmid via conjugation. PCR showed positive amplification corresponding to bla~TEM-116~ along with mer operon (merP and merT) genes from trans-conjugant plasmid. The trans-conjugant was resistant against cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and ciprofloxacin. Higher MIC values of cephalosporins (\>256 μg/mL), carbenicillins (\>512 μg/mL) and ciprofloxacin (5 μg/mL) demonstrate high resistance range of the trans-conjugant ([Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type="table"}). Growth studies {#sec0080} -------------- Growth kinetic studies reflect the effect of antimicrobials (antibiotics and heavy metals), either alone or in combination, on the growth pattern of E. coli MRC11. Growth of E. coli MRC11 under normal conditions showed a lag phase of about 2 h followed by a sharp increase in biomass during the log phase. On supplementing media with cefotaxime, no significant change in growth was observed for the isolate ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}A and B). However, supplementing media with mercuric chloride, an extended lag phase of 9 h was observed for both test isolate and its trans-conjugant. Contrarily, to the expected extension in lag phase following supplementation of both cefotaxime and mercuric chloride, a decline in the lag phase by about 2 h (a net lag phase of 7 h) was observed, which may be attributed to the resistance determinants conferring co-resistance ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}A). However, growth in the case of positive control (E. coli ESBL^+^) was compromised following treatment with mixture of cefotaxime and mercuric chloride ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}C). Compared to this, negative control displays no growth patterns after the application of cefotaxime and mercuric chloride, either alone or in combination ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}D).Fig. 1Growth pattern of bacteria under different culture conditions. (A) Isolate E. coli MRC11, (B) isolate E. coli J53 trans-conjugant, (C) positive control (i.e., isolate resistant to β-lactams and heavy metals) and (D) sensitive control E. coli ATCC 25922. The X axis depicts time in hours where as Y axis represents bacterial growth presented in terms of OD at 600 nm. Biofilm formation assay {#sec0085} ----------------------- Biofilm formation in nutrient media was around 59% in E. coli MRC11 and 79% in P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}). When assessed under different medium conditions, compared to the control, biofilm formation was found to follow a different pattern for E. coli MRC11 isolate. Maximum biofilm formation in the medium supplemented with mercuric chloride was seen in E. coli MRC11, also biofilm formation for the control isolate is maximum in the media which is supplemented with mercuric chloride and cefotaxime. The growth patterns of the biofilm formation for control is, higher in media supplemented with mixture of mercuric chloride and cefotaxime, which is followed by the growth seen in presence of mercuric chloride (68%) and the least growth (65.6%) occurs in the presence of cefotaxime alone. However, highest growth of the biofilm can be seen in the media supplemented with metal alone, which followed by the growth in media supplemented with cefotaxime (56.2%) and the least growth is seen in the presence of mercuric chloride and cefotaxime ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2Biofilm formation in different medium conditions. S1, Luria broth; S2, Luria broth supplemented with 10 mg/L cefotaxime; S3, Luria broth supplemented with 2 mg/L mercuric chloride; S4, Luria broth supplemented with 10 mg/L cefotaxime + 2 mg/L mercuric chloride. Dual resistance towards antibiotics and heavy metals {#sec0090} ---------------------------------------------------- Keeping in mind that the treatment with metal and antibiotics effects bacterial susceptibility, combined toxicity assays for E. coli MRC11 were performed. The detailed results of the combined toxicity test are summarized in [Fig. 3](#fig0015){ref-type="fig"}. E. coli MRC11 isolate which showed intermediate phenotype towards amikacin, exhibits sensitive phenotype in presence of cadmium, copper and chromium. Increase in the zone of inhibition was observed when amikacin and copper, both were used together, at a concentration of 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively. While as no such change in the zone diameter was observed at 100 mg/L and 250 mg/L concentration, which gives a clear indication about their synergistic effect towards E. coli MRC11. In a similar manner, combination of amikacin with zinc showed increase in its activity as observed by the increase of zone diameter at 500 mg/L concentration, with little or no change at the lower values. Contrary to this, mercury at a concentration of 1 mg/mL reduced the zone diameter from 16 mm to 14 mm, thereby indicating that the two hold antagonistic effect.Fig. 3Effect of heavy metal on antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli MRC11. R (resistant), I (intermediate) and S (sensitive) category as per CLSI criteria were labelled on each column. WM represented sensitivity in absence of heavy metal; C1, C2, C3 and C4 were concentrations of heavy metals in the medium, that were, Cd (175, 75, 50, 5 mg/L), Cu (250, 100, 50, 5 mg/L), Cr (125, 30, 15, 5 mg/L), Hg (15, 7.5, 1, 0.1 mg/L), Pb (250, 125, 75, 10 mg/L) and Zn (500, 250, 100, 50 mg/L) respectively. NG showed no growth of E. coli MRC11 isolate at that particular concentration of heavy metal. Similarly, combination of lead (75 mg/L) with imipenem showed increase in zone diameter; that shifted the activity of E. coli MRC11 towards sensitive range. Zinc in combination with imipenem, showed a positive impact at 500 mg/L, with little or no effect at 250 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 50 mg/L. On one side, where imipenem showed positive correlation with lead and zinc, no differences were observed at varying concentrations of chromium and mercury. Higher concentrations of cadmium and copper have an antagonistic effect when used in combination with imipenem. The susceptibility pattern changed from sensitive to resistant in case of cadmium and from sensitive to intermediate for copper. Additionally, E. coli MRC11 isolate displayed complete phenotypic resistance to different concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, lead and zinc, when used in combination with ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin. Discussion {#sec0095} ========== Sheer imprudence in the use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence and dissemination of resistance determinants. Recognized as a major challenge in the healthcare systems, bacteria have developed mechanisms that render antibiotics useless against infections. Polluted environment exacerbates the situation by creating a selective pressure favouring acquisition of resistance genes and point mutations that leads to the development of newer gene variants with broader activity, ultimately increasing the resistance burden in different environmental conditions.[@bib0095], [@bib0115], [@bib0120] One such location identified as Delhi stretch of river Yamuna, representing only 2% of the total catchment area of the river, gets discharge from around 22 sewage and 28 industrial clusters.[@bib0010] This stretch is heavily eutrophicated at several locations, where concentration of almost all major heavy metals and antibiotics is well above the maximum permissible limits.[@bib0080], [@bib0125] Rather than acting as a graveyard for bacterial isolates where multiple antimicrobial agents work simultaneously, the polluted river Yamuna is crammed with isolates harbouring clusters of resistance genes. Extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes are reported as the main contributing factors to high level of resistance observed among majority of the multidrug resistant bacterial isolates. As such, rapid emergence of multidrug resistance among opportunistic pathogens that cause endocarditis, bacteraemia, sepsis, urinary tract and other infections, has now grown to an alarming condition, troubling clinicians treating them.[@bib0130] Associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), E. coli, which predominates among members of Enterobacteriaceae, seems to be a true community ESBL-producing pathogen.[@bib0135], [@bib0140] Delhi stretch of river Yamuna is crammed with multidrug resistant E. coli isolates, out of which 45% were ESBL producers. Among these, one isolate, E. coli MRC11 exhibits resistance against 20 antibiotics tested. Having an MAR index of 0.95 and high MIC values (\>256 μg/mL) to different antibiotics, consortium of available drugs seems inadequate in dealing with its infections. Similar to study carried out in Thailand where Pornsinchai et al. reported co-presence of blaTEM-1 and blaTEM-116 genes in clinical isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae, E. coli MRC11 isolate was found to harbour two different variants of blaTEM gene.[@bib0145] Carbapenems being a choice of drug against ESBL producing isolates,[@bib0150] E. coli MRC11 exhibits resistance against ertapenem and imipenem. Absence of amplicon for bla~NDM-1~, bla~OXA-23~ and bla~OXA-48~ genes suggest presence of other determinants imparting carbapenem resistance. Similar to study of Rath et al. reporting prevalence of amikacin resistance among nosocomial and community acquired E. coli isolates, E. coli MRC11 in our study was seen to be resistant to amikacin.[@bib0155] Fluoroquinolones constitute the most widely used anti-bacterials that are effective in treating UTIs caused by E. coli.[@bib0160] Wide spread resistance to levofloxacin and ofloxacin in E. coli MRC11 often renders fluoroquinolones of no use. Resistance against one or more agents from thirteen different classes of antibiotics portrays pandrug resistance phenotype to E. coli MRC11 isolate. This is in concordance with the studies that advocate high incidence of multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates collected from water streams influenced by industrial pollution and municipal sewage.[@bib0165], [@bib0170] Clustering of the resistance genes and their mobilization through horizontal gene transfer armours bacteria with resistance against wide range of antibiotics.[@bib0175], [@bib0180] Complying with the reports, trans-conjugant of E. coli MRC11 that apprehends presence of resistance determinants on conjugative plasmid exhibits resistance to wide variety of antibiotics, in addition of having ESBL phenotype possibly attributed to presence of other resistance genes that are not examined in this study. Moreover, in our work it was observed that, trans-conjugant of E. coli MRC11 carries mer operon (merP and merT) genes. These results are in corroboration with the work of McIntosh et al. reporting genetic linkage between mer operon with that of antibiotic resistance genes.[@bib0085] In combined toxicity test, amikacin in amalgamation with cadmium chloride and chromium (III) oxide showed synergistic effect possibly due to chemical reaction between the effective concentrations of heavy metals and antibiotics, and/or presence of heavy metal that elicit stress response, impairing protein (enzyme) synthesis, that impart resistance to the bacteria. Contrarily, when antimicrobial activity of the combination (antibiotics plus metal) is no more equal to or greater than parent substance, and/or coagulation occurs, it is considered as antagonistic effect as observed in the case of imipenem with cadmium chloride (175 mg/L) and zinc (50 mg/L), and amikacin with mercuric chloride (1 mg/L) combinations. These results are complying with the observations of studies carried out by Zhou et al.[@bib0185] that reports changed susceptibility of Psudomonas fluorescens to antibiotics when co-exposed to heavy metals. Knowing the fact that blaTEM genes impart resistance to β-lactams, growth of the isolate E. coli MRC11 under study was found insensitive to cefotaxime (10 μg/mL). Accordingly, E. coli MRC11 transformant harbouring resistance genes on plasmid follows almost similar growth pattern. While, presence of heavy metal in media reduces the microbial activity to a large extent, thereby increases lag phase, later replenishing the growth possibly due to co-resistance or detoxification strategies generated in the cell by the proteins encoded by the set of mer operon genes. Similar growth patterns, without any effect of antibiotic in medium, on the growth kinetics of antibiotic resistant bacteria, were also demonstrated by Drummond et al.[@bib0190] Also, no significant increase in biofilm formation was observed in presence of antimicrobial agent for E. coli MRC11, compared to control isolate. The plausible explanation for these observations could come from the fact that potential expression of the ESBL gene on conjugative plasmid, might confer resistance to cephalosporins-resulting in well adapted phenotype -- so that it can function or grow in a normal manner, without any effect on the growth pattern and also without significant induction of biofilm formation. Taken together, detection of E. coli MRC11 in aquatic environment presents a risk factor for dissemination of resistance genes to co-inhabitants including potential pathogens which pose serious threat to mankind. Understanding the potentialities of multiresistant isolates to withstand effect of antimicrobials will help in strategic development of new and more effective antimicrobial agents so as to "reset the clock" for resistance level and infection control. To achieve this, further studies are required to evaluate the role of polluted environment in resistance spread and to determine the factors responsible that attribute bacteria with the pandrug resistant phenotype. Conflicts of interest {#sec0100} ===================== Authors declare that no conflict of interest exist with this publication. Mudsser Azam acknowledges Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India for financial support as Senior Research Fellowship (09/466(0136)/2011-EMR-I). [^1]: Authors contributed equally to this work. [^2]: ZOI, Zone of Inhibition; S, sensitive is represented by Black color; I, intermediate as Green; R, resistant by Red color. [^3]: MIC, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; S, sensitive is represented by Black color; I, intermediate as Green; R, resistant by Red color. [^4]: MIC, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '06a6bd9bf53d3329dc14e35bef2810538117d36a3bbe6e64b73692fa4246655c'}
Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird Wallace Stevens Copywrite - Public Domain Original text source: Harmonium (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, September 7, 1923): 135-37. York University Library Special Collections 734 First publication date: December 1917 1 Among twenty snowy mountains, 2 The only moving thing 3 Was the eye of the blackbird. 4 I was of three minds, 5 Like a tree 6 In which there are three blackbirds. 7 The blackbird whirled in the autumn winds. 8 It was a small part of the pantomime. 9 A man and a woman 10 Are one. 11 A man and a woman and a blackbird 12 Are one. 13 I do not know which to prefer, 14 The beauty of inflections 15 Or the beauty of innuendoes, 16 The blackbird whistling 17 Or just after. 18 Icicles filled the long window 19 With barbaric glass. 20 The shadow of the blackbird 21 Crossed it, to and fro. 22 The mood 23 Traced in the shadow 24 An indecipherable cause. 25 O thin men of Haddam, 26 Why do you imagine golden birds? 27 Do you not see how the blackbird 28 Walks around the feet 29 Of the women about you? 30 I know noble accents 31 And lucid, inescapable rhythms; 32 But I know, too, 33 That the blackbird is involved 34 In what I know. 35 When the blackbird flew out of sight, 36 It marked the edge 37 Of one of many circles. 38 At the sight of blackbirds 39 Flying in a green light, 40 Even the bawds of euphony 41 Would cry out sharply. 42 He rode over Connecticut 43 In a glass coach. 44 Once, a fear pierced him, 45 In that he mistook 46 The shadow of his equipage 47 For blackbirds. 48 The river is moving. 49 The blackbird must be flying. 50 It was evening all afternoon. 51 It was snowing 52 And it was going to snow. 53 The blackbird sat 54 In the cedar-limbs. This is one of my favorite poems. Not only is it WEIRD AS HELL, but it's rarely interpreted the same way by two people. Wallace Stevens is a genius, I say this not because his writing is particularly incredible, but anything that made people think as much as this has is a beautiful work of art. For those concerned, here is the way things played out when my friend and I attempted to interpret this twisted piece of litterature: Stanza One: This is very likely a verse about necrophilia. Stevens was somewhat fond of the subject (refer to Emperor of Ice Cream. "Among twenty snowy mountains" could be seen as ten dead women (twenty boobs, two per chick). "The only moving thing was the eye of the blackbird" would then, of course, refer to a (the) man's penis. Stanza Two: I actually decided that this may have been an attempt at a religious verse. "I am of three minds, like a tree, in which there are, three blackbirds." I have bolded the word three due to the significance in christian literature, the father, son, and holy ghost aka the "holy trinity". Stanza Three: I had trouble with this one, all we could figure is that he may be saying one man is but a small part of the world, that all the tiny things going on make up one big picture. Stanza Four: Another religious one - "A man and a woman are one" - the two are married, and therefor one being, whole. "A man and a woman and a blackbird are one" - the two are also whole with God in the relationship, perhaps moreso. If nothing else, it comes back to the whole power of three thing again (1+1+1=1?). Stanza Five: I believe this to be sort of a statement of "I do not know which is more beautiful, the things in this world, God creating them, or just after he has done so." Yeah, kinda weak, i know, but it's the best I could do. Stanza Six: This came across as a "God is everywhere, the reason is not always clear" statement. The blackbird crosses the window, "yeah! god's here, and is always with us" but the indecipherable cause? "why is he here? we will never know..." Stanza Seven: This one seemed fairly obvious to me. It appears as a direct refference to the second commandment from the book of Exodus - thou shalt not worship graven images. In other words, don't pray to golden idols, worship the one God. Now granted, Stevens was probably not litteraly reffering to golden statues, but modern day idols of money, power and fame still exist. Stanza Eight: I know a lot of things, but I know that God knows them all as well, and is involved in everything I do. Stanza Nine: I have NO clue, sorry :) Stanza Ten: This is kind of a refference to men being god fearing. Even those who constantly sing his praise, will be frightened and cry in the presence of the lord. Stanza Eleven: Again, the godfearing idea. A man, likely a sinner (maybe a lawyer :) ), sees the shadow of his carriage and jumps in fear, thinking it to be the blackbird (god) come to judge him. Stanza Twelve: If the world exists, it is because God is there. Everything happens through and with and because of God. Stanza Thirteen: Not really sure on this one, perhaps kind of a, "night and day, good or bad weather, god will always be there". So, for the most part, I interpreted this as somewhat of a religious statement (minus stanza one, but hey, I calls em like I sees em ;) ). What else can I say besides: Wallace Stevens, you are one twisted Mother Fscker! As with any interpretation, of course, any but the original author is WAAAAY off the mark. These following are notes Wallace made himself about the letters. The numbers refer to line numbers of the poem. 1] In a letter to L. W. Payne, Jr., Stevens patiently explained that the poem dealt with sense experiences or "sensations" (Letters, 251). 25] Haddam: a town in Connecticut whose men may have dug once for gold but whose distinctively "Yankee"-sounding name accounted for its use here (Letters, 251, 786). 40] bawds of euphony: evidently, literary critics, those who make money off other men's enjoyment of harmony (Letters, 340). (Wallace's notes were found here: Thus, it might be true . . . that the style of a poem and the style of men are one. Wallace Stevens “Two or Three Ideas” Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) worked for a short time as a journalist, completed his law degree and in 1934 became a Vice President at the Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company. He remained there until his death in spite of his increasing popularity and importance as one of the foremost writers of verse in American poetry. Stevens's most notable poems, many of them dealing with the world of creative imagination in a world deprived of religious meaning include Le Monocle de Mon Oncle, The Emperor of Ice Cream, Sunday Morning, Anecdote of the Jar, Peter Quince at the Clavier and Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird. An ambiguous poem Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird depicts the narrator watching a blackbird through a window and how his mood changes along with each observation. His sensuous and elaborate imagery along elevated precise diction are reminiscence of William Carlos Williams with a bit of T S Eliot thrown in with the use of expressions of subtle philosophical themes creating a characteristic tone that is both lyrical and ironic. By taking blackbirds and contrasting them against thirteen ways to look at them the reader sees the bleakness and monotony of modern life with the richness of nature and of the aesthetic experiences but with a twist. Focusing on the after images as aberrations, in fact all images are after, they behold for the reader a certain terror. "I do not know which to prefer," writes Wallace Stevens "The beauty of inflections / Or the beauty of innuendoes, / the blackbird whistling / or just after. Every image is an "afterthought" or "aftershock" of something that has already occurred. Like a modern impressionist painting with strokes of words Stevens work is a composite structure built of oblique meanings and surprising shifts that add up to an engaging portrait where symbol, and metaphor coexist. The verses are a journey from the physical to the metaphysical, a journey that is altogether poetic, technical, and philosophical. The poet examines his subjects with as few preconceptions as possible, taking familiar concepts and stripping away all associations until they become strange, producing ideas that are refreshing and new and straddles the ground between the intellect and the senses, leading the reader beyond the realm of theory and practice into the universe of the imagination, where "space" is experienced as something touched, seen, and thought. With this use of traditional Modernist experimental writing one scholar explains: "There is more poetic truth in this agile prose, these vivid, metaphorical descriptions and surprising juxtapositions than any amount of scholarly research could possibly unearth." Stevens solution is is to use multiple metaphors for God: masculine, feminine, non-sexual, and depersonalized. God has many names. If Wallace Stevens can write about "thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird," how many more ways must exist to envision the infinite and eternal God? The disorienting and revelatory shifts of focus in such a charming poem takes the romantic commitment to a specular order of attention, so that his poem has more than a trace of consistency. Emphasizing the geography or contour of the poem on the page, whether it be in monomorphic, polymorphic, or paratactic, the fulcrum in Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird is the word "see". Rhyme also serves a visual as well as aural effect. Suggestive as Blackbirds may be, the theme of the poem is, "Pay attention to physical reality." What kinds of things are suitable to serve as units in a number? Clouds, ripples on the surface of a liquid, psychological states these things are usually too indefinite to count. How many psychological states did one experience yesterday? How can one objectively determine the answer? There are times which one can, for example, say that there are three clouds overhead. And, after all, this is not the Four Noble Truths, seven types of ambiguity, three theological virtues, or thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird. Are the numbers that these sorts of things compose like Faith, Hope, and Charity form a triad in the way that the Father, Son and Holy Ghost do? Is Faith a thing in the same way that Father or Son is. The bafflement and uncertainty experienced when confronting these questions are reminders to the reader that the ancient conception of the numbers under consideration by the composer is not an exacting scientific concept. It is about nature after all. The thin ascetic men of Haddam is chided by the poet for ignoring the good blackbirds and real women for golden phantasms. He remands the aristocrat who rides about Connecticut, of all places, in a glass coach as if thinking himself Prince Charming as inexcusable failure to exercise his intelligence. Steven's ends in a section with a tone that is straightforward and matter-of-factly sums it up. No matter what the reader does to interpret what Steven's has seen there remains the last image of one blackbird perched in the cedar tree awaiting the snowfall. The reader can smell the crisp cedar strongly sensed against the dry cold air of the impending weather. The tree is sharply in focus the air icier while the blackbird becomes a shadow. Wallace Stevens is a poet who manifested an abiding interest in philosophy. His poems consistently display, in both their syntax and modulation of thought, philosophical parallels. Stevens' dominant mode of thought is phenomenological. This can be shown by analyzing parallels between phenomenological methodology and Stevens' poetry. Particularly three poems--"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" (1917), "The Snow Man" (1921), and "The Latest Freed Man" (1938)--embody, respectively, the poem as doing phenomenology,(a philosophical movement that describes the formal structure of the objects of awareness and of awareness itself in abstraction from any claims concerning existence ) the poem as a description of the phenomenological mind, and the poem as a portrait of the phenomenologist. James A. Clark For poetry ideas based on comparisons and contrasts, the very subjectiveness of interpretations James A. Clark writes about his book Wallace Stevens: A Portrait of the Artist as a Phenomenologist is an unintentional one of confusing modern poetry with philosophy, a common fault of literary criticism, even so, there are a tremendous variety of benefits to these critical interpretations.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9530102014541626}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40375', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:T6SUJTLHBLR4SJSQIJ5CWMDNE3XWATED', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a615da41-161d-47a1-aaa4-db41bdcbbd43>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 10, 24, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.112.254.232', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BUCXT3EWKOFCT2LT6P2T3MNUGFTELAQX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7fbe1fbb-9613-486b-82b3-6cae8c8a24d3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://everything2.com/title/Thirteen+Ways+of+Looking+at+a+Blackbird', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:db4a52e5-d8b5-42bd-81f8-b0b3bc258209>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2110', 'url': 'https://everything2.com/title/Thirteen+Ways+of+Looking+at+a+Blackbird', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-93-215-43.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13218778371810913', 'original_id': 'de2185b9994bb9957632516b5b89a7970a1d6e3fd683c0a308f1bbf1f52c6005'}
The 8 Richest Sports Team Owners In The World 2021 By on April 28, 2021 in ArticlesSports News It must be nice to be a billionaire. You could literally have anything you want. For many billionaires, that means a professional sports franchise. What would you buy? An NFL team? An NBA team? An NHL or MLB team? How about a major league soccer team? The 20 richest controlling owners of professional sports teams have a combined net worth of around $426 billion. From Indian cricket teams and English football teams, to American basketball teams and everything in between, these are the 8 richest professional sport team owners… Los Angeles Clippers owner Steve Ballmer s (Mike Windle/Getty Images) #8. Joseph Tsai Net Worth: $10.5 billion Team: NBA's Brooklyn Nets Source: Alibaba Joseph Tsai is part of the group that founded Alibaba in 1999. Today he is the company's second-largest individual shareholder, after Jack Ma. He bought the Nets in September 2019. He also owns the MLS franchise Los Angeles FC. #7. David Tepper Net Worth: $12 billion Team: NFL's Carolina Panthers Source: Hedge Fund Tepper earned his fortune as the founder of the hedge fund Appaloosa Management. He struck out on his own in 1993 after being repeatedly passed over for partnership at Goldman Sachs. He owns the Carolina Panthers NFL team and the Charlotte FC MLS soccer team. Another fun fact about David Tepper? He bought his former Goldman boss' beloved house out in the Hamptons and tore it down basically out of spite. #6. Steven Cohen Net Worth: $14 billion Team: MLB's New York Mets Source: Hedge Fund In 2012 Cohen purchased a 4% stake in the New York Mets. In September 2020 he spent $2.35 billion to increase his stake in the team up to 95%. Cohen took on a team that regularly loses money. The Mets typically lose about $90 million in a normal season. In 2020, the year of purchase, and the season impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, the Mets' losses topped $200 million. #5. Roman Abramovich Net Worth: $18 billion Team: Chelsea FC Source: Steel/Investments Abramovich is a widely-known figure in Israel and Russia for his involvement in politics and business. Most people around the world know him as the owner of the English Premier League team, Chelsea F.C. Because of his considerable wealth, Abramovich has at times been the richest person in Israel. He is also the tenth-richest Russian and the 113th-richest person in the world. #4. Dan Gilbert Net Worth: $40 billion Team: NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers Source: Quicken Loans/Rocket Loans Dan Gilbert earned his fortune as the founder and CEO of Quicken Loans (originally called Rock Financial). Quicken Loans now operates under the umbrella firm of Rocket Companies. Rocket generated $5.1 billion in revenue and just under $900 million in net income in 2019. In the first half of 2020 alone, Rocket facilitated $124 billion in new mortgages. Gilbert is the owner of the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, NBA G League's Canton Charge, and the American Hockey League's Cleveland Monsters. #3. Francois Pinault Net Worth: $47 billion Team: Stade Rennais FC Source: Luxury Goods Francois Pinault is the founder and majority shareholder of fashion conglomerate Kering (formerly PPR). Kering owns prestigious fashion houses like Gucci, Stella McCartney, Alexander McQueen and Yves Saint Laurent. In addition to Kering, Pinault separately owns Artemis S.A., which owns Converse shoes, Samsonite luggage, Château Latour, the Vail Ski Resort in Colorado, as well as Christie's auction house. #2. Mukesh Ambani Net Worth: $75 billion Team: Mumbai Indians (cricket) Source: Reliance Industries Mukesh Ambani earned his net worth thanks to Reliance Industries, a Fortune 500 company. He is chairman, managing director, and largest shareholder. In 2008, Ambani received the title of "The World's Richest Sports Team Owner" after he purchased the Indian Premier League cricket team the Mumbai Indians for $111.9 million. He is also the founder of the Indian Super League, a football league in India. #1. Steve Ballmer Net Worth: $91 billion Team: NBA's Los Angeles Clippers Source: Microsoft Steve Ballmer's net worth is derived from his 333.3 million shares of Microsoft stock. Over the years he has sold $3.4 billion worth of stock and collected roughly $4.5 billion from dividends. Despite being a multi-multi-billionaire, Ballmer still drives a Ford in honor of his father who was a Ford manager. Ballmer had been interested in buying a basketball team since 2008 when he was part of a group that unsuccessfully tried to acquire the Seattle Supersonics. In 2012, he also tried to buy the Sacramento Kings. Ballmer would finally get the opportunity he'd been waiting for in 2014, when Clippers owner Donald Sterling was given a lifetime ban from the NBA following a leaked racist conversation. Sterling's wife pushed to have the LA Clippers sold, and Ballmer stepped in with an offer of $2 billion. The offer was accepted soon thereafter, and Ballmer became the new owner of the Clippers. Did we make a mistake? Submit a correction suggestion and help us fix it! 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Zone :Pacific/ Most zones consist of a region followed by a city name. Choose the zone that matches the country and time zone of the location that you want. For example: places on the east coast of the U.S. are in zone :America/New_York; places in New Brunswick, Canada are in zone :America/Halifax. Back up	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8798298239707947}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6153', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:D7XWAKLG37XPCQ2RQL652KYKXWRCSPNN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0a75a1c2-6558-44df-a589-4ead72c2995a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 19, 23, 54, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '162.242.166.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WPOT6OY7QXUFYRDN6AER7CNSDWZ3IEFA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2d987053-ae5b-4e5f-8de9-db56469abc2d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tides.mobilegeographics.com/zones/:Pacific/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:883e5291-6d67-4f9a-924d-8c68a592ff8b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '51', 'url': 'https://tides.mobilegeographics.com/zones/:Pacific/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-145-104-113.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7211659550666809', 'original_id': '62ba9e30ee1a813df65cad2057719401841af94dde9cb8c5cc282cfeb371ca7b'}
<?php /** * iF.SVNAdmin * Copyright (c) 2010 by Manuel Freiholz * http://www.insanefactory.com/ * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License * as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 * of the License. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program. / require_once("include/config.inc.php"); / * Some helper functions. / function getArgument($argv, $name, $default=null) { if (empty($argv)) return $default; $cnt = count($argv); for ($i = 1; $i < $cnt; ++$i) { if (strcasecmp($argv[$i], $name) === 0) { if (($cnt - 1) >= ($i + 1)) { if (!empty($argv[$i+1])) return $argv[$i+1]; } break; } } return $default; } function printUsage() { $E = \svnadmin\core\Engine::getInstance(); $s = "Command line interface of iF.SVNAdmin\n". "Version: ".$E->getAppVersionString()."\n". "Usage:\n". "\tphp cli.php --mode [mode]\n". "\n". "Available modes:\n". "\tupdate Updates all updateable data providers (e.g.: ldap).\n". "\tlicense Prints out the license of this application.\n". "\n". "! Important usage notice !\n". "Make sure that the current working directory (PWD/CWD) where the script ". "is being executed is the root of the iF.SVNAdmin application ". "(e.g.: /var/www/svnadmin/).". "\n" ; print($s); } / * CLI */ $mode = getArgument($argv, "--mode"); if ($mode == "update") { $E = \svnadmin\core\Engine::getInstance(); if (!$E->isViewUpdateable()) { print("No updateable data provider configured."); exit(0); } // List of update providers. $providers = array( "User-View" => $E->getProvider(PROVIDER_USER_VIEW), "Group-View" => $E->getProvider(PROVIDER_GROUP_VIEW), "AccessPath-View" => $E->getProvider(PROVIDER_ACCESSPATH_VIEW) ); foreach ($providers as $type => &$prov) { if ($prov != null && $prov->isUpdateable()) { if ($prov->update()) print("Update successful: ".$type."\n"); else print("Error during update of ".$type."\n"); } } } elseif ($mode == "license") { // Print out license. $data = file_get_contents(("license.txt")); print ($data); exit(0); } else { printUsage(); exit(0); } ?>	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'e25972b0db00d5dfd570f98b0fb730e10b2cb12002759678bb8d5b37168202e5'}
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers; use Illuminate\Http\Request; class deletebuyController extends Controller { public function deletebuy(Request $req){ return view('deletebuy'); } public function del(Request $req){ $rules = [ 'id'=>'required\|min:5' ]; $this->validate($req , $rules); return $req->all(); } }	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://github.com/Durjoy122/ERP-Laravel/blob/master/Lrv/app/Http/Controllers/deletebuyController.php', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2021.0', 'title': 'ERP-Laravel', 'creator': 'Durjoy122', 'language': 'PHP', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '33', 'token_count': '116', '__index_level_0__': '13772', 'original_id': 'f8c94930276042676970d53f0b253f5f355e1dc1f6ff2736d6757a775a0241f1'}
import React, { Component } from 'react' import { NavLink } from 'react-router-dom' const Nav = () => { return ( <div> <nav className="navbar navbar-toggleable-md navbar-light bg-faded"> <button className="navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-right" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span className="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <a className="navbar-brand text-primary" href="#">Crypto Watch</a> <div className="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav"> <ul className="navbar-nav"> <li className="nav-item active"> { /* FIXME: / is always active, i.e. /dummy it's still active*/ } <NavLink className="nav-item nav-link" exact activeClassName='active' to='/'>Home</NavLink> </li> <li className="nav-item"> <NavLink className="nav-item nav-link" activeClassName='active' to='/dummy'>Dummy</NavLink> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> ) } export default Nav	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://github.com/andreas-groos/react-redux-starter-kit/blob/master/src/components/Nav.js', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2018.0', 'title': 'react-redux-starter-kit', 'creator': 'andreas-groos', 'language': 'JavaScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '91', 'token_count': '350', '__index_level_0__': '36521', 'original_id': 'e50c0e62e381214e7b71b65da330e140be9de53e08ed98d1021361bfd415dbfa'}
تصنيف:رياضيون فنزويليون مغتربون في تشيلي تصنيف ويكيميديا تصنيف:رياضيون فنزويليون مغتربون في تشيلي نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا تصنيف:رياضيون فنزويليون مغتربون في تشيلي التصنيف يجمع المواضيع رياضة تصنيف:رياضيون فنزويليون مغتربون في تشيلي التصنيف يجمع المواضيع المغترب تصنيف:رياضيون فنزويليون مغتربون في تشيلي التصنيف يجمع المواضيع رياضي Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile Wikimedia category Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile instance of Wikimedia category Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile category combines topics sport Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile category combines topics expatriate Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile category combines topics athlete رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل ونزوئلا در شیلی ردهٔ ویکی‌پدیا رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل ونزوئلا در شیلی نمونه‌ای از ردهٔ ویکی‌مدیا رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل ونزوئلا در شیلی موضوع‌های رده ورزش رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل ونزوئلا در شیلی موضوع‌های رده دور از وطن رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل ونزوئلا در شیلی موضوع‌های رده ورزشکار	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60434082', 'collection': 'Wikidata', 'open_type': 'Semantic data', 'license': 'CC0', 'date': '', 'title': 'Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Multilingual', 'language_type': 'Semantic data', 'word_count': '143', 'token_count': '485', '__index_level_0__': '42043', 'original_id': '1ba093888fef4384cdf29182a7ea3957437f4a5dc7ee352eda199fa0e7ab17f6'}
Insufficient Sleep and Work Performance Health Advisory More than one third of U.S. adults get less than the recommended 7 or more hours of sleep per night.1 In addition to increasing the risk of numerous health problems, insufficient sleep is associated with increased errors and a greater risk of both workplace accidents and motor vehicle crashes. Insufficient sleep also is associated with higher rates of absenteeism from work and reduced performance while at work. The negative consequences of insufficient sleep on work performance are especially severe in shift workers, who often must sleep at a time of day that is at odds with the body’s circadian rhythms and natural propensity for sleep. Employers should recognize the importance of sleep and the impact of insufficient sleep on individual health, public safety, and workplace productivity. It is estimated that about 1.23 million working days are lost on an annual basis in the U.S. due to insufficient sleep, resulting in up to $411 billion in economic losses.2 To mitigate these losses, and to promote optimal health and safety, employers should provide education to employees about fatigue, sleep health, and sleep disorders, as well as strategies to improve alertness on the job, as part of a comprehensive employee wellness program. Employers with personnel in safety-sensitive positions also should implement a fatigue risk management system that includes screening for sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). 1. Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Cunningham TJ, Lu H, Croft JB. Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults–United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Feb 19;65(6):137-41. 2. Hafner M, Stepanek M, Taylor J, Troxel WM, Van Stolk C. Why sleep matters — the economic costs of insufficient sleep: A cross-country comparative analysis. Rand Health Q. 2017 Jan; 6(4): 11. Adopted by the AASM Board of Directors: Sept. 14, 2018 Download PDF	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '39', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9360018372535706}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '183933', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PQDZDXJMTGNF34F3E5LEQNKAIO5XACEX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:689876ff-d44f-4e45-9ac8-90082c11100a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 23, 5, 27, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.184.193.129', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KVC652KH3WWJFRJRO3GUPNYRWXDCEUBV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:56cd7a24-ee45-477f-a2ab-d75a21f57f8f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://aasm.org/advocacy/position-statements/insufficient-sleep-work-performance-health-advisory/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6aca9caa-17b7-47bb-8f1b-7d728a570878>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '304', 'url': 'https://aasm.org/advocacy/position-statements/insufficient-sleep-work-performance-health-advisory/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-172.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026894092559814453', 'original_id': '107ca1cb38871e4929df8e579fcf0ea5069b8ff7c52e27d5614d17e3fd5cb8bd'}
Parkinson's disease: clinical features. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a common and universal condition. Although its cause is still unknown, we now have some insights into pathogenetic mechanisms and genetic factors that may be important in causing the selective neuronal loss and presence of Lewy bodies that characterize its pathology. Clinically, as well as the classic features of akinesia, rigidity and often rest tremor, patients may present a wide range of other symptoms including pain, other sensory symptoms, impaired olfaction, personality change, mild executive cognitive deficits, dementia and depression, an extraordinary richness of symptoms and signs rendered even more extraordinary by the long-term effects of drug treatment. While there may be little difficulty recognizing typical cases of IPD, there has been, at least until recently, a considerable misdiagnosis rate in both atremulous (confusion with ageing, vascular disease, multiple system atrophy (MSA) or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)) and tremulous (confusion with essential tremor (ET), dystonic tremor, and MSA) forms. However, increasing awareness of the clinical features of all these conditions, together with adherence to exacting diagnostic criteria, is leading to improved diagnosis, which is crucial for patients (who want to know what the future holds for them), for their treatment (giving them the right drug and not the wrong one) and for research (since all the different diseases above have different aetiologies and pathology).	mini_pile	{'original_id': '49fcf8a9fe75d977cfe6db9ea88e0f884ff7f2b7a82a34ea4c3128508d4d6319'}
You are here Home > Uncategorized > How To Choose a Compound Bow How To Choose a Compound Bow how to choose a compound bow The compound bow has been around since 1966, and it has been helping archers fire a longer, faster and more accurate shot ever since. The compound bow has long since replaced the traditional bow as the bow of choice whether it be for recreation or competition. They provide high efficiency with minimal effort so that the archer no longer has to rely on brute strength alone. They are a huge improvement on the old style of bow and have been perfected to fire the best shot, whether you are out hunting or firing at a static target. How does a compound bow work? A compound bow works under the same premise as a traditional bow, whereby the bowstring is pulled which in turn bends the limbs of the bow in order to add potential energy to the arrow. The difference with a compound bow is that a system of cables and pulleys add a mechanical advantage, meaning that it is a lot easier to store energy, which is then transferred into the arrow. Due to this advantage, the archer is able to shoot an arrow with a lot more power and accuracy than a traditional bow. The difference between the old and new is obvious when you see both of them in action. There are a few things that set a compound bow apart from its predecessor. The first one is the pulleys and cables mentioned. There is a pulley at the top and bottom of the bow, which uses the pulley system to reduce the amount of force you have to exert on the bowstring to get the same velocity that a traditional bow would give. Also added to the compound bow is a bow sight so that you can gauge an accurate shot, and also a stabilizing weight so the bow feels well balanced in your hand. Not many changes in theory, as you are still putting an arrow onto the string, pulling back and letting it fly, but the technology on a compound bow makes it much easier for the archer to fire an accurate shot How to shoot a compound bow for beginners? The whole reason why the compound bows exist is that they are a lot easier to shoot than traditional bows, which makes them great for beginners. Shooting a bow correctly all starts with your stance, your feet should be about shoulder length apart at a right-angle to your target. A right-handed shooter should have their left side facing the target, and a left-handed shooter with their right. Then place your back foot in a strong position to give yourself a stable base and point your toes in a way which feels comfortable to you. You need the grip of the bow to lie in the center of your palm so that the bow weight is in between your thumb and your fingers. There is a temptation to grip the bow too tightly when firing, but this is to be avoided as it can cause the bow to twist after you have fired your shot. This can not only affect the accuracy of your shot but can also damage your wrist. The bow should have a nest in which to place your arrow, which should click into place. At this point, you can either use the mechanical release or pull back with your fingers. The mechanical release is preferred as this attaches to the string and can be released without your fingers touching the string and affecting the shot. Once you’ve drawn your bow it is important to stay still and keep your chin parallel to the ground. Your bow should have dots that indicate firing distance, but these can vary for each bow so it is important to check your manual. Hold your bow at a right angle to the ground, keeping your grip loose. At this point you should find what is commonly known as your “anchor point” which is a point around your face where you rest the bow, this is personal for each archer and you need to find what’s comfortable for you. Once you have got to this point, it’s time to fire. It’s important to make sure your release is a smooth as possible, ensuring no movements affect the accuracy of the shot. The power of the bow can be surprising, but make sure you keep still and keep you head down. Once you have the basics, you can then work around with what is comfortable to your style. What is draw weight on a compound bow? Now, many people may think that this is in regards to the actual weight of the bow, when in fact the draw weight refers to the amount of effort required to pull the bow back so that the arrow can reach maximum velocity. This is generally measured in pounds, in terms of the amount of pounds of pressure you need to pull back the bow. Whilst everyone would like to pull back the highest draw weight possible, it’s vital to know your limits. You will want to be able to hold the bow at full draw with a steady hand otherwise you won’t achieve an accurate shot. You should be able to hold a bow at full draw for around half a minute before shaking, which should give you the perfect draw weight for yourself. How do you know if a compound bow is right or left-handed How do you know if a compound bow is right or left-handed? Whether you should have a left or right handed bow doesn’t always depend on whether your right or left hand is dominant, it also depends on which eye is dominant. A good way to test this is to put your two hands together and create a small opening in the middle. Through this opening, you should look at something across the room through the hole. Then you should close one eye at a time. You should find that one eye will remain on the object, and the other will be blind to it. The eye that remains on the target is your dominant eye. Thankfully our dominant eye is usually on the same side as your dominant hand, but this isn’t always the case. A right-handed archer shooting with their right eye will be looking down sights on the left side of the bow. If you’re using your left eye to shoot, and therefore your left hand to pull back the bow, then the sights will be on the right side of the bow. If your dominant eye is on the opposite side to your dominant hand, then it’s important to find what feels most comfortable to you. How far can you shoot a compound bow? 1,000 yards, or at least, that’s technically what you can do. People don’t buy compound bows however to shoot them into the air and see how far an arrow can travel. The answer depends on your skill level and strength. The best hunter’s in the world can strike from around 100 yards away, but even that is seen as a huge distance and is generally the maximum distance used in Olympic archery. Compound bows are rarely used to their maximum shooting distance, as there is no point to it. Bows are used for either hunting or target shooting and both of these are done at much shorter distances than the bow is capable of. In hunting, for example, the perfect distance is generally seen around 30 yards away from the target, as this provides enough distance to be able to stay undercover, but close enough that you can deliver an accurate and effective shot. In target practice, the same applies as the further away from a target, the less accurate you will be. In competitive target shooting, the shortest distance is around 20 yards away. How far the bow can shoot isn’t generally a concern for most beginners.How do you know how long your arrows should be How do you know how long your arrows should be? Before you fire a shot in anger, it’s important to find out what the correct arrow length is for you, which varies for each archer. To find this out, you need to determine what your natural draw length is. The best way to do this is to hold a tape measure in your bow hand then draw it back as if you were drawing a bow to the corner of your mouth. Once you have this measurement, it is advised that you add two inches to the measurement as firing with an arrow that is too short can be extremely dangerous, and can lead to serious injury. If you have any doubts about what arrow length you should be shooting with, then any arrow store should be able to oblige and measure this for you. What to look for when buying a used compound bow? When it comes to choosing the right bow for you, there are three main things to consider. Draw weight, draw length and axel/bow length are the main points that should determine the bow that is right for you. As it suggests, the draw length is the distance that you can draw the bow, measured to the grip. A lot of the time, the draw length can be adjusted, but only to a point, when choosing a bow it is important to find what’s right for you. At full draw, shooters have a base to work with and a common reference point. Having a long draw length and having to shorten your draw takes away from that, and having a short draw length won’t allow you the velocity required. As mentioned, draw weight is dependent on your size and strength and it’s important to know your limits. The total length of your bow is important too. Naturally shorter bows are more nimble and easier to carry, but are less stable, so harder to accurately shoot. Longer bows are the opposite, they are harder to carry but are more forgiving and will give you a more accurate shot. A skilled hunter would be best with a short bow, while a novice target shooter should opt for a longer bow. It’s all about what is right for you, considering the use of the bow and your level of experience. With used bows, it is important to inspect them before you make the decision to purchase. The first part to inspect would be the strings and cables that are fundamental to your compound bow. These should be completely intact and any fraying or damage could mean expensive repairs soon after you purchase the bow. Run your fingers down the strings, then this should tell you if there is any damage or not. The first place that a bow generally gets damaged is on the bottom, as this is generally where is gets dropped, or the most pressure is applied if they have been leant on. After you’ve checked the bottom, check the limbs of the bow to ensure that they aren’t cracked or chipped, a small issue now could turn into a big problem later. Don’t be afraid to refuse to purchase if something doesn’t look right. Once you’ve checked if the bow is in good physical shape, you then need to check it is all mechanically in order by giving the bow a few test pulls and taking it to maximum draw. Make sure the draw suits you and that the motion is free and smooth. If it isn’t smooth then that could mean that it is need of some mechanical repairs. Once you have checked everything is okay, then you can go ahead and purchase your bow, as long as you have a fair price. If you’re new to archery, then it’s best to not try and overcomplicate your purchase. Find a bow that matches your height and strength, and is comfortable in your hands. The temptation to obtain a high-powered bow can be great, but it’s important to know your own strength and limitations, if you can’t use the full power of a bow, it’ll only hurt your accuracy. It’s important to take your time and find the right bow for you. Taking that time will mean that when the time comes to use it, you will have one that perfectly matches your strength and experience. Leave a Reply	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9626554250717164}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46901', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:F3N7GRH3XEAGAG5UFJMAOACTT2ZXI7JX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a5037bad-f0fa-49cd-8711-135cad1e3cca>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 23, 16, 11, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '45.33.18.240', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MJDXI3QGVABTRPHPRUD4VBA6A7LCD7U2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b57692c7-d1ac-48f0-a0ca-4eefa31c75aa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tntarchery.com/how-to-choose-a-compound-bow/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e124b6ba-c7d0-41f6-8271-aa82faa37094>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2101', 'url': 'https://tntarchery.com/how-to-choose-a-compound-bow/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-188.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09891092777252197', 'original_id': '1736936c8dd5cbe3a0936a52386ffa069c95faf5268e35ee8a17051ccd38eacd'}
Q: Pros and cons of an HTML/JavaScript only web app I come from an ASP.NET forms background and have found server side coding very powerful in the past. More recently, however, I have been wanting to phase out the server side code of the front-end and replace it with pure HTML/JavaScript, which accesses the data through JSON webservices. I have no real experience in this, and so I would like to hear whether this is a tried and tested model. Also, what are the pitfalls surrounding it? I find ASP.NET user controls very useful, so I would like to keep the theory behind it by storing markup templates in separate HTML files on the server. These will be retrieved and used through jQuery AJAX and the jQuery HTML templates plugin respectively. Any input will be extremely appreciated. P.S. Sorry for the noob question, but is this type of Web architecture what is referred to as web-2.0 or am I completely off-track? A: I have used this technique exclusively for a web application we're working on. My backend is hosted on Google App Engine using the Java SDK, and my frontend uses HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (with jQuery). The project is a smaller one with just myself and a Web designer, and we both feel that this method has helped us work a lot faster and get something to market much sooner. Advantage: Working with Web Designers The major advantage of this technique is that the Web designer, who knows some PHP but does not consider himself a programmer, can work unencumbered in the HTML and CSS without having to wade through countless lines of JSP, taglib tags, and other server-side markup that we've been told for years is supposed to make a front-end developer's life much easier. Without all of the server-side markup, we've been more agile. The web designer has directly swapped out and revised his original design 3 or 4 times, with very few changes on my part. His comment to me was that he felt like the HTML was alive in that he could edit it and then immediately see the changes on his machine with dynamic data. We've both benefit by this in that the integration is mostly automatic. Server-side code and HTML/CSS Handoffs In past projects, he's had to handoff the HTML and CSS to Java developers who would then take his HTML and CSS and completely rewrite it using JSP technology. This would take lots of time, and would usually result in subtle yet important differences in the actual rendering of the pages as well as it's validation in the W3C validator. Overall, we're both quite happy with this technique, and I still have zero JSP pages or server-side code in my HTML pages. Pitfalls of the REST/JSON Technique Perhaps the biggest pitfalls are ones that we haven't encountered yet. I fully expect to have some disagreements with more experienced Java developers who have been brainwashed by what the Apache foundation and the Spring team have told them regarding how tag libraries make it easier for frontend developers to work with the code. I fully expect there to be a learning curve as this project expands and we take on more developers who might have to unlearn these outdated techniques that, in my experience, have made the Web designers' job more difficult. Another pitfall is that the JavaScript code has become very massive. This is more of a problem perhaps because I'm using this technique for the first time, and because we've introduced some slight technical debt in working towards a rapid release. Perhaps picking a better framework would have helped alleviate a lot of the bulk of the code. In my opinion, none of this has been a showstopper, and I'm encouraged to continue using this technique and refine my skills in this area. Advantage: Other Applications Can Be Built On the Platform Lastly, I should mention a hidden advantage. Because there is a nice degree of separation between my backend RESTful Web services and my frontend, I've also created a platform that I can easily extend. One of our operations guys wanted to try a proof of concept in another application, and thanks to my RESTful services, we were able to create an entirely different frontend to the application to solve a completely different problem. The rapidly developed proof of concept used it's own HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, but it used the RESTful services as the backend and datasource. In the end, another project manager saw what I had done, and it became immediately clear that the feature needed to be more than just a proof of concept, so his team implemented it. I can't emphasize enough how reusable this architecture is, both at the application level as well as the HTML/CSS/JavaScript level, and I would definitely encourage you to try this in your next project. A: It is certainly a viable strategy, but it's not a silver bullet. Pros: if done right, applications developed this way are very responsive you have a clear separation of logic (on the server) and presentation (on the client); the server doesn't have to concern itself at all with the presentational aspects of the application potentially more efficient use of network bandwidth (you are only sending raw data, no presentational boilerplate) easier to develop desktop-like GUIs, since you're less dependent on the request/response paradigm Cons: you have to write your client code in Javascript, or a language that can compile to Javascript, because that's the only thing available in a browser resource usage on the client may be higher, so the application may not work well on substandard devices (think mobile browsers etc.) it won't work at all with javascript disabled; if it is have a public-facing website, you have to think hard whether you are willing to take this risk (especially if you consider SEO and accessibility - a javascript-heavy approach is usually devastating on these two fronts) a lot of logic has to be written twice: once on the client, and once again on the server (because you can never trust the client) concurrency can be a hell, so you need to design your client-side code very carefully and be prepared for all sorts of concurrency issues	mini_pile	{'original_id': '62c2c8dac2fcff71eb8e60a22b1ebbeed0cf0a8343cfc41087873d5baf45f1d2'}
Office Space Options for Sole Proprietorships If you’re a sole proprietor without any employees, you may wonder what kind of space makes the most sense for your small venture. The idea of renting commercial space may be exciting, but it may be hard to justify the costs of maintaining an outside office if you could work from a spare room or a garage. But working from home and commercial leasing aren’t your only options. There are several alternative arrangements to consider, especially if your business is a small sole proprietorship. These include using a virtual office, joining a business incubator or co-op, subleasing from other businesses, or joining together with one or more other businesses to lease and share a space. Using one of these arrangements helps to project a professional image (and has many other benefits, discussed below), at a fraction of the cost of renting your own commercial space. Let’s look at the various options appropriate for sole proprietorships. Running Your Business from Home Working from home offers convenience, cost-savings and flexibility. On the flip side, some businesses are not well suited to being run out of your home. Be realistic: Will your home be a comfortable place to meet clients? If kids are in the picture, will they create havoc? You should only go this route if the business is a good fit with your home life. Also remember that home businesses aren’t immune from bureaucratic rules and laws, such as local zoning requirements, governing small businesses. Ditto for insurance: do not assume that business-related claims will be covered by a homeowners’ or renter’s policy. Finally, if you plan to claim the home business tax deduction, you’ll need to understand the rules for that specific deduction. Avoid trouble with your city’s zoning and planning officials. Make sure that the business activities you plan to carry on in your home do not violate any local zoning laws. Some areas may require you to apply for a special “home occupation permit” and possibly pay a modest fee before you begin operations. (Zoning laws typically refer to home businesses as “home occupations.”) Executive Suites and Virtual Offices If working from home isn’t a good fit for your business, you don’t necessarily need to lease a commercial space on your own. One popular option is to use executive suites and virtual offices. • With executive suites you’ll typically rent a small office (often furnished, but not always) in a building with other small businesses or freelancers, and share amenities such as a receptionist and front desk area; business equipment like copiers and fax machines; wireless Internet; and other features such as conference rooms and kitchens. Lease terms are generally much more flexible than regular commercial leases. You can often rent for as few as 12, six, or three months; some even offer month-to-month rentals. • Virtual offices are much the same as executive suites, except that you may skip renting the office space altogether and just use all the other amenities such as receptionist services (including a front desk where clients could drop off/pick up packages and documents), and conference rooms. Business Incubators The term “business incubator” typically refers to a facility run by a nonprofit or quasi-governmental entity that aims to support small businesses and economic development. Business incubators resemble executive suites, but they typically offer more robust business support services such as consulting with experienced business mentors; classes on topics like financial management or marketing; or financing services and loan programs. To find a local business incubator, check with a women’s business center, small business development center (SBDC), or other business organizations in your city or region. Art Spaces, Co-ops and Co-working Spaces Most cities have art spaces, shared workspaces and co-ops aimed at artists and/or creative professionals. Look into arts organizations in your area that might be able to direct you to studio rental opportunities. Coworking spaces are springing up all over, meant to accommodate peripatetic freelancers and nomadic professionals with flexible options, usually short-term (i.e. hourly or daily, although a few offer long-term rentals as well). Amenities might include a desk in a large room full of other co-workers; conference rooms with presentation equipment; and printing and other administrative support services. Subleasing From Another Business Consider subleasing from another business that has excess space, especially if your needs are modest. Particularly in a down economy, businesses might downsize or fail to grow as expected, leaving them with unused space which can be an expensive burden (even worse if they have a long-term lease). Subleasing their excess space can be a win-win situation if the two businesses are a good fit. Besides the space considerations, also pay close attention to lease terms (the same as you would if you were signing a commercial lease, discussed below). If the primary tenant wants you to sublease until the end of their lease, make sure you’re comfortable committing to that term. On the other hand, you’ll also want assurance that you won’t have to move in a few months if the primary tenant decides it wants or needs your space after all. If a minimum of a year or two years is important to you, make sure it’s included in your agreement. Collectively Leasing Space Going in on a space with one or more other businesses or freelancers can be a great cost-effective option for sole proprietors. For example, if you’re opening a photography studio and you know a graphic designer who’s also looking for space, the two of you could find a space that meets both your needs. Co-renters should put the details of the arrangement in a legal agreement, separate from the lease with the landlord (by the way, you should all sign the lease). Your agreement should cover issues such as each business’s portion of the rent, how common spaces will be shared (such as scheduling procedures for the conference room), ownership and lease information for any equipment, who is responsible for cleaning and maintenance, and any other important issues. Talk to a Lawyer Need help? Start here. How it Works 1. Briefly tell us about your case 2. Provide your contact information 3. Choose attorneys to contact you Swipe to view more Talk to a Business Law attorney. How It Works 1. Briefly tell us about your case 2. Provide your contact information 3. Choose attorneys to contact you	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9511046409606934}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '59948', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EGV7B4LKLJB6BK2VQ2RAMWZ4ENVCQZD7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bc5d2722-1907-49a6-81c7-da53f67f22e6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 6, 32, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '98.158.196.68', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4ST46QDYIDLN3BVZLRDCWHO6S6MCD623', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:488851c9-4378-49d5-b50f-5fb4e94c02bc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/office-space-options-sole-proprietorships.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1be97f64-86e0-4a9b-b725-15c82aec2cf3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1054', 'url': 'https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/office-space-options-sole-proprietorships.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-232-145-162.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02581048011779785', 'original_id': '0c3d4fdc7bfcbf953eb0945978902f99ae8bb95c086cae2e7d690dff1c5e53ba'}
Night at the Auction It’s important to try new things. At least that’s what I’ve heard, but with my anxiety levels trying something new is always a challenge. That’s why I wasn’t looking forward to going to a local auction with my husband last Tuesday. I guess I should update you in case you don’t know the details of my fascinating life. We’ve started selling things eBay. As with starting anything new it’s been a bit of a challenge. We have to figure out what to sell and were to source our goods. Auctions seem like a good place to get some good stuff to flip on eBay, but they are a bit intimidating. I’ve never been to an auction before, and I was afraid they would be like the auctions I’ve seen on TV. On TV there are two types of auctions and those are the ones with the fast talking auctioneers who you can’t understand or the ones with the extremely wealthy people buying million dollar pieces of art. Why aren’t the fast talking auctioneers ever at those auctions? When I was little my mother told me not to believe everything I see on TV, so I figured that all the fast talking that happens on TV auctions must be for entertainment purposes only. That mustn’t happen in real life. I mean how would anyone ever bid on anything if they couldn’t understand the auctioneer. Boy was I wrong. The auction started and I was immediately lost. What was going on? The auctioneer was speaking Swahili, or it least that’s what it sounded like to me. He seemed to be pointing out people who were bidding but as I looked around the room I didn’t see anyone doing anything that looked like a bid. How am I supposed to buy something when I don’t know what’s being said and I don’t know what to do to bid? We stayed at the auction for an hour. By the end of the hour we figured it all out, but I spent the entire time sitting as still as possible. I was afraid that any movement I made could be mistaken for a bid. I’d scratch an itch on my head and suddenly I’ve bought a WWII gun for $350. That didn’t happen luckily, but it easily could have. I’ve been teaching myself how to draw cartoons on Inkscape. Here’s my artistic interpretation of the auction.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9800048470497132}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '8601', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XYGAB7OHPM25YQXDRTWBGCA6WXHMANY2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3f5ba7fa-67cd-4a53-a85e-090a63abd7bb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 22, 8, 24, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.89.31.130', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EQVRSUX3JNUQQGQQS7LNIXPJT5JKIO7X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:34fe60eb-c8bb-4ae7-bf88-1e4d44321279>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://nebulousmooch.com/2014/06/18/night-at-the-auction/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:da1e55b2-6327-4f6f-af05-9aac3ac3cbb5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '405', 'url': 'http://nebulousmooch.com/2014/06/18/night-at-the-auction/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06152218580245972', 'original_id': '53f91f601120e95a5485dad6b17b2daac30a91a99291d6ec8ab61177e2caf3dc'}
The family of naturally occurring human histatins is a group of twelve low molecular weight, abundant in histidine, peptides found in human submandibular and parotid salivary secretions (Oppenheim et al. (1986), J. Biol. Chem. 261:1177-1182; Oppenheim et al. (1988), J. Biol. Chem. 263:7472-7477; Troxler et al. (1990), J. Dent. Res. 69:2-6). The primary structure of the major family members (histatins 1, 3, and 5; 70-80% of the whole family) has shown that these proteins consist of 38, 32 and 24 amino acid residues, respectively. There is a high degree of homology among these three major histatins. Histatin 5 results from post-translational cleavage of histatin 3. Many of the smaller members of the histatin family may also, in fact, originate by post-translational proteolysis of histatins 1, 3 and 5 (Oppenheim et al. (1989), Human Saliva: Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Vol. 1 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., ed. Tenovuo, J. O.; Lal et al. (1992), Arch. Oral Biol. 37:7-13). The genes that encode histatins 1 and 3 have been localized chromosomally (vanderSpek et al., (1989), Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45:381-387) and sequenced (Sabatini, L. M. et al. (1989), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 160:495-502). Histatins 1 and 3 appear to be derived from separate genes. The three major human histatins exhibit specific antimicrobial activities towards diverse oral microbiota. These histatins, at physiological concentrations, are capable of killing Candida albicans in both blastopore and mycelial forms (Pollock, J. J. et al. (1984), Infect. Immun. 44:702-707; Xu, T. et al. (1991), Infect. Immun. 59(8): 2549-2554). Histatins are also capable of killing oral bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans (MacKay, B. J. et al. (1984), Infect. Immun. 44:695-701; Xu, T. et al. (1990), J. Dent. Res. 99:239), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Colon et al. (1993), J. Dent. Res. 72:322) and Actinomyces viscosus (Kalpidis et al. (1992) J. Dent. Res. 72:305). Infection with the yeast Candida albicans is a prevalent and, in some cases, life-threatening condition affecting otherwise healthy and immuno-compromised patients. Candidal vaginitis is estimated to affect 15 to 55% of healthy young women. Candidal infections often occur in diabetics, during pregnancy, and following medication with antibiotics, steroid hormones, or oral contraceptives. (Tapper-Jones, L. M. et al. (1981) J. Clin. Pathol. 34:706-11; Sobel, J. D. et al. (1984) Infect. Immun. 44:576-580). Oral candidiasis is an early opportunistic infection of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, as well as a complication of radiation and chemotherapy in cancer patients. (Yeh, C.-K. et al. (1988) J. of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1:361-366). In addition, candidal infection of denture wearers plays a primary role in dental stomatitis, a prevalent oral problem among the elderly. (Pollock, J. J. et al. (1990) NYS Dental J. 56:36-38). Candidal infections of skin and urethra are widespread problems. In patients in intensive care and immuno-compromised patients, systemic fungal infection often leads to death, since there are few safe and effective anti-fungal pharmaceuticals for intravenous use. (Burnie, J. P. et al. (1985) British Medical Journal 290:746-748). Similarly, infections with various bacterial species can cause severe disease states and even death. Although several anti-fungal agents (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin) and anti-bacterial agents (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chlorhexidine) are currently available, these agents are not completely effective, can lead to drug resistant organisms and can produce adverse side effects. Many are not appropriate for oral or systemic administration. Thus, a potent, naturally occurring anti-fungal or anti-bacterial substance would provide a significant improvement in the treatment of microbial infection.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '085d8fae82b15fbf863d41e959e96ef9f4cb41629517bc2585ae993b426bfd09'}
and avoid the next [] to be eaten \newcommand{\forcelinebreak}{\strut\\{}} \newcommand{\hairline}{% \bigskip% \noindent \hrulefill% \bigskip% } % reverse indentation for biblio and play \newenvironment{amusebiblio}{ \leftskip=\parindent \parindent=-\parindent \smallskip \indent }{\smallskip} \newenvironment{amuseplay}{ \leftskip=\parindent \parindent=-\parindent \smallskip \indent }{\smallskip} \newcommand{\Slash}{\slash\hspace{0pt}} % http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/3033/forcing-linebreaks-in-url \PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}\usepackage[hyperfootnotes=false,hidelinks,breaklinks=true]{hyperref} \usepackage{bookmark} \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{polyglossia} \setmainlanguage{english} \setmainfont{LinLibertine_R.otf}[Script=Latin,% Ligatures=TeX,% Path=/usr/share/fonts/opentype/linux-libertine/,% BoldFont=LinLibertine_RB.otf,% BoldItalicFont=LinLibertine_RBI.otf,% ItalicFont=LinLibertine_RI.otf] \setmonofont{cmuntt.ttf}[Script=Latin,% Ligatures=TeX,% Scale=MatchLowercase,% Path=/usr/share/fonts/truetype/cmu/,% BoldFont=cmuntb.ttf,% BoldItalicFont=cmuntx.ttf,% ItalicFont=cmunit.ttf] \setsansfont{cmunss.ttf}[Script=Latin,% Ligatures=TeX,% Scale=MatchLowercase,% Path=/usr/share/fonts/truetype/cmu/,% BoldFont=cmunsx.ttf,% BoldItalicFont=cmunso.ttf,% ItalicFont=cmunsi.ttf] \newfontfamily\englishfont{LinLibertine_R.otf}[Script=Latin,% Ligatures=TeX,% Path=/usr/share/fonts/opentype/linux-libertine/,% BoldFont=LinLibertine_RB.otf,% BoldItalicFont=LinLibertine_RBI.otf,% ItalicFont=LinLibertine_RI.otf] \let\chapter\section % global style \pagestyle{plain} \usepackage{indentfirst} % remove the numbering \setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2} % remove labels from the captions \renewcommand{\captionformat}{} \renewcommand{\figureformat}{} \renewcommand*{\tableformat}{} \KOMAoption{captions}{belowfigure,nooneline} \addtokomafont{caption}{\centering} \deffootnote[3em]{0em}{4em}{\textsuperscript{\thefootnotemark}~} \addtokomafont{disposition}{\rmfamily} \addtokomafont{descriptionlabel}{\rmfamily} \frenchspacing % avoid vertical glue \raggedbottom % this will generate overfull boxes, so we need to set a tolerance % \pretolerance=1000 % pretolerance is what is accepted for a paragraph without % hyphenation, so it makes sense to be strict here and let the user % accept tweak the tolerance instead. \tolerance=200 % Additional tolerance for bad paragraphs only \setlength{\emergencystretch}{30pt} % (try to) forbid widows/orphans \clubpenalty=10000 \widowpenalty=10000 % given that we said footinclude=false, this should be safe \setlength{\footskip}{2\baselineskip} \title{Until the Revolution: Two Trends of Leftism} \date{2020} \author{Bertram Ledbetter} \subtitle{An exposition on the practical differences between anarchists and authoritarian Marxists} % https://groups.google.com/d/topic/comp.text.tex/6fYmcVMbSbQ/discussion \hypersetup{% pdfencoding=auto, pdftitle={Until the Revolution: Two Trends of Leftism},% pdfauthor={Bertram Ledbetter},% pdfsubject={An exposition on the practical differences between anarchists and authoritarian Marxists},% pdfkeywords={authoritarianism; marxism; organization; activism; adaptability}% } \begin{document} \thispagestyle{empty} \strut\vskip 2em \begin{center} {\usekomafont{title}{\huge Until the Revolution: Two Trends of Leftism\par}}% \vskip 1em {\usekomafont{subtitle}{An exposition on the practical differences between anarchists and authoritarian Marxists\par}}% \vskip 2em {\usekomafont{author}{Bertram Ledbetter\par}}% \vskip 1.5em {\usekomafont{date}{2020\par}}% \end{center} \vskip 3em \par There are two major trends in revolutionary leftism: anarchism, in its various forms, and authoritarian Marxism. While both seem to have large bases of followers, only one of these trends is a potent, revolutionary force. The reasons for this can be seen in the differences between the two camps. Firstly, anarchist groups tend to be more action-based and purposeful, while Marxist groups tend to lay much more stress on ideology. Due to this, anarchists are much less sectarian. While there’s no chance of Marxist-Leninists and Troskyists and Maoists getting along, despite the similitude of those ideologies in almost all matters, in anarchist circles, one finds anarcho-communists working with mutualists, communalists working with egoists, all co-operating with ease. The fears of one ideological group “betraying” the others that is seen in any united organization of Marxists is simply nonexistant\footnote{This tendency is due to the fact that anarchists don’t believe in the suppression of opposition that authoritarian Marxists partake in. So while a Trotskyist has legitimate reason to fear persecution in a Marxist-Leninist state, a mutualist doesn’t need to fear an anarcho-communist revolution, even if it isn’t the most desirable outcome for them.}. So how do these groups reconcile their great differences in goals? To put it simply, they don’t. They simply recognize that they have a great deal in common, and that they don’t have to impose their entire worldviews on each other in order to work together. The Trotskyist and the Marxist-Leninist will spend all day arguing about Stalin, while the anarchists get things done. Look at who was more effective in the movement against the war in Vietnam. The CPUSA, the WWP, all the Marxist parties, spent their days reprinting Lenin’s Imperialism. Their party papers ran Brezhnev’s speeches, and wrote editorials as if they could convince the whole of America that Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong were saints. Now what were they trying to achieve? The goal of getting America out of the Vietnam civil war, of course. So why not, instead, make the much easier argument that, while the North Vietnamese do have some atrocities to their name, the USA has just as much blood on their hands, and that it isn’t our right to intervene, and that its senseless that Americans are being drafted and killed for a war we shouldn’t be in? Its infinitely easier to convince a person that the US intervention is bad than to convince them that the Viet Cong are good. And, due to this, the anarchists used that strategy. The SDS wasn’t any ideologically-educated organization. They sang Yellow Submarine as an anthem, not the Internationale. The Yippies didn’t even have a coherant ideology besides dope and mischief. But they sure as hell could protest, and they all but brought the nation to its knees. “The whole world is watching” they chanted, and they were right. Meanwhile, the headline of the People’s Voice was a vicious polemic denouncing the “Revisionist-Trotskyite Conspiracy in U.S.,” and I daresay that nobody was watching them. No Marxist and no anarchist has ever come to power in the United States. But anarchists have been doing much more to improve conditions in the meanwhile, by stopping fascism on the streets, by organizing mutual aid networks, by organizing strikes and demonstrations, all the while the Dengists and the Maoists feud about events that happened forty years ago in a country seven-thousand miles away. Secondly, anarchist groups are decentralized and leaderless, while Marxists have a tendency to associate into top-down controlled parties. Infiltration of anarchist groups is hard to begin with; to quote our friend Abbie Hoffman on the matter, “For an FBI agent to learn an ideological cover in a highly disciplined organization is relatively easy. To penetrate the culture means changing the way they live. The typical agent would stand out like Jimmy Stewart in a tribe of Apaches.” And even if FBI agents managed to pull it off, what use would it be to them? There’s no upper leadership to sneak into. And the direct-democracy tradition of anarchist groups means that for agents to hold sway, they would need to either become the majority or somehow convince the majority of the organization that their path is the right one. And even if that occured- that’s just one anarchist cell ruined, and the rest are untouched and unaffected. Its comparatively easy for an infiltrating agent to become a party boss, and quite effectively sabotage a centralized Marxist party. Look at what happened to the CPUSA: At one point in time, 15\% of that organization consisted of FBI informants. There’s no reason to suspect that any of these newer Marxist parties won’t suffer the same fate.\footnote{Of course, this is assuming they actually enough members to cause concern in the US government, rather than dieing out due to infighting with another tiny sect of authoritarian Marxism. Due to the fact that, if theoretically in power, the victorious one of these parties will suppress all the others, a power struggle is necessary, and each party must become the dominant party or else die out. And thus each party is forced to spend all its days writing vitriolic invenctives, labelling all the competing organizations as “revisionist” or “fascist” or “ultra-leftist,” instead of actually doing organizing.} Thirdly, anarchists recognize their past mistakes, while the authoritarian Marxists don’t. You don’t see anarchists trying to defend the brutal concentration camps of revolutionary Catalonia; they recognize their own past atrocities, and work to find ways to ensure that their past errors aren’t repeated. But what self-respecting Marxist-Leninist admits Stalin’s fault in his Great Purge? What fourth-internationalist recognizes Trotsky’s leadership in the ruthless suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion? And for a group of people who so like to pride themselves with their self-criticism and “struggle sessions,” Maoists are so loathe to criticize their Chairman for the excesses he perpetrated during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. And this denial of the uncomfortable side of their history weakens the Marxists’ standing; before they can even start talking about the theoretical basis of their ideology, they’re forced to spend hours making weaseling rationalizations about how every single communist-bloc defector was lying. They have no mass appeal with tactics like that. The irony is palpable that the original forgers of their ideologies had the opposite mindset: Marx tried to learn from the failures of the Paris Commune, Lenin’s works do their best to advance from Kautsky’s failings. Yet modern authoritarian Marxism has stagnated. Nobody’s willing to criticize the established theories, and the works of past ideologues are treated like holy books. To quote Marx, “All great world-historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice\dots{}the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce.” The modern authoritarian Marxist movement is nothing but a farce: a few nobodies draped in the clothing of revolutionaries that died long ago. And so they’re left behind while anarchism builds on itself and advances. Authoritarian Marxism was once a very powerful current in the world. And so its no surprise that its dying such a slow, drawn-out death: ideology that influential won’t go away at the drop of a hat. But its important to distinguish a sunrise from a sunset, a dying ideology from a rising one. Every day there are less authoritarian Marxists and more anarchists. Thirty, or even twenty years ago, anarchism in American politics was a triviality, a little gadfly in a herd of bison. But look at anarchism now! The Occupy movement, the most eminent revolutionary movement in modern America, was organized by anarchists. Its just before midnight, the day of authoritarian Marxism is almost over, and what a long day that was. But the day of anarchism is just about to begin. % begin final page \clearpage % if we are on an odd page, add another one, otherwise when imposing % the page would be odd on an even one. \ifthispageodd{\strut\thispagestyle{empty}\clearpage}{} % new page for the colophon \thispagestyle{empty} \begin{center} The Anarchist Library \smallskip Anti-Copyright \bigskip \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{logo-en} \bigskip \end{center} \strut \vfill \begin{center} Bertram Ledbetter Until the Revolution: Two Trends of Leftism An exposition on the practical differences between anarchists and authoritarian Marxists 2020 \bigskip A short, rather polemical piece aimed against Marxist-Leninists. 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Ilesboro, Ohio Ilesboro is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Hocking County, Ohio, United States. History Ilesboro was platted in 1835. The community was named for Henry Iles, the original owner of the town site. A post office was established at Ilesboro in 1852, and remained in operation until 1902. References Category:Populated places in Hocking County, Ohio	mini_pile	{'original_id': '14e4195e49d92b396029806c9ffe8772a926bea81344416ddb6126a905b70abc'}
How to Lose Groin Fat posted by: Rio Dianne how to lose groin fatAre you a female or a male who has been looking for ways on how to lose groin fat ? I know that the sight of having inguinal fat can be distressing. Some might even believe that they can’t get rid of it anymore even if they have already lost weight or because of pelvic or balls fat or other problems related to the issue. However, in reality there are ways that they can do on how to lose fat around groin area and remove the unwanted fat. Interested much?!? Here’s how you to lose it. How to Lose Groin Fat 1. Create a program that you can actually stick to. Go to the gym and follow specific workout regimen to start losing fat around the area of concern. 2. Do cardio exercises and other exercises such as walking, swimming, jogging, running, biking, etc. these exercises can help in eliminating calories in your body thus a big aid on getting rid of the unwanted fat in those areas. Moreover, moving your legs can also aid on losing groin fat. 3. Squatting and hip adduction are also ways of working out on your inner thighs and the crotch areas. 4. Strengthen your muscles and allow them to grow by weight lifting. 5. Proper diet should be observed. Keep an eye on your calorie intake and always drink atleast 8-10 glasses of water to help you in your metabolism while working out. 6. Avoid foods such as junk foods, dairy products that are high in fat, red meats, etc as they can hinder the process of losing you abdominal fat or other parts of the body as well as in those hard-reached areas. These tips on how to lose groin fat don’t happen overnight which is why one should religiously follow they advices given to strengthen your inner thighs and make them leaner as time goes by. Good luck! You might also like How to Lose Weight in Thighs and Hips Some areas in our body are not that easy to trim down especially if you are a woman. A woman’s body... Home Remedies for Tinea Cruris Tinea cruris or commonly referred to as jock itch is a usual occurrence among men though it can happen... How to Lose Weight with PCOS Losing weight is so hard to attain especially if you lack determination and perseverance. However,... How to Lose 10 Pounds in a Week – Losing Ten Lbs of Weight Losing weight is such a torture to people who find it hard to resist their favorite food stuff. It’s... No Responses Leave a Reply Join Us On Facebook Please Wait 60 Seconds...!!!Skip	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9517230987548828}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23202', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GCBGZI2WPOJOUB3CFYENR36GSTVYSDNK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:76cdcfb6-64e5-4626-a3e2-8dd2adab61f7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 6, 1, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '51.254.208.40', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:URCX3KXULYQ5KJJUAQH6XEWB5VDATOMD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c165d9aa-a72e-4e56-998a-0237e5aa0260>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.denznet.com/beauty/how-to-lose-groin-fat/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dda3fff4-91e9-4220-88ae-87e5a39b72e3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '443', 'url': 'http://www.denznet.com/beauty/how-to-lose-groin-fat/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin ([email protected])\r\nhostname: ip-10-179-91-4.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05323272943496704', 'original_id': 'f98f3196ebab2ab9a546bbbee8934c56c0d7e9099fc1d6dc042850a949be2411'}
Q: Calling another class's member function that is given as template parameter Impression of what I'm trying to achieve: class Foo { void func1(int parameter); Bar<func1> bar1; void some_member(int parameter) { bar1(parameter); //should call func1 trough template function object bar1. } }; Is this even possible? If so, I'd like to see a example implementation of Bar. As for the why; I have a lot of these member functions like func1, all with the same signature. When the parameter to be passed is 0, the previous non-0 parameter should be used. I'd like to automate this, the function object could remember the parameter and make the 0-check. A: To call different methods of a class using a pointer, it would look like this: class Foo { void (Foo::bar1)(int); void func1(int parameter); void func2(int parameter); void func3(int parameter); ... Foo() { if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func1; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func2; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func3; ... } void some_member(int parameter) { (this->bar1)(parameter); } }; To wrap that inside a template would look something like this (you can't pass the actual method function pointer as a template parameter, since it is not a constant value at compile-time): template<typename T> struct Bar { typedef void (T::MethodType)(int); T m_obj; MethodType m_method; Bar(T obj) : m_obj(obj), m_meth(0) { } Bar& operator=(MethodType rhs) { m_method = rhs; return this; } void operator()(int parameter) { if ((m_obj) && (m_method)) (m_obj->m_method)(parameter); } } class Foo { Bar<Foo> bar1; void func1(int parameter); void func2(int parameter); void func3(int parameter); ... Foo() : bar1(this) { if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func1; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func2; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func3; ... } void some_member(int parameter) { bar1(parameter); } }; Alternatively, if you want the caller to specify the method type: template<typename T, typename MethodType> struct Bar { T m_obj; MethodType m_method; Bar(T obj) : m_obj(obj), m_meth(0) { } Bar& operator=(MethodType rhs) { m_method = rhs; return this; } void operator()(int parameter) { if ((m_obj) && (m_method)) (m_obj->m_method)(parameter); } } class Foo { Bar<Foo, void (Foo::)(int)> bar1; // or: // Bar<Foo, decltype(Foo::func1)> bar1; void func1(int parameter); void func2(int parameter); void func3(int parameter); ... Foo() : bar1(this) { if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func1; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func2; else if (condition) bar1 = &Foo::func3; ... } void some_member(int parameter) { bar1(parameter); } }; That being said, in C++11 and later, consider using std::bind() and std::function instead of a manual template, eg: #include <functional> using std::placeholders::_1; class Foo { std::function<void(int)> bar1; void func1(int parameter); void func2(int parameter); void func3(int parameter); ... Foo() { if (condition) bar1 = std::bind(&Foo::func1, this, _1); else if (condition) bar1 = std::bind(&Foo::func2, this, _1); else if (condition) bar1 = std::bind(&Foo::func3, this, _1); ... } void some_member(int parameter) { bar1(parameter); } };	mini_pile	{'original_id': '92af0f6514ce1620fe6195c73da8b55f9b97a97bad5cce9c19817e63aac3c320'}

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