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PRCโ€™s leaders directly link the pace and scale of the PLAโ€™s modernization with the countryโ€™s overall development. The PRCโ€™s economic, political, social, and military development efforts are mutually reinforcing and support its strategy of national rejuvenation. The Party gives priority to Chinaโ€™s economic development as the โ€œcentral taskโ€ and frames its economic system as the means of advancing the nationโ€™s overall political and social modernity. In particular, Chinaโ€™s economic targets abroad focus intensely on advancing what the Party calls the countryโ€™s โ€œproductive forcesโ€ (e.g., industry, technology, infrastructure, and human capital) which it views as the means to achieve the countryโ€™s political and social modernityโ€”including building a โ€œworldclassโ€ military. The party-stateโ€™s relentless efforts to grow Chinaโ€™s national industrial and technological base has significant implications for Chinaโ€™s military modernization, as well as for Chinaโ€™s global economic partners.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™” ์†๋„์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ •์น˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฅ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‹น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ '์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ'๋กœ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹น์ด '์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜' ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ '์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ'(์˜ˆ: ์‚ฐ์—…, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์ธ์  ์ž๋ณธ)์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The Marine Corps is a hybrid service, with units that engage in combat on the ground and in the air. The Marine Corps organizes its forces into task forces, each with a command, ground combat, air combat, and support element. The largest such task force, a Marine expeditionary force (MEF), includes a ground combat division, an air wing, and a support group. The active component of the Marine Corps has three MEFs, including a total of three divisions, three air wings, and three logistics groups. The Marine Corps Reserve contains one division, one air wing, and one support group, although they are not organized into a fourth Marine expeditionary force. The MEFs, divisions, air wings, and logistics groups are not standardized units but instead vary in size and composition. For that reason, the Congressional Budget Office has based its analysis of the force structure of the Marine Corps on smaller, more standardized units: Marine infantry battalions and aircraft squadrons.
ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง€ํœ˜, ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ, ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ „ํˆฌ, ์ง€์› ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ ํฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ ํฌ์Šค์ธ ํ•ด๋ณ‘ ์›์ •๊ตฐ(MEF)์—๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๋‹จ, ์ง€์› ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜„์—ญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์€ ์ด 3๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ, 3๊ฐœ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋‹จ, 3๊ฐœ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ MEF๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ 1๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ, 1๊ฐœ ๋น„ํ–‰๋‹จ, 1๊ฐœ ์ง€์› ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ4ํ•ด๋ณ‘ ์›์ •๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์‚ฌ๋‹จ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๋‹จ, ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ณ  ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ํ•ด๋ณ‘ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€๋Œ€.
Foreign investment in the PRC was also substantially affected by the conflict. Although the U.S. distant blockade had been short in duration (lasting roughly three months), it still disrupted numerous supply chains that relied on โ€œjust in timeโ€ manufacturing and inventory processes. Many companies were forced to seek alternatives, usually elsewhere in Asia. After the war, some of these temporary solutions became permanent, and overall trade and investment with China fell. New investment in China decreased notably throughout 2026 and 2027 as foreign investors grew concerned that persistent tensions could lead to a reprise of the 2025 blockades and sought more-reliable alternatives. The result was that, by 2028, foreign dependence on China as a market and destination for investment had declined substantially from its prewar high, reducing Chinese leverage over its neighbors and somewhat improving the relative economic fortunes of other states in Southeast and South Asia.
์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๋„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ด‰์‡„๋Š” ์•ฝ 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, '์ ์‹œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค'์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2026๋…„๊ณผ 2027๋…„์—๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด 2025๋…„ ๋ด‰์‡„ ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2028๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž์ฒ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ „ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์šด๋ช…์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As mentioned above, GISRS has expanded to include Covid-19 and RSV, and as such may face challenges around maintaining meaningful influenza surveillance while also expanding in scope [103]. For example, there have been challenges relating to surges in demand for testing, causing significant disruptions to data reporting, along with resource challenges [103]. There are also wider resource-related challenges within GISRS, particularly around workforce and skills, and a lack of suitable laboratory space, equipment, re-agents and other consumables [105, 109]. These issues tend to vary by country, as some locations (such as LMICs) face workforce and funding constraints and low government commitment [105]. The situation in some larger countries, for example in India where there is a single NIC serving a large population, is also sub-optimal [105]. More than 70 countries do not have a designated NIC, which affects the ability of the programme to achieve global coverage [105].
์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด GISRS๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19์™€ RSV๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[103]. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ธ‰์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ[103]๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์žฅ๋น„, ์‹œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†Œ๋ชจํ’ˆ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ GISRS ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ๋” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์› ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[105, 109]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ(์˜ˆ: LMIC)์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ—Œ์‹ ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[105]. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹จ์ผ NIC๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋„ ์ตœ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[105]. 70๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ NIC๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[105].
There may also be issues related to EWARS in terms duplication of efforts with other activities and surveillance partners [17]. To help resolve these issues, it would be helpful to support more connection and integration with other initiatives that support rapid responses to outbreaks of infectious diseases [115]. Wider geographic coverage would also be helpful in terms of making sure that EWARS and GOARN are able to identify and enable response to outbreaks at a global level [112]. The initiative also faces particular challenges with certain diseases and pathogens. For example, early detection of outbreaks of diseases such as Zika and Chikungunya pose a challenge as there are no universally accepted sets of indicators for early warning [124]. As such, the tools provided by GOARN and EWARS may not be comprehensive enough to identify risks associated with these illnesses, which contributes to fragmentation in the reporting and collection of data for these pathogens [17].
๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ EWARS์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[17]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[115]. ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” EWARS์™€ GOARN์ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[112]. ์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋„์ „์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€์นด ๋ฐ ์น˜์ฟค๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์•ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[124]. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ GOARN๊ณผ EWARS์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [17].
Although Chinese and Russian leaders appear to assess that the benefits of cooperation outweigh the costs of working together, the relationship is still colored by latent tensions and strategic mistrust. The PRCโ€™s strategic mistrust is probably fueled by the perception of the more powerful Russian Empire and Soviet Union historically taking advantage of a weaker China. Despite normalization of Sino-Soviet relations in 1989 and the resolution of longstanding border disputes, China remains suspicious of Russiaโ€™s intentions. The CCP still draws on Russiaโ€™s past humiliation of Chinaโ€”such as the signing of unjust border treaties that ceded large swaths of Chinese territory to the Russians Far Eastโ€”as a source of nationalism. For Russia, enduring structural inequities, such as geography and its declining population in the Far East, stoke fears that China may encroach on its interests, exploit Russian weaknesses, or relegate Russia as the inferior partner in their relationship.
์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด์ ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž ์žฌ๋œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ถˆ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ถˆ์‹ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„ ์ค‘-์†Œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ทน๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๊ตด์š•๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทน๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์—ด๋“ฑํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๊ฒฉํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The extraordinary events in Ukraine have subsumedโ€” but not resolvedโ€”these disagreements. For the moment, leaders in Tehran and Moscow likely perceive significant benefits from continued cooperation on defense and economic issues. In the following sections, we assess the nearterm implications of this cooperation for Russia, Iran, and the United States, and evaluate the fractures that could impede further growth. Increasing economic cooperation between the two countries, which has been institutionalized through the signing of new trade and financial agreements, might create linkages that will be more difficult to reverse. Any knowledge transferred from Iran to Russia regarding sanctions evasion techniques, moreover, will be permanent. If either Russia or Iran perceives that the risks of defense cooperation outweigh the benefits, they might seek to limit the continued growth of their relationship in this area. We turn to the implications of these trends in the next section.
์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ด๋ž€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์น  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์œต ํ˜‘์ • ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ ํšŒํ”ผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์ด์ „๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹์€ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋‚˜ ์ด๋ž€์ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ์˜ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One key finding from our hypothetical scenarios was a negative one: We could not envision a plausible scenarioโ€”having excluded strategic nuclear exchangeโ€”in which the United States would so thoroughly defeat China or Russia that either would lose its great power status. Although we did generate scenarios in which China or Russia was soundly defeated in military terms, their strategic nuclear deterrents seemed to preclude a postwar scenario in which their power and status were so diminished that the United States and its allies could remake international or regional orders as they thought best. China seemed particularly likely to be an important international actor with substantial influence and with goals and interests that continued to differ widely from those of the United States. Thus, it appears not only plausible but probable that strategic competition between China and the United States would continue into the aftermath of even an intense, lengthy war between them.
๊ฐ€์ƒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค(์ „๋žต์  ํ•ต ๊ตํ™˜ ์ œ์™ธ)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ํ•ต ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์€ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์† ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธด ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA views space superiority, the ability to control the space-enabled information sphere and to deny adversaries their own space-based information gathering and communication capabilities, as a critical component to conduct modern โ€œinformatized warfare.โ€ The PRCโ€™s first public mention of space and counterspace capabilities came as early as 1971, largely from academics reviewing foreign publications on ASAT technologies. However, Chinese science and technology efforts on space began to accelerate in the 1980s, most likely as a result of the U.S. space-focused Strategic Defense Initiative to defend against the former Soviet Unionโ€™s nuclear weapons. Subsequently, after observing the U.S. militaryโ€™s performance during the 1991 Gulf War, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and the second Iraq War, the PLA embarked on an effort to modernize weapon systems, across all domains including space, and update its doctrine to focus on using and countering adversary information-enabled warfare.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์šฐ์œ„, ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ "์ •๋ณดํ™” ์ „์Ÿ"์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1971๋…„์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ASAT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ „๋žต๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ปธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1991๋…„ ๊ฑธํ”„์ „, ์ฝ”์†Œ๋ณด, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„, 2์ฐจ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ™œ์šฉ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Taiwan (including an ongoing U.S. troop presence there), other U.S. alliesโ€”such as South Korea, the Philippines, and Australiaโ€”came under increasing pressure from the United States and Japan to enhance their own security ties with Taipei. Although wanting to be perceived as supportive of U.S. efforts for the sake of bilateral alliances with Washington, these allies also assessed that the risk of conflict recurrence was high and were hesitant to take steps that could cause China to target them at the outset of any resumption of hostilities. These allies were also motivated to preserve their robust economic relationships with the PRC, although they increasingly explored alternative sources for strategically important resources or components, including rare earths or technology imports. All three U.S. allies enhanced their military-tomilitary ties with Taipei but avoided more-overt political demonstrations of support or joint exercises with both Taiwan and the United States.
๋Œ€๋งŒ(ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํฌํ•จ)๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๋Œ€ ํ–‰์œ„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ €ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ํฌํ† ๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋“ฑ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์„ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ธ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ€๋งŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์ •์น˜์  ์ง€์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ํ”ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
While senior-level military visits and international exchanges remained limited throughout 2021 due to the pandemic, China continued to promote selective military engagements, such as signing a revised memorandum of understanding with the Republic of Korea regarding the establishment and use of direct communication lines between their respective air forces and navies in March 2021. China may have used these engagements as an opportunity to observe foreign military command structures, unit formation, operational training, and shaping foreign approaches to shared security concerns. In 2021, Chinaโ€™s Minister of National Defense, General Wei Fenghe, led delegations to Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Tajikistan, where he also met with Russian Defense Minister General Sergey Shoygu. Wei undertook these visits to further promote bilateral relations and, in the case of the meeting with Shoygu, to demonstrate Chinaโ€™s solidarity and expanding relationship with Russia.
ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 2021๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2021๋…„ 3์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„ ์งํ†ต ํ†ต์‹ ์„  ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์–‘ํ•ด๊ฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์ „์„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€ํœ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํŽธ์„ฑ, ์ž‘์ „ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๋™ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€ ์›จ์ดํŽ‘ํ—ˆ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด, ํƒ€์ง€ํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์ด ์‡ผ์ด๊ตฌ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›จ์ดํŽ‘ํ—ˆ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์€ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‡ผ์ด๊ตฌ ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA probably will seek to control the information domain across the spectrum of conflict. Prior to the start of hostilities, the PLA would conduct psychological warfare to erode the will to fight of both adversary military forces and the civilian population, positioning the PLA to seize control of the information environment. Additionally, the PLA could conduct kinetic strikes or cyberspace-attacks on adversary command and control (C2) systems in order to cut off an adversaryโ€™s information flow. PLA writings states that a key concept of seizing information dominance is to preempt the enemy by conducting operations to paralyze adversary information systems. As the conflict progresses, the PLA will continue to use cyberspace and kinetic attacks to suppress and jam enemy information systems. The PLA would probably continue to use information operations against an adversaryโ€™s military and civilian populations in order to continue to erode adversary support for the conflict.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ •๋ณด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋Œ€ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ†ต์ œ(C2) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‚ค๋„คํ‹ฑ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PLA์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„ ์žฅ์•…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งˆ๋น„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์„ ์„ ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ‚ค๋„คํ‹ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต๋ž€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๊ณ„์† ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLANMC maintains a presence at the PRCโ€™s first overseas military base in Djibouti that extends The PRCโ€™s military reach and strategic influence in Africa and the Middle East. In 2020, China highlighted a PLANMC SOF unit that had joined the previously assigned PLANMC unit in Djibouti. The PLANMCโ€™s presence in Djibouti provides the PRC with the ability to support a military response to contingencies affecting Chinaโ€™s investments and infrastructure in the region and the approximately 1 million PRC citizens in Africa and 500,000 in the Middle East, although we have not observed the PLANMC in Djibouti assist in evacuation efforts to date. The PLANMC also embarks a contingent of marines with the PLANโ€™s Gulf of Aden counterpiracy-focused naval escort task force that supports the PRCโ€™s trade interests. Additionally, the PLANMC supports the PRCโ€™s military diplomacy. For example, the PLANMC at Djibouti have trained with Thai, Pakistani, Saudi, South African, and Djiboutian forces.
PLANMC๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒซ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์ค‘๋™์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด์ „์— ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ PLANMC ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•œ PLANMC SOF ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” PLANMC๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 100๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋™์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” 50๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ์˜ PLANMC๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ PLANMC๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ด์ต์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ด๋งŒ ํ•ด์  ํ‡ด์น˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ˜ธ์œ„ ํƒœ์Šคํฌํฌ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ์˜ PLANMC๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ, ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
China is advancing its domestic aviation industry through two major state-owned aircraft corporations, AVIC and the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC). AVIC designs and produces Chinaโ€™s military aircraft including the J-20 fifth-generation fighter, the Y-20 heavy transport, and the future H-20 flying wing stealth bomber. COMAC produces large passenger aircraft and aims to compete in the global commercial airliner market. COMAC is producing the ARJ21 regional jet, flight-testing the C919 airliner, and working with Russia to develop the CR929 wide-body airliner. Chinaโ€™s decades-long efforts to improve domestic aircraft engine production are starting to produce results with the J-10 and J-20 fighters switching to domestically produced WS-10 engines by the end of 2021. Chinaโ€™s first domestically produced high-bypass turbofan, the WS-20, has also entered flight-testing on the Y-20 heavy transport and probably will replace imported Russian engines by the end of 2022.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ AVIC์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ƒ์šฉํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ณต์‚ฌ(COMAC)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AVIC๋Š” J-20 5์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ, Y-20 ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜• H-20 ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž‰ ์œ™ ์Šคํ…”์Šค ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. COMAC์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. COMAC์€ ARJ21 ์ง€์—ญ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , C919 ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ CR929 ์™€์ด๋“œ๋ฐ”๋”” ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2021๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ J-10 ๋ฐ J-20 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ WS-10 ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ํ•˜์ด ๋ฐ”์ดํŒจ์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ณดํŒฌ์ธ WS-20๋„ Y-20 ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ 2022๋…„ ๋ง์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—”์ง„์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
U.S. evaluation of geographic realities and the need to maintain accesses and basing around Chinaโ€™s maritime periphery made each of these nations key to Washingtonโ€™s postwar strategy. The United States supported increased defense spending among allies, increased weapons technology transfer, and the independent nuclear programs of Japan and South Korea. The United States also worked actively to increase multilateral security cooperation among the states seeking to balance against China, arguing that the limited participation in the Taiwan War showed the dangers of the lack of collective and institutionalized security arrangements in the region. Several statesโ€”including Japan, Australia, the Philippines, and South Koreaโ€”showed an increased willingness to consider multilateral cooperation in this area, which eventually led to the establishment of a collective security arrangement after 2029. U.S. security relations also became closer with India, albeit to a more limited degree.
์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ „๋žต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ด์ „ ํ™•๋Œ€, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ•ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ž ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2029๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ธ๋„์™€๋„ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”์šฑ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
North Korea presents opportunities and challenges for Japan-South Korea relations. During the Cold War period, North Koreaโ€™s conventional military threat provided a clear objective for the two countries to form an unofficial alliance through their bilateral alliance with the United States. Even though there is no official defense treaty between the two countries, their national defense strategy is closely related under the U.S. contingency plan in case of major military conflicts on the Korean Peninsula. Japan will provide important bases and logistical support for the U.S. war effort on the peninsula as it did during the Korean War. North Koreaโ€™s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs, including nuclear and missile development, provide even greater impetus for the two countries to work together under their alliance with the United States. Unlike its conventional military capability, North Koreaโ€™s WMD pose a direct threat to the national security of Japan and South Korea.
๋ถํ•œ์€ ํ•œ์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ๋„์ „์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ์–‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์–‘์ž ๋™๋งน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ๋™๋งน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„์ƒ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ‘์ฐธ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‚ด์ƒ๋ฌด๊ธฐ(WMD) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์–‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋™๋งน ์•„๋ž˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‚ด์ƒ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Most PLA ground SOF units appear to be elite light infantry units that can be inserted behind enemy lines but are limited by their conventional force counterpartโ€™s ability to support their mission. PLA SOF brigades emphasize a โ€œcentralized command styleโ€โ€”common in conventional unitsโ€”as opposed to a more flexible โ€œtask-oriented command styleโ€ via radio and satellite communications. PLA Army SOF brigades also include liaison officers from pertinent PLA Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, and aviation units in their command post to facilitate SOF missions in support of theater command operations. PLA SOF brigades also face the same C2 issues that conventional PLA brigades encounter. One example from 2019 showed that voice communications were difficult to maintain using single-function and limited bandwidth radios and satellite communications terminals. This limited communication between the brigade and below conventional forces as well as the supporting SOF battalion and below forces.
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ง€์ƒ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ ์ง„ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์˜ˆ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ง€์› ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ SOF ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฌด์„  ๋ฐ ์œ„์„ฑ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ '์ž„๋ฌด ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์ง€ํœ˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ'๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” '์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹ ์ง€ํœ˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ'์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์œก๊ตฐ SOF ์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ง€ํœ˜์†Œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ, ๊ณต๊ตฐ, ๋กœ์ผ“๊ตฐ, ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์žฅ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน์žฅ ์ง€ํœ˜๋ถ€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” SOF ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ SOF ์—ฌ๋‹จ๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ C2 ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ๋ฌด์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์„ฑ ํ†ต์‹  ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์„ฑ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ•˜ ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€์› SOF ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ดํ•˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This alternative futures analysis suggests that U.S. policy choices both during the Russia-Ukraine war and immediately after can have significant effects on long-term U.S. interests. With so much uncertainty about the trajectory of the war as of this writing, the policy debate is likely to focus on immediate and urgent decisions rather than postwar planning. But putting off these considerations could be counterproductive for the United States. Our analysis indicates that wartime choices could shape the postwar world; not taking these longer-term factors into consideration could lead to missed opportunities to shape the postwar environment. Moreover, the choices that will have to be made in the immediate aftermath of the war can have ripple effects on many long-term U.S. interests, and these effects are not straightforward. Policymakers thus need time long before the war ends to consider these choices. We hope that this analysis can help start that process of longterm planning.
์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ ์งํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ ํƒ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ถค์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ „ํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ „์‹œ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ „ํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ „ํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์งํ›„์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ์„ ํƒ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์— ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s bomber force is currently composed of H-6 Badger variants, which are domestically produced versions of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 (Badger) bomber. Despite the relative age of its bomber force, the PLAAF has worked to maintain and enhance the operational effectiveness of these aircraft. In recent years, the PRC has fielded greater numbers of the H-6K, a modernized H-6 variant that integrates standoff weapons and features more-efficient turbofan engines for extended-range. The H-6K can carry six LACMs, giving the PLA a long-range standoff precision strike capability that can range targets in the Second Island Chain from home airfields in mainland China. PLAN Aviation has traditionally fielded the H-6G to support maritime missions. More recently, PLAN Aviation has begun operating the H-6J, a maritime strike version of the H6K with six weapons pylons for ASCMs. This aircraft carries six supersonic long-range YJ-12 ASCMs and can attack warships out to the Second Island Chain.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์†Œ๋ จ ํˆฌํด๋ ˆํ”„ Tu-16(๋ฐฐ์ €) ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ H-6 ๋ฐฐ์ € ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธํ›„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ์˜คํ”„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ„ฐ๋ณดํŒฌ ์—”์ง„์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ H-6K๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. H-6K๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ LACM์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ์ž๊ตญ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ2์„ฌ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์น˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํšํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด H-6G๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ”Œ๋žœ์—๋น„์—์ด์…˜์€ ASCM์šฉ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํƒ‘ 6๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ H-6K์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ H-6J๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์Œ์† ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ASCM YJ-12๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ2์„ฌ ์ฒด์ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐํ•จ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Yet a combination of mistrust and conflicting political interests has also limited Russian-Iranian cooperation and disincentivized the establishment of a formal alliance. In periods of heightened tensions with the United States or internal unrest in the Middle East, Iran and Russia have proven willing to transcend their disagreements and collaborate to advance broad areas of common interest. Nonetheless, cooperation during these periods has fallen short of expectations for a comprehensive strategic partnership. Given their historical experiences and ongoing economic and political competitions, both sides have resisted options that limit their strategic autonomy or improve the otherโ€™s capacity to pursue an independent foreign policy in the Middle East. Over the last three decades, leaders in both countries have also demonstrated a willingness to use their relationship as leverage in third-party negotiations, a trend that has contributed to periodic ruptures and enduring mistrust.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์–ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์ „๋žต์  ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋™์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ3์ž ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ์—ด๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s bomber force is currently composed of H-6 Badger variants, which are domestically produced versions of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 (Badger) bomber. Despite the relative age of its bomber force, the PLAAF has worked to maintain and enhance the operational effectiveness of these aircraft. In recent years, the PRC has fielded greater numbers of the H-6K, a modernized H-6 variant that integrates standoff weapons and features more-efficient turbofan engines for extended-range. The H-6K can carry six LACMs, giving the PLA a long-range standoff precision strike capability that can range targets in the Second Island Chain from home airfields in mainland China. PLAN Aviation has traditionally fielded the H-6G to support maritime missions. More recently, PLAN Aviation has begun operating the H-6J, a maritime strike version of the H-6K with six weapons pylons for ASCMs. This aircraft carries six supersonic long-range YJ-12 ASCMs and can attack warships out to the Second Island Chain.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์†Œ๋ จ ํˆฌํด๋ ˆํ”„ Tu-16(๋ฐฐ์ €) ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ H-6 ๋ฐฐ์ € ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธํ›„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ์˜คํ”„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ„ฐ๋ณดํŒฌ ์—”์ง„์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ H-6K๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. H-6K๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ LACM์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ์ž๊ตญ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ2์„ฌ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์น˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํšํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด H-6G๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ”Œ๋žœ์—๋น„์—์ด์…˜์€ ASCM์šฉ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํƒ‘ 6๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ H-6K์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ H-6J๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์Œ์† ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ASCM YJ-12๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ2์„ฌ ์ฒด์ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐํ•จ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A configuration change to the form, fit, function, or interface (F3I) of an in-service, configuration-managed or produced Configuration Item (CI). Modifications are defined by their purpose. A capability modification alters the F3I in a manner that requires a change to the existing system, performance, or technical specification of the asset. Such modifications are accomplished to add a new capability or function to a system or component, or to enhance existing technical performance or operational effectiveness. A sustainment modification alters the F3I of an asset in a manner that does not change the existing system, performance, or technical specification of the asset. Such modifications correct product quality deficiencies, or to bring the asset in compliance with established technical or performance specification(s) associated with the asset. Sustainment modifications may improve the reliability, availability, maintainability, or supportability, and reduce its ownership costs.
์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ(CI)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(F3I)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ F3I๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ F3I๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์ œํ’ˆ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ, ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์› ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์œ  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Beyond its base in Djibouti, the PRC is very likely already considering and planning for additional military logistics facilities to support naval, air, and ground forces projection. The PLAโ€™s approach likely includes consideration of many different sites and outreach to many countries, but only some will advance to negotiations for an infrastructure agreement, status of forces or visiting forces agreement, and/or basing agreement. Critical organizations involved in planning and negotiating for military logistics facilities are the Central Military Commission (CMC) Joint Staff Department, CMC Logistic Support Department, and service headquarters. The PRCโ€™s overseas military basing will be constrained by the willingness of potential host nations to support a PLA presence. PRC interlocutors likely use all means available to conduct influence operations to gain political favor among elites in host nations, while obfuscating the scale and scope of PRC political and military interests.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ, ๊ณต๊ตฐ, ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ˜‘์ •, ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ตฐ ์ง€์œ„ ํ˜‘์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ตฐ ํ˜‘์ •, ๊ธฐ์ง€ ํ˜‘์ • ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ํ˜‘์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ค‘์•™๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ(CMC) ํ•ฉ๋™์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ถ€, CMC ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์ง€์›๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ฃผ๋‘” ์ง€์› ์˜์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜ธ์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Prior to the conflict, Russia and China had built an increasingly cooperative partnership to balance against the United States, which they both saw as their primary security threat. When the conflict commenced, however, they had not overcome their differences enough to enable deeper military cooperation or a military alliance. Russia monitored the conflict closely and provided China with intelligence and with arms and energy sales. As the fighting continued, Russia became increasingly concerned about allied successes and Washingtonโ€™s apparent war aims, believing that a serious Chinese loss could threaten Russia by allowing the United States to focus its resources more heavily on countering Russia. As the conflict extended into a fourth month and Chinese losses mounted, Russia began covert discussions with China about increasing support and then openly warned the United States that continued allied operations would be considered damaging to regional stability and Russiaโ€™s interests.
๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์•ˆ๋ณด ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์  ๋” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›์„ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์–ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์  ๋” ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด 4๊ฐœ์›”๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ปค์ง€์ž ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ง€์› ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ด์ต์— ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In this context, RAND Europe was commissioned by the Novo Nordisk Foundation to conduct a study on pathogen surveillance and current initiatives. This study aims to provide an overview of the pathogen surveillance space internationally and the stakeholders involved, as well as to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different initiatives, the challenges of pathogen surveillance and how they have been addressed, and how data has been used to inform public health decision making. To do this, a scoping review of pathogen surveillance initiatives was conducted and ten case studies were developed, selected for further review following a workshop attended by the Novo Nordisk Foundation and RAND Europe study team. Interviews were conducted with individuals involved in pathogen surveillance initiatives to gather additional information to develop case studies, and expert interviews addressed gaps in the pathogen surveillance space and models that would be helpful in filling these gaps.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ RAND Europe์€ ๋…ธ๋ณด ๋…ธ๋””์Šคํฌ ์žฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ , ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  10๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๋ณด ๋…ธ๋””์Šคํฌ ์žฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ RAND ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์›Œํฌ์ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A large proportion of DoDโ€™s military personnel, and almost all of the departmentโ€™s 800,000 civilian personnel, are not assigned to deployable military units. Instead, they are part of various administrative or overhead organizations that perform key functions necessary for manning, equipping, and training combat and support units. Each military department has large administrative organizations devoted to such functions as recruiting, training, acquisition, maintenance, and medical care; in addition, there are various defensewide organizations that perform administrative or overhead functions for the entire military. In general, policymakersโ€™ main concern with such functions is that they be performed efficiently, so as not to divert more resources than necessary from other activities. In this primer, all nondeployable portions of DoD (including those accounted for as โ€œindividuals,โ€ such as trainees and other nondeployable personnel) are included in the administrative/overhead category.
๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์† ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ 80๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ, ์žฅ๋น„, ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์กฐ์ง์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์ง‘, ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ํš๋“, ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜, ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ–‰์ • ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ตฐ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ๋™์— ํ•„์š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž์›์ด ์ „์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž…๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„(ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด '๊ฐœ์ธ'์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํฌํ•จ)์„ ํ–‰์ •/๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Cross-border areas (CBA). A CBA (Figure 3) is an airspace reservation/segregation established for specific operational requirements over international boundaries. CBAs are established to allow military training and other operational flights in an area across both sides of a border. CBAs, not being constrained by national boundaries, can be located so as to benefit both civil and military aviation. CBAs, combined with the potential use of conditional routes through them, permit the improvement of the airspace structure in border areas and assist in the improvement of the ATS route network. Political, legal, technical and operational agreements between the States concerned are required prior to the establishment of CBAs. Formal agreements for the establishment and use of CBAs have to address issues of sovereignty, defence, legality, liability, operational aspects (CBAs can be used as Temporary Reserved Airspace and/or as Temporary Segregated Areas), the environment and search and rescue.
๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ญ(CBA). CBA(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3)๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ํŠน์ • ์ž‘์ „ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์ •๋œ ์˜๊ณต ์˜ˆ์•ฝ/๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CBA๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์–‘์ชฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž‘์ „ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CBA๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CBA์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜๊ณต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ATS ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CBA๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์น˜์ , ๋ฒ•์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ , ์šด์˜์  ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CBA์˜ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์ •์€ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ, ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์„ฑ, ์ฑ…์ž„, ์šด์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด(CBA๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ๊ณต์—ญ ๋ฐ/๋˜๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ), ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the postwar period, the United States would reduce these forces through negotiations or unilaterally. Before merely pulling back the forces from east to west and from Europe to the continental United States, the less hardline approach would first seek to negotiate mutual restraints on conventional forces in Europe with Russia. The United States would attempt to reach an agreement on geographic constraints on Russian forces deployed near the border with NATO and in Belarus, as well as limits on military activities (such as major exercises) in those areas. The purpose of these talks would be to limit Moscowโ€™s ability to launch a surprise attack on frontline allies and provide advance warning of concerning activities. In return, Washington would consider reciprocal pledges to limit its own deployments east of Germanyโ€”or at least not to increase them. But even if such negotiations fail, the less hardline approach would entail an eventual postwar U.S. drawdown of forces on the continent.
์ „ํ›„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋œ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋จผ์ € ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋‚ด ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ œํ•œ์„ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์™€ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™(๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋“ฑ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ๋‹ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ตœ์ „๋ฐฉ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋…์ผ ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋œ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA continued to participate in bilateral and multilateral military exercises in 2022, though fewer than in past years, likely in part due to lingering concerns over COVID-19. The PLA carried out what appears to be a standard annual list of military exercises with the Russian military: the Joint Sea naval exercise and a joint naval patrol; two strategic aerial patrols; and PLA participation in Russiaโ€™s capstone military exercise, VOSTOK 2022. The PRC and Russia also conducted a trilateral naval exercise with Iran, the third such exercise since 2019. Other bilateral exercises the PLA conducted last year included the fifth FALCON STRIKE air exercise with Thailand, the PEACE TRAIN humanitarian rescue exercise with Laos, and the SEA GUARDIANS naval exercise with Pakistan. The PRCโ€™s lifting of COVID-19 restrictions in late 2022 will likely facilitate the reinvigoration of PLA defense activities abroad as well as the hosting of senior level bilateral and multilateral engagements in China.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ 2022๋…„์—๋„ ์–‘์ž ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ž ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ๊ณ„์† ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํ•œ ํƒ“์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ•ด์ƒ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ, ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ „๋žต ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ธ ๋ณด์Šคํ† ํฌ 2022์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๋ก€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” 2019๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ 3๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ž ํ›ˆ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ œ5์ฐจ ํŒ”์ฝ˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํฌ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์™€ ํ”ผ์Šค ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋””์–ธ์ฆˆ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ๋ง ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ์–‘์ž ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ต์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA views controlling the information spectrum in the modern battlespace as a critical enabler and means of achieving information dominance early in a conflict. Since the early 2000s, as part of the PRCโ€™s overall influence operations, the PLA has been developing the โ€œThree Warfaresโ€ concept, which calls for the coordinated use of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare. Public opinion warfare creates and disseminates information to guide an adversaryโ€™s public opinion and gain support from domestic and foreign audiences. Psychological warfare uses propaganda, deception, and coercion to induce pressure and affect the behavior of the target audience. Legal warfare uses domestic and international laws to shape narratives that advance PRC interests and undermine those of an adversary. The PLA likely seeks to couple digital influence activities with the โ€œThree Warfaresโ€ concept to demoralize adversaries and influence domestic and foreign audiences during conflict.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ „, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „, ๋ฒ•์  ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” '3๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ' ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์ „์€ ์ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „์€ ์„ ์ „, ๊ธฐ๋งŒ, ๊ฐ•์••์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ์ „์Ÿ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™œ๋™์„ '3๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ' ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Notwithstanding occasional political clashes, Japan and South Korea have cultivated their friendliest relations in years. The two countries have expanded government-level dialogue while significantly increasing human exchanges. Precious antiques and traditional music performers have gone back and forth between the countries. Television programs have been co-produced and visual artists have exhibited in Japan and South Korea. Korean pop singers, films and recipes have inundated the Japanese market and Japanโ€™s cartoon characters have flooded Korea. Another remarkable development is South Koreaโ€™s lifting of long-standing restrictions on Japanese cultural imports. For the first time since the 1965 diplomatic normalization, Japanese pop music and movies have been played on Korean television and in theaters. In June 2002 the two countries successfully co-hosted the World Cup Soccer competition, during which a Japanese crowd cheered for the South Korean teamโ€™s remarkable semi-final performance.
๊ฐ„ํ˜น ์ •์น˜์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต ์Œ์•… ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์–‘๊ตญ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ณต๋™ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜, ์˜ํ™”, ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋„˜์ณ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋งŒํ™” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋„˜์ณ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1965๋…„ ๊ตญ๊ต ์ •์ƒํ™” ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 6์›”, ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€์ค‘๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์„ฑ์ ์— ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For administrative or overhead organizations, CBO determined that the majority of those organizationsโ€™ workload is essentially dependent on the size of the forceโ€”for instance, a larger force requires more recruiters to find more recruits, more trainers to train those recruits, and more doctors to provide medical care. Some workload (such as that of maintenance depots) is driven by the amount of equipment in the force, but the amount of equipment is itself largely tied to the size of the force. Thus, for the majority of each serviceโ€™s administrative or overhead organizations, CBO assigned prorated fractions of those organizationsโ€™ costs and personnelโ€”referred to here as overheadโ€”to the costs and personnel of each fully supported combat unit. For example, if a fully supported combat unit accounts for 2 percent of the personnel that a service devotes to major combat and support units, it is assumed to require 2 percent of the serviceโ€™s administrative and overhead organizations to sustain it.
CBO๋Š” ํ–‰์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ์ง‘ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰(์˜ˆ: ์ •๋น„์ฐฝ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰)์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์–‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์–‘ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด CBO๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ(์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)์˜ ๋น„๋ก€ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ ์™„์ „ ์ง€์› ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์— ํ• ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์™„์ „ ์ง€์› ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ 2%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„ ์กฐ์ง์˜ 2%๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One criticism sometimes leveled at Marine Corps battalions is that when they are not performing amphibious assault missions, they essentially form a second Army, which is duplicative and wasteful for the United States. The U.S. militaryโ€™s practice of maintaining two separate armed services to provide ground combat forces is unusual compared with what most other nations do. However, the Marine Corps has a long record of combat on land in operations unconnected to its amphibious assault mission, and the Department of Defense often employs Marine Corps ground forces as if they are essentially interchangeable with Army ground forces. Moreover, Marine Corps and Army units routinely operate together as part of joint forces. In theory, the United States might gain some benefits from consolidating ground combat forces in a single military service. But in practice, it is difficult to identify any substantial inefficiencies at DoD that result from maintaining large Marine Corps ground combat units.
ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ œ2์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚ญ๋น„์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„๋„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž„๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์„ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ตํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์™€ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
PLA strategists have stated new technologies will increase the speed and tempo of future warfare, and that operationalization of AI will be necessary to improve the speed and quality of information processing by reducing battlefield uncertainty and providing decision making advantage over potential adversaries. The PLA is researching various applications for AI including support for missile guidance, target detection and identification, and autonomous systems. The PLA is exploring next-generation operational concepts for intelligentized warfare, such as attrition warfare by intelligent swarms, cross-domain mobile warfare, AIbased space confrontation, and cognitive control operations. The PLA also considers unmanned systems to be critical intelligentized technologies, and is pursuing greater autonomy for unmanned aerial, surface, and underwater vehicles to enable manned and unmanned hybrid formations, swarm attacks, optimized logistic support, and disaggregated ISR, among other capabilities.
์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์ „๋žต๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ํ…œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AI์˜ ์ž‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์œ ๋„, ํ‘œ์  ํƒ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ณ„, ์ž์œจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ AI์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ „, ์˜์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์ „, AI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋Œ€์น˜, ์ธ์ง€ ์ œ์–ด ์ž‘์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ง€๋Šฅํ™”๋œ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฌด์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€๋Šฅํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ /๋ฌด์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ˜•, ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์›, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ISR ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต, ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Providing Army leaders with the data they need to make informed decisions is critical to readiness. PEO EIS leads the Armyโ€™s effort to modernize and merge legacy stove-pipe systems into one integrated enterprise to make data accessible, reliable, and intuitive, so Soldiers have what they need to complete the mission. PEO EIS is building the Armyโ€™s comprehensive data management platform designed to integrate data from new and legacy systems in any form and at any scale. PEO EISโ€™s Enterprise Resource Planning systems provide timely logistics visibility, enhance operational decision-making, and deliver the Armyโ€™s logistics, financial, and personnel solutions, improving operational readiness around the world. PEO EIS is a key partner in supporting Army data and cloud migration initiatives to transition the Army from the industrial age to the information age, improving the user experience for Soldiers, reducing costs associated with legacy systems, and improving reliability and disaster recovery.
์œก๊ตฐ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ณด์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PEO EIS๋Š” ๋ ˆ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์Šคํ† ๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PEO EIS๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PEO EIS์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์  ์ž์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ ์‹œ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์šด์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜, ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ์ธ์‚ฌ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PEO EIS๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ์ด ์‚ฐ์—… ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ ˆ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌํ•ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋งˆ์ด๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
NOTE: This scenario was written in 2020, before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It has not been subsequently updated. As such, the sections of this scenario on the road to war and the prosecution of the conflict describe a world that no longer exists. The Russian military has been substantially degraded in Ukraine and, as a result, likely lacks the capabilities to execute some of the actions ascribed to them in this scenario. Furthermore, the war in Ukraine has revealed substantial weaknesses in Russian military capabilities that, while not central to the story told in this scenario, would have altered how we would have assessed some Russian actions if we had known them at the time of our writing. NATO as an alliance has also substantially evolved as a result of the war in Ukraine, not least through the pending additions of Finland and Sweden. As an operational account of how a near-future war between NATO and Russia would likely play out, this scenario can be substantially discounted.
์ฐธ๊ณ : ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” 2022๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณต์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 2020๋…„์— ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘์„ฑ ์‹œ์ ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜ํ† ๋„ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋‚˜ํ† ์™€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์ƒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ• ์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Since 2022, two distinct trends have developed relative to BRI. First, the share of PRC financial investment relative to construction increased to its highest levels, with investments almost doubling. Beijing experienced strong growth in their East Asian and the Middle Eastern investments but a decline in their Sub-Saharan Africa efforts. Conversely, spiraling construction costs over the past three years have resulted in $78 billion in bad loans which needed to be written off or renegotiated in 2022. Second, Beijing began to replace previous BRI rhetoric with language highlighting cooperation and partnership, which likely is designed to make BRI more appealing to foreign partners. The official name of โ€œBelt and Road Initiativeโ€ was removed from the English version of many of Xiโ€™s speeches in 2022 and replaced with phrases such as โ€œBelt and Road cooperation.โ€ After launching the GDI in September 2021, Xi mentioned Belt and Road Cooperation eight times while referring to GDI more than 16 times.
2022๋…„ ์ดํ›„ BRI์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฑด์„ค ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์ž์•ก์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2022๋…„์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‹ค ๋Œ€์ถœ์ด 780์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ "์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  "์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ"๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 9์›” GDI๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ 8๋ฒˆ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , GDI๋ฅผ 16๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Infantry BCTs are a product of the Armyโ€™s renewed focus in the 1980s on the concept of light infantry, in which troops fight entirely on foot, although with some motor transport available. Such forces are designed to be capable of deploying rapidly to distant locations. However, because they have no armored vehicles and few vehicle-mounted weapons, the Armyโ€™s light forces lack the protection and combat power of heavy forces. Nevertheless, infantry BCTs have significant firepower, and they are capable of calling on the same array of support assetsโ€”such as artillery, attack helicopters, and air strikesโ€”as any other type of BCT. In addition, infantry BCTs can often operate more effectively than armored forces in such difficult locations as cities, forests, or mountains, where they can derive substantial defensive benefits from the terrain. For those reasons, unless infantry BCTs are facing large armored forces in unfavorable terrain, they are considered suitable for a wide variety of operations.
๋ณด๋ณ‘ BCT๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์œก๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ณด๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋จผ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํƒ‘์žฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘์€ ์ค‘๋ณด๋ณ‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ณ‘ BCT๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋ณ‘, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ณต์Šต ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ BCT์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ BCT๋Š” ๋„์‹œ, ์ˆฒ, ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ BCT๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The effect on DoDโ€™s budget of cutting or adding forces would depend on how the changes were made. In the case of reducing the force structure, for example, eliminating a major combat unit would, at a minimum, eliminate within a few years the direct costs of operating that unit. If DoD was able to eliminate the unitโ€™s associated support units, it would also save the costs of operating those units within a few years of deciding to do so. In addition, if DoD was able to trim the share of administrative and overhead activities associated with the major combat unit and its support units, the department could remove those costs as wellโ€”thus eliminating the total costs that CBO attributes to the fully supported major combat unit. Historical evidence and other considerations suggest that DoD would make those associated cuts over several years. In the case of adding a major combat unit, direct, indirect, and overhead costs would change in the opposite direction, and the same considerations would apply.
๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์ถ• ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์›์ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์šด์˜์— ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ CBO๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์‚ญ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง์ ‘, ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRC is seeking to establish a more robust overseas logistics and basing infrastructure to allow the PLA to project and sustain military power at greater distances. Beijing may assess that a mixture of military logistics models, including preferred access to commercial infrastructure abroad, exclusive PLA logistics facilities with prepositioned supplies colocated with commercial infrastructure, and bases with stationed forces, most closely aligns with the PRCโ€™s overseas military logistics needs. Currently, the PRC uses commercial infrastructure to support all of its military operations abroad, including the PLAโ€™s presence in other countriesโ€™ territories, such as at its base in Djibouti. Some of the PRCโ€™s BRI projects could create potential military advantages, such as PLA access to selected foreign ports to pre-position the necessary logistics support to sustain naval deployments in waters as distant as the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Atlantic Ocean to protect its growing interests.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๋” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ด์™ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ƒ์—… ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์ƒ์—… ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ PLA ์ „์šฉ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์„ค, ์ฃผ๋‘” ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๋ถ€ํ‹ฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜ํ† ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์—… ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ BRI ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๋„์–‘, ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด, ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋จผ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PLA์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s long-term nuclear requirementsโ€”and the relationship between the PRCโ€™s nuclear requirements and its national strategy and goal to field a โ€œworld-classโ€ military by mid-centuryโ€” remain unclear from public sources. Hawkish PRC state media outlets have asserted that the PRC needs 1,000 warheads, while retired PLA officers have suggested that the PRC should possesses a โ€œmutually assured destructionโ€ capability. While neither of those claims are official, Chinaโ€™s arming of hundreds of silos over the next decade, continued rapid growth in its road-mobile force and air and sea legs indicates that beyond 2030, China will probably have over 1,000 operational nuclear warheads, much of which will be deployed at higher readiness levels, and will continue growing its force to 2035 in line with previous estimates. These changes to the numbers, capability, and readiness of the PRCโ€™s nuclear forces in the coming years are likely to outpace potential developments by the nuclear forces of any competitor.
์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•ต ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ "์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜" ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŒŒ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— 1,000๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ‡ด์—ญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด "์ƒํ˜ธํ™•์ฆํŒŒ๊ดด" ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œก์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋™ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ 2030๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” 1,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์ด์ „ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2035๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ต ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ํ•ต ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Taiwanโ€™s armed forces are authorized to fill approximately 215,000 billets, including 188,000 active duty billets. As of 2021, the Ministry of National Defense accomplished the goal to fill 90 percent of the active duty billets (169,000) with volunteers. As Taiwan transitioned to an all-volunteer force, the cost savings from manpower reductions provided some margin to improve individual pay and benefits, housing, and incentive pay; however, these savings have been insufficient to cover the full increase in manpower-related costs needed to attract and retain personnel under the new system. Taiwan also faces considerable equipment and readiness challenges. Reservists and civil defense volunteers support the active duty forces. Taiwanโ€™s reserves number approximately 2.3 million, roughly 750,000 of which participate in refresher training. In 2021, Taiwan passed legislation to establish an organization within its national security structure to improve whole of society mobilization to support defense.
๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ 188,000๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 215,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ถฉ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์˜ 90%(16๋งŒ 9,000๋ช…)๋ฅผ ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ์ฑ„์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด ๋ชจ๋ณ‘์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์ถ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์™€ ๋ณต๋ฆฌํ›„์ƒ, ์ฃผํƒ, ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋น„์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์—ญ ๊ตฐ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 230๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์•ฝ 75๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์žฌ๊ต์œก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด์— ์กฐ์ง์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋™์›์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The SSFโ€™s strategic space, cyberspace, and psychological warfare capabilities and missions are not bound by geographic constraints and can be used independently or to enable and support PLA global power projection operations. The SSFโ€™s information support role involves centralizing technical intelligence collection and management, which provides strategic intelligence support to the theater commands, enables power projection, supports strategic defense in the space and nuclear domains, and enables joint operations. The PRC continues to develop a variety of counterspace capabilities designed to limit or prevent an adversary's use of space-based assets during crisis or conflict. In addition to the development of directedenergy weapons and satellite jammers, the PLA has an operational ground-based anti-satellite (ASAT) missile intended to target low-Earth orbit satellites, and the PRC probably intends to pursue additional ASAT weapons capable of destroying satellites up to geosynchronous Earth orbit.
SSF์˜ ์ „๋žต ์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ PLA์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. SSF์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ง€์› ์—ญํ• ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์— ์ „๋žต ์ •๋ณด ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ํ•ต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ์ ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์„ฑ ์žฌ๋จธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ €์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์œ„์„ฑ(ASAT) ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ •์ง€ ๊ถค๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ASAT ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A wide variety of organisations and stakeholders was involved in pathogen surveillance initiatives. WHO is one of the largest stakeholders in this space, often playing a coordinating role by collating data from multiple regional initiatives to analyse and share data at a global level. Public sector stakeholders were also frequently involved in pathogen surveillance, for instance national public health authorities, health ministries or multi-national stakeholders (such as the Africa Centre for Disease Control). Large charities, foundations and other types of third sector organisations, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Wellcome were also involved in pathogen surveillance initiatives, along with smaller non-governmental organisations that helped coordinated efforts at a local level. Most initiatives involved multiple types of stakeholders โ€“ academic researchers and clinicians were often connected with pathogen surveillance efforts, and some initiatives were public-private partnerships.
๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. WHO๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‹น๊ตญ, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž(์˜ˆ: ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์งˆ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์ œ์„ผํ„ฐ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ&๋ฉœ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ  ์žฌ๋‹จ, ์›ฐ์ปด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด, ์žฌ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ œ3์„นํ„ฐ ์กฐ์ง๋„ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•™๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์™€ ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ด€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
China controls the majority of the global critical minerals refining, in addition to the majority of rare earth element (REE) production and refining. Critical minerals such as lithium are key to the green energy transition, while REEs have significant industrial and defense applications. A 2022 Brookings report estimated that the PRC refines 68 percent of nickel, 40 percent of copper, 59 percent of lithium, and 73 percent of cobalt. However, other countries make up the majority of lithium and cobalt mining. While Chinaโ€™s share of the global extraction of REEs has declined from a peak of 95 percent in 2010 to nearly 60 percent in 2019, the world is still significantly reliant on China for over 90 percent of REE processing and refining. The PRCโ€™s control of these supply chains could grant it a competitive advantage in sustainable energy technologies such as lithium-ion battery production and secure critical supply lines for its defense industrial base and production of high-end weapons platforms.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ์ •์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌํ† ๋ฅ˜ ์›์†Œ(REE) ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š” ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์€ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, REE๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํ‚น์Šค ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ์˜ 68%, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ 40%, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์˜ 59%, ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ์˜ 73%๋ฅผ ์ •์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ ์ฑ„๊ตด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ REE ์ถ”์ถœ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์€ 2010๋…„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜์ธ 95%์—์„œ 2019๋…„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 60%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ REE ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฐ ์ •์ œ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The full array of U.S. strike assets includes cruise missiles (Air Force and Navy); artillery, rockets, and attack helicopters (Army and Marine Corps); bombers (Air Force); fixed-wing tactical aircraft (Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps); and armed unmanned aerial systems (Air Force and Army). To receive information about targets, those assets depend on a vast network of sensors and communicationsโ€”everything from requests by infantry for fire support to imagery from satellites. The ability to gather information about potential targets and communicate it to versatile strike assets is at the heart of the current U.S. strike system. That ability allows military commanders to treat a theater of operations as essentially comprising a single list of targets and a single list of assets available to destroy those targets. The two lists can be centrally managed by commanders to match the โ€œsupplyโ€ of strike assets with the โ€œdemandโ€ of targets in a single system that will rapidly destroy all available targets.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(๊ณต๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ตฐ), ํฌ๋ณ‘, ๋กœ์ผ“, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ(์œก๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€), ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ(๊ณต๊ตฐ), ๊ณ ์ •์ต ์ „์ˆ  ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ(๊ณต๊ตฐ, ํ•ด๊ตฐ, ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€), ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ฌด์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(๊ณต๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์œก๊ตฐ)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ณ‘์˜ ํ™”๋ ฅ ์ง€์› ์š”์ฒญ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์žฌ์  ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฐ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‘œ์  ๋ชฉ๋ก๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์€ ์ด ๋‘ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ค‘์•™์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ '๊ณต๊ธ‰'๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ ์˜ '์ˆ˜์š”'๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‘œ์ ์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The administration assessed, however, that the country could ill afford such an ambitious undertaking at a time when it needed to rebuild its military; and that doing so would likely end with China massively expanding its nuclear arsenal. Instead, the administration took another approach: a postwar nuclear posture statement seeking to differentiate its nuclear decisionmaking during the Taiwan War from future conflicts. The declaration stated that U.S. willingness to use nuclear weapons was not fixed and would vary depending on context. Taiwan, the report maintained, had not been a vital U.S. interest. However, in the event that the defense of the homeland or a treaty ally demanded it, United States would not hesitate to use nuclear weapons. Although the United States would defend its allies, the statement acknowledged that the mostcredible threats came from those with everything to lose. It was for this reason that the United States needed to support its allies in acquiring their own nuclear weapons.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ผ์‹ฌ ์ฐฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ , ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ•ต ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „ํ›„ ํ•ต ํƒœ์„ธ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ ์–ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด์ต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด ์ž์ฒด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Each type of aircraft has its own strengths and weaknesses, but overall, Air Force squadrons are exceptionally powerful units. Very few other countriesโ€™ air forces have sufficient combat power to consider challenging U.S. control of the air; in many of the conflicts that the United States has engaged in over the past few decades, opponents have chosen to safeguard their air forces by keeping them grounded for the duration of the conflict. In addition, few nations currently have ground-based air defenses capable of seriously hindering U.S. air operations. The United States has faced only limited competition from hostile fighter aircraft since 1950 (when China intervened in the Korean War), and it has been able to overcome every opposing countryโ€™s air-defense systems. In the majority of U.S. conflicts since World War II, U.S. air forces have been able to operate essentially at will, either from the beginning of the conflict or a short time thereafter, once the opponentโ€™s air defenses had been destroyed.
๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ข…๋งˆ๋‹ค ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ํŽธ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํ†ต์ œ์— ๋„์ „ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์„ ์ง€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ง์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 1950๋…„(์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ) ์ดํ›„ ์ ๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋งŒ ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ง์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The strong interrelationship between the Navy and the Marine Corps is based on tradition: The need to provide soldiers onboard ships was the original reason for the existence of a Marine Corps. That tight interweaving is usually described as having a variety of positive effects. The most prominent effect is that it helps to produce a common culture in the two sea services that promotes trust and cooperation. Such close integration is also seen as a natural extension of the expeditionary nature common to the two servicesโ€”the routine, frequent peacetime deployments that both services are accustomed to conducting are distinct from the more limited peacetime deployments traditionally practiced by the Army and the Air Force. Another natural complement between the sea services is that the Navyโ€™s greatest limitation as a combat force is its limited ability to project power ashore, and the Marine Corps provides that ability to the Navy. Similarly, the Navy provides the means to convey Marine units to operations.
ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ํ•จ์ •์— ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์Šน์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ์›์ •์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‘ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ํ‰์‹œ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘์€ ์œก๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ํ‰์‹œ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
While some bilateral concerns between India and the United States still need to be worked out, relations have matured enough that these issues do not hinder mutual longer-term strategic goals. India and the United States should look for opportunities to advance logistics support and intelligence-sharing for military exercises and maritime operations, promote freedom of navigation, guarantee safe overflight, enforce the rule of law against piracy in the high seas, address drug trafficking, and enhance the proliferation of materials and technology for weapons of mass destruction. Working together in operational situations would enable both militaries to understand which advanced technologies would allow India to most effectively partner with the United States and other allies. For example, the United States and India can partner more in antipiracy operations to show their commitment to shared goals and to help build a comprehensive framework in which to exchange information in real time and across domains.
์ธ๋„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋งŒํผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ , ํ•ญํ–‰์˜ ์ž์œ  ์ฆ์ง„, ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ณต ๋น„ํ–‰ ๋ณด์žฅ, ๊ณตํ•ด์ƒ ํ•ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ€๋งค ๋Œ€์‘, ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‚ด์ƒ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„๋Š” ํ•ด์  ํ‡ด์น˜ ์ž‘์ „์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As technology matures and is incorporated into Soldier and small-unit equipment, and the future operational environment becomes increasingly arduous and complex for our ground forces, Soldier Lethality S&T seeks to configure an Integrated Soldier Architecture that incorporates ergonomically designed systems and components developed through material research, component miniaturization, and capability integration. Advanced Soldier Protection technologies seek to provide our Soldiers with lighter and more effective body armor, increased ballistic and blast head protection, integrated multi-functional environmental protection and camouflage, concealment, and decoy capabilities from elevated and ground-based sensors across the electromagnetic spectrum. Power and Energy Harvesting and Distribution is a critical research area that will contribute to this architecture through reduced weight, new and enhanced battery chemistries, and energy management approaches that can extend dismounted Soldier mission duration.
๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์žฅ๋น„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ํ—˜๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Soldier Lethality S&T๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ธ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋ณต, ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ณ ๊ณต ๋ฐ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„์žฅ, ์€ํ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ™• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ, ํ•˜์ฐจํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In 2022, the PRC imported approximately 10.2 million barrels per day of crude oil, which met about 70 percent of its needs, and produced the other 30 percent domestically, according to industry reports. The PRC continues to build its crude oil emergency petroleum reserve (EPR) capacity to safeguard against supply disruptions with a goal to have the equivalent of 90 daysโ€™ worth of oil imports in storage. The PRCโ€™s EPR storage capacity is approximately 600 million barrels, equal to about 60 daysโ€™ worth of oil imports, according to industry data. The PRC met about 41 percent of its natural gas demand with imports in 2022, and industry experts estimate that the PRCโ€™s natural gas imports will increase to about 50 percent by 2035. In 2022, most of Chinaโ€™s oil and natural gas imports came from Africa, Central Asia, the Persian Gulf, and Russia. Chinaโ€™s investments in transport networks for oil and gas could help diversify its supply and reduce dependency on strategic chokepoints such as the Strait of Malacca.
์—…๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2022๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์•ฝ 1,020๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด์˜ ์›์œ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์•ฝ 70%๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 30%๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ฐจ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›์œ  ๋น„์ƒ ์„์œ  ๋น„์ถ•(EPR) ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ค 90์ผ์น˜ ์›์œ  ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—…๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ EPR ์ €์žฅ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•ฝ 6์–ต ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 60์ผ์น˜ ์„์œ  ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Ÿ‰์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2022๋…„์— ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์•ฝ 41%๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—…๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ 2035๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์•ฝ 50%๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„์œ  ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง๋ผ์นด ํ•ดํ˜‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋žต์  ์š”์ถฉ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In 2020, the PLA indefinitely postponed the Asia-Pacific Security Dialogue (APSD), an Assistant Secretary of Defense-level policy dialogue. The APSD did not take place in 2021 or 2022. In August, the PRC cancelled the Defense Policy Coordination Talks (DPCT), an annual Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (DASD) level policy dialogue. In August, the PRC also cancelled all Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA) talks, an operational safety dialogue between U.S. INDOPACOM and PLA naval and air forces, in violation of the U.S-PRC Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) establishing the MMCA. Until 2020, the U.S. and PRC have met regularly since 1998 for MMCA dialogue to strengthen military maritime safety, improve operational safety in the air and sea, and reduce risk between the two militaries. The PLA also declined to hold a Crisis Communications Working Group (CCWG) meeting, a working-level policy dialogue established in 2020 to advance crisis prevention and management mechanisms between DoD and the PLA.
2020๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ๊ด€๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€ํ™”์ธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋Œ€ํ™”(APSD)๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. APSD๋Š” 2021๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 2022๋…„์— ์—ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์—ฐ๋ก€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ๊ด€๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€ํ™”์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ… ์กฐ์ • ํšŒ๋‹ด(DPCT)์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ™”์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ˜‘์˜ ํ˜‘์ •(MMCA) ํšŒ๋‹ด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” MMCA๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ์–‘ํ•ด๊ฐ์„œ(MOU)๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 1998๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ๊ณต์ค‘๊ณผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด MMCA ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์™€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2020๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‹ค๋ฌด๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€ํ™”์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์†Œํ†ต์‹ค๋ฌด๊ทธ๋ฃน(CCWG) ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For example, the A-10 attack aircraft was designed mainly to support U.S. ground forces by destroying enemy armored forces. Originally, its weaponry included antitank guided missiles and armor-penetrating cannons; it depended primarily on the pilot to spot targets visually; its airframe was developed to operate efficiently at relatively low altitudes and speeds; its range was fairly short; and its defenses included armor to protect the pilot from antiaircraft guns. The B-1 bomber, in contrast, was designed mainly to penetrate Soviet airspace in a nuclear attack. Originally, its weaponry included nuclear-armed cruise missiles and bombs; it received information about its targets before takeoff; its airframe was developed for efficient cruising, with limited low- altitude flight; its range was relatively long; and its defenses included complex jamming systems to foil attacks by radar-guided missiles. Neither aircraft could perform the otherโ€™s role, and the two were treated very differently in operational usage.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, A-10 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ „์ฐจ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ๊ด€ํ†ต ๋Œ€ํฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ ๋„์™€ ์†๋„์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•ญ์† ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์งง์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ณตํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด B-1 ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ จ ์˜๊ณต์„ ํ•ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ต๋ฌด์žฅ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ํญํƒ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅ™ ์ „์— ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ €๊ณ ๋„ ๋น„ํ–‰์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ˆœํ•ญ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•ญ์† ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ธธ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์œ ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ข…์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ข…์€ ์ž‘์ „ ์šด์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In our initial research from mid-2022, we used a small, three-month sample of official spending data from early 2022 to estimate 1.6 trillion rubles for seven months of war. This figure rose to more than 3 trillion rubles when we factored in other costs, such as combat pay and replacement costs for weapons and high-end long-range precision munitions. One way to account for the large difference in the two estimatesโ€”3 trillion for seven months of war versus 1.3 trillion for 10 months of warโ€”is that, for much of 2022, the Russian budget might not yet have reflected the full effects of increased combat pay and replacement costs for weapons and personnel losses, requirements that became much more acute toward the end of 2022 and into 2023 as the war bogged down into an attritional struggle (see Table 6.6, which shows how Russian weapons losses have doubled since we finished our initial research). These costs are probably better reflected in projections of higher Russian defense spending estimates for 2023 and 2024.
2022๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 2022๋…„ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์‹ ์ง€์ถœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 7๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์†Œ์š”๋œ 1์กฐ 6์ฒœ์–ต ๋ฃจ๋ธ”์„ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ฐ€ ํƒ„์•ฝ ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 3์กฐ ๋ฃจ๋ธ” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด(7๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3์กฐ, 10๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1์กฐ 3์ฒœ์–ต)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 2022๋…„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ 2022๋…„ ๋ง๊ณผ 2023๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง„ ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ์ดํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ‘œ 6.6 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์€ 2023๋…„๊ณผ 2024๋…„์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜์— ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLAN is the largest navy in the world with a battle force of approximately 340 platforms, including major surface combatants, submarines, ocean-going amphibious ships, mine warfare ships, aircraft carriers, and fleet auxiliaries. In 2021, the PLANโ€™s overall battle force shrank due to the transfer of 22 early flight JIANGDAO class corvettes to the China Coast Guard. This figure does not include approximately 85 patrol combatants and craft that carry anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM). The PLANโ€™s overall battle force is expected to grow to 400 ships by 2025 and 440 ships by 2030. Much of this growth will be in major surface combatants. The PLANโ€™s force structure consists of three fleets with subordinate submarine flotillas, surface ship flotillas, aviation brigades, and naval bases. The PLANโ€™s Northern Theater Navy is subordinate to the Northern Theater Command, the Eastern Theater Navy is subordinate to the Eastern Theater Command, and the Southern Theater Navy is subordinate to the Southern Theater Command.
์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ, ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ, ์›์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ, ๊ธฐ๋ขฐ์ „ํ•จ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ, ํ•จ๋Œ€ ๋ณด์กฐํ•จ ๋“ฑ ์•ฝ 340์ฒ™์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์—๋Š” 22์ฒ™์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์žฅ๋‹ค์˜ค๊ธ‰ ์ดˆ๊ณ„ํ•จ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€์— ์ด๊ด€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 85์ฒ™์˜ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ์ „ํˆฌ์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ์ˆœํ•ญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(ASCM)์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ •์€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์€ 2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 400์ฒ™, 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 440์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ํ•จ๋Œ€, ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•จ ํ•จ๋Œ€, ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋‹จ, ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 3๊ฐœ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€, ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€, ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์— ์˜ˆ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA Reserve Force is comprised of approximately 510,000 personnel subordinate to the Army Reserve, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, and Rocket Force Reserve. According to official Chinese media and journal articles, a small number of active duty cadre serve as a permanent backbone for the Reserve Force to enable the influx of reserve officers and soldiers when required. The 2020 Science of Military Strategy published by the PLAโ€™s National Defense University states the building of the reserve force is an important part of national defense construction and is the basic and strategic project to consolidate national defense. The primary mission of the reserves is to reinforce active-duty forces for national defense, with a secondary mission to aid in national disasters or maintaining social order. The Reserve Force should be prepared to effectively respond to a variety of emergencies and military threats, safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests, and the core security of the country.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ์œก๊ตฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ, ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ, ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ, ๋กœ์ผ“๊ตฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ ์†Œ์†์˜ ์•ฝ 51๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‹ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ €๋„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜„์—ญ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ค‘์ถ” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์žฅ๊ต์™€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ '2020 ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ „๋žต ๊ณผํ•™'์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ ๊ฑด์„ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋‚œ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์งˆ์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ž„๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ์™€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ, ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ด์ต, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ค€๋น„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Australia suffered significant economic losses during the war, both because of the U.S. distant blockade of Chinaโ€”which Australia supported, despite this closing off an important market for its commodity exportsโ€”and because of the concomitant global economic shock. Nonetheless, Australia continued to closely align itself with the United States in the interwar period by allowing the U.S. Marine Corps and the USAF to operate from Darwin. Australian political leadership stated it that would โ€œvigorously defend its democratic values and those of others in the region,โ€ which many observers believed to be a tacit declaration of its readiness to support Taiwan in a future conflict. Australia also increased its defense spending and security ties with other partners, including Japan and Singapore. However, Canberra was concerned that conflict might reignite and that China would seek in a future war to target Australia, both kinetically and through offensive cyberoperations against Australian institutions and businesses.
ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ด‰์‡„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด ๋‹ค์œˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” "์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์ธกํ†ต๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•”๋ฌต์  ์„ ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์บ”๋ฒ„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์žฌ์ ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ž‘์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Under current policy, an Indian company is one in which resident Indians own a majority stake. This stifles investment. This is reflected in the foreign direct-investment figures, which stood at just INR2,133 crore (USD285 million) between 2014 and 2020. Because India classifies its major acquisitions under its procurement policy, as stated earlier, major defense manufacturers, including American firms, may choose to stay away due to the lack of a controlling stake. India must incentivize foreign OEMs by considering their subsidiaries with operational factories as โ€œIndian,โ€ and give them weight for Indian defense contracts. This will help get advanced technology to India with the development of defense MSMEs as the foreign OEMs develop their supply chain to leverage the cost benefits of sourcing from India. This objective can be pursued by stipulating the percentage of indigenous content in their product, which even for Indian companies, as defined right now, is 50 percent under the various procurement headers.
ํ˜„์žฌ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋„ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ธ๋„์ธ์ด ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ํˆฌ์ž ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ 2,133์–ต ๋ฃจํ”ผ(2์–ต 8,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„๋Š” ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ง€๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ "์ธ๋„์ธ"์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ๊ตญ OEM์— ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์™ธ๊ตญ OEM์ด ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ์ด์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธ๋„์— ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ํ—ค๋”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋„ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ 50%๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ ๋‚ด ํ† ์ฐฉ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As an organization, the Taliban needs to thread a narrow needle between seeking and achieving international respect and recognition on the one side and, on the other side, continuing to hold itself up as a fundamentalist Islamic political movement aligned with the most conservative Sunni interpretations of Islam. This makes efforts to court nations such as China and Russia risky, as harder-line factions of the Taliban will be reflexively wary of concessions perceived to deviate from the groupโ€™s fundamentalist roots. There is the added threat of negative propaganda stemming from the Talibanโ€™s chief rival, ISIS-K, who continue to carry out attacks in Afghanistan and serve as a viable alternative for fighters who view the Taliban as kowtowing to international pressure. The Taliban has moved to get ahead of this narrative by noting that China has an established principle of not interfering in the domestic politics of nations it engages with, though such justification may not hold up against more extremist narratives.
์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์กด๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ธ์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹ˆํŒŒ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์ •์น˜ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข์€ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ์–‘๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ธ ISIS-K๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์„ ์ „์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ต์ „ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์— ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋งž์„œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์—๋Š” ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Jinping declared that China had assumed โ€œโ€ฆa leading position in terms of economic and technological strength, defense capabilities, and comprehensive national strengthโ€ and therefore โ€œcrossed the threshold into a new era.โ€ Xiโ€™s declaration that the PRC had entered a โ€œNew Eraโ€ was not a change in strategic objectives, but an important signal of confidence that the PRCโ€™s progress was sufficient to tackle the next set of challenges in its development. For the PRCโ€™s strategy in the โ€œNew Era,โ€ Xi laid out a broad plan to achieve national rejuvenation with a timeline linked to two symbolically important centenary milestones reached in 2021 (the CCPโ€™s centenary) and 2049 (the PRCโ€™s centenary). To bridge the lengthy gap between the two anniversaries, Xi added interim national objectives for 2035 and laid out a broad twostage modernization plan to reach 2049. Further demonstrating the Partyโ€™s confidence in the PRCโ€™s progress, Xiโ€™s objectives for 2035 moved up certain mid-century targets set by the Party going back to 1987.
์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด "...๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ ฅ, ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€"ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด '์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€'์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ์„ ์–ธ์€ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ '์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€' ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2021๋…„(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฐฝ๋‹น 100์ฃผ๋…„)๊ณผ 2049๋…„(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ตญ 100์ฃผ๋…„)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ 100์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธด ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ 2035๋…„์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  2049๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹น์˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ 2035๋…„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹น์ด 1987๋…„์— ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The substantial destruction of PLA forces, along with the unexpectedly aggressive U.S. approach in prosecuting the war, forced China to reconsider its strategic approach after 2027. This reconsideration was informed by domestic political dynamics as well. Popular Chinese reaction to the conflict reflected intense anger at the United States and Japan both for frustrating Chinese ambitions in the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and for inflicting such widespread damage and casualties on the PLA. Violent protests aimed at American symbols, such as embassies, consulates, and prominent commercial brands, continued for months after the conflict, and authorities showed little inclination to reign them in. Instead, Chinese officials decided on a substantially more assertive, aggressive approach toward the United States designed to harness this discontent. Chinese strategy focused on eliminating the possibility of suffering a similar humiliation in the future, fearing that a second defeat would threaten the survival of the regime.
์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ „์Ÿ ์ถ”์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2027๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ „๋žต์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์  ์—ญํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผ์นด์ฟ /๋Œœ์˜ค์œ„๋‹ค์˜ค์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๋ง์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์™€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ด€, ์œ ๋ช… ์ƒ์—… ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง„์••ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตด์š•์„ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Since BRIโ€™s inception, its long-term viability has faced challenges from international concerns over corruption, debt sustainability, and environmental effects, coupled with suspicion of Beijingโ€™s motives and the risk inherent in operating in politically unstable areas. China has applied military, intelligence, diplomatic, and economic tools to counter perceived threats, but the party-state leaders lack the expertise to assess comprehensive risks in most participating countries. However, 2021 brought additional challenges such as a weak appetite for investment precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and rising tensions in the Indo-Pacific region. Kenya, for example, was unable to secure PRC financing to finish a super-fast rail link from its port of Mombasa to Uganda, a flagship BRI project in Africa. Meanwhile, Australia canceled its 2018 and 2019 agreements to deepen cooperation on infrastructure, innovation, and trade development through BRI on the grounds that they were contrary to Australiaโ€™s national interests.
BRI๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฒ” ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€ํŒจ, ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ˜น, ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ธ์‹๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •๋ณด, ์™ธ๊ต, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๊ตญ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2021๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ํˆฌ์ž ์˜์š• ์•ฝํ™”, ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ ๊ณ ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ผ€๋ƒ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” BRI ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ธ ๋ชธ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ์ฒ ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์™„๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ์ต์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ BRI๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ํ˜์‹ , ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ 2018๋…„๊ณผ 2019๋…„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the aftermath of the war, the PRC took a measured approach to its foreign policy, focusing on broadening acceptance of its acquisition of Taiwan, reestablishing economic relations, and attempting to prevent the emergence of a strong balancing coalition against it. China was also increasingly inwardly focused as it attempted to reestablish domestic stability in the wake of the extensive damage that the conflict and blockade imposed on the Chinese economy; at the same time, it needed to undertake a massive reconstruction project on the island of Taiwan. In the wake of postwar pacification efforts across Taiwan, Beijing faced lingering hostility among prodemocracy groups and activists; this led to occasional violent uprisings that required intervention of Peopleโ€™s Armed Police forces and Ministry of Public Security units brought in from the mainland. The National Security Law enacted earlier for Hong Kong was extended to Taiwan, and there was widespread international condemnation of Beijingโ€™s pacification measures.
์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜• ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์— ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ด‰์‡„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋ผ์นœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์žฌ๊ฑด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ ์  ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”ํ™” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ธ๋ฏผ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต์•ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ์— ์•ž์„œ ์ œ์ •๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด์•ˆ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํ™”์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Recent legal proceedings highlight numerous cases of Chinaโ€™s efforts to obtain technology and knowledge through theft of trade secrets and economic espionage. In November 2021, a jury in U.S. Federal court convicted a PRC intelligence officer of attempting to steal industryleading aviation trade secrets. Court documents show that the PRC officer attempted to steal technology related to GE Aviationโ€™s exclusive composite aircraft engine fan to benefit the PRC state. In November of 2020, a rheumatology professor pleaded guilty to using $4.1 million in NIH grants to develop Chinaโ€™s expertise in rheumatology and immunology. In November 2019, a U.S. Federal grand jury indicted a PRC national who had worked as an imaging scientist for Monsanto and its subsidiary, The Climate Corporation, on charges related to economic espionage and stealing trade secrets for China. Federal officials stopped him from boarding a flight on a one-way trip to China in 2017 with a proprietary algorithm, according to the U.S. Department of Justice.
์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์†Œ์†ก์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 11์›”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋‹จ์€ ์—…๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต ์˜์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€์„ ํ›”์น˜๋ ค ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ณด ์žฅ๊ต์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์› ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์žฅ๊ต๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด GE Aviation์˜ ๋…์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—”์ง„ ํŒฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ›”์น˜๋ ค ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 11์›”, ํ•œ ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ‹ฐ์Šคํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ‹ฐ์Šคํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 410๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ NIH ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์€ ๋ชฌ์‚ฐํ† ์™€ ๊ทธ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋” ํด๋ผ์ด๋ฐ‹ ์ฝ”ํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์˜์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋„ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ 2017๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํŽธ๋„ ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์—์„œ ๋…์  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ํƒ‘์Šน์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The evolution of the China-India relationship parallels that of the China-U.S. relationship in some ways. Both India and the United States see China as an indispensable vendor for traded goods in the near term, albeit one they would like to replace in a reasonable timeframe. For the United States, China is a competitor for influence in Asia; while for India, China is a competitor for influence in the Indian Ocean region. A significant difference is that the United States and China are necessary collaborators on issues such as climate change, the spread of infectious disease, maritime piracy, and terrorism; whereas India and China are collaborators out of choice and not necessity. For example, at the climate change talks in 2021 in Glasgow, India and China chose to collaborate to fend off developed-country initiatives to water down the loss-and-damage mechanism. In addition, the United States sees China as a potential adversary in East Asia, both in the short and long term; while for India, China is a proven adversary.
์ค‘๊ตญ-์ธ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ-๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ธ๋„์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ํ•ด์ƒ ํ•ด์ , ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 2021๋…„ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋งž์„œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์žฅ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The Army is distinct not only for the number of ground combat forces it can provide but also for the large number of armored vehicles in its inventory and for the wide array of support units it contains. Those support units include units with significant firepower, such as artillery brigades (which have missile launchers as well as traditional cannon artillery), aviation brigades (which have attack, reconnaissance, utility, or cargo helicopters), and other combat arms (such as Patriot missile launchers to defend against other missiles and aircraft). Army support units include many other types of specialized units, such as construction engineers, military intelligence, military police, and the Armyโ€™s extensive logistics apparatus. Many of those types of units are responsible for supporting not just Army units in the field but all of the other services in a combat operation. For example, the Army is generally responsible for all theater logistics functions, port operations, and enemy prisoner-of-war detention operations.
์œก๊ตฐ์€ ์ œ๊ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ๋‹จ(์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ), ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋‹จ(๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ •์ฐฐ, ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ฌผ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ), ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—‡ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก๊ตฐ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ •๋ณด, ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€, ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์œก๊ตฐ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์žฅ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ž‘์ „, ์  ํฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Despite Washingtonโ€™s hope to develop a more robust alliance in Northeast Asia, the Seoul-Tokyo relationship has been the weakest segment in the triangular relationship between the three countries. There has been no formal military relationship between the two most important U.S. Asian allies. Yet, unlike the post-Cold War NATO alliance in Europe, the three countries face a clear and common threat posed by North Korea. While North Koreaโ€™s nuclear and other WMD programs present a tougher and more urgent challenge to the alliance, there is a growing need for the United States to strengthen the alliance to cope with the threat and to prepare for an uncertain future of a reconciledโ€”if not unifiedโ€”Korean Peninsula. South Korea and Japan have pledged close cooperation in their three-way alliance with the United States in dealing with North Koreaโ€™s nuclear threat. However, it has been unclear how much this kind of allegiance would translate into actual military cooperation between Japan and South Korea in case of armed conflict.
๋™๋ถ์•„์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ-๋„์ฟ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” 3๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ธ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋™๋งน๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๋ฏธ์ผ 3๊ตญ์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‚ด์ƒ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋™๋งน์— ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋„์ „์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ™”ํ•ด๋œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ 3์ž ๋™๋งน์—์„œ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋งน์ด ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์‹œ ํ•œ์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ด์–ด์งˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The Party stressed the need for strengthening the PRCโ€™s capacity to secure its overseas interests, including improving its control over grain, energy and other resources, and key industrial and supply chains. The report also stressed the CCPโ€™s need to prevent digital penetration, sabotage, subversion, and separatism activities from external actors. With regard to national security, the CCP reported it had โ€œenhancedโ€ the PRCโ€™s security on all fronts and โ€œwithstood political, economic, ideological, and natural risks, challenges, and trials.โ€ However, in 2021 and into 2022, PRC leadership contended with the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that brought challenges for the PRCโ€™s diplomatic, cultural, and economic influence abroad. PRC leadership also took diplomatic measures to manage increased global concern about PRC rhetorical and diplomatic alignment with Russia before, immediately following, and during the war on Ukraine, as well as concern for the PRCโ€™s growing assertive and coercive economic and military actions.
์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž์›, ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ด์ต ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นจํˆฌ, ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ, ์ฒด์ œ ์ „๋ณต, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ "๊ฐ•ํ™”"ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ "์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ด๋…์ , ์ž์—ฐ์  ์œ„ํ—˜, ๋„์ „, ์‹œ๋ จ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2021๋…„๊ณผ 2022๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋„์ „์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „, ์งํ›„, ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์ , ์™ธ๊ต์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์„ธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๊ต์  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In this chapter, we attempted to provide some additional detail to the direct military losses and costs Russia has incurred as a result of this war. We examined some of the costs to maintain ground and air operations. We also explored what it might cost Russia to replace the large amounts of weaponry that were lost in the first six months of the war. Because so much information was unavailable, our findings are preliminary. By modern standards and by the standards of Russiaโ€™s military today, losses of Russian lives and materiel have been substantial. Russia, by no means a rich country in comparison with its Western competitors and adversaries, in all likelihood is spending billions of dollars per month to maintain a war that as of late August 2022 appears as if it could go on for much longer. Russia will require years to return its military to the shape of 2021 in terms of professional personnel and modern weapons and equipment. And this is before the potentially costly and resisted occupation of seized portions of Ukraine.
์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ž…์€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์†์‹ค๋œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฒˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ธ๋ช… ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์ž ์†์‹ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” 2022๋…„ 8์›” ๋ง ํ˜„์žฌ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋น„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ 2021๋…„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์ ๋ น ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
MEB, or MEF is roughly the same size as an equivalent Army ground combat formation but has a different mix of combat and support units. At the highest level, the differences are mostly attributable to the Marine Corpsโ€™ integration of fixed-wing aircraft into its forces. The Army does not have its own fixed-wing attack aircraft and relies more heavily on its field artillery units for fire support, whereas the Marine Corps maintains a large complement of fixed-wing attack aircraft but only a modest amount of field artillery. Another difference is that Marine Corps units generally include more direct combat unitsโ€”with a relatively large amount of infantry in each battalion and a variety of armored vehicles, such as tanks and personnel carriersโ€”as well as robust support from rotary-wing aircraft. At the same time, Marine Corps units have a more limited variety of supporting units, such as air-defense capability, and a more limited logistics structure (in part because the Army is responsible for theater-level logistics functions).
MEB ๋˜๋Š” MEF๋Š” ๋™๊ธ‰์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ ํŽธ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก๊ตฐ์€ ์ž์ฒด ๊ณ ์ •์ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ํ™”๋ ฅ ์ง€์›์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ผ์ „ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ผ์ „ ํฌ๋ณ‘์€ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์ „์ฐจ, ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ํšŒ์ „์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ‘์ฐธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ์ด ๊ทน์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ‘์ฐธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ).
The PLAN continues to emphasize anti-surface warfare capabilities in its force development. The PLANโ€™s frigates and corvettes, as well as modernized older combatants, carry variants of the YJ83/YJ-83J ASCM (135NM), while newer surface combatants such as the LUYANG II-class DDGs are fitted with the YJ-62 (270NM). The LUYANG III-class DDGs and the RENHAI-class CGs are fitted with a variant of the PRCโ€™s newest ASCM, the YJ-18A (290NM). A few modernized destroyers have been retrofitted with the supersonic YJ-12A ASCM (270NM), and the next-generation frigates may also receive this missile. Eight of the PLANโ€™s 12 KILO-class SSs are equipped with the Russian built SS-N-27b ASCM (120NM). The PRCโ€™s SONG-class SS, YUAN-class SSP, and SHANG-class SSN field the PLANโ€™s newest domestic submarine-launched ASCM, the YJ-18 which constitutes an improvement over the SS-N-27b ASCM. It is possible the PRC is developing a launcher that can fit inside a standard commercial shipping container for covert employment of the YJ-18 aboard merchant ships.
์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ƒ์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๊ณ„ํ•จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์—๋Š” YJ83/YJ-83J ASCM(135NM)์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, LUYANG II๊ธ‰ DDG์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์‹  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์—๋Š” YJ-62(270NM)๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์–‘ III๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋ Œํ•˜์ด๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ASCM์ธ YJ-18A(290NM)๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ์Œ์† YJ-12A ASCM(270NM)์ด ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ์—๋„ ์ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ 12์ฒ™์˜ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ธ‰ ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ ์ค‘ 8์ฒ™์—๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ œ SS-N-27b ASCM(120NM)์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์†ก(SONG)๊ธ‰ SS, ์œ„์•ˆ(YUAN)๊ธ‰ SSP, ์ƒน(SHANG)๊ธ‰ SSN์€ SS-N-27b ASCM์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์ตœ์‹  ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ASCM์ธ YJ-18์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ƒ์„ ์— YJ-18์„ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ƒ์„  ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLA views controlling the information spectrum in the modern battlespace as a critical enabler and means of achieving information dominance early in a conflict. Beginning in the early 2000s, as part of the PRCโ€™s overall influence operations, the PLA began developing the โ€œThree Warfaresโ€ concept, which calls for the coordinated use of public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare. Public opinion warfare creates and disseminates information to guide an adversaryโ€™s public opinion and gain support from domestic and foreign audiences. Psychological warfare uses propaganda, deception, and coercion to induce pressure and affect the behavior of the target audience. Legal warfare uses domestic and international laws to shape narratives that advance Chinese interests and undermine those of an adversary. The PLA likely seeks to combine digital influence activities with the โ€œThree Warfaresโ€ concept to demoralize adversaries and influence domestic and foreign audiences, creating an environment advantageous to the PRC.
์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ „, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „, ๋ฒ•์  ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” '3๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ' ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์ „์€ ์ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „์€ ์„ ์ „, ๊ธฐ๋งŒ, ๊ฐ•์••์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ์ „์Ÿ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™œ๋™์„ '์‚ผ์ „' ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Amphibious trainings were frequent in 2021โ€”in one 3-month period the PLA held more than 120 maritime trainings. They also tested new platforms that would play a key role in an amphibious seizure. In 2021, the PLA debuted the YUSHEN class amphibious assault ship (Type 075) Hainan LHA, designed to improve forces' operational capabilities and vessel maneuver. Additional YUSHEN class hulls are currently under construction. It appears that the PLA is also planning to build a new class of amphibious assault shipโ€”the Type 076. The new Type 076 reportedly will be equipped with electromagnetic catapults, which would enhance its ability to support fixed-wing aircraft and make it somewhat more like an aircraft carrier. 2021 also saw the PLAโ€™s most advanced amphibious armored equipment, the Type 05 amphibious assault vehicle (AAV), used in large numbers for the first time. These AAVs represent an upgrade in armor, survivability, and speed from the last-generation Type 63A, and provide the PLA with a more capable amphibious assault platform.
2021๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ 120ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ž‘์ „์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ์ • ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์œ ์‰”๊ธ‰ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ(075ํ˜•) ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ LHA๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‰”๊ธ‰ ์„ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์ธ 076ํ˜• ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์„ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜• 076ํ˜•์€ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ •์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ง€์› ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ˆ˜๋ฅ™์–‘์šฉ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ์žฅ๋น„์ธ 05ํ˜• ์ƒ๋ฅ™๋Œ๊ฒฉ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ(AAV)๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด AAV๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ธ 63Aํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ฐ‘, ์ƒ์กด์„ฑ, ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์–ด ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Some funding is also provided to third countries to support pathogen surveillance. Through grant CP-g-23-22, HERA and HaDEA will provide โ‚ฌ6 million in funding to the African Public Health Foundation (APHF) and the African Society of Laboratory Medicine (ASLM), who were selected due to their position as leading actors in the field of pathogen surveillance in Africa and their capacity to deliver. This funding is based on the assessment that Africa is likely to continue to see outbreaks of Covid-19, but currently has limited (financial) capacity to implement continent-wide SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, share best practices, and respond to the pandemic [96]. The grant supports data management and data analysis platforms in Africa for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and the implementation of next-generation methods in African pathogen surveillance systems. An additional โ‚ฌ2 million in funding to support surveillance for Covid-19 and emerging pathogens was also provided under a joint initiative by HERA and the WHO under the EU4Health programme.
๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ3๊ตญ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ์ง€์›๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ CP-g-23-22๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด HERA์™€ HaDEA๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์„ ๋„์  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด์žฌ๋‹จ(APHF)๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ํ•™ํšŒ(ASLM)์— 600๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์นœ SARS-CoV-2 ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” (์žฌ์ •์ ) ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[96]. ์ด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ SARS-CoV-2๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 200๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๋„ EU4Health ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ HERA์™€ WHO์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Xi has called for the PLA to create a highly informatized force capable of dominating all networks and expanding the country's security and development interests. PRC military writings describe informatized warfare as the use of information technology to create an operational system-ofsystems, which would enable the PLA to acquire, transmit, process, and use information during a conflict to conduct integrated joint military operations across the ground, maritime, air, space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic spectrum domains. The PLA is accelerating the incorporation of command information systems, providing forces and commanders with enhanced situational awareness and decision support to more effectively carry out joint missions and tasks to win informatized local wars. The PLA continues to expand the scope and regularity of military training exercises that simulate informatized operations and likely views offensive and defensive cyberspace operations as a means to achieve information dominance early in a crisis or conflict.
์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์€ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ด์ต์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ •๋ณดํ™”๋œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณดํ™” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํš๋“, ์ „์†ก, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ƒ, ํ•ด์ƒ, ๊ณต์ค‘, ์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ์ „์†ก, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ง€ํœ˜ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณดํ™”๋œ ๊ตญ์ง€์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž„๋ฌด์™€ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ •๋ณดํ™” ์ž‘์ „์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ์ •๋ก€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ณด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In both postwar worlds, the risk of a major power conflict is greater when the United States adopts the hardline approach than when it takes the less hardline approach. The hardline strategy leads to dynamics that can raise the risk of conflict, such as higher political tensions, increased chances for misperceptions about intentions, and crisis instability. Moreover, the hardline strategy is not likely to make deterrence in Europe more effective because NATOโ€™s military advantages are already so significant. In addition, the policies toward Ukraine that the United States adopts under the hardline approach (e.g., enabling an offensive maneuver capability, promoting integration with NATO) could make a second Russia-Ukraine war more likely, which, in turn, would raise the risk of Russia-NATO conflict. The probability of a major power war would still be low in an absolute sense if the United States implemented a hardline policy, but given the tremendous consequences of such an outcome, this risk should factor into U.S. decisionmaking.
์ „ํ›„ ๋‘ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ ๋œ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ทจํ•  ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ธด์žฅ ๊ณ ์กฐ, ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚˜ํ† ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์šฐ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ „๋žต์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…(์˜ˆ: ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ž‘์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด, ๋‚˜ํ† ์™€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ถ”์ง„)์€ 2์ฐจ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-๋‚˜ํ†  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Despite these developments, the PRC has called upon other states to abandon similar launchon-warning postures to enhance strategic stability while declining to engage in substantive dialogue on risk reduction. The PRC probably believes a LOW posture is consistent with its no first use policy, given that it involves a retaliatory strike that takes place after warning of an inbound first attack from an adversary. PRC military writings note that command and control systemsโ€”which would include early warning systemsโ€”can be a source of accidental nuclear war. China has refused to join the Hague Code of Conduct or participate in other confidence building measures designed to reduce the risk of accidental nuclear war. However, the PRC does have a bilateral missile and carrier rocket launch notification agreement with Russia called the Russian-Chinese Inter-governmental Agreement signed in 2009, which was extended for 10 years in 2021โ€”though little additional information regarding the implementation of the notification agreement is known.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋žต์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ ์˜ ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ณด๋ณต ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ LOW ํƒœ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€ํœ˜ ํ†ต์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฐ•๋ น์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์กฐ์น˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ 2009๋…„์— ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ํ†ต๋ณด ํ˜‘์ •์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์ดํ–‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2021๋…„์— 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Outreach was a key aspect of unCoVer. For example, UnCoVerโ€™s dissemination plans outlined that it would disseminate results through the initiative website, social media (e.g. Twitter and LinkedIn), and project newsletters sent to all partners and stakeholders. UnCoVer also partnered with other programmes doing work around the use of distributed infrastructure for public health (PHIRI), cohort data for infectious disease surveillance and public health (SYNCHROS, ORCHESTRA and ReCoDID), and Covid-19 and other health emergency response (HERoS), among others, to help create impact from their work. The unCoVer network was also highly involved with initiatives like the Cohorts Coordination Board (Consultation 1). The consultee for this initiative reported that although the initiative has ended, it is seeking to publish case studies of how real-world data has been used and is actively looking for opportunities to share the knowledge generated (Consultation 1). At the time of writing, these case studies were not available through unCoVer.
์•„์›ƒ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋Š” ์–ธ์ฝ”๋ฒ„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ถˆ์ฝ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๊ณ„ํš์—๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด(์˜ˆ: ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋งํฌ๋“œ์ธ), ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ „ํŒŒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ UnCoVer๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ(PHIRI), ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(SYNCHROS, ORCHESTRA ๋ฐ ReCoDID), ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋น„์ƒ ๋Œ€์‘(HERoS) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ฝ”๋ฒ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์กฐ์ • ์œ„์›ํšŒ(์ž๋ฌธ 1)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋„ ์ ๊ทน ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ž๋ฌธ 1). ์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” unCoVer๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PLARF is developing ICBMs that will significantly improve its nuclear-capable missile forces with more survivable delivery systems. The PRC has doubled and continues to grow the number of launchers at most ICBM units. The PRCโ€™s ICBM arsenal consists of approximately 350 ICBMs, including fixed and mobile launchers capable of launching unitary and multiple reentry vehicles. The PRCโ€™s fixed ICBMs consist of the multiple CSS-4 (DF-5)-class missiles, one of which is capable of carrying up to five (Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle) MIRVโ€™s and a silo-based CSS-10-class missile. The solid-fueled, road-mobile CSS-10 (DF-31)-class and CSS20 (DF-41) ICBMs complement this force. The CSS-10 Mod 2 (DF-31A), with a range in excess of 11,000 km, can reach most locations within the continental United States. The DF-41 ICBM has been operationally deployed with commentary during the 2019 parade noting that two brigades existed for the system. Additionally, sources indicate a โ€œlong-rangeโ€ DF-27 ballistic missile is in development.
PLARF๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ํƒ‘์žฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ICBM์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ICBM ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ICBM ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์‹ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™์‹ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 350๊ธฐ์˜ ICBM์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์‹ ICBM์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5๊ธฐ(๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์  ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์ฒด)๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” CSS-4(DF-5)๊ธ‰ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ CSS-10๊ธ‰ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹ CSS-10(DF-31)๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ CSS20(DF-41) ICBM์€ ์ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 11,000km๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” CSS-10 Mod 2(DF-31A)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๋‚ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DF-41 ICBM์€ 2019๋…„ ์—ด๋ณ‘์‹์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด '์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ' DF-27 ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We generated four hypothetical great power war scenarios and examined their postwar consequences. Because the victor of a great power war is thought to have outsized influence on the postwar environment, we designed scenarios with different winners. To generate plausible narratives that could lead to such outcomes and assess other consequences of such a war, we drew from the literature on contemporary decisionmaking in key states; the international relations literature on foreign policy decisionmaking, interstate war, and alliances; and analogies from historical great power wars. We also examined the history of predictions prior to past great power wars to identify common errors and to offer planners, decisionmakers, and analysts guidance on whether any existing assumptions might merit additional consideration. This report considers the four hypothetical great power war scenarios listed in Table S.1. This report was finalized in January 2021, before the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It has not been subsequently updated.
4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ, ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐ ๋™๋งน์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ—Œ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์œ ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐํš์ž, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž, ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ S.1์— ๋‚˜์—ด๋œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” 2022๋…„ 2์›” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณต์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 2021๋…„ 1์›”์— ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CBOโ€™s analysis focuses on operation and support costs, which make up about two-thirds of DoDโ€™s โ€œbaseโ€ budgetโ€”the budget excluding separate appropriations provided to fund ongoing military operations. (The other one-third of that base budget is spent mainly on acquisition of weapon systems and on military construction and family housing.) O&S costs include compensation for military personnel, which is paid from the servicesโ€™ military personnel accounts. O&S costs also include compensation for most civilian employees, health care costs for military and civilian personnel, and the expenses of running a unit (day-to-day operations, equipment maintenance, training, support contractors, and so on), all of which are paid from the servicesโ€™ or defensewide operation and maintenance accounts. O&S costs are very closely related to the size of unitsโ€”for instance, a unit with 10,000 military personnel will have military personnel costs commensurate with that size, and DoD has a limited ability to change those costs, particularly in the near term.
CBO์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ '๊ธฐ๋ณธ' ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€์› ๋น„์šฉ(์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ)์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํš๋“๊ณผ ๊ตฐ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ฃผํƒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๋น„์šฉ์—๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ ๊ณ„์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๋น„์šฉ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์ง์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ, ๊ตฐ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ, ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ(์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜, ์žฅ๋น„ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜, ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ์ง€์› ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ž ๋“ฑ)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์ „์ฒด ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ณ„์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 10,000๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Another possible source of confusion involves differing ways to count the number of personnel in a unit. The size and organization of Army units is based on an official template, the Armyโ€™s Table of Organization and Equipment for that type of unit. However, actual Army units do not always conform to their template for a variety of reasonsโ€”they may not include all of the subordinate organizations, they may be manned at a higher or lower level than 100 percent, or they may be transitioning from one template to another. (In recent years, for example, the Army has transitioned many of its BCTs from an older template, with two subordinate maneuver battalions, to the current design with three subordinate maneuver battalions.) When discussing the size of BCTs, this report uses the personnel numbers in the Armyโ€™s official templates. For the aforementioned reasons, those numbers sometimes differ from the personnel numbers shown in the tables in this report, which are five-year averages based on the plans underlying DoDโ€™s 2021 budget request.
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ์› ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ณต์‹ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์ธ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋น„ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆํ•˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ธ์›์ด 100%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œก๊ตฐ์€ ๋งŽ์€ BCT๋ฅผ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํ•˜ ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํ•˜ ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” BCT์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์› ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ํ‘œ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ธ์› ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ 2021๋…„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ 5๋…„ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜์ธ ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ํ‘œ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ธ์› ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRC almost certainly will increase its influence over foreign governments using a combination of diplomatic, economic, and defense engagements tools. Beijing engages in such activities to promote its interests abroad while undermining U.S. influence. PRC influence operations take advantage of corruption where present and can include lobbying, bribing, or cultivating foreign politicians. PRC influence operations also aim to inject Chinese cultural narratives or values into foreign education systems, bridging academic or think tank researchersโ€™ access to China, and flooding Chinese language media abroad, all of which can be accomplished via diplomacy or coercive means. A foundation of the PRCโ€™s influence strategy includes appealing to overseas PRC citizens or ethnic Chinese of other countries as indirect proxy to assert the CCPโ€™s objectives through soft power engagements. The PRC also uses threats, blackmail, and other forms of coercion to force members of Chinese diaspora communities to assist in carrying out Beijingโ€™s priorities.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๊ต์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ด€์—ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „์€ ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋กœ๋น„, ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ, ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์–‘์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์„œ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ฑํฌํƒฑํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด์™ธ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™ธ๊ต ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์™ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ™”๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘, ํ˜‘๋ฐ• ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ•์••์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋””์•„์Šคํฌ๋ผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Party Congress in 2017, Xi declared that China had assumed โ€œโ€ฆa leading position in terms of economic and technological strength, defense capabilities, and comprehensive national strengthโ€ and, therefore, โ€œcrossed the threshold into a new era.โ€ Xiโ€™s declaration that the PRC had entered a โ€œNew Eraโ€ was not a change in strategic objectives, but an important signal of confidence that the PRCโ€™s progress was sufficient to tackle the next set of challenges in its development. For the PRCโ€™s strategy in the โ€œNew Era,โ€ Xi laid out a broad plan to achieve national rejuvenation with a timeline linked to two symbolically important centenary milestones reached in 2021 (the CCPโ€™s centenary) and 2049 (the PRCโ€™s centenary). To bridge the lengthy gap between the two anniversaries, Xi added interim national objectives for 2035 and laid out a broad two-stage modernization plan to reach 2049. Further demonstrating the Partyโ€™s confidence in the PRCโ€™s progress, Xiโ€™s objectives for 2035 moved up certain mid-century targets set by the Party going back to 1987.
2017๋…„ ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด "...๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ ฅ, ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€"ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด '์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€'์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ์„ ์–ธ์€ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ '์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€' ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2021๋…„(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฐฝ๋‹น 100์ฃผ๋…„)๊ณผ 2049๋…„(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ตญ 100์ฃผ๋…„)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ 100์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธด ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์€ 2035๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  2049๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹น์˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ 2035๋…„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹น์ด 1987๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The CMM also protects and facilitates Chinese fishing vessels operating in disputed waters. From late December 2019 to mid-January 2020, a large fleet of over 50 Chinese fishing vessels operated under the escort of multiple China Coast Guard patrol ships in Indonesian claimed waters northeast of the Natuna Islands. At least a portion of the Chinese ships in this fishing fleet were affiliated with known traditional maritime militia units, including a maritime militia unit based out of Beihai City in Guangxi province. While most traditional maritime militia units operating in the SCS continue to originate from townships and ports on Hainan Island, Beihai is one of a number of increasingly prominent maritime militia units based out of provinces in mainland China. These mainland based maritime militia units routinely operate in the Spratly Islands and in the southern SCS, and their operations in these areas are enabled by increased funding from the Chinese government to improve their maritime capabilities and grow their ranks of personnel.
CMM์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์กฐ์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด์„ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 12์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 1์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ๊นŒ์ง€ 50์ฒ™ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ ๋‹จ์ด ๋‚˜ํˆฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ํ•จ์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์กฐ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–ด์„ ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ด‘์‹œ์„ฑ ๋ฒ ์ดํ•˜์ด์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. SCS์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ ์ดํ•˜์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ ์  ๋” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋‚จ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ์ฆ์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
To a large extent, Indiaโ€™s engagement in Afghanistan, although appreciated across the board and bereft of a military footprint, was thought to have started a new round of proxy war with Pakistan. In spite of its growing strategic ties with the United States, New Delhiโ€™s concerns about the negative role played by Islamabad in Afghanistan were largely ignored. As the regional countries indulged in a game of power brokering, supporting different Afghan political factions, New Delhiโ€™s view in favor of evolving a regional consensus on peace and stability found little support. This was, however, not a failure of Indiaโ€™s public diplomacy alone. Lack of unity in the effort marred both the ISAF operations against the Taliban and the shortsightedness regarding an end state in Afghanistan. Time and again, New Delhi struggled to find a seat on the high table to decide Afghanistanโ€™s future; it, therefore, exercised limited leverage to influence the course of events that ultimately led to the collapse of the central government in Kabul in August 2021.
์ธ๋„์˜ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์ฐธ์ „์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ „์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฐ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋‚ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ์ •์น˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ค‘๊ฐœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ๋‚ด ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ์™ธ๊ต๋งŒ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ISAF์˜ ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ข…์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์•‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2021๋…„ 8์›” ์นด๋ถˆ์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Presence of armed conflict, widespread violence or other risks of harm to people as described under international humanitarian law, which regulates the conduct of armed conflict by combatants. Armed conflict may take a variety of forms, such as a conflict of international or non-international character, which may involve two or more states, or may consist of wars of liberation, or insurgencies, civil wars, etc. Specific guidance on the โ€˜state of armed conflictโ€™ is provided in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and includes all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more Parties, even if the state of war is not recognised by one of them; all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance. Pursuant to Protocol II (1977) additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, they do not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of a similar nature.
์ „ํˆฌ์›์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ธ๋„๋ฒ•์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ, ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ „์Ÿ, ๋ฐ˜๋ž€, ๋‚ด์ „ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ตญ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ƒํƒœ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์€ 1949๋…„ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ํ˜‘์•ฝ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์Ÿ ์„ ํฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ ๋ น์ด ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ•œ ์ชฝ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ นํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ํ˜‘์•ฝ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์˜์ •์„œ II(1977๋…„)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํญ๋™, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ต๋ž€ ๋ฐ ๊ธด์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
GISRS provides an example of a large-scale and long-term global initiative supporting influenza surveillance and response. It shows how individual national systems can be used to collate data at an international level, to support a more harmonised global surveillance system that tracks pathogens across international boundaries. This case study also speaks to some of the basic challenges in pathogen surveillance in terms of different capacities to collect and analyse data at a local level, particularly in LMICs. While GISRS provides support for lower-resource settings, and direct support in transporting samples, there are still challenges that affect coverage at a global level. The WHO is expected to make several improvements to GISRS in the future, and is currently developing a roadmap for GISRS+. This will be an advanced network built upon existing influenza infrastructure, to achieve further integrated surveillance and response systems for influenza and a range of other respiratory viruses that have epidemic or pandemic potential [111].
GISRS๋Š” ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐํ™”๋กœ์šด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ, ํŠนํžˆ LMIC์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GISRS๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์šด์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. WHO๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ GISRS๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ GISRS+ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๋ฐ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[111].
By 2030, the United States assessed that although it retained a military edge over China in Asia, that edge was quickly eroding in the face of Chinaโ€™s rapid, sustained increases in defense spending and closer partnership with Russia. Washington felt it had little choice but to continue to increase its own defense spending to maintain this edge. Some close alliesโ€”notably Japan, the UK, and Franceโ€”shared U.S. concerns about the future trajectory and took steps to increase their own capabilities, but the perception of military threat from China was not widely accepted: China increasingly concentrated its rhetoric and aggressive actions more narrowly on the United States and Japan, deemphasizing its disputes with other states. For the United States, no broader coalition of partners to oppose Chinaโ€™s rise had materialized. If anything, China confronted a less resolute coalition of states than it had in 2027, leaving Washington increasingly concerned about the risks and potential outcome of a repeat conflict that seemed likely in the years to come.
2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ ์šฐ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ, ์˜๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ถค๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์ฒด ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 2027๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์  ๋” ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), signed by President Biden on December 24, 2022, contains a total of 4,409 pages, of which 3,100 are devoted to investments in the Indo-Pacific region in order to gain a competitive edge over China (US Congress 2023). In an effort to reorganize the U.S. alliance in the Indian Pacific region, the Biden administration is attempting to integrate the military assets and capabilities of like-minded countries. Unlike NATOโ€™s collective security system, the U.S. Asia-Pacific region security system is based on bilateral treaty alliances and can be described as a hub-and-spoke model. The Biden administration is now working to transform the Indo-Pacific strategy into a collective security system like NATO by implementing integrated security, backed by like-minded regional powers (White House 2022). It was difficult for countries in the past to build a unified security system due to historical sediments, territorial disputes, and competition between countries. This led the U.S. to adopt a hub and spoke system.
2022๋…„ 12์›” 24์ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋ฒ•(NDAA)์€ ์ด 4,409ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 3,100ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ 2023๋…„). ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ† ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ ์•ค ์Šคํฌํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋‚˜ํ† ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ 2022). ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ, ์˜ํ†  ๋ถ„์Ÿ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ ์•ค ์Šคํฌํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The SSF Network Systems Department is responsible for information warfare with a mission set that includes cyberspace warfare, technical reconnaissance, electronic warfare (EW), and psychological warfare. By placing these missions under the same organizational umbrella, the PRC seeks to remedy the operational coordination challenges that hindered information sharing under the PLAโ€™s pre-reform organizational structure. The integration of cyberspace and EW elements under one organization was a crucial step towards realizing the operational concept of integrated network and electronic warfare that the PLA has envisioned since the early 2000s. The Network Systems Department operates five theaterโ€“aligned technical reconnaissance bases, a number of signals intelligence bureaus, and several research institutes. The Network Systems Department provides intelligence support to the theater commands by leveraging a diverse suite of ground-based technical collection assets to provide a common operating picture to geographically dispersed operational units.
SSF ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •์ฐฐ, ์ „์ž์ „(EW), ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋กœ ์ •๋ณด์ „์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ด์ „ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ „์ž์ „ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•ด์˜จ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์ „์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทน์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์— ์ •๋ณด ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The United States steps up security cooperation, assistance, and political engagement with other non-NATO former Soviet states besides Ukraine, particularly Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and even (to a lesser extent) Belarus. Across the board, engagement with all these countries trumps concerns about enabling autocracy. Increased U.S. security cooperation with Georgia and its not-so-subtle support to the pro-Western opposition leads Russia to worry that the United States is going to push for Georgia to move toward NATO membership. Moldova becomes a flashpoint as a result of its domestic divide between pro-Russian and pro-Western parties, which provides easy avenues for Russia and the West to take sides. The imperialist attitude prevailing in Moscow drives a hyperactive Russian policy across the region, not only to keep the West out but also to subjugate the regionโ€™s states to the Kremlinโ€™s diktat. U.S. hardline policies and Russian imperialism are a toxic mix, leading to backsliding on reform as local elites appeal to external patrons for support.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”, ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋“ฑ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์กฐ์•ฝ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(NATO)๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ์ง€์›, ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋…์žฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์กฐ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ์นœ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์•ผ๋‹น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ์˜ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๋Š” ์นœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์นœ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋‹น ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์—ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธํ™”์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์„œ๋ฐฉ์ด ํŽธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์  ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์„œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ํฌ๋ ˜๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์— ๋ณต์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์œ ๋…ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€์—ญ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
An important factor about current deployments is that DoD does not keep units away from their home station indefinitely. Instead, units return home periodically to limit the stress of deployments on personnel and their families, to repair and replace their equipment, to engage in training exercises, and so forth. Because of that policy, any long military operation or continuing overseas presence requires DoD to have other units available that it can deploy to replace returning unitsโ€”a practice known as unit rotation. By contrast, in earlier conflicts, such as in Korea and Vietnam, the United States pursued a policy of individual rotation, in which ground and air units remained overseas indefinitely and individual personnel were cycled through them. DoD changed that practice because individual rotation was thought to lead to poor unit cohesion. With unit rotation, the need to alternate units between their home station and deployment means that the militaryโ€™s forces can be thought of as a pool of units, divided into deployed and nondeployed subsets.
ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌดํ•œ์ • ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ , ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ฃผ๋‘”์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™ธ์— ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์ฃผ๋‘”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ธ์›์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋‘”์ง€์™€ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํ’€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Difficulty in evaluating the consequences of technological innovation and organizational reforms can skew forecasts of the risk, duration, and intensity of a conflict. Strategists have often overlooked or discounted evidence that a new technology has altered the conduct of war or the distribution of power. Over the decades before World War I, for example, European planners misinterpreted or overlooked ample evidence that changes in the technology, organization, and conduct of warfare would make battles longer, costlier, and less decisive. The Russo-Turkish, Sino-Japanese, and Russo-Japanese wars showcased industrialized warfare, improvements in small arms and firepower, and the difficulties associated with attacking entrenched positions, but the European and U.S. military intellectuals who scrutinized the conflicts attributed war outcomes to intangible factors (such as morale, domestic opinion, and culture) rather than to a technological shift that favored defensive operations more than offensive ones, contrary to what thinkers at the time assumed.
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์™œ๊ณก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋žต๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ „์Ÿ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์กฐ์ง, ์ „์Ÿ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ณ , ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ-ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ์ค‘-์ผ, ๋Ÿฌ-์ผ ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋œ ์ „์Ÿ, ์†Œํ˜• ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ํ™”๋ ฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋œ ์ง„์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ž‘์ „์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์˜ ์š”์ธ(์‚ฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋ก , ๋ฌธํ™” ๋“ฑ)์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For each of our hypothetical scenarios, we considered factors that would affect key decisions by U.S. allies and partners about whether and how to contribute to a U.S.-led war against another great power. As with any major foreign policy decision, we expect that allies would grapple with competing considerations, such as a desire to sustain a relationship with the United States or to balance against aggression and the prospect of retaliation by Russia or China. In some cases, it is unclear what factor would weigh most heavily. But this analysis clearly showed plausible reasons why U.S. allies and partners might decide not to support a U.S.-led war against Russia or China, make different contributions depending on the scenario, or even change positions throughout a war. These variations might be more common in Asia, where the United States has many defense commitments but where U.S. allies and partners do not have reciprocal commitments. However, we found reasons to expect that NATO alliesโ€™ contributions to the defense of one another also could vary.
๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ• ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋žต๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์”จ๋ฆ„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ• ์ง€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋” ํ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” NATO ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
KC-130 tankers are modified C-130 transport aircraft that are capable of refueling the Marine Corpsโ€™ fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters while they are in flight, greatly extending the operating range of those aircraft. KC-130s retain many of the characteristics of the base C-130 airframe and can be used as transport aircraft when not needed for aerial refueling. They can also support ground operations in some circumstances. For example, during the initial invasion of Afghanistan, Marine Corps forces conducted a long-range air assault on Kandahar and received fuel for their ground vehicles and equipment from KC-130s. (In addition, the Marine Corps is acquiring weapons kits that can turn KC-130s into armed attack aircraft, but that will be a secondary role not given to all KC-130s.) Unlike the majority of Navy and Marine Corps aircraft, KC-130s are too large to be based on aircraft carriers or amphibious ships; they must operate from air bases on land instead. The Marine Corps plans to field an average of 67 KC-130 tankers during the 2021โ€“2025 period.
KC-130 ํƒฑ์ปค๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์ •์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์—๋„ ๊ธ‰์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋œ C-130 ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๋กœ, ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. KC-130์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ C-130 ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ธ‰์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์นจ๊ณต ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์€ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์Šต์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์žฅ๋น„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ KC-130์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” KC-130์„ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ‚คํŠธ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  KC-130์— ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถ€์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ KC-130์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์„œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‹  ์œก์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” 2021~2025๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‰๊ท  67๋Œ€์˜ KC-130 ํƒฑ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This research confirmed our initial and broadest hypothesis: In the effort to stabilize U.S.China relations, there is a significant gap in terms of agreed conceptions of what a future could look like that would fulfill the core interests of each sideโ€”a portrait of a future world of coexistence. This portrait is needed because of the trajectory of the relationship, which has been highly negative for years and embodies certain structural drivers that may continue to push the two sides toward dangerous confrontations. But such an effort has some opportunity to contribute because of the countervailing appreciation on both sides of the risks of a relationship in free-fall. Our discussions also revealed a general agreement that there is a problematic absence of detailed foresight about potential futures that represent sustainable forms of coexistence. Various studies and official documents have laid out generic phrases, bumper stickers, and vague concepts, but no one has defined potential futures of this sort in persuasive, technically sophisticated detail.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘์ธก์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด์ต์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ถค์ ๊ณผ ์–‘์ธก์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋™์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ž์œ  ๋‚™ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์ธก์˜ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต์กด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ, ๋ฒ”ํผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค, ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PAFMM also protects and facilitates PRC fishing vessels operating in disputed waters. For example, from late December 2019 to mid-January 2020, a large fleet of over 50 PRC fishing vessels operated under the escort of multiple China Coast Guard patrol ships in Indonesian claimed waters northeast of the Natuna Islands. At least a portion of the PRC ships in this fishing fleet were affiliated with known traditional maritime militia units, including a maritime militia unit based out of Beihai City in Guangxi province. While most traditional maritime militia units operating in the South China Sea continue to originate from townships and ports on Hainan Island, Beihai is one of a number of increasingly prominent maritime militia units based out of provinces in the PRC. These mainland based maritime militia units routinely operate in the Spratly Islands and in the southern South China Sea, and their operations in these areas are enabled by increased funding from the PRC government to improve their maritime capabilities and grow their ranks of personnel.
PAFMM์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์กฐ์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด์„ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 2019๋…„ 12์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 1์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ๊นŒ์ง€ 50์ฒ™์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ ๋‹จ์ด ๋‚˜ํˆฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ํ•จ์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์กฐ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–ด์„ ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ด‘์‹œ์„ฑ ๋ฒ ์ดํ•˜์ด์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ ์ดํ•˜์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ ์  ๋” ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์ด ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ž˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The PRCโ€™s willingness to engage in military diplomacy with other countries can vary considerably based on its perception of a countryโ€™s adherence to Beijingโ€™s diplomatic framework. For example, the PRCโ€™s โ€œcomprehensive strategic partnership of coordinationโ€ with Russia entails a relatively high degree of military cooperation. SinoRussian military cooperation occurs in practical forms through exchanges of training, equipment, technology, high-level visits, and other coordination mechanisms. For other strategic partnership countries, the PRC seeks to leverage those relationships to reinforce the PRCโ€™s systemic preferences and maintain stability in Beijingโ€™s favor. For countries with whom the PRC has not established strategic partnerships, such as the United States, the PRC shapes its military cooperation along more minimalist principles of conflict avoidance that emphasize โ€œnon-conflictโ€ and โ€œmutual respect.โ€ From Beijingโ€™s perspective, these curtailed relationships at least serve its foreign policy objective by ensuring stable relations with major powers.
์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ‹€์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ '์ „๋ฉด์  ์ „๋žต ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„'๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ์žฅ๋น„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋žต์  ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ „๋žต์  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๋งบ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ "๋น„๋ถ„์Ÿ"๊ณผ "์ƒํ˜ธ ์กด์ค‘"์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.