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Some argue that the current East Asian security system based on the US bilateral alliances are no longer valid in maintaining peace and security in the region because they were mainly established to contain Communist expansion in the region. Given the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, there is no enemy against which the US and its allies can unite. In this respect, they argue for a multilateral security framework in East Asia to replace the current bilateral arrangements. The thrust of the argument is that the United States can be expected eventually to disengage from Asia due to its declining power and interests in the region. However, this kind of multilateral security dialogue should not weaken bilateral alliances centered on the United States. The United States bilateral alliances in the region and multilateral security dialogue should coexist and serve complementary functions. 34 In other words, while bilateral security arrangements remain the backbone for peace and stability in East Asia, a multilateral security framework should be pursued to promote mutual understanding of each other's military policies and discuss common security concerns in the postโ€”Cold War era among the participating countries.
์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 34 ์ฆ‰, ์–‘์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘์ •์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜, ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ‹€์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒˆ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s introduction of market economy features within the โ€œbasic economic systemโ€ without a full transition to free and open markets has resulted in laws, regulations, and policies that generally disadvantage foreign firms vis-ร -vis their Chinese counterparts in terms of tradable goods, services sectors, market access, and foreign direct investment. Examples of Chinaโ€™s economic policies and trade practices include its support to domestic industries at the expense of foreign counterparts, commercial joint venture requirements, technology transfer requirements, subsidies to lower the cost of inputs, sustaining excess capacity in multiple industries, sector-specific limits on foreign direct investment, discriminatory cybersecurity and data transfer rules, insufficient intellectual property rights enforcement, inadequate transparency, and lack of market accessโ€” particularly in the information and communications technology (ICT), agriculture, and service sectors. Market access remains difficult for foreign firms because China restricts inbound investment, resulting in persistent underperformance in other countriesโ€™ services exports, particularly in the banking, insurance, Internet-related, professional, and retail services sectors.
์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜ ์—†์ด '๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ'์— ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ , ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›, ์ƒ์—…์  ํ•ฉ์ž‘ ํˆฌ์ž ์š”๊ฑด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ „ ์š”๊ฑด, ํˆฌ์ž… ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์œ ์ง€, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ์ œํ•œ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์ „ ๊ทœ์ •, ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ (ICT), ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์€ํ–‰, ๋ณดํ—˜, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ด€๋ จ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง, ์†Œ๋งค ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์‹ค์ ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The conflict risks in Futures 1 and 3 are driven by the assumption that Russia will respond assertively to hardline elements of U.S. strategy. For example, we assume that Russia will take steps to counter the U.S. nuclear buildup and rejection of arms control, and that these steps will lead to greater instability. These assertive responses to U.S. policy and any subsequent action-reaction cycle with the United States would increase the risk of misperception about intentions. Although we assume that Moscow is deterred from an opportunistic war against NATO, we assess that Russia might find it difficult to back down in an escalatory spiral. In the extreme, it might even take the risk of an anticipatory attack, if it saw (1) its survival on the line, (2) war as increasingly inevitable, and (3) first strike advantages. These assumptions are grounded in both the recent history of Russian foreign policy and the general international relations literature. However, Russiaโ€™s postwar weakness (or some other factor) could result in a different pattern of responses to U.S. hardline policies. If Moscow did not counter U.S. hardline policies as expected, the costs and risks associated with them would be lower than we anticipate in this report.
๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 1๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 3์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์š”์†Œ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ์ฆ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋น„ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ํ–‰๋™-๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ „์˜ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” (1) ์ƒ์กด์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กญ๊ณ  (2) ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ (3) ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ ์ œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์•ฝ์ (๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ)์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The Sentinel project focuses heavily on capacity building, and has also faced challenges relating to the lack of knowledge and awareness among healthcare workers and the general population around infectious diseases [60]. ACEGID and the Broad Institute have responded to these challenges by doing community engagement work, such as establishing a diagnostic centre for Lassa in an area where the virus is endemic. Extensive training has also been conducted with healthcare workers and laboratory scientists on sample collection, storage, what type of samples to collect, and so on (Int 2). Helping to set up regional laboratory facilities as part of this training has also ensured buy-in and trust, as workers and scientists can see that there is long-term investment in the initiative (Int 1). Scientists from public health institutions in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon and Nigeria (where monkeypox is endemic) were also recently invited to bring suspected samples of the virus for hands-on training. This data could then be inputted into relevant databases (e.g. those coordinated by national public health authorities). This model of hands-on training has also been implemented for other diseases (Int 2).
์„ผํ‹ฐ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[60]. ACEGID์™€ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ผ์‹ธ ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ฑ„์ทจ, ๋ณด๊ด€, ์ฑ„์ทจํ•  ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์œ ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 2). ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์‹œ์„ค ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 1). ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ฃฌ, ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์Šต ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์˜์‹ฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค(์˜ˆ: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค)์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์Šต ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ฐธ๊ณ  2).
The concept of information put forth by PLA writers, in authoritative texts, defines information as identifiable, carriable, indestructible, shareable, timely, and movable content that, through acquisition, allows individuals to transform the world. PRC leaders have identified that collecting, controlling, and accessing of information is crucially important in both warfighting and modern society. As a result, the PLA has conceptualized warfighting concepts to seize control of the information domain during a conflict. The concept of information warfare is an expansive concept that includes individuals, enterprises, societies, and national communication networks that form integrated entities, and encompasses the electromagnetic spectrum, psychology and perception, and intelligence operations. The PLA would probably use a variety of military capabilities such as cyberspace, electronic, and conventional to destroy adversary information systems and propagate PRC foreign policy messaging or disinformation. Chinaโ€™s goal for information warfare is to gain information superiority, which is achieved by destroying the adversaryโ€™s ability to acquire, transmit, and process information while simultaneously protecting the PLAโ€™s ability to do the same.
๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํš๋“์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ํ†ต์ œ, ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์ •๋ณด ์˜์—ญ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด์ „์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ, ๊ธฐ์—…, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์‹  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ฐ, ์ •๋ณด ์ž‘์ „์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ „์ž, ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „ํŒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ „ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ์ „์†ก, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Unlike China, which strengthened its military power based on continuous economic growth since the 1990s (See Figure 1), the U.S., which succeeded in establishing a unipolar global order after the Cold War, had to face domestic pressure to reduce defense spending (See Figure 2). In particular, as the war on terrorism began, the need for high-tech military capabilities was not great because the adversaries that the U.S. had to deal with were terrorists and rogue states. Furthermore, the pressure on the U.S. government to cut defense spending was mounting as the country bore the brunt of the 2008 global financial crisis. Meanwhile, as China emerges as a real threat rather than a conceptual concern, the Obama administration finally acknowledged that the U.S. military had not done enough to keep China's growing military power in check and it began modernizing six areas of the military including armor, artillery, air and missile defense, network, and individual combat systems. The battle domains, which were divided into land, air, and sea, have been expanded to multi-domain operations that cover space, cyber, and electromagnetics and the modernization of military capabilities began in 2019 and will not be completed until 2030 (U.S. Army 2019).
1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ์ฐธ์กฐ), ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹จ๊ทน์  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์••๋ฐ•์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ํŠนํžˆ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2008๋…„ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์‚ญ๊ฐ ์••๋ฐ•์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘, ํฌ๋ณ‘, ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ „ํˆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ 6๊ฐœ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ, ๊ณต์ค‘, ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„, ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์˜์—ญ ์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ 2019).
Authoritative PLA sources call for the coordinated employment of space, cyberspace, and EW as strategic weapons to โ€œparalyze the enemyโ€™s operational system of systemsโ€ and โ€œsabotage the enemyโ€™s war command system of systemsโ€ early in a conflict. PLA writings judge other countries have effectively used cyberspace warfare and other IO in recent conflicts and argue for attacks against C2 and logistics networks to affect an adversaryโ€™s ability to make decisions and take actions in the early stages of conflict. The PLA also considers cyberspace capabilities to be a critical component in its overall integrated strategic deterrence posture, alongside space and nuclear deterrence. PLA studies discuss using warning or demonstration strikesโ€”strikes against select military, political, and economic targets with clear awing effectsโ€”as part of deterrence. Accordingly, the PLA probably seeks to use its cyberreconnaissance capabilities to collect data for intelligence and cyberspace attack purposes; to constrain an adversaryโ€™s actions by targeting network-based logistics, C2, communications, commercial activities, and civilian and defense critical infrastructure; and, to serve as a forcemultiplier when coupled with kinetic attacks during armed conflict.
๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— "์ ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋น„"์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  "์ ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€ํœ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€"ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ „์ž์ „์„ ์ „๋žต ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ IO๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด C2 ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ํ•ต ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋žต ์–ต์ œ ํƒœ์„ธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ •์ฐฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜, C2, ํ†ต์‹ , ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์‹œ ํ‚ค๋„คํ‹ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํž˜์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Authoritative PLA sources call for the coordinated employment of space, cyberspace, and EW as strategic weapons to โ€œparalyze the enemyโ€™s operational system of systemsโ€ and โ€œsabotage the enemyโ€™s war command system of systemsโ€ early in a conflict. PLA writings judge other countries have effectively used cyberspace warfare and other IO in recent conflicts and argue for attacks against C2 and logistics networks to affect an adversaryโ€™s ability to make decisions and take actions in the early stages of conflict. The PLA also considers cyberspace capabilities to be a critical component in its overall integrated strategic deterrence posture, alongside space and nuclear deterrence. PLA studies discuss using warning or demonstration strikesโ€”strikes against select military, political, and economic targets with clear awing effectsโ€”as part of deterrence. Accordingly, the PLA probably seeks to use its cyber-reconnaissance capabilities to collect data for intelligence and cyberspace attack purposes; to constrain an adversaryโ€™s actions by targeting network-based logistics, C2, communications, commercial activities, and civilian and defense critical infrastructure; and, to serve as a force-multiplier when coupled with kinetic attacks during armed conflict.
๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— "์ ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋น„"์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  "์ ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€ํœ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€"ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ „์ž์ „์„ ์ „๋žต ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ IO๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด C2 ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ํ•ต ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ „๋žต ์–ต์ œ ํƒœ์„ธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLA์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ •์ฐฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜, C2, ํ†ต์‹ , ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์‹œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ฆ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The rationale for including this research question is to account for those areas and regions that currently may not be affected by armed conflict with a significant volume of victims, but where overall stability and security may be limited due to armed conflict having only recently concluded. To investigate this question, the methodology leverages the same approach presented under Step 2 of the methodology in a retrospective manner. In particular, it considers whether a state of armed conflict was observed at any point in the three years prior to the moment in which the assessment was undertaken. Given that Step 2 of the methodology covers retrospectively the twelve months preceding the assessment, Step 3 covers the period between 36 and 24 months prior to the assessment. For the first 24 months of methodology implementation, this was implemented compatibly with data availability in the key databases and sources underpinning the Step 2 approach. Following the first 24 months of provision of the indicative, non-exhaustive list, the project methodology instead relied directly on assessments generated during previous years of implementation. For a detailed discussion of the overall Step 2 approach, please refer to Section 3.3 of this document.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํฌ์ƒ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์•ผ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  2๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ํšŒ๊ณ ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง์ „ 12๊ฐœ์›”์„ ์†Œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง์ „ 36๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 24๊ฐœ์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ์ฒซ 24๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ์€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ฐ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์ฒซ 24๊ฐœ์›” ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ 3.3ํ•ญ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
If China were to successfully invade Taiwan, it would have far-reaching consequences for the balance of power in the region and the interests of the U.S. and its allies. Taiwan is a critical node in the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, and a major partner for Japan and South Korea in trade and security cooperation. An invasion by China would severely damage the interests of all these countries and threaten their security and economic stability. As a result, the U.S. has a strong interest in supporting Taiwan's defense against any aggression from China. The U.S. has long-standing security commitments to Taiwan and has sold arms to Taiwan to help it maintain a credible defense against potential Chinese aggression. In addition, the U.S. has sought to strengthen security cooperation with its regional allies, including South Korea and Japan, to deter China and enhance regional security. For South Korea and Japan, the situation in Taiwan also has significant implications. Both countries are major trading partners with Taiwan and rely on its technology and expertise for their own economic and security interests. In addition, South Korea and Japan are important U.S. allies in the region and would be directly impacted by any conflict in the Taiwan Strait.
์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํž˜์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „๋žต์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ถฉ์ง€์ด์ž ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๊ณต์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋žต์— ๋งž์„œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌด์—ญ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํ•ดํ˜‘์—์„œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
PRC leaders believe that structural changes in the international system and an increasingly confrontational United States are the root causes of intensifying strategic competition between China and the United States. The PRCโ€™s leadership has long viewed China as embroiled in a major international strategic competition with other states. Throughout the post-Mao reform era and particularly after the end of the Cold War, the Partyโ€™s leaders recognized their socialist system wasโ€”and would remain over the longtermโ€”an underlying source of tension with the West. Given the Partyโ€™s ambitions to โ€œrestoreโ€ the PRCโ€™s place in the world and their assessment of the PRCโ€™s relative weakness via-a-vis rival states, CCP leaders recognized the PRCโ€™s growing strength could threaten to flare tensions with others without careful management. Deng Xiaopingโ€™s reputed approach to this dilemma, as attributed by other Party leaders, was for China to โ€œhide our capacities and bide our time, be good at maintaining a low profile; and never claim leadership.โ€ While PRCโ€™s leaders have consistently pursued national rejuvenation as their goal, they have demonstrated a degree of strategic adaptability to seize opportunities and manage threats to their overall strategic objectives.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ฒฉํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ „๋žต ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ดํ›„, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ข…์‹ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ 'ํšŒ๋ณต'ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ์•ผ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRC also seeks an alternative to the U.S. system of alliances centered on a broader, multilateral โ€œcommon, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainableโ€ security. The CCP is frustrated by what it perceives to be an exaggerated threat picture of China caused by the United States. In addition, Beijing routinely asserts the United States is the sole party responsible for escalating U.S.-China tensions, primarily to deflect criticism of the PRCโ€™s efforts to reshape the international environment to protect its interests. For example, PRC Foreign Minister Wang Yi claimed at the December 2021 symposium on Chinaโ€™s 2021 foreign policy that โ€œโ€ฆmultiple challenges suffered by China-U.S. relations lies in the strategic misjudgment made by the U.S. side on China and bilateral relations.โ€ PRC officials and state media outlets also repeatedly condemned the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and cited the withdrawal as evidence that the U.S. is an unreliable partner and declining power. In addition, PRC officials have inaccurately framed AUKUS as an act of nuclear proliferation and a threat to regional stability with an intent to stoke regional concerns about the trilateral security partnership and press countries to limit engagement with U.S.-backed alliances.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ž์ ์ธ "๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ" ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์™•์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ์€ 2021๋…„ 12์›” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 2021๋…„ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„์—์„œ "...์ค‘๋ฏธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„์ „์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธก์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์˜คํŒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ด์ž ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ด ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ 3๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ๋‚ด ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋งน๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ๊ตญ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AUKUS๋ฅผ ํ•ต ํ™•์‚ฐ ํ–‰์œ„์ด์ž ์ง€์—ญ ์•ˆ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์”Œ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
GOARNโ€™s focus on providing modular technologies through EWARS that help account for site-specific capacity issues such as a lack of stable internet connection, power supply or computing power, ensure that GOARN is able to facilitate outbreak response in a variety of different settings. Both EWARS and Go.Data are adaptable for use by skilled and unskilled users, and support is also provided through the WHO to help train local users on how to use the tool [116, 118, 119]. For example, individuals are deployed to assist with rollout at national public institutes, and to brief and train staff in how to use and configure the tool for local use. This is also complemented by open-access training content for users to study in their own time. EWARS has been found to be effective in identifying and helping inform response to outbreaks in the field in multiple different settings, including following natural disasters [17, 112, 116, 120]. The programme has also been found to be flexible, and relatively low cost, with 50 surveillance kits costing $15,000 and facilitating surveillance for approximately 500,000 people [17]. In Nigeria, EWARS was integral to the early detection of outbreaks of measles in 2016โ€“2019, cholera in 2018 and several other diseases [17].
GOARN์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ, ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰, ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ ํ˜„์žฅ๋ณ„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ EWARS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EWARS์™€ Go.Data๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„์ˆ™๋ จ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, WHO๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์›๋„ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[116, 118, 119]. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜คํ”ˆ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ต์œก ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EWARS๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[17, 112, 116, 120]. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต์  ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 50๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ‚คํŠธ์— 15,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 50๋งŒ ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[17]. ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” 2016~2019๋…„ ํ™์—ญ, 2018๋…„ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ EWARS๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[17].
Where initiatives have incomplete data, supplementation may be possible with sources such as web surveys, phone advice lines and search engine queries to further understand how pathogens are spreading and how symptoms are experienced at a population level. However, not all initiatives make full use of these types of supplementary data [25]. Metadata, or data that provides contextual information about data, is important in pathogen surveillance. For instance, this can include information about where samples come from, when they were collected, what labs they were processed in and who entered data into the surveillance system. Along with providing valuable information to make pathogen surveillance efforts more transparent and accountable, this metadata can be key in allowing data to be linked to other sources for more comprehensive surveillance. When good metadata is not collected, this limits how data can be used. For example, in the foodborne illness context, a national effort in the US received data that did not have information about the food that samples were taken from. Because of this, researchers sometimes had to assume that different outbreaks were associated with a single food source, without being able to confirm that this was the case [26].
์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์›น ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์ „ํ™” ์ƒ๋‹ด, ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์—”์ง„ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[25]. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜, ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋”์šฑ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œํ•œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹์ธ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[26].
The CCP has not defined what it means by its ambition to have a โ€œworldclassโ€ military by the end of 2049. Within the context of Chinaโ€™s national strategy, however, it is likely that the PRC will seek to develop a military by mid-century that is equal toโ€”or, in some cases, superior toโ€”the U.S. military, and that of any other great power that Beijing views as a threat to its sovereignty, security, and development interests. Given the far-reaching ambitions the CCP has for a rejuvenated China, it is unlikely that the Party would aim for an end state in which the PRC would remain in a position of military inferiority vis-ร -vis the United States or any other potential rival. For the PRC to aim lower or otherwise willingly accept a permanent condition of military inferiority would seem anathema to the fundamental purpose of becoming a โ€œgreat modern socialist country.โ€ However, this does not mean that the PRC will aim for the PLA to mirror the U.S. military in terms of capacity, capability, or readiness. The PRC will likely seek to develop its โ€œworld-classโ€ military in a manner that it believes best suits the needs of its armed forces to defend and advance the countryโ€™s interests and how the PLAโ€”guided by the Partyโ€”adapts to the changing character of warfare.
์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ 2049๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ '์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜' ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ผ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ธˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๊ถŒ, ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ด์ต์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ๋ถ€ํฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์•ผ๋ง์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋“ฑํ•œ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์—ด๋“ฑ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ "์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€"๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ๋‹ฎ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•„์š”์™€ ๋‹น์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ '์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜' ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PAP is a component of the PRCโ€™s armed forces and an armed wing of the CCP with an estimated 660,000 personnel. In the 2020 National Defense University's Science of Military Strategy, the primary responsibilities of the PAP include maintaining political, institutional and regime security, handling emergency rescue, counter-terrorism, air support, maritime rights protection, administrative law enforcement, and defense operations. The PAP is organized into three main parts: the Internal Security Corps, the Mobile Corps, and the CCG. The Internal Security Corps covers each of the PRCโ€™s provinces, provincial-level cities, and โ€œautonomousโ€ regions. There is not yet a reported permanent presence of the PAP in the Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of Hong Kong or Macao. The Mobile Corps is comprised of myriad PAP units placed to reinforce the Internal Security Corps and provide flexibility in responding to internal security issues. Mobile Corps units are concentrated around non-Han ethnic regions in the West and South (Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai) as well as the major cities of Beijing and Shanghai. Xinjiang is a particular focus of the PAP due to alleged separatist activity, as well as its proximity to areas of unrest in Central Asia.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 66๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020 ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ „๋žตํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด PAP์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ์ •์น˜, ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ฒด์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์œ ์ง€, ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ง€์›, ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ž‘์ „ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PAP๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ, ๊ธฐ๋™๋‹จ, ์—ฐํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ, ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋ฐ '์ž์น˜' ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ(SAR)์—๋Š” ์•„์ง PAP๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋™๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ PAP ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋™๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•๊ณผ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„œ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„ํ•œ์กฑ ์ง€์—ญ(์‹ ์žฅ, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ, ์“ฐ์ดจ, ์œˆ๋‚œ, ์นญํ•˜์ด)์— ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ PAP๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Although submitting data to EU4S-DEEP is voluntary, its use has been strongly recommended by the European Commission [47], which provides legitimacy and encourages uptake. For example, EU grants supporting wastewater surveillance require data to be uploaded to EU4S-DEEP [96]. EU4S-DEEP has a range of partners and contributors [94] and has held town hall meetings to encourage further engagement between experts, decision makers and non-state actors [97]. EU4S-DEEP allows wastewater surveillance data to be shared internationally, which helps coordinate responses to the pandemic. For example, the ability of the platform to support detection of variants of SARS-CoV-2 (e.g. through genomic sequencing data) has allowed multiple variants to be identified and tracked internationally [98]. EU4Sโ€™s international scope also influences how data is used to inform public health decision making. Data can be shared with EU/EEA countries and non-EU countries, which is particularly useful for countries that do not have access to strong wastewater surveillance information. The initiative also maintains strong connections with the WHO and other relevant institutions that provide support for implementing wastewater surveillance systems and conducting pathogen surveillance [91].
EU4S-DEEP์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์œ„์›ํšŒ[47]๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” EU ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด EU4S-DEEP์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[96]. EU4S-DEEP์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ[94], ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž, ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€์šดํ™€ ๋ฏธํŒ…์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[97]. EU4S-DEEP์€ ํ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด SARS-CoV-2 ๋ณ€์ข… ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ข…์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[98]. EU4S์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EU/EEA ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋น„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ •๋ณด์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ํ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” WHO ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ๋„ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[91].
If the CARMEN test fails to provide a result, the sample will then be sent to a regional sequencing centre for metagenomic sequencing to identify the pathogen (Int 1). This combination of measures for detection ensures that high-priority viruses can be detected within the hour, known human viruses within twenty-four hours, and previously unknown viruses within a week, ensuring a rapid response to any outbreak [29, 30]. Interviewees explained that where samples are escalated, this information also feeds into the technology development activity of Sentinel, to consider whether the SHERLOCK or CARMEN technologies need to test for additional pathogens at the point of care. Test results, data on symptoms and metadata about the sample are transferred digitally via cloud-based databases and mobile applications designed to function in lowconnectivity environments. For example, the CommCare app developed by Sentinel partner Dimagi enables frontline workers to share symptoms and diagnostic data from clinics, and still functions in areas of intermittent and unreliable internet connectivity [60]. The initiative acknowledges resource constraints where it operates, and consequently designs its tools for those with limited computational experience or resource access [60].
CARMEN ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ง€์—ญ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Int 1). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์—, ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์—, ์ด์ „์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” 1์ฃผ์ผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์— ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[29, 30]. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™œ๋™์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ SHERLOCK ๋˜๋Š” CARMEN ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ธ Dimagi๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ CommCare ์•ฑ์€ ์ผ์„  ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[60]. ์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[60].
Since World War II, the Navyโ€™s surface combatants have evolved from being vessels distinguished primarily by the size of their main gunsโ€”which in turn largely determined the size of the shipsโ€”to being versatile platforms for several weapon systems. Since the introduction of the VLS in the early 1980s, the Navyโ€™s large surface combatants have been differentiated mainly by their sensors and intended combat specialties rather than by their size or type of weapons. Ships equipped with the VLS can carry an interchangeable set of standard munitions, including Tomahawk cruise missiles, ASROC antisubmarine weapons, and Standard air-defense missiles. (Such ships can also carry Harpoon antiship missiles, which use a launch system other than the VLS.) In addition, the Navy has a limited number of Standard missiles that can intercept short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, although that number is expected to grow. Similarly, the Navyโ€™s small surface combatants have become versatile ships primarily intended to defend larger ships against attack by submarines and small boats and to replace the Navyโ€™s mine countermeasures ships. All of the Navyโ€™s surface combatants have enough defensive capability that they can operate independently during normal peacetime deployments.
์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผํฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ฃผํฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•จ์ •์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์ฃ ). 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ VLS๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ์˜๋„๋œ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. VLS๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ ํ•จ์ •์—๋Š” ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, ASROC ๋Œ€์ž  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์ฒด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•จ์ •์—๋Š” VLS ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜ํ‘ผ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์š”๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํƒ ๋”๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์†Œํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ๊ณผ ์†Œํ˜• ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ•จ์ •์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ขฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ•จ์ •์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ •์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์€ ํ‰์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Despite the focus on expanding expeditionary missions, the PLANMC has not abandoned its amphibious mission. To the contrary, the PLANMC continues to conduct amphibious and expeditionary training in the Northern, Eastern, and Southern Theater Commands, to include training events in the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The most significant aspect of PLANMC amphibious training is the continuedโ€“and almost certainly expandingโ€“use of civilian roll-on/roll off (RORO) vessels to transport PLANMC combat forces during training events. This activity is significant because it demonstrates that the PLANMC now has a role as a second-echelon force in the PLA, providing theater commanders the flexibility to use the PLANMC in multiple roles as part of an amphibious campaign, specifically in a Taiwan scenario. This flexibility decreases the requirement to build additional PLAN amphibious ships to successfully assault Taiwan. This operational flexibility also provides operational and logistics units within the PLANMC the training and proficiency to move between military and civilian vessels not just in a Taiwan scenario, but in any maritime environment where civilian transport vessels are available to the PLANMC and PLAN amphibious ships are not.
์›์ • ์ž„๋ฌด ํ™•๋Œ€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, PLANMC๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ž‘์ „ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค PLANMC๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€, ๋™๋ถ€, ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๋ฐ ์›์ • ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLANMC ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋กค์˜จ/๋กค์˜คํ”„(RORO) ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ PLANMC ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™œ๋™์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน์žฅ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ PLANMC๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ PLA์˜ 2๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์„ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์ „ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ PLANMC ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์ด PLANMC์— ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  PLAN ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ด์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ตฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Although Chinaโ€™s leaders view building military strength as a strategic imperative, they also place important caveats on these objectives. For example, Chairman Xiโ€™s direction to the PLA to โ€œbasically completeโ€ modernization by 2035 should also occur โ€œin step with the modernization of the country.โ€ These qualifications serve several purposes that highlight the interlocking nature of the Partyโ€™s strategic planning. First, as the PRCโ€™s interests continue to expand, the Party expects the PLA to keep pace with the countryโ€™s evolving interests and be ready and able to defend its progress. Second, linking the PLAโ€™s transformation to the countryโ€™s transformation allows Party leaders to signal the scope and scale of the internal changes they expect the PLA to implement, particularly given its historic resistance to reforms that challenge its risk-adverse organizational culture or threaten vested bureaucratic interests. Finally, these qualifications provide flexibility to the Partyโ€™s leaders to calibrate military resources and defense objectives based on the conditions of the countryโ€™s overall development. This offers PRC leaders the ability to adapt to changing economic or international conditions and ensure military investments supportโ€”rather than compromiseโ€”the strategy.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ์ „๋žต์  ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์ด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— 2035๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ "๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๋ฃŒ"ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด" ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋‹น์˜ ์ „๋žต ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ๊ณ„์† ํ™•๋Œ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹น์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ต์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค€๋น„์™€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ •์„ธ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํˆฌ์ž์— ํƒ€ํ˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „๋žต์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLAA is organized into five Theater Army Commands, the Xinjiang military command, and the Tibet military command. The PLAA has 13 group armies, which are comprised of multiple combined-arms brigades that serve as the PLAA's primary maneuver force. The brigades vary in size and composition. The PLAA delineates its combined-arms brigades into three types: light (high-mobility, mountain, air assault, and motorized), medium (wheeled armored vehicles), and heavy (tracked armored vehicles), with sizes ranging from approximately 4,000 (light) to 5,000 (heavy) personnel each. Each group army controls six additional brigades responsible for operational element functions: an artillery brigade, an air defense brigade, an army aviation (or air assault) brigade, a special operations forces (SOF) brigade, an engineer and chemical defense brigade, and a sustainment brigade. Some variations exist with at least one group army per theater separating their engineering and chemical defense brigades into separate units. Although the PLAA has standardized its group armies, it does retain a number of nonstandard divisions and brigades that exist outside of the group armies. These units are typically located in areas the CCP considers sensitive including Xinjiang, Hong Kong, and Beijing.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€, ์‹ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” 13๊ฐœ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋™๊ตฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ(๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ, ์‚ฐ์•…, ๊ณต์ค‘๋Œ๊ฒฉ, ๋™๋ ฅ), ์ค‘(์ฐจ๋ฅœํ˜• ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ), ์ค‘(๊ถค๋„ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 4,000๋ช…(๊ฒฝ)์—์„œ 5,000๋ช…(์ค‘)์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์€ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์œก๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต(๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์Šต) ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€(SOF) ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ๊ณต๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ํ™”์ƒ๋ฐฉ ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์œ ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋“ฑ ์ž‘์ „ ์š”์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 6๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ™”์ƒ๋ฐฉ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLAA๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋น„ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์žฅ, ํ™์ฝฉ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
PLAA Aviation and Air Assault units remained a focus of development in 2022. PLAA training events and reports in PRC media show that support to amphibious operations, multi-dimensional assaults, developing close air support tactics, and manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) are now a standard part of training. Training in 2022 also included numerous examples of helicopters executing nighttime flight operations, over water maneuver, and ultra-low altitude flying. PLAA Aviation works directly with ground units to enhance its ability to support air assault operations and conduct air strikes. Highlights from PLAA Aviation joint training in 2022 included army aviation helicopters continuing to train for operations with PLAN landing ships. 2022 saw the first observed evidence of PLAA helicopters being able to rearm and refuel onboard PLAN vessels along with continued progress towards maritime operations. The two PLAA Air Assault brigades continued extensive training on helicopter insertion, area security, and aerial reconnaissance. The PLAA envisions its Aviation and Air Assault units employing their three-dimensional maneuver, firepower, and assault capabilities to act as a main combat force, support a greater joint operation, or conduct non-war military operations outside China.
PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋Œ๊ฒฉ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” 2022๋…„์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋ณด๋„๋œ PLAA ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ž‘์ „ ์ง€์›, ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ๋Œ๊ฒฉ, ๊ทผ์ ‘ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ง€์› ์ „์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์œ ์ธ-๋ฌด์ธ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ(MUM-T)์ด ์ด์ œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์—๋Š” ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ž‘์ „, ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋™, ์ดˆ์ €๊ณ ๋„ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์Šต ์ž‘์ „ ์ง€์› ๋ฐ ๊ณต์Šต ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ PLAN ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์ „ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„์—๋Š” PLAA ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ PLAN ํ•จ์ •์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž‘์ „์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋Œ๊ฒฉ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์ž…, ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ •์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘๊ฐ•์Šต ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋™, ํ™”๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋น„์ „ํˆฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Throughout 2023, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) recalibrated its foreign policy to counteract increasingly negative international perceptions of China over its support for Russiaโ€™s unprovoked war in Ukraine and Beijingโ€™s aggression toward neighbors in the Indo-Pacific region. Emerging from Zero-COVID lockdowns in 2022, Chinese diplomats engaged in a flurry of activity in an attempt to assuage key global partners and cast China as a contributor to the global good. These engagements have demonstrated a change in tone but not substance, aimed primarily at preserving Beijingโ€™s access to foreign markets, technology, and foreign direct investment, as well as its global influence. Beijing has sought to cultivate support from governments across Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Europe in order to facilitate these objectives. In practice, Beijing continues efforts to shield Russia diplomatically and provide material support for its war in Ukraine. The CCP has sought to undermine the transatlantic unity that has emerged vis-ร -vis China as a response to Beijingโ€™s foreign policy choices. The CCP has also continued to engage selectively with the United States while preparing Chinese society for protracted strategic competition, up to and including the possibility of war.
2023๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น)์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ด‰์‡„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ณต์ต์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํŽผ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Along with the CCP leadershipโ€™s focus on improving the PLAโ€™s combat readiness, in recent years PLA media outlets have noted shortcomings in the militaryโ€™s training and education systems that reportedly left some commandersโ€”particularly at the operational levelโ€” inadequately prepared for modern warfare. In recent years, PLA media outlets have identified the need for the military to address the โ€œFive Incapablesโ€ problem: that some commanders cannot (1) judge situations; (2) understand higher authoritiesโ€™ intentions; (3) make operational decisions; (4) deploy forces; and (5) manage unexpected situations. Although PLA writings do not specify how widespread the โ€œFive Incapablesโ€ are, PLA media outlets have consistently raised them. One outside expert has noted this may indicate the PLA lacks confidence in its proficiency to execute its own operational concepts. Additionally, senior Party and PLA leaders are keenly aware that the military has not experienced combat in decades nor fought with its current suite of capabilities and organizational structures. PLA leaders and state media frequently call on the force to remedy the โ€œpeacetime diseaseโ€ that manifests in the form of what it characterizes as lax training attitudes and practices that are viewed as hindering combat readiness.
์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž‘์ „๊ธ‰ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ „์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด (1) ์ƒํ™ฉ ํŒ๋‹จ, (2) ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์˜๋„ ํŒŒ์•…, (3) ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฒฐ์ •, (4) ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, (5) ๋Œ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” '5๋ถˆ๋Šฅ' ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—๋Š” '5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ'์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž์ฒด ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์‹ธ์›Œ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ง€๋„์ž์™€ ๊ด€์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 'ํ‰์‹œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘'์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฐ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CMM vessels train with and assist the Peopleโ€™s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) and the China Coast Guard (CCG) in tasks such as safeguarding maritime claims, surveillance and reconnaissance, fisheries protection, logistics support, and search and rescue. These operations traditionally take place within the FIC along Chinaโ€™s coast and near disputed features in the SCS such as the Second Thomas Shoal, Scarborough Reed, and Luconia Shoal. However, the presence of possible CMM vessels mixed in with Chinese fishing vessels near Indonesiaโ€™s Natuna Island outside of the โ€œnine-dashed lineโ€ on Chinese maps indicated a possible ambition to expand CMM operations within the region. The PRC employs the CMM in gray zone operations, or โ€œlowintensity maritime rights protection struggles,โ€ at a level designed to frustrate effective response by the other parties involved. The PRC employs CMM vessels to advance its disputed sovereignty claims, often amassing them in disputed areas throughout the SCS and ECS. In this manner, the CMM plays a major role in coercive activities to achieve the PRCโ€™s political goals without fighting and these operations are part of broader Chinese military theory that sees confrontational operations short of war as an effective means of accomplishing strategic objectives.
CMM ํ•จ์ •์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฐ, ์–ด์—… ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์›, ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ํ•ด๊ตฐ(PLAN) ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€(CCG)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ œ2 ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ˆ„, ์Šค์นด๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ, ๋ฃจ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ˆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ SCS์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ FIC ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ƒ์˜ '๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ' ๋ฐ– ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋‚˜ํˆฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด์„ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” CMM ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ CMM ์ž‘์ „์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ž‘์ „, ์ฆ‰ '์ €๊ฐ•๋„ ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํˆฌ์Ÿ'์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ CMM์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์ธ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด CMM ํ•จ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์ข… SCS์™€ ECS์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•จ์ •์„ ์ง‘๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ CMM์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ์—†์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์••์  ํ™œ๋™์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA considers EW to be an integral component of modern warfare and seeks to achieve information dominance in a conflict through the coordinated use of cyberspace and electronic warfare to protect its own information networks and deny the enemy the use of the electromagnetic spectrum. The PRCโ€™s EW strategy emphasizes suppressing, degrading, disrupting, or deceiving enemy electronic equipment throughout the continuum of a conflict. The PLA will likely use electronic warfare early in a conflict as a signaling mechanism to warn and deter adversary offensive action. Potential EW targets include adversary systems operating in radio, radar, microwave, infrared and optical frequency ranges, as well as adversary computer and information systems. PLA EW units routinely train to conduct jamming and anti-jamming operations against multiple communication and radar systems and Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite systems during force-on-force exercises. These exercises test operational unitsโ€™ understanding of EW weapons, equipment, and procedures and they also enable operators to improve confidence in their ability to operate effectively in a complex electromagnetic environment. In addition, the PLA reportedly tests and validates advances in EW weaponsโ€™ R&D during these exercises.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „์ž์ „์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ „์ž์ „์˜ ์กฐ์œจ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์ž์ „ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ ์˜ ์ „์ž ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜, ๊ต๋ž€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ „์ž์ „์„ ์ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ „์ž์ „ ํ‘œ์ ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ , ๋ ˆ์ด๋”, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ, ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์‹œ์œ„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ GPS(์œ„์„ฑ ์œ„์น˜ ํ™•์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) ์œ„์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง„์ „์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA considers EW to be an integral component of modern warfare and seeks to achieve information dominance in a conflict through the coordinated use of cyberspace and electronic warfare to protect its own information networks and deny the enemy the use of the electromagnetic spectrum. The PRCโ€™s EW strategy emphasizes suppressing, degrading, disrupting, or deceiving enemy electronic equipment throughout the continuum of a conflict. The PLA will likely use electronic warfare prior to a conflict as a signaling mechanism to warn and deter adversary offensive action. Potential EW targets include adversary systems operating in radio, radar, microwave, infrared and optical frequency ranges, as well as adversary computer and information systems. PLA EW units routinely train to conduct jamming and anti-jamming operations against multiple communication and radar systems and Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite systems during force-on-force exercises. These exercises test operational unitsโ€™ understanding of EW weapons, equipment, and procedures and they also enable operators to improve confidence in their ability to operate effectively in a complex electromagnetic environment. In addition, the PLA reportedly tests and validates advances in EW weaponsโ€™ R&D during these exercises.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „์ž์ „์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ „์ž์ „์˜ ์กฐ์œจ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์ž์ „ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ ์˜ ์ „์ž ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜, ๊ต๋ž€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ „์— ์ „์ž์ „์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ „์ž์ „ ํ‘œ์ ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ , ๋ ˆ์ด๋”, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ, ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์‹œ์œ„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ GPS(์œ„์„ฑ ์œ„์น˜ ํ™•์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) ์œ„์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง„์ „์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For some time, USโ€“China trade did not match the expectation of win-win cooperation. In contrast to the idea of comparative advantage โ€“ state-directed investments, a non-market economy, and widespread disregard for the rule of law in China created an atmosphere of suspicion. From the American perspective, Chinese companies gain an unfair advantage over foreign competitors seeking market access. In their own market they engage in intellectual property theft, product piracy, and the forced transfer of foreign technology. Consequently, the dispute between the two powers, which has continued in the post-Trump years, is not about trade as such โ€“ but about technology induced job losses in the United States aggravated by a manipulated exchange rate policy. Moreover, there is a growing concern that China uses its FDI to access sensitive technology to outgrow US industrial capabilities. In line with realist thought, the acquired know-how from sensitive production lines could eventually create a security dilemma. The use of unfair trade practices including import restrictions such as tariffs and quotas, export subsidies and low interest loans as well as stringent local content requirements adds up to an image of a new economic superpower that needs to be contained (Liu and Woo 2018, 333).
ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๋ฌด์—ญ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์šฐ์œ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ํˆฌ์ž, ๋น„์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น˜์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๋„์šฉ, ์ œํ’ˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œ, ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ด์ „์„ ์ผ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ž์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ํ™˜์œจ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์†์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ง์ ‘ํˆฌ์ž(FDI)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์„ธ ๋ฐ ์ฟผํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ œํ•œ, ์ˆ˜์ถœ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ถœ, ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์š”๊ฑด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ • ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Liu and Woo 2018, 333).
Although Chinaโ€™s leaders view building military strength as a strategic imperative, they also place important caveats on these objectives. For example, Chairman Xiโ€™s direction to the PLA to โ€œbasically completeโ€ modernization by 2035 should also occur โ€œin step with the modernization of the country.โ€ These qualifications serve several purposes that highlight the interlocking nature of the Partyโ€™s strategic planning. First, as the PRCโ€™s interests continue to expand as it develops, the Party expects the PLA to keep pace with the countryโ€™s evolving interests and be ready and able to defend its progress. Second, linking the PLAโ€™s transformation to the countryโ€™s transformation allows Party leaders to signal the scope and scale of the internal changes they expect the PLA to implement, particularly given its historic resistance to reforms that challenge its risk-adverse organizational culture or threaten vested bureaucratic interests. Finally, these qualifications provide flexibility to the Partyโ€™s leaders to modulate military resources and defense objectives based on the conditions of the countryโ€™s overall development. This offers PRC leaders the ability to adapt to changing economic or international conditions and ensure military investments supportโ€”rather than compromiseโ€” the strategy.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ์ „๋žต์  ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์ด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— 2035๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ "๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๋ฃŒ"ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด" ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋‹น์˜ ์ „๋žต ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ๊ณ„์† ํ™•๋Œ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹น์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ต์— ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค€๋น„์™€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLANMC is still in the process of completing expansion requirements set forth by the CMC under PLA reform in 2016. Serving as the PLAN land combat arm, the PLANMC continued to evolve throughout 2021 and is receiving equipment and training necessary to become the PLAโ€™s preeminent expeditionary force, as directed by Xi Jinping. All six PLANMC maneuver brigades have achieved initial operating capability (IOC); three of the brigades are assessed to be fully mission capable. Two other PLANMC brigades โ€“ the aviation brigade and the special operations brigade, are IOC and Full Operational Capability (FOC), respectively. The aviation brigade will likely not achieve FOC status until at least 2025 and likely beyond, based on the current pace the brigade is receiving new helicopters, fully trained flight crews, and support equipment. The FOC aviation brigade will most likely contain a mix of heavy-lift, medium-lift, attack, and multipurpose helicopters capable of operating on land and at sea to support all aspects of PLANMC operations. Such operations include, but are not limited to humanitarian aid/disaster relief, force protection, counterterrorism, amphibious assault, and combat operations ashore, either in support of large-scale PLA operations or as an expeditionary force overseas.
PLANMC๋Š” 2016๋…„ PLA ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ CMC๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLANMC๋Š” ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ PLAN์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ 2021๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, PLA์˜ ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ์›์ •๊ตฐ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6๊ฐœ PLANMC ๊ธฐ๋™์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(IOC)์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 3๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 2๊ฐœ PLANMC ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ IOC์™€ ์™„์ „์ž‘์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(FOC)์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์Šน๋ฌด์›, ์ง€์› ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ตœ์†Œ 2025๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” FOC ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FOC ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฌ๋‹จ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ค‘ํ˜• ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด PLANMC ์ž‘์ „์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์—๋Š” ์ธ๋„์  ์ง€์›/์žฌ๋‚œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ, ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ž‘์ „, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „ ์ง€์› ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ์›์ •๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ž‘์ „์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Taiwan continues to increase its defense budget in order to support defense acquisitions and bolster its forces against PRC pressure. In 2020, the Tsai administration announced defense spending to be the highest level since 1990. Taiwan announced a further 10 percent increase from the previous year, bringing the 2021 defense budget to NT$453 billion ($15.4 billion), and representing more than 2% of Taiwanโ€™s GDP. Meanwhile, Chinaโ€™s official defense budget continues to grow and is about 17 times larger than Taiwanโ€™s defense budget, with much of it focused on developing the capability to unify Taiwan with the PRC by force. Recognizing the growing disparity between their respective defense expenditures, Taiwan has stated that it is working to develop new cost effective concepts and capabilities for asymmetric warfare. Some specific areas of emphasis include offensive and defensive information and electronic warfare, high-speed stealth vessels, shore-based mobile missiles, rapid mining and minesweeping, unmanned aerial systems, and critical infrastructure protection. Taiwan has also dedicated significant defense spending toward its domestic submarine program, upgrading its existing F-16 fighters, as well as producing four transport docks and four minelaying ships to supplement its navy.
๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋งž์„œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ์ฐจ์ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1990๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ์ „๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 10%๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฆ์•กํ•˜์—ฌ 2021๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ 4,530์–ต ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(154์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ GDP์˜ 2% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 17๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์ „, ๊ณ ์† ์Šคํ…”์Šค ํ•จ์ •, ํ•ด์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋™์‹ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, ์‹ ์† ์ง€๋ขฐ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, ๋ฌด์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์ค‘์š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด F-16 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๊ตฐ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 4์ฒ™์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ถ€๋‘์™€ 4์ฒ™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ขฐ๋ถ€์„คํ•จ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Chinaโ€™s investment in Landing Helicopter Assault ships (LHAs) signals its intent to continue to develop its expeditionary warfare capabilities. In April 2021, China commissioned the first of YUSHEN class LHA (Type 075) followed by the commissioning of the second hull in December 2021. A third YUSHEN-class LHA was launched in January 2021, marking an approximately 16-month timeframe to launch the three vessels, and will likely join the fleet in the first half of 2022. The YUSHEN class are highly capable large-deck amphibious ships that will provide the PLAN with an all-aspect expeditionary capability. The YUSHEN class can carry a large number of landing craft, forces, armored vehicles, and helicopters. In addition, the PLAN has eight large YUZHAO class amphibious transport docks (LPD) (Type 071) in service. The YUZHAO class LPDs and YUSHEN class LHAs provide the PLA with greater capacity, endurance, and more flexibility for long-range operations than the PLANโ€™s older landing ships, which it has reduced in number over the last decade with obsolete units being decommissioned. The YUSHEN and YUZHAO can each carry several YUYI class air-cushion medium landing craft and a variety of helicopters, as well as tanks, armored vehicles and PLAN marines for long-distance expeditionary deployments.
์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ ๋Œ๊ฒฉํ•จ(LHA)์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์ • ์ „์Ÿ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 4์›” ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ์‰”๊ธ‰ LHA(075ํ˜•)๋ฅผ ์‹œ์šด์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ ์ด์–ด 2021๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์šด์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›”์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ์‰”๊ธ‰ LHA๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ์•ฝ 16๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ์ง„์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 2022๋…„ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ํ•จ๋Œ€์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์…ด๊ธ‰์€ ๊ณ ๋„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฐ‘ํŒ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ „๋ฐฉ์œ„์ ์ธ ์›์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์…ด๊ธ‰์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ •, ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ, ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ, ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์—๋Š” 8์ฒ™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• YUZHAO๊ธ‰ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ˆ˜์†กํ•จ(LPD)(071ํ˜•)์ด ์šด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ž์˜ค๊ธ‰ LPD์™€ ์œ ์‰”๊ธ‰ LHA๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์˜ ํ‡ด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์…ดํ•จ๊ณผ ์œ ์ž์˜คํ•จ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ„์ด๊ธ‰ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ€์–‘์ƒ๋ฅ™์ •๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ํƒฑํฌ, ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ, ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์›์ • ์ถœ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Chapter 4 describes a different Taiwan scenario, in which China attacks Taiwan without being fully prepared after unanticipated Taiwanese political developments. China begins the conflict with an attempted blockade of Taiwan, followed by extensive air and missile strikes on the island designed to compel Taipei to renounce any movement toward independence. The United States, however, intervenes in force, and over roughly three months of hard fighting is able to inflict substantial damage on Chinese naval and air assets and to impose a blockade of its own on the mainland. China concludes that its strategy is unlikely to change Taiwanese behavior and that it is no longer capable of guaranteeing the success of an amphibious invasion. China therefore contents itself with the conquest of Taiwanโ€™s offshore islands and agrees to a ceasefire. In the tense period that follows, both sides view the risk of a return to conflict as being high and prepare accordingly. The United States retains military forces on Taiwan. Taipei shifts toward a โ€œporcupineโ€ strategy, focusing on investments in hardened infrastructure and survivable forces with short-range weapons to make conquest difficult. China invests heavily in the capabilities needed to ensure the success of an amphibious assault in the face of U.S.
4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„ ์—†์ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์Šต๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ๋‚˜์„œ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 3๊ฐœ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ณธํ† ์— ์ž์ฒด ๋ด‰์‡„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ž‘์ „์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์„ฌ์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด์ „์— ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ธด์žฅ๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์–‘์ธก์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ '๊ณ ์Šด๋„์น˜' ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณต์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋งž์„œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As part of the effort to assess the potential for a Track 2 initiative in the U.S.-China context, we sought out evidence on the effectiveness of historical Track 1.5 and Track 2 efforts, both to inform the earlier discussion of the criteria for more successful efforts and to assess the potential for meaningful change from a major new effort. We found that the existing literature, while highlighting specific criteria for more effective Track 1.5 and Track 2 efforts, does not offer the basis for a definitive assessment, either of the general value proposition of Track 1.5 and Track 2 activities or of the potential utility of a very significant, forward-looking U.S.-China engagement focused on long-term coexistence. This is true for two reasons: The limits to existing empirical research, and the fact that much of what has been done has focused more on classic conflict resolution applications of such dialogues rather than diplomacy in a great power rivalry. But one countervailing lesson is that, precisely because overarching judgments about Track 2 dialogues are not helpful, the potential value of a new initiative must be judged on its own termsโ€”and the history suggests that, if new efforts meet key criteria, they have at least some chance of playing an essential role in a process of peacebuilding.
๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ๋…ผ์˜์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ 1.5 ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํŠธ๋ž™ 1.5 ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋ž™ 1.5 ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์กด์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ์šฉ์— ๋” ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ‰ํ™” ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Likewise, a warโ€™s potential effect on the regional or international balance of power can be difficult to predict. Focused on a single rival, a state might discover it has misdirected its attention only after a war reveals a previously concealed or overlooked shift in the balance of power. Preoccupied with its overseas competitions with Britain and Russia (and confident that Austria would remain the dominant German power), France in 1866 initially discounted the emerging Prussian threat and chose not to support Vienna in its war. Only after Prussia soundly defeated Austria did French planners begin to revise their estimates, although they continued to overstate their own advantage. Alternatively, a conflict can so dramatically accelerate preexisting structural changes that the resulting shift exceeds plannersโ€™ expectations in scale, though perhaps not in character. By 1939, international observers recognized that the United Statesโ€™ international economic and political influence was likely to grow in the decades ahead, but neither U.S. nor European strategists anticipated the scale of U.S. military, industrial, economic, and political domination that would follow World War IIโ€”nor that a country that historically evinced a doctrine of nonentanglement would embrace an internationalist grand strategy.
๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์  ํž˜์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ž ์žฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ „์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ›„์—์•ผ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1866๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€) ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋น„์—”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์™„ํŒŒํ•œ ํ›„์—์•ผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณ„ํš์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์•„๋‹์ง€๋ผ๋„). 1939๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€์ธกํ†ต๋“ค์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ „๋žต๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์‚ฐ์—…, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ •์น˜์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋™๋งน ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
North Koreaโ€™s national security strategy has two main objectives: ensure the Kim regimeโ€™s long-term security, which the leadership defines as North Korea remaining a sovereign, independent country ruled by the Kim family, and retaining the capability to exercise dominant influence over the Korean Peninsula. Since the mid-2000s, the Northโ€™s strategy to achieve these goals has been to prioritize the development of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles to deliver nuclear weapons to increasingly distant ranges while maintaining a conventional military capable of inflicting enormous damage on South Korea. Kim Jong Un expanded the nuclear and missile programs in an effort to develop a survivable nuclear weapon delivery capability that the regime could use, in theory, to respond to any external attack. Pyongyangโ€™s goal is to maintain a credible nuclear capability, which it believes will deter any external attack. It also seeks to use its nuclear and conventional military capabilities to compel South Korea and the United States into policy decisions that are beneficial to North Korea. As part of his strategy, Kim Jong Un has publicly emphasized the ability of North Korean nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to strike the United States and regional U.S. allies in an attempt to intimidate international audiences.
๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ „๋žต์€ ๊น€์”จ ์ผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊น€์”จ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์  ๋” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€์€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ต๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ต ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถํ•œ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊น€์ •์€์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด์žฅ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
China produces a wide range of ballistic, cruise, air-to-air, and surface-to-air missiles, many comparable in quality to those of other international top-tier producers, for domestic military use and export. China has the worldโ€™s leading hypersonic arsenal and has dramatically advanced its development of both conventional and nuclear-armed hypersonic missile technologies during the past 20 years. Beijing fielded its first missile with a hypersonic glide vehicle in 2020 and tested a new hypersonic weapon system in 2021, building on previous progress in hypersonic weapons development. China also advanced its scramjet engine development in 2022, which has applications in hypersonic cruise missiles. In April 2019, the PLAN revealed during its 70th anniversary celebration that its new guided-missile cruiser can employ long-range land attack cruise missiles and, in 2022, launched the YJ-21 hypersonic missile designed to defeat aircraft carriers. In 2022, Beijing made its first delivery of a surface-to-air missile system to a European nation, Serbia. China is developing beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles and exploring dualmode guidance capabilities, which uses both active radar and infrared homing seekers that improve target-selection capabilities and make the missiles more resistant to countermeasures.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํƒ„๋„, ์ˆœํ•ญ, ๊ณต๋Œ€๊ณต, ์ง€๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตญ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์šฉ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฐ ํ•ต๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2020๋…„์— ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ํ™œ๊ณต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ „ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2021๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง„์ „์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 2022๋…„์— ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ๋žจ์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›”์—๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ตญ 70์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ํ˜• ์œ ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ์ด ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2022๋…„์—๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์„ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ YJ-21์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์— ์ง€๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ์  ์„ ํƒ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”์™€ ์ ์™ธ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฐ ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์œ ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In mid-2021, during a virtual summit between PRC President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin, the PRC and Russia agreed to deepen cooperation in the Arctic and strengthen collaboration on the use of the NSR. The PRC and Russia support further cooperation on commercial issues, energy development, and infrastructure projects such as the Yamal LNG project in north-central Siberia and LNG 2, a notional second natural gas plant which Russia and the PRC signed agreements for in 2018. In 2019, Russia and China also agreed to found a joint Arctic research center, furthering their academic cooperation alongside economic measures. As of late 2021, PRC banks agreed to provide 2.5 billion rubles, although the PRC continued to raise the issues of Yamal LNG dividend taxation. However, some limitations and potential bilateral friction points remain. In 2019 and in 2022, Russia proposed regulations governing the passage along the Northern Sea Route, which would have required foreign warships to give Moscow 45 days' notice of their intention to transit and to have a Russian pilot on board, and would have reserved Moscow the right to refuse passage. Additionally, Russian experts have noted private Russian objections to Chinaโ€™s โ€œPolar Silk Roadโ€ concept, saying it undermines a Russian-led Northern Sea Route.
2021๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜, ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์„๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์ƒ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ์ฒ ๋„(NSR) ์ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ค‘๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์•ผ๋ง LNG ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ 2018๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€์นญ ์ œ2 ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์ธ LNG 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์—… ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์—๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ๊ทน ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์กฐ์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ๋ง ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์€ 25์–ต ๋ฃจ๋ธ”์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•ผ๋ง LNG ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ์ง€์ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„๊ณผ 2022๋…„์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ๊ทนํ•ด ํ•ญ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐํ•จ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์— 45์ผ ์ „์— ํ†ต์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์Šน์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ–‰์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ '๊ทน์ง€ ์‹คํฌ๋กœ๋“œ' ๊ตฌ์ƒ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋ถ๊ทนํ•ด ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Tactical airpower is often described as having a powerful synergy with ground forces. The reason is that methods for defending against ground forces make an opponent more vulnerable to attacks from the air, and methods for defending against attacks from the air make an opponent more vulnerable to ground forces. During the combat phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom, for example, DoD sources frequently illustrated that synergy when describing how U.S. ground forces could pressure Iraqi units to respond to their assaults. Hostile ground forces are more vulnerable to airpower when they are moving (because soldiers are not protected by field fortifications, vehicles travel in clusters on roads, and so forth), whereas they can sometimes resist aerial attack very effectively when they are stationary. But if they are trying to defend against mobile U.S. ground forces, hostile ground forces may need to move to protect key locations or to keep from being surrounded. Similarly, hostile ground forces can resist aerial attack much more easily if they are widely dispersed, but such dispersion makes it much harder for them to resist attack from other ground forces. Those synergies mean that combining tactical airpower with ground forces makes the application of tactical airpower much more effective than it would be otherwise.
์ „์ˆ  ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ ์„ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ ์„ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ž์œ  ์ž‘์ „ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์€ ๋ฏธ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์ด ์ด๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์  ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ(๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์•ผ์ „ ์š”์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ), ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์Šต์— ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฏธ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์  ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ์œ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์  ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „์ˆ  ๊ณต๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ˆ  ๊ณต๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s introduction of market economy features within the โ€œbasic economic systemโ€ without a full transition to free and open markets has resulted in laws, regulations, and policies that generally disadvantage foreign firms vis- ร -vis their Chinese counterparts in terms of tradable goods, services sectors, market access, and foreign direct investment. Examples of Chinaโ€™s economic policies and trade practices include its support to domestic industries at the expense of foreign counterparts, commercial joint venture requirements, technology transfer requirements, subsidies to lower the cost of inputs, sustaining excess capacity in multiple industries, sectorspecific limits on foreign direct investment, including partnership requirements and other barriers to investment, discriminatory cybersecurity and data transfer rules, insufficient intellectual property rights enforcement, inadequate transparency, and lack of market accessโ€”particularly in the information and communications technology (ICT), agriculture, and service sectors. Market access remains difficult for some foreign firms because China restricts certain inbound investment, resulting in persistent underperformance in other countriesโ€™ services exports, particularly in the banking, insurance, Internet-related, professional, and retail services sectors.
์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜ ์—†์ด '๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ'์— ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ , ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›, ์ƒ์—…์  ํ•ฉ์ž‘ ํˆฌ์ž ์š”๊ฑด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ „ ์š”๊ฑด, ํˆฌ์ž… ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์œ ์ง€, ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ์š”๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํˆฌ์ž ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ์ œํ•œ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ๊ทœ์ •, ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ (ICT), ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํŠน์ • ์ธ๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŠนํžˆ ์€ํ–‰, ๋ณดํ—˜, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ด€๋ จ, ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋งค ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์‹ค์ ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The Air Force operates a fleet of aircraft of widely varying sizes that are designed to accomplish a broad array of missions. Types of aircraft unique to the Air Force include long-range bombers, large transport aircraft, and large tanker aircraft. (The other services operate a number of smaller cargo and tanker aircraft, but the Air Forceโ€™s are bigger and more numerous.) The Air Force also operates a large number of fighter and attack aircraft; aircraft that provide capabilities for airborne command and control, intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance (ISR), and electronic warfare (EW); and helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft for combat rescue and special-operations missions. In addition, the Air Force operates a fleet of unmanned aerial systems (drones) that can carry equipment for ISR and EW missions as well as weapons to attack ground targets. Because the Air Forceโ€™s aircraft are expected to operate mainly from established air bases, their designs do not have to give up performance capabilities in exchange for specialized adaptations, such as the ones that enable the Navyโ€™s aircraft to operate from aboard ships. The Air Force is also responsible for most of the militaryโ€™s space systems that provide important support to the entire Department of Defense (such as Global Positioning System satellites).
๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ํ˜•์—๋Š” ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํƒฑ์ปค๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ ์กฐ์„  ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์šด์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ, ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ง€ํœ˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์ œ, ์ •๋ณด, ์ •์ฐฐ, ๊ฐ์‹œ(ISR), ์ „์ž์ „(EW) ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ‹ธํŠธ๋กœํ„ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ISR ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์ „ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(๋“œ๋ก )์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์ •์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํฌ์ง€์…”๋‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์œ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ „์ฒด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Yet it is still too soon to declare that the RussianIranian relationship has undergone a fundamental transformation. As of June 2023, the relationship has fluctuated considerably in the past despite the statesโ€™ sharing broad areas of interest. Leaders in both countries have long recognized a common interest in cooperating to reduce U.S. influence and to advance financial, commercial, and political alternatives. However, conflictingโ€”and at times competingโ€”national interests have contributed to periodic downturns and persistent mistrust in the relationship that has precluded more expansive cooperation. The ongoing war in Ukraine, recent unrest within Iran, and the stagnation of JCPOA nuclear talks have lent new urgency to Russia and Iranโ€™s attempts to collaborate to advance their shared interests, but fault lines in the relationship remain. One significant fault line relates to Israel; Russia has historically cultivated a good working relationship with Israel, whereas Iranian rhetoric and national security policy characterizes Israel as one of the countryโ€™s primary enemies. These disagreements could still resurface and impose new limitations on the relationship because of events beyond Russian or Iranian leadersโ€™ control, or because of deliberate decisions by Moscow or Tehran to prioritize divergent national interests.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 6์›” ํ˜„์žฌ, ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์œต, ์ƒ์—…, ์ •์น˜์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š”, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์นจ์ฒด์™€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ํญ๋„“์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‚ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, JCPOA ํ•ต ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ด๋ž€์ด ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ ์ข‹์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋‚˜ ์ด๋ž€ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ต์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€์˜ ๊ณ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
First announced in 2013, the PRCโ€™s BRI initiative is the signature foreign and economic policy advanced by President Xi Jinping, which rebranded and further expanded Chinaโ€™s global outreach. Beijing uses BRI to support its strategy of national rejuvenation by seeking to expand global transportation and trade links to support its development and deepen its economic integration with nations along its periphery and beyond. The PRC implements BRI by financing, constructing, and developing transportation infrastructure, natural gas pipelines, hydropower projects, digital connectivity, satellite navigation ground stations, and technology and industrial parks worldwide. For example, Huawei has implemented โ€œSafe Citiesโ€ programs across many African countries prompting concerns of surveillance and digital authoritarianism from the PRC. As of 2021, at least 146 countries had signed BRI cooperation documents, up from 138 in 2020 and 125 in 2019. BRI related spending is difficult to estimate because there is no comprehensive list of projects, and difficulties delineating between official lending and lending from PRC state-owned banks; however, publicly available data indicates that the PRCโ€™s 2021 BRI financing and investment commitments were similar to those of 2020 and around 50 percent lower than the pre-pandemic numbers of 2019.
2013๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ BRI ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ BRI๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฅ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ, ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ, ์œ„์„ฑ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ง€์ƒ๊ตญ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€์— ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ, ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ BRI๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ™”์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” '์•ˆ์ „ ๋„์‹œ' ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ, 2020๋…„ 138๊ฐœ๊ตญ, 2019๋…„ 125๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ 146๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ BRI ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ์œ  ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— BRI ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 2021๋…„ BRI ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž ์•ฝ์†์€ 2020๋…„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ด์ „์ธ 2019๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 50% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The hardline approach would entail the United States undertaking efforts to roll back Moscowโ€™s influence in the other non-NATO states that are located between the alliance and Russia, particularly Moldova and Georgia, but also nominal Russian allies Armenia and Belarus and farther-afield Central Asian states. Essentially, countering Russia becomes the top U.S. priority in relations with these countries, leading to a deprioritizing of democracy and human rights. Practically, that would entail support for upgrading Georgiaโ€™s integration with NATO by giving it the same privileges and level of integration as Ukraine, such as eliminating the need for a membership action plan and creating a NATO-Georgia Council. Washington would support Belarusian opposition movements and seek to create elite splits in Minsk. Washington would subsidize Moldovaโ€™s pro-Western government to prevent a possible electoral loss to the pro-Russian opposition. Washington would offer Yerevan greater opportunities for security cooperation, seeking to take advantage of Armeniaโ€™s disillusionment with Russiaโ€™s role as patron. In Central Asia, the United States would provide regional states any possible opportunity to demonstrate political distance from Russia. Throughout the region, the U.S. military would be active in training local forces and joint exercises.
๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋™๋งน๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„๋‚˜ํ†  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์™€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ธ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํ† -์กฐ์ง€์•„ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŠน๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚˜ํ† ์™€์˜ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ์•ผ๋‹น ์šด๋™์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์Šคํฌ์—์„œ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์นœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์•ผ๋‹น์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์นœ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ›„์›์ž ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ํ™˜๋ฉธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In addition, China is making progress on its ambitious plans to propel itself to the forefront of the global SATCOM industry. China is continuing to test next-generation capabilities like its Quantum Experimentation at Space Scale (QUESS) space-based quantum-enabled communications satellite, which could supply the means to field highly secure communications systems. In 2016, China launched the world's first quantum communications satellite (Micius) into low Earth orbit. Between 2017 and 2019, PRC scientists used Micius to send quantum keys to ground stations up to distances of 1,200 kilometers and as a trusted relay to transmit quantum keys between ground stations in China and Austria, facilitating intercontinental quantum-secured communications. In June 2020, a team of PRC scientists claimed to achieve quantum supremacyโ€”the event that a quantum device performs a computational task that no existing or easily foreseeable classical device could performโ€” using a photonic quantum computer (Jiuzhang), followed by a Chinese superconducting quantum computer (Zuchongzhi), which also achieved quantum supremacy in 2021. Testing satellite-based quantum entanglement represents a major milestone in building a practical, global, ultra-secure quantum network, but the widespread deployment and adoption of this technology still faces hurdles.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ SATCOM ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ ๋‘๋กœ ๋„์•ฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ง„์ „์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์–‘์ž ์ง€์› ํ†ต์‹  ์œ„์„ฑ QUESS(Quantum Experimentation at Space Scale)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์–‘์ž ํ†ต์‹  ์œ„์„ฑ(Micius)์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ €๊ถค๋„์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ Micius๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1,200km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตญ์— ์–‘์ž ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์— ์–‘์ž ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๊ฐ„ ์–‘์ž ๋ณด์•ˆ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํŒ€์ด ๊ด‘์ž ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ(์ง€์šฐ์žฅ)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์ž ์šฐ์œ„(์–‘์ž ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ(์ฃผ์ด์ง€)๋„ 2021๋…„์— ์–‘์ž ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์–‘์ž ์–ฝํž˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ•œ ์ดˆ๋ณด์•ˆ ์–‘์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ์ฑ„ํƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The war with China convinced Japan and Australia that a stronger, U.S.-led security infrastructure was needed in the region. Chinese attacks on Japanese forces and the Japanese homeland increased nationalism and sharply underscored Chinaโ€™s relative military advantages. Japan considered Chinese occupation of Taiwan a grave threat to its security interests because of its proximity to Japanโ€™s Southwest Islands and the improved power projection posture that it granted to Chinese forces in and beyond the first and second island chains. Tokyo faced a vocal pacifist movementโ€”especially on Okinawa, where prefectural leaders and local pacifists pressured for withdrawal of U.S. forces from the island, but Japanese citizens generally supported strengthened ties with the United States. Likewise, Chinese military and cyberattacks on Australian bases and critical infrastructure increased Australian concerns regarding Beijingโ€™s ambitions, giving greater justification for Canberra to strengthen its prewar national defense and security relationships. At the same time, Japan and Australia concluded that even as they strengthened their alliances and enhanced their military capabilities, they should work to avoid a zero-sum Cold Warโ€“style relationship with China. Therefore, they resisted U.S. efforts to limit all economic interactions with the PRC.
์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ณธํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ ๋ น์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์„œ ์ œ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ œ1, ์ œ2 ๋„์„œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์•ˆํŒŽ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ ํ˜„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ํ‰ํ™”์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์™€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์บ”๋ฒ„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„์ด ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ ๋ƒ‰์ „์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The intensified U.S.-China competition in Asia became increasingly uncomfortable for other states in the region. China had come to view as unacceptable the preference of many states in Asia to simultaneously pursue economic partnerships with China and security partnerships with the United States. China increasingly viewed the presence of any U.S. forces in the region as a security threat and became willing to apply tremendous pressure on states to make them deny U.S. military access. In 2029, China executed a near-complete shutdown in Chinese trade, investment, and tourism with the Philippines until that state revoked its Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, promising at the same time to defer efforts to settle disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea. In the face of tremendous economic costsโ€”and less worried in any event about now-reduced Chinese naval capabilitiesโ€”Manila agreed. The last U.S. forces left the archipelago in 2030. China applied similar tactics to other states in Asia throughout 2029 and 2030, succeeding in limiting or rolling back U.S. military access throughout Southeast Asia but failing to end U.S. alliances and access in South Korea or Australia (although those states did suspend their participation in visible, large-scale military exercises to avoid antagonizing Beijing).
์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2029๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ตฐ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ, ํˆฌ์ž, ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ๋œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์€ ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ 2030๋…„์— ๊ตฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2029๋…„๊ณผ 2030๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ณผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์ ๋Œ€์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ).
The two PLAA Air Assault brigades continued extensive training on helicopter insertion, air reconnaissance, and coordinating air strikes with other PLAA units and joint service partners. In 2021, PLAA Aviation Brigades began using the new Z-20 medium-lift transport helicopters for various missions in western China. Ongoing development of PLAA Aviation and Air Assault units will lead to a highly-mobile, modular ground force unit capable of supporting expeditionary operations. Expeditionary operations where PLA seeks to improve proficiency include: the protecting of overseas PRC citizens and overseas PRC economic interests, UN Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKO), Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR), Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), Counterterrorism Operations (CT), and the ability to secure strategic lines of communication (SLOCs) far from the PRC mainland. The PLAA envisions its Aviation and Air Assault units employing their three-dimensional maneuver, firepower, and assault capabilities to act as a main combat force, support a greater joint operation, or conduct non-war military operations outside China. Overseas military operations is comprised of surveillance implementation, seizure, electronic combat, and battlefield rescue, while overseas non-combat operations include disaster relief, emergency rescue, and anti-terrorism.
๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ณต์Šต ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์ž…, ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ •์ฐฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๊ณต์Šต ์กฐ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„, PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜• Z-20 ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLAA ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋Œ๊ฒฉ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์›์ • ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ • ์ž‘์ „์—๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด์ต ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์œ ์—” ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™(UN PKO), ์ธ๋„์  ์ง€์› ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋‚œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ(HA/DR), ๋น„์ „ํˆฌ์› ๋Œ€ํ”ผ ์ž‘์ „(NEO), ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘์ „(CT), ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ „๋žต์  ํ†ต์‹ ์„ (SLOC) ํ™•๋ณด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋™, ํ™”๋ ฅ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋น„์ „ํˆฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰, ์ ๋ น, ์ „์ž์ „, ์ „์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์™ธ ๋น„์ „ํˆฌ ์ž‘์ „์—๋Š” ์žฌ๋‚œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ, ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRC uses maritime law enforcement ships and aircraft to patrol near the Senkaku Islands, not only to demonstrate its sovereignty claims, but also to improve readiness and responsiveness to potential contingencies. In 2022, the PRC continued to conduct regular patrols into the contiguous zone territorial seas around the Senkaku Islands and stepped up efforts to challenge Japanโ€™s control over the islands by increasing the duration and assertiveness of its patrols. For the third year in a row, CCG ships entered Japanese-claimed waters for more than 100 consecutive days, including over 300 days in the contiguous zones around the Islands in 2022. In December 2022, the CCG conducted the longest entrance to date into the Senkaku Islands territorial waters, with four ships remaining in the waters for nearly 73 hours. The previous record for territorial waters entrance duration was 64 hours, set in July 2022. The increased PRC assertiveness around the Senkaku Islands caused Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida to express โ€œgrave concernโ€ in November to President Xi during the first meeting between Chinese and Japanese leaders since December 2019. The two leaders agreed to reestablish a maritime and aerial hotline between the two countriesโ€™ militaries to resume security dialogue, which the two defense ministers later used for the first time in May 2023.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์šฐ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„ ํƒœ์„ธ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„ ์ธ๊ทผ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2022๋…„์—๋„ ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CCG ํ•จ์ •์€ 3๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 100์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2022๋…„์—๋Š” ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•ด์—ญ์— 300์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” 4์ฒ™์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„ ์˜ํ•ด์— 73์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ํ•ด์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„์ž… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 2022๋…„ 7์›”์— ์„ธ์šด 64์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์„ธ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋‹ค ํ›„๋ฏธ์˜ค ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 12์›” ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ค‘์ผ ์ •์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์—๊ฒŒ 11์›” "์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค"๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ์€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํ•ซ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์€ 2023๋…„ 5์›”์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRC uses maritime law enforcement vessels and aircraft to patrol near the islands, not only to demonstrate its sovereignty claims, but also to improve readiness and responsiveness to potential contingencies. In 2021, the PRC continued to conduct regular patrols into the contiguous zone territorial seas of the Senkaku Islands and stepped up efforts to challenge Japanโ€™s control over the islands by increasing the duration and assertiveness of its patrols. In one instance, China Coast Guard (CCG) ships entered Japanese-claimed waters for more than 100 consecutive days. Japanโ€™s government protested in January 2021, calling on China to ensure that new PRC legislation allowing its coast guard to use weapons in its waters complies with international law. In August 2021, seven CCG vesselsโ€”including four equipped with deck gunsโ€”sailed into disputed waters around the Japan-administered Senkaku islands in the East China Sea. According to the Japanese coast guard, the PRC vessels attempted to approach Japanese fishing vessels, but were prevented from doing so by Japan Coast Guard Vessels. Increased PRC assertiveness caused Japanese Defense Minister Nobuo Kishi to express "extremely serious concerns" in December 2021 and led to the Japanese and PRC defense ministries to begin operating a new hotline between the two countries to manage the risk of escalation.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์šฐ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์„ฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„์˜ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•ด์—ญ ์˜ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€(CCG) ํ•จ์ •์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์— 100์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2021๋…„ 1์›” ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž๊ตญ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 8์›”, ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์„ผ์นด์ฟ  ์—ด๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ฐ‘ํŒํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ 4์ฒ™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 7์ฒ™์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€ ํ•จ์ •์ด ์ถœํ•ญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ณด์•ˆ์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•จ์ •๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์–ด์„ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ณด์•ˆ์ฒญ ํ•จ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €์ง€๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์„ธ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ค ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„์ƒ์€ 2021๋…„ 12์›” "๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค"๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ํ•ซ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Beijing concentrated this sharp increase in defense resources into several areas. It began first with a crash rebuilding program to reconstitute the air defense and other capabilities required to again ensure absolute control of its airspace and territorial waters, including the purchase of Russian S-400 and other SAM systems and advanced attack submarines, along with longer-term investments in indigenous capabilities and production lines. Chinaโ€™s shipyards were brought to their full capacity to replenish their fleets, predominantly manufacturing advanced frigates and destroyers. Missile programs were likewise prioritized, and ballistic and cruise missile stocks were scheduled to be replenished in a five-year span. Beijing chose to abandon production of legacy bomber and fighter programs and focused on rapid production of H-20 bombers and nextgeneration fighters to better compete with U.S. systems. Despite the increase in resources, these production linesโ€”and the advanced supply chains that supported themโ€”were more fragile, and the PLA had difficulty meeting production targets, causing much of the acquisition to stretch through two five-year programs. China enacted a force reduction in the PLA Army to focus on naval and air programs, and ground force modernization was frozen except for a few priority long-range rocket and rotary wing aircraft programs.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์˜๊ณต๊ณผ ์˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฑด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ S-400 ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ SAM ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์ฒด ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๋Š” ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๊นƒํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฐ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ 5๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ๋ณด์ถฉํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด H-20 ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์–ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํš๋“์ด ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ 5๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ „์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s space enterprise continues to mature rapidly and Beijing has devoted significant economic and political resources to growing all aspects of its space program, from military space applications to civil applications such as profit-generating launches, scientific endeavors, and space exploration. The PRCโ€™s space enterprise includes the SSF and also encompasses other military, government, and civilian organizations, including state-owned enterprises, academic institutions, and commercial entities. The PLA has historically managed the PRCโ€™s space program and the SSF Space Systems Department is responsible for nearly all PLA space operations. The PRC continues to strengthen its military space capabilities, despite its public stance against the weaponization of space. The PLA continues to invest in improving its capabilities in space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), satellite communication, satellite navigation, and meteorology, as well as human spaceflight and robotic space exploration. In 2022, the PRC plans to have a permanent operating space station that will host its own and foreign payloads and astronauts. The PRC has built an expansive ground support infrastructure to support its growing on-orbit fleet and related functions including spacecraft and space launch vehicle (SLV) manufacture, launch, C2, and data downlink.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์›์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์—…์—๋Š” SSF๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์œ  ๊ธฐ์—…, ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์—… ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€, ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ง๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, SSF ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋ณด, ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฐ(ISR), ์œ„์„ฑ ํ†ต์‹ , ์œ„์„ฑ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•, ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2022๋…„์— ์ž๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํƒ‘์žฌ์ฒด์™€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ ์šด์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด(SLV) ์ œ์กฐ, ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, C2, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์šด๋งํฌ ๋“ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ƒ ์ง€์› ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
PRC-based intrusions continued to target computer systems around the world, including those owned by the U.S. Government, throughout 2021. These and past intrusions focus on accessing networks and extracting information. The PRC uses its cyberspace capabilities to not only support intelligence collection against U.S. political, economic, academic, and military targets, but also to exfiltrate sensitive information from the defense industrial base to gain military advantage and possibly for cyberattack preparations. The targeted information can benefit the PRCโ€™s defense high-technology industries, support the PRCโ€™s military modernization, provide Chinaโ€™s leadership with insights into U.S. plans and intentions, and enable diplomatic negotiations. Additionally, targeted information could enable their cyberspace forces to build an operational picture of U.S. defense networks, military disposition, logistics, and related military capabilities that could be exploited prior to or during a crisis. The access and skills required for these intrusions are similar to those necessary to conduct cyberspace operations in an attempt to deter, delay, disrupt, and degrade DoD operations prior to or during a conflict. In aggregate, these cyber-enabled campaigns threaten to erode U.S. military advantages and imperil the infrastructure and prosperity on which those advantages rely.
์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์นจ์ž…์€ 2021๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์นจ์ž…์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ํ•™์ˆ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ต ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ‘œ์  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์•…์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ๋ณ‘์ฐธ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์นจ์ž…์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์–ต์ œ, ์ง€์—ฐ, ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ์œ„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The FAA has organizational subdivisions called โ€œservice areasโ€ (Western, Central, Eastern) covering the U.S. In each of the service areas, a small cadre of military officers are assigned who liaise with the FAA on issues impacting the NAS. When an operational unit requires a new or modified airspace proposal, the unitโ€™s airspace manager will coordinate the proposal with the service area military representative. The unitโ€™s airspace manager will send detailed descriptions and maps depicting the new or modified proposal to his/her liaison officer. The liaison officer will work the proposal (case by case) with the service areaโ€™s air traffic operations staff. All aspects of safety and environmental protection are incorporated into the process, which is described in FAA Order JO 7400.2 as amended and further detailed in applicable Military Department procedures. The FAA has the responsibility for airspace analysis and to write the notice of proposed rule-making, if required, for public comment on the proposal. If the proposal is approved, it will appear as a NOTAM until FAA Order 7400.8R is updated. The reverse is true when the FAA service areaโ€™s air traffic staff proposes to delete or modify SUA area(s). The FAA would work with the military liaison officer who would then contact the appropriate military operational unitโ€™s airspace manager and discuss the FAA request.
FAA์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋Š” "์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง€์—ญ"(์„œ๋ถ€, ์ค‘๋ถ€, ๋™๋ถ€)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” NAS์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด FAA์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ์˜๊ณต ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๊ณต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตฐ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๊ณต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฝ ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ด€์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต ์šด์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ณ„๋กœ). ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์ด ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ FAA ๋ช…๋ น JO 7400.2์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฐ๋ถ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FAA๋Š” ๊ณต์—ญ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ์ • ๊ณต๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋ฉด FAA ๋ช…๋ น 7400.8R์ด ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ œ์•ˆ์€ NOTAM์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FAA ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ SUA ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FAA๋Š” ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๊ณต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ FAA ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Many of the initiatives identified through this study identified resource constraints as a key weakness that limited what they were able to accomplish. Challenges related to resource constraints occurred when initiatives lacked the human, structural or financial resources necessary for data collection โ€“ this included access to staff to collect data from the field and manually input data to centralised systems [2], laboratory capacity for sequencing and bioinformatics [3], and skilled microbiologists, virologists and epidemiologists to undertake laboratory testing, analysis and interpretation of data [4, 5]. There were also challenges in terms of pathogen surveillance initiatives not having access to clinical samples [6], particularly during the pandemic when telemedicine decreased the number of patients physically going to healthcare settings where clinical samples could be collected and fed into sentinel surveillance systems [7]. Initiatives also reported issues with staff turnover and skills, which cause particular challenges in resource-limited settings and in times of conflict [2]. Initiatives that are dependent on others to submit data (e.g. health departments, hospitals, labs) have reported struggles with low levels of reporting due to a lack of training or knowledge and a lack of staff capacity to submit data, among other challenges in local settings [4, 8โ€“11].
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์› ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ , ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์  ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ง์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ[2], ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰[3], ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•™์ž[4, 5] ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ[6]๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์›๊ฒฉ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[7]. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง์› ์ด์ง๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[2]. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(์˜ˆ: ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€, ๋ณ‘์›, ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค)์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์‹ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง์› ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[4, 8-11].
The PLAN operates and is developing several aircraft to operate from its carriers and combatants. In addition to the standard J-15 fighter that currently operates from PLAN carriers, there is a catapult-capable J-15 variant in development. The aircraft is currently testing from land-based steam and electromagnetic catapults. A third J-15 variant, the J-15D, is a two-seat aircraft equipped with wingtip electronic support measures/electronic intelligence gathering pods as well as several conformal antennas. The aircraft is intended to fill a dedicated electronic attack role. China is also developing a carrier capable variant of the fifth-generation J-31 fighter. Beyond fighter aircraft, China is refining the design of a carrierborne airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft known as the KJ-600. A mockup of the aircraft, which appears externally similar to the E-2C/D Hawkeye, has existed for many years, and a prototype of the KJ-600 is currently in flight testing. The PRC is also developing the Z-20F helicopter for the PLAN, intended for the RENHAI cruisers and LUYANG III MOD destroyers and possibly the YUSHEN LHAs. The Z-20F is similar to the U.S. Navyโ€™s SH-60 and will provide significant improvements in ASW capabilities over the smaller Z-9 and Ka28 helicopters the PLAN currently operates. The Z-20F will also complement the larger Z18Fs that operate from the PLANโ€™s aircraft carriers.
์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• J-15 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์บํ„ฐํŽ„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” J-15 ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์บํ„ฐํŽ„ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ J-15 ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ธ J-15D๋Š” ์œ™ํŒ ์ „์ž ์ง€์› ์žฅ์น˜/์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํฌ๋“œ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปจํฌ๋ฉ€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ 2์ธ์Šน ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „์ž ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ „์šฉ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 5์„ธ๋Œ€ J-31 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชจ ํƒ‘์žฌํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ข…๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ KJ-600์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•ญ๋ชจ ํƒ‘์žฌํ˜• ๊ณต์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด(AEW) ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ด€์ด E-2C/D ํ˜ธํฌ์•„์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ KJ-600์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ด ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ Œํ•˜์ด ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ, ๋ฃจ์–‘ III ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ ๋ฐ ์œ ์…ด(YUSHEN) LHA๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Z-20F ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Z-20F๋Š” ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ SH-60๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์šด์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์†Œํ˜• Z-9 ๋ฐ Ka28 ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ASW ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Z-20F๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• Z18F๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Young generations in South Korea do not have a first-hand memory of Japanese colonialism and tend to see Japan with a more balanced view, accepting Japanese popular culture without the indignation of their parentsโ€™ generation. It is also true, however, that the same young Koreans have stronger national pride and express fervent antagonism against Japanโ€™s colonial occupation with greater indignation as they grew up under unprecedented economic prosperity. The world watched the explosion of such nationalism as tens of thousands of Korean supporters cheered on the national soccer team during the 2002 World Cup. The mass candlelight protest against the United States late last year, fueled by the death of two Korean schoolgirls from a tragic accident during a U.S. military training exercise, was another showcase of ebullient Korean nationalism. Meanwhile, relatively free from the guilt of their parentsโ€™ generation about the imperial past, young Japanese people appear more likely to embrace the idea of Japan becoming a normal state with a stronger military and a more prominent political role in international society. The younger generationโ€™s disposition may provide a better chance for future bilateral relations between Japan and South Korea. However, the assertion of new nationalistic sentiment in both societies could work against such a process if the perception gap on history persists.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์†์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์ž๊ธ์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ํฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋‹น์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์„ ์‘์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„œํฌํ„ฐ์ฆˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋…„ ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ค‘ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ด›๋ถˆ ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ •์น˜์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ•œ์ผ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The same methodological caveats apply here as applied to the computations based on second-quarter GDP, with the strongest assumption involving the application of real growth rates to nominal values. Specific assumptions for this calculation were that inflation year-on-year in December 2022 would be 13.5 percent and that GDP would have growth by 2 percent from the fourth quarter of 2021 to the fourth quarter of 2022 in the absence of the war. The calculation was done as follows: (1) Multiply fourth quarter 2021 nominal GDP of 38.7833 trillion rubles by 1.135 to take account of expected inflation, assuming GDP is measured at end-of-year prices, yielding 44.0190 trillion rubles. (2) If GDP were to have grown by 2 percent but instead were to fall by between 8.5 percent and 12 percent, the total loss would be between 10.5 percent and 14 percent, so multiply 44.0190 by 0.895 and by 0.86 to get an estimated range of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2022. These two amounts were 39.3970 trillion and 37.8564 trillion. (3) Then subtract the fourth quarter 2022 estimates from the fourth quarter 2021 actual figure to get the value of the loss in rubles. This ranged from 4.622 trillion to 6.163 trillion. (4) Next, divide these numbers by 76 to get dollar figures: $60.8 billion and $81.1 billion. (5) Finally, multiply those dollar figures by 4 to get annualized totals, $243.3 billion and $324.4 billion.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 2๋ถ„๊ธฐ GDP๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋ช…๋ชฉ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์‹ค์งˆ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ 2022๋…„ 12์›”์˜ ์ „๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด 13.5%์ด๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2021๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2022๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ GDP๊ฐ€ 2% ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: (1) 2021๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ ๋ช…๋ชฉ GDP 38์กฐ 7833์–ต ๋ฃจ๋ธ”์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ 1.135๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ GDP๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ง ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด 44์กฐ 0190์–ต ๋ฃจ๋ธ”์ด ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (2) GDP๊ฐ€ 2% ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  8.5%~12% ํ•˜๋ฝํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ์†์‹ค์€ 10.5%~14%์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 44.0190์— 0.895๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ณ  0.86์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜๋ฉด 2022๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ GDP์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ 39์กฐ 3970์–ต๊ณผ 37์กฐ 8564์–ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (3) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ 2021๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์—์„œ 2022๋…„ 4๋ถ„๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๋ฃจ๋ธ”ํ™” ์†์‹ค์•ก์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ’์€ 4์กฐ 6,222์–ต์—์„œ 6์กฐ 6,163์–ต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (4) ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ 76์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: 608์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ 811์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (5) ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜์— 4๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด์•ก์ธ 2,433์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ 3,244์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In Japan, meanwhile, despite heavy losses and casualties, the success of the United States and Japan in reasserting control of the islands was viewed as a victory by the Japanese public and strengthened public support for the U.S.-Japan security alliance. With greater public support, Japanese leadership called for a strengthening of the U.S.-Japan security alliance. Furthermore, observations of Chinaโ€™s rising nationalist, anti-Japanese sentiment following the war led to antiPRC demonstrations and sentiment in Japan, giving the Japanese government wide latitude to pursue more-aggressive measures. Chinaโ€™s actions and the fact that Beijing had not renounced its territorial claims over the islands reinforced the concern that conflict might occur again. Some of Japanโ€™s political elite, therefore, pressed for harsher policy in dealing with China, including retaliatory sanctions in response to destruction of Japanese property in mainland demonstrations and riots. However, under pressure from Washington and concerned about the cost of further conflict, Japanese leaders instead muted their disapproval and pursued CBMs and stronger crisis management mechanisms, although Chinese reactions to these overtures were tepid. Japan did increase its defense budget and began the process of rebuilding and strengthening its military, particularly in the areas of missile defense, naval capabilities, and ISR.
ํ•œํŽธ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋…๋„ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋™๋งน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ž ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฐ˜์ผ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜์ค‘ ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Œœ์˜ค์œ„๋‹ค์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธํ†  ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ํญ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋” ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์••๋ฐ•๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ฏธ์˜จ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด, ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ, ISR ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Overall, the pathogen surveillance space is complex and fragmented, and there is not a unified international system. There is mix of larger and smaller stakeholders collecting and analysing surveillance data across the public, not-for-profit and private sectors. While many initiatives feed data into international surveillance mechanisms, such as those coordinated by the WHO, regional WHO offices and regional CDCs, there is a lack of coordination and harmonisation at an international level. Data is collected in many different formats, and systems are often not interoperable. Both logistical issues and political pressures limit the degree to which data is shared between relevant stakeholders, particularly internationally. Creating an entirely unified system is not a realistic goal in pathogen surveillance. However, there is a need to bring stakeholders together to agree on priorities and common approaches, improve interoperability and increase harmonisation between the many different stakeholders and initiatives involved. Convening is an important role, and convenors would need to bring together stakeholders across many different locations, sectors and settings. Priority setting could include input from experts, insights from data science in terms of what data matters for prediction and information about what decision makers in public health need to improve preparedness and response systems.
์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต, ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ WHO, ์ง€์—ญ WHO ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ, ์ง€์—ญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์กฐํ™”๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ์••๋ ฅ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์•„ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ง‘์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์ง‘์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ถ„์•ผ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์„ ํ•œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ค์ •์—๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ, ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PAP is a component of the PRCโ€™s armed forces and an armed wing of the CCP with an estimated 660,000 personnel. In the 2020 National Defense University publication Science of Military Strategy, the primary responsibilities of the PAP include maintaining political, institutional and regime security, handling emergency rescue, counter-terrorism, air support, maritime rights protection, administrative law enforcement, and defense operations. The PAP is organized into three main parts: the Internal Security Corps, the Mobile Corps, and the China Coast Guard (CCG). The Internal Security Corps covers each of the PRCโ€™s provinces, provincial-level cities, and autonomous regions. There is not yet a reported permanent presence of the PAP in the Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of Hong Kong or Macao, but since 2019, the PAP maintains a rotational deployment in Hong Kong. The Mobile Corps is comprised of myriad PAP units placed to reinforce the Internal Security Corps and provide flexibility in responding to internal security issues. Mobile Corps units are concentrated in the west and south (Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai) as well as the major cities of Beijing and Shanghai. Xinjiang is a particular focus of the PAP due to PRC perceived separatist activity, as well as its proximity to areas of unrest in Central Asia. The China Coast Guard is covered in depth in the next section of this report.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 66๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ์ธ '๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ณผํ•™'์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด PAP์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ์ •์น˜, ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ฒด์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์œ ์ง€, ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ง€์›, ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ž‘์ „ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PAP๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ, ๊ธฐ๋™๋‹จ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€(CCG)์˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ, ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋„์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ(SAR)์— ๊ธฐ๋™๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—†์ง€๋งŒ 2019๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™์ฝฉ์— ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋™๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ PAP ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋™๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•๊ณผ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„œ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€(์‹ ์žฅ, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ, ์“ฐ์ดจ, ์œˆ๋‚œ, ์นญํ•˜์ด)์— ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— PAP๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLAA is organized into five Theater Army Commands, the Xinjiang Military District, and the Tibet Military District. The PLAA has 13 group armies, which are comprised of multiple combined-arms brigades that serve as the PLAA's primary maneuver force. The brigades vary in size and composition. The PLAA delineates its combined-arms brigades into three types: light (high-mobility, mountain, air assault, and motorized), medium (wheeled armored vehicles), and heavy (tracked armored vehicles), with sizes ranging from approximately 4,500 to 5,000 personnel. Each group army controls six additional brigades responsible for operational element functions: an artillery brigade, an air defense brigade, an army aviation (or air assault) brigade, a special operations forces (SOF) brigade, an engineer and chemical defense brigade, and a sustainment brigade; however, some variations exist with at least one group army per theater separating their engineering and chemical defense brigades into separate units. Although the PLAA has standardized its group armies, it does retain a number of nonstandard divisions and brigades that exist outside of the group armies. These units are typically located in areas the CCP considers sensitive including Xinjiang, Tibet, Hong Kong, and Beijing. The PLAA also commands several border and coastal defense brigades under the Theater Army Commands and regiments under the Xinjiang and Tibet Military Districts.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€, ์‹ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋™๊ตฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ(๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ, ์‚ฐ์•…, ๊ณต์ค‘๋Œ๊ฒฉ, ๋™๋ ฅ), ์ค‘(์ฐจ๋ฅœํ˜• ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ), ์ค‘(๊ถค๋„ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์•ฝ 4,500๋ช…์—์„œ 5,000๋ช…์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ตฐ์€ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์œก๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต(๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์Šต) ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๊ตฐ(SOF) ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ๊ณต๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ํ™”์ƒ๋ฐฉ ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์œ ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋“ฑ ์ž‘์ „ ์š”์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 6๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ ๊ทน์žฅ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 1๊ฐœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ตฐ์ด ๊ณต๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ํ™”์ƒ๋ฐฉ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋น„ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์žฅ, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ, ํ™์ฝฉ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „๊ตฌ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‹ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The war was a high-intensity conflict that lasted approximately three months. It also expanded in geographic scope as it unfolded. China and the United States suffered heavy losses in the war. Large portions of Chinaโ€™s navy (approximately 40 percent of the modern surface combatant force and some 20 submarines) and numerous air and air defense assets were destroyed (including hundreds of fourth- and fifth-generation fighters, primarily during their efforts to enforce the blockade against Taiwan and engage the United States further from the mainland. The PLARFโ€™s short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missile inventory and long-range ground-launched cruise missile inventory were severely depleted, and the defense industrial capacity to regenerate missiles was constrained because of supply disruptions from the U.S. blockade. The United States lost more than a dozen surface combatants, several submarines, and hundreds of aircraftโ€”the majority of the latter on the ground during missile attacks on U.S. bases, which suffered heavy damage throughout the region. Although U.S. military casualties were lighter than Chinaโ€™s and far more so than Taiwanโ€™s, U.S. counts totaled approximately 2,500 killed or missing. Taiwan lost most of its air and naval capabilities. Although its ground and reserve forces were less affected, the ROCN and ROCAF were essentially rendered combat ineffective by the end of the first week of the conflict.
์ด ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์•ฝ 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„(ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์˜ ์•ฝ 40%์™€ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ 20์—ฌ ์ฒ™)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ์ž์‚ฐ(์ฃผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ด‰์‡„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋Œ€์˜ 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ 5์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ํฌํ•จ)์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์žฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ด‰์‡„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ์› ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ™, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง€์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋งŒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง‘๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•ฝ 2,500๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ข…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One of the key tools that CGPS provides is Pathogenwatch, which is a platform for genomic surveillance that functions as both a database and a platform for data processing and analysis. When users upload data to Pathogenwatch, the platform automatically identifies the pathogen, conducts analytics (e.g. clustering and comparison to known genomes, and prediction of risks such as AMR), and contextualises data in terms of where it sits in comparison with data that are publicly available. Users uploading data can choose whether the data is public, meaning that it will be available to anyone online, or private. CGPS curates and quality checks all data from the public archives before incorporating it in Pathogenwatch, to ensure that only high-quality data remains in the system. As of November 2020, it included 4,389 public genomes from 26 published articles, and covered 77 different countries [71]. Results from Pathogenwatch-facilitated analyses can then be downloaded or shared with others via the web. This can help monitor the emergence and spread of resistance, and facilitate collaboration by allowing genomic surveillance results to be rapidly shared. It also increases capacity for genomic surveillance in that it enables more stakeholders, including those with less formal training and skills in genomics or bioinformatics such as public health practitioners and researchers, to directly analyse data and use it to inform decision making (Int 3).
CGPS๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋„๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ด์ž ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ฐ์‹œ์šฉ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ธ Pathogenwatch์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ Pathogenwatch์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต, AMR๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งฅ๋ฝํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ• ์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ• ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CGPS๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ Pathogenwatch์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋‚จ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 11์›” ํ˜„์žฌ, 26๊ฐœ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ 4,389๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ 77๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[71]. Pathogenwatch๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์›น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Int 3).
The PRCโ€™s space enterprise continues to mature rapidly and Beijing has devoted significant economic and political resources to growing all aspects of its space program, from military space applications to civil applications such as profit-generating launches, scientific endeavors, and space exploration. The PRCโ€™s space enterprise includes the SSF and also encompasses other military, government, and civilian organizations, including stateowned enterprises, academic institutions, and commercial entities. The PLA has historically managed the PRCโ€™s space program and the SSF Space Systems Department is responsible for nearly all PLA space operations. The PRC continues to strengthen its military space capabilities despite its public stance against the weaponization of space. The PLA continues to invest in improving its capabilities in space-based ISR, satellite communication, satellite navigation, and meteorology, as well as human spaceflight and robotic space exploration. The PRC has built an expansive ground support infrastructure to support its growing on-orbit fleet and related functions including spacecraft and space launch vehicle (SLV) manufacture, launch, C2, and data downlink. Additionally, the PRC continues to develop counterspace capabilitiesโ€”including direct ascent, coorbital, electronic warfare, and directed energy capabilitiesโ€”that can contest or deny an adversaryโ€™s access to and operations in the space domain during a crisis or conflict.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์›์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์—…์—๋Š” SSF๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์œ  ๊ธฐ์—…, ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์—… ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€, ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ง๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, SSF ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ISR, ์œ„์„ฑ ํ†ต์‹ , ์œ„์„ฑ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•, ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด(SLV) ์ œ์กฐ, ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, C2, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์šด๋งํฌ ๋“ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ƒ ์ง€์› ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์šฐ์ฃผ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒ์Šน, ๊ณต๊ถค๋„, ์ „์ž์ „, ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This field captures the year in which a project supported by an official financial (or in-kind) commitment from China was completed. Whenever possible, this field reflects the precise calendar day when a project was completed, which is captured in the โ€œActual Completion Dateโ€ field. For projects that involve the construction of buildings or infrastructure, the โ€œCompletion Yearโ€ field is intended to capture the last year of construction. In cases in which the last year of construction is unavailable but a proxy for the last year of construction (e.g., a road or railway is opened for use, a power plant reaches its commercial operation date and begins selling electricity to customers) can be identified, AidData records the proxy for the last year of construction. For projects that do not involve construction but involve the provision of personnel, training, analytical or advisory support, equipment, supplies, or commodities, the โ€œCompletion Yearโ€ field captures the last year in which some type of support was delivered to an entity (or set of entities) in the recipient country. For projects that involve only financial transactions (cash donations, loans issued to shore up foreign exchange reserves, forgiveness or rescheduling of outstanding debts), the โ€œCompletion Yearโ€ field captures the year in which the last disbursement was made (or the year in which new terms and conditions went into effect for a previously signed loan or export credit agreement).
์ด ํ•„๋“œ์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ •(๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฌผ) ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์—ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ํ•„๋“œ์—๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ ๋‚ ์งœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” '์‹ค์ œ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‚ ์งœ' ํ•„๋“œ์— ์บก์ฒ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, '์™„๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๋„' ํ•„๋“œ์—๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ(์˜ˆ: ๋„๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ†ต๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—… ๊ฐ€๋™์ผ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ธฐ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, AidData๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋ ฅ, ๊ต์œก, ๋ถ„์„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฌธ ์ง€์›, ์žฅ๋น„, ์†Œ๋ชจํ’ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, '์™„๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๋„' ํ•„๋“œ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ(๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ)์— ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜(ํ˜„๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€, ์™ธํ™˜ ๋ณด์œ ๊ณ  ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ถœ, ๋ฏธ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์˜ ํƒ•๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์กฐ์ •)๋งŒ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ '์™„๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๋„' ํ•„๋“œ์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๋„(๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์ถœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐœํšจ๋œ ์—ฐ๋„)๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Several key existing international institutions were weakened in the aftermath of the war. The UN Security Council dramatically reduced its number of resolutions passed and meetings held, returning to a Cold Warโ€“era rigidity as ongoing antipathy between Russia and the United States led each side to reflexively veto any resolution supported by the other. NATO, while continuing to exist, was dramatically weakened by the German withdrawal from its military structure and the ongoing political tensions generated by the war. Large-scale NATO exercises ceased to be held, and military planning for future contingencies increasingly atrophied or devolved to national or bilateral levels. Despite the wishes of France and Germany to refocus from transatlantic security efforts to European ones, the sharp tensions between Eastern and Western European states after the war hamstrung EU operations. This was perhaps most vividly illustrated by the German refusal to approve reconstruction funding for Poland because of the latterโ€™s shift toward authoritarianism, an affront that led Poland to attempt to organize an Eastern European boycott of EU institutions. Amid this chaos, France and Germany began exploring smaller institutional groupings, focusing on other like-minded Western European states. But by 2030, those efforts had not made any substantial progress. On several fronts, then, the war left the international system weaker and less effective than it had been before.
์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–‘์ธก์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ† ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ธด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ NATO ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์šฐ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์œ„์ถ•๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์€ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…์ผ์ด ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํด๋ž€๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฑด ์ž๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ, ํด๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ EU ๋ณด์ด์ฝง์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์„œ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์†์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLAN operates and is developing several aircraft to operate from its carriers and combatants. In addition to the standard J-15 fighter that currently operates from PLAN carriers, there is a catapult-capable J-15 variant in development. The aircraft is currently testing from land-based steam and electromagnetic catapults. Two other J-15 variants are in development โ€“ the J-15S tandem-seat variant and the J-15D electronic warfare variant, which is equipped with wingtip electronic support measures/electronic intelligence gathering pods as well as several conformal antennas. The PRC is also developing a carrier capable variant of the fifth-generation J-31 fighter, known as the J-35, which conducted its first flight in 2021. Beyond fighter aircraft, the PRC is refining the design of a carrier-borne airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft, known as the KJ-600. A mockup of the aircraft, which appears externally similar to the E-2C/D Hawkeye, has existed for many years, and prototypes of the KJ-600 have been in flight testing since 2020. Beijing is also developing the Z-20F helicopter for the PLAN, intended for the RENHAI cruisers and LUYANG III MOD destroyers and possibly the YUSHEN LHAs. The Z-20F is similar to the U.S. Navyโ€™s SH-60 and will provide significant improvements in ASW capabilities over the smaller Z-9 and Ka-28 helicopters the PLAN currently operates. The Z-20F will also complement the larger Z-18Fs that operate from the PLANโ€™s aircraft carriers.
์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• J-15 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์บํ„ฐํŽ„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” J-15 ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์บํ„ฐํŽ„ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. J-15S ํƒ ๋ค ์‹œํŠธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋ ์ „์ž ์ง€์› ์žฅ์น˜/์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํฌ๋“œ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปจํฌ๋ฉ€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ J-15D ์ „์ž์ „ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋“ฑ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ J-15 ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 2021๋…„ ์ฒซ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ J-35๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ 5์„ธ๋Œ€ J-31 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชจ ํƒ‘์žฌํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ KJ-600์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•ญ๋ชจ ํƒ‘์žฌํ˜• ๊ณต์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ(AEW)์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. E-2C/D ํ˜ธํฌ์•„์ด์™€ ์™ธ๊ด€์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ KJ-600์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ด ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ Œํ•˜์ด ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ๋ฐ ๋ฃจ์–‘ III MOD ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์…ด(YUSHEN) LHA๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Z-20F ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Z-20F๋Š” ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ SH-60๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์šด์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์†Œํ˜• Z-9 ๋ฐ Ka-28 ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ASW ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Z-20F๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์ž์œ„๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• Z-18F๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the immediate aftermath of the conflict, most U.S. allies and partners viewed China as weaker with diminished military capabilities and influence in the region, although U.S. actions to widen the conflict were viewed as overly aggressive and risky. Against this backdrop, the Chinese decision to use its economic leverage to reduce the presence of U.S. military forces in the region left many U.S. allies and partners with uncomfortable decisions. States had historically attempted to juggle close security relationships with the United States with close economic relationships with China. Following the war, China increasingly forced states to choose. In 2029, China singled out the Philippines for a comprehensive economic boycott until Manila agreed to revoke its Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, branding U.S. forces in the region as an unacceptable threat to Chinese security. Perceiving a reduced risk of Chinese aggression in the near term (particularly given Chinese promises to deemphasize disputes in the South China Sea for the foreseeable future and therefore a reduced need for a U.S. military presence), Manila complied. Throughout 2029 and 2030, China pressured other states in the region using similar tactics, with mixed results. Both Australia and South Korea pointedly refused to evict U.S. forces from their territoryโ€”although both resisted U.S. efforts to further expand military cooperation, and highly visible exercises were put on hold.
๋ถ„์Ÿ ์งํ›„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์—ญ๋‚ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์•ฝ์†Œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ฃผ๋‘”์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ž ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2029๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ตฐ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ณด์ด์ฝง ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋žต ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์€ (ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ฃผ๋‘”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ) ์ด์— ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2029๋…„๊ณผ 2030๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž˜ ๋„๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
China-based intrusions continued to target computer systems around the world, including those owned by the U.S. Government, throughout 2022. These and past intrusions exploit known vulnerabilities to actively target U.S. government networks to steal intellectual property and develop access into sensitive networks. The PRC uses its cyberspace capabilities, not only to support intelligence collection against U.S. academic, economic, military, and political targets, but also to exfiltrate sensitive information from the critical defense infrastructure and research institutes to gain economic and military advantage and possibly for cyberattack preparations. The targeted information can benefit the PRCโ€™s defense high-technology industries, support the PRCโ€™s military modernization, provide the PRCโ€™s leadership with insights into U.S. plans and intentions, and enable diplomatic negotiations. Moreover, targeted information could enable their cyberspace forces to build an operational picture of U.S. defense networks, military disposition, logistics, and related military capabilities that could be exploited prior to or during a crisis. The access and skillset required for these intrusions are similar to those necessary to conduct cyberspace operations in an attempt to deter, delay, disrupt, and degrade DoD operations prior to or during a conflict. Taken together, these cyber-enabled campaigns either directly or indirectly impact the United Statesโ€™ ability to project, or defend against, military action.
์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์นจ์ž…์€ 2022๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์นจ์ž…์€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ํ›”์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•™์ˆ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜์  ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ‘œ์  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์•…์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ๋ณ‘์ฐธ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์นจ์ž…์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์–ต์ œ, ์ง€์—ฐ, ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, was to inflict such heavy losses on Chinese naval and air forces that Beijingโ€™s ability to project power against other states would be significantly reduced. Chinese ships at sea were relatively vulnerable to destruction by the U.S. and Japanese navies and air forces, but striking the much larger proportions of PLAN and PLAAF assets that remained under the cover of Chinaโ€™s IADS and other area-denial capabilities was more challenging, given the capabilities of Chinaโ€™s long-range land-based and naval SAMs and the numerical strength of its fighter forces. LRASM anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) were the weapons of choice for USAF and U.S. Navy aircraft to use against ships along the Chinese coast but were few in number relative to their demand. Attacking Chinese air bases to attrite PLAAF aircraft based at locations not conveniently close to the coast required either penetrating or suppressing the main belt of the Chinese IADS. Russiaโ€™s entry into the conflict did not constitute an escalation in the difficulty of carrying out these missions (given the relative weakness of Russian forces in the Far East), but it did stretch U.S. and allied forces more thinly. Russian involvement also posed threats of attack against Japanese bases from the north and east in addition to strikes from China. As in the scenario described in Chapter 2, the U.S. ability to generate sorties from bases that were subject to Chinese and Russian missile attacks was problematic throughout the campaign.
์„ผ์นด์ฟ /๋Œœ์˜ค์œ„๋‹ค์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…ํ˜€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•จ์ •์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ SAM์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ IADS ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ PLAN ๋ฐ PLAAF ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•จ์ •์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” LRASM ๋Œ€ํ•จ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(ASCM)์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ง์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ์••ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฐธ์ „์€ ๊ทน๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์•ฝ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ์–‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This research, a small-scale scoping investigation, examined the potential value and feasibility of a bold and significant new Track 2 initiative in helping to stem the decline in U.S.China relations. Specifically, this scoping effort tested the viability and utility of a Track 2 initiative with a very targeted purpose: to lay out a roadmap to and elements of a medium- to long-term future in which the United States and China can coexist because each side can fulfill its most essential interests on issues of mutual concern. The concept is grounded in three core insights. First, each side sees its most essential interests as being partly overlooked by the other; the existing areas of mutual concern leave out the most important concerns of both sides. A process of dialogue can help reframe understandings and elevate such areas of concern. Second, part of the barrier to escaping an increasingly zero-sum mutual antagonism is the lack of any persuasive vision of a future in which both sides can realize their most essential interests without conflict. And third, looking to the medium- or long-range future can help U.S. and Chinese officials, analysts, and scholars escape some of the constraints of the current moment of high mistrust and seemingly irreconcilable views on key issues by interrogating policy assumptions. In particular, classic sources of misperception appear to dog the relationship in ways that demand focused dialogue but also offer avenues for progress if better understanding can be promoted.
์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์„ค์ • ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต๊ณผ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํŠธ๋ž™ 2 ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์–‘์ธก์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ ์  ๋” ์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ธก์ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ „์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์ฃผ์š” ์Ÿ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™”ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ๊ทผ์›์€ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง„์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the wake of Chinese nuclear threats and the nuclear demonstration that brought the conflict to an end, the U.S. Department of Defense and all of the services gave heightened consideration to issues of nuclear strategy and the myriad operational challenges associated with potentially having to operate in an environment where nuclear weapons are being used operationally. Additional funding was provided for an exploration of concepts of operations regarding U.S. NSNWs, to provide U.S. decisionmakers with a flexible set of response options in the nuclear domain. Funding for ballistic missile defense systems was also increased, and the intent was expressed to provide fuller coverage of both the United States and other PATO members. These investments led some analysts in China to grow concerned regarding whether the United States was preparing to fight a future conflict with nuclear weapons or to limit the effectiveness of Chinaโ€™s nuclear deterrent. As a result of these concerns and other concerns about the emerging Japanese nuclear program, China shifted resources into greater nuclear weapons production, shifted strategic forces to a โ€œlaunch on warningโ€ posture, and reconsidered its formal no-first-use doctrine. Finally, the United States pared back investments in readiness and modernization for most ground forces (excluding air and missile defense forces), scaled back forward-postured ground forces in Europe and the Middle East, and shifted air and maritime assets from those regions to the Indo-Pacific.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์ข…์‹์‹œํ‚จ ํ•ต ์‹œ์œ„ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•ต ์ „๋žต ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์ƒ์˜ ๋„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ๋… ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ์ง€์›๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ PATO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ž์›์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋žต๊ตฐ์„ '๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ' ํƒœ์„ธ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์›์น™์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ(๊ณต๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ตฐ ์ œ์™ธ)์˜ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ๋ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋™์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Chapter 3 describes a scenario in which Chinese gray-zone activities intended to coerce Japan into ceding its claims in the East China Sea result in war. The United States intervenes to assist its ally, and the conflict escalates into a large-scale air and naval conflict in the Western Pacific. Under these conditions, the United States decides to expand its war aims beyond defending Japanโ€™s claims to include broadly degrading Chinese military power as a way to prevent future aggression. After roughly four months of fighting, the mounting damage from U.S. strikes convinces Russia of the need to enter the war to prevent a more decisive U.S. victory that could sharply alter the global balance of power. Russian entry, and U.S. concerns about further escalation, lead to a cease-fire shortly thereafter. Following the conflict, Chinese anger at the U.S. expansion of war aims proves irreconcilable. China dramatically increases its military spending and agrees to a mutual defense pact with Russia that heightens concerns among U.S. allies and partners in Europe. In Asia, China proves increasingly willing to use its economic leverage to compel states to end or limit security relationships with the United States. The United States remains more militarily powerful than China in Asia for several years after the conflict, but the long-term effects of Chinaโ€™s emerging defense buildup (along with increasing challenges to U.S. military access and partnership opportunities) leave U.S. military planners increasingly concerned for the future.
3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์ง€๋Œ€ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณตํ•ด ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์นจ๋žต์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 4๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€์ž ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฐธ์ „๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํœด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํญ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ(๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜)์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์  ๋” ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In 2022, the PRC continued to contribute the largest number of forces among the permanent members of the United Nations (UN) Security Council. The PRCs participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) supports the PRCโ€™s objectives of highlighting its role as a global actor and obtaining operational experience for the PLA. The PRC could use its role in nine UN PKOs to collect intelligence on other UN units, and supporting these missions demonstrates the PLAโ€™s ability to operate outside of Chinaโ€™s borders. The PRC provides PLA forces and other personnel to several UN PKOs, primarily across Africa and in Lebanon. For the PRC, contributing PLA forces to UN peacekeeping operations is one of several measures it employs to support its countryโ€™s engagement across the African continent to expand its foreign policy goals. Beijing continues to provide PLA personnel to UN operations in Mali, Moroccan Sahara, Sudan and South Sudan, Cyprus, and Lebanon. PRC personnel deployed to peacekeeping operations consist of forces, police, staff officers, and experts that include engineers, medical professionals, and logisticians. As of the end of 2021, the PRC was the ninth largest contributor of personnel to the UN PKOs with approximately 2,235 personnel among nine UN PKO missions in Africa and the Middle East. The PRCโ€™s force contributions decreased from 2,548 personnel in October 2020 to 2,235 at the end of 2021. The PRC is the second largest financial contributor to UN PKOs and has funded 15 percent of the total $6.38 billion 2021-2022 UN PKO budget.
2022๋…„์—๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ ์—”(UN) ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒ์ž„์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ์—” ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™(PKO) ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์—” PKO์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์—” ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”๋…ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ์—” PKO์— ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์œ ์—” ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์น˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ง๋ฆฌ, ๋ชจ๋กœ์ฝ” ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰, ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ํ‚คํ”„๋กœ์Šค, ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”๋…ผ์˜ ์œ ์—” ์ž‘์ „์— ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰ํ™” ์œ ์ง€ ์ž‘์ „์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์žฅ๊ต, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์ค‘๋™์— ์žˆ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ ์œ ์—” PKO ์ž„๋ฌด์— ์•ฝ 2,235๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 10์›” 2,548๋ช…์—์„œ 2021๋…„ ๋ง 2,235๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ ์—” PKO์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ์žฌ์ • ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ 2021~2022๋…„ ์ด 63์–ต 8,000๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์œ ์—” PKO ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ค‘ 15%๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Additionally, as genomic surveillance is a relatively new field, there is not always agreement on best practices (e.g. in terms of data pipelines). In some cases, CGPS plays a coordinating role in bringing experts and stakeholders together to create best practice guidelines, and to communicate these standards throughout relevant networks (Int 3). However, these standards subsequently need to be endorsed by global public health authorities (e.g. the WHO) in order to be perceived as authoritative (Int 3), which requires coordination and buy-in from stakeholders beyond CGPS. Another challenge faced by CGPS is meeting the needs of many different types of stakeholders, ranging from lab scientists to epidemiological experts to national health ministries, which each have different needs and interests. For example, each stakeholder will often want to look at data at different levels of granularity, and so CGPS tools must be adaptable to allow for this (Int 3). There is also high demand for the service that CGPS is providing, which can be hard to fulfil and meet. For example, the initiative receives a high number of requests for local versions of the tools they provide, along with a high number of queries, reports of bugs in the system and suggestions for additional features. While this feeds into the development process for its tools, CGPS is not always able to keep up with demand. However, it reports that the recently established non-profit arm should help build capacity to respond to such requests and help the initiative scale up (Int 3).
๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด). ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ CGPS๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Int 3). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‹น๊ตญ(์˜ˆ: WHO)์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Int 3), ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” CGPS๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ์™€ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CGPS๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ญํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”๊ตฌ์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฐ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ CGPS ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Int 3). ๋˜ํ•œ CGPS๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ฒ„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, CGPS๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 3).
Along with the CCP leadershipโ€™s focus on improving the PLAโ€™s combat readiness, in recent years PLA media outlets have noted shortcomings in the militaryโ€™s training and education systems that reportedly left some commandersโ€”particularly at the operational levelโ€”inadequately prepared for modern warfare. In response to perceived personnel deficiencies within the PLA, Xi approved and issued a new series of regulations in July 2022 regarding the management of PLA soldiers seeking to improve recruiting, training, promotions, benefits, and demobilization efforts for NCOs. In recent years, PLA media outlets have identified the need for the military to address the โ€œFive Incapablesโ€ problem: that some commanders cannot (1) judge situations, (2) understand higher authoritiesโ€™ intentions, (3) make operational decisions, (4) deploy forces, and (5) manage unexpected situations. Although PLA writings do not specify how widespread the โ€œFive Incapablesโ€ are, PLA media outlets have consistently raised them. One outside expert has noted this may indicate the PLA lacks confidence in its proficiency to execute its own operational concepts. Additionally, senior Party and PLA leaders are keenly aware that the military has not experienced combat in decades nor fought with its current suite of capabilities and organizational structures. PLA leaders and state media frequently call on the force to remedy the โ€œpeacetime diseaseโ€ that manifests in the form of what it characterizes as lax training attitudes and practices that are viewed as hindering combat readiness.
์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž‘์ „๊ธ‰ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ „์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋‚ด ์ธ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์€ 2022๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชจ์ง‘, ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ์Šน์ง„, ํ˜œํƒ, ๋™์› ํ•ด์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด (1) ์ƒํ™ฉ ํŒ๋‹จ, (2) ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์˜๋„ ํŒŒ์•…, (3) ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฒฐ์ •, (4) ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, (5) ๋Œ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” '5๋ถˆ๋Šฅ' ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—๋Š” '5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ'์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž์ฒด ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์‹ธ์›Œ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ง€๋„์ž์™€ ๊ด€์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 'ํ‰์‹œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘'์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฐ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLARF fields a variety of conventional mobile ground-launched short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles and ground-launched cruise missiles. The PLARFโ€™s ground-based missile forces complement the air and sea-based precision strike capabilities of the PLAAF and PLAN. The PLARFโ€™s conventional missile forces includes the CSS-6 (DF15) short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) (range 725-850 km); the CSS-7 (DF-11) SRBM (600 km); the CSS-11 (DF-16) SRBM (more than 700 km); the land-attack and anti-ship variants of the CSS-5 (DF-21) medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) (approximately 1,500 km); the hypersonic glide vehicle capable DF-17 MRBM; the DF-26 IRBM (approximately 3,000 km); the CJ-10 (DH-10) ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM) (approximately 1,500 km); and the CJ-100 (DF-100) GLCM (approximately 2,000 km). The PLARFโ€™s conventionally armed CSS-5 Mod 5 (DF-21D) ASBM variant gives the PLA the capability to conduct longrange precision strikes against ships, including aircraft carriers, out to the Western Pacific from mainland China. The DF-21D has a range exceeding 1,500 km, is fitted with a maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV), and is reportedly capable of rapidly reloading in the field. The PLARF continues to grow its inventory of DF-26 IRBMs, which it first revealed in 2015 and fielded in 2016. The multi-role DF-26 is designed to rapidly swap conventional and nuclear warheads and is capable of conducting precision land-attack and anti-ship strikes in the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea from mainland China.
PLARF๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ์ด๋™์‹ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLARF์˜ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์—๋Š” CSS-6(DF15) ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)(์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 725~850km), CSS-7(DF-11) SRBM(600km), CSS-11(DF-16) SRBM(700km ์ด์ƒ), ์ง€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๋ณ€ํ˜• CSS-5(DF-21) ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(MRBM)(์•ฝ 1,500km)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ํ™œ๊ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ DF-17 MRBM, DF-26 ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(IRBM)(์•ฝ 3,000km), CJ-10(DH-10) ์ง€์ƒ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(GLCM)(์•ฝ 1,500km), CJ-100(DF-100) GLCM(์•ฝ 2,000km) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ CSS-5 Mod 5(DF-21D) ASBM ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•จ์ •์„ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DF-21D๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1,500km๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋™ ์žฌ์ง„์ž… ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰(MaRV)์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์žฅ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLARF๋Š” 2015๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  2016๋…„์— ์‹ค์ „ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ DF-26 IRBM์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  DF-26์€ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ํƒ„๋‘์™€ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘, ์ธ๋„์–‘, ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
AidDataโ€™s GCDF 2.0 dataset, used for this project, tracks financing from official entities in China and covers financial commitments up to 2017, with implementation details up to late 2021. However, the 2.0 version of AidDataโ€™s dataset is unique in that it captures the full range of projects that align with the OECD definitions of ODA and OOF. Any project that benefits from financial or in-kind support from any official-sector institution in China is included. The projects in the 2.0 dataset are supported by 334 unique official-sector institutions in China, including central government agencies (e.g., the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture), regional and local government agencies (e.g., Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Tianjin Municipal Government), state-owned enterprises (e.g., China National Petroleum Corporation, China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation, China Machinery Engineering Corporation), state-owned policy banks (e.g., China Development Bank, China Eximbank), state-owned commercial banks (e.g., Bank of China, China Construction Bank, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China), state-owned funds (e.g., the Silk Road Fund), and nonprofit government organizations (e.g., Hanban, the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation). Other existing datasets capture only official financial transfers from China to a single sector (e.g., energy) or region (e.g., Latin America) or track only certain types of financial flows (e.g., loans) and funding sources (e.g., Chinaโ€™s policy banks).
์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ AidData์˜ GCDF 2.0 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์•ฝ์†๊ณผ 2021๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ดํ–‰ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ AidData์˜ 2.0 ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” OECD์˜ ODA ๋ฐ OOF ์ •์˜์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต์  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฌผ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2.0 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(์˜ˆ: ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€, ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€, ๋†์—…๋ถ€), ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(์˜ˆ: ์ถฉ์นญ์‹œ ๋ณด๊ฑด์œ„์›ํšŒ, ํ†ˆ์ง„์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€), ๊ตญ์œ  ๊ธฐ์—…(์˜ˆ:, ์ค‘๊ตญ์„์œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž…๊ณต์‚ฌ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์ •์ด๊ณต์‚ฌ), ๊ตญ์œ  ์ •์ฑ… ์€ํ–‰(์˜ˆ: ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ํ–‰, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž…์€ํ–‰), ๊ตญ์œ  ์ƒ์—… ์€ํ–‰(์˜ˆ: ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ํ–‰, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค์€ํ–‰, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์ƒ์€ํ–‰), ๊ตญ์œ  ํŽ€๋“œ(์˜ˆ: ์‹คํฌ๋กœ๋“œ ํŽ€๋“œ), ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(์˜ˆ: ํ•œ๋ฐ˜, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ‡ด์น˜์žฌ๋‹จ) ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ(์˜ˆ: ์—๋„ˆ์ง€) ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ(์˜ˆ: ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด)์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ด์ „๋งŒ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ํ๋ฆ„(์˜ˆ: ๋Œ€์ถœ) ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ถœ์ฒ˜(์˜ˆ: ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •์ฑ… ์€ํ–‰)๋งŒ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLARF fields a variety of conventional mobile ground-launched short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles and ground-launched cruise missiles. The PLARFโ€™s groundbased missile forces complement the air and sea-based precision strike capabilities of the PLAAF and PLAN. The PLARFโ€™s conventional missile forces include the CSS-6 (DF-15) short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) (range 725-850 km), the CSS-7 (DF-11) SRBM (600 km), the CSS-11 (DF-16) SRBM (more than 700 km), land-attack and anti-ship variants of the CSS-5 (DF-21) medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) (approximately 1,500 km), the hypersonic glide vehicle capable DF-17 MRBM, the DF-26 Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) (3,000 km4,000km), the CJ-10 (DH-10) ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM) (approximately 1,500 km), and the CJ-100 (DF-100) GLCM (approximately 2,000 km). The PLARFโ€™s conventionally-armed CSS-5 Mod 5 (DF-21D) ASBM variant gives the PLA the capability to conduct long-range precision strikes against ships, including aircraft carriers, out to the Western Pacific from mainland China. The DF-21D has a range exceeding 1,500 km, is fitted with a maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV) and is reportedly capable of rapidly reloading in the field. The PLARF continues to grow its inventory of DF-26 IRBMs, which it first revealed in 2015 and fielded in 2016. The multi-role DF-26 is designed to rapidly swap conventional and nuclear warheads and is capable of conducting precision land-attack and anti-ship strikes in the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the SCS from mainland China.
PLARF๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ์ด๋™์‹ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLARF์˜ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์—๋Š” CSS-6 (DF-15) ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ (SRBM) (์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 725-850km), CSS-7 (DF-11) SRBM (600km), CSS-11 (DF-16) SRBM (700km ์ด์ƒ), ์ง€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๋ณ€ํ˜• CSS-5 (DF-21) ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ (MRBM)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์•ฝ 1, 500km), ๊ทน์ดˆ์Œ์† ํ™œ๊ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ DF-17 MRBM, DF-26 ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(IRBM)(3,000km~4,000km), CJ-10(DH-10) ์ง€์ƒ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ˆœํ•ญ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(GLCM)(์•ฝ 1,500km), CJ-100(DF-100) GLCM(์•ฝ 2,000km) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ CSS-5 Mod 5(DF-21D) ASBM ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•จ์ •์„ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DF-21D๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1,500km๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋™ ์žฌ์ง„์ž… ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰(MaRV)์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์žฅ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLARF๋Š” 2015๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  2016๋…„์— ์‹ค์ „ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ DF-26 IRBM์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  DF-26์€ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ํƒ„๋‘์™€ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘, ์ธ๋„์–‘, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ SCS์—์„œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Throughout 2021, Russia and the PRC continued to broaden their strategic diplomatic, informational, military and economic cooperation, primarily aimed countering the United States. PRC leaders, including PRC President Xi Jinping, have reiterated on multiple occasions the strength and commitment toward sustaining Sino-Russian relations. In August 2021, more than 13,000 Russian and Chinese military personnel reportedly conducted joint land and air operations within Chinese territory as part of Western Joint 2021. China and Russia probably used their participation in WESTERN JOINT/ZAPAD INTERACTION 2021 to signal the strength of Sino-Russian cooperation rather than to improve interoperability. Separately, both navies conducted joint operations in the Sea of Japan in October 2021 as part of Joint Sea 2021. The PRC and Russia likely perceive further cooperation between the two militaries, including joint defense technology development, exercises, and other military modernization initiatives, as advantageous to their respective interests. Ahead of Russiaโ€™s invasion of Ukraine, on February 4, 2022, PRC President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin released a joint statement underscoring China and Russiaโ€™s commitment to โ€œdeepening strategic coordination of mutual support.โ€ The PRC has maintained rhetorical and diplomatic alignment with Russia before, following, and during Russiaโ€™s invasion of Ukraine. Despite on-going military cooperation, the PRC and Russia continue to stop short of characterizing its partnership as a formal alliance with mutual security guarantees.
2021๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋žต์  ์™ธ๊ต, ์ •๋ณด, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์„์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํž˜๊ณผ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” 13,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ฉ๋™ 2021์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ†  ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘๋Ÿฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ฉ๋™/์žํŒŒ๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜ 2021์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์–‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ 2021๋…„ 10์›”์— ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ•ด์ƒ 2021์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋™ํ•ด์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณต์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  2022๋…„ 2์›” 4์ผ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์„๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ "์ƒํ˜ธ ์ง€์›์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์กฐ์œจ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”"ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณต ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นจ๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์ , ์™ธ๊ต์  ๊ณต์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In response to North Korea's nuclear threat and missile provocations, efforts are underway between South Korea and Japan, led by the United States, to foster security cooperation. Furthermore, the growing possibility of China invading Taiwan has underscored the need for security cooperation among Korea, Japan, and the United States. South Korea and Japan have had strained relations for the past five years over apologies and compensation for the past. According to Japanese participants at the Trans Pacific Dialogue (TPD) South Korea-Japan Special Session held in December 2022, โ€œSouth Koreans are curious about why Japan does not apologize for its past history, and they are also puzzled by the fact that the standard of compensation for victims of past history changes according to who is in power at the time.โ€ Since these different perceptions of South Koreans and Japanese cannot be bridged and are running parallel to each other, President Yoon is pursuing a comprehensive resolution of historical conflict issues. This includes a decision on forced labor compensation issues. In addition, the Yoon Seok-yeol administration is also taking positive steps towards strengthening security cooperation between Japan and South Korea. In light of changes in the international security environment, the Kishida administration is also cognizant of the importance of improving South Korea-Japan relations. Prime Minister Kishida stated, โ€œWe will resolve the pending issues and return them to a sound state.โ€ This could be an indication that South Korea-Japan relations will soon improve (Jang 2023).
๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋„๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„์— ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์นจ๊ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œํ•ด 12์›” ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ™˜ํƒœํ‰์–‘๋Œ€ํ™”(TPD) ํ•œ์ผ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์„ธ์…˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ "ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์™œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹œ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜์•„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์‹์ด ์ขํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–‰์„ ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œค ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ์ง•์šฉ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œค์„์—ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ์ผ ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์—๋„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋‹ค ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ํ•œ์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” "ํ˜„์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์žฅ 2023).
Militia. PRCโ€™s militia is a force that can be mobilized for a variety of peace- and war-time missions and is distinct from the PLAโ€™s Reserve Force. The militia is organized by townships, administrative villages, urban sub-districts, and enterprises and institutions, and the missions may vary widely. In wartime, militia units assist the PLA with its military operations, conduct independent security operations, and provide support and manpower replacement to the PLA. During peacetime, the militia assists in humanitarian aid and disaster relief, supports military training, and maintains internal security. PRCโ€™s Military Service Law requires male citizens between 18 to 35 years of age who are fit for military service, excluding those already in active service, be enrolled into the militia. The militia is divided into two categories. The primary militia consists of former soldiers, personnel that have received military training, and personnel selected for military training that are under the age of 28, in good health, and politically reliable. The remainder of male citizens between 18 and 35 years of age are considered ordinary militia. The primary militia may recruit female citizens when necessary and the age limits can be waived under special circumstance. Local maritime militia forces, referred to by many western analysts as the Peopleโ€™s Armed Forces Maritime Militia, perform tasks including safeguarding maritime claims, protecting fisheries, providing logistic support, search and rescue, and surveillance and reconnaissance, often in conjunction or coordination with the PLAN and the CCG.
๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ‰ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „์‹œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด์— ๋™์›๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ง„, ํ–‰์ •์ดŒ, ๋„์‹œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณ„๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์  ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์žฌ๋‚œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ง€์›, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ํ˜„์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๋ฌด ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 18์„ธ์—์„œ 35์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „์ง ๊ตฐ์ธ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘ 28์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 18์„ธ์—์„œ 35์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋ฉด์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์–ด์—… ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์›, ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์ข… PLAN ๋ฐ CCG์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Given the enduring suspicion among some in Beijing that the United States seeks to contain China, CCP leaders hold that the accrual of the PRCโ€™s comprehensive national power will set the conditions for the PRCโ€™s ability to confront or dissuade the United States and prevent containment. As Chinaโ€™s leaders seek to translate the PRCโ€™s growing economic and military means into influence to advance their international aspirations, they must also carefully balance the PRCโ€™s expanding interests across their priorities and resources. For example, Chinaโ€™s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), originally called One Belt, One Road (OBOR), expands the PRCโ€™s overseas development and security interests; Beijing has signaled this will drive the PRC toward expanding its overseas military footprint to protect those interests. Chinaโ€™s leaders also seem to have recognized that BRI and other initiatives have sparked concerns about the PRCโ€™s intentions, leading it to use less inflammatory and more tailored rhetoric without altering the programsโ€™ fundamental goals. Similar tensions can be found in the PRCโ€™s efforts to advance General Secretary Xi Jinpingโ€™s foreign policy goals such as building a โ€œcommunity of common destiny;โ€ pressing revisions to the international order; and establishing diplomatic relationships in accordance with what the PRC calls โ€œstrategic partnerships.โ€ The PRC seeks to secure and advance its overseas interests without entirely compromising the relationships and stability crucial to its continued development. This tension underscores the increasingly complex decisions and risks Chinaโ€™s leaders must weigh in implementing their strategy.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋งž์„œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ด‰์‡„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์—ด๋ง์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์™€ ์ž์›์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(BRI)๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ(OBOR)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ BRI์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋œ ์„ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ณต๋™ ์šด๋ช… ๊ณต๋™์ฒด" ๊ฑด์„ค, ๊ตญ์ œ ์งˆ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ด‰๊ตฌ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด "์ „๋žต์  ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ด์„œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ด์ต์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „๋žต์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Following the war, the United States faced an unanticipated set of challenges. Militarily, the United States enjoyed the most dominant position it had in decades in East Asia as a result of the damage it had inflicted on Chinese military capabilities. But Chinaโ€™s aggrieved reaction to the war, and its resulting rapid increase in defense spending, underlined for U.S. decisionmakers that the war had not resolved a Sino-American struggle for hegemony in East Asia; rather, that struggle had lengthened and intensified. Although the United States could rely on clearer military advantages in the near term, analysts assessed that these would be relatively short lived in the face of the rapid Chinese defense buildup. Meanwhile, U.S. relations with allies and partners in the regionโ€”other than Japanโ€”largely declined in the aftermath of the war. The United States was viewed as partly responsible for the unexpectedly lengthy and destructive conflict. Moreover, Chinaโ€™s newfound insistence that states choose between economic partnership with Beijing and military cooperation with Washington led many states in the region to choose the former. The United States found its military access and partnership opportunities with the Philippines, Australia, South Korea, and Vietnam notably curtailed as these states, assessing a lower military threat from China, saw fewer benefits in the near term from U.S. military cooperation. The United States was also greatly concerned by the mutual defense pact agreed to between Moscow and Beijing, raising the possibility that any future conflict could quickly develop into a two-front war that would be harder to fight while increasing the risk of nuclear escalation.
์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋„์ „์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์— ์ž…ํžŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘๋ฏธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ์œ„๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์ ์ด ์ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์™€ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์ด ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ํ•ตํ™•์‚ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์–‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Chinaโ€™s postwar foreign policy largely focused on efforts to rebuild fractured trade and investment relationships with countries that had been interrupted by the U.S. blockade. Key among these efforts were attempts to reestablish economic links between Taiwan and advanced economies as a means of gaining de facto acquiescence to PRC control of the island. In the developing world, China was eager to reestablish access to much-needed raw materials, although the drying up of BRI funding complicated relations with some countries that had previously been enthusiastic about reaping the economic benefits that a relationship with China represented. China maintained its claims in its other existing maritime disputes against Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam, although it chose to soften its pursuit of them in the initial years after the war. China limited provocative activities in the East China Sea and South China Sea for several years as it sought to project an image of a China that had achieved its major national goal with the integration of Taiwan and could now be considered a responsible leader in the international community. It also noted the increased military spending of U.S. allies in the region after the war and remained committed to ensuring its own defense and its ability to continue to pursue its outstanding territorial claims. The Japanese and South Korean nuclear programs led to substantially greater concern in Beijing as their scope and seriousness became clear, and they contributed after 2030 to a shift away from Chinaโ€™s overall softer approach to the region following the unexpected success of U.S.-led multilateral security arrangements, as discussed in the next section.
์ „ํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ด‰์‡„๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌต์ธ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋งŒ๊ณผ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›์ž์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, BRI ์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ์ด์ „์— ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด๋“์— ์—ด๊ด‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์™€ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์œ„์™€ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ปค์กŒ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ 2030๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ํ™”์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
These trends indicate that the war in Ukraine has resulted in enhanced defense cooperation between Russia and Iran. However, this cooperation has largely been undertaken out of necessity and has not altered the transactional nature of the relationship. Despite this recent warming of relations, several outstanding conflicts of interest that have historically limited the scope and strength of their partnership remain unaddressed. These range from issues of high and persistent importance to one or both of the countries (such as matters related to Iranโ€™s nuclear program) to lower-level disputes that might be subordinated in the countriesโ€™ regular interactions but have emerged as periodic flashpoints in the relationship. Table 2 highlights five categories where tensions have recently been observed. The first issue is the systemic mistrust between Russia and Iran that has arisen fromโ€”and contributes toโ€”disagreements about the nature of the partnership and Iranโ€™s status within it. While some Iranian leaders have welcomed closer relations with Russia, concerns about fostering dependence on a foreign power have made others more reticent. Iran has interpreted prior Russian actions related to Iranโ€™s nuclear program and Russiaโ€™s relations with the United States as a betrayal of the partnership; Iran perceives that Russia has used its influence with Iran as a chit in past international negotiations. This dynamic was illustrated by both the negative reaction of some elements of the Iranian government to Russiaโ€™s announcement of new terms for nuclear negotiations in March as well as Iranian officialsโ€™ public attempts to refute reports that the countries had agreed to establish joint production facilities in Russia.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๊ตญ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ดํ•ด ์ƒ์ถฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ํ•ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์–‘๊ตญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ™”์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒฌ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด๋ž€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™˜์˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋” ๊ณผ๋ฌตํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€์€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ•ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ด์ „ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋ž€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 3์›” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ต ํ˜‘์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ž€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์–‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ๊ณต๋™ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
After the successful co-hosting of the 2002 World Cup Soccer Tournament, Tokyo and Seoul have agreed to study an FTA between the two countries. Civilian institutes have started research, and the industrial sectors of both countries have proposed signing the pact. Japan seems more enthusiastic about the FTA than does South Korea. The Japanese government sees an FTA as a way to boost the flagging economy by expanding economic cooperation with other Asian countries. More importantly, Japan wants to expand its political and economic influence in the Asia Pacific vis-ร -vis Chinaโ€™s growing influence in the region. Japan has made an aggressive effort to establish an FTA with South Korea and other Southeast Asian countries. For example, Japan has penned a bilateral FTA with Singapore and is seeking similar deals with Thailand, the Philippines and Mexico. For Japan, an FTA with South Korea could spur FTAs with other countries across East Asia. Japanese officials are therefore concerned that a delay in talks with South Korea could hamper those ambitions. Since July 2002, a study group comprising representatives of academia, industry and the bureaucracies of both nations held four sessions and urged the governments to conclude a speedy and comprehensive FTA. The group initially planned to release a road map for the talks by summer 2004, through which Tokyo and Seoul would negotiate an FTA. Japan, however, wants to accelerate that timetable and demands that South Korea launch full-scale negotiations for an FTA as soon as possible. By signing an FTA, both countries would mutually abolish trade barriers, including tariffs and quantitative import quotas. Tokyo also wants to cooperate with Seoul in further opening the two countriesโ€™ service sectors.
2002๋…„ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์ดํ›„, ๋„์ฟ„์™€ ์„œ์šธ์€ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ FTA๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜‘์ • ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค FTA์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์นจ์ฒด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ FTA๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋งž์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์™€ ์–‘์ž FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒœ๊ตญ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ FTA๊ฐ€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ FTA๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ผ๋ง์— ์ฐจ์งˆ์„ ๋นš์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘๊ตญ ํ•™๊ณ„, ์—…๊ณ„, ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋„ค ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ์–‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋‹น์ดˆ 2004๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ฟ„์™€ ์„œ์šธ์ด FTA๋ฅผ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ด ์ผ์ •์„ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ FTA ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ด€์„ธ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ฟผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ฒ ํํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Pathogen surveillance for infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important tool to understand how illnesses spread across populations, measure disease burdens, quickly identify outbreaks and inform public health decision making and action. For instance, data from pathogen surveillance activities has been used to decide when public health teams need to be deployed to respond to outbreaks, what vaccines to use and how to distribute them across populations, and whether to implement measures to slow the spread of infectious diseases, such as masks and social distancing measures. Surveillance activities can also alert stakeholders when new pathogens, mutations or viral strains emerge, which can enable further investigations and rapid response, helping to prevent further spread and public health-related harms. There is a wide range of data collection and sharing initiatives and platforms for pathogen surveillance across the globe, from small regional or local initiatives to national surveillance programmes and large systems that collect or collate data worldwide. Many different types of stakeholders are involved, including large supranational bodies (such as the World Health Organization (WHO)), national and regional centres for disease control (CDCs), national public health authorities and health ministries, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and universities. Academic researchers, clinicians and private companies also have a stake in pathogen surveillance efforts, and are often involved in data collection, analysis and sharing. Although there are initiatives that coordinate across a large number of stakeholders, there is still fragmentation that affects how pathogen surveillance is conducted at an international level.
๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ(AMR)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑดํŒ€์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ• ์ง€, ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ• ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด, ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ณ€์ข…์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ด€๋ จ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์œ  ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง€์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์ œ์„ผํ„ฐ(CDC), ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‹น๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€, ๋น„์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(NGO), ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž, ์ž„์ƒ์˜, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋„ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ๋ถ„์„, ๊ณต์œ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In 2021, Xi Jinping continued to urge efforts for the PRC to develop a โ€œvoice in international discourse that matches Chinaโ€™s comprehensive national strength and international status.โ€ In the PRCโ€™s view, strengthening the countryโ€™s international communication was โ€œimperativeโ€ to creating a โ€œfavorable external environment for Chinaโ€™s reform, development, and stability.โ€ PRC diplomats, and non-official PRC actors, continued to use a more aggressive, confrontational approach to pursuing PRC aims and responding to criticism, often referred to as โ€œWolf Warriorโ€ diplomacyโ€”a term coined by Western observers. PRC diplomats frequently engaged in more assertive diplomacy with foreign audiences through traditional mediums and social media platformsโ€”many of which are banned in the PRC. Although Xi Jinping said that China needs to improve its efforts to create a positive image of the PRC, PRC officials have maintained their hostile diplomatic messaging often in a performative style, which receives praise from domestic PRC audiences. For example, at the March 2021 U.S.-PRC Meeting in Anchorage, Yang Jiechi and PRC Foreign Minister Wang Yi exclusively blamed the United States for causing the downward trajectory in U.S.-Sino relations, with Yang Jiechi asserting that โ€œthe United States is not qualified to speak to China from a position of strength.โ€ In June 2021, the PRC Ambassador to France defended the PRCโ€™s โ€œWolf Warriorโ€ diplomacy, claiming that international criticism of Beijingโ€™s approach reflects the โ€œarrogance of the westโ€ and proclaimed that he was honored to be described as a โ€œWolf Warrior.โ€ PRC diplomats and state media outlets have echoed this defense, suggesting that PRC officials view hostile and assertive diplomacy as an effective tool to advance and defend Chinaโ€™s interests.
2021๋…„ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด "์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์œ„์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ๋งž์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ"์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋Š” "์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜, ๋ฐœ์ „, ์•ˆ์ •์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ"์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "ํ•„์ˆ˜์ "์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ด€์ธกํ†ต๋“ค์€ '๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์ „์‚ฌ' ์™ธ๊ต(์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ด€์ธกํ†ต๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์šฉ์–ด)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ณต์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 2021๋…„ 3์›” ์•ต์ปค๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์–‘์ œ์ธ ์™€ ์™•์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์•…ํ™” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ฐ•์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 6์›”, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฃผ์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์€ "์„œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ค๋งŒํ•จ"์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ "๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์ „์‚ฌ" ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์„ "๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์ „์‚ฌ"๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋งค์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The United States remained mindful of the need to sustain its commitments to its Eastern European allies so as not to suggest to potential adversaries, including China, that nuclear coercion could be a successful means of combating U.S. security commitments. The United States reconstituted commands and units at alternative bases, mostly in the UK, Belgium, and the Netherlands, and publicly reaffirmed its Article V commitments to Poland and the Baltic states. However, for fiscal and strategic reasons, the United States quietly deprioritized future spending and attention on European security, although both remained higher than they had been before the war. The losses that the United States suffered during the war forced it to prioritize investments in the Indo-Pacific, a change that likely would have occurred eventually, given Chinaโ€™s rise, but at a slower rate. Although there was tremendous public outrage at Russia over the use of nuclear weapons against U.S. forces, Washington sought to limit the effects on U.S. strategic decisions, publicly emphasizing to domestic audiences that U.S. nuclear retaliation (albeit limited) had been highly damaging and instrumental in forcing Russia to accept limits on its ability to station military forces on its own territory and also emphasizing that the settlement treaty was disproportionately beneficial to the United States and NATO. The United States took these steps to enable a shift in its own planning and doctrine to a deterrence-by-punishment approach in Europe, which would be executed primarily by air assets that could be surged into the continent from CONUS and Asia in the event of renewed hostilities. Security cooperation increasingly focused on Eastern European allies while exercises and other activities with Germany, France, and Italy dwindled.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต ๊ฐ•์••์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ณต์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์™€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํด๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐœํŠธํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ5์กฐ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์ •์ , ์ „๋žต์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์ท„์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ „์Ÿ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์ž…์€ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋”๋””๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ๋ณด๋ณต์ด (์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ) ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ˜”๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํ† ์— ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ž์ฒด ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์ง•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–ต์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ๋Œ€ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ณผ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ž์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The next chapter focuses on U.S.-Russia conflict. Chapter 5 describes a scenario in which Russia mistakenly interprets NATO steady-state activities as a prelude to seizing Kaliningrad. Russia conducts preemptive strikes on key military sites throughout Europe, leading to a largescale air and missile conflict throughout the continent for several weeks. As damage mounts on all sides, Russia becomes concerned that its own losses are becoming too great to sustain. Russia first threatens and then conducts an NSNW strike on U.S. naval targets. When the United States retaliates with further conventional strikes, Russia conducts additional NSNW strikes on U.S. and NATO targets in the UK, Poland, Lithuania, and Germany. The United States responds with an NSNW strike on a Russian military base, and both sides agree to a cease-fire to avoid escalation to strategic nuclear use. All participants to the conflict are shaken by the degree of escalation that occurred. In the aftermath, Russia and NATO agree to limitations on their forces across a wide area that takes in Kaliningrad, Belarus, the Baltic States, and Poland, allowing no outside forces in these countries and strict limits on Russian forces in Kaliningrad. Germany, upset at U.S. decisionmaking during the war that it feels resulted in the Russian nuclear strikes, demands that all U.S. forces leave its territory within a year. Poland, feeling abandoned by the limits on outside forces on its territory, begins its own nuclear weapons program and turns more sharply toward authoritarianism, leading to increased tensions with Western European states. After several years, Russia also feels increasingly dissatisfied, fearing that Kaliningrad is increasingly vulnerable and Belarus is increasingly Western-leaning, and begins to consider steps to violate the agreement.
๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ-๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ† ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์ ๋ น์˜ ์ „์ดˆ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€์ž ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ ํ›„ NSNW ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ, ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋…์ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ NSNW ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ NSNW ๊ณต์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘์ธก์€ ์ „๋žต์  ํ•ต ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํœด์ „์— ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ํ™•์ „์˜ ์ •๋„์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋‚˜ํ† ๋Š” ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ, ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค, ๋ฐœํŠธํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ํด๋ž€๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ์ œํ•œ์— ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ•ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋…์ผ์€ 1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆผ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€ ํด๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋Œ์•„์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋„ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฒจ๋กœ๋ฃจ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์„œ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This type of the security relationship can be best represented by the current East Asian security system based on the US-led bilateral alliances. South Korea and Japan have been "key partners" in the US effort to maintain a security alliance system in the Asia-Pacific region since the end of World War Il. The United States has maintained considerable forces in Japan and South Korea to deter any aggression against US allies in East Asia. This scenario envisions a reinforcement of bilateral alliances centered on the United States. Even after the end of the Cold War, these bilateral alliances have not lost their utility and importance in maintaining peace and stability in the region. The US-Japan security alliance has served as the foundation of US security policy in the Asia-Pacific region and of the US military's forward deployment in the region. Although some have questioned the necessity of the US-Japan alliance after the end of the Cold War, the alliance has strengthened as the potential for crises and instability persists in the Asia-Pacific region. President Clinton and Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto recognized this necessity at the April 1996 Tokyo Summit Meeting, redefining the US-Japan alliance to cope with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the region's evolving security environment. The US-Japan alliance, which previously functioned to contain Communist expansion in the region, has been enlarged to maintain peace and stability in the AsiaPacific region. In September 1997, the new US-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines were announced to improve security cooperation between the US and Japan and to create a solid basis for more effective and credible coordination under normal circumstances, in case of an armed attack against Japan, and in situations in "areas surrounding Japan that will have an important influence on Japan's peace and security.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋™๋งน ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ 'ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ'์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจ๋žต์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๋™๋งน์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ข…์‹ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๋™๋งน์€ ์—ญ๋‚ด ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋™๋งน์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋‚ด ์ „์ง„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ข…์‹ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋™๋งน์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€์†๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋™๋งน์€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฅ˜ํƒ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1996๋…„ 4์›” ๋„์ฟ„ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด์ฒด์™€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋™๋งน์„ ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋™๋งน์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ 9์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ผ ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰์‹œ, ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์‹œ, '์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ'์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CGPS provides valuable resources to increase capacity to conduct genomic pathogen surveillance. Several aspects of these tools make them impactful in terms of supporting the use of genomic data in pathogen surveillance and public health decision-making. CGPS tools are open-access and free to use, making them accessible to different types of stakeholders who are interested in conducting pathogen surveillance using genomic data, from large national health institutes to smaller organisations collecting data at a local level. Some tools, such as EpiCollect and Microreact, allow data to be collected and visualised without internet access, which supports surveillance efforts in LMIC regions and other areas with limited digital infrastructure [73] and in locations without bioinformatic expertise. Using CGPS tools also does not require in-depth knowledge of web programming or particularly technical knowledge of epidemiology, which helps increase capacity in settings where this type of expertise is in short supply. Where specific knowledge or knowhow is required, CGPS also provides training modules for using their tools (Int 3) and supports external training to build knowledge and skills for sequencing and analysis [73]. Genomic surveillance requires access to publicly available sequencing data, to help identify pathogens, assess potential for resistance and contextualise data. Tools provided by CGPS provide access to such data, while also contributing to the body of publicly available information by allowing users to upload certain types of data (excluding identifiable full genomic sequencing data, private metadata and confidential data such as patient records) to publicly available databases [66, 73]. This provides a data privacy framework that attempts to balance the risks associated with sharing personal and identifiable data, with the need for publicly available data to conduct genomic surveillance activities.
CGPS๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CGPS ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ง์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EpiCollect์™€ Microreact์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์† ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ[73] ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ LMIC ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CGPS ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์›น ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง€์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, CGPS๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Int 3), ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ต์œก๋„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[73]. ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CGPS์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(์‹๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ํ™˜์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์™ธ)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[66, 73]. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Through the National Defense Mobilization Department, Beijing subsidizes various local and provincial commercial organizations to operate PAFMM vessels to perform โ€œofficialโ€ missions on an ad hoc basis outside of their regular civilian commercial activities. PAFMM units employ marine industry workers, usually fishermen, as a supplement to the PLAN and the CCG. While retaining their day jobs, these mariners are organized and trained, often by the PLAN and the CCG, and can be activated on demand. Additionally, starting in 2015, the Sansha City Maritime Militia in the Paracel Islands has developed into a salaried full-time maritime militia force equipped with at least 84 purpose-built vessels armed with mast-mounted water cannons for spraying and reinforced steel hulls for ramming along with their own command center in the Paracel Islands. Lacking their normal fishing responsibilities, Sansha City Maritime Militia personnel, many of whom are former PLAN and CCG sailors, train for peacetime and wartime contingencies, often with light arms, and patrol regularly around disputed South China Sea features even during fishing moratoriums. Additionally, since 2014, China has built a new Spratly backbone fleet comprising at least 235 large fishing vessels, many longer than 50 meters and displacing more than 500 tons. These vessels were built under central direction from the Chinese government to operate in disputed areas south of twelve degrees latitude that China typically refers to as the โ€œSpratly Waters,โ€ including the Spratly Islands and southern SCS. Spratly backbone vessels were built for prominent PAFMM units in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan Provinces. For vessel owners not already affiliated with PAFMM units, joining the militia was a precondition for receiving government funding to build new Spratly backbone boats. As with the CCG and PLAN, new facilities in the Paracel and Spratly Islands enhance the PAFMMโ€™s ability to sustain operations in the South China Sea.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋™์›๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ƒ์—… ์กฐ์ง์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ PAFMM ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ์ •๊ทœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™ ์™ธ์— ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ '๊ณต์‹' ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PAFMM ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PLAN๊ณผ CCG๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์—…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ PLAN๊ณผ CCG์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํˆฌ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์‚ฐ์ƒค์‹œ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฌผ๋Œ€ํฌ์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œ์šฉ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์„ ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ 84์ฒ™์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€ ์ œ๋„ ๋‚ด ์ž์ฒด ์ง€ํœ˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์œ ๊ธ‰ ์ •๊ทœ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ƒค์‹œ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์›๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด๊ฒฝ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ „์‹œ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์ข… ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด์—… ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์—๋„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 235์ฒ™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์–ด์„ (๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ 50๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ, 500ํ†ค ์ด์ƒ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์ถ” ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ ๋ฐ•๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋‚จ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ '์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์—ญ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ„๋„ 12๋„ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์กฐ์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ, ๊ด‘์‹œ์„ฑ, ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ PAFMM ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PAFMM ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ์„  ๊ฑด์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CCG ๋ฐ PLAN๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€ ๊ตฐ๋„์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๋„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” PAFMM์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.