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Anamnesis
We present the case of a 61-year-old male patient with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia being treated with tamsulosin and a former smoker for 8 years (35 pack-year smoking habit). As family history, his mother suffered from tuberculosis in childhood.
He came to the emergency department with dyspnoea of 4 days' duration, which progressively increased until it became minimal effort, together with an isolated febrile peak of 38oC, with no other associated infectious symptoms or symptoms suggestive of heart failure.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed an obese patient, in acceptable general condition and haemodynamically stable. On speaking, he presented slight tachypnoea, with oxygen saturation of 95% without external contributions. Cardiorespiratory auscultation showed hypophonetic tones and a slight decrease in generalised vesicular murmur. Two lymph nodes were palpated in the neck, one on the right and the other on the left, approximately 2 cm in diameter. The rest of the examination was unremarkable.
Additional tests
Aerosol therapy and oxygen therapy in nasal goggles at 3 litres per minute were prescribed and various complementary tests were requested (laboratory tests, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram), highlighting the elevation of D-dimer (3,880; normal values 0-500 ng/ml) and troponins (29; normal values 1-14 ng/l), with normal pro-BNP (489; normal values for his age < 900 pg/ml); as well as cardiomegaly in the chest X-ray. Given the high suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism, computerised angiotomography of the chest was requested, which ruled out the presence of embolism, although it showed pericardial effusion of 4 cm maximum thickness and pathological-looking lymphadenopathies of 2 cm in the mediastinal, paratracheal and subcarinal locations.
Diagnosis
Severe pericardial effusion with haemodynamic stability.
Treatment
Pericardiocentesis.
Evolution
Given the severe pericardial effusion, even though the patient was haemodynamically stable, it was decided to admit him to the Coronary Unit for diagnostic and therapeutic pericardiocentesis, which was performed urgently with the extraction of 2200 cc of serohematic fluid, achieving clinical improvement in the patient. A sample was collected for biochemical, cytological and microbiological studies; the biochemistry showed the presence of 1,400,000 red blood cells (normal values < 400 red blood cells) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1,430 (normal values < 250 U/l). The clinical improvement and haemodynamic stability of the patient allowed his transfer to the hospital ward of Internal Medicine awaiting the results of pericardial fluid. In the following days, the cytology of the fluid showed adenocarcinoma, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for tuberculosis in the fluid was positive. In this situation, in which both findings have a relevant diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implication, a battery of complementary tests are requested that would condition the subsequent diagnostic-therapeutic process.
On the one hand, when adenocarcinoma of unknown primary tumour is suspected, tests such as computed tomography of the neck and abdomen, endoscopy and colonoscopy, immunohistochemistry in pericardial fluid cytology and cervical lymph node biopsy are requested. These tests are not conclusive for the existence of a primary tumour, although the cytology of the cervical lymph node supports the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, the immunohistochemical study being positive for PANCK, CK7, GATA 3; and negative for CK 20, napsin, CK 5/6, uroplakin, PAX8, HER2, OCT 4, CD45, HmB45; and immunohistochemistry of pericardial fluid negative for TTF1 and CK20; and positive for CK7. These results are not very specific, and although they could point to a pulmonary, salivary, urothelial and mammary origin, they cannot rule out other options; therefore, we assume the diagnosis of CUP with pericardial and lymph node involvement. Given the suspicion of active tuberculosis, pending further study, active oncological treatment is not considered for the time being.
On the other hand, a series of tests were performed with the intention of demonstrating the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in other biological fluids, requesting PCR for tuberculosis and culture of mycobacteria in sputum and urine. The results were positive for tuberculosis PCR in urine and pericardial fluid, the rest of the studies being negative. We therefore assumed the diagnosis of tuberculosis with pericardial involvement and started anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and prednisone, with excellent tolerance.
During his admission to the Internal Medicine ward, the patient evolved favourably, tolerating decubitus, remaining eupneic when speaking, with an oxygen saturation of 97% without external contributions; therefore, once the necessary studies had been carried out and anti-tuberculosis treatment started, it was decided to discharge him home and follow him up in the outpatient Infectious Diseases and Medical Oncology departments. After two months of active anti-tuberculosis treatment, he was reviewed in the Infectious Diseases department and started maintenance treatment with rifampicin and isoniazid. Oncology proposed the patient for inclusion in the CUPISCO MX39795 clinical trial, the aim of which is to evaluate whether patients with CUP benefit from targeted treatment.
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";",
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"assume",
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"lymph",
"node",
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".",
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"suspicion",
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"time",
"being",
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"On",
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",",
"a",
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"PCR",
"in",
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"and",
"pericardial",
"fluid",
",",
"the",
"rest",
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"being",
"negative",
".",
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",",
"isoniazid",
",",
"pyrazinamide",
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"up",
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"Infectious",
"Diseases",
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"Oncology",
"departments",
".",
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"months",
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"Infectious",
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"MX39795",
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"aim",
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"which",
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A 53-year-old man, retired, living in a rural area. He was diagnosed 10 years ago with inflammatory bowel disease, which is controlled only with high doses of steroids. Two years earlier he had been admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for sepsis of intestinal origin with multi-organ failure; since then he has been on periodic haemodialysis due to lack of functional recovery. Renal biopsy showed tubulointerstitial nephropathy.
Since one month before admission, she had presented erythematous skin lesions, on indurated, pruritic and painful areas on the dorsum of the right foot and inner thighs, with poor response to antibiotic treatment (started empirically due to suspicion of cellulitis), which progressively evolved towards desquamation and subsequent ulceration. A skin biopsy was performed and reported as cryptococcosis. Direct examination with India ink and Gram stain revealed abundant large, spherical yeasts with marked twinning and encapsulation. Culture showed a yeast-like fungus, urease positive, compatible with cryptococcus neoformans, variety neoformans. Serum cryptolatex positive 1/2048. Pulmonary and neurological involvement was ruled out by computerised axial tomography and lumbar puncture.
We started treatment with voriconazole 200 mg/12 hours, and after 10 days there was a marked alteration in liver tests (total bilirubin: 9.59 mg/dl; direct bilirubin: 9.41 mg/dl; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT] 176 U/l; glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [GPT]: 226 U/l), which made it necessary to replace it with amphotericin B at a dose of 100 mg/day. In addition to this, the prednisone dose was reduced. Thus, after 2 weeks he presented a marked improvement of the lesions with almost complete disappearance of the ulcerations and normalisation of the liver tests.
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A 50-year-old man arrived at the emergency department in shock and with a 4-day history of febrile illness.
He required intubation and use of inotropes.
It is important to see the "blind areas" of the chest X-ray in order not to miss important clues. These areas are under the diaphragm, behind the heart, hilum, and soft tissues. This CXR shows a lucidity over the hepatic density. The lucidity does not conform to the usual bowel configuration. In this clinical context, an important differential diagnosis to be considered is a ruptured liver abscess. This can be confirmed at the bedside with ultrasound or CT.
Liver abscesses are usually due to organisms such as Klebsiella or Amoebae. All patients with Klebsiella bacteraemia of unknown origin should have imaging studies of the abdomen to rule out liver abscess.
RUPTURED LIVER ABSCESS
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A 59-year-old man with no known drug allergies and no toxic habits with a personal history of dyslipidaemia, COPD with functional grade II/IV (GOLD) and chronic ischaemic heart disease of the stable angina type. He was receiving regular home treatment with acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/24 hours, atorvastatin 40 mg/24 hours, diltiazem 120 mg/12 hours and losartan 50 mg/24 hours.
He was admitted to the Cardiology Department on a scheduled basis for cardiac catheterisation. After the catheterisation, and during his stay in the ICU, the procedure was complicated by acute myocardial infarction in the inferior territory, slow atrial fibrillation and severe hypotension, requiring a new catheterisation and haemodynamic support (he did not require mechanical ventilation, although he did require bladder catheterisation and central venous catheterisation). After 72 hours he was transferred to the Cardiology Department due to his good evolution. The following day, the patient began to experience micturition symptoms, suprapubic pain and fever of up to 39oC with intense shivering. On examination, there was no data of interest, except for pain on palpation in the hypogastrium (the bladder catheter had been removed on arrival at the department). He was assessed by his attending cardiologist and, in view of a pathological urine sediment (countless leukocytes in the sediment), antibiotic treatment was started with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 875/125 mg every 8 hours orally. After 48 hours, a urine culture was positive for Morganella morganii resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and sensitive to 3rd generation cephalosporins. At this time the patient persisted with the same symptoms, so treatment was changed to cefotaxime 1 g/8 hours IV.
Blood tests showed Hb 12.2 g/dL, platelets 206000 mm3, leukocytes 12200 mm3 (86% neutrophils), glucose 120 mg/dl, urea 41 mg/dl, creatinine 1.0 mg/dl, Na 138 mEq/l, K 4. 3 mEq/l, Ca 7.9 mg/dl, phosphorus 2 mg/dl, total bilirubin 0.4 mg/dl, GOT 30 U/L, GPT 55 U/L, alkaline F. 127 U/L, GGT 126 U/L, total proteins 5.1 g/dl, albumin 2.2 g/dl and CRP 72.7 mg/L. In a new sediment a moderate leucocyturia persisted. Chest X-ray revealed a small left pleural effusion. An abdominal ultrasound was reported as small left pleural effusion, hepatic steatosis without LOES, kidneys without ultrasound alterations and bladder with thickened walls due to prostatic hypertrophy. Two days later the patient persisted with fever up to 39oC, micturition symptoms and suprapubic pain despite treatment.
Differential diagnosis
Given the persistence of fever after 48-72 hours of targeted antibiotherapy, we considered the following differential diagnoses:
1. Infection by a resistant organism.
2. Local complications:
- Acute focal nephritis: renal inflammatory infiltrate (renal phlegmon).
- Cortical renal abscess (haematogenous) or cortico-medullary (uropathogenic).
- Emphysematous pyelonephritis.
- Papillary necrosis.
- Prostatic abscess/prostatitis.
- Urinary tract obstruction.
3. Others: drug fever, phlebitis, other added infectious processes...
Evolution
Reassessed, it was decided to take new blood cultures, an abdomino-pelvic CT scan was performed and antibiotic treatment was changed to meropenem 1 g/8 h IV and gentamicin 240 mg/24 hours IV. A new blood culture isolated Morganella morganii phenotype AmpC (resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime). An abdominal CT scan showed several prostatic abscesses. Given this finding, and given that the germ is a carrier of AmpC and has expressed resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins due to exposure to them, meropenem was continued, although the dose was increased to 2 gr/8 hours and in extended perfusion, due to the presence of the prostatic abscesses (quinolones were not prescribed as there was also resistance to this group of antibiotics). Urological assessment ruled out surgery at this time, opting for conservative treatment. After completing 2 weeks of treatment with meropenem, the patient was discharged and completed two more weeks of treatment at home with rrtapenem 1 g/24 hours IM and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 800/160 mg orally, progressing without complications in subsequent check-ups.
Final diagnosis
Lower urinary tract infection complicated by prostatic abscesses due to Morganella morganii phenotype AmpC.
| [
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Male patient aged 12 years, with a history of atopic dermatitis under control and regular treatment. He is a sportsman, he does enduro motocross.
The patient reported a three-week history of pruritic lesions located on the face, particularly in the right periocular region. He consulted an outpatient clinic, where an acute dermatitis was diagnosed, and moderate potency topical corticosteroids were prescribed. The patient evolved favourably during the first three days of treatment.
However, a week later he consulted our medical centre due to the reappearance of the lesions, this time more inflammatory and erythematous. He noted the presence of pustules located mainly on the right upper eyelid and ipsilateral ciliary margin.
Considering the use of helmets and goggles (rubbing), it was interpreted as folliculitis secondary to friction. In addition, due to the contact with soil, a direct mycological study and current culture were requested. These tests were negative, so a fungal culture was requested, specifying that the sample be taken from the hair follicles. The result was positive for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The patient had already started empirical treatment with itraconazole 100 milligrams per day, and was progressing favourably one week post-treatment.
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Medical history/ Anamnesis:
79-year-old male with no known drug allergies, with personal history of arterial hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2, dyslipidaemia, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) of 20 years of evolution on treatment with anti-TNF for 6 years, Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, several episodes of TIA, bladder neoplasia operated on 11 years ago in remission. On treatment with valsartan, lecardinipine, atorvastatin, lansoprazole, metfromin, dacortin 2.5mg/day, sintrom and adalimumab 40 mg every 15 days. She had two dogs as pets. She had not travelled recently and denied consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. She came to the emergency department with a fever of up to 38oC with shivering and shivering without a clear time predominance for a week, accompanied by deterioration of the general condition and glycaemic decompensation. He also presented with pleuritic pain in the left hemithorax and several episodes of arterial hypotension that had forced him to visit the emergency department on several occasions in the previous days. There were no respiratory, gastrointestinal or urinary symptoms.
Physical examination
Normotensive and tachycardic at 120 beats per minute. Oxygen saturation 98% at baseline. T 38.3o. Poor general condition, sweating with distal skin coldness. Eupneic at rest. No peripheral palpation lymphadenopathy or jugular ingurgitation. Arrhythmic tones with multifocal systolic murmur II/IV. Generalised hypoventilation. Abdomen and lower limbs without significant findings. No neurological focality or meningeal signs.
Complementary tests in the emergency department
Laboratory tests performed on admission showed the following: Haemoglobin (hb): 11.2 g/dl, leukocytes 2.240 x 109/L, absolute neutrophils: 0.750x109/L, absolute lymphocytes: 1.240x109/L, platelets: 115x109/L, creatinine: 1.1mg/dl with normal ions. CRP: 70 mg/L. LDH: 321 U/L. Urine with signs of haemoglobin. Coagulation and blood gas normal. Peripheral blood smear with scanty polymorphonuclear cells with a few cays, with a predominance of mature and granular lymphocytes, isolated cells with an activated appearance. Chest X-ray: Cardiothoracic index within the normal range. No images of condensation. Pinching of both bilateral costophrenic sinuses.
Admission diagnosis
Febrile syndrome without focus and pancytopenia under study.
Routine complementary tests
During his stay on the ward there was a rapidly progressive decrease in the three series (acute pancytopenia), presenting hb: 8.1 g/dl, platelets: 63x109L; leukocytes: 1,760x109L together with a maximum LDH elevation of 981 U/L and minimal increase in bilirubin at the expense of indirect and decreased haptoglobin, as well as increased ferritin (peak of 4383 ng/ml) and triglycerides 550 mg/dl.
The analytical study was completed with autoimmunity (ANA, ANCA, anti DNA, ENA, anti-mitochondrial, anti-smooth muscle and anti-phospholipid antibodies) which was negative, proteinogram with a doubtful monoclonal gamma component which was later confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis to be free of monoclonal band. Mantoux and quantiferon negative. Legionella, pneumococcus and leishmania urine antigen negative. Urine Lowestein culture negative. Liver serology and Brucella, Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, Ricketsia coronii, Coxiella burneti, CMV, HSV, EBV and Parvovirus B19 negative. HIV negative. Negative blood and urine cultures. Imaging tests showed bilateral pleural effusion and hepatosplenomegaly. Chest CT scan showed pleural calcifications, calcified hepatic granulomas and some calcified adenopathies as well as bilateral pleural effusion with underlying lung collapse. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography: negative for endocarditis. Finally, a bone marrow (BM) aspirate-biopsy was performed in which the flow cytometry showed the presence of 0.1% of immature myeloid cells without phenotypic aberrations, no monoclonal B lymphoid proliferation, T lymphoid population with CD4/CD8 ratio maintained. The myelogram was inconclusive due to the absence of clumps and low cellularity, although no blasts were observed. The culture for brucella and mycobacteria was negative. The pathological anatomy of the biopsy showed amastigote parasites compatible with leishmania, which was subsequently confirmed by PCR technique for leishmania.
Differential diagnosis
Pancytopenia is defined as a decrease in the normal blood count of leukocytes (<4.5x109/L), haemoglobin according to age and sex, and platelets (<150.0x109/L). Given these findings, it is necessary to perform a differential diagnostic algorithm, which should include mainly onco-haematological, autoimmune or infectious causes. Among the haematological causes, we should mainly rule out neoplasms such as acute leukaemia or bone marrow lymphomas, without forgetting distant metastases from other solid tumours. Other haematological causes to be highlighted are myelodysplastic syndromes, MO aplasia, myelofibrosis, tricholeukaemia, myeloptysis, megaloblastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. In general, MO aspirate-biopsy will be necessary for the diagnosis of these entities. One of the main autoimmune causes of pancytopenia is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (diagnostic criteria include anaemia, leukopenia and thrombopenia) and less frequently rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous causes of infectious origin are associated with cytopenias. For the diagnosis of these, in addition to serological determinations and specific laboratory tests for some of them, a correct anamnesis including information on recent trips, place of origin and usual place of residence, workplace, contact with animals, type of food, etc., will be of great importance. Among the causes of infectious origin we must highlight mainly mycobacteria (tuberculosis), brucellosis, parasites such as leishmania, viruses (HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, EBV, CMV and parvovirus B19) and bacterial sepsis (the most frequent non-neoplastic cause of pancytopenia in the occipital world). In addition to these three well-differentiated groups of causes of pancytopenia, we could include a fourth group where we would find a miscellany of causes that cannot be included in the previous classification. These include drugs such as some immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, etc., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, haemophagocytic syndrome and sarcoidosis.
Definitive clinical judgement
Haemophagocytic syndrome secondary to Leishmania infection in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis treated with anti-TNFα.
Evolution
Given the initial suspicion of haemophagocytic syndrome, high-dose corticosteroid and immunosuppressive treatment with ciclosporin A was started, with stabilisation of the three haematological series and a slight decrease in ferritin and in the analytical data of haemophagocytosis. Subsequently, when the diagnosis of leishmaniasis was confirmed, the patient started treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, with a rapid clinical and analytical response, with pancytopenia disappearing and ferritin normalising in about 2 weeks. During follow-up in the clinic, the patient remained asymptomatic, with steroids slowly decreasing. After 1 year of follow-up with a dose of prednisone 7.5 mg per day, his haemogram and ferritin levels were normal.
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":",
"8",
".",
"1",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"platelets",
":",
"63x109L",
";",
"leukocytes",
":",
"1",
",",
"760x109L",
"together",
"with",
"a",
"maximum",
"LDH",
"elevation",
"of",
"981",
"U",
"/",
"L",
"and",
"minimal",
"increase",
"in",
"bilirubin",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"indirect",
"and",
"decreased",
"haptoglobin",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"increased",
"ferritin",
"(",
"peak",
"of",
"4383",
"ng",
"/",
"ml",
")",
"and",
"triglycerides",
"550",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
".",
"The",
"analytical",
"study",
"was",
"completed",
"with",
"autoimmunity",
"(",
"ANA",
",",
"ANCA",
",",
"anti",
"DNA",
",",
"ENA",
",",
"anti-mitochondrial",
",",
"anti-smooth",
"muscle",
"and",
"anti-phospholipid",
"antibodies",
")",
"which",
"was",
"negative",
",",
"proteinogram",
"with",
"a",
"doubtful",
"monoclonal",
"gamma",
"component",
"which",
"was",
"later",
"confirmed",
"by",
"immunoelectrophoresis",
"to",
"be",
"free",
"of",
"monoclonal",
"band",
".",
"Mantoux",
"and",
"quantiferon",
"negative",
".",
"Legionella",
",",
"pneumococcus",
"and",
"leishmania",
"urine",
"antigen",
"negative",
".",
"Urine",
"Lowestein",
"culture",
"negative",
".",
"Liver",
"serology",
"and",
"Brucella",
",",
"Salmonella",
"typhi",
"and",
"paratyphi",
",",
"Ricketsia",
"coronii",
",",
"Coxiella",
"burneti",
",",
"CMV",
",",
"HSV",
",",
"EBV",
"and",
"Parvovirus",
"B19",
"negative",
".",
"HIV",
"negative",
".",
"Negative",
"blood",
"and",
"urine",
"cultures",
".",
"Imaging",
"tests",
"showed",
"bilateral",
"pleural",
"effusion",
"and",
"hepatosplenomegaly",
".",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"pleural",
"calcifications",
",",
"calcified",
"hepatic",
"granulomas",
"and",
"some",
"calcified",
"adenopathies",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"bilateral",
"pleural",
"effusion",
"with",
"underlying",
"lung",
"collapse",
".",
"Transthoracic",
"and",
"transesophageal",
"echocardiography",
":",
"negative",
"for",
"endocarditis",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"a",
"bone",
"marrow",
"(",
"BM",
")",
"aspirate-biopsy",
"was",
"performed",
"in",
"which",
"the",
"flow",
"cytometry",
"showed",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"0",
".",
"1",
"%",
"of",
"immature",
"myeloid",
"cells",
"without",
"phenotypic",
"aberrations",
",",
"no",
"monoclonal",
"B",
"lymphoid",
"proliferation",
",",
"T",
"lymphoid",
"population",
"with",
"CD4",
"/",
"CD8",
"ratio",
"maintained",
".",
"The",
"myelogram",
"was",
"inconclusive",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"clumps",
"and",
"low",
"cellularity",
",",
"although",
"no",
"blasts",
"were",
"observed",
".",
"The",
"culture",
"for",
"brucella",
"and",
"mycobacteria",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"of",
"the",
"biopsy",
"showed",
"amastigote",
"parasites",
"compatible",
"with",
"leishmania",
",",
"which",
"was",
"subsequently",
"confirmed",
"by",
"PCR",
"technique",
"for",
"leishmania",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"Pancytopenia",
"is",
"defined",
"as",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"the",
"normal",
"blood",
"count",
"of",
"leukocytes",
"(",
"<",
"4",
".",
"5x109",
"/",
"L",
")",
",",
"haemoglobin",
"according",
"to",
"age",
"and",
"sex",
",",
"and",
"platelets",
"(",
"<",
"150",
".",
"0x109",
"/",
"L",
")",
".",
"Given",
"these",
"findings",
",",
"it",
"is",
"necessary",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"differential",
"diagnostic",
"algorithm",
",",
"which",
"should",
"include",
"mainly",
"onco-haematological",
",",
"autoimmune",
"or",
"infectious",
"causes",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"haematological",
"causes",
",",
"we",
"should",
"mainly",
"rule",
"out",
"neoplasms",
"such",
"as",
"acute",
"leukaemia",
"or",
"bone",
"marrow",
"lymphomas",
",",
"without",
"forgetting",
"distant",
"metastases",
"from",
"other",
"solid",
"tumours",
".",
"Other",
"haematological",
"causes",
"to",
"be",
"highlighted",
"are",
"myelodysplastic",
"syndromes",
",",
"MO",
"aplasia",
",",
"myelofibrosis",
",",
"tricholeukaemia",
",",
"myeloptysis",
",",
"megaloblastic",
"anaemia",
"and",
"paroxysmal",
"nocturnal",
"haemoglobinuria",
".",
"In",
"general",
",",
"MO",
"aspirate-biopsy",
"will",
"be",
"necessary",
"for",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"these",
"entities",
".",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"main",
"autoimmune",
"causes",
"of",
"pancytopenia",
"is",
"Systemic",
"Lupus",
"Erythematosus",
"(",
"diagnostic",
"criteria",
"include",
"anaemia",
",",
"leukopenia",
"and",
"thrombopenia",
")",
"and",
"less",
"frequently",
"rheumatoid",
"arthritis",
".",
"Numerous",
"causes",
"of",
"infectious",
"origin",
"are",
"associated",
"with",
"cytopenias",
".",
"For",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"these",
",",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"serological",
"determinations",
"and",
"specific",
"laboratory",
"tests",
"for",
"some",
"of",
"them",
",",
"a",
"correct",
"anamnesis",
"including",
"information",
"on",
"recent",
"trips",
",",
"place",
"of",
"origin",
"and",
"usual",
"place",
"of",
"residence",
",",
"workplace",
",",
"contact",
"with",
"animals",
",",
"type",
"of",
"food",
",",
"etc",
".",
",",
"will",
"be",
"of",
"great",
"importance",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"causes",
"of",
"infectious",
"origin",
"we",
"must",
"highlight",
"mainly",
"mycobacteria",
"(",
"tuberculosis",
")",
",",
"brucellosis",
",",
"parasites",
"such",
"as",
"leishmania",
",",
"viruses",
"(",
"HIV",
",",
"HAV",
",",
"HBV",
",",
"HCV",
",",
"EBV",
",",
"CMV",
"and",
"parvovirus",
"B19",
")",
"and",
"bacterial",
"sepsis",
"(",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"non-neoplastic",
"cause",
"of",
"pancytopenia",
"in",
"the",
"occipital",
"world",
")",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"these",
"three",
"well-differentiated",
"groups",
"of",
"causes",
"of",
"pancytopenia",
",",
"we",
"could",
"include",
"a",
"fourth",
"group",
"where",
"we",
"would",
"find",
"a",
"miscellany",
"of",
"causes",
"that",
"cannot",
"be",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"previous",
"classification",
".",
"These",
"include",
"drugs",
"such",
"as",
"some",
"immunosuppressants",
",",
"anticonvulsants",
",",
"antidepressants",
",",
"etc",
".",
",",
"chemotherapy",
"and",
"radiotherapy",
",",
"haemophagocytic",
"syndrome",
"and",
"sarcoidosis",
".",
"Definitive",
"clinical",
"judgement",
"Haemophagocytic",
"syndrome",
"secondary",
"to",
"Leishmania",
"infection",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"ankylosing",
"spondylitis",
"treated",
"with",
"anti-TNFα",
".",
"Evolution",
"Given",
"the",
"initial",
"suspicion",
"of",
"haemophagocytic",
"syndrome",
",",
"high-dose",
"corticosteroid",
"and",
"immunosuppressive",
"treatment",
"with",
"ciclosporin",
"A",
"was",
"started",
",",
"with",
"stabilisation",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"haematological",
"series",
"and",
"a",
"slight",
"decrease",
"in",
"ferritin",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"analytical",
"data",
"of",
"haemophagocytosis",
".",
"Subsequently",
",",
"when",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"leishmaniasis",
"was",
"confirmed",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"started",
"treatment",
"with",
"liposomal",
"amphotericin",
"B",
",",
"with",
"a",
"rapid",
"clinical",
"and",
"analytical",
"response",
",",
"with",
"pancytopenia",
"disappearing",
"and",
"ferritin",
"normalising",
"in",
"about",
"2",
"weeks",
".",
"During",
"follow-up",
"in",
"the",
"clinic",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"remained",
"asymptomatic",
",",
"with",
"steroids",
"slowly",
"decreasing",
".",
"After",
"1",
"year",
"of",
"follow-up",
"with",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"prednisone",
"7",
".",
"5",
"mg",
"per",
"day",
",",
"his",
"haemogram",
"and",
"ferritin",
"levels",
"were",
"normal",
"."
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We present the case of a 79-year-old man with no drug allergies. He suffers from arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemia as cardiovascular risk factors, with good home control. He has left hydronephrosis with reduction of the renal parenchyma leading to chronic renal failure with a creatinine clearance of approximately 40 ml/min/1.73m2. In addition, he has prostatic symptoms, with a suspected left testicular tumour under study by Urology and presented a massive pulmonary thromboembolism in 2017 with no clear precipitant with normal coagulation study. Since then, he has been anticoagulated with direct-acting anticoagulants. As usual treatment, the patient takes apixaban, amlodipine, tamsulosin and omeprazole. He has an active baseline life and is independent for basic activities of daily living. He has no cognitive impairment, sphincter incontinence or gait disturbance.
The patient was brought to the emergency department by ambulance after his family found him on the floor with sphincter incontinence, difficulty in mobilisation and behavioural alteration, with mutism and disorientation. In the days prior to the episode, the relatives report the presence of continuous nausea without vomiting, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits or fever, and gait disturbance with lateralisation the day before the fall. On examination, he was conscious but disoriented, with irregular cooperation and slowness to simple commands, with no clear neurological focality. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal examinations were unremarkable.
The blood tests carried out in the emergency department showed 11,700 leukocytes in the haemogram with 78% polymorphonuclear cells, normal red blood count and platelets, with normal coagulation. Biochemistry showed creatinine 1.89 mg/dl (glomerular filtration rate 37 ml/min/1.73m2), sodium 134 mEq/L, potassium 4.8 mEq/L and C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.8 mg/dl. Thyroid hormone levels and urine system were normal. Chest X-ray showed no evidence of infiltrates in the pulmonary parenchyma or pleural effusion. The ED study was completed with a non-contrast CT scan of the skull showing marked dilatation of the ventricular system, not proportionate to the degree of cortical atrophy, which could correspond to normotensive hydrocephalus in an appropriate clinical context. In addition, there is an ectatic and tortuous basilar artery. During the afternoon after admission, the patient became more agitated and nervous, not cooperating or recognising his relatives, and his level of consciousness progressively decreased to a Glasgow score of 12/15. Vital signs at that time are as follows: BP 130/100 mmHg, HR 90 bpm, saturating at 91-92% with oxygen supply at 2 bpm via nasal goggles and fever of 38oC. The blood test was repeated and was similar to the previous one, although with an increase in CRP to 44 mg/dl, with normal ions and blood gases. A new CT scan of the skull was also repeated, showing no changes with respect to the previous one, and it was decided to perform a lumbar puncture to analyse the CSF.
Differential diagnosis
We found a patient with acute confusional symptoms with altered level of consciousness, slight leukocytosis with elevated CRP, fever, partial respiratory failure and dilatation of the ventricular system in the skull CT scan.
Given that there are many pathologies that present with decreased level of consciousness, a differential diagnosis should include those causes that are accompanied by hydrocephalus in their evolution. This includes CSF outflow obstruction caused by an anatomical abnormality (e.g. Chiari malformation), by a tumour or by an infectious or inflammatory disease (e.g. meningitis).1 Since no mass or other obstructive lesion was seen on our patient's CT scan of the brain, we could rule out both an anatomical abnormality and a tumour (as well as not being accompanied by the rest of our patient's clinical presentation, such as fever or elevated CRP).
Therefore, the entities that could be taken into account in the differential diagnosis would be the following:
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: this is a fulminant demyelinating disease that may be related to a history of immunisation or infection. It always presents with clinical manifestations of disseminated neurological disease (such as sensory deficit), in addition to other symptoms such as fever, headache, meningismus... Pleocytosis is common in CSF, usually 200 cells/μl. MRI may reveal extensive gadolinium enhancement of the cerebral and medullary white matter.
- Sarcoidosis: Neurological involvement occurs in 5% of patients with sarcoidosis and is the first manifestation in about half of the cases. Neurological findings include cranial neuropathies and occasionally pachymeningitis. However, hydrocephalus would be more unusual. Aseptic meningitis is usually the only manifestation of neurosarcoidosis.
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis). Neurological complications of Wegener's granulomatosis occur in 20-50% of cases, although they are not usually the initial signs of the disease. Mechanisms of nervous system involvement include invasion of contiguous, independent structures, intracranial granuloma formation and vasculitis. Despite this, our patient has no other extracranial clinical manifestations that might suggest this entity, such as paranasal sinus or renal lesions.
- Bacterial meningoencephalitis: Both bacterial and fungal meningoencephalitis can cause chronic inflammation and scarring of the lining of the ventricle, leading to the formation of adhesions that can cause obstruction. The most common community-acquired bacterium causing meningitis in adult patients is Streptococcus pneumoniae, although meningococcus and Listeria are also common. In this case, we would find pleocytosis in the CSF with predominantly polymorphonuclear, elevated protein, decreased glucose and positive Gram staining. Brucella can cause chronic granulomatous meningitis, but is typically associated with fever, constitutional symptoms and a history of exposure to infected animals or tissues2. Finally, the spirochetes Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi can cause various neurological manifestations in advanced stages, such as meningitis, encephalitis, cranial nerve inflammation, ataxia or myelitis.
- Fungal meningitis. May cause meningoencephalitis associated with a mild, resolving or asymptomatic lung infection. The most common type of fungal meningitis is cryptococcal, although it is rare in immunocompetent patients, as are Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp and Pseudallescheria boydii. Coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis rarely spread to the central nervous system. In blastomycosis, the brain and meninges are usually affected late in the course of advanced disease.
- Tuberculous meningitis: occurs with a chronic, indolent course. The infection originates from a primary tuberculous lesion or reactivation in relation to ageing, immunosuppression or HIV infection. The characteristic features of active tuberculosis may not accompany meningitis; chest radiographs are normal in more than half of affected adults. The typical CSF pattern is mononuclear pleocytosis with elevated protein and reduced glucose levels. The average duration of symptoms is two to four weeks. Fever is typical, occurring during the course of the disease in more than 80% of patients. Hydrocephalus is the most common neuroradiological alteration. In our patient this entity should be considered, given the clinical features and the presence of hydrocephalus, although a priori we would be dealing with an immunocompetent patient, which would be less likely. It could also be an infection by M. avium, although in these cases the patient usually had a productive cough and abnormal chest X-rays.
Evolution
After performing the lumbar puncture, empirical treatment with ceftriaxone, vancomycin, ampicillin, acyclovir and dexamethasone was started and, given the serious clinical condition of the patient, with a marked decrease in the level of consciousness and progressive respiratory failure, he was transferred to the ICU where he finally required orotracheal intubation.
Cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry showed clear fluid with 21 leukocytes (89% mononuclear), glucose consumption (20 mg/dl) and proteinuria (169 mg/dl). Gram stain showed no micro-organisms. Since the patient did not show clear improvement with antibiotic treatment, it was decided to perform a new lumbar puncture, and a positive tuberculosis PCR was detected, confirming its growth in the subsequent culture. Treatment was started with rifampicin/pyrazinamide/isoniazid (Mycobacterium tuberculosis was sensitive to all first-line tuberculostatics). Sputum smear microscopy of respiratory samples was also positive, requiring respiratory isolation. New imaging tests, both CT and MRI, continued to detect hydrocephalus one week after starting anti-tuberculostatic treatment, and an external ventricular drain was placed, with no clear clinical improvement in the level of consciousness, so it was removed three days later. A CT scan of the chest showed multiple small nodules in the lower and upper right lobe, which did not appear to be related to tuberculosis.
HIV serology was negative. As complications in the ICU he presented tracheobronchitis due to Klebsiella pneumoniae and two episodes of bacteraemia secondary to central venous catheter infection, one of them due to Staphylococcus epidermidis and the other to Klebsiella pneumoniae, treated with linezolid and ciprofloxacin respectively. He was transferred to the hospital ward with haemodynamic and respiratory stability and some improvement in the level of consciousness, albeit fluctuating over the following days.
It was decided to perform a ventriculostomy due to the persistence of hydrocephalus with significant ependymal transudate in a control CT scan of the skull performed one month later. Finally, despite the measures taken, the patient continued to deteriorate progressively from the neurological point of view and died almost two months after starting anti-tuberculosis treatment.
Final diagnosis
Acute confusional syndrome with decreased level of consciousness secondary to tuberculous meningitis in an immunocompetent patient.
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"infectious",
"or",
"inflammatory",
"disease",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
"meningitis",
")",
".",
"1",
"Since",
"no",
"mass",
"or",
"other",
"obstructive",
"lesion",
"was",
"seen",
"on",
"our",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"brain",
",",
"we",
"could",
"rule",
"out",
"both",
"an",
"anatomical",
"abnormality",
"and",
"a",
"tumour",
"(",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"not",
"being",
"accompanied",
"by",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"clinical",
"presentation",
",",
"such",
"as",
"fever",
"or",
"elevated",
"CRP",
")",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"the",
"entities",
"that",
"could",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
"in",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"following",
":",
"-",
"Acute",
"disseminated",
"encephalomyelitis",
":",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"fulminant",
"demyelinating",
"disease",
"that",
"may",
"be",
"related",
"to",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"immunisation",
"or",
"infection",
".",
"It",
"always",
"presents",
"with",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"of",
"disseminated",
"neurological",
"disease",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"sensory",
"deficit",
")",
",",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"other",
"symptoms",
"such",
"as",
"fever",
",",
"headache",
",",
"meningismus",
".",
".",
".",
"Pleocytosis",
"is",
"common",
"in",
"CSF",
",",
"usually",
"200",
"cells",
"/",
"μl",
".",
"MRI",
"may",
"reveal",
"extensive",
"gadolinium",
"enhancement",
"of",
"the",
"cerebral",
"and",
"medullary",
"white",
"matter",
".",
"-",
"Sarcoidosis",
":",
"Neurological",
"involvement",
"occurs",
"in",
"5",
"%",
"of",
"patients",
"with",
"sarcoidosis",
"and",
"is",
"the",
"first",
"manifestation",
"in",
"about",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"cases",
".",
"Neurological",
"findings",
"include",
"cranial",
"neuropathies",
"and",
"occasionally",
"pachymeningitis",
".",
"However",
",",
"hydrocephalus",
"would",
"be",
"more",
"unusual",
".",
"Aseptic",
"meningitis",
"is",
"usually",
"the",
"only",
"manifestation",
"of",
"neurosarcoidosis",
".",
"-",
"Granulomatosis",
"with",
"polyangiitis",
"(",
"Wegener",
"'",
"s",
"granulomatosis",
")",
".",
"Neurological",
"complications",
"of",
"Wegener",
"'",
"s",
"granulomatosis",
"occur",
"in",
"20-50",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
",",
"although",
"they",
"are",
"not",
"usually",
"the",
"initial",
"signs",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
".",
"Mechanisms",
"of",
"nervous",
"system",
"involvement",
"include",
"invasion",
"of",
"contiguous",
",",
"independent",
"structures",
",",
"intracranial",
"granuloma",
"formation",
"and",
"vasculitis",
".",
"Despite",
"this",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"has",
"no",
"other",
"extracranial",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"that",
"might",
"suggest",
"this",
"entity",
",",
"such",
"as",
"paranasal",
"sinus",
"or",
"renal",
"lesions",
".",
"-",
"Bacterial",
"meningoencephalitis",
":",
"Both",
"bacterial",
"and",
"fungal",
"meningoencephalitis",
"can",
"cause",
"chronic",
"inflammation",
"and",
"scarring",
"of",
"the",
"lining",
"of",
"the",
"ventricle",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"adhesions",
"that",
"can",
"cause",
"obstruction",
".",
"The",
"most",
"common",
"community-acquired",
"bacterium",
"causing",
"meningitis",
"in",
"adult",
"patients",
"is",
"Streptococcus",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"although",
"meningococcus",
"and",
"Listeria",
"are",
"also",
"common",
".",
"In",
"this",
"case",
",",
"we",
"would",
"find",
"pleocytosis",
"in",
"the",
"CSF",
"with",
"predominantly",
"polymorphonuclear",
",",
"elevated",
"protein",
",",
"decreased",
"glucose",
"and",
"positive",
"Gram",
"staining",
".",
"Brucella",
"can",
"cause",
"chronic",
"granulomatous",
"meningitis",
",",
"but",
"is",
"typically",
"associated",
"with",
"fever",
",",
"constitutional",
"symptoms",
"and",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"exposure",
"to",
"infected",
"animals",
"or",
"tissues2",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"the",
"spirochetes",
"Treponema",
"pallidum",
"and",
"Borrelia",
"burgdorferi",
"can",
"cause",
"various",
"neurological",
"manifestations",
"in",
"advanced",
"stages",
",",
"such",
"as",
"meningitis",
",",
"encephalitis",
",",
"cranial",
"nerve",
"inflammation",
",",
"ataxia",
"or",
"myelitis",
".",
"-",
"Fungal",
"meningitis",
".",
"May",
"cause",
"meningoencephalitis",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"mild",
",",
"resolving",
"or",
"asymptomatic",
"lung",
"infection",
".",
"The",
"most",
"common",
"type",
"of",
"fungal",
"meningitis",
"is",
"cryptococcal",
",",
"although",
"it",
"is",
"rare",
"in",
"immunocompetent",
"patients",
",",
"as",
"are",
"Aspergillus",
"spp",
",",
"Mucor",
"spp",
"and",
"Pseudallescheria",
"boydii",
".",
"Coccidioidomycosis",
"and",
"histoplasmosis",
"rarely",
"spread",
"to",
"the",
"central",
"nervous",
"system",
".",
"In",
"blastomycosis",
",",
"the",
"brain",
"and",
"meninges",
"are",
"usually",
"affected",
"late",
"in",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"advanced",
"disease",
".",
"-",
"Tuberculous",
"meningitis",
":",
"occurs",
"with",
"a",
"chronic",
",",
"indolent",
"course",
".",
"The",
"infection",
"originates",
"from",
"a",
"primary",
"tuberculous",
"lesion",
"or",
"reactivation",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"ageing",
",",
"immunosuppression",
"or",
"HIV",
"infection",
".",
"The",
"characteristic",
"features",
"of",
"active",
"tuberculosis",
"may",
"not",
"accompany",
"meningitis",
";",
"chest",
"radiographs",
"are",
"normal",
"in",
"more",
"than",
"half",
"of",
"affected",
"adults",
".",
"The",
"typical",
"CSF",
"pattern",
"is",
"mononuclear",
"pleocytosis",
"with",
"elevated",
"protein",
"and",
"reduced",
"glucose",
"levels",
".",
"The",
"average",
"duration",
"of",
"symptoms",
"is",
"two",
"to",
"four",
"weeks",
".",
"Fever",
"is",
"typical",
",",
"occurring",
"during",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
"in",
"more",
"than",
"80",
"%",
"of",
"patients",
".",
"Hydrocephalus",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"neuroradiological",
"alteration",
".",
"In",
"our",
"patient",
"this",
"entity",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
",",
"given",
"the",
"clinical",
"features",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"hydrocephalus",
",",
"although",
"a",
"priori",
"we",
"would",
"be",
"dealing",
"with",
"an",
"immunocompetent",
"patient",
",",
"which",
"would",
"be",
"less",
"likely",
".",
"It",
"could",
"also",
"be",
"an",
"infection",
"by",
"M",
".",
"avium",
",",
"although",
"in",
"these",
"cases",
"the",
"patient",
"usually",
"had",
"a",
"productive",
"cough",
"and",
"abnormal",
"chest",
"X-rays",
".",
"Evolution",
"After",
"performing",
"the",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
",",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
",",
"vancomycin",
",",
"ampicillin",
",",
"acyclovir",
"and",
"dexamethasone",
"was",
"started",
"and",
",",
"given",
"the",
"serious",
"clinical",
"condition",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"with",
"a",
"marked",
"decrease",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"and",
"progressive",
"respiratory",
"failure",
",",
"he",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
"where",
"he",
"finally",
"required",
"orotracheal",
"intubation",
".",
"Cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
"biochemistry",
"showed",
"clear",
"fluid",
"with",
"21",
"leukocytes",
"(",
"89",
"%",
"mononuclear",
")",
",",
"glucose",
"consumption",
"(",
"20",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
")",
"and",
"proteinuria",
"(",
"169",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
")",
".",
"Gram",
"stain",
"showed",
"no",
"micro-organisms",
".",
"Since",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"show",
"clear",
"improvement",
"with",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"new",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
",",
"and",
"a",
"positive",
"tuberculosis",
"PCR",
"was",
"detected",
",",
"confirming",
"its",
"growth",
"in",
"the",
"subsequent",
"culture",
".",
"Treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"rifampicin",
"/",
"pyrazinamide",
"/",
"isoniazid",
"(",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
"was",
"sensitive",
"to",
"all",
"first-line",
"tuberculostatics",
")",
".",
"Sputum",
"smear",
"microscopy",
"of",
"respiratory",
"samples",
"was",
"also",
"positive",
",",
"requiring",
"respiratory",
"isolation",
".",
"New",
"imaging",
"tests",
",",
"both",
"CT",
"and",
"MRI",
",",
"continued",
"to",
"detect",
"hydrocephalus",
"one",
"week",
"after",
"starting",
"anti-tuberculostatic",
"treatment",
",",
"and",
"an",
"external",
"ventricular",
"drain",
"was",
"placed",
",",
"with",
"no",
"clear",
"clinical",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"removed",
"three",
"days",
"later",
".",
"A",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"chest",
"showed",
"multiple",
"small",
"nodules",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"and",
"upper",
"right",
"lobe",
",",
"which",
"did",
"not",
"appear",
"to",
"be",
"related",
"to",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"HIV",
"serology",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"As",
"complications",
"in",
"the",
"ICU",
"he",
"presented",
"tracheobronchitis",
"due",
"to",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
"and",
"two",
"episodes",
"of",
"bacteraemia",
"secondary",
"to",
"central",
"venous",
"catheter",
"infection",
",",
"one",
"of",
"them",
"due",
"to",
"Staphylococcus",
"epidermidis",
"and",
"the",
"other",
"to",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"treated",
"with",
"linezolid",
"and",
"ciprofloxacin",
"respectively",
".",
"He",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"hospital",
"ward",
"with",
"haemodynamic",
"and",
"respiratory",
"stability",
"and",
"some",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
",",
"albeit",
"fluctuating",
"over",
"the",
"following",
"days",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"ventriculostomy",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"persistence",
"of",
"hydrocephalus",
"with",
"significant",
"ependymal",
"transudate",
"in",
"a",
"control",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"skull",
"performed",
"one",
"month",
"later",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"despite",
"the",
"measures",
"taken",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"continued",
"to",
"deteriorate",
"progressively",
"from",
"the",
"neurological",
"point",
"of",
"view",
"and",
"died",
"almost",
"two",
"months",
"after",
"starting",
"anti-tuberculosis",
"treatment",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Acute",
"confusional",
"syndrome",
"with",
"decreased",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"secondary",
"to",
"tuberculous",
"meningitis",
"in",
"an",
"immunocompetent",
"patient",
"."
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A 2-week-old Caucasian boy, son of a 32-year-old woman (3 pregnancies, 2 deliveries, 1 abortion, 2 living children), GBS positive and at 39 weeks' gestation, with voluntary caesarean delivery, brought the baby to the emergency department with a fever of 38.0°C of one day's evolution. In the three days prior to admission, the mother noticed a progressively worsening erythema on the thumb and fourth finger. In addition, the patient had become increasingly drowsy during the last day and had decreased his milk intake, which convinced his mother to take him to the emergency department for evaluation. Routine history taking did not reveal nasal congestion, cough, respiratory distress, vomiting or diarrhoea. The mother reported a feeling of congestion and cough for the last few days and a sibling with viral symptoms. The mother has a history of recurrent oral herpetic lesions.
Physical examination showed a 2-week-old child in good health, conscious and able to take the mother's breast in the emergency department. Physical examination of the patient was unremarkable except for small erosions on the right thumb and fourth finger, with a thin erythematous border without fluctuation or discharge. During the ED visit, the patient presented with a temperature of 38°C, measured rectally. Initial laboratory tests with a complete blood count and blood differential yielded the following results: leukocyte count 9.2 bil/L, haemoglobin 17.7 g/dL, thrombocytes 244 bil/L, neutrophils 0.3 bil/L, lymphocytes 5.0 bil/L, monocytes 3.7 bil/L, immature granulocytes 0.06 bil/L. A complete metabolic profile was relevant only for an aspartate aminotransferase of 64 U/L and an alanine aminotransferase of 40 U/L. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests showed a glucorrachia of 51 mg/dL, proteinorrachia of 45 mg/dL, leukocyte count of 6/μL and erythrocyte count of 360/μL.
Provisional treatment with antibiotics and acyclovir was started in view of his high liver enzyme values and possible finger lesions. Shortly after a lumbar puncture, the patient developed 85% hypoxia while in the mother's arms, which improved with stimulation and oxygen therapy. Chest X-ray showed bilateral perihilar lines without focal consolidation. The patient was admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit because of hypoxic respiratory failure. Prior to transfer, a nasopharyngeal swab was performed for SARS-CoV-2 testing. The patient required light nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the first 24 hours of admission, but was progressively weaned to room air without the need for increased therapy. On day 1 of admission, PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 was positive. Additional herpes simplex virus surface cultures and cultures of the right hand lesions tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Blood and CSF cultures showed no growth and tests for meningitis and CSF encephalitis were negative. Respiratory viral tests were also negative. Complete blood count revealed an improvement of neutrocytopenia from 0.3 bil/L to 0.7 bil/L.
Given the improvement of the patient's clinical condition, neither hydroxychloroquine nor azithromycin was administered. On hospital day 4, he was discharged with oral antibiotics for soft tissue infection.
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A 16-year-old woman with a personal history of mixed hyperandrogenism (under follow-up by gynaecology and endocrinology) consulted her primary care centre for fever and odynophagia of two weeks' duration. After finding tonsillar hypertrophy with pustular plaques and painful right laterocervical adenopathy, she was prescribed treatment with fenoxymethylpenicillin (250 mg every 12 hours), which was modified to clindamycin (300 mg every 6 hours) after three days due to persistence of the symptoms. The symptoms did not improve in the following days, and the patient became very prostrate. A urine culture coinciding with some dysuria isolated Escherichia coli. Treatment was replaced with ciprofloxacin and the patient was admitted to hospital. On admission, the patient was in an acceptable general state of health and had a good level of consciousness. She was afebrile (36.7oC) and haemodynamically stable (blood pressure 116/78mmHg and 103 beats per minute).
The complete physical examination revealed no significant abnormalities, except for the presence of small right laterocervical adenopathies in lymph node areas II-III and the existence of hypertrophic grade II palatine tonsils with non-confluent psudomembranous exudate that was detached when scratched. There was no evidence of bulging of the anterior tonsillar pillars or clear asymmetries.
Initial complementary tests showed mild leukocytosis without left shift (11,150 leukocytes/mm3, with 35.3% neutrophils, 57% lymphocytes and 6.4% monocytes). Haemoglobin was 13.3 g/dL and platelets 213,000 per plaq/mm3. Renal function was normal (creatinine 0.81 mg/dL, urea 21.6 mg/dL, sodium 141 mmol/L and potassium 3.81 mmol/L) and minimal elevation of liver enzymes was evident (aspartate transaminase 90 U/L, alanine transaminase 110.4 U/L, gamma glutamyltransferase 77 U/L, total bilirubin 0.34 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase 67 U/L, triacylglycerol lipase 53.4 U/L and alpha amylase 40 U/L). Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound were normal. After 24 hours of admission the patient started with weakness in the lower limbs. Examination revealed bilateral nystagmus, global paraparesis 3/5, hyperreflexia of upper limbs and slight nuchal rigidity. There was no sensory deficit. Several hours later, the paraparesis of the lower limbs progressed to affect the upper limbs. The patient also reported diplopia and there was a significant decrease in the level of consciousness. An urgent cranial CT scan showed no significant findings and a lumbar puncture revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with normal organoleptic properties and normal outflow pressure. CSF biochemistry showed 45 leukocytes/mm3 with 5% polymorphonuclear and 95% mononuclear, glucose 62 mg/dl and total protein 48.3 mg/dl.
Differential diagnosis
In the case of a patient with impaired level of consciousness, a differential diagnosis should be established between several entities:
- Traumatic: ruled out due to the lack of previous traumatic history.
- Toxic-nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency, niacin deficiency, radiation myelopathy, heavy metal toxicity, drug toxicity, alcoholism, diabetes, amyloidosis, etc. The clinical manifestations of these entities and the lack of exposure or consumption of toxic substances rule them out.
- Paraneoplastic: microcytic carcinoma of the lung and carcinoma of the breast and ovary, as the most frequent neoplasms. The absence of compatible clinical manifestations, the lack of history to support the diagnosis and the normal chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound allow these diagnoses to be reasonably ruled out.
- Ischaemic: occlusion of the anterior spinal artery or a segmental branch of the aorta, bifrontal cerebral infarction, dural fistulas, etc. The patient's age and the gradual progression of the clinical picture militate against these possibilities.
- Compressive: tumours, epidural or subdural haematoma, epidural abscess, syringomyelia, lumbar canal stenosis, vertebral spondylosis, herniated discs, etc. or less intense at the level of the lesion, a circumstance not reported by the patient.
- Inflammatory: we must first consider multiple sclerosis, whose most frequent onset symptom is altered sensation (paraesthesia), which was absent in our patient after a thorough examination. In addition, for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the presence of a febrile process (present in our patient) must be ruled out. Secondly, the presence of acute idiopathic demyelinating demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome) should be considered. This condition is characterised by weakness of the limbs, paraesthesia in the acral regions, generalised hyporeflexia and albumin-cytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid, all of which were absent in our patient.
- Infectious: the presence of fever, decreased level of consciousness and tetraparesis is suggestive of acute post-infectious disseminated disseminated encephalomyelitis. This is an abnormal immune response to infection or vaccination that appears 5 to 20 days after the acute episode. The aetiological agents involved are measles, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), rubella, mumps, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, influenza, hepatitis A and C, and less frequently bacteria (cases associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and rarely with other bacteria have been described). This would be the first option to consider in our patient. The history of odynophagia with hypertrophic palatine tonsils with inconclusive pseudomembranous exudate and laterocervical adenopathies suggest EBV as the most likely aetiological agent.
Cervical MRI in T2 sequence: inflammatory signs at the level of the cervical medulla.
Evolution
Given the clinical progression, a cervico-dorso-lumbosacral MRI was performed, showing a faint area of hypersignal in T2 sequence, with a linear arrangement in a craniocaudal direction at the level of the ventral and medial lower cervical spinal cord (extending along the segment corresponding to the C5-C6 vertebral bodies). There was also minimal spinal cord swelling at this level which did not show contrast enhancement. The findings were indicative of inflammatory involvement compatible with acute myelitis. The data obtained from the radiological tests associated with the history of fever and the deterioration of the level of consciousness allowed the diagnosis of acute post-infectious disseminated disseminated encephalomyelitis to be established.
The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and treatment with acyclovir 10 mg/kg/8 hours and three boluses of methylprednisolone (1g/day, three days) was prescribed. Ciprofloxacin (400 mg iv every 12 hours) was maintained. EBV serology was positive (IgG: 53.40 U/mL, IgM: positive), as was cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology (IgG: 48.69 U/mL, IgM: weak positive). Serology for HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, parvovirus B19, hepatitis A and B virus, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia conorii and Toxoplasma gondii were negative. In the absence of heterophile antibody positivity, it was decided to switch from acyclovir to ganciclovir (275 mg every 12 hours) in the intensive care unit. The patient improved rapidly and was transferred to the ward, where ganciclovir treatment was maintained for two weeks. No oral glucocorticoid regimen or other therapeutic measures such as immunoglobulins or plasmapheresis were used due to the good clinical course. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for HSV, VZV and enterovirus was negative. A second serology was performed two weeks after the first serology. The presence of EBV IgM was confirmed (IgG: 25.7 U/mL, IgM: positive), this time CMV IgM was negative (IgG: 38.14 U/mL, IgM: negative). On discharge, the patient ambulated independently without external aids, without gait ataxia and without dysmetria.
Final diagnosis
Acute post-infectious disseminated encephalomyelitis due to Epstein-Barr virus.
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"for",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"small",
"right",
"laterocervical",
"adenopathies",
"in",
"lymph",
"node",
"areas",
"II-III",
"and",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"hypertrophic",
"grade",
"II",
"palatine",
"tonsils",
"with",
"non-confluent",
"psudomembranous",
"exudate",
"that",
"was",
"detached",
"when",
"scratched",
".",
"There",
"was",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"bulging",
"of",
"the",
"anterior",
"tonsillar",
"pillars",
"or",
"clear",
"asymmetries",
".",
"Initial",
"complementary",
"tests",
"showed",
"mild",
"leukocytosis",
"without",
"left",
"shift",
"(",
"11",
",",
"150",
"leukocytes",
"/",
"mm3",
",",
"with",
"35",
".",
"3",
"%",
"neutrophils",
",",
"57",
"%",
"lymphocytes",
"and",
"6",
".",
"4",
"%",
"monocytes",
")",
".",
"Haemoglobin",
"was",
"13",
".",
"3",
"g",
"/",
"dL",
"and",
"platelets",
"213",
",",
"000",
"per",
"plaq",
"/",
"mm3",
".",
"Renal",
"function",
"was",
"normal",
"(",
"creatinine",
"0",
".",
"81",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"urea",
"21",
".",
"6",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"sodium",
"141",
"mmol",
"/",
"L",
"and",
"potassium",
"3",
".",
"81",
"mmol",
"/",
"L",
")",
"and",
"minimal",
"elevation",
"of",
"liver",
"enzymes",
"was",
"evident",
"(",
"aspartate",
"transaminase",
"90",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"alanine",
"transaminase",
"110",
".",
"4",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"gamma",
"glutamyltransferase",
"77",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"total",
"bilirubin",
"0",
".",
"34",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"alkaline",
"phosphatase",
"67",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"triacylglycerol",
"lipase",
"53",
".",
"4",
"U",
"/",
"L",
"and",
"alpha",
"amylase",
"40",
"U",
"/",
"L",
")",
".",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
"and",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
"were",
"normal",
".",
"After",
"24",
"hours",
"of",
"admission",
"the",
"patient",
"started",
"with",
"weakness",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
".",
"Examination",
"revealed",
"bilateral",
"nystagmus",
",",
"global",
"paraparesis",
"3",
"/",
"5",
",",
"hyperreflexia",
"of",
"upper",
"limbs",
"and",
"slight",
"nuchal",
"rigidity",
".",
"There",
"was",
"no",
"sensory",
"deficit",
".",
"Several",
"hours",
"later",
",",
"the",
"paraparesis",
"of",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
"progressed",
"to",
"affect",
"the",
"upper",
"limbs",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"also",
"reported",
"diplopia",
"and",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"significant",
"decrease",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
".",
"An",
"urgent",
"cranial",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"no",
"significant",
"findings",
"and",
"a",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"revealed",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
"(",
"CSF",
")",
"with",
"normal",
"organoleptic",
"properties",
"and",
"normal",
"outflow",
"pressure",
".",
"CSF",
"biochemistry",
"showed",
"45",
"leukocytes",
"/",
"mm3",
"with",
"5",
"%",
"polymorphonuclear",
"and",
"95",
"%",
"mononuclear",
",",
"glucose",
"62",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"and",
"total",
"protein",
"48",
".",
"3",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"impaired",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
",",
"a",
"differential",
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":",
"-",
"Traumatic",
":",
"ruled",
"out",
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"to",
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"lack",
"of",
"previous",
"traumatic",
"history",
".",
"-",
"Toxic-nutritional",
":",
"vitamin",
"B12",
"deficiency",
",",
"niacin",
"deficiency",
",",
"radiation",
"myelopathy",
",",
"heavy",
"metal",
"toxicity",
",",
"drug",
"toxicity",
",",
"alcoholism",
",",
"diabetes",
",",
"amyloidosis",
",",
"etc",
".",
"The",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"of",
"these",
"entities",
"and",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"exposure",
"or",
"consumption",
"of",
"toxic",
"substances",
"rule",
"them",
"out",
".",
"-",
"Paraneoplastic",
":",
"microcytic",
"carcinoma",
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"the",
"lung",
"and",
"carcinoma",
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"the",
"breast",
"and",
"ovary",
",",
"as",
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"most",
"frequent",
"neoplasms",
".",
"The",
"absence",
"of",
"compatible",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
",",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"history",
"to",
"support",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"and",
"the",
"normal",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"and",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
"allow",
"these",
"diagnoses",
"to",
"be",
"reasonably",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"-",
"Ischaemic",
":",
"occlusion",
"of",
"the",
"anterior",
"spinal",
"artery",
"or",
"a",
"segmental",
"branch",
"of",
"the",
"aorta",
",",
"bifrontal",
"cerebral",
"infarction",
",",
"dural",
"fistulas",
",",
"etc",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"age",
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"the",
"gradual",
"progression",
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"the",
"clinical",
"picture",
"militate",
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".",
"-",
"Compressive",
":",
"tumours",
",",
"epidural",
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"subdural",
"haematoma",
",",
"epidural",
"abscess",
",",
"syringomyelia",
",",
"lumbar",
"canal",
"stenosis",
",",
"vertebral",
"spondylosis",
",",
"herniated",
"discs",
",",
"etc",
".",
"or",
"less",
"intense",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
",",
"a",
"circumstance",
"not",
"reported",
"by",
"the",
"patient",
".",
"-",
"Inflammatory",
":",
"we",
"must",
"first",
"consider",
"multiple",
"sclerosis",
",",
"whose",
"most",
"frequent",
"onset",
"symptom",
"is",
"altered",
"sensation",
"(",
"paraesthesia",
")",
",",
"which",
"was",
"absent",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
"after",
"a",
"thorough",
"examination",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"for",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
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",",
"the",
"presence",
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"febrile",
"process",
"(",
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"patient",
")",
"must",
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"ruled",
"out",
".",
"Secondly",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"acute",
"idiopathic",
"demyelinating",
"demyelinating",
"polyneuropathy",
"(",
"Guillain-Barré",
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")",
"should",
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"considered",
".",
"This",
"condition",
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"characterised",
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"weakness",
"of",
"the",
"limbs",
",",
"paraesthesia",
"in",
"the",
"acral",
"regions",
",",
"generalised",
"hyporeflexia",
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"albumin-cytological",
"dissociation",
"in",
"the",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
",",
"all",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"absent",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"-",
"Infectious",
":",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"decreased",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"and",
"tetraparesis",
"is",
"suggestive",
"of",
"acute",
"post-infectious",
"disseminated",
"disseminated",
"encephalomyelitis",
".",
"This",
"is",
"an",
"abnormal",
"immune",
"response",
"to",
"infection",
"or",
"vaccination",
"that",
"appears",
"5",
"to",
"20",
"days",
"after",
"the",
"acute",
"episode",
".",
"The",
"aetiological",
"agents",
"involved",
"are",
"measles",
",",
"varicella-zoster",
"virus",
"(",
"VZV",
")",
",",
"rubella",
",",
"mumps",
",",
"Epstein-Barr",
"virus",
"(",
"EBV",
")",
",",
"HIV",
",",
"influenza",
",",
"hepatitis",
"A",
"and",
"C",
",",
"and",
"less",
"frequently",
"bacteria",
"(",
"cases",
"associated",
"with",
"Mycoplasma",
"pneumoniae",
"and",
"rarely",
"with",
"other",
"bacteria",
"have",
"been",
"described",
")",
".",
"This",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"first",
"option",
"to",
"consider",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"The",
"history",
"of",
"odynophagia",
"with",
"hypertrophic",
"palatine",
"tonsils",
"with",
"inconclusive",
"pseudomembranous",
"exudate",
"and",
"laterocervical",
"adenopathies",
"suggest",
"EBV",
"as",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"aetiological",
"agent",
".",
"Cervical",
"MRI",
"in",
"T2",
"sequence",
":",
"inflammatory",
"signs",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"cervical",
"medulla",
".",
"Evolution",
"Given",
"the",
"clinical",
"progression",
",",
"a",
"cervico-dorso-lumbosacral",
"MRI",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"showing",
"a",
"faint",
"area",
"of",
"hypersignal",
"in",
"T2",
"sequence",
",",
"with",
"a",
"linear",
"arrangement",
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"a",
"craniocaudal",
"direction",
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"level",
"of",
"the",
"ventral",
"and",
"medial",
"lower",
"cervical",
"spinal",
"cord",
"(",
"extending",
"along",
"the",
"segment",
"corresponding",
"to",
"the",
"C5-C6",
"vertebral",
"bodies",
")",
".",
"There",
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"also",
"minimal",
"spinal",
"cord",
"swelling",
"at",
"this",
"level",
"which",
"did",
"not",
"show",
"contrast",
"enhancement",
".",
"The",
"findings",
"were",
"indicative",
"of",
"inflammatory",
"involvement",
"compatible",
"with",
"acute",
"myelitis",
".",
"The",
"data",
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"diagnosis",
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"acute",
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"disseminated",
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"The",
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"/",
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"/",
"8",
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"Ciprofloxacin",
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":",
"53",
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"40",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
",",
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",",
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":",
"48",
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"69",
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"/",
"mL",
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"1",
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"2",
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",",
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",",
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"Coxiella",
"burnetii",
",",
"Rickettsia",
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"Toxoplasma",
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"In",
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"absence",
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"antibody",
"positivity",
",",
"it",
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"(",
"275",
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"12",
"hours",
")",
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"care",
"unit",
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"the",
"ward",
",",
"where",
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"weeks",
".",
"No",
"oral",
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"or",
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"used",
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"good",
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"Cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
"polymerase",
"chain",
"reaction",
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",",
"VZV",
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"IgG",
":",
"25",
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"7",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
",",
"IgM",
":",
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":",
"38",
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"14",
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"/",
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"On",
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"Final",
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A 52-year-old woman came to our dermatology clinic with erythematous pruritic lesions on the extremities and abrasions on the lips and buccal mucosa. She had no flu-like symptoms or fever. She had been treated in a dental clinic 3 days earlier (day -3) and was prescribed antibiotics (cefcapene) and the NSAID loxoprofen. Erythematous lesions and lip abrasions appeared two days later (day -1). Her haemogram was normal. The skin lesions were diagnosed as a drug eruption (day 0). Pathological analysis of a skin biopsy obtained from a hardened erythematous lesion of the leg revealed mild liquefaction with mixed perivascular and periadnexal cellular infiltrates from the papillary dermis to the deep hypodermis. Deep lymphocytic infiltrates are unusual in drug eruptions. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were performed for cefcapene (stimulation index: 151%) and loxoprofen (stimulation index: 300%). A course of oral prednisolone (20 mg/day) was started immediately to treat worsening oral lesions. On day 2, a well-demarcated infiltrated erythema was observed on the trunk. Abrasions of the lower lips and buccal mucosa gradually improved. Prednisolone was reduced to 10 mg/day. Five days after tapering prednisolone (day 7), the patient returned to our clinic with high fever, cough, chills, fatigue and dyspnoea. She did not report having travelled, but worked in a health care centre for the elderly. A CT scan showed mild ground-glass opacities in the lower lung lobes. Blood tests revealed an elevated white blood cell count (22,300/l), with lymphocytopenia (490/l) and increased neutrophils (20,449/l), high C-reactive protein values (12.8 mg/dl) and normal lactic acid and dehydrogenase values (196 U/L). She was diagnosed with pneumonia and was admitted to an infectious diseases ward with suspected COVID-19. Lymphocytopenia is an aggravating factor for COVID-19. On admission (day 7), her erythematous lesions rapidly worsened. Severe infection led us to withdraw oral prednisolone and start a regimen of ampicillin/sulbactam and clarithromycin. On day 8, new macular papules and erythematous lesions appeared on the face and trunk, with petechiae. A biopsy of a hardened erythematous lesion of the abdominal skin was obtained. Pathological examination revealed interfacial changes with liquefaction and mixed perivascular cellular infiltrates, with histiocytes and neutrophils in the papillary dermis. Ampicillin/sulbactam was changed to levofloxacin. On day 10, the erythematous lesions peaked and gradually pigmented. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for COVID-19 on day 1 of admission was negative, but a CT scan showed progression of ground-glass opacities. A second PCR for COVID-19 was positive on day 3 of admission and the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 and transferred to an intensive care unit of another hospital.
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A 42-year-old man, resident in Mérida (Extremadura), with a personal history of type I diabetes mellitus and chronic prostatitis, consulted three weeks after ingestion of an unsanitised dairy product due to fever and general malaise. Complementary tests showed an unaltered haemogram, biochemistry, coagulation tests and conventional radiology. Blood cultures in conventional and Ruiz Castañeda media were negative. The serological study for Brucella was: Rose Bengal: positive, sero-agglutination: positive (1/20) and antibrucella-coombs: positive.
Treatment was started with Rifampicin 900mg/day plus doxacycline 100mg/12h for 6 weeks.
After five months he suffered a relapse and presented with lumbar pain and fever. On examination the left iliac region was impacted together with a positive psoas sign. A computerised axial tomography (CAT) scan showed L5-S1 spondylodiscitis with involvement of the surrounding soft tissues and a small bilateral psoas abscess. It was decided to resume previous antibiotic treatment with the addition of ciprofloxacin 400mgr/12h. After one month, given the poor response to treatment, transcutaneous drainage of the psoas collections was performed.
In view of the poor evolution of the patient, a new CT scan was performed, showing the existence of large bilateral psoas abscesses and involvement of the surrounding tissue together with spondylodiscitis at L5-S1. The patient was referred to our department where he was operated on by the urology and neurosurgery departments together, with drainage of both muscles and L5-S1 discectomy. The postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged with antibiotic treatment with doxycycline 100mgr/12hours together with septrim forte 1/12hours for four months.
The patient is asymptomatic with good general condition until the last check-up three years after surgery.
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A 25-year-old man, otherwise healthy, presented with a one-day evolution of headache, left paresthesia and ipsilateral paresthesia which, in 12 hours, evolved into disorientation and restlessness. His axillary temperature was 38.2 °C. Brain CT and MRI scans were normal. CSF showed lymphocytic pleocytosis and proteinorrachia. Treatment was started with acivlovir, ampicillin and i.v. ceftriaxone, which was discontinued when PCR and CSF cultures ruled out bacterial or viral aetiologies. SARS-CoV-2 PCR was negative in CSF but positive in nasopharyngeal swab. On day 2, the patient recovered completely except for amnesia of the previous 2 days.
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We present the case of a 29-year-old man from Moldova, diagnosed with HIV two months earlier in his country, on treatment with TDF/3TC/DTG with good adherence and unknown immunovirological status, who was admitted with a fever of 39oC, weight loss and arthromyalgia of four weeks' evolution. On admission, hepatosplenomegaly, normocytic anaemia (Hb 8.3), increased acute phase reactants (CRP 149, ferritin 1296, ESR 102), predominantly cholestatic hypertransaminasemia (GOT 62, GPT 154, GGT 517, FA 931) and poor immunological status (CD4 53/mcl, viremia 53 copies/ml). Mantoux and IGRA were negative. A CT scan confirmed the presence of hepatosplenomegaly and multiple supra- and infradiaphragmatic lymphadenopathies measuring 2-3cm, so fibrobronchoscopy, upper gastrointestinal echoendoscopy and bone marrow were performed, and acid-alcohol resistant bacilli (AARB) were found in the FNA of the lymph nodes, as well as acute necrotising lymphadenitis.
Given the isolation of Mycobacterium spp. in culture in less than 72 hours, treatment was started with Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Clarithromycin and Isoniazid to cover disseminated infection by atypical mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis. After confirming the presence of Mycobacterium avium (type I) in respiratory, lymph node, bone marrow and blood samples, Isoniazid was withdrawn. Despite clinical and analytical improvement, Moxifloxacin was added due to persistent fever after four weeks of treatment. After discharge, he evolved favourably, with no growth of mycobacteria in new samples to date.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
Patient aged 54 years, smoker of 10 cannabis cigarettes a day, drinker of more than 3L of beer a day and ex-consumer of sniffed drugs in his youth (cocaine, heroin) with a history of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4c 4d, treated, with no response to treatment and no further check-ups due to the patient's wishes. The patient works in construction and hospitality with good functional status with ECOG of 1.
He started a study in December 2014 as a result of chest pain of the prick type together with associated constitutional syndrome. A chest X-ray was requested from his health centre where a 1 cm nodule was seen in the middle of the right lung.
In view of these findings, a chest CT scan was performed, showing multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules, lytic metastasis in the left 6th costal arch and a right renal mass measuring 6x4 cm, without infiltration of vascular structures or perirenal extension, with locoregional adenopathies and a left adrenal mass measuring 4x 5cm.
After discussing the case in the urological tumour committee, it was decided to perform a laparoscopic right nephrectomy, which was carried out in March 2015 with pathological anatomical findings of Fuhrman grade 3 clear cell renal carcinoma with infiltration of the fat in the renal sinus and metastasis in 3 isolated lymph nodes.
He was assessed in our offices in April 2015 and started treatment with Sunitinib 50mg daily for four weeks with two weeks' rest and Zometa.
Due to worsening renal function, asthenia and grade 2 stomatitis, treatment was interrupted in August 2015 and resumed in September at a dose of 37.5mg daily with Denosumab.
A control thoracoabdominal CT scan was performed in September 2015, which showed stabilisation of the disease and treatment was maintained.
In October 2015, the patient attended the emergency department for an episode of temporary disorientation with visual and auditory hallucinations and progressive visual deficit for months in the left eye.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly of three finger widths at abdominal level with no other significant alterations.
Neurological findings included bradypsychia with temporal disorientation and blurred vision with left lateralisation without other alterations, with isochoric and normoreactive pupils, without loss of strength or sensitivity at any level and without gait alterations.
Complementary tests
During her stay in the emergency department, the following complementary tests were performed:
- Blood tests: anaemia with Hb of 9 gr/dl and mild hyponatraemia of 134 mEq/L with no other significant alterations.
- CT scan of the brain: lesion in the selar region, with well-defined borders, 20x20 mm in size, extending cranially over the suprasellar cistern, the optimal chiasm and contacting the inferoanterior wall of the III ventricle, producing a discrete mass effect with slight triventriculomegaly, suggesting as a first possibility pituitary macroadenoma versus metastasis.
Two red blood cell concentrates were transfused in the emergency department and the patient was admitted to Medical Oncology to complete the study. During admission the patient worsened clinically, becoming increasingly disorientated with episodes of psychomotor agitation.
An MRI scan of the brain was requested to identify the presence of a selar lesion and to rule out the presence of meningeal carcinomatosis, together with a restaging thoracoabdominal CT scan. A complete hormonal profile was also requested.
- Hormone profile: Free T4 0.54 ng/dl, basal TSH 0.04 uU/mL, LH <0.07 mIU/mL, basal FSH 0.09 mIU/mL, basal PRL 27.5 ng/mL, Testosterone 0.07 ng/mL.
- Brain MRI: Hypothalamic-pituitary mass with extensive oedema in both hypothalamus, internal capsules, midbrain and optic ribbons, which, together with clinical history and the presence of a second lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere, suggests the possibility of metastasis, without completely ruling out the coexistence of two processes: cerebellar metastasis and pituitary macroadenoma, although the latter seems more improbable. Tetraventricular hydrocephalus with transependymal oedema. No leptomeningeal enhancements were identified, although the possibility of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis cannot be ruled out.
- Thoracoabdominal CT scan: Significant progression of bilateral pulmonary metastases with respect to the previous study, bone and adrenal metastases.
Diagnosis
Pituitary mass of 2.8 cm maximum diameter in probable relation to pituitary macroadenoma versus metastasis in a patient with stage IV clear cell renal carcinoma. Central hypothyroidism in the context. Mild hyperprolactinaemia in probable relation to pituitary stalk compression.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Treatment
In view of the findings of the complementary tests, assessment by Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery was requested. After a joint assessment of the case, it was decided to transfer the patient to Neurosurgery for surgery, given the absence of comorbidities, age and good functional situation prior to admission.
He was assessed by the Endocrinology Department and treatment was adjusted by starting treatment with Levothyroxine 100 mcgr every 24 hours, recommending a stress coverage guideline for surgery with dexamethasone or actocortin.
He underwent surgery on 13/11/2015 by craniotomy guided by neuronavigation. He presented intraoperative complication with haemorrhagic shock with hypotension and acute anaemia with Hb 3.2 requiring transfusion of 4 haematite concentrates and volume without identifying a clear bleeding point. After stabilisation of the patient, he was transferred to resuscitation beds.
Evolution
In the days following surgery, the patient became progressively anaemic with the appearance of neurological symptoms not present prior to surgery with left arreactive mydriasis. A post-surgery brain CT scan was performed, showing changes secondary to surgery with no signs of bleeding or other significant alterations.
The results of the pathological anatomy of the surgical specimen showed brain metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma.
After several days of resuscitation, the patient progressively worsened, with neurological and respiratory deterioration, hypoxaemic with very poor respiratory mechanics, secondary to the significant pulmonary metastatic involvement together with severe hypocalcaemia with ionic calcium levels below 2.
At this time it is considered that given the current situation of the patient and his disease, he does not require aggressive support measures, limiting the therapeutic effort in agreement with the relatives and with the patient's living will.
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] | en |
An 11 year old black female from Equatorial Guinea was admitted to our centre for a study due to fatigue, hepatomegaly and ascites. Echocardiography showed severe dilatation of the left atrium, normal systolic function and severe dilatation of the right chambers. Estimated pulmonary pressure due to tricuspid regurgitation was 100 mmHg. A haemodynamic study was performed, which confirmed a systemic pulmonary pressure with pulmonary resistances of 23 UW/m2, which were not modified with oxygen and nitric oxide. Complementary studies included a normal haemogram and positive stool cultures for Schistosoma intercalatum and S. haematobium.
The diagnosis was restrictive cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension secondary to schistosomiasis.
Medical treatment with antiparasitic drugs, diuretics and systemic and pulmonary vasodilators was started, but no clear response was observed. During the course of the disease, she developed an episode of left hemiparesis secondary to cerebral thromboembolism in the context of an episode of atrial fibrillation.
Four years after diagnosis, she underwent a successful cardiopulmonary transplant. Macroscopic section of the ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles, showing a pearly ventricular endocardium corresponding to endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). Masson's trichrome microscopic stain showing an area of acellular fibrosis.
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{
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] | en |
Five-month-old infant, hospitalised, from a slum in Las Filas de Mariche (south-eastern branch of the mountain range surrounding the city), with fever, tachycardia and convulsions. Trypomastigotes were found in peripheral blood and serology for T. cruzi was positive. At the time of diagnosis, the girl died with myocarditis and meningoencephalitis. Screening of 6 relatives was negative for ChE. The home is in a low-class neighbourhood with mostly unwainscoted houses and abundant rodents and dogs in the peridomicile. It is presumed that transmission in these two infants was vector-borne, as no other infants were found with simultaneous infection or symptomatology that would suggest a different transmission mechanism.
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{
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] | en |
Anamnesis
We present the case of a 60-year-old patient with no known drug allergies whose most important personal history was an admission to the Pneumology Department for left pleural empyema and heart failure. As toxic habits the patient was an ex-smoker (IPA = 80 up to 12 years ago), exenolism up to 12 years ago. He was a mining worker.
The study began when he came to the emergency department for right rib pain with a pulmonary mass found on X-ray. The study was completed with a computed tomography (CT) scan which showed a mass measuring 60 x 53 x 80 mm infiltrating the bronchus of the posterior segment of the right upper lobe (LSD) and invading the minor fissure and extending to segment six of the right lower lobe (LID), contacting the right posterosuperior pleura. There was also an extrapleural lymph node measuring 9 mm and a spiculated satellite nodule in the apical segment of the LSD measuring 10 x 6 mm and two nodules in segment 6 of the LID measuring 10 mm and 8 mm. In addition, there were lymphadenopathies at the origin of the right brachiocephalic trunk, right upper paratracheal chain, subcarinal and aortopulmonary window suspicious of metastasis, pericardial effusion and loculated right pleural effusion.
Physical examination
Relatively good general condition, but functionally limited by severe low back pain (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] 8-9) with decreased strength in both lower limbs (4/5) and with great difficulty in standing upright, with no impairment of reflexes or sensation.
Complementary tests
The study was completed with a PET-CT scan showing a hypermetabolic mass measuring 7.8 x 7.7 cm (standardised uptake value [SUV] 9.6) in the upper segment of the LID. Right bronchopulmonary adenopathies (SUV 4.3 and 3.8), and multiple pathological bone uptakes in the right posterior 4th costal arch, left anterior 5th, right 7th at the level of the angle, L3 vertebral body, left iliac blade, left sacroiliac joint and left ileopubic branch.
Fibrobronchoscopy was performed and showed extrinsic compression of the bronchus of the apical segment of the LSD. Anatomical pathology (AP) was negative for malignancy. Therefore, to complete the study, EBUS was performed on the adenopathies of stations 2R (right), 4L (left) and 7 which were positive for poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (2R and 7).
Diagnosis
The case was presented to the multidisciplinary committee and referred to our clinic with the diagnosis: lung adenocarcinoma T4N2M1b (bone).
Treatment
It was decided to admit the patient to Oncology for analgesia and to start treatment. Given the symptoms of functional impotence, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was requested, which showed metastatic vertebral dissemination with fractures of most of the vertebral bodies due to compression, as well as a craniocaudal fracture of the L3 vertebral body with displacement of the posterior wall causing compression of the cauda equina.
He started treatment with chemotherapy scheme carboplatin area under the curve (5-AUC), total dose 700 mg and paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 (287 mg), with usual premedication consisting of: granisetron 1 mg, dexamethasone 12 mg, dexchlorpheniramine 5 mg, ranitidine 50 mg, and subsequent antiemesis: dexamethasone, granisetron, metoclopramide, which passed without incident. On discharge, the patient presented a minimal sacral abrasion, which was attributed to bed rest.
Evolution
She attended the emergency department one week after chemotherapy administration due to fever and the appearance of blistering lesions on the buttocks, sacrum and left forearm.
Physical examination
Haemodynamically stable: Blood pressure 111/60 mm Hg, heart rate 86 bpm, 36.3 oC, 88 % oxygen saturation.
Erosive lesions secondary to blisters on lateral left thigh, left forearm, left leg and buttock/sacrum. The lesions presented with spontaneous rupture and drainage of serous contents.
Analysis on admission showed only a sodium level of 126 and a discrete leukocytosis with left shift (leukocytes 11,700, neutrophils 11,500), grade 1 anaemia (haemoglobin 11.7) and a prothrombin activity of 74 %.
With suspicion of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)/Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) with suspected drug toxicity, he was admitted to Oncology for study and treatment.
During admission to the ward he was assessed by plastic surgery and dermatology, cultures and skin biopsies were taken which were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
Anatomical Pathology
"Skin fragment with dermoepidermal necrosis, ulceration of the entire epidermis.
"Discrete perivascular and interstitial neutrophilic dermatitis, superficial (predominantly) and deep, with ulceration of the epidermis and haematic extravasation.
On suspicion of toxic epidermal necrolysis secondary to chemotherapy or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the latter were discontinued without improvement in the patient.
The subject presented a progressive worsening with leukocytosis and plateletopenia and finally the patient required palliative sedation due to poor pain control, dying only two weeks after the start of chemotherapy treatment.
| [
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{
"text": "patient",
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{
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{
"text": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
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] | en |
25-year-old woman from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where she lived until the age of 15, when she moved to Andrés Ibáñez, rural area of Santa Cruz. Resident in Barcelona since December 2003. In January 2004, she came to our unit for a check-up and to rule out possible Chagas disease (she reported having a son with this pathology).
Physical examination was normal, with no history of personal pathology or surgery.
The results of the complementary tests performed were as follows:
Blood count: eosinophilia of 12.3% (7,450 leukocytes).
Coproparasitology: Ascaris, Trichiuris trichura, Giardia cysts.
Serology by indirect immunofluorescence for Trypanosoma cruzi: 1/320.
In this case we are dealing with a young woman from an endemic area with a child with Chagas disease, which is why it is important to carry out an exhaustive medical history.
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Anamnesis
The patient came to the emergency department in August 2018 with persistent fever. As relevant symptoms she presented with pharyngeal pruritus, without odynophagia, with an increase in baseline dyspnoea until it became minimal-moderate effort. No cough or expectoration. He reported nausea, without vomiting or diarrhoea, similar to those he had experienced since starting treatment. No urinary symptoms. No other symptoms were found by apparatus and systems.
Physical examination
The patient's vital signs were stable except for significant desaturation: 73% baseline oxygen saturation (she was not on home oxygen); afebrile on arrival at the emergency department, stable in all other signs. Examination of the oral cavity revealed raised whitish lumpy plaques on the lingual mucosa, non-adherent, with no evidence in the tonsillar or pharyngeal region. The rest of the physical examination, including pulmonary auscultation, was unremarkable.
Complementary tests
Blood tests were requested with baseline arterial blood gases. Acute phase reactants were elevated, with C-reactive protein of 202.5 mg/l, with no other relevant alterations. Blood gas analysis showed acute partial respiratory failure with lactate in normal gases (pH: 7.48, pCO2: 35 mm Hg, pO2: 35 mm Hg, HCO3: 25.3 mM/l, lactate: 1.2 mM/l). A chest X-ray was requested, with bilateral interstitial infiltrate pattern. In view of the findings and, given the higher thromboembolic risk of cancer patients, despite being anticoagulated at therapeutic doses, CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries was requested. The presence of pulmonary thromboembolism was ruled out, but extensive interstitial pulmonary opacities were observed with thickening of the interlobular septa and peribronchovascular interstitium with diffuse bilateral ground-glass involvement and consolidations in the lower lobes, predominantly central with subpleural respect, as well as in the lateral and posterior costophrenic sinuses, forming a cobblestone pattern suggestive of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the case of our patient, given the clinical context and history, the images were compatible with pulmonary toxicity due to drugs.
She was admitted to Medical Oncology. Serologies were extracted and were negative, highlighting cytomegalovirus, aspergillus fumigatus, Legionella, acute Q fever, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, etc. Diagnostic fibrobronchoscopy was requested with bronchoalveolar lavage and alveolar bronchoaspirate, whose cultures were also negative. Flow cytometry of bronchoalveolar lavage was performed with a finding of lymphocytosis (28% [normal range: 1%-10%], and CD4/CD8 ratio inversion (CD4/CD8 ratio: 0.74 [normal range: 1.3-3.5]), with macrophages: 70% and neutrophils: 1%. Although the increase in lymphocytes is usually even higher than reported, these findings are compatible with hypersensitivity pneumonitis/drug-induced alveolitis.
Diagnosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and/or alveolitis induced by gemcitabine and/or nab-paclitaxel together with acute partial respiratory failure secondary to the above.
Treatment
Discontinuation of the suspected drugs (gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel), empirical antibiotherapy (in our case imipenem, cotrimoxazole and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, later de-escalating to levofloxacin) together with corticotherapy when we had compatible flow cytometry, starting prednisone at 40 mg per day, as well as supportive therapy.
Evolution
The patient was admitted to the Medical Oncology ward with empirical antibiotic treatment with imipenem, cotrimoxazole and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and with continuation of the diagnostic study. During admission, negative microbiological results were received, as well as the results of the flow cytometry which confirmed the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis/drug-induced alveolitis, so prednisone was started orally at 40 mg per day, de-escalating the antibiotic to levofloxacin.
She showed significant clinical and radiological improvement, so she was discharged with corticotherapy with progressive reduction, as well as antibiotherapy with oral levofloxacin to complete the antibiotic cycle.
That same month of August, in addition to the pneumonitis, clear hepatic progression was observed, and she was started on second line FOLFOX. In February 2019, new hepatic progression was observed, so in March 2019 a third line of 5-fluorouracil with pegylated liposomal irinotecan was started, having received 2 cycles to date. Due to frank clinical worsening, it has now been decided to discontinue active oncology treatment and the patient is being followed by the home care support team.
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] | en |
A 9 year old boy. In May he presented an episode of anaphylaxis (urticaria, facial angioedema, hand oedema and respiratory difficulty) while playing in a rose garden and 3 hours after having eaten loin with cheese and cherry "which did not agree with him". At the health centre he was given intravenous methylprednisolone and dexchlorpheniramine, and the symptoms subsided.
Since childhood, after contact with peach and Paraguayan peel, he had oedema and erythema in the area of contact. He had not been studied in paediatric allergy. No rhinoconjunctival symptoms in spring or bronchospasm crisis.
Prick skin tests positive for grasses and olive tree, peach, cherry and LTP skin. Specific IgE: peach class 3, pru p3 7.08 kU/L moderate level, cherry 3.75 kU/L moderate level, olive class 1, dactylis glomerata class 5, phleum pratense class 4, cynodon dactylo class 2.
Given the severity of the symptoms, it was recommended to avoid eating rosaceous fruits and an adrenaline auto-injector was indicated. No new symptoms.
The patient suffered anaphylaxis due to ingestion of cherry plus other coadjuvant factors (area of rose bushes, spring).
He presented primary sensitisation to other rose fruits with sensitisation to lipid transporter protein (LTP), indicating the possibility of a severe systemic reaction.
After study, hypersensitivity to grass pollen was demonstrated, as is usual in clinical cases with fruits of the rosaceae family.
Episode of anaphylaxis, although resolved satisfactorily, the first line of treatment recommended in clinical guidelines, intramuscular adrenaline, was not prescribed. Training should continue at all levels of health care for the correct treatment of these cases.
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] | en |
We describe the case of a 67-year-old woman, with no urological history of interest, who presented with macroscopic monosymptomatic haematuria with clots of 2 days' evolution. Initially, conservative treatment was decided with bladder catheterisation and a saline solution washout circuit. After 24 hours the patient was anaemic and hypotensive, requiring vasoactive amines and polytransfusion of blood concentrates. An abdominal-pelvic CT scan was performed, which revealed a bladder completely occupied by a large bladder clot and secondary moderate bilateral ureterohydronephrosis.
The patient was operated on endoscopically and approximately 1 litre of clot was evacuated. The bladder mucosa is hyperemic, with diffuse bleeding, with no evidence of endovesical lesions. Electrocoagulation of several areas with active bleeding was performed. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with orotracheal intubation and support treatment with vasoactive amines. Intravenous aminocaproic acid is added to the treatment. After 24 hours the bladder was again clotted and the patient continued to be anaemic and haemodynamically unstable, despite having received a transfusion of 10 blood concentrates.
In view of this situation, we decided to perform bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy (BCN) with the dual intention of solving the obstructive problem caused by bladder obstruction and attempting to reduce bleeding at this level.
Bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy was performed under general anaesthesia in the Valdivia position, placing 8 Ch catheters through the lower calyx, with no incidences.
Twenty-four hours after the bilateral CPN was performed, the patient improved significantly, the haematuria ceased and no further blood transfusions were required. Two days later, vasoactive amines and orotracheal intubation were withdrawn, and the patient was discharged from the Intensive Care Unit on the fourth day.
Once the acute symptoms were over, a new endoscopic examination of the bladder was scheduled with biopsies. The anatomo-pathological study revealed as the only notable alteration the presence of an eosinophilic material around the blood vessels of the submucosa. This substance stained with Congo Red stain and turned apple green under polarised light with birefringence, which confirmed that it was amyloid. The immunohistochemical study of the lesion with monoclonal antibodies (clone mc1), specific against the AA protein of amyloid was positive, allowing the diagnosis of secondary bladder amyloidosis (Type AA). The postoperative period was uneventful, the nephrostomies were removed after 20 days and the patient was discharged after one month.
After 6 months of follow-up, the patient has not presented haematuria again and is awaiting studies to rule out systemic involvement due to amyloidosis.
| [
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A 78-year-old man with dyslipidaemia came to our emergency department after 4 days of fever, with no other symptoms. Clinical examination was normal except for a temperature of 37.2 oC. Laboratory tests showed lymphocytopenia and increased fibrinogen, LDH and D-dimer. Chest X-ray showed multilobular interstitial opacities in the right lung. On admission, treatment was started with piperacillin/tazobactam, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone and enoxaparin at a dose of 60 mg per day. 48 hours later, the patient continued with persistent fever and increased oxygen requirements. Chest X-ray showed a rapid progression of opacities and a significant increase in acute reactants such as ferritin and IL-6 was detected, so a single dose of 600 mg tocilizumab was administered according to hospital protocols (severity criteria). On day 5 of admission (9 days since the onset of symptoms), the patient showed a clear improvement in the last 72 h, with a decrease in C-reactive protein and ferritin values. Despite an initial decrease, the D-dimer increased significantly to 3570μg/L. CT angiography showed multiple segmental pulmonary emboli, multilobar pneumonia and three floating thrombi in the aortic arch and descending aorta. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was started at an anticoagulant dose. No coagulopathy or bleeding episodes were diagnosed. The patient worsened due to severe respiratory failure and died on hospital day 18.
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A two-year-old girl was transferred to the Hospital Virgen de la Salud in Toledo for right upper lobe pneumonia (RUP) with associated pleural effusion for drainage. She was transferred in a non-medicalised ambulance with oxygen in nasal goggles at 3 bpm. Intravenous antibiotic treatment with ampicillin at 200 mg/kg/day for 48 hours with the addition of cefotaxime for the last 24 hours. The patient's vital signs are heart rate (HR): 160 bpm, blood pressure (BP): 100/50 mmHg, SatO2 99% with nasal goggles at 3 bpm, temperature (Ta) 38.6°C, respiratory rate (RF) 40 rpm. On arrival he was in fair general condition, intense pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, thermal gradient of 3°C in knees and elbows, capillary refill of 5 s. Respiratory distress with moderate sub and intercostal tugging. Rhythmic cardiac auscultation without murmurs and pulmonary auscultation with marked hypoventilation in the right lung field. The abdomen is soft and depressible, hepatomegaly of 2 cm of costal margin, neurological examination conscious and oriented, negative meningeal. The patient initially expanded to 20 ml/kg, perfusion improved and the thermal gradient disappeared, but the tachycardia persisted.
Given these findings, we should suspect:
a. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
b. Sepsis.
c. Severe sepsis.
d. Septic shock.
e. Isolated LSD pneumonia.
In our case there are criteria for sepsis with dysfunction of two or more organs but without meeting the criteria for septic shock.
The results of the analytical control are in:
- Blood count: haemoglobin 6.9 g/dl, haematocrit 19.2%, platelets 18,000x106/L, leukocytes 15,500x106/L.
- Biochemistry: glucose 91 mg/dl, urea 105 mg/dl, creatinine (Cr) 1.29 mg/dl, GOT 227 U/L, GPT 55 U/L.
- Venous blood gases: pH 7.31, pCO2 45 mmHg, pO2 134 mmHg, HCO3 - 22.7 mmol/L, base excess -3.3.
Coagulation: T. prothrombin 83%, INR 1.1, T. cephalin 54.4 s, fibrinogen 954 mg/dl.
A platelet concentrate was transfused at 20 ml/kg and a right femoral vein was cannulated. He started with increased respiratory distress and severe epistaxis, which was difficult to control. It was decided to notify ENT, who placed an anterior tamponade. Despite the tamponade, bleeding persisted and he began to become drowsy and his level of consciousness decreased. Given the low level of consciousness and significant bleeding, the patient was sedoanalgesiated and the airway was secured with intubation. Subsequently, once stabilised, the presence of pleural effusion was checked by ultrasound, showing evidence of encapsulated pleural effusion measuring 3 cm from the scapula to the diaphragm. A pleural drainage tube was placed in the area of greatest accumulation; 5th intercostal space and posterior axillary line. After intubation, the patient was hypotensive, showing signs of thermal gradient, distal coldness and poor perfusion, so dopamine was started at 5 μg/kg/min. The blood test was extended and showed elevated LDH, elevated bilirubin, increased reticulocytes and decreased haptoglobin.
The possible aetiology of the condition was as follows:
a. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) secondary to pneumococcus.
b. Septic shock secondary to complicated pneumonia.
c. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHAI).
d. Thrombocytopenic-thrombotic purpura (TTP).
e. Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis (APGN).
We would think first of all of HUS since septic shock is associated with coagulopathy, which is not present in our case. HUS secondary to pneumococcus causes 40% of non-E. coli HUS. In its pathogenesis, pneumococcal neuraminidase degrades the sialic acid that covers Ag T in the membranes of red blood cells, platelets and glomerular endothelium, which is exposed. Recognition of Ag T by AutoAc (IgM): causes haemolysis, platelet aggregation and endothelial damage: direct Cooms +.
In our suspicion it will probably be positive:
a. Direct Cooms and pneumococcal Ag in pleural fluid.
b. Stool culture for E. coli.
c. ADAMTS 13 activity < 5%.
d. Genetic study with factor H mutation.
e. Positive rapid test for H1N1.
The aetiological diagnosis of HUS should include the study of:
- E. coli: rapid test (ELISA) for detection of STx in stool, stool culture, culture on sorbitol Mac Conkey agar, PCR, serology, blood culture.
- Pneumococcus: rapid test for detection of pneumococcal Ag in pleural fluid, positive direct Coombs' test, cultures (blood, sputum, CSF...), Coombs' test.
- HIV, H1N1: serology.
- VERY IMPORTANT IN THE EVENT OF SUSPECTED HUS, take a plasma sample prior to transfusions to REQUEST: ADAMTS 13 activity and study of complement C3, C4, CH50, FH, FI, FB, in case of atypical HUS.
Our patient's urea levels rose to 114 and creatinine to 1.33 despite diuretic treatment, with hyperphosphataemia and refractory hyperkalaemia, with a balance of +1,000 ml and diuresis of 0.7 cc/kg/h.
The patient was connected to HDFVVC for 72 hours, withdrawing after Cr decreased to 0.97 and Urea to 91, and recovering a diuresis of 3 cc/kg/h with furosemide. Pneumonia was initially treated with cefotaxime and vancomycin. On the 5th day of admission, after worsening with elevated AFR, he was switched to meropenem and linezolid. Amikacin was added 4 days later (8th day of MV). Amikacin was maintained for 4 days (up to 48 hours after extubation), linezolid for 10 days and meropenem for 13 days. On suspicion of septic pneumonia, three doses of urokinase were administered. As a secondary complication on the 4th day of MV, massive atelectasis of the left lung and right pneumothorax required VAFO for 5 days, and then continued with CMV for a further 48 hours. BP remained at high normal values for 48 hours, without requiring antihypertensive treatment. Diuretic treatment was withdrawn on the 18th day of admission, with normalisation of renal function. Given the persistence of the pneumothorax, the drainage tube was maintained until the 28th day of admission. She was reviewed in the pneumology department with persistence of 2 pneumothorax bubbles in the right anterior fields, with persistence of pachypleuritis. Renal function normalised.
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"Isolated",
"LSD",
"pneumonia",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
"there",
"are",
"criteria",
"for",
"sepsis",
"with",
"dysfunction",
"of",
"two",
"or",
"more",
"organs",
"but",
"without",
"meeting",
"the",
"criteria",
"for",
"septic",
"shock",
".",
"The",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"analytical",
"control",
"are",
"in",
":",
"-",
"Blood",
"count",
":",
"haemoglobin",
"6",
".",
"9",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"haematocrit",
"19",
".",
"2",
"%",
",",
"platelets",
"18",
",",
"000x106",
"/",
"L",
",",
"leukocytes",
"15",
",",
"500x106",
"/",
"L",
".",
"-",
"Biochemistry",
":",
"glucose",
"91",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"urea",
"105",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"creatinine",
"(",
"Cr",
")",
"1",
".",
"29",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"GOT",
"227",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"GPT",
"55",
"U",
"/",
"L",
".",
"-",
"Venous",
"blood",
"gases",
":",
"pH",
"7",
".",
"31",
",",
"pCO2",
"45",
"mmHg",
",",
"pO2",
"134",
"mmHg",
",",
"HCO3",
"-",
"22",
".",
"7",
"mmol",
"/",
"L",
",",
"base",
"excess",
"-",
"3",
".",
"3",
".",
"Coagulation",
":",
"T",
".",
"prothrombin",
"83",
"%",
",",
"INR",
"1",
".",
"1",
",",
"T",
".",
"cephalin",
"54",
".",
"4",
"s",
",",
"fibrinogen",
"954",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
".",
"A",
"platelet",
"concentrate",
"was",
"transfused",
"at",
"20",
"ml",
"/",
"kg",
"and",
"a",
"right",
"femoral",
"vein",
"was",
"cannulated",
".",
"He",
"started",
"with",
"increased",
"respiratory",
"distress",
"and",
"severe",
"epistaxis",
",",
"which",
"was",
"difficult",
"to",
"control",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"notify",
"ENT",
",",
"who",
"placed",
"an",
"anterior",
"tamponade",
".",
"Despite",
"the",
"tamponade",
",",
"bleeding",
"persisted",
"and",
"he",
"began",
"to",
"become",
"drowsy",
"and",
"his",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"decreased",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"low",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"and",
"significant",
"bleeding",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"sedoanalgesiated",
"and",
"the",
"airway",
"was",
"secured",
"with",
"intubation",
".",
"Subsequently",
",",
"once",
"stabilised",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"pleural",
"effusion",
"was",
"checked",
"by",
"ultrasound",
",",
"showing",
"evidence",
"of",
"encapsulated",
"pleural",
"effusion",
"measuring",
"3",
"cm",
"from",
"the",
"scapula",
"to",
"the",
"diaphragm",
".",
"A",
"pleural",
"drainage",
"tube",
"was",
"placed",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"of",
"greatest",
"accumulation",
";",
"5th",
"intercostal",
"space",
"and",
"posterior",
"axillary",
"line",
".",
"After",
"intubation",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"hypotensive",
",",
"showing",
"signs",
"of",
"thermal",
"gradient",
",",
"distal",
"coldness",
"and",
"poor",
"perfusion",
",",
"so",
"dopamine",
"was",
"started",
"at",
"5",
"μg",
"/",
"kg",
"/",
"min",
".",
"The",
"blood",
"test",
"was",
"extended",
"and",
"showed",
"elevated",
"LDH",
",",
"elevated",
"bilirubin",
",",
"increased",
"reticulocytes",
"and",
"decreased",
"haptoglobin",
".",
"The",
"possible",
"aetiology",
"of",
"the",
"condition",
"was",
"as",
"follows",
":",
"a",
".",
"Haemolytic",
"uraemic",
"syndrome",
"(",
"HUS",
")",
"secondary",
"to",
"pneumococcus",
".",
"b",
".",
"Septic",
"shock",
"secondary",
"to",
"complicated",
"pneumonia",
".",
"c",
".",
"Autoimmune",
"haemolytic",
"anaemia",
"(",
"AHAI",
")",
".",
"d",
".",
"Thrombocytopenic-thrombotic",
"purpura",
"(",
"TTP",
")",
".",
"e",
".",
"Acute",
"post-infectious",
"glomerulonephritis",
"(",
"APGN",
")",
".",
"We",
"would",
"think",
"first",
"of",
"all",
"of",
"HUS",
"since",
"septic",
"shock",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"coagulopathy",
",",
"which",
"is",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"our",
"case",
".",
"HUS",
"secondary",
"to",
"pneumococcus",
"causes",
"40",
"%",
"of",
"non-E",
".",
"coli",
"HUS",
".",
"In",
"its",
"pathogenesis",
",",
"pneumococcal",
"neuraminidase",
"degrades",
"the",
"sialic",
"acid",
"that",
"covers",
"Ag",
"T",
"in",
"the",
"membranes",
"of",
"red",
"blood",
"cells",
",",
"platelets",
"and",
"glomerular",
"endothelium",
",",
"which",
"is",
"exposed",
".",
"Recognition",
"of",
"Ag",
"T",
"by",
"AutoAc",
"(",
"IgM",
")",
":",
"causes",
"haemolysis",
",",
"platelet",
"aggregation",
"and",
"endothelial",
"damage",
":",
"direct",
"Cooms",
"+",
".",
"In",
"our",
"suspicion",
"it",
"will",
"probably",
"be",
"positive",
":",
"a",
".",
"Direct",
"Cooms",
"and",
"pneumococcal",
"Ag",
"in",
"pleural",
"fluid",
".",
"b",
".",
"Stool",
"culture",
"for",
"E",
".",
"coli",
".",
"c",
".",
"ADAMTS",
"13",
"activity",
"<",
"5",
"%",
".",
"d",
".",
"Genetic",
"study",
"with",
"factor",
"H",
"mutation",
".",
"e",
".",
"Positive",
"rapid",
"test",
"for",
"H1N1",
".",
"The",
"aetiological",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"HUS",
"should",
"include",
"the",
"study",
"of",
":",
"-",
"E",
".",
"coli",
":",
"rapid",
"test",
"(",
"ELISA",
")",
"for",
"detection",
"of",
"STx",
"in",
"stool",
",",
"stool",
"culture",
",",
"culture",
"on",
"sorbitol",
"Mac",
"Conkey",
"agar",
",",
"PCR",
",",
"serology",
",",
"blood",
"culture",
".",
"-",
"Pneumococcus",
":",
"rapid",
"test",
"for",
"detection",
"of",
"pneumococcal",
"Ag",
"in",
"pleural",
"fluid",
",",
"positive",
"direct",
"Coombs",
"'",
"test",
",",
"cultures",
"(",
"blood",
",",
"sputum",
",",
"CSF",
".",
".",
".",
")",
",",
"Coombs",
"'",
"test",
".",
"-",
"HIV",
",",
"H1N1",
":",
"serology",
".",
"-",
"VERY",
"IMPORTANT",
"IN",
"THE",
"EVENT",
"OF",
"SUSPECTED",
"HUS",
",",
"take",
"a",
"plasma",
"sample",
"prior",
"to",
"transfusions",
"to",
"REQUEST",
":",
"ADAMTS",
"13",
"activity",
"and",
"study",
"of",
"complement",
"C3",
",",
"C4",
",",
"CH50",
",",
"FH",
",",
"FI",
",",
"FB",
",",
"in",
"case",
"of",
"atypical",
"HUS",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"urea",
"levels",
"rose",
"to",
"114",
"and",
"creatinine",
"to",
"1",
".",
"33",
"despite",
"diuretic",
"treatment",
",",
"with",
"hyperphosphataemia",
"and",
"refractory",
"hyperkalaemia",
",",
"with",
"a",
"balance",
"of",
"+",
"1",
",",
"000",
"ml",
"and",
"diuresis",
"of",
"0",
".",
"7",
"cc",
"/",
"kg",
"/",
"h",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"connected",
"to",
"HDFVVC",
"for",
"72",
"hours",
",",
"withdrawing",
"after",
"Cr",
"decreased",
"to",
"0",
".",
"97",
"and",
"Urea",
"to",
"91",
",",
"and",
"recovering",
"a",
"diuresis",
"of",
"3",
"cc",
"/",
"kg",
"/",
"h",
"with",
"furosemide",
".",
"Pneumonia",
"was",
"initially",
"treated",
"with",
"cefotaxime",
"and",
"vancomycin",
".",
"On",
"the",
"5th",
"day",
"of",
"admission",
",",
"after",
"worsening",
"with",
"elevated",
"AFR",
",",
"he",
"was",
"switched",
"to",
"meropenem",
"and",
"linezolid",
".",
"Amikacin",
"was",
"added",
"4",
"days",
"later",
"(",
"8th",
"day",
"of",
"MV",
")",
".",
"Amikacin",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"4",
"days",
"(",
"up",
"to",
"48",
"hours",
"after",
"extubation",
")",
",",
"linezolid",
"for",
"10",
"days",
"and",
"meropenem",
"for",
"13",
"days",
".",
"On",
"suspicion",
"of",
"septic",
"pneumonia",
",",
"three",
"doses",
"of",
"urokinase",
"were",
"administered",
".",
"As",
"a",
"secondary",
"complication",
"on",
"the",
"4th",
"day",
"of",
"MV",
",",
"massive",
"atelectasis",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"lung",
"and",
"right",
"pneumothorax",
"required",
"VAFO",
"for",
"5",
"days",
",",
"and",
"then",
"continued",
"with",
"CMV",
"for",
"a",
"further",
"48",
"hours",
".",
"BP",
"remained",
"at",
"high",
"normal",
"values",
"for",
"48",
"hours",
",",
"without",
"requiring",
"antihypertensive",
"treatment",
".",
"Diuretic",
"treatment",
"was",
"withdrawn",
"on",
"the",
"18th",
"day",
"of",
"admission",
",",
"with",
"normalisation",
"of",
"renal",
"function",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"persistence",
"of",
"the",
"pneumothorax",
",",
"the",
"drainage",
"tube",
"was",
"maintained",
"until",
"the",
"28th",
"day",
"of",
"admission",
".",
"She",
"was",
"reviewed",
"in",
"the",
"pneumology",
"department",
"with",
"persistence",
"of",
"2",
"pneumothorax",
"bubbles",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"anterior",
"fields",
",",
"with",
"persistence",
"of",
"pachypleuritis",
".",
"Renal",
"function",
"normalised",
"."
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Reason for consultation
Pain and swelling in the left elbow.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
Male, 79 years of age. Personal history: no drug allergies.
Cardiovascular risk factors: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia. Hyperuricaemia and gout.
Ischaemic heart disease revascularised on 2 occasions in the anterior descending artery in 2012 and 2017.
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation with atrial appendage closure in February 2019. Not anticoagulated due to a history of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage with clinical melena due to Dabigatran, suspending anticoagulation and keeping the patient on double anti-aggregation. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome with nocturnal CPAP.
Surgical interventions: Inguinal and umbilical hernia. Left atrial appendage closure.
Baseline life: independent for basic activities of daily living. Preserved higher functions. NYHA functional class III. Lives with his wife. Has 3 children. Good family support.
Usual treatment: ASA 100 mg/24h, Clopidogrel 75 mg/24h, Bisoprolol 5 mg/24h, Ramipril 5 mg/24h, Allopurinol 100 mg/24h, Furosemide 20 mg/24h, Metformin/Empaglifozin every 24h.
Present illness: Patient attended the primary care emergency department for pain and swelling in the left elbow with no history of trauma accompanied by a fever of 38oC for the last 48 hours. Two days ago he attended the health centre due to the onset of pain and was diagnosed as a probable gout attack, treated with Naproxen as on other occasions. Progressively increasing oedema and reddening of the left elbow appeared, accompanied by general malaise, fever and weakness, for which reason he consulted again.
Physical examination
Acceptable general condition. Conscious, oriented and cooperative. Temperature: 37-5oC. BP: 135/75 HR 80 bpm. Sat O2 98% a/a.
Hyperemia and oedema at left elbow with fluctuation at bursa level and increased temperature. Mobility preserved, although limited flexion and extension of the elbow due to pain. No ecchymosis. No crepitus. Good nail filling. Radial pulse preserved. Good colouring of the skin of the forearm with oedema and pitting.
Clinical Judgement
Infectious bursitis of the elbow.
Differential diagnosis: venous thrombosis of the upper limb in a patient with non-anticoagulated AF. Gout attack.
Action plan and evolution
Ceftriaxone 2 g iv was administered and the patient was referred to the hospital emergency department for assessment on suspicion of infectious bursitis, without being able to rule out venous thrombosis in a patient with a history of atrial fibrillation.
In the hospital emergency department, a blood test was performed: normal haemogram with known platelets, CRP 100, D-dimer 900. Referred for rapid infectious diseases consultation within 48 hours and started oral antibiotic treatment at home with Cefadroxil 500 mg/12 h. While waiting for the appointment, the patient persisted with discomfort and pain without further medical consultation.
On consulting the Infectious Diseases Department, a FNA was performed and purulent content was extracted. The patient was admitted for abscess drainage and iv antibiotherapy.
Liquid culture: Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry of joint fluid: 170 600 cells, Polymorphonuclear 95%.
During admission, iv cefazolin was administered with good clinical response. Currently the patient is asymptomatic and discharged home.
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A 15-year-old male patient with no past medical history consulted for a purpuric rash on the lower limbs accompanied by arthralgias of 2 months' duration that did not subside with rest, for which Schönlein-Henoch purpura was diagnosed.
Physical examination revealed erythematous-pardusceous macules accompanied by purpuric punctation in "cayenne pepper", distributed on the lower limbs, predominantly on the pretibial region and thighs, with no plantar involvement.
Routine laboratory work-up was normal, but IgM serology for parvovirus B19 was positive.
The lesions persisted with exercise-related exacerbations and remissions for more than one year.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
80-year-old male, ex-smoker, dyslipidaemic, operated on for transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate in 2008 and two bladder TURs for carcinoma in situ with intravesical BCG instillations, the last one in October 2012.
Physical examination
On physical examination he was afebrile, haemodynamically stable, with normal cardiorespiratory auscultation. Abdominal examination was painful on deep palpation in the mesogastrium.
Complementary tests
- The blood test showed a haemoglobin of 13.9 g/dl, without leukocytosis (leukocytes 4,500/mm3, 59% neutrophils). Normal renal function with creatinine 0.9 mg/dl and urea 40 mg/dl. Urine sediment normal. Negative urine culture.
- With the diagnosis of abdominal pain of unknown origin, an outpatient ultrasound was requested, which showed aneurysmal dilatation of the abdominal aorta measuring 3.2 x 3.5 cm with mural thrombus and diffuse calcified atheromatosis.
- The patient was admitted with a diagnosis of aortic aneurysm for study, performing an abdominal CT angiography, which described the presence of increased infrarenal periaortic density with trabeculation of adjacent fat and normal aortic calibre compatible with inflammatory aortitis.
- Based on these findings, it was decided to perform a FNA of the periaortic region with a positive smear test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensitive to rifampicin.
Diagnosis
Tuberculous aortitis secondary to intravesical instillations of BCG.
Treatment
Anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampicin 600 mg, ethambutol 1,200 mg and isoniacin 300 mg daily.
Evolution
Ultrasound checks were carried out, observing good evolution and symptomatic response, for which he was discharged after 15 days. Thirty days after starting treatment, a new CT scan was performed, confirming the improvement described in the previous ultrasound scans.
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] | en |
A 68-year-old patient with a history of severe mental retardation and deaf-mutism secondary to meningitis in childhood. She consulted our emergency department due to pain and inflammation in the left hemiscrotal for more than 3 weeks, which did not subside despite antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. Examination revealed a generalised increase in scrotal contents, more marked on the left side, with a painful testicle on palpation, firm consistency, smooth surface and thickened epididymis.
The right testicle was normal. Urine sediment revealed the presence of pyuria.
Ultrasonography revealed an enlarged, heterogeneous left testicle, with a medial area with multiple cystic cavities, some of which were hypoechogenic.
Diagnosed as advanced orchitis, the patient was discharged with analgesic-anti-inflammatory treatment.
Eight days later, the patient attended the urology department for a check-up, where palpation clearly delimited a nodule, which suggested a differential diagnosis of testicular neoplasia.
A radical left orchiectomy was performed, after determination of tumour markers (b-HCG, alpha-fetoprotein and LDH), which were normal.
Macroscopically, the section surface of the orchiectomy specimen showed thickening of the tunica albuginea, with haemorrhagic areas. The testicular parenchyma was increased in consistency, with the presence of whitish fibrous tracts and yellowish plaques on section. Microscopic examination revealed marked hypospermatogenesis with hyalinisation of the seminiferous tubules, as well as a chronic inflammatory process, consisting of histiocytes, abundant plasma cells and giant cells. Within some of these cells, characteristic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies with an owl's eye appearance were recognised, which were positive for Von Kossa staining, demonstrating their calcium composition and thus suggesting the diagnosis of MLP.
These inflammatory changes also partially affected the epididymis.
With the diagnosis of testicular and epididymal PML, treatment was completed with a course of fluoroquinolones for 3 months, after which the evolution is satisfactory and the patient is asymptomatic.
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A 69-year-old woman with a history of arterial hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis on baseline treatment for a year with subcutaneous methotrexate at a dose of 15 mg weekly. In the context of a recent flare-up of this pathology, 90 mg of oral prednisone daily had been added to her usual treatment two weeks earlier, with an initial dose of 80 mg of intramuscular methylprednisolone.
Having previously been well, the patient presented cognitive deterioration over 48 hours of evolution characterised by disorientation and bradypsychia, as well as non-thermometric febrile sensation, for which reason she was transferred by her relatives to the Emergency Department of a High Resolution Hospital. In the following hours, her level of consciousness deteriorated, which is why it was decided to transfer her to her third level referral hospital. The first clinical examination of the patient revealed the following data: axillary temperature 38.1oC, blood pressure 130/80 mmHg, good distal perfusion with capillary filling of less than two seconds, and heart rate 80 beats per minute. The cardiorespiratory, abdominal and skin examination showed no notable alterations. In relation to the neurological examination, the patient showed marked ideomotor slowness and temporo-spatial disorientation, with a Glasgow scale score of 15. At that time she was able to obey simple commands but not more complex ones. Brudzinski's sign was present and the rest of the examination was normal. On the basis of these clinical data, serial blood cultures were taken and an urgent computerised axial tomography (CAT) scan of the skull was performed, which revealed no pathological findings. Following this imaging technique, a lumbar puncture was performed to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which showed hyperproteinorrache (584 mg/dL), countless leukocytes at the expense of polymorphonuclear cells, and glycorrhachia (36 mg/dL), corresponding to a CSF/serum ratio of 0.23. Gram staining showed gram-positive cocci, with a negative determination of pneumococcal antigen by CSF immunoassay (BinaxNOW®). The haemogram performed in the ED showed intense leukocytosis (32,440céls/mm3 with 93% segmented cells), while the only pathological finding in the biochemistry was a C-reactive protein (CRP) value of 479 mg/L.
Evolution
Based on the patient's clinical history and epidemiological background, we initially thought that the result of the CSF pneumococcal antigen test might be a false negative, so empirical intravenous treatment was started with cefotaxime (300 mg/kg/day) and vancomycin (1 g every 8 hours) according to the specific updated guidelines. However, the clinical evolution was unfavourable in the following hours, and the patient developed global aphasia and arterial hypertension figures compatible with hypertensive emergency, for which reason it was decided to admit him to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the centre. In this unit, ampicillin (2 grams every 4 hours) was added to the treatment due to the clinical severity and the fact that the patient was over 50 years of age, which has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. The Clinical Microbiology Service isolated Staphylococcus aureus in the CSF, whose susceptibility profile subsequently showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to cloxacillin ≤ 0.25 μg/mL, on the basis of which a targeted treatment with cloxacillin IV 2 grams every 4 hours was performed. No bacteraemia was observed at any time during admission. Since the pathogen's entry point into the central nervous system was unknown, an MRI of the thorax and abdomen was performed, which revealed an extensive multiloculated right paravertebral collection that entered the spinal canal between the vertebral bodies L3, L4 and posterior arches, extending to the retroperitoneum and right psoas. Percutaneous drainage of the collection was performed using the Seldinger technique by the Interventional Radiology Department. In a sample of the purulent material drained, S. aureus was isolated again with the same resistance profile and MICs. Subsequently, there was a gradual improvement in the patient, including the neurological symptoms described, until she became asymptomatic. A subsequent CT scan showed the disappearance of the paravertebral collection, which together with the normalisation of acute phase reactants was used to decide the final duration of IV treatment.
Final diagnosis
The final diagnosis was meningitis due to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus secondary to a paraspinal abscess in a patient immunosuppressed by treatment with corticosteroids and methotrexate. Despite the various complementary tests performed, no gateway could be demonstrated. In our opinion, the origin of the collection could have been the ipsilateral intramuscular puncture that the patient received two weeks before the onset of the described symptoms as the initial dose of the corticosteroid treatment prescribed for her rheumatoid arthritis flare-up, as we found no other possible entry point in her clinical history or in conversations with the patient. In any case, we cannot rule out with absolute certainty that the abscess appeared after the meningeal symptoms. We also believe that the role of iatrogenesis in this case is very important, as cellular and humoral immunosuppression secondary to methotrexate and corticosteroids played an important role in the initial pathophysiology of the condition and in its subacute clinical course.
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Anamnesis
23-year-old male, with a personal history of left radical orchiectomy 7 months ago for a testicular tumour with pathological anatomy of combined germinal tumour (60% endodermal sinus tumour, 20% embryonal carcinoma, 20% teratoma). Residual retroperitoneal mass after chemotherapy treatment, with negative tumour markers. Laparoscopic excision of a left para-aortic mass one month ago with no notable incidents (pathological anatomy with no evidence of malignancy).
She came to the Emergency Department with progressive abdominal distension of 3 weeks' evolution associated with diffuse abdominal pain and vomiting in the last few days. Orthopnoea that has been intensifying and obliges him to sleep with two pillows. No fever or other symptoms.
Physical examination
Afebrile, abdomen distended and tympanic, diffusely painful on palpation. Hydro-aerial sounds present.
Complementary tests
Urgent blood tests: creatinine 0.8 mg/dl, C-reactive protein 0.5 mg/dl, leukocytes 6.10 x 1,000/l, haemoglobin 14 g/dl.
Urgent abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT): abundant ascites in all spaces. No peritoneal uptake or signs of peritoneal dissemination. Post-surgical changes in the left retroperitoneal region. Moderate amount of bilateral pleural effusion with compressive atelectasis of adjacent parenchyma.
● Diagnostic paracentesis: sampling of a milky fluid for submission to Microbiology (sterile), cytology (negative for malignancy) and triglyceride count (1,525 mg/dl).
Diagnosis
Chylous ascites as a complication following laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.
Treatment
With the diagnosis of chylous ascites, a drainage catheter was placed percutaneously and guided by CT, evacuating 4,000 cc of ascitic fluid in the first 24 hours, with symptomatic improvement of the patient (decrease in abdominal perimeter and disappearance of orthopnoea).
Conservative management was carried out, leaving the patient on an absolute diet and progressing to a lipid-restricted diet for the following 3 weeks, with the drainage debit remaining at zero during this time.
After the reintroduction of fats in the diet, in the fourth week of admission, the drainage debit began to increase, remaining at a rate of around 500 cc daily, and it was decided to start treatment with octreotide 100 μg/8 hours for 2 weeks and to restrict fatty foods.
Evolution
After completing treatment with octreotide, the drainage output remained close to 150 cc/day despite dietary restrictions. The patient needed to be admitted for a febrile episode secondary to bacterial colonisation of the ascitic fluid (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), with good resolution after completing a course of broad-spectrum antibiotherapy (piperacillin-tazobactam).
Due to the persistence of the debit 3 months after the onset of the clinical picture, total parenteral nutrition was started for 2 weeks, with disappearance of the lymphorrhoea. After confirming the absence of recurrence after progressive reintroduction of feeding, the drain was removed, with no new ascitic episode in subsequent imaging controls.
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A 62-year-old patient consulted because, after the appearance of a boil on the nasal tip 4 days earlier, initially treated with topical mupirocin, he began with progressive redness and pain on the nasal tip. Two days before admission, due to worsening clinical symptoms and the onset of fever (38o), she was prescribed treatment with oral cloxacillin, at a dose of 500 mg/6 hours. The patient was admitted to the emergency department for no improvement. Her medical history included only the presence of high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, secondary to the A1555G mutation of the MTRNR1 gene. Clinical examination revealed oedema and erythema of the nasal tip and intense pain on palpation. The upper inner part of the nasal vestibule showed the presence of a boil.
The rest of the ENT examination was normal. Body temperature was 38.1o. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan was performed and reported as a nasal tip abscess of 1.2 cm in greatest diameter.
On admission, the patient had a CRP of 6.5mg/dl and an ESR of 52 mm, with no leukocytosis or other relevant laboratory abnormalities. HIV screening was negative. It was decided to drain the abscess in consultation. After administration of a local anaesthetic (lidocaine 2%), a puncture was performed to obtain a sample for culture, with subsequent drainage of approximately 1 cc of pus, debridement and washing with hydrogen peroxide, leaving a silicone drain. After evaluation by the Infectious Diseases Unit, it was decided to start treatment with cloxacillin at a dose of 2g/6h/endovenous, metronidazole 500/6h/endovenous and ciprofloxacin 750 mg/12h/oral. In the culture of the abscess exudate, Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to methicillin was isolated, so treatment was adjusted with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid at a dose of 1g /8h ev. In view of the good evolution, the drain was removed after 48 hours and the patient was discharged 5 days later with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 875 mg/8h orally, presenting a CRP of 1.2 mg/dl. One month after the end of antibiotic treatment, the patient remained asymptomatic, with no aesthetic or functional sequelae and complete normalisation of analytical inflammatory parameters (CRP of 0.2 mg/dl and ESR of 2mm).
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Anamnesis
A 55-year-old man with a history of hypertension treated with enalapril. He came to the Emergency Department for a clinical picture of 4 days of evolution characterised by febrile peaks of up to 38.5 °C associated with bilateral orchialgia, which did not respond to initial treatment with oral ciprofloxacin, prescribed by his general practitioner at the onset of the clinical picture.
Physical examination
On physical examination he was conscious and temporospatially oriented, with signs of mild dehydration, tachycardic (126 bpm), blood pressure 143/91 mmHg and febrile (38 °C). In the genital region there was a 5 x 7 cm necrotic area at the base of the scrotum with slough and purulent discharge, associated with significant oedema and bilateral redness with proximal extension to the inguinal region and the ipsilateral iliac fossa, crepitant to the touch. The rest of the physical examination showed no pathological findings.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis of 22,600/mm3 with neutrophilia of 90.5% with CRP of 23.4 mg/l. Glucose 156 mg/dl, creatinine 0.65 mg/dl, urea 31.3 mg/dl. Urinary sediment showed glycosuria of three crosses.
- Testicular ultrasound showed thickening of the scrotal wall, as well as a heterogeneous hypoechoic image compatible with an abscess with multiple hyperechoic foci with posterior shadowing suggestive of subcutaneous gas, extending to the left inguinal region. Right teste with slight increase in size and vascularisation. Findings suggestive of Fournier's gangrene.
Diagnosis
Based on the clinical and complementary tests, the diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene was established.
Treatment
The patient was taken to the operating theatre for surgical lavage and emergency debridement, abundant scrotal purulent material was drained, devitalised tissues were resected, the periurethral and peritesticular space was dissected, respecting the bilateral testicular vagina, and both cords were also dissected. A transverse incision was made in the left iliac fossa at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine, where the subcutaneous cellular tissue was debrided, showing indemnity of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. The necrotic scrotum was resected to viable margins. No involvement of noble structures such as testicles, urethra or corpora cavernosa was observed.
Combined antibiotic therapy, gentamicin, metronidazole and ceftriaxone, and a daily regimen of local dressings with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate were started.
At 12 hours he was re-evaluated by surgical debridement, where resection of the non-viable scrotal skin was extended.
The gram of the material obtained in the operating room showed mixed flora with gram-positive cocci in chains and streptococcus-type pairs, gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive staphylococcus-type cocci. The culture showed a predominant multisensitive Streptococcus anginosus. There was no evidence of anaerobic growth in the usual culture media.
Evolution
The patient presented a satisfactory evolution, with resolution of the systemic inflammatory response, given by the absence of new febrile peaks and decrease in inflammatory parameters with a blood test on the third postoperative day of 7,100/mm3 leukocytes with 72% neutrophils and negative CRP. At 3 weeks of evolution, scrotal skin reconstruction was performed with a partial skin mesh graft obtained from the anterior region of the right thigh, which evolved adequately.
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{
"text": "general practitioner",
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"start": 337,
"end": 357
},
{
"text": "patient",
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},
{
"text": "Streptococcus anginosus",
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{
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] | en |
This is a 31-year-old male, smoker of 30 cigarettes a day with no other history of interest, who was admitted to the Emergency Department reporting weight loss (approximately 10 kg), asthenia and dry cough for the last 6 months. Ten days prior to admission, he had a fever of up to 39o C, generalised myalgias and dyspnoea on moderate exertion.
The admission blood test showed a baseline arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) of 63 mmHg; erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 92 mm/h; white blood cell count of 9300 l/mm3 (73% neutrophils); lactic dehydrogenase (LDH): 957 mg/dl, and fibrinogen: 954 mg/dl. Chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse interstitial-alveolar infiltrate over the lung parenchyma. Chest CT showed extensive involvement of the lung parenchyma with areas of alveolar involvement, symmetrical and bilateral areas of ground-glass opacity and lymphadenopathies in the pulmonary hilum, paratracheal and below the carina. The patient underwent a transbronchial biopsy, which was non-specific. A lung biopsy was performed in the operating theatre and the histological study showed alveolar proteinosis. The microbiological study of the biopsy isolated Nocardia sp. Fifteen days after admission the patient presented clinical worsening with a large increase in dyspnoea, hypoxia and worsening of the alveolar-arterial gradient. Given the clinical situation, it was decided to perform bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage.
Prior to orotracheal intubation, the patient was sedated with propofol, analgesiated with fentanyl and relaxed with succinylcholine. Intubation was performed with a left Mallinckrodt 39F double-lumen tube. We checked the location of the tube by means of a paediatric fibrobronchoscope. The patient was then kept sedated and relaxed with continuous perfusion of propofol and cisatracurium.
We initially ventilated the patient for 30 minutes in pressure control, with inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) of 100%, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 6 cm H2O, peak pressure of 30 cm H2O and respiratory rate of 12. The patient had tidal volumes of 800 ml (volume/minute of 10 lpm) and his oxygenation was 96%.
We then measured the static compliance of each lung (25 ml/cm H2O in the right lung and 15 ml/cm H2O in the left lung), so we decided to start lavage in the left lung (the one with the worst static compliance) with the patient in the supine position.
The lavage was performed with isotonic saline solution warmed to 37o C. We infused one litre from a height of 30-40 cm above the patient and drained the patient by gravity. The same operation was carried out until the lavage fluid had cleared. Thirteen litres were necessary in this first phase. To achieve a better result and drainage, thoracic percussion was performed on the lavaged lung.
At the end of the lavage in the supine position, we observed an improvement in the static compliance of the left lung of up to 53 ml/cm H2O and an improvement in saturation of up to 98%.
The patient was then placed in prone position. We performed the same procedure as in the supine position, with 15 litres of saline solution at 37o C being necessary in this case to obtain clear drainage. The total time taken to lavage the left lung was 2 hours and 45 minutes.
After completion of the left lung lavage, we ventilated both lungs in pressure control mode with FiO2 100%, PEEP 10 cm H2O and peak pressure of 35 cm H2O for 45 minutes. The measured static compliance was 39 ml/cm H2O and oxygen saturation was 96%. We decided to ventilate the left lung alone, to check that he could tolerate right lung lavage. The patient was well tolerated with an oxygen saturation of 96%. We decided to start the lavage of the right lung starting in prone position.
In this position the drain started to clear with 20 litres of saline in one hour and 35 minutes. We changed to the supine position, and in this position only 4 litres were needed in 14 minutes to obtain a clear drainage. After 30 minutes of mechanical ventilation the static compliance of both lungs was 64 ml/cm H2O and the oxygen saturation was 98%.
Finally we changed the double lumen tube to a standard number 8 tube and started disconnecting the patient. The patient was extubated two hours after completion of the lavage.
The control chest X-ray showed a bilateral fine interstitial pattern. When the patient was discharged from the intensive care unit he had a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 453.8 (193.8 on admission).
Sequential lavage had to be repeated twice during the following year due to worsening of his disease with good tolerance.
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Anamnesis
The patient was a 33-year-old man, married, with two children, engineer by profession. He had a family history of a maternal uncle with pancreatic cancer and a maternal aunt with ovarian cancer. Personal history: overweight until one year before the first visit to the oncology department, sporadic smoker, social drinker, he was being treated with eprosartan 600 mg/day for high blood pressure and had undergone surgery for varus flatfoot.
In January 2006, he started a low-calorie diet, with a weight loss of up to 18 kg even after stopping the diet. Over the months, he became associated with belt pain with visual analogue scale (VAS) 5/10, diarrhoea and food intolerance without steatorrhoea. In October 2006, he consulted in relation to the weight loss and a blood test showed anaemia, altered liver tests and hypercalcaemia, for which he was referred to the Internal Medicine department.
Physical examination
On examination, the patient was in good general condition, ECOG-1 with skin pallor, no lymph nodes were palpable and the abdomen was painful to the touch. A dubious mass was palpable in the epigastrium.
Additional tests
Further investigations were performed, including abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), which showed multiple liver lesions and a large lesion in the pancreas. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the liver lesions as metastases and detected the presence of a large pancreatic mass (> 9 cm) and portal hypertension. A scanner-guided puncture of the pancreatic mass was performed with a pathological diagnosis of malignancy and suggestive of adenocarcinoma, although the isolated cells were insufficient for immunohistochemical studies.
Diagnosis
Although initially the diagnosis was made as probable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, later, as we shall see after rebiopsy of the tumour, it was confirmed to be a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET).
Treatment
With histological confirmation of pancreatic cancer, it was decided, after consulting with the patient and signing this written informed consent, to start 1st line with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2/weekly x 3 every 4 weeks in January 2007. After three months, the CT scan confirmed progression of the primary cancer and so in April 2007, 2nd line with capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2/12 h x 14 days and erlotinib 150 mg/day orally was started.
Again, 3 months later, in July 2007, a new CT scan confirmed progression of the primary tumour, so a third line of chemotherapy was started with capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2/12 h x 14 days + oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. The patient completed 26 cycles in October 2009 without clinical or radiological progression, maintaining a good general condition without toxicity (no neuropathy) and with clinical response, weight gain and disappearance of pain and biochemical response, normalisation of calcium and liver tests.
Evolution
In December 2009, due to the stabilisation maintained for more than two years, unlikely in the third line of pancreatic cancer, the digestive service was asked to perform a pancreatic biopsy to rule out another histology. Access for the biopsy was difficult due to the large mass in the pancreas, portal hypertension and the risk of bleeding, so an exploratory laparoscopy was finally performed. A pancreatic tissue sample was obtained with histological confirmation of a well-differentiated PNET with Ki 67 of 1%, Octreoscan® with high radiotracer avidity (Krenning score 3), elevated serum chromogranin and normal urine indoles.
In May 2010, seven months after stopping chemotherapy, CT scan confirmed stable disease and treatment with somatostatin analogue, lanreotide autogel 120 mg every 4 weeks subcutaneous, was prescribed.
After two and a half years of treatment, in November 2012, radiological progression was observed in the liver and pancreas. The patient was in good general condition, ECOG 0, so it was decided to include him in the SAL-SUN-2011-01 study of the Spanish Neuroendocrine Tumour Group (GETNE) with sunitinib, which he received at a standard dose of 37.5 mg/day orally between December 2012 and September 2014, 10 months, and was discontinued due to progression. Toxicities included grade I neutropenia and thrombopenia, skin and hair discolouration and grade I2, 3 hypertension.
In November 2014, he received everolimus 10 mg/day orally with hyperglycaemia, anaemia, neutropenia and asthenia grade 12. Treatment was stopped in August 2016, after nine months, when a new radiological and clinical progression was observed. At that time, the patient presented with an ECOG-1, weight loss of about 6 kg in less than three months, altered liver tests and recurrence of the hypercalcaemia present at diagnosis. Suspecting an increase in tumour aggressiveness, the third line of chemotherapy, capecitabine and oxaliplatin, which had been suspended without progression, was restarted. The treatment was prescribed with a 20% dose reduction starting in September 2016, and the patient had to be admitted a few days later due to general deterioration, bed rest, worsening renal function, haematemesis and severe hypercalcaemia. After stabilising the patient, it was decided to follow him up by the Home Palliative Care Unit, and he died in November 2016, 10 years after diagnosis.
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"Anamnesis",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"a",
"33-year-old",
"man",
",",
"married",
",",
"with",
"two",
"children",
",",
"engineer",
"by",
"profession",
".",
"He",
"had",
"a",
"family",
"history",
"of",
"a",
"maternal",
"uncle",
"with",
"pancreatic",
"cancer",
"and",
"a",
"maternal",
"aunt",
"with",
"ovarian",
"cancer",
".",
"Personal",
"history",
":",
"overweight",
"until",
"one",
"year",
"before",
"the",
"first",
"visit",
"to",
"the",
"oncology",
"department",
",",
"sporadic",
"smoker",
",",
"social",
"drinker",
",",
"he",
"was",
"being",
"treated",
"with",
"eprosartan",
"600",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"for",
"high",
"blood",
"pressure",
"and",
"had",
"undergone",
"surgery",
"for",
"varus",
"flatfoot",
".",
"In",
"January",
"2006",
",",
"he",
"started",
"a",
"low-calorie",
"diet",
",",
"with",
"a",
"weight",
"loss",
"of",
"up",
"to",
"18",
"kg",
"even",
"after",
"stopping",
"the",
"diet",
".",
"Over",
"the",
"months",
",",
"he",
"became",
"associated",
"with",
"belt",
"pain",
"with",
"visual",
"analogue",
"scale",
"(",
"VAS",
")",
"5",
"/",
"10",
",",
"diarrhoea",
"and",
"food",
"intolerance",
"without",
"steatorrhoea",
".",
"In",
"October",
"2006",
",",
"he",
"consulted",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"the",
"weight",
"loss",
"and",
"a",
"blood",
"test",
"showed",
"anaemia",
",",
"altered",
"liver",
"tests",
"and",
"hypercalcaemia",
",",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"was",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"Internal",
"Medicine",
"department",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"On",
"examination",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"in",
"good",
"general",
"condition",
",",
"ECOG-1",
"with",
"skin",
"pallor",
",",
"no",
"lymph",
"nodes",
"were",
"palpable",
"and",
"the",
"abdomen",
"was",
"painful",
"to",
"the",
"touch",
".",
"A",
"dubious",
"mass",
"was",
"palpable",
"in",
"the",
"epigastrium",
".",
"Additional",
"tests",
"Further",
"investigations",
"were",
"performed",
",",
"including",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
"and",
"computed",
"tomography",
"(",
"CT",
")",
",",
"which",
"showed",
"multiple",
"liver",
"lesions",
"and",
"a",
"large",
"lesion",
"in",
"the",
"pancreas",
".",
"Magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"confirmed",
"the",
"liver",
"lesions",
"as",
"metastases",
"and",
"detected",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"large",
"pancreatic",
"mass",
"(",
">",
"9",
"cm",
")",
"and",
"portal",
"hypertension",
".",
"A",
"scanner-guided",
"puncture",
"of",
"the",
"pancreatic",
"mass",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"a",
"pathological",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"malignancy",
"and",
"suggestive",
"of",
"adenocarcinoma",
",",
"although",
"the",
"isolated",
"cells",
"were",
"insufficient",
"for",
"immunohistochemical",
"studies",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"Although",
"initially",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"made",
"as",
"probable",
"adenocarcinoma",
"of",
"the",
"pancreas",
",",
"later",
",",
"as",
"we",
"shall",
"see",
"after",
"rebiopsy",
"of",
"the",
"tumour",
",",
"it",
"was",
"confirmed",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"pancreatic",
"neuroendocrine",
"tumour",
"(",
"PNET",
")",
".",
"Treatment",
"With",
"histological",
"confirmation",
"of",
"pancreatic",
"cancer",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
",",
"after",
"consulting",
"with",
"the",
"patient",
"and",
"signing",
"this",
"written",
"informed",
"consent",
",",
"to",
"start",
"1st",
"line",
"with",
"gemcitabine",
"1",
",",
"000",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"/",
"weekly",
"x",
"3",
"every",
"4",
"weeks",
"in",
"January",
"2007",
".",
"After",
"three",
"months",
",",
"the",
"CT",
"scan",
"confirmed",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"primary",
"cancer",
"and",
"so",
"in",
"April",
"2007",
",",
"2nd",
"line",
"with",
"capecitabine",
"1",
",",
"000",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"/",
"12",
"h",
"x",
"14",
"days",
"and",
"erlotinib",
"150",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"orally",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Again",
",",
"3",
"months",
"later",
",",
"in",
"July",
"2007",
",",
"a",
"new",
"CT",
"scan",
"confirmed",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"primary",
"tumour",
",",
"so",
"a",
"third",
"line",
"of",
"chemotherapy",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"capecitabine",
"1",
",",
"000",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"/",
"12",
"h",
"x",
"14",
"days",
"+",
"oxaliplatin",
"130",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"every",
"3",
"weeks",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"completed",
"26",
"cycles",
"in",
"October",
"2009",
"without",
"clinical",
"or",
"radiological",
"progression",
",",
"maintaining",
"a",
"good",
"general",
"condition",
"without",
"toxicity",
"(",
"no",
"neuropathy",
")",
"and",
"with",
"clinical",
"response",
",",
"weight",
"gain",
"and",
"disappearance",
"of",
"pain",
"and",
"biochemical",
"response",
",",
"normalisation",
"of",
"calcium",
"and",
"liver",
"tests",
".",
"Evolution",
"In",
"December",
"2009",
",",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"stabilisation",
"maintained",
"for",
"more",
"than",
"two",
"years",
",",
"unlikely",
"in",
"the",
"third",
"line",
"of",
"pancreatic",
"cancer",
",",
"the",
"digestive",
"service",
"was",
"asked",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"pancreatic",
"biopsy",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"another",
"histology",
".",
"Access",
"for",
"the",
"biopsy",
"was",
"difficult",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"large",
"mass",
"in",
"the",
"pancreas",
",",
"portal",
"hypertension",
"and",
"the",
"risk",
"of",
"bleeding",
",",
"so",
"an",
"exploratory",
"laparoscopy",
"was",
"finally",
"performed",
".",
"A",
"pancreatic",
"tissue",
"sample",
"was",
"obtained",
"with",
"histological",
"confirmation",
"of",
"a",
"well-differentiated",
"PNET",
"with",
"Ki",
"67",
"of",
"1",
"%",
",",
"Octreoscan",
"®",
"with",
"high",
"radiotracer",
"avidity",
"(",
"Krenning",
"score",
"3",
")",
",",
"elevated",
"serum",
"chromogranin",
"and",
"normal",
"urine",
"indoles",
".",
"In",
"May",
"2010",
",",
"seven",
"months",
"after",
"stopping",
"chemotherapy",
",",
"CT",
"scan",
"confirmed",
"stable",
"disease",
"and",
"treatment",
"with",
"somatostatin",
"analogue",
",",
"lanreotide",
"autogel",
"120",
"mg",
"every",
"4",
"weeks",
"subcutaneous",
",",
"was",
"prescribed",
".",
"After",
"two",
"and",
"a",
"half",
"years",
"of",
"treatment",
",",
"in",
"November",
"2012",
",",
"radiological",
"progression",
"was",
"observed",
"in",
"the",
"liver",
"and",
"pancreas",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"in",
"good",
"general",
"condition",
",",
"ECOG",
"0",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"include",
"him",
"in",
"the",
"SAL-SUN-2011-01",
"study",
"of",
"the",
"Spanish",
"Neuroendocrine",
"Tumour",
"Group",
"(",
"GETNE",
")",
"with",
"sunitinib",
",",
"which",
"he",
"received",
"at",
"a",
"standard",
"dose",
"of",
"37",
".",
"5",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"orally",
"between",
"December",
"2012",
"and",
"September",
"2014",
",",
"10",
"months",
",",
"and",
"was",
"discontinued",
"due",
"to",
"progression",
".",
"Toxicities",
"included",
"grade",
"I",
"neutropenia",
"and",
"thrombopenia",
",",
"skin",
"and",
"hair",
"discolouration",
"and",
"grade",
"I2",
",",
"3",
"hypertension",
".",
"In",
"November",
"2014",
",",
"he",
"received",
"everolimus",
"10",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"orally",
"with",
"hyperglycaemia",
",",
"anaemia",
",",
"neutropenia",
"and",
"asthenia",
"grade",
"12",
".",
"Treatment",
"was",
"stopped",
"in",
"August",
"2016",
",",
"after",
"nine",
"months",
",",
"when",
"a",
"new",
"radiological",
"and",
"clinical",
"progression",
"was",
"observed",
".",
"At",
"that",
"time",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"presented",
"with",
"an",
"ECOG-1",
",",
"weight",
"loss",
"of",
"about",
"6",
"kg",
"in",
"less",
"than",
"three",
"months",
",",
"altered",
"liver",
"tests",
"and",
"recurrence",
"of",
"the",
"hypercalcaemia",
"present",
"at",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Suspecting",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"tumour",
"aggressiveness",
",",
"the",
"third",
"line",
"of",
"chemotherapy",
",",
"capecitabine",
"and",
"oxaliplatin",
",",
"which",
"had",
"been",
"suspended",
"without",
"progression",
",",
"was",
"restarted",
".",
"The",
"treatment",
"was",
"prescribed",
"with",
"a",
"20",
"%",
"dose",
"reduction",
"starting",
"in",
"September",
"2016",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"admitted",
"a",
"few",
"days",
"later",
"due",
"to",
"general",
"deterioration",
",",
"bed",
"rest",
",",
"worsening",
"renal",
"function",
",",
"haematemesis",
"and",
"severe",
"hypercalcaemia",
".",
"After",
"stabilising",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"follow",
"him",
"up",
"by",
"the",
"Home",
"Palliative",
"Care",
"Unit",
",",
"and",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"November",
"2016",
",",
"10",
"years",
"after",
"diagnosis",
"."
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We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with documented allergy to pyrazolones and codeine. Her personal history included active smoking until three months previously, repeated bronchitis and vulvovaginal infections, arterial hypertension and low-grade follicular lymphoma for which she had received first-line treatment in 2009 according to the R-CHOP scheme, with subsequent relapse in 2015 treated with R-Bendamustine followed by maintenance rituximab, of which she had only received two doses due to persistent neutropenia despite repeated administration of G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). He was receiving home treatment with enalapril 20 mg at breakfast. Recent admission for febrile neutropenia and acute bronchitis with isolation of Haemophilus influenzae in sputum culture for which he received treatment with imipenem and fluconazole associated with G-CSF support with recovery of haemocyte count. The bone marrow biopsy described the existence of a hypocellular marrow and mature pseudo-stop in the granulocytic series. One month after discharge from hospital, the patient consulted for the appearance of a one-centimetre vesicle on the inner aspect of the right upper limb with flushing and local heat and incipient ulceration, all accompanied by fever. Samples were taken for culture and empirical antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was started. After several days of treatment, given the torpid evolution of the lesion and the elevation of acute phase reactants in the tests, it was decided to admit him to hospital for intravenous antibiotherapy.
Differential diagnosis
Firstly, any skin and soft tissue infection may present as cellulitis, abscess or both. In any of these forms, erythema, oedema and warmth of the skin appear, with accumulation of pus within the dermis or subcutaneous space in the case of abscess. Petechiae/haemorrhages, skin blisters, fever or other systemic manifestations may sometimes occur, all of which are general and independent of the germ causing the infection. The most common germs include skin germs such as staphylococcus species, especially S. aureus; and given that this is a neutropenic patient, we should also consider the possibility of Streptococcus species of the viridans group, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the latter being closely related to the appearance of gangrenous ecthyma in neutropenic patients. Due to the history of recent previous admission, nosocomial pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Aeromonas hydrophila should be taken into account. Nocardiosis and mycobacterial involvement would be less frequent aetiologies in this context because the patient's immunosuppression was not severe and because of the rapid evolution of the lesion, unsuitable for mycobacteria. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. would be very unlikely options and are usually associated with invasive fungal infections. Mucor spp. also appears as a skin infection in immunocompromised patients, but as an indurated papule with secondary necrosis, not corresponding to the characteristics of our patient's lesion. On the other hand, superficial Fusarium spp. infections occur in 70% of invasive forms, and a priori, our patient did not appear to have systemic involvement. In this case, sampling and culture will be the test that will determine the diagnosis.
Evolution
In the samples taken for culture, abundant growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (sensitive to ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and colistin) was isolated. Initially, he was treated with double therapy (piperacillin/tazobactam associated with quinolones) due to the significant skin and soft tissue involvement, and the CT scan showed a lesion on the right arm with a craniocaudal extension of 35 mm and a maximum depth of 11 mm. After two weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy, sequential therapy with oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg every 12 hours was performed, allowing outpatient management. During follow-up consultations, the patient showed progressive improvement of the lesion until resolution, requiring daily dressings at her health centre. In view of the repeated infections, a bone marrow study was performed, which was compatible with agranulocytosis, and a plasma immunoglobulin determination was requested, showing low levels of IgG, so it was decided to start treatment with immunoglobulins on a monthly basis.
Final diagnosis
Soft tissue infection (Ecthyma gangrenosum) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Reason for consultation
An 18-year-old male patient was referred from the Emergency Department with a diagnosis of probable psychotic episode.
Personal medical history He had presented with coma crises during childhood as a result of a TBI caused by a car accident. He is being treated with depakine 500 mg/d. Weekend alcohol consumer and daily cannabis user (since he was about 14 years old, at the time of attending the CSM he consumed 6-7 joints a day). Psychological/psychiatric history At 8 years of age he had been seen a few times by the Child Mental Health Team of the CSM, due to poor school performance.
Family history
Both parents reported anxious-depressive episodes: the father several years ago, with panic attacks and agoraphobia that recovered with SSRIs; the mother had been reporting a mild mixed anxious-depressive episode for 3 months and in relation to her son's situation. She has no family history of psychotic symptoms.
Biography
He is the second in a family of three. Neither of his two siblings has any medical history of interest for the case. As a child he had been a restless boy, a bad student and prone to fights. In the last couple of years his behaviour has improved and he has become much calmer. He is in a stable relationship and has been working as a plasterer on a construction site for the last few months.
Current episode
The patient refers to the onset of the symptoms about a year and a half ago. He recalls that he gradually began to feel "strange, empty... I felt strange, I looked strange, because of the emptiness inside me...". Affectively, he reported feeling sad, labile, anxious, unable to enjoy the activities that used to amuse him "because I felt sad because I was so empty". He also reported feelings of irritability as well as episodes of aggression towards objects, apparently unmotivated. These symptoms had worsened in the last 2-3 months prior to the visit to the emergency department. Since that time, he also refers more markedly to "strange sensations...as if the environment were different". He has been feeling targeted by the gaze of others "in a strange way". "In the street I used to look at people to see if they were looking at me.... People would look at me in a bad way, to laugh.... If someone laughed at me, I spent the whole day thinking about it". He himself recognises the absurdity of some of his thoughts: "I would walk down the street, maybe someone would look at me and I knew what they thought of me, by the look, by the gesture.... I thought that the crazy things they were giving people (on TV) were going to happen to me? It seems absurd to me, I know that many of these things are absurd but they still happen to me". In recent days he has felt observed by strangers, and has noticed that people often talk about him. In an unstructured way he points to a certain ideation of harm. He attributes to his girlfriend a special quality that brings him well-being "it is as if my girlfriend carries my happiness...". In recent weeks the family had become seriously concerned about his change in behaviour. He hardly went out with his friends and seemed preoccupied and withdrawn. He nevertheless kept his job without incident. The mother highlights the progressive isolation and apathy of her son, as well as the feeling of sadness and dullness. She did not report any other behavioural alterations, nor did she notice any changes in the daily rhythms of sleep or eating.
Psychopathological examination
At the time of the first visit, the patient is conscious and oriented. His contact is barely resonant, dull. He has a slight psychomotor slowing, with complaints of a lack of ability to concentrate. His face tends towards hypomimia, with no clinical signs of joint stiffness. His speech is fluent, coherent, well-structured, focused on a feeling of emptiness and strangeness. His mood is congruent with his experiences, showing anguish as well as apathy and abulia. He presents a vaguely structured referential and detrimental ideation. He denies sensory-perceptual disturbances. The presence of thought-reading phenomena is not clear, and he did present experiences of derealisation. In recent weeks she had lost weight. Her sleep is fragmented and she denies self- or heteroaggressive ideation.
Evolution
Already in the Emergency Department he had been started on an atypical antipsychotic (risperidone 3 mg/d) which was adjusted at his first visit to the CSM to 6 mg/d, with the addition of a benzodiazepine to help improve his sleep. During the first months of his evolution this was not as satisfactory as intended. He maintained the pharmacological treatment and the delusional ideation and the probable thought-reading phenomena practically disappeared. However, the feeling of strangeness towards himself and his environment persisted, albeit to a lesser degree. Although he continued to function within a certain normality (he kept his job, continued to meet his friends...) his contact remained, however, poor, barely resonant, dull. He himself continued to complain of lack of concentration, lack of initiative and drive, lack of motivation and apathy "... sometimes I feel like I am slowing down, without conversation, slowed down...". Tendency towards passive social isolation. During all this time he had maintained his daily consumption of hashish (4-5 joints/day). In a second phase he focused on working towards abstinence from cannabis use, maintaining lower doses of risperidone (3 mg/d). Already after one month of complete cessation of use, he begins to feel clearer. His contact has improved a lot (ratified by his family, who see him almost recovered). He still has occasional feelings of strangeness, but his social world has been reactivated. He is motivated and has started new training and work plans. Although he does not report this spontaneously if asked, he still occasionally presents some sensory symptoms, although these are not having functional repercussions on his daily life. One year after abstinence, the patient is fully recovered, according to himself and his family. He is no longer taking treatment (he stopped on his own because of side effects). He has a stable relationship, is still in contact with his friends, has changed jobs and has plans for the future (including handing over the keys to a house). She no longer complains of homesickness or feelings of emptiness. His contact has become normalised, and the feeling of boredom and complaints of lack of concentration have disappeared. He enjoys his activities and the apathy has disappeared.
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Anamnesis
A 27-year-old woman with a history of iron deficiency anaemia of 4 years of evolution on treatment with oral iron was admitted for febrile symptoms of 14 days of evolution, accompanied by intense asthenia, general malaise and dry cough without associated expectoration. The patient also noted the appearance of lymphadenopathies located in the axillary region and on the left costal grid.
The dermatology department was consulted due to the sudden appearance of asymptomatic skin lesions in the last 24 hours on the upper limbs, trunk, face and, to a lesser extent, on the lower limbs. The patient denied recent exotic travel, risky sexual relations, insect bites or any other relevant history.
The patient had already presented with similar symptoms two years earlier, in the form of general malaise, arthromyalgia, headache and the appearance of right laterocervical adenopathy. In the complementary tests for this episode, only iron deficiency anaemia and elevated acute phase reactants stood out. The rest of the values in the blood tests were normal and the serologies were negative.
Physical examination
The patient had multiple oval erythematous-violaceous erythematous-edematous plaques, some of which were more poorly demarcated, predominantly on the back of both arms, ventral aspect of the forearms, neckline, back and some isolated lesions on the back of the thighs and face. There were no oropharyngeal lesions, except for the saburral tongue. On the left costal grid, there were two subcutaneous masses of hard consistency, scarcely movable, somewhat painful, approximately 2 cm in diameter. There were also erythematous oedematous lesions on the surface of the masses. There was no lymphatic tract suggestive of lymphangitis or associated soft tissue infection.
Complementary tests
Additional tests initially performed in the ED showed anaemia with Hb 9.9 and mild lymphopenia (700lymph/μl). Serology tests (HIV, hepatotropic viruses, Mycoplasma, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, Parvovirus B19, syphilis, Coxiella) were negative.
Subsequently, alterations in the autoimmune profile were detected with the presence of ANA positive at 1/640 titre (mottled pattern), anti DNA negative, anti RO positive >100 (range: 0-25), anti La negative, anti RNP positive >100 (range: 0-25) and anti SM positive >100 (range: 0-25).
CT scan showed multiple bilateral axillary and subpectoral axillary adenopathies, mild hepatosplenomegaly, mild pleural effusion and thickened interlobular septa. The nodule described adjacent to the inferoexternal quadrant of the left breast was more suggestive of necrotic adenopathy than of a breast nodule.
Based on these findings, a biopsy-excision of the adenopathic mass located in the rib cage was performed. The biopsy revealed the presence of multifocal necrotising lymphadenitis without granulomas or associated infectious agents. Immunohistochemical staining showed a predominance of CD3/CD8 T lymphocytes in the necrotic areas with the presence of granzyme B positive cells and CD68 histiocytes, together with occasional plasma cells. The remaining B and T lymphoid markers ruled out the presence of neoplastic and Reed-Sternberg cells.
These findings were compatible with a diagnosis of multifocal necrotising lymphadenitis or Kikuchi's disease.
On the other hand, the skin biopsy showed an epidermis with focal lichenoid changes, with vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer and necrotic keratinocytes at these levels. In the dermis, a perivascular and interstitial lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate with no neutrophils or eosinophils was prominent in the mid and deep dermis.
Diagnosis
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease or necrotising histiocytic lymphadenitis.
Treatment
Prednisone at a dose of 0.5/mg/kg/day was prescribed, as well as symptomatic treatment with paracetamol.
Evolution
During the first five days, febrile peaks of up to 39o persisted with associated mild dyspnoea and malaise.
The skin lesions progressed in the first week to a more contusiform appearance. Subsequently, they acquired a more residual macular appearance until complete resolution. The patient was discharged after two weeks with resolution of the systemic symptoms and skin lesions.
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{
"text": "woman",
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{
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Reason for consultation
An 11-year-old boy with self-limited diarrhoea and good general condition. One week later, he presented with petechial cutaneous migratory exanthema. After five days with this exanthema, it worsened and he started with catarrhal symptoms and an isolated febrile peak of 38o, for which he went to the emergency department.
Individual approach
As personal history, the patient has atopic dermatitis and cypress allergy. He is well vaccinated and has no known drug allergies.
Family history: Brother with suspected coeliac disease and IgA deficiency. Paternal branch: several relatives with coeliac disease. Maternal branch: aunt with IMD and autoimmune thyroiditis.
In February the patient consulted the emergency department for a petechial migratory exanthema of one week's duration. It started on the lower limbs and abdomen, later appearing on the back and upper limbs. On the same day he came to the emergency department he presented cough, nasal congestion and odynophagia, with an isolated febrile peak of 38°C. Two weeks earlier he reported diarrhoea without pathological products, self-limited.
Examination revealed a generalised micropetechial rash that did not disappear on pressure, more prominent in the lumbar region, abdomen and shoulders. Several haematomas on the elbows with no memory of associated trauma. No active mucosal bleeding, although he does report frequent epistaxis, with no episodes in the last week.
Respiratory auscultation was normal and the oropharynx was hyperemic with no exudates and petechiae on the palate.
Due to these symptoms, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was suspected, and a blood test was performed showing platelets with a level of 7,000/μL. There were no alterations in other series or coagulation alterations.
The patient was admitted to the oncohaematology department and peripheral blood was drawn to study ITP prior to treatment.
Treatment was started with intravenous non-specific human immunoglobulin 800mg/kg, with an excellent clinical response and an increase in platelets of >100,000 in 48 hours. The only side effects were a fever of 37.4o and headache (VAS 5) which improved with the usual analgesics. Discharge was decided after a favourable evolution.
One week later, the patient visited the clinic to receive the results of an analytical study, aimed at ruling out active infections (HIV, CMV, EBV, CHS, HAV, HBV, HCV, toxoplasma, varicella-zoster virus and rubella), systemic, autoimmune and hereditary diseases, without finding any alterations.
Family and community approach
In the case of this patient, we are talking about a nuclear family, with good family support and a good cultural level, so that appropriate education is carried out to identify signs that indicate severe active bleeding.
Clinical judgement
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disorder caused by the appearance of antiplatelet antibodies that induce platelet destruction at the peripheral level. Our patient has a recently diagnosed ITP (up to three months old) and should be followed up, as it is a disease that can be persistent and even chronic.
Action plan
The aim of treatment is to prevent haemorrhagic symptoms and not to correct the platelet count. Treatment is started immediately in cases of active mucosal bleeding.
Our patient presented with exclusively cutaneous bleeding, so an ITP study was performed before starting treatment. The drugs used as first line are prednisone/methylprednisolone iv in 3 doses or human non-specific immunoglobulin iv one dose, with no consensus or evidence of the advantage of one option over the other.
At discharge, patient and family should monitor for signs of mucosal bleeding, urine colour and appearance of bruising or petechiae. Initially, traumatic risk activities and sporting activity should be avoided, changing this guideline at a later date according to evolution.
Evolution
Despite the recent diagnosis of the disease, we can say that it has a favourable evolution, with a rapid response to treatment with immunoglobulin. This patient should continue to be monitored, controlling platelet levels, as the disease may be persistent or chronic.
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Male, 39 years old, of Bolivian origin, resident in Jerez for 5 years, construction worker. No toxic habits, allergies or recent trips abroad. History of seborrhoeic dermatitis on the scalp. No contact with animals in recent months. She visited her primary care doctor for fever (38-39 oC), chills, some vomiting and a painful lump in the right armpit. Despite this, the fever continued, increasing the pain and the size of the lump, so 4 days later she went to the emergency department, where outpatient treatment with Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 2000/125 mg every 12 hours was recommended. Despite this, he continued to have fever and the axillary tumour grew and became more painful, so he returned to the emergency department where it was decided to admit him.
The patient was in fair general condition. Conscious, oriented and cooperative. Good hydration of skin and mucous membranes. Normotensive. Well perfused. Cardiopulmonary auscultation was strictly normal. Abdomen soft, depressible, not painful on palpation; no palpable visceral growths. In the right axilla there was a painful tumour on palpation, ovoid in shape with a maximum diameter of 4 cm and signs of phlogosis in the adjacent skin. The lower extremities were normal. Laboratory tests on admission showed a normal haemogram and coagulation study. Biochemical tests were normal except for a CRP of 28.87 mg/dl (normal < 0.5 mg/dl).
Serology for HBV, HCV, HAV, Coxiella burnetti, Toxoplasma, Rickettsia, lupus, HIV, EBV and rubella were negative, as were blood cultures at peak fever. Soft tissue ultrasound of the axillary region showed a 4 cm polylobulated collection in the right axilla, with other adjacent rounded, very hypoechogenic images, some of which preserved a fatty hilum. Impression: complicated hydrosadenitis.
Evolution
With the findings of the examination and complementary tests, the patient started antibiotic treatment with intravenous cloxacillin + ceftriaxone and underwent surgery to drain the axillary collection seen in the ultrasound scan. A superficial incision was made which revealed a deep tumour suggesting a large axillary adenopathy, so no procedure was performed at that time, and the surgeon suggested that it was advisable to complete the study of the patient. After the operation, the patient continued to have a high fever and intense pain in the right axilla, despite antibiotic treatment. In view of this evolution, it was decided to perform a thoraco-abdominal CT scan, which was normal, except for the presence of a space-occupying lesion in the right axilla, measuring 5 x 3.5 cm, with blurred external borders. It had hypodense areas inside and after contrast injection showed peripheral contrast uptake. Radiological diagnosis: abscessed lymphadenopathy, without ruling out other underlying pathology. There were also multiple other small adenopathies adjacent to the main one. In view of these data, it was decided to perform an aspiration puncture of the lesion, obtaining purulent material. Two days later the tumour fustulised and drained spontaneously.
Differential diagnosis
With the syndromic diagnosis of suppurative axillary lymphadenopathy, the following diagnostic possibilities were considered:
- Pyogenic axillary abscess: generally secondary to hydrosadenitis, the germ most commonly associated with this process being S.aureus followed by S.pyogenes.
- Mycobacterial infection. As is well known, M. tuberculosis is the causative agent of lymphadenopathy, up to 10% of which are suppurative. M. avium and M. scrofulaceum can also cause lymphadenitis, with abscessification and spontaneous suppuration being frequent in the latter case.
- Yersinia pestis should be considered, but it is not endemic in our environment and although the patient was Bolivian, he had not travelled outside Spain.
- Francisella tularensis, Bartonella henselae and Sporothrixs chenckii are microorganisms that can cause this type of symptoms, the first two being associated with contact with animals. On questioning, the patient reported that his son had had a cat puppy three months previously, and that the whole family had been scratched by it.
- Chlamydia trachomatis is another possible cause of suppurative adenopathy, particularly in the inguinal region. The patient strongly denied having had any risky sexual contacts.
- Hodgkin's lymphoma produces fistulised lymphadenopathy in up to 2 % of cases (nodular sclerosis variety), so in a young patient with prolonged fever and this type of lymphadenopathy should also be considered.
- Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease usually occurs in young people with fever without apparent focus and causes lymphadenopathy, which may be suppurative.
Evolution
Empirical treatment was started with Clarithromycin 500 mg, one tablet every 12 hours with adequate tolerance. In the following days the evolution was adequate, fissuring and draining spontaneously. Antibiotic treatment was maintained for 14 days with disappearance of all symptoms. At subsequent check-ups the patient remained asymptomatic and with no new signs or symptoms.
Final diagnosis
The results of microbiology and pathology of the pus from the adenopathy were received. Cytology was inflammatory, while cultures on bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial media were negative. Given the clinical suspicion, a PCR for Bartonella henselae was performed and was positive. Based on these data, a final diagnosis of cat scratch disease was made. The patient received oral treatment with azithromycin 500 mg on the first day and 250 mg on the following four days. After 48 hours he was asymptomatic and was discharged.
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We present the case of a 67-year-old male, with no known drug allergies and a previous personal history of arterial hypertension, permanent non-anticoagulated atrial fibrillation and heart failure of hypertensive origin in New York Heart Association functional class I-II. In addition to this history, the patient was recently diagnosed with liver cirrhosis of probable ethyl alcoholic origin after being admitted to the Digestive Department of our centre for a first episode of hydropic decompensation that was controlled with diuretics. On admission, a 2-centimetre liver lesion with a radiological pattern suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma was observed, and the patient was currently awaiting assessment by the Liver Transplant Unit. Three months after the previous admission, the patient returned to the emergency department due to worsening general condition, abdominal distension and constipation, accompanied by fever and chills without fever. The ED noted the presence of ascites, renal failure, not previously present, and hyponatraemia, and therefore admission to the Digestive Department was made after ruling out the presence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by means of diagnostic paracentesis. On arrival at the Digestive Ward, the attending physician indicated the extraction of blood cultures without fever, on suspicion of a possible non-evident infectious process, as the cause of the current decompensation. 48 hours after the blood cultures were taken, Microbiology informed us of the growth of a gram-positive enterobacterium that was identified as Clostridium ramosum using the MALDITOF technique, which is why we proceeded to assess the case.
After a thorough anamnesis, the patient reported, as the only additional symptom not recorded, a back pain radiating to the left lower limb, of about 3 weeks' duration and with an apparently mechanical rhythm. He had consulted his health centre for these symptoms, and his primary care physician had started treatment with common analgesics, without the patient noticing a clear improvement in his symptoms.
On examination, he had an antalgic posture in hip flexion with pain on palpation in the lumbar region and positive Lasegue at 60 degrees. Both mobility and sensitivity were preserved. These symptoms prevented him from resting at night and worsened with mobilisation. Since admission, the patient had remained afebrile at all times.
When in doubt about the clinical significance of the detection of Clostridium ramosum in blood cultures, new blood cultures were taken without fever, an in vitro nucleic acid amplification test for the detection and identification of bacterial and fungal DNA (SEPTIFAST) was performed and an abdominal and lumbar spine CT scan was requested to exclude an intra-abdominal infection, rule out the presence of neoplastic colon pathology, re-evaluate the previous liver lesion and assess the lumbar spine. While awaiting an antibiogram, treatment was started with intravenous penicillin, which after confirming sensitivity to metronidazole was replaced by metronidazole, to avoid the saline overload associated with the administration of penicillin in a cirrhotic patient with ascites.
Second blood cultures taken without fever and SEPTIFAST were negative and abdominal CT showed no evidence of intra-abdominal infection or colonic pathology. On the other hand, the liver lesion was stable with respect to the previous imaging test, with no evidence of portal thrombosis. Regarding the lumbar spine, the CT scan was reported as: degenerative changes at the level of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae without data of spondylodiscitis. In the following days of admission, the patient remained afebrile but with uncontrolled lumbar pain despite analgesia, which required the use of intravenous steroids for pain control. Given the persistence of the clinical manifestations, it was decided to request a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
Differential diagnosis
Clostridium ramosum bacteraemia of unclear focus:
1. In favour of the abdominal focus, a history of liver cirrhosis, the sensation of abdominal distension and constipation. Against this diagnosis, the presence of a CT scan without suggestive data.
2. In favour of the osteoarticular focus, the presence of lumbosciatica and degenerative changes of the lumbar spine on CT. Against, the characteristics of the pain, which appear to be of mechanical rhythm, the absence of data suggestive of spondylodiscitis on CT and the improbability of Clostridium ramosum as the cause of this entity.
3. Finally, assess the presence of Clostridium ramosum in blood cultures as a possible error.
Evolution
MRI showed hyperintensity in STIR of the L3, L4 and L5 vertebral bodies and hyperintensity in T2 TSE and STIR of the L3-L4 and L4-L5 lumbar intervertebral discs. MRI sagittal slice lumbosacral spine T1 and T2 sequence: involvement of L3, L4 and L5 vertebral bodies.
Intravenous gadolinium administration reveals heterogeneous enhancement of the lower half of the L3 vertebral body and the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. In addition, there is hypointense tissue in T1 and hyperintense in T2 and STIR lateral and posterior to the L3-L5 vertebral bodies, which is heterogeneously enhanced with hypocaptive foci within it. All these findings are compatible with an infectious spondylodiscitis at L3-L4 and L4-L5 level with phlegmonous tissue and foci of epidural abscess stenosing the vertebral canal. In addition, at the level of the left psoas muscle, numerous focal areas are observed, markedly hyperintense in T2 with peripheral uptake and hypocaptured centre in relation to abscesses at this level.
Given the radiological diagnosis of infectious spondylodiscitis and a single positive blood culture for Clostridium ramosum, extracted without fever, we wondered whether the spondylodiscitis was caused by Clostridium or whether it was a clinically insignificant finding and the spondylodiscitis was caused by a different germ. The dilemma therefore arose as to whether to assume a Clostridium aetiology or to perform a vertebral sampling in a patient at high surgical risk due to cirrhosis with associated coagulopathy.
After discussing the case, it was decided that we could not assume with the minimum guarantees that Clostridium ramosum was the cause of the symptoms, so we decided to perform a vertebral biopsy to take microbiological samples. After informing the patient, he refused any invasive procedure and therefore refused to take samples.
Given the patient's refusal to undergo surgical sampling, it was decided to design an empirical antibiotic treatment that was active against Clostridium ramosum, but with coverage against other more common germs such as staphylococci, streptococci and enterobacteria. Given that the Clostridium was sensitive to quinolones, after completing nine days of intravenous treatment with metronidazole and the patient requested voluntary discharge, it was decided to discharge the patient with moxifloxacin 400 mg daily orally until further review in consultation. One month after his discharge from hospital, at the first consultation, the patient was clinically worse, with lumbar pain radiating to both lower limbs that prevented him from moving, although he had no loss of strength or paraesthesia.
At the analytical level, there had been a slight increase in C-reactive protein (CRP), which went from 1 mg/L at the time of discharge to 12 mg/L. In this situation, it was decided to propose again to the patient that samples be taken, given the possibility of therapeutic failure, with a view to clarifying the microbiological aetiology of the condition, and on this occasion the patient agreed to the procedure. At this point, it was decided to suspend antibiotic treatment to optimise the cost-effectiveness of the sampling and a new MRI, a transesophageal echography and a new round of blood cultures were requested without fever. Echocardiography showed no evidence of infective endocarditis. The control MRI showed progression of the L3-L4 and L4-L5 spondylodiscitis with respect to the previous study, showing abscessation of the discs and perivertebral phlegmonous tissue, with stenosis of the vertebral canal and extension of the process to both psoas muscles, with abscesses in the left one. MRI sagittal section lumbosacral spine T1 and T2 sequence: progression of spondylodiscitis L3-L4 and L4-L5 with abscessation of the discs is observed.
Blood cultures, taken again without fever, were again reported as positive for Clostridium ramosum. Despite this isolation, it was decided to maintain the indication for vertebral biopsy, but in the end this was not performed because the Anaesthesia Service rejected the procedure at the last minute due to surgical risk. Once again we were faced with the dilemma of whether to assume that Clostridium was the cause and the previous treatment had been insufficient or whether the detection of Clostridium in blood culture had no clinical significance and the cause of the poor evolution could be insufficient coverage of the empirical regimen. After discussing the case in a multidisciplinary session and reviewing the literature, it was suggested that the detection of Clostridium ramosum in blood cultures on two occasions should be considered significant and that the spondylodiscitis could indeed be due to this germ and that the initial treatment had been insufficient.
It was therefore decided to repeat a course of intravenous treatment and to boost treatment at discharge with two drugs active against Clostridium. Treatment was restarted with ampicillin 2 g every 6 hours for 20 days together with moxifloxacin 400 mg orally for 21 days, followed by sequential treatment with amoxicillin (1 g every 8 hours) with moxifloxacin (400 mg every 24 hours). The patient was reviewed in consultations 8 weeks after the start of oral treatment (10 weeks of accumulated treatment) to assess clinical, radiological and analytical evolution. A control MRI showed an increase in abscesses in the right anterolateral epidural space of L3-L4 and L4-L5 causing stenosis of the canal, but with a decrease in L3-L5 bone oedema and adjacent soft tissues, as well as a disappearance of the abscesses in the psoas muscle. MRI sagittal section lumbosacral spine T2 sequence: increased abscessation in the L3-L4 and L4-L5 space causing canal stenosis.
Clinically, the patient was stationary, with poorly controlled pain but with good mobilisation of both lower limbs. On analytical control, an increase in CRP was again documented, which was 60 mg/L (previously 12 mg/L). In view of this situation, it was decided to continue with the current antibiotic treatment and to add dexamethasone 4 mg every 12 hours for pain control. At a review after 14 weeks of oral treatment, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and a CRP of 1 mg/L, so it was decided to discontinue antibiotic treatment. At present the patient remains asymptomatic and is awaiting radiological and laboratory re-evaluation 8 weeks after completion of treatment.
Final diagnosis
Spondylodiscitis L3-L4 and L4-L5 secondary to Clostridium ramosum bacteraemia.
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"the",
"Digestive",
"Department",
"was",
"made",
"after",
"ruling",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"spontaneous",
"bacterial",
"peritonitis",
"by",
"means",
"of",
"diagnostic",
"paracentesis",
".",
"On",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"Digestive",
"Ward",
",",
"the",
"attending",
"physician",
"indicated",
"the",
"extraction",
"of",
"blood",
"cultures",
"without",
"fever",
",",
"on",
"suspicion",
"of",
"a",
"possible",
"non-evident",
"infectious",
"process",
",",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"current",
"decompensation",
".",
"48",
"hours",
"after",
"the",
"blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"taken",
",",
"Microbiology",
"informed",
"us",
"of",
"the",
"growth",
"of",
"a",
"gram-positive",
"enterobacterium",
"that",
"was",
"identified",
"as",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"using",
"the",
"MALDITOF",
"technique",
",",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"we",
"proceeded",
"to",
"assess",
"the",
"case",
".",
"After",
"a",
"thorough",
"anamnesis",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"reported",
",",
"as",
"the",
"only",
"additional",
"symptom",
"not",
"recorded",
",",
"a",
"back",
"pain",
"radiating",
"to",
"the",
"left",
"lower",
"limb",
",",
"of",
"about",
"3",
"weeks",
"'",
"duration",
"and",
"with",
"an",
"apparently",
"mechanical",
"rhythm",
".",
"He",
"had",
"consulted",
"his",
"health",
"centre",
"for",
"these",
"symptoms",
",",
"and",
"his",
"primary",
"care",
"physician",
"had",
"started",
"treatment",
"with",
"common",
"analgesics",
",",
"without",
"the",
"patient",
"noticing",
"a",
"clear",
"improvement",
"in",
"his",
"symptoms",
".",
"On",
"examination",
",",
"he",
"had",
"an",
"antalgic",
"posture",
"in",
"hip",
"flexion",
"with",
"pain",
"on",
"palpation",
"in",
"the",
"lumbar",
"region",
"and",
"positive",
"Lasegue",
"at",
"60",
"degrees",
".",
"Both",
"mobility",
"and",
"sensitivity",
"were",
"preserved",
".",
"These",
"symptoms",
"prevented",
"him",
"from",
"resting",
"at",
"night",
"and",
"worsened",
"with",
"mobilisation",
".",
"Since",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"remained",
"afebrile",
"at",
"all",
"times",
".",
"When",
"in",
"doubt",
"about",
"the",
"clinical",
"significance",
"of",
"the",
"detection",
"of",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"in",
"blood",
"cultures",
",",
"new",
"blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"taken",
"without",
"fever",
",",
"an",
"in",
"vitro",
"nucleic",
"acid",
"amplification",
"test",
"for",
"the",
"detection",
"and",
"identification",
"of",
"bacterial",
"and",
"fungal",
"DNA",
"(",
"SEPTIFAST",
")",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"an",
"abdominal",
"and",
"lumbar",
"spine",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
"requested",
"to",
"exclude",
"an",
"intra-abdominal",
"infection",
",",
"rule",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"neoplastic",
"colon",
"pathology",
",",
"re-evaluate",
"the",
"previous",
"liver",
"lesion",
"and",
"assess",
"the",
"lumbar",
"spine",
".",
"While",
"awaiting",
"an",
"antibiogram",
",",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"intravenous",
"penicillin",
",",
"which",
"after",
"confirming",
"sensitivity",
"to",
"metronidazole",
"was",
"replaced",
"by",
"metronidazole",
",",
"to",
"avoid",
"the",
"saline",
"overload",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"administration",
"of",
"penicillin",
"in",
"a",
"cirrhotic",
"patient",
"with",
"ascites",
".",
"Second",
"blood",
"cultures",
"taken",
"without",
"fever",
"and",
"SEPTIFAST",
"were",
"negative",
"and",
"abdominal",
"CT",
"showed",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"intra-abdominal",
"infection",
"or",
"colonic",
"pathology",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"the",
"liver",
"lesion",
"was",
"stable",
"with",
"respect",
"to",
"the",
"previous",
"imaging",
"test",
",",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"portal",
"thrombosis",
".",
"Regarding",
"the",
"lumbar",
"spine",
",",
"the",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
"reported",
"as",
":",
"degenerative",
"changes",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"third",
"and",
"fourth",
"lumbar",
"vertebrae",
"without",
"data",
"of",
"spondylodiscitis",
".",
"In",
"the",
"following",
"days",
"of",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"remained",
"afebrile",
"but",
"with",
"uncontrolled",
"lumbar",
"pain",
"despite",
"analgesia",
",",
"which",
"required",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"intravenous",
"steroids",
"for",
"pain",
"control",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"persistence",
"of",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"request",
"a",
"magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"(",
"MRI",
")",
"scan",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"bacteraemia",
"of",
"unclear",
"focus",
":",
"1",
".",
"In",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"abdominal",
"focus",
",",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"liver",
"cirrhosis",
",",
"the",
"sensation",
"of",
"abdominal",
"distension",
"and",
"constipation",
".",
"Against",
"this",
"diagnosis",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"CT",
"scan",
"without",
"suggestive",
"data",
".",
"2",
".",
"In",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"osteoarticular",
"focus",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"lumbosciatica",
"and",
"degenerative",
"changes",
"of",
"the",
"lumbar",
"spine",
"on",
"CT",
".",
"Against",
",",
"the",
"characteristics",
"of",
"the",
"pain",
",",
"which",
"appear",
"to",
"be",
"of",
"mechanical",
"rhythm",
",",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"data",
"suggestive",
"of",
"spondylodiscitis",
"on",
"CT",
"and",
"the",
"improbability",
"of",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"this",
"entity",
".",
"3",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"assess",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"in",
"blood",
"cultures",
"as",
"a",
"possible",
"error",
".",
"Evolution",
"MRI",
"showed",
"hyperintensity",
"in",
"STIR",
"of",
"the",
"L3",
",",
"L4",
"and",
"L5",
"vertebral",
"bodies",
"and",
"hyperintensity",
"in",
"T2",
"TSE",
"and",
"STIR",
"of",
"the",
"L3-L4",
"and",
"L4-L5",
"lumbar",
"intervertebral",
"discs",
".",
"MRI",
"sagittal",
"slice",
"lumbosacral",
"spine",
"T1",
"and",
"T2",
"sequence",
":",
"involvement",
"of",
"L3",
",",
"L4",
"and",
"L5",
"vertebral",
"bodies",
".",
"Intravenous",
"gadolinium",
"administration",
"reveals",
"heterogeneous",
"enhancement",
"of",
"the",
"lower",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"L3",
"vertebral",
"body",
"and",
"the",
"L4",
"and",
"L5",
"vertebral",
"bodies",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"is",
"hypointense",
"tissue",
"in",
"T1",
"and",
"hyperintense",
"in",
"T2",
"and",
"STIR",
"lateral",
"and",
"posterior",
"to",
"the",
"L3-L5",
"vertebral",
"bodies",
",",
"which",
"is",
"heterogeneously",
"enhanced",
"with",
"hypocaptive",
"foci",
"within",
"it",
".",
"All",
"these",
"findings",
"are",
"compatible",
"with",
"an",
"infectious",
"spondylodiscitis",
"at",
"L3-L4",
"and",
"L4-L5",
"level",
"with",
"phlegmonous",
"tissue",
"and",
"foci",
"of",
"epidural",
"abscess",
"stenosing",
"the",
"vertebral",
"canal",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"psoas",
"muscle",
",",
"numerous",
"focal",
"areas",
"are",
"observed",
",",
"markedly",
"hyperintense",
"in",
"T2",
"with",
"peripheral",
"uptake",
"and",
"hypocaptured",
"centre",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"abscesses",
"at",
"this",
"level",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"radiological",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"infectious",
"spondylodiscitis",
"and",
"a",
"single",
"positive",
"blood",
"culture",
"for",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
",",
"extracted",
"without",
"fever",
",",
"we",
"wondered",
"whether",
"the",
"spondylodiscitis",
"was",
"caused",
"by",
"Clostridium",
"or",
"whether",
"it",
"was",
"a",
"clinically",
"insignificant",
"finding",
"and",
"the",
"spondylodiscitis",
"was",
"caused",
"by",
"a",
"different",
"germ",
".",
"The",
"dilemma",
"therefore",
"arose",
"as",
"to",
"whether",
"to",
"assume",
"a",
"Clostridium",
"aetiology",
"or",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"vertebral",
"sampling",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"at",
"high",
"surgical",
"risk",
"due",
"to",
"cirrhosis",
"with",
"associated",
"coagulopathy",
".",
"After",
"discussing",
"the",
"case",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"that",
"we",
"could",
"not",
"assume",
"with",
"the",
"minimum",
"guarantees",
"that",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"was",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"symptoms",
",",
"so",
"we",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"vertebral",
"biopsy",
"to",
"take",
"microbiological",
"samples",
".",
"After",
"informing",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"he",
"refused",
"any",
"invasive",
"procedure",
"and",
"therefore",
"refused",
"to",
"take",
"samples",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"refusal",
"to",
"undergo",
"surgical",
"sampling",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"design",
"an",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"that",
"was",
"active",
"against",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
",",
"but",
"with",
"coverage",
"against",
"other",
"more",
"common",
"germs",
"such",
"as",
"staphylococci",
",",
"streptococci",
"and",
"enterobacteria",
".",
"Given",
"that",
"the",
"Clostridium",
"was",
"sensitive",
"to",
"quinolones",
",",
"after",
"completing",
"nine",
"days",
"of",
"intravenous",
"treatment",
"with",
"metronidazole",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"requested",
"voluntary",
"discharge",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"discharge",
"the",
"patient",
"with",
"moxifloxacin",
"400",
"mg",
"daily",
"orally",
"until",
"further",
"review",
"in",
"consultation",
".",
"One",
"month",
"after",
"his",
"discharge",
"from",
"hospital",
",",
"at",
"the",
"first",
"consultation",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"clinically",
"worse",
",",
"with",
"lumbar",
"pain",
"radiating",
"to",
"both",
"lower",
"limbs",
"that",
"prevented",
"him",
"from",
"moving",
",",
"although",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"loss",
"of",
"strength",
"or",
"paraesthesia",
".",
"At",
"the",
"analytical",
"level",
",",
"there",
"had",
"been",
"a",
"slight",
"increase",
"in",
"C-reactive",
"protein",
"(",
"CRP",
")",
",",
"which",
"went",
"from",
"1",
"mg",
"/",
"L",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"discharge",
"to",
"12",
"mg",
"/",
"L",
".",
"In",
"this",
"situation",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"propose",
"again",
"to",
"the",
"patient",
"that",
"samples",
"be",
"taken",
",",
"given",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"therapeutic",
"failure",
",",
"with",
"a",
"view",
"to",
"clarifying",
"the",
"microbiological",
"aetiology",
"of",
"the",
"condition",
",",
"and",
"on",
"this",
"occasion",
"the",
"patient",
"agreed",
"to",
"the",
"procedure",
".",
"At",
"this",
"point",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"suspend",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"to",
"optimise",
"the",
"cost-effectiveness",
"of",
"the",
"sampling",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"MRI",
",",
"a",
"transesophageal",
"echography",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"round",
"of",
"blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"requested",
"without",
"fever",
".",
"Echocardiography",
"showed",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"infective",
"endocarditis",
".",
"The",
"control",
"MRI",
"showed",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"L3-L4",
"and",
"L4-L5",
"spondylodiscitis",
"with",
"respect",
"to",
"the",
"previous",
"study",
",",
"showing",
"abscessation",
"of",
"the",
"discs",
"and",
"perivertebral",
"phlegmonous",
"tissue",
",",
"with",
"stenosis",
"of",
"the",
"vertebral",
"canal",
"and",
"extension",
"of",
"the",
"process",
"to",
"both",
"psoas",
"muscles",
",",
"with",
"abscesses",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"one",
".",
"MRI",
"sagittal",
"section",
"lumbosacral",
"spine",
"T1",
"and",
"T2",
"sequence",
":",
"progression",
"of",
"spondylodiscitis",
"L3-L4",
"and",
"L4-L5",
"with",
"abscessation",
"of",
"the",
"discs",
"is",
"observed",
".",
"Blood",
"cultures",
",",
"taken",
"again",
"without",
"fever",
",",
"were",
"again",
"reported",
"as",
"positive",
"for",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
".",
"Despite",
"this",
"isolation",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"maintain",
"the",
"indication",
"for",
"vertebral",
"biopsy",
",",
"but",
"in",
"the",
"end",
"this",
"was",
"not",
"performed",
"because",
"the",
"Anaesthesia",
"Service",
"rejected",
"the",
"procedure",
"at",
"the",
"last",
"minute",
"due",
"to",
"surgical",
"risk",
".",
"Once",
"again",
"we",
"were",
"faced",
"with",
"the",
"dilemma",
"of",
"whether",
"to",
"assume",
"that",
"Clostridium",
"was",
"the",
"cause",
"and",
"the",
"previous",
"treatment",
"had",
"been",
"insufficient",
"or",
"whether",
"the",
"detection",
"of",
"Clostridium",
"in",
"blood",
"culture",
"had",
"no",
"clinical",
"significance",
"and",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"poor",
"evolution",
"could",
"be",
"insufficient",
"coverage",
"of",
"the",
"empirical",
"regimen",
".",
"After",
"discussing",
"the",
"case",
"in",
"a",
"multidisciplinary",
"session",
"and",
"reviewing",
"the",
"literature",
",",
"it",
"was",
"suggested",
"that",
"the",
"detection",
"of",
"Clostridium",
"ramosum",
"in",
"blood",
"cultures",
"on",
"two",
"occasions",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
"significant",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"spondylodiscitis",
"could",
"indeed",
"be",
"due",
"to",
"this",
"germ",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"initial",
"treatment",
"had",
"been",
"insufficient",
".",
"It",
"was",
"therefore",
"decided",
"to",
"repeat",
"a",
"course",
"of",
"intravenous",
"treatment",
"and",
"to",
"boost",
"treatment",
"at",
"discharge",
"with",
"two",
"drugs",
"active",
"against",
"Clostridium",
".",
"Treatment",
"was",
"restarted",
"with",
"ampicillin",
"2",
"g",
"every",
"6",
"hours",
"for",
"20",
"days",
"together",
"with",
"moxifloxacin",
"400",
"mg",
"orally",
"for",
"21",
"days",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"sequential",
"treatment",
"with",
"amoxicillin",
"(",
"1",
"g",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
")",
"with",
"moxifloxacin",
"(",
"400",
"mg",
"every",
"24",
"hours",
")",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"reviewed",
"in",
"consultations",
"8",
"weeks",
"after",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"oral",
"treatment",
"(",
"10",
"weeks",
"of",
"accumulated",
"treatment",
")",
"to",
"assess",
"clinical",
",",
"radiological",
"and",
"analytical",
"evolution",
".",
"A",
"control",
"MRI",
"showed",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"abscesses",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"anterolateral",
"epidural",
"space",
"of",
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We discuss the clinical case of a 42-year-old woman, with a history of caesarean section one month ago, referred to the emergency department to rule out acute appendicitis, presenting with abdominal pain in FID and vomiting for 24 hours of evolution. Physical examination revealed fever with signs of peritoneal irritation. Laboratory tests showed mild leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated CRP (286 mg/l).
An emergency abdominal ultrasound was performed, complemented by MDCT with IV contrast, showing a marked increase in free fluid in the right iliac fossa and left parietocolic gutter, as well as a well-defined retroperitoneal tubular structure with central hypodensity and the presence of peripheral annular contrast uptake, running parallel to the vena cava, inferior to the psoas and right ureter and medial to the ipsilateral kidney. There is also discrete contrast uptake through the right fallopian tube and oedematous uterus (without being able to rule out that this oedema is secondary to a recent surgical history). Findings suggestive in the clinical context of the patient of thrombosis of the right ovarian vein and possible inflammatory/infectious process at pelvic level (PID). Given the findings, the patient was referred to the gynaecological emergency department, where a transvaginal ultrasound was performed, which was normal. Medical treatment was started with anticoagulation and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, with a favourable clinical evolution 48 hours after starting treatment.
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Anamnesis
75-year-old man with a personal history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperuricaemia, acute myocardial infarction in 2000 with quadruple aorto-coronary by-pass and 11 bladder TURs since 1992 (AP: T1G2, follicular cystitis, TaG1, TaG2 and multiple T1G2 with MMC instillations), currently under follow-up, who came to the ED in July 2011 presenting with a picture of dystrophic sensation, suprapubic pain of weeks of evolution and left lumbar pain that has been progressively increasing over the last few weeks, with worsening at the present time. She also complains of urinary urgency. In the previous 15 days he had been treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for micturition syndrome with pathological urine systemic, compatible with urinary tract infection (UTI).
On arrival at the ED he presented with worsening renal function parameters (creatinine 1.65 mg/dl) with hyperkalaemia (K+ 6 IU/l), with no evidence of leukocytosis. Given the clinical and analytical findings, an urgent abdominal ultrasound was requested, which revealed the presence of a wrestling bladder with hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle and scarce repletion with bilateral grade III ureterohydronephrosis, without evidence of a clear obstructive cause. He was admitted to the Urology Department for urgent bilateral urinary diversion. During the procedure, cystoscopy revealed a bladder with very oedematous walls that prevented adequate visualisation of the ureteral meatus, preventing bilateral retrograde catheterisation. A few hours later, and after placing the bladder catheter while awaiting a new catheterisation through the percutaneous nephrostomies, radiological control revealed correction of the ureterohydronephrosis on the right side. Given the persistence of the left uropathy, it was decided to perform a left urinary diversion by means of percutaneous nephrostomy. In the immediate postoperative period he was admitted to the ICU for a clinical picture compatible with severe sepsis of urological origin, accompanied by hypotension, leukopenia and coagulopathy, with positive urine culture for BLEA-producing Escherichia coli.
Physical examination
On arrival at the hospital, he presented with a painful abdomen on palpation in the left hypochondrium, with voluntary defence. No signs of peritonism, with negative Murphy and Blumberg. Positive RHA.
Complementary tests
- Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen without contrast: grade III left ureterohydronephrosis with no distal obstructive cause identified. In the pelvic portion of the right ureter there is a change in calibre coinciding with an area of increased tortuosity of the ureter, with no proximal dilatation or apparent distal obstructive cause.
- Urine cytology: cystitis.
- Cystoscopy: decreased bladder capacity. Struggling bladder, trabeculated, wide-mouthed right ureteral meatus accessible with cystoscope, refluxing. No visualisation of the left ureteral meatus.
- Ureterocystography + anterograde pyelography: stenosis at the uretero-vesical junction causing grade III uretero-hydronephrosis with small passage of contrast into the bladder. Right vesicoureteral reflux.
Diagnosis
Microbladder secondary to multiple bladder TURs, leading to right vesicoureteral reflux.
Stenosis of the left uretero-vesical junction causing grade III ureterohydronephrosis.
Treatment
After evaluation of the case in a joint clinical session of the Department, it was decided to perform a laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty by means of a single umbilical port access (LESS) in November 2011. Dissection of the anterior aspect of the bladder was performed, separating it from the anterior abdominal wall and thus gaining access to the Retzius space. Subsequently, the transumbilical access was enlarged to extract a segment of the ileum loop, which would be used for the enterocystoplasty. The intestinal transit is then reconstructed with mechanical suture (GIA + TEA). The segment of the ileum selected for bladder enlargement is destubulated using an electric scalpel, with subsequent transversal opening of the entire bladder dome, thus exposing the mucosa. Finally, continuous suturing of the intestinal loop to the bladder was performed using a continuous V- lock 2-0 suture. The total surgical time was 3.5 hours, with an estimated bleeding of about 200 ml and the need for intraoperative transfusion of a red blood cell concentrate, due to the patient's baseline anaemia on admission.
Evolution
The patient remained afebrile and haemodynamically stable during his stay on the ward. Diuresis was correct through left nephrostomy and bladder catheter. Abdominal drainage with a progressively decreasing debit, which was withdrawn on the ninth day, and he was discharged from hospital due to good evolution. She was readmitted after 8 days at home for acute pyelonephritis, which progressed favourably with intravenous antibiotic treatment. The bladder catheter was removed 30 days after surgery and a left nephrostomy was performed 3 months later. Four months later, the patient has had no new episodes of UTI, reporting occasional irritative symptoms that have now disappeared.
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{
"text": "personal",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 33,
"end": 41
},
{
"text": "BLEA-producing Escherichia coli",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 2139,
"end": 2170
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 4463,
"end": 4470
}
] | en |
A 59-year-old man was admitted to hospital with outpatient SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by positive RT-PCR from pharyngeal swab and relevant clinical symptoms. The patient had previously visited South Tyrol. Six days before hospital admission, the patient showed initial symptoms in the form of chills and fever. He had no previous history.
On admission, he presented hyperthermia of 40.0 °C and patent tachypnoea with a respiratory rate of 28 r.p.m. with sufficient oxygenation (ambient air saturation 95%). Clinically, he reported a strong feeling of general malaise with obvious fatigue. Laboratory tests showed leukocytopenia with 3.8 × 109/l, lymphocytopenia with 0.96 × 109/l (25 %), a slightly increased C-reactive protein with 14.7 mg/l and a low procalcitonin value of 0.11 ng/ml. D-dimer, as a risk factor for instability, did not show high values at 370 μg. Interleukin-6 as an inflammatory parameter was somewhat elevated, with a concentration of 36.4 pg/ml, LDH was 330 U/l and creatine kinase 412 U/l. Albumin was initially within the normal range at 4.0 g/dl.
Thin-slice chest CT performed on the day of admission showed bilateral, multifocal ground-glass opacities, partly overlapping with reticulations in a cobblestone pattern. Consolidation was present, but much less prominent than the ground glass opacities, which were roughly rounded and geographically distributed. Notably, in some cases, they were clearly demarcated from healthy lung parenchyma. A positive air bronchogram was evident in the changes. All abnormalities were located in the periphery of the lungs, in the plane craniocaudal to the base of the lungs; the left lower lobe was the most affected.
Because of the combination of risks with clinically significant involvement, high fever, respiratory dysfunction and morphologically clear parenchymal changes on CT, antiviral therapy (lopinavir-ritonavir) and broad-spectrum antibiotics were quickly decided upon. Due to persistent fever up to 39.6°C and worsening respiratory symptoms with increased oxygen demand, a follow-up chest CT scan was performed on day 6 after admission (fig. 2). The images showed a clear decrease in densities, but in contrast to the initial CT, consolidations dominated the image. The periphery and base of the lungs remained the most affected areas. On day 7, high-flow nasal oxygen therapy was started for severe respiratory failure. On day 16, the patient had clinically improved and was ready for discharge. No further follow-up CT scans were performed.
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] | en |
A 54-year-old man was referred to the Oncology Unit of the Hospital Virgen Macarena with the main diagnosis of posterior uveitis. Infectious aetiology was ruled out due to negative laboratory data and the absence of data suggestive of systemic disease. A lesion was observed in the posterior pole of the right eye.
The patient was treated four times with antiangiogenic drugs (anti-VEGF; bevacizumab) before being referred to our centre.
As family history, he refers to his mother with tongue cancer and his father with stomach cancer and, in terms of personal history, only dyslipidaemia.
As complementary tests of interest, we have a normal haemogram and biochemistry (NL), except for the referred dyslipidaemia, erythrocyte sedimentation volume 9, negative serology for human immunodeficiency virus (-), Toxocara cani (-), Borrelia (-), syphilis: negative, Mantoux (-). X-ray: normal. Computed axial tomography of the skull/orbits, with and without contrast: normal. Tumour markers (-), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, antinuclear antibody, human leukocyte antigen-B/angiotensin converting enzyme: normal or negative.
Ophthalmological examination:
- Visual acuity (VA): right eye (RA): 0.05/left eye: 0.9. He reported a decrease in VA, despite suffering from amblyopia of the right eye.
- Biomicroscopy of the anterior pole: anterior pole without pathological signs. Clear cornea and lens, Tyndall (-), normal intrinsic and extrinsic ocular motility.
- Fundus: slightly raised lesion in the posterior pole of the OD with a haemorrhagic and vascular component on its surface.
- Intraocular pressure: 16/16 mmHg.
- Optical coherence tomography (OCT): retinal lesion of dense consistency without cysts or presence of subretinal fluid compatible with retinal hamartoma.
- Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A): lesion compatible with an arcuate capillary haemangioma involving the posterior pole. The afferent and efferent vessels are visualised in the superficial layers and there is a shadow compatible with artefacts in the avascular layers2. We performed OCT-A using Triton OCT, swept source OCT-A3.
Diagnosis: solitary retinal capillary haemangioma in the inferior temporal arch with no associated systemic disease.
Treatment: the lesion was treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) on four occasions plus post-treatment A-VEGF (aflibercept) one week after each session, with two-month intervals between treatments, with improvement of VA (January, March, May, July). Their activity was reduced and, as a consequence, exudation was reduced. Vision improved from 0.05 to 0.2, which, given the patient's previous amblyopia, is a significant improvement. He currently remains under observation.
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This is a 71-year-old man, with no drug allergies, with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and anxious-depressive syndrome. He had undergone surgery for an intertrochanteric fracture of the left hip, by implanting a proximal femoral nail. He was receiving daily treatment with metformin 850 mg, simvastatin 10 mg, venlafaxine 75 mg, lormetazepam 2 mg and tranxilium 5 mg. He consulted the emergency department for approximately two months of low-grade febrile episodes accompanied by fluctuations in the level of consciousness, bradypsychia, headache, vomiting, weakness in both lower limbs and urinary incontinence, which self-limited over the course of one or two days and then recurred. He denied symptoms in other areas. Approximately one year earlier, a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt valve had been successfully implanted for normotensive hydrocephalus.
He had been admitted on two occasions for febrile syndromes associated with neurological symptoms. On the first occasion, he presented with a meningeal syndrome associated with fever and diarrhoea of four days' evolution, where, after obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with high cellularity (180 cells/mm3; (75% N, 25% L), no red blood cells, glucose 76 mg/dl, protein 65 mg/dl, normal ADA and negative xanthochromia, empirical antibiotic therapy was started with ampicillin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin, which was discontinued after 48 hours following negative culture and PCR for meningotrophic germs (E. coli, H. influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus, HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, human herpes 6, human parechovirus, Cryptococcus neoformans) in CSF. Given the patient's stability and clinical improvement, he was discharged after 7 days with a diagnosis of meningeal syndrome of an unidentified aetiology in the context of gastroenteritis. In the following admission two months later and 21 days before the current consultation, he was assessed again for a febrile syndrome with the same neurological symptoms, where after obtaining a CSF with 1 leukocyte/mm3, 1 haemocyte/mm3, glucose 76 mg/dl, protein 15.9 mg/dl, he was admitted on suspicion of chronic valve dysfunction. No antibiotic therapy was initially prescribed pending CSF cultures, blood cultures and urine culture, and a diagnosis was finally made of an upper urinary tract infection complicated by multisensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment was started with ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV every 12 hours, returning the patient to his baseline situation, and he was discharged with ciprofloxacin 750 mg every 12 hours for 10 days.
On physical examination at the current visit, the patient was afebrile, well hydrated and perfused, conscious, alert although slightly bradypsychic, with isochoric pupils and no cranial nerve involvement. Strength and sensitivity were preserved without asymmetry, without meningeal signs, with normal gait. Cardiopulmonary auscultation, as well as the abdomen and extremities showed no pathological alterations on examination.
The initial complementary tests showed:
- Blood count: haemoglobin 16.3 g/dl, leukocytes 13,000/mm3, with a predominance of neutrophils 80% and 402,000/mm3 platelets. Coagulation normal. Glucose 118 mg/dl, creatinine 0.5 mg/dl, sodium 128 mEq/l, potassium 4 mEq/l, C-reactive protein 5 mg/l.
- Chest X-ray without pathological findings.
- Cranial CT scan: DVP valve with right frontal entrance and distal end in III ventricle. Dilatation of the ventricular system, similar to previous studies with no data of complications.
Blood and urine cultures were taken. After being assessed by neurosurgery, a lumbar puncture was performed and a clear CSF was obtained with 1 leucocyte per field, glucose 71 mg/dl and proteins in range, which was sent to the microbiology laboratory for Gram staining and culture. The patient was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department with a provisional diagnosis of "recurrent febrile syndrome associated with health care in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt". Because of suspected valve dysfunction of non-infectious aetiology, empirical antibiotic therapy was not indicated.
Differential diagnosis
In a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with recurrent clinical symptoms of headache, altered level of consciousness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, weakness of limbs and urinary incontinence, we must first consider the different causes that may underlie a dysfunction of the device, defined as a malfunction of the shunt system with partial or complete reduction of CSF flow through it, and clinically presenting with symptoms of intracranial hypertension (ICHT) secondary to obstruction or disconnection at some point in the system.
Ventriculoperitoneal obstruction: This is the most common cause of valve dysfunction and should be suspected especially in cases of late presentation, i.e. beyond the first fifteen days after implantation.
2. PVD infection: This is the second most common cause and is described in approximately 8-15% of patients. It usually presents early, in contrast to our case, and should be considered in the presence of symptoms suggestive of meningitis: fever, meningismus, stiff neck, headache, nausea and vomiting, irritability and decreased level of consciousness. Not forgetting that if the infection is located at the distal catheter, it may present with abdominal and/or cardiocirculatory symptoms.
Ventriculitis: This may be primary or secondary to meningitis, brain abscess, intraventricular haemorrhage or iatrogenic. When associated with intracranial devices such as DVP, it usually occurs within the first month of the procedure and may have subtle and progressive clinical signs of headache, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, fever and neurological focality. The clinical picture may also be masked after courses of antibiotic therapy.
4. Mechanical failure of the PVD:
- Degradation and rupture of the system: usually occurs in the distal catheter and occurs years after implantation.
- Disconnection of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt, usually occurs early after implantation.
- Migration of the proximal or distal ends of the system or malposition. CSF hyperdrainage syndromes. - Obstruction of the ventricular end of the shunt.
- Symptomatic ventricular collapse (slit ventricle syndrome).
- Subdural haematoma.
- Isolated fourth ventricle These are uncommon as devices are already commercially available that minimise this risk and are generally not associated with fever.
6. Abdominal pseudocyst formation. Predominantly abdominal symptoms initially, followed by neurological symptoms, which may or may not be accompanied by fever.
In addition to the above, in the case we present, causes unrelated to the dysfunction of the system could be considered, which are listed below:
1. Infections localised outside the central nervous system, in which case, the neurological symptoms would be secondary to the encephalopathy accompanying a systemic picture.
2. Infections of the central nervous system unrelated to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt system
- Chronic meningitis: defined as lasting more than four weeks. It is a rare entity, with an insidious course and its origin may be due to infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic causes, with the aetiology remaining unidentified in up to one third of cases.
- Acute meningitis of haematogenous origin.
Evolution
During his stay on the ward the patient persisted with an oscillating level of consciousness, bradypsychia, disorientation and sustained febrile peaks with persistent leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein in control tests, repeatedly negative blood cultures, negative urine culture and negative serology for Brucella spp, Coxiella spp and Rickettsia spp. A thoraco-abdominal-pelvic CT scan was requested, showing a left segmental basal atelectasis, adjacent to the descending thoracic aorta with no other findings. A transthoracic echocardiogram ruled out data suggestive of infective endocarditis. Finally, a PET-CT scan was requested to rule out an occult septic focus, showing a pathological uptake in the last 10 cm of the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, in its intraperitoneal trajectory, suggestive of infection. In view of these findings, and after consultation with Neurosurgery, it was decided to completely remove the system with CSF and distal catheter tip cultures, and Microbiology was requested to investigate the presence of slow-growing microorganisms. After this, empirical antibiotic therapy was started with vancomycin 1g IV/12h and meropenem 2g iv/8h pending definitive results. The culture of the explanted material isolated Propionibacterium acnes (currently Cutibacterium acnes) sensitive to beta-lactams, and antibiotic treatment was simplified to amoxicillin 1 g every 8 hours, which was maintained for four weeks after removal of the system, with complete resolution of the clinical picture.
Definitive diagnosis
Infection of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt device by Propionibacterium acnes (now Cutibacterium acnes).
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",",
"brain",
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",",
"intraventricular",
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"When",
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",",
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"altered",
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",",
"nausea",
",",
"vomiting",
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".",
"4",
".",
"Mechanical",
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":",
"-",
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"-",
"Disconnection",
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"-",
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"-",
"Obstruction",
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"-",
"Symptomatic",
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"(",
"slit",
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")",
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"-",
"Subdural",
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"-",
"Isolated",
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"are",
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",",
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":",
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"Infections",
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",",
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"2",
".",
"Infections",
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"-",
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":",
"defined",
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"is",
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",",
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",",
"inflammatory",
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"neoplastic",
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",",
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"-",
"Acute",
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".",
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"During",
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"ward",
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"oscillating",
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"consciousness",
",",
"bradypsychia",
",",
"disorientation",
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"sustained",
"febrile",
"peaks",
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"leukocytosis",
",",
"elevated",
"C-reactive",
"protein",
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"control",
"tests",
",",
"repeatedly",
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",",
"negative",
"urine",
"culture",
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"Brucella",
"spp",
",",
"Coxiella",
"spp",
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"Rickettsia",
"spp",
".",
"A",
"thoraco-abdominal-pelvic",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
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",",
"showing",
"a",
"left",
"segmental",
"basal",
"atelectasis",
",",
"adjacent",
"to",
"the",
"descending",
"thoracic",
"aorta",
"with",
"no",
"other",
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".",
"A",
"transthoracic",
"echocardiogram",
"ruled",
"out",
"data",
"suggestive",
"of",
"infective",
"endocarditis",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"a",
"PET-CT",
"scan",
"was",
"requested",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"an",
"occult",
"septic",
"focus",
",",
"showing",
"a",
"pathological",
"uptake",
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"the",
"last",
"10",
"cm",
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"the",
"ventriculo-peritoneal",
"shunt",
",",
"in",
"its",
"intraperitoneal",
"trajectory",
",",
"suggestive",
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"infection",
".",
"In",
"view",
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"these",
"findings",
",",
"and",
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"consultation",
"with",
"Neurosurgery",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
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"completely",
"remove",
"the",
"system",
"with",
"CSF",
"and",
"distal",
"catheter",
"tip",
"cultures",
",",
"and",
"Microbiology",
"was",
"requested",
"to",
"investigate",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"slow-growing",
"microorganisms",
".",
"After",
"this",
",",
"empirical",
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"1g",
"IV",
"/",
"12h",
"and",
"meropenem",
"2g",
"iv",
"/",
"8h",
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".",
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"the",
"explanted",
"material",
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"Propionibacterium",
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"(",
"currently",
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")",
"sensitive",
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",",
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"g",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
",",
"which",
"was",
"maintained",
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"four",
"weeks",
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"removal",
"of",
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"system",
",",
"with",
"complete",
"resolution",
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".",
"Definitive",
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This is a 74-year-old male who had undergone surgery for a left frontal parasagittal transitional meningioma (WHO grade I). One month after this surgery, he consulted for infection of the surgical wound, which had a central dehiscent area from which purulent material was coming out. The patient had had no fever, his general condition was good and he had a normal neurological examination. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at that time showed, adjacent to the craniectomy site, a hypodense subdural collection, with bubbles inside, which was peripherally enhanced after gadolinium administration. The craniotomy was reopened and a purulent epidural collection emerged, which was evacuated and sent for microbiological study. Empirical antibiotic therapy was started with intravenous ceftazidime and vancomycin. Bacterial cultures were negative. The patient was discharged with oral treatment with ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole for two weeks.
One and a half months after discharge, the patient was brought to the emergency department for a generalised tonic-clonic seizure. He had been febrile for the previous days with no other clinical data of interest. On physical examination he was in good general condition, afebrile, had a Glasgow Glasgow of 15/15, showed no neurological focality and the surgical wound showed no evidence of infection. Anticonvulsant treatment was started and a CT scan was performed, which revealed a predominantly hypodense subdural collection, with peripheral enhancement after contrast administration and a convex internal margin towards the brain parenchyma. Air persisted within the collection.
Empirical antibiotic treatment was started with ceftazidime and vancomycin. With the diagnostic suspicion of recurrence of subdural empyema, a third craniectomy was performed which revealed a subdural collection with a purulent appearance that was evacuated. Samples were sent for microbiology from the drained material and from a craniectomy specimen adjacent to the collection which was removed for therapeutic purposes due to possible infection and embedded in thioglycollate broth for processing.
After 5 days of incubation, growth of Proprionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) was observed after subculture in solid medium and in anaerobic atmosphere of the enrichment broth. An antibiogram by E-test was performed, showing resistance to metronidazole and sensitivity to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftazidime, clindamycin and vancomycin. Treatment with vancomycin and ceftazidime was discontinued and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was started. The patient's evolution was good and he was discharged with oral amoxicillin for one month and a diagnosis of "recurrence of post-surgical subdural empyema due to Propionibacterium acnes".
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The patient is a twin born at 32+6 weeks due to pre-eclampsia, with a slight atrial septal defect (< 4 mm) and cleft palate. At birth he was intubated before being progressively weaned from assisted ventilation within a week. At 37+3 weeks corrected gestational age, he presented with dyspnoea at home and was taken to hospital. Of note, he had had recent contact with asymptomatic family members and healthcare professionals, who subsequently developed symptoms and were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
In the emergency department, progressive hypoxia led to several failed intubation attempts.
Nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Oxygenation and ventilation were maintained by laryngeal mask during transfer to a specialised care centre for otorhinolaryngological intervention. He was successfully intubated in the operating theatre by microlaryngo-bronchoscopy; all staff wore appropriate personal protective equipment. Significant glottic swelling and abundant airway secretion were noted.
Initial moderate breathing pressures and FiO2 of 0.6 were progressively reduced over 3 days. Initial chest X-ray showed mild bilateral ground-glass opacities. C-reactive protein was 42 mg/L and lymphocytopenia (1.45 x 10*9/L) was detected, with all other values normal. A series of tracheal aspirates and urine and stool cultures excluded bacterial or fungal co-infections. A thrombus in the femoral artery associated with the tract was treated with anticoagulants.
After several days of assisted laryngeal breathing, the parameters improved and extubation could be attempted. The multidisciplinary team decided to use standard preventive steroids to optimise laryngeal conditions at extubation, especially considering the previous intubation difficulties. Two pre-emptive doses of dexamethasone were administered.
Prior to extubation, the patient worsened, with fulminant ARDS and an associated worsening chest X-ray. He could not be treated with conventional ventilation and required high frequency oscillatory ventilation, nitric oxide, prone ventilation and inotropic support to maintain oxygenation and ventilation. ECMO was considered but was not necessary. A possible bacterial superinfection was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and ruled out by bronchoalveolar lavage, performed under strict safety measures with personal protective equipment. In view of the life-threatening deterioration, a multidisciplinary team was assembled on an urgent basis, which, via videoconference, conducted a review of innovative therapies together with the bioethics team and the patient's parents. As there was little evidence of hyperinflammation (IL6 < 50pg/ml, ferritin 411 ug/L), antiviral therapy was preferred to immunomodulation. It was agreed to request compassionate use of remdesivir.
An initial dose of 5 mg/kg was administered followed by a maintenance dose of 1.25 mg/kg for 10 days. IL10 showed an increase (110 pg/ml) but normalised by day 5 of treatment. C-reactive protein peaked at 63 mg/L on day 6, ferritin at 789 on day 9 and D-dimer at 1143 ug/L on day 10.
Daily tracheal aspirates for SARS-CoV-2 PCR were negative 5 days after remdesivir administration, excluding an isolated positive on day 10.
Peak troponin value was 138 ng/L. There were no echocardiographic or clinical signs of myocarditis. Echocardiogram on day 7 of illness showed only a small foramen ovale with left-right communication, mild dilatation of the left-sided structures and mild mitral insufficiency.
Respiratory and inotropic support were progressively reduced and the patient was successfully extubated on day 18 of illness. He was discharged home.
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This is a 69-year-old man with a history of polymyalgia rheumatica, tubulo-interstitial nephritis secondary to taking metamizole and diabetes secondary to prolonged corticosteroid treatment. She was being treated with prednisone 10 mg per day, omeprazole and insulin glargine. She came to the emergency department with dizziness, weakness and gait instability that caused her to fall accidentally with no sequelae, over 24 hours of evolution. He had not experienced headache, vomiting or any other symptoms due to equipment.
On examination, the patient was in good general condition, conscious and oriented, well hydrated and perfused, haemodynamically stable, with a fever of 38oC. On neurological examination he presented with a Glasgow scale score of 15 out of 15 points, isochoric and reactive pupils with paralysis of the supraversion of the gaze, hemiparesis 3/5 in the left upper and lower left limbs and left extensor plantar cutaneous reflex, together with gait ataxia.
Complementary tests performed in the ED showed discrete normocytic-normochromic anaemia (Hb 10.2) with normal leukocytes, leukocyte formula, platelets and coagulation; glucose 162 mg/dL, Cr 1.62 mg/dL, Na 133 mmol/L and CRP 7.4 mg/L. ECG and chest X-ray showed no abnormalities. Haemocultures were requested. A cranial CT scan was performed, which showed malvdelimited hypodensity in the posterior arm of the internal capsule and posterior area of the right thalamus, compatible with a focus of early cerebritis.
CT scan of the skull without contrast: hypodensity compatible with a focus of early cerebritis in the posterior arm of the internal capsule - right thalamus.
Differential diagnosis
In an immunosuppressed patient with neurological focality we must rule out:
- Ischaemic or haemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. Given the age of our patient, a cerebrovascular accident must be ruled out. The patient's only cardiovascular risk factor is diabetes secondary to steroid treatment with good glycaemic control and no sudden onset of symptoms. Together with the subacute clinical manifestations of the process, this allows us to rule out the diagnosis of stroke.
- Neoplastic involvement of the CNS: primary or metastatic tumour. We must not forget the possibility of tumour disease, whether primary (glioblastoma multiforme, lymphoma due to being an immunosuppressed patient) or metastatic (more frequent in the case of pulmonary primary or melanoma). The patient was a non-smoker and had no skin lesions of interest, which initially, together with the CT findings, led us to dismiss tumour disease.
- Infectious disease: brain abscess. In immunocompromised patients it is important to cover pathogens that are infrequent in immunocompetent patients, and empirical antibiotherapy directed at these microorganisms should be initiated. The most frequent microorganisms to consider in immunocompromised patients are Toxoplasma gondii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus neoformans, Haemophilus influenzae, Nocardia spp, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Listeria monocytogenes.
Evolution
In the emergency department, following the findings of the cranial CT scan, empirical antiobiotic treatment was started based on ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and meropenem, with subsequent admission to the internal medicine department. On the ward, complementary tests were extended with antigenemia for Cryptococcus neoformans and serology for Toxoplasma gondii, both of which were negative, in addition to echocardiography, which ruled out the presence of vegetations at the valvular level. Cranial MRI was performed with diffusion sequences, which showed ill-defined areas with an epicentre in the nuclei of the right base and capsular, thalamic and, to a lesser extent, homolateral cerebral peduncle involvement, with a digitiform appearance, with a compressive effect on the ventricular system although without displacement of the midline, with central ring enhancement, with a maximum diameter of 22 mm.
Cranial T1-weighted MRI with contrast iv: ill-defined area of digitiform appearance with mass effect on the ventricular system with central ring enhancement, compatible with brain abscess in the nuclei of the right base with capsular and thalamic involvement.
This area showed diffusion restriction.
MRI with diffusion sequences showing central restriction of the lesion.
All these findings, taken together, were diagnostic of an abscess of infectious origin and perilesional oedema. Finally, the results of the blood cultures were positive for Listeria monocytogenes, and the antibiotic treatment was changed to ampicillin and gentamicin. Clinically, the patient evolved favourably from the neurological point of view, with improvement of the left hemiparesis and normalisation of the supraversion of the gaze. Control blood cultures were performed one week later and were negative, with a decrease in acute phase reactants during the analytical evolution. After 14 days of treatment, gentamicin was discontinued and ampicillin was maintained until 6 weeks had elapsed. A control cranial MRI was performed one month after starting antibiotic therapy, showing a slight decrease in the size of the abscess, with persistence of the cerebritis area and slight mass effect due to perilesional oedema. After completing 6 weeks of intravenous treatment with ampicillin, given the clinical improvement of the neurological deficit, it was decided to discharge the patient home with antibiotherapy based on linezolid 600 mg/12hours orally for a further 3 weeks, with an appointment at the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic for review.
Final diagnosis
Brain abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes located at the level of the internal capsule and right thalamus in a patient immunosuppressed by prolonged treatment with corticosteroids.
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"Neoplastic",
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"Infectious",
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"is",
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",",
"and",
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"Nocardia",
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A 14-year-old male patient with no history of morbidity.
He consulted the emergency department for symptoms of intermittent right-sided omalgia of seven days' evolution associated with cervical stiffness and pain. In the last three days, inspiratory stop and intermittent febrile sensation were added. A PA-L chest X-ray was requested.
Given the clinical picture and the findings on the X-ray, it was decided to perform a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest.
Oblique coronal reconstruction in the axis of the prevertebral musculature. CT scan of the neck in a bony window and sagittal reconstruction.
The patient is hospitalised and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck is requested for better characterisation. STIR sequence. Axial, sagittal and coronal slices, HASTE sequence, axial slice.
T1-echo gradient-echo sequence with fat saturation and contrast (T1 GRE ft-sat c+), axial slices.
STIR sequence, coronal section and T1 GRE fat sat c+, coronal section. During hospitalisation a blood culture a positive for Staphylococcus is obtained.
Diagnosis:
Acute osteomyelitis of the right first rib and pyomyositis of the right long neck muscle. Secondary ipsilateral pleural thickening and effusion.
AP-L chest X-ray. Mild right pleural effusion and right apical image suggestive of pleural thickening.
Axial CT scan of the thorax with soft tissue window. They confirm the mild right pleural effusion and ipsilateral apical pleural thickening.
CT scan of the neck with soft tissue window. Rounded hypodense image that enhances peripherally with the contrast medium in the thickness of the prevertebral musculature, in a right parasagittal situation.
Oblique coronal reconstruction in the axis of the prevertebral musculature. Hypodense lesion, extending through the right prevertebral musculature.
Axial section and sagittal reconstruction of neck CT scan in bony window. Normal bone structure, without pathological findings.
STIR sequence, axial section.
Sagittal and coronal. Increased signal of the bone marrow of the first rib and adjacent soft tissues suggestive of inflammatory changes.
HASTE sequence, axial view. A high signal lesion is confirmed in the thickness of the right long neck muscle, suggestive of a collection.
T1 GRE fat-sat c+ sequence, axial sections. Contrast enhancement of the soft tissues adjacent to the first rib and peripherally in the ring of an inflammatory collection in the thickness of the right long neck muscle.
The pyomyositis in this case is centred in the inferior oblique fascicle, giving the intramuscular abscess arrangement. It is also interesting that this explains the ipsilateral pleural thickening and effusion, as this muscle, in addition to the direct effect of the costal osteomyelitis, probably served as a "bridge" between the neck and the thorax, causing the pleural thickening and effusion reactive to the inflammation.
CT reconstruction, coronal oblique in the axis of the prevertebral musculature, STIR sequence, coronal slice, T1 GRE fat-sat c+ sequence, coronal slice and anatomical illustration of the prevertebral musculature, the blue circle indicates the left inferior oblique fascicle. The pyomyositis arrangement of the right long neck muscle can be seen, probably in its inferior oblique fascicle.
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] | en |
A 37 year old woman came to the emergency department with fever of 39oC and pain in the right hypochondrium. Examination revealed significant hepatomegaly. Blood tests showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia and increased acute phase reactants. An abdominal ultrasound scan showed three space-occupying lesions in the liver, hypoechogenic and with poorly demarcated contours, which displaced the vessels in the vicinity. In view of these findings, an abdominopelvic CT scan was performed with three-phase intravenous contrast, showing the aforementioned hepatic lesions, which were characterised as abscesses. In addition, distension of the endometrial cavity due to liquid content with enhancement of the endometrium and a hypodense tubular structure in the right adnexal region with enhancement of its wall were identified. Subsequently, transvaginal ultrasound confirmed the presence of right pyosalpinx.
The patient was diagnosed with liver abscesses secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease. Ultrasound-guided drainage of the more peripheral liver abscesses was performed and the culture of the material obtained was positive for Actinomyces israelii.
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] | en |
Male patient, 44 years of age, white skin, with an apparent history of health, who came for consultation due to intense epigastric pain, with irradiation to both flanks and back, colicky, accompanied by fever and vomiting, initially with food debris, later with little mucous content. He was admitted on 6 July 2009, with the diagnostic impression of acute pancreatitis. Family pathological history: father with heart disease, arterial hypertension. Background: urban.
Physical examination: slightly jaundiced and slightly dry mucous membranes. Tachycardia (90 beats per minute). Temperature: 38o C. Abdomen slightly distended, painful on palpation in the upper abdomen, normal air sounds, no evidence of hyperomegaly.
Additional tests: serum amylase 222.9 U/ml. Glycaemia 5,2 mmol/L. Haemoglobin: 10.5 g/L. Leukogram 11.2x109/leukocytes, polymorphonuclear 0.88% and lymphocytes 0.12%. Plain abdominal X-ray: with signs of sentinel loop. Abdominal ultrasound: gallbladder without lithiasis with 6mm wall and slight perivesicular oedema.
The patient in the therapy room evolves with progressive pain, increased abdominal distension and muscular contracture in the right hypochondrium. An emergency ultrasound was performed, during which an image of ascaridia was observed inside the gallbladder. With the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis associated with A. lumbricoides, the patient underwent emergency surgery. The presence of the worm inside the gallbladder was confirmed during the operation. Cholecystectomy was performed. Piperazine was indicated for postoperative treatment. The patient's postoperative evolution was satisfactory, expelling two worms from the anus after 48 hours. The patient was discharged with outpatient follow-up.
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] | en |
58-year-old patient with no toxic habits or drug allergies. Medical history of BPH, alopecia areata universalis, chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pilory infection, received eradication treatment. On regular treatment with Omeprazole. The week prior to admission, the patient was diagnosed with acute otitis media, receiving treatment with Amoxicillin, Dipyrone and ibuprofen. Dysthermia persisted and was associated with diaphoresis and intense asthenia, and the patient went to the emergency department. Physical examination in the emergency department revealed fever of 39oC, hyperemic pharynx without exudates, no peripheral lymphadenopathies were palpable. Pain on epigastric palpation without peritonism, the rest normal. Emergency laboratory tests showed leucopenia with neutropenia of 200/L. No anaemia or thrombocytopenia. The patient was initially diagnosed with probable pharmacological neutropenia associated with metamizole. He started treatment with Filgrastim and antibiotherapy with piperacillin- tazobactam, he presented with oropharyngeal candidiasis and started treatment with fluconazole. Persistence of fever without recovery of agranulocytosis, presenting with painful mouth ulcers which subsequently tested positive for herpes virus in the PCR and was treated with acyclovir. After 11 days of treatment with Filgrastim, pancytopenia was observed as well as progressive elevation of transaminases, so treatment with piperacillin tazobactam was withdrawn and Cefepime was switched.
A bone marrow puncture was performed, showing signs of bone marrow necrosis. Among the causes of the bone marrow necrosis, an infectious cause was investigated as fungus-like structures were observed in the aspirate, so treatment was started with caspofungin, which was subsequently withdrawn due to negative panfungal PCR, and a serological study of the virus was performed, which was negative. No neoplastic infiltrate was observed in the biopsy, ruling out malignant haematological pathology; a thoracoabdominal CT scan was performed to study the extension of a solid tumour, which was negative. Due to persistent pancytopenia, previous analyses were reviewed, showing that the LDH value was normal, which indicated that the bone marrow necrosis could be an acute drug-related process, so it was decided to continue treatment with fluconazole and antipyretics only, with clinical improvement and normalisation of the values of all blood series. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with acute medullary necrosis paradoxical to the administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor.
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A 24-year-old woman, with reactive serology for HIV since 5 years ago, without antiretroviral treatment or clinical controls, who reported starting approximately one month ago with pain in the lower right maxillary region. He consulted a dentistry department where tumefaction was found in the right lower maxillary region, at the level of the third lower molar. Treatment with antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was indicated. Two weeks later, she consulted again with no improvement in her symptoms, reporting increased pain and swelling. The symptoms were interpreted as dental phlegmon and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and corticosteroids were prescribed. One week before hospitalisation, and due to the increase in size of the described tumour, surgical drainage was performed, obtaining haematic material. Analgesics were prescribed and the same antibiotic regimen was maintained. Five days after this procedure she was admitted to our hospital.
As epidemiological antecedents, she reported addiction to inhalation cocaine, marijuana and smoking.
On admission she was lucid, afebrile, oriented in time and space; the physical examination revealed the existence of a tumour formation in the right lower maxillary region extending to the submental area, measuring approximately 10 × 10 cm, red-violet in colour, indurated, painful on pressure, which prevented the closure of the mouth, chewing, swallowing and speech. It involved the gum, including dental pieces, the peribuccal soft tissues and the right lower jaw. Homolateral submandibular adenomegaly was palpable, indurated, painless, adherent to skin and deep planes. The rest of the physical examination showed no alterations of clinical relevance. Chest X-ray was normal. The admission laboratory showed: Ht: 35%, WBC: 7. 200/mm3 (N: 70%, E: 0.3%, B: 1.6%, M: 5.6%, L: 21%); ESR: 21 mm 1 hour; TGO: 41U/l, TGP: 31 U/l, FAL: 153 U/l, glycaemia: 138 mg/dl, urea: 27 mg/dl, creatinine: 0.56 mg/dl, Na+: 136 mEq/l, K+: 4.1 mEq/l, prothrombin concentration 98%, KPTT: 30.6", pregnancy test: negative, VRDL: non-reactive. Serologies for Chagas and hepatitis B and C virus were negative and for toxoplasmosis: IgM: negative and IgG: positive 1/64. CD4+ T-cell count was 235 cells/ml (16.3%), CD8: 872/mm3 (60.5%) and HIV viral load was 154,263 copies/ml (log10 4.74).
An abdominal ultrasound revealed mild heterogeneous splenomegaly; the rest of the patient had no abnormalities. An excisional biopsy was performed for diagnostic purposes; histopathological examination of the material obtained showed a proliferation of atypical, medium to large lymphoid cells with regular nuclei, lax chromatin, presence of nucleoli attached to the cell membrane and amphophilic cytoplasm. Numerous mitoses and apoptosis phenomena were also observed. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for CD45, CD3, CD20, CD10 and Bcl-6 in the neoplastic cells, and negativity for CD138, MUM-1 and Bcl-2. The Ki67 cell proliferation index was 99%. Microbiological studies of the biopsy material were negative for BAAR, fungi and common germs. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was primary LB of the oral cavity. Bone marrow biopsy showed no infiltration by atypical lymphoid cells. Gram, Grocott and Ziehl Neelsen stains were negative.
The patient received 6 cycles of chemotherapy based on the EPOCH-R schedule (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, with rituximab and intrathecal methotrexate). Episodes of neutropenia were treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. After treatment, complete disappearance of the gum lesion was observed. Four years later, the patient is asymptomatic, with no evidence of neoplastic disease, undetectable viral load and CD4 362 cells/ml.
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Anamnesis
A 41-year-old woman with changes in her usual tension headaches for the last 3 months. What she initially described as holocranial and mild became left hemicranial, oppressive and of moderate-severe intensity. They were also associated with pruritus, pain at the slightest tactile stimulus and a tingling sensation in the left hemiface, more accentuated in the fronto-orbital area, with photophobia and sonophobia, as well as less relief with the usual analgesia (ibuprofen and paracetamol) and blurred vision in the temporal hemifield of the left eye. A cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in the emergency department, showing no alterations, and an outpatient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain was performed in another centre shortly after the onset of the described symptoms, which was reported as normal. Given the frequency of the headaches, treatment was started with amitriptyline with clinical improvement in the following month, although the allodynia and facial pruritus persisted.
She came to the emergency department again due to an increase in the intensity of the left hemicranial pain in the last 2 weeks with a score of 8 on the visual analogue scale (VAS). She describes it as throbbing, associated with photophobia and sonophobia, although what most incapacitates her is the pruritus and hypersensitivity of the periorbital and left frontoparietal area. She feels an intense stinging sensation to small tactile stimuli, making it impossible for her to rest her head on this area. The decrease in visual acuity in the left temporal hemifield progressed to absolute loss of vision in this eye (she could not even distinguish light or shadows). In addition, he reported difficulty seeing normally in the right temporal hemifield and pain with eye movements. He denied nausea, vomiting, worsening of the headache with Valsalva manoeuvres or interference with sleep. He denied fever or other infectious symptoms, as well as recent travel. She denied sphincter alteration. The patient recalled that, coinciding with the onset of the headache and visual symptoms, she had felt numbness in the breast and left brachial region for several weeks, which resolved spontaneously and completely.
Physical examination
Amaurosis of the left eye. Visual acuity of 0.8/1 in the right eye with temporal hemianopsia and dyschromatopsia. Relative afferent pupillary defect in the left eye. Pupil of the right eye reactive. Normal fundus. Extrinsic ocular movements preserved, without restrictions, although she reported pain when moving the left eye. Allodynia in the theoretical territory of the left first trigeminal branch (V1). Hypoaesthesia in the left C2-C4 territory. Rest normal.
Complementary tests
- Blood count, haemostasis, liver profile, lipid profile, renal profile, ions, acute phase reactants, hormones (TSH, T4) and vitamins (B12, A, E, D, folic acid) normal.
- Immunochemistry: slight increase in IgM (339 mg/dl, normal range 49-302), rest normal. No oligoclonal bands in serum.
- Normal autoimmunity study.
- Serum serology (HBV, HCV, syphilis, Borrelia, Brucella, HIV, cryptococcal antigen) negative.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): biochemistry with slightly increased protein (37 mg/dl, normal range 10-30) without cells. ADA negative. Albumin quotient and IgG index normal. No oligoclonal bands detected in CSF. Serology (syphilis, Borrelia, Brucella, cryptococcus) negative.
- Cervical spine MRI: signal alteration in the T2 sequence in the cervical spinal cord at levels C1-C2 located mainly in the right posterior cord region and left lateral region compatible with demyelinating lesion. Cervical MRI, T2 sequence, longitudinal section showing hyperintensity at the C1-2 level, compatible with demyelinating lesion.
- Brain MRI: anomalous hyperintensity in FLAIR sequences affecting the intracanalicular portion of the optic nerve on the left side in its posterior portion and extending to the chiasm, with extension towards the left side. Brain magnetic resonance imaging FLAIR sequence, coronal section. Hyperintensity in the optic chiasm is visualised.
- Visual evoked potentials (VEP): no response with stimulus from the left eye. Normal in the right eye.
- Positive anti-quaporin 4 (anti-NMO) antibodies.
Diagnosis
Autoimmune neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease).
Treatment
After administration of 1 g methylprednisolone daily for 7 days and six sessions of plasmapheresis the patient experienced a complete improvement of visual acuity in the right eye. However, with the left eye she was only able to distinguish light and shadow. She was discharged with azathioprine 50 mg every 12 hours and topiramate 50 mg every 24 hours.
Evolution
In the following 6 months she required admission on two occasions for blurred vision in the right eye, again requiring several cycles of methylprednisolone with complete resolution of the symptoms in that eye. Vision in the left eye remained similar to the first admission, with only light and shadow distinction. The allodynia and headaches improved with an increase in the dose of topiramate and the reintroduction of amitriptyline, without completely disappearing, pending assessment by the Pain Unit.
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A 14-year-old Pakistani male presented with fever of 39oC, odynophagia and dry cough for three weeks, unresponsive to empirical antibiotic treatment (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and antipyretics. AP: He lived in Pakistan until 4 months prior to his admission. Ta: 38.7oC. BP: 90/34. 130 bpm. Sat O2 99%. Normal colour, no skin lesions. No meningeal signs. AC: rhythmic tones, no murmurs or friction rubs. AP: good ventilation. Abdomen without tender points, palpation of non-painful hepatosplenomegaly. ENT: no findings. Mobile laterocervical adenopathies of diameter < 1 cm. Complementary tests:
Haemogram 7,100 leu (70%N), Hb 10.8 HTC 30%, Platelets 98,000, CRP 40. Biochemistry: sodium 131, AST and ALT normal; Monosticon negative, sdo urine: normal and chest X-ray showed no pathological findings. Abdominal ultrasound: liver moderately enlarged overall, with normal and homogeneous echogenic parenchyma without focal lesions. Portal vein of normal calibre. Marked splenomegaly of approximately 15.5 cm maximum diameter.
Differential diagnosis:
1) Traveler's fever without focus.
2) Fever without focus with respiratory symptoms.
Admission diagnosis: febrile syndrome without focus. Complementary studies: urine culture, blood culture, stool culture and stool parasites, chest and abdominal X-ray, ECG and Mantoux were negative. Neck ultrasound: lymph node and/or small lymphadenopathies on both sides of the neck in the upper portion of both carotid and submaxillary areas, non-specific, probably chronic inflammatory. TTE: No signs of endocarditis. Serology of different microorganisms negative. Gross gout: Direct vision: Parasitized red blood cells per 100: 0.33%. Plasmodium PCR: Plasmodium vivax positive. Evolution:
In the first 72 hours of admission, a control haemogram was carried out which detected an increase in the pancytopenia already present: Hb 8 dl/ml, 3,600 leu, 85,000 PLQ. He was diagnosed by the microbiology service as infected by Plamodium vivax, which was confirmed by the reference hospital. Treatment was started with IV quinine and proguanil-atovacuone OV in the ICU. After receiving treatment, clinical and analytical improvement was observed, with a negative parasitaemia index, and the patient was discharged from hospital and followed up by the Internal Medicine Department and the Tropical Medicine Unit of the referral hospital. Final diagnosis:
Uncomplicated malaria. Plasmodium vivax infection.
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Anamnesis
68-year-old woman, allergic to tetracyclines. Married with 3 daughters. No family history of interest. Personal history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and sleep apnoea syndrome. She has had a permanent pacemaker for atrioventricular block type Mobitz II since June 2014.
On treatment with enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide 20 mg/12.5 mg (1-0-0), simvastatin 20 mg (0-0-1), omeprazole 20 mg (1-0-0).
Her oncological history began in September 2014, when she was diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the colon (hepatic), KRAS mutated (G12A). The patient was included in a randomised double-blind clinical trial FOLFOX + bevacizumab vs. FOLFOX + RO5520985.
She received 11 cycles (C) until April 2015, with partial response (PR) as best response, and underwent right hepatectomy in June 2015.
Her first CT scan after surgery showed a filling defect suggestive of thrombus in the right subclavian vein adjacent to the catheter, as well as an increase in the number and size of bilateral pulmonary micronodular lesions suggestive of metastasis.
It was decided to start second line with FOLFIRI without antiangiogenic agents or bolus 5-FU due to thrombosis associated with the catheter, as well as anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparins. After C3, and once control of the thrombosis was achieved and with good blood pressure control, aflibercept was added. The most notable toxicity was G3 diarrhoea, which required hospitalisation, and the best response was stable disease (SS).
After C25, liver recurrence, so treatment was proposed as part of the RE-ARRANGE CD. The patient accepted and, after randomisation, was included in treatment arm C (regorafenib 160 mg/day 1 week on/1 week off, first cycle, second cycle 160 mg/day 3 weeks on/ 1 week off). Hepatic progression in first control CT scan in November 2016.
Retreatment with FOLFOX was decided, of which she received 3 cycles, admitted on two occasions for pneumonia and lumbar pain related to metastatic lumbar bone involvement. In March 2017, the patient received the first administration of zoledronic acid and lumbar palliative radiotherapy (22Gy on L2-L3 and a single dose of 8Gy on L4). Also, a brace was prescribed by traumatology.
In April 2017, the patient was admitted to the emergency department for headache of 48 hours' duration with no response to third-stage analgesia. A cranial CT scan was performed with no alterations and IV perfusion with opioids was started at doses equianalgesic to those the patient had via transdermal route for pain control. The patient experienced a progressive deterioration in the level of consciousness with the appearance of fever, as well as agitation that required antipsychotics to control. Bladder catheterisation was performed without pathological urine, blood and urine cultures were taken, isolation and empirical antibiotic therapy was started.
Physical examination
On our first assessment on the ward, the patient was bedridden and in poor general condition. Eupneic respiratory pattern at rest with oxygen in nasal goggles. Skin pallor. Poor perfusion. Glasgow score 8 (eye opening to call, withdrawal to pain, no verbal response).
Uncoordinated movements of upper limbs. Does not obey orders. Absence of bilateral skin-plantar reflex. Pupils in intermediate reactive position. Brudzinski's sign present. Cervical rigidity. Secretion noises.
Complementary tests
"CT scan of the lumbar spine (February 2017): loss of height of the vertebral bodies of L2-L5, suggesting small fracture-platelets due to vertebral insufficiency, with a less likely metastatic origin. In contrast, the vertebral body of L4 showed a greater loss of height and a global sclerosis in its density with ill-defined internal areas of lytic appearance forming a mottled pattern, suggestive of possible metastatic involvement.
"Urgent cranial CT scan (April 2017): absence of intra- or extraxial space-occupying lesions, with no signs of bleeding or midline deviation.
"Laboratory tests on the 1st day of admission (April 2017): leukocytosis with left deviation. CRP 245 mg/l (in the ER 100 mg/l). Haemoglobin 9.8g/dl. The rest, without alterations of interest.
Diagnosis
"Acute meningoencephalitis due to listeria monocytogenes.
"Sepsis and bacteraemia due to Listeria monocytogenes.
"Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the colon (liver, bone, lung).
Treatment
The Microbiology Department informed us of the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in blood cultures, so, after discussing the case with Infections and Neurology, we decided to postpone for the moment the lumbar puncture, due to the recently irradiated lumbar lesions and the clinical deterioration of the patient, assuming that this germ was the cause of the patient's neurological symptoms.
It was decided to start targeted antibiotic therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin, as well as adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone.
That same night, the patient began to have focal seizures in the right hemibody, for which midazolam was prescribed to control them, and levetiracetam 500 mg every 12 hours was added to the treatment.
Despite this, the patient continued to present subintrusive crises, so it was decided, given the hepatic dysfunction, to add lacosamide 50 mg/12 h, which was finally increased to 100 mg/12 h due to the persistence of the crises.
Evolution
A new urgent cranial CT scan was requested, with no changes with respect to the previous one. The patient continued with progressive neurological deterioration and, after 8 days of hospitalisation without any improvement despite all the measures taken, we decided, in agreement with the family, to limit the therapeutic effort.
The patient was discharged without signs of suffering after 15 days of hospitalisation.
That same night, the patient began to have focal seizures in the right hemibody, for which midazolam was prescribed to control them, and levetiracetam 500 mg every 12 hours was added to the treatment.
Despite this, the patient continued to present subintrusive crises, so it was decided, given the hepatic dysfunction, to add lacosamide 50 mg/12 h, which, due to the persistence of the same, was finally increased to 100 mg/12 h.
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Nine-month-old infant from Vargas State, north of the Capital District, who developed acute myocarditis and the diagnosis was made post mortem when T. cruzi trypomastigotes were found in the myocardial biopsy. The mother reported finding a "chipo" (common name in Venezuela) in the child's cot a few weeks before the onset of symptoms, but did not associate it with the disease. In her middle-class house, in the foothills of the Cordillera de la Costa mountain range of the Venezuelan Central Coast, there was a storage room with a palm roof, where the reduvideos probably came from. When 82 people, predominantly children, living in this and neighbouring houses were examined, all were found to be negative for T. cruzi infection; however, 21 P.geniculatus were found, of which 13 were infected with T. cruzi.
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A male child was born to a 28 year old Bolivian mother in 3rd gestation. The pregnancy was well controlled with normal evolution and ended with caesarean section after failed induction. For the first time, during the dilation period, the pregnant woman mentioned that she was a carrier of Chagas disease, stating that she had been bitten by a "vinchuca" at the age of 6 when she lived in the Altiplano and diagnosed at the age of 20, during her first pregnancy. From her first marriage she has 2 children aged 6 and 8 years, resident in Bolivia, about whom she did not wish to provide any information. She currently lives in Spain and has not returned to her country. Physical examination of the newborn showed a healthy child of appropriate weight for his gestational age (2905kg), who started breastfeeding immediately after birth. Subsequent examinations confirmed neurological normality, semiological concordance with gestational age and absence of visceromegaly both clinically and ultrasonographically; the transfrontal ultrasound was also normal. In the first week of life the patient remained asymptomatic and with a good weight curve. After delivery, parasitological studies were carried out on blood samples from the child and the mother, and histopathological studies from the placenta and umbilical cord. Direct examinations of the mother's blood (microhaematocrit and culture) were negative, and only PCR detected the parasite in blood. Serology was positive, with high titres by the two techniques used. Following the course of events, on the 4th-5th day diagnostic confirmation of symptomatic infection was obtained in our patient when trypomastigote forms were observed in blood by direct examination, smear and thick blood smear and the microhaematocrit technique. Subsequently, the parasite was isolated in culture on NNN and T. cruzi DNA was detected by nested PCR. Histopathological studies from placenta and umbilical cord showed the presence of amastigotes forms. Treatment with benznidazole (Radanil® 100 mg comp.) at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day was initiated. Treatment was administered 2 days in hospital and then continued at home for 60 days. After discharge, clinical and/or analytical controls were performed at one month, and then at 4 months and 7 months of age. Parasitological controls by direct examination, culture and PCR were negative from 20 days after initiation of treatment and serological studies were negative from 4 months.
At one year of age there was a last clinical control, without serological control, and thereafter contact with the patient was lost. Microscopic study of chorionic membranes showing macrophages and giant cells with intracytoplasmic amastigotes. Mononuclear cells invaded by multiple amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Laboratory results in mother and child, at birth and during treatment controla ELISA R (with recombinant antigen) positive r ratio r>1bELISA C (with total antigen units U, positive U>20.
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] | en |
A 12-year-old boy was stung by a hymenoptera and immediately presented with generalised urticaria, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest tightness and dyspnoea. In the emergency department, intramuscular adrenaline, enodovenous dexchlorpheniramine, intravenous urbason and nebulised salbutamol were administered, with good response.
Results:
In paediatric immunoallergology consultation, a study of Apis, Vespula and Polistes venom was performed, highlighting positive prick test to Vespula; positive intradermal reaction to Vespula at a concentration of 1/1000; determination of Vespula-specific IgE 4.43 kU/l; molecular study IgE rVes v1 0.84 kU/l, IgE rVes v5 0.25 kU/l, IgE r Api m1 and IgE r Pol d5 <0.10 kU/l. The patient was diagnosed with a grade III (severe) systemic reaction to common wasp venom and specific immunotherapy was prescribed for 5 years, on a cluster pattern, reaching 100 mcg in 6 weeks. At 2 years the levels of IgG4 to Ves v1 and Ves v5 were undetectable. Immunoblotting was performed, confirming the patient's sensitisation to Vespula venom to both Ves v5 and Ves v1. At 3 and a half years, undetectable levels of IgG4 to Ves v1 and Ves v5 persisted, with little decrease in specific IgE. CAP inhibition is requested.
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Reason for consultation
An 83-year-old male patient presented with fever of one day's evolution with no apparent source.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
Personal history of: arterial hypertension. Type II diabetes mellitus. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Polycystic kidney disease. Gouty arthritis. Alzheimer's disease.
The patient lives at home with his wife and daughter. He is dependent for some activities of daily living although he leads an active life, and always comes to the health centre accompanied by one of his daughters.
The patient comes to the clinic with his daughter because of a one-day fever of 38-39°C. They report cough with occasional whitish expectoration. There is no other apparent focal point in the anamnesis. The only thing that the daughter, the main caregiver, says is that she finds that he is more forgetful and occasionally disorientated (for example, he forgets that he has had dinner), especially at night and coinciding with the fever. On examination, there was nothing remarkable and the patient was in good general condition, although he was found to be in poor health. Considering him to be a fragile patient, we started him on amoxicillin 750mg prophylactically.
The following day we called home, at the request of the family because the patient remained feverish. Once again, no focal point was found. The patient continued to be in good general condition, haemodynamically stable and with an unremarkable examination. We reassured the family and explained that the process would last several days with sustained fever, but that they should be alert to any new symptoms that might appear and guide the diagnosis. The patient accompanies us out of the house to say goodbye.
We received a new home visit a day later, as the patient had worsened considerably. The family told us that the patient had woken up well, but that he had become unwell and went to rest in his room, where he was later found to be disorientated and with generalised rigidity.
On examination, the patient is disoriented in time and space, with a tendency to sleep and responds inconsistently to our questions.
Examination (difficult due to lack of cooperation):
Vitals: BP 129/73, HR 117lpm, SatO2 90%, T 38.6o, blood glucose 137.
Cardiopulmonary auscultation: No murmurs, rhythmic. VCM without added sounds.
Abdomen globular, no masses, not painful, no peritonism.
Lower limbs: no oedema or signs of thrombosis.
Neurological: bilateral reactive myosis. Oculomotor movements apparently preserved. Erasure of the left nasolabial fold. Rest of cranial nerves not assessable. Great gait instability. No noticeable loss of sensibility. Generalised loss of strength. Kernig and Burdzinsky not assessable due to voluntary defence, although there is apparent rigidity.
It was decided to send the patient to the hospital emergency department for additional tests.
On arrival, the tests performed included the following:
CBC: CRP 0.9mg/dL, leukocytes 10330/μL with 67% neutrophils and 17.9% lymphocytes. Platelets 186000/μL. Urine system with proteinuria.
Chest X-ray: poor technique. Cardiothoracic index within normal limits. Free parenchyma without congestion or condensation.
Cranial CT: prominence of grooves, fissures and cisterns with moderate dilatation of the ventricular system in relation to corticosubcortical atrophy and/or senile involution. Adequate differentiation of grey-white matter. Posterior fossa without findings. No signs of intracranial haemorrhage. No mass effect. Rest of the study with no findings.
During his stay in the emergency department, the patient showed neurological deterioration, becoming progressively drowsy, waking up only with painful stimuli. It was therefore decided to perform a lumbar puncture, obtaining a slightly cloudy fluid with the following biochemistry: leukocytes 12/μL (100% mononuclear), glucose 77mg/dL, protein 70.9mg/dL.
Gram stain is negative.
The PCRs study detects positive PCR for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1).
Family and community approach
Nuclear family structure. The patient lives with his wife and one of his two daughters.
His family life cycle, according to the WHO model modified by De la Revilla, is stage IV or -contraction‖ (from the time the first child leaves home until the last one does).
The youngest daughter lives with her parents, being the main carer of both, especially the father, who needs more attention as he is more fragile than his wife.
Clinical Judgement
Meningoencephalitis due to HSV-1. The differential diagnosis at the beginning of the process was acute confusional syndrome. Subsequently, other infections of the central nervous system had to be taken into account and, with the biochemical values of the CSF, other viral infections, very early bacterial infections, aborted infections or tuberculous meningoencephalitis had to be considered. Other diagnoses include autoimmune, metabolic, toxic or ischaemic encephalitis.
Action plan and evolution
The patient is admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department and treatment with Acyclovir iv (10mg/kg every 8 hours) is started.
Evolution
The patient remained disoriented throughout the admission, with incoherent responses to questions, but at the beginning he began to eat crushed food and was haemodynamically stable, without fever.
On the sixth day the patient showed significant deterioration, not opening his eyes and only localising painful stimuli. Oliguria with diuresis of 100cc in 12 hours despite intensive fluid therapy. Urgent blood tests showed creatinine levels of 5.6mg/dL. This was possibly due to acute tubular necrosis caused by acyclovir, so treatment was readjusted, reducing it to a daily dose.
Amoxicillin 875mg/clavulanic acid 125mg was added as aspiration could not be ruled out, as he started again with fever, cough and increased secretions.
Progressive deterioration that finally required sedation of the patient, who died on the eleventh day of admission.
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Twelve year old boy followed in consultation since the age of four for poorly controlled asthma with associated GER. Prick test and specific IgE negative for pneumoallergens until the age of twelve, when they were positive for olive and grasses.
From the age of ten, worsening of asthma and GER, associated with dysphagia for solids. Also, some episode of facial reaction after ingestion of food with traces of milk. Prick test and specific IgE for casein 6x6mm and 4.80 KU/L respectively.
The patient was referred to paediatric gastroenterology with suspicion of eosinophilic oesophagitis, which was confirmed (35 eosinophils/field in oesophageal biopsies). Dairy products were completely withdrawn and Omeprazole and swallowed Budesonide were prescribed, with normalisation of the endoscopy, and treatment could be withdrawn at 14 months.
After a strict dairy-free diet, he was asymptomatic from the digestive point of view and his asthma improved. At twelve years of age urticaria after accidental ingestion of cooked ham (with traces of milk) and at thirteen years of age an anaphylactic reaction after accidental ingestion of cow's milk.
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History
A 60-year-old woman with ethanolic liver cirrhosis (Child B) and pancytopenia. She lives in a rural area.
History and examination
She consulted the ED for fever, vomiting and dysarthria; she was admitted to the Digestive Department as hepatic encephalopathy. During admission, despite optimising treatment, neurological symptoms and fever persisted, so Infectious Diseases was consulted. On rehistorising the patient, she commented that three days before admission, she had started with holocranial headache, vomiting and dizziness with gait instability. On examination: afebrile, BP 94/54 mmHg, 69 bpm, 100% saturation. Conscious, oriented, pan-focal systolic murmur, normal pulmonary auscultation, soft, painless abdomen, chronic venous insufficiency, gait instability, Romberg not assessable, negative meningeal signs and normal rest.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed leucopenia (2360/l) with lymphopenia (100/l), anaemia (9.8 mg/dl) and thrombopenia (32000/L). A systematic urine analysis, chest X-ray, abdomen, cranial CT scan and abdominal ultrasound were normal. Urine culture was negative. Nasopharyngeal exudate was negative. HIV serology was negative. Lumbar puncture was performed with CSF with high opening pressure (260 mmH2O), 55 cells/Ul with lymphocyte predominance, 49.9 mg/dl protein and 11 mg/dl glucose. Both blood and CSF cultures isolated cryptococcus neoformans, with a positive antigen titre of 1/8192 and 1/16784 respectively. Additionally, MRI showed hyperintensity of the lobes and cerebellum, and echocardiography ruled out endocarditis.
Diagnosis. Evolution
Diagnosed with Cryptoccocus neoformans meningoencephalitis with cryptocococcaemia, treatment was started with liposomal amphotericin B (300 mg) and fluconazole (800 mg). The patient responded adequately to treatment.
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A 42 year old man with no personal history of interest, who started a study due to the appearance of blood tests compatible with dissociated cholestasis; during the clinical interview the patient did not report any symptoms by organs or apparatus of interest. An ultrasound scan of the abdomen showed space-occupying lesions in the liver and spleen, and the study was completed with a CT scan of the thorax and abdomen showing multiple small hypodense lesions in both the liver and spleen, with no adenopathy in any of the compartments studied. The thoracoabdominal CT scan showed bilateral laterocervical lymphadenopathies of less than 1 cm, with no evidence of other mediastinal or abdominal lymphadenopathies. The pulmonary pattern showed no lesions, and there were multiple small hypodense lesions in the spleen and liver suggestive of metastasis. The study was completed with abdominal MRI to better define the lesions, with the same results. A complete blood test was performed with negative autoimmunity (ANA and AMA) and negative serology for HBV-HCV-HIV-Brucella-Ricekttsia-Coxiella burnnetii-Treponema Pallidum. A liver biopsy of the lesion described with the findings of granulomas that did not show caseous necrosis, a Ziehl Neelsen histochemical technique to detect acid fast bacilli was negative as well as the PCR technique and culture for TB; The final result was granulomas compatible with sarcoidosis.
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Anamnesis
A 2 year old girl was brought by her mother from the emergency department to be assessed by dermatology. She referred a history of 2 nodular lesions, one in the antecubital fold and the other on the left shoulder blade. The mother reported that they had appeared while they were travelling in Ecuador during an excursion in the forest and that they had persisted since then. The patient presented with pain on palpation and no associated pruritus, and the mother insisted that she saw "something" moving inside the lesions.
Physical examination
Two slightly erythematous nodular lesions were observed in the antecubital fold and on the left shoulder blade, all with a central orifice.
Complementary examinations
Dermoscopy of the lesions: Erythematous lesion with punctate vessels and black dot that moves with palpation and emerges through the orifice with extrusion. The lesions are covered with petroleum jelly and a larva emerges. Dermoscopy of the larva shows a creamy white ovoid body with spirals resembling bird's feet, surrounded by black dots in the shape of a crown of thorns.
Diagnosis
Furunculoid myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis.
Treatment
Spontaneous extrusion of the larvae.
Evolution
Satisfactory, with complete disappearance of the clinical manifestations in both cases.
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Patient from Morocco, living in Spain for three years. Independent for basic activities of daily living. No known drug allergies, toxic habits or cardiovascular risk factors.
Diagnosed in November 2017 with common B acute lymphoid leukaemia, starting treatment with PETHEMA-LAL/AR protocol, achieving complete remission and negative minimal residual disease after induction, without relevant complications. She subsequently received consolidation treatment without incident, and a bone marrow aspirate was performed in September 2018, showing 7.8% of cells similar to the blasts at diagnosis, and she was admitted to receive a new induction programme.
On admission he was haemodynamically stable, afebrile, with acceptable general condition, conscious and oriented, eupneic at rest, well hydrated and perfused. Rhythmic tones without audible murmurs and preserved vesicular murmur. Abdomen soft and depressible, without organomegaly or signs of peritoneal irritation. Lower limbs without alterations.
On day +3 of the cycle, she began with febrile symptoms without apparent focus, for which empirical antibiotic therapy was started with cefepime and vancomycin after drawing blood cultures. During this period he began to experience pancytopenia secondary to chemotherapy treatment, for which he received multiple transfusions of red blood cells and platelets together with colony-stimulating factor. Given the scant improvement in fever and the increase in acute phase reactants, on day +13 treatment was changed to meropenem 1g every 8 hours, vancomycin 1g every 12 hours, together with posaconazole and acyclovir as prophylaxis. On day +6 of the induction cycle, grouped crusty vesicles began to appear on the right breast with a purplish base, together with the subsequent appearance of an erythematous nodule with a blister on the right thigh and, subsequently, the spread of similar lesions on both hands and the left shoulder, with areas of necrosis in the centre.
Differential diagnosis
We consider the differential diagnosis of febrile syndrome with skin lesions in a patient with oncohematological pathology, either due to an infectious or non-infectious process (such as the underlying pathology, graft-versus-host disease, pharmacological, or other aetiologies such as pyoderma gangrenosum, etc.). The type of skin lesions can guide us towards the aetiology of the lesions. Thus, in the case of ulcerative lesions we would think of fungi, bacteria, mycobacteria and viruses, while in the case of vesicular lesions we would think of viral aetiology. In the case of cutaneous nodules, fungi, bacteria and non-tuberculous mycobacteria should be considered as the cause. Another entity to take into account would be gangrenous ecthyma, caused fundamentally by Pseudomonas spp. It should not be forgotten that in the case of lesions with a necrotic centre in this patient profile, invasive fungal infections by microorganisms such as Aspergillus spp, Mucorales and other emerging species such as Fusarium spp. or Scedosporium spp. should be considered.
The type of immunosuppression of the patient can also guide us to the aetiology, distinguishing between cellular or humoral immunosuppression, neutropenia (immunosuppression in our patient) or the use of purine analogues or monoclonal antibodies.
Within each aetiological group, we should consider:
- Bacteria: in addition to the microorganisms that usually colonise the skin, such as staphylococci and streptococci, we should also consider the possibility of Pseudomonas spp, Stenotrophomona maltophila, Brucella spp, Actinomyces spp or Nocardia spp.
- Viruses: rule out Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, herpes varicella-zoster virus.
- Fungi: Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. represent the majority of fungi that produce this type of lesions, although there are microorganisms such as Mucorales, Fusarium spp. and Scedosporium spp. that are emerging fungal groups that should be included in our differential diagnosis.
- Mycobacteria: some of the most common species are M. avium, M. kansasii, M. xenopi and M. haemophilum.
Evolution
Despite broad-spectrum empirical treatment, the patient continued with fever and increased acute phase reactants, in a situation of severe pancytopenia with absolute neutropenia from day +6 of treatment. It was decided to perform a skin biopsy for pathology and microbiology, together with a new blood culture. On consecutive days, while awaiting microbiological results, the patient began to deteriorate clinically, and treatment was extended on day +22 of induction to meropenem 2g every 8 hours, linezolid 600mg every 12 hours, acyclovir 1000mg every 8 hours and liposomal amphotericin B at a dose of 3mg/kg. Little improvement in general condition, with the appearance of visual disturbances and subconjunctival haemorrhage.
Various complementary tests were ordered:
- Blood tests with progressive worsening: haemoglobin 7.5 g/dL, 13,000 platelets, 10 neutrophils, creatinine 1.3 mg/dL, albumin 1.8 g/dL, LDH 280 U/L, CRP 300 mg/dL, blood PCR 300 mg/dL.
- Blood PCR CMV, HSV1, HSV2 and EBV negative.
- Auramine stain, culture of Actinomyces spp., Brucella spp. and Nocardia spp. negative.
- Chest X-ray with no significant findings. On suspicion of cutaneous septic emboli, an echocardiogram and abdominal ultrasound were performed, with no significant alterations.
Finally, Fusarium solani was isolated in both blood culture and skin biopsy culture, pending fungigram, suspending antifungals and adding isavuconazole on day +26 of the cycle with a loading dose of 200mg every 8 hours for 48 hours and then 200 mg every 24 hours for maintenance, prescribed for compassionate use given the poor evolution of the patient with the antifungals prescribed up to that time. Finally, on the third day of starting isavuconazole and despite improvement of the skin lesions, he suffered septic shock with respiratory failure and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, causing the patient's death on day +29 of the cycle.
Final diagnosis
Disseminated fusariosis with cutaneous, pulmonary and probably ocular septic metastases. Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia B in the course of induction treatment.
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33-year-old woman, with a history of HIV infection on antiretroviral treatment, who stayed in Brazil for 10 days. One week after her return to Chile, she presented with brownish-black papular skin lesions, pruritic and painful on palpation, 5-6 mm in diameter, on the sole of the left foot. Dermoscopy revealed a dark brown central ring surrounded by a whitish hyperkeratotic halo. Dermoscopic image of a lesion on the sole of the left foot. A dark brown central ring surrounded by a whitish halo with a hyperkeratotic surface.
Treatment consisted of excision and curettage of the lesion bed followed by cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen. The image of the flea, once removed, showed a yellowish-brown structure and some whitish eggs in its periphery, compatible with the presence of the parasite. Image of the flea after removal. A yellowish-brown structure and some whitish eggs on its periphery, compatible with the presence of the parasite, can be seen.
The patient evolved satisfactorily, with no new lesions.
Diagnosis
Considering the morphology and location of the lesions associated with a history of travel to tungiasis endemic areas, the diagnosis was made clinically without the need for histopathological analysis. Tungiasis caused by the haematophagous flea Tunga penetrans.
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A 46-year-old man from Wuhan (China), otherwise healthy, presented to our emergency department with persistent fever of 9 days' evolution. He had been well until 9 days prior to admission, when he developed a fever of 38.3°C without respiratory symptoms such as rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, expectoration or dyspnoea. He had travelled to Japan 3 days prior to admission and came to our hospital. On admission, his vital signs were as follows: temperature 37.1°C; blood pressure 120/82 mmHg; pulse 80 bpm; respiratory rate 18 bpm; oxygen saturation 95% on room air. Physical examination revealed no crackles. A rapid influenza antigen test was negative. A chest CT scan revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities. A PCR test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was positive.
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Reason for consultation
Skin rash on legs and arms of three days' evolution in a patient who four days ago had taken ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally, single dose, as prophylaxis for contact with meningococcus.
Individual approach
Male, 27 years old. Allergic to penicillin. Personal and family history not relevant.
Anamnesis: he came to the primary care clinic stating that four days ago, while on duty at the hospital where he worked, he had helped to perform a lumbar puncture on a patient suspected of having bacterial meningitis. Subsequently, when the diagnosis was confirmed, all healthcare staff in contact with the patient had to take ciprofloxacin 500 mg single dose orally as a prophylactic measure. Less than 24 hours later, small, discreetly pruritic pink skin lesions began to appear on the trunk, arms and legs, evolving to purplish and increasing in size, even coalescing to form small plaques, especially on the front of the legs. Currently there is no pruritus or fever. She denies any previous illness or risky sexual behaviour.
Physical examination revealed a good general state of health. There were circular "bull's-eye" erythematous violaceous lesions, some with central blistering, symmetrical, predominantly acral. No alteration of mucous membranes or lips.
Complementary tests: CBC with leukocytosis (15390 leukocytes) and neutrophilia (13560 neutrophils, 88%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 33 mm. Biochemistry: glucose 120 mg/dl, C-reactive protein (CRP) 24.4 mg/l, rest normal. Coagulation normal, except for fibrinogen 6.0 g/l. Urine normal.
Family and community approach
Male, 27 years old, Spanish nationality. Single but with a stable partner (stage 1 according to McGoldrick's family cycle), no children; he lives outside the family nucleus for work reasons. Medium-high cultural level, profession: nurse.
Clinical judgement
Erythema multiforme or polymorphous minor. Differential diagnosis with other blistering diseases: pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, herpetic primoinfection, lupus, vasculitis, etc.
Action plan and evolution
Referral to Dermatology. Primary care prescribes prednisone 30 mg on a descending scale for 18 days. The patient came to Dermatology quite improved, with only a few residual brownish lesions on the legs. Epithelialising lotion was prescribed. When he returned to Primary Care for a check-up, the lesions had completely disappeared.
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This is a 66-year-old man with a history of pulmonary neoplasia (stage iiiB non-small cell carcinoma) treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, who remained free of disease, with the subsequent appearance of a brain metastasis on which complete resection was carried out pending the start of holocranial radiotherapy. He came to the emergency department with dyspnoea on minimal exertion for 10 days and fever of up to 39°C. She denied cough and expectoration. There was no epidemiological history of interest. He started antibiotic treatment on an outpatient basis without improvement. On arrival he presented severe respiratory failure requiring high FiO2 and was admitted to the critical care unit of our centre. He presented rapid progression of respiratory failure and at 24h required orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The initial chest X-ray showed an alveolar infiltrate in the left base with the appearance of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates in subsequent controls. Pulmonary artery catheterisation ruled out heart failure, with pulmonary capillary pressure below 18mmHg, showing signs of moderate pulmonary hypertension. Laboratory tests showed the appearance of disseminated intravascular coagulation (D-dimer greater than 20,000ng/ml, maximum thrombocytopenia of 47,000/l and maximum prothrombin time of 1.58 ratio), acute renal failure with creatinine levels of up to 2.33mg/dl and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with maximum values of 2,305U/l. Antibiotic treatment was started empirically with piperacillin-tazobactam and azithromycin, and corticosteroids were subsequently added. Given the poor evolution, with persistent severe respiratory insufficiency and worsening of the pulmonary infiltrates of an unrelated cause, a thoracic CT scan was performed showing very extensive bilateral parenchymal involvement in ground glass, with a radiological appearance indicating diffuse alveolar damage or an infectious process of atypical characteristics. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed with negative bacteriological culture, negative Ziehl-Nielsen and negative Pneumocystis jirovecii. Serology for atypical pneumonia (Legionella, Chlamydia, etc.) was requested and was negative. Finally, given the clinical characteristics and in a pandemic situation for the influenza A (H1N1) virus, probable infection by the virus was suspected, a nasal and pharyngeal swab was performed, and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was positive, for which treatment with oseltamivir was added. The patient had a good clinical evolution with rapid improvement of the radiological infiltrates, and weaning from ventilation was carried out without incident. The patient was discharged after one month of hospitalisation.
None of the healthcare professionals who attended the patient presented symptoms indicative of influenza in the following days.
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A 35-year-old man was admitted for diplopia, headache, fever, vomiting and weakness in the lower limbs since 2 days previously. He referred catarrhal symptoms the previous week. He had a history of smoking and occasional cocaine use. Examination revealed reddish para-sternal skin lesions without petechiae, bradypsychia, binocular diplopia and paresis in the lower limbs, without meningeal signs or sensory alterations.
Complementary tests including CBC, urine toxicology, chest X-ray and cranial CT scan were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed clear fluid, glucose 59 mg/dl, protein 88 mg/dl and leukocytes 169/mm3 (>95% lymphocytes+monocytes), ADA 11.2, red blood cells 0. He was admitted with a diagnosis of lymphocytic meningitis and treatment was started with ceftriaxone, acyclovir, ampicillin and dexamethasone. On the ward, the study was extended with blood cultures, plasma and CSF serology for different parasites, viruses and mycobacteria, all negative, except for a first Elisa for HIV, weakly positive, which was confirmed with a strong positive in a second test a few days later, with a positive Western-Blot and HIV-RNA in CSF of 396,786 copies/ml. On questioning, the patient reported risky sexual relations and two episodes of herpes zoster.
In the following days he presented neurological worsening with paraparesis, sensory alterations (hypoaesthesia in the lower extremities, abdominal dysaesthesia, facial hypoaesthesia) and patellar arreflexia, with an electromyogram showing acute polyradiculoneuritis of proximal predominance, suggestive of a variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Progressively, the patient presented with a fluctuating level of consciousness with disorientation and agitation, so a cranial CT and MRI scan and lumbar puncture were performed, with normal results, and an electroencephalogram, with a pattern compatible with diffuse encephalopathy. Shock treatment was started with zidovudine, lamivudine, raltegravir and darunavir/ritonavir, the latter drug being discontinued after a few weeks. The patient showed progressive improvement, with no neurological sequelae except for a slightly paretic gait. The final diagnosis was meningoencephalitis and polyradiculopathy associated with primary HIV infection.
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] | en |
We present the clinical case of a five-year-old boy with atopic dermatitis since the first months of life, with no other personal or family history of interest. As an infectious history, he had suffered chickenpox a year earlier without complications and a lesion compatible with herpes labialis on his father a few days earlier.
The patient consulted the emergency department for vesicular, erythematous skin lesions that had been present for two days. Some of the lesions showed signs of impetiginisation without signs of cellulitis. The skin lesions were distributed on both lower and upper limbs and trunk. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. Fever of 38°C maximum since twelve hours before. No other symptoms. There was no family history of infection at the time of consultation.
On suspicion of Kaposi's varicelliform rash, it was decided to admit her for the start of intravenous treatment with acyclovir at 20 mg/kg/day. Oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 50 mg/kg/day and daily treatment with chlorhexidine were added to the treatment.
On admission, an analytical study was performed with a haemogram and biochemistry, without elevation of acute phase reactants, and serology was extracted for herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, Coxsackie, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma, Epstein Barr virus, parvovirus and human herpes virus type 6.
The clinical course was favourable, with fever disappearing within 24 hours of admission and no systemic or cutaneous complications.
From the third day onwards, the lesions were all in the crusting phase with progressive detachment of the crusted lesions without incident.
Discharge was decided on the fourth day of admission, completing oral treatment with acyclovir for a further seven days.
One week after admission, the patient showed no signs of skin lesions except for his known atopic dermatitis. The serology result was negative for all the tests except IgM positive for herpes simplex virus type 1.
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An 83-year-old non-smoking woman presented to our hospital on 12 March 2020 with fever, malaise, headache, dry cough and dyspnoea. She had a history of mild intermittent asthma, treated with albuterol inhaler on demand, mitral valve prolapse with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation and ulcerative colitis, adequately controlled with oral budesonide (3 mg/day with progressive tapering) and maintenance sulfasalazine (1500 mg twice daily). His symptoms had started about two weeks before the first visit, shortly after a trip from Florida to Massachusetts, and had not improved with azithromycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. In the ED, he had a fever of 39.3°C and room air saturation of 86%, which improved to 95% with nasal cannula oxygen therapy at 5 litres per minute. Initial laboratory tests showed leukocytosis and relative lymphocytopenia (absolute lymphocyte count 1090 cells/microlitre). A chest CT scan was remarkable for diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities, with patchy bands of atelectasis and small nodular nuclei of consolidation, with a distribution suggestive of viral pneumonia. Slight cystic changes were also seen in the affected regions. She was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and placed under strict isolation, taking into account a possible out-of-hospital SARS-CoV-2 infection. She presented with worsening tachypnoea with respiratory rate of 40 r.p.m. and hypoxia with an oxygen saturation of 80%, requiring oxygen therapy by means of a reservoir mask at a rate of 15 L/min. Arterial blood gases gave an arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of 63 mm Hg with oxygen therapy at 15 L/min. The patient was intubated due to hypoxaemic respiratory failure and maintained on assisted ventilation with the ARDSNet low tidal volume protocol. Her PaO2/FiO2 (ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]) was consistent with moderate ARDS. Extensive additional testing for viral, bacterial and fungal organisms confirmed the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a nasopharyngeal swab. In addition, the serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan value was clearly high at 305 pg/mL (reference value < 80 pg/mL), which implied further testing for P. jirovecii by qualitative real-time PCR from a tracheal aspirate, which was positive (fluorescence value 0.160 at melting temperature [Tm] 62.4 °C; minimum fluorescence signal intensity for positive result ≥ 0.020). In addition, it showed no apparent clinical features associated with a false-positive (1,3)-β-D-glucan determination, such as exposure to haemodialysis membranes, intravenous immunoglobulin, albumin dressings or intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1/2 antibody/antigen test was negative. However, the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was low at 291 cells/microlitre (reference value 441-2156 cells/microlitre), as was the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.18; reference value 1.20-5.30). The patient was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and extubated on hospital day 7. The serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan value obtained one week after starting treatment was significantly reduced (90 pg/mL). In addition, the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count ten days after the initial consultation showed an improvement (730 cells/microlitre).
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Anamnesis
A 47-year-old man with no past history of interest was brought to the emergency department for blunt abdominal trauma following a traffic accident. On arrival, an acute abdomen was observed and he underwent exploratory laparotomy which revealed a large amount of free blood in the peritoneal cavity secondary to a rupture of the inferior polar splenic artery. During surgery, a retroperitoneal adenopathic conglomerate was observed and biopsies were taken. The pathological anatomy revealed grade 1 follicular lymphoma. A PET-CT scan was performed which showed hypermetabolic foci in bilateral axillary, mediastinal and iliac lymph nodes and a large retroperitoneal conglomerate compatible with lymphoma. Bone marrow biopsy showed infiltration by follicular lymphoma.
Re-historying the patient, no presence of B symptoms or constitutional syndrome, referring only to minor low back pain which he considered normal in his job as a lorry driver.
He started chemotherapy with CHOP-Rituximab of which he received 6 cycles with good tolerance. In a re-evaluation PET scan, partial response with persistence of disease at retroperitoneal level. Second line with FMD-R (Fludarabine - Mitoxantrone - Dexamethasone - Rituximab) with complete response by PET-CT after 4 cycles although with great haematological toxicity with several delays due to neutropenia and plateletopenia. A bone marrow biopsy was performed which showed no lymphoma infiltration and so maintenance Rituximab was started. Clinical improvement since the end of chemotherapy, although with persistent neutropenia and grade 1 plateletopenia. After 19 months of treatment, the patient consulted for painless haematuria.
Physical examination
Patient in good general condition although somewhat pale. No B symptoms.
No peripheral lymph nodes palpable.
Cardiorespiratory auscultation: normal.
Abdominal examination: normal. Lower lumbar discomfort
No malleolar oedema
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests: Normal liver and renal profile. No electrolyte alterations. Haemoglobin 11.2 g/dL,
Leukocytes 2650/μL (Neutrophils 1410/μL), Platelets 123000.
Chest CT: Calcifications in coronary arteries. Right paratracheal and left para-aortic lymph nodes of non-significant size. No mediastinal adenopathies of significant size were observed. No pleuropulmonary alterations of interest were observed.
Abdomen and pelvis CT scan: Hepatomegaly with moderate steatosis, without evidence of focal lesions.
Homogeneous splenomegaly. No free fluid or intra-abdominal adenopathies of significant size were seen. Pancreas and right kidney without alterations of interest. Occupation of the left renal pelvis by a mass of soft tissue density, approx. 40x44x51 mm (apxtxl) with contrast uptake, not present in previous CT scans. It caused dilatation of the calyces, especially in the upper group, without ureteral dilatation compatible with urothelial tumour.
The findings were presented to the Urology Committee and a nephrectomy was performed, showing infiltration of the renal pelvis by a small cell neoplasm with regular morphology. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for CD 45, CD 20, CD 10, Bcl 2, Bcl 6 and negativity for CD 138, CD5 and Cyclin D1. The proliferative index by Ki 67 is approximately 10%.
Diagnosis
Infiltration of the renal pelvis by follicular lymphoma as the sole focus of relapse.
Treatment
In view of the results, A repeat PET-CT scan was performed, confirming the absence of other foci. CT scan confirmed the absence of other foci and a new bone marrow biopsy was performed which showed no infiltration by lymphoma but showed a hypocellular marrow with marked hyperplasia of the erythroid series with marked dysplastic features (tendency to group in nests and presence of The remaining series were poorly represented with a predominance of immature myeloid forms with 3% of blast forms and the presence of polytypic plasma cells suggestive of myelodysplastic syndrome of the refractory cytopenia type with multilineage dysplasia. In view of these findings, the case was presented to the haematology committee and a decision was taken to perform a mini-transplant from an unrelated donor as there were no compatible siblings.
Evolution
During conditioning, the patient suffered a diabetic debut with glycaemia over 1000 mg/dL. After conditioning, he was admitted to the ICU for severe diarrhoea with pre-renal renal failure and suspected thrombotic microangiopathy probably related to Tacrolimus used as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease. Poor evolution of the condition with decreased level of consciousness, appearance of de novo atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response to 150 beats per minute and febrile condition with isolation in blood culture of multiresistant Escherichia coli together with poor recovery of haematological parameters, resulting in multiorgan failure at day + 16 of transplantation leading to the patient's exitus.
| [
"Anamnesis",
"A",
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"mediastinal",
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"partial",
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An otherwise healthy 20-year-old man presented to an emergency department with fever and rash. He was diagnosed with a viral upper respiratory tract infection and sent home with symptomatic treatment. Six days later, the patient presented to the emergency department with persistent fever and rash. Vital signs were: temperature 39.4°C, pulse 115 bpm, blood pressure 93/54 mmHg, respiratory rate 24 bpm and oxygen saturation 91%. Physical examination revealed a generalised morbilliform rash on the trunk and extremities, without facial involvement. There was no mucosal or ocular involvement. Chest X-ray showed bilateral infiltrates consistent with multifocal pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed a normal white blood cell count (8300 units per litre [uL], reference range 4200-9100/uL) with an absolute lymphocyte count of 800/uL (reference range 1300-3600/uL). The C-reactive protein value was high at 118.5 mg/L (reference range 0-5 mg/L). A rapid streptococcal and human immunodeficiency virus test were both negative, as was a respiratory viral profile. The patient required increasingly higher oxygen therapy during his ED evolution and was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A PCR test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was positive on day 2 of hospitalisation. The patient remains in the ICU on day 6 of hospitalisation.
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Anamnesis
A 61-year-old man, ex-smoker until 6 months before diagnosis, for more than 45 years (IPA 50), and with no other history of interest, who went to his primary care doctor for bultoma in the left cervical region, with no associated dysphagia or odynophagia. Initially, a diagnosis of cervical infection was made in the context of otalgia and recent dental implants, but given the lack of improvement with antibiotic treatment, she was referred to Endocrinology for further investigation.
Cervical ultrasound showed multiple left cervical adenopathies of up to 2.7 cm. Normal thyroid with 2 well-defined solid nodules.
An ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration puncture-fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed to obtain samples, and the pathology report concluded: metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma.
The patient was then assessed by the Otorhinolaryngology Department and a fibroscopy was performed, showing a lesion in the left tonsillar region extending to the soft palate, submucosa of the left hemipalate and caudally reaching the base of the tongue, vallecula and epiglottis. A biopsy of the tonsil was performed with an anatomical pathology report of submucosal infiltration by poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, human papillomavirus (HPV) and p16 positive.
The extension study was completed with a cervicofacial CT scan showing a tumour-like mass in the left lingual tonsil, measuring approximately 26 mm, suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic adenopathies in both internal jugular chains, more numerous and larger on the left in levels IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA and VB, with necrosis in several of them.
A thoracoabdominopelvic CT scan was performed as an extension study with no evidence of distant dissemination, confirming the patient's diagnosis: epidermoid carcinoma of the oropharynx HPV+ p16+ stage IVA (cT4N2M0) as of June 2013.
Presented to the head and neck tumour committee of our hospital, it was decided to propose conservative treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient underwent radiotherapy treatment with 50 Gy on the tumour bed and draining lymph node chains with margin, with overimpression of the primary tumour and affected lymph nodes up to a dose of 70 Gy. Concurrently, the patient received chemotherapy treatment with weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for a total of 6 cycles.
Subsequent re-evaluation with fibroscopy showed a complete response. In the response evaluation CT scan, the primary lesion has decreased in size and density. In addition, there was a marked decrease, with almost complete disappearance of pre-existing laterocervical adenopathies, with only millimetric lymph nodes being seen, with post-treatment changes in chains IIa and IIb and III.
The patient was followed up and, in a re-evaluation CT scan in September 2016, he presented a mediastinal relapse with prevascular adenopathies, anterior to the right brachiocephalic trunk, high right paratracheal, in the aortopulmonary window, in the right hilum and subcarinal. Mediastinoscopy was performed with biopsies, which confirmed the presence of p16+ squamous cell carcinoma metastasis.
He was referred to Medical Oncology where first-line treatment was started with carboplatin (AUC-5) and cetuximab (400 mg/m2 first week, followed by 250 mg/m2 weekly) every 3 weeks, until completing 5 cycles that ended in March 2017, with delays due to haematological toxicity.
In the re-evaluation CT scan in March 2017, there was evidence of progression of mediastinal disease, so she started the second line of treatment with nivolumab, achieving a complete radiological response.
Physical examination
The patient came for a check-up to start cycle 33 of nivolumab, and was seen to have extensive erythematous scaly plaques on the trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs, with more florid plaques with exfoliation on the palms. There were no other skin lesions of interest. Otherwise, he reported good general condition and an ECOG 0.
Complementary tests
Blood test with no findings of interest.
Diagnosis
Psoriasiform rash due to anti-PD-1.
Treatment
The patient was referred to the dermatology department, where corticosteroid treatment was started:
"Prednisone 50 mg in a descending pattern.
"Clobetasol cream.
Evolution
In view of the appearance of grade 3 skin toxicity and the complete radiological response of the disease, it was decided to discontinue nivolumab. The patient continues with periodic check-ups and, to date, 6 months after withdrawal of the drug, he is still in complete response.
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27-year-old male from Peru, brought from the airport due to low level of consciousness. No relevant PA. He reported having landed four days ago, since then, confused, waiting for relatives. He reported general malaise and weight loss for two months and new reddish pruritic skin lesions on the arm. Temperature in the ED 37.9°.
INITIAL IMAGING FINDINGS
Morphological alteration in the frontal horn, collapsed, and increased density in the head and body of the caudate. Discrete mass effect in the base ganglia. The study was completed with IV contrast after 5 minutes. A marked subependymal enhancement is confirmed, around the ventricular system, more extensive in the frontal horn, lateral ventricular bodies and to a lesser extent occipital. Enhancement in the basal ganglia, particularly the right caudate. The following are proposed as diagnostic options: cerebral lymphoma, CMV/toxoplasma type inflammatory pathology or primary HIV involvement.
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White male, peasant farmer, 57 years old, from Vertientes, Camagüey. He was admitted on 17 December 2009 to the "Manuel Ascunce Domenech" Provincial Hospital in Camagüey, with a presumptive diagnosis of infectious endocarditis due to Brucella and moderate aortic insufficiency. He presented with fever of 38.0-38.5oC for 4 months, generally at night, accompanied by sweating; chills; joint pain, especially in the back and both knees; impotence; nervousness; myalgia; marked asthenia, which prevented him from carrying out his usual activities; dyspnoea and precordial pain. Three previous admissions for a chronic febrile syndrome of more than 9 months of evolution were noted, with an initial diagnosis of endocarditis due to rheumatic fever, for which he underwent complementary examinations and medical treatment with various antimicrobials, without improvement of the patient. The possibility of other causes of endocarditis was ruled out.
A slow serology for brucellosis was indicated among the complementary tests, but due to the unavailability of reagents these tests were not performed until January 2010, when the disease was diagnosed with high serological titres and infective endocarditis as a superadded complication.
Epidemiological background: the patient has lived in a rural area for years in direct contact with cattle and pigs, handles animal births, frequently ingests milk and dairy products; he has a history of wounds and microtrauma to his hands and feet, typical of his work. His farm adjoins another farm with cattle affected by brucellosis (statistical reports obtained from the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Camagüey, 2010).
Positive findings on physical examination:
- Cardiovascular system: heart sounds of good tone, no third or fourth sounds, systolic murmur II/IV in second right intercostal space, with irradiation to the vessels of the neck.
-Blood pressure: 120/80.
- Heart rate: 68 per minute.
- Echocardiogram: vegetations in aortic valve.
- Anteroposterior and lateral chest X-rays: no lesions were observed.
Complementary examinations performed:
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 6 mm/h; reference values (RV) 3-10 mm/h.
- Lipidogram:
- Cholesterol 4.19 mmol/L; RV. 3.9-6.5 mmol/L
- Triacylglycerides (triglycerides): 1.32 mmol/L; RV. 0.35-1.70 mmol/L.
- Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL): 1.53 mmol/L; VR. < 0.8 mmol/L.
- Creatinine: 59 μmol/L; RV. 44.2-132.6 mmol/L.
- Uric acid: 235 μmol/L; RV. 237-392 mmol/L.
- Glycaemia 4.7 mmol/L; RV. 4,2-6,11 mmol/L.
- Leukogram: 8.6 x 10 9/L; RV. 5-10 x 109/L.
- Neutrophils: 0,45; RV. 0,55-0,65.
- Lymphocytes: 0,53; RV. 0,25-0,40.
- Eosinophils: 0,02; RV. 0,01-0,03.
- Haematocrit: 0,35; RV. 0,41-0,54.
- Blood culture for brucellae: no bacterial isolation.
- Serology: Rose Bengal test: ++++; 2 mercaptoethanol: positive.
- Slow serology for Brucella (seroagglutination in tubes): 1:320 dilution.
The patient received treatment based on: aminoglycosides: gentamicin (ampoules 80 mg/2 mL) 2 ampoules every 12 h + amikacin (bulbs 500 mg/2 mL) 1 bulb every 12 h for 7 d, doxycycline (tablets 100 mg) 100 mg every 12 h + rifampicin (capsules 300 mg) 300 mg every 12 h for 6 weeks, and improved markedly.
He was discharged with a diagnosis of Brucella infective endocarditis and moderate aortic insufficiency, with improved evolution, after 30 days of hospital stay and follow-up of the valvulopathy by consultation with internal medicine, cardiology and epidemiology.
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{
"text": "Brucella",
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"end": 242
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{
"text": "male",
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{
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] | en |
A 9-year-old boy, with no past history of interest, reported myodesopsias of two days' evolution in the eye.
Ophthalmological examination in the emergency department revealed: visual acuity (VA) in the left eye (LA) 1. Biomicroscopy showed mild anterior uveitis and a funduscopic image of a focus of active chorioretinitis at a diameter of the papilla. Given the characteristics of the focus and its location, a diagnosis of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis was made and treatment was prescribed with oral sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine and folinic acid at doses adjusted per kg of body weight.
After 9 days of treatment, the patient returned to the emergency department with fever of 39o C, papulo-erythematous rash on the chest, back and face, vesicles on the oral mucosa, pneumonitis and balanitis. Ophthalmology showed bilateral upper hyposphagma, membranous conjunctivitis with an exudative component and superficial keratopathy in both eyes.
Blood culture, hepato-renal profile, oral mucosal smear for viruses, herpes and mycoplasma serology were requested. All results were negative and serology for toxoplasma was IgG>500, IgM negative.
On suspicion of JSS secondary to sulphadiazine, all medication for ocular toxoplasmosis was immediately withdrawn and regular check-ups of the ocular fundus were performed, which evolved towards spontaneous healing without complications.
From the day of admission he required exhaustive skin and oral mucosal care, parenteral nutrition and analgesia with intravenous (i.v.) morphine chloride. Subsequently, methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day i.v. was added, decreasing the regimen until discharge.
Ophthalmologically, the patient was prescribed preservative-free artificial tears such as sodium hyaluronate every _ hour, lubricant ointment at night, rifamycin eye drops and dexamethasone every 4 hours to reduce mucosinequiant changes. Symblepharon-lysis is performed every 12 hours of initially very exudative, abundant and easily extractable membranes and subsequently more adherent, fibrous and requiring scarification to remove them.
After 3 weeks of treatment, residual hyposphagma, thickening of the semilunar fold of the inner canthus, keratinisation with thickening of the free edge and slight shortening of the lower fornix were observed.
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Reason for consultation
A 29 year old patient who came to the centre referred from the CSM of the area for hashish and cocaine consumption and for refusing to receive the prescribed psychopharmacological treatment.
Family history
No pathologies of interest.
Personal history
- Somatic Of no interest.
- Psychiatric:
1. Pattern of maladaptive behaviours, with problems of integration, of acceptance of social norms, as well as oppositional, defiant and even self- and especially heteroaggressive behaviours since the age of 17; school failure, changes of school, thefts, hashish dealing, functioning with marginal groups, aggressiveness against mother, neighbours and police. Attempted psychological treatment which he did not attend.
2. Several admissions to an acute unit with the following diagnoses: antisocial personality disorder, drug dependence and toxic crisis (2000); the same diagnoses in 2001; antisocial personality disorder and possible manic-depressive psychosis (2003); antisocial personality disorder, manic-depressive psychosis and drug abuse (2005), from where he was referred to a Therapeutic Community (TC) for 6 months and in 2008 new admission for manic phase in a patient with bipolar disorder, cannabis dependence and occasional cocaine use. He has been treated with various neuroleptics, anticonvulsants and lithium, which are only maintained during periods of hospital admission.
3. Multiple outpatient psychiatric and psychological visits without subsequent follow-up.
4. Toxic substances: start of cannabis use at 16 years of age with doses of more than 10 joints/day. At the age of 17 he started abusing amphetamines, ecstasy and snorted cocaine. At the age of 25, he stopped using other drugs except cannabis, which he continued to use at the same doses, except for short periods of 2-3 months of abstinence after admission. When he came to the centre he had a cannabis consumption of 1 g/day and 4-6 "Red Bulls"/day.
History of the disease
He is the eldest of two siblings, from a structured middle-class family, both parents are workers, involved in their son's life. Until adolescence, he reports having had no problems in kindergarten and school, being a restless, intelligent and somewhat undisciplined child. At the age of 16 he started using cannabis and in COU he was sent to different schools due to academic failure, behavioural problems and hashish trafficking. At the age of 18 he dropped out of school and made a self-harming gesture which was linked to his failure at school. He began to integrate into a marginal world and his consumption of intoxicants increased, adding ecstasy, amphetamines and cocaine to cannabis, causing significant behavioural alterations, theft and aggression, being expelled from his home and ending up in prison for a few months. On leaving prison, he returned to the same life, identifying himself with the criminal world and boasting of being at war with society. He started using cannabis and cocaine again, with psychomotor restlessness, high aggressiveness and megalomaniacal mystical delusions, being admitted to the emergency room after being taken by the police (first admission in 2000) and needing a new admission later to control his hyperthymia and verbiage, as soon as he was released he resumed cannabis use and stopped taking his medication. With the prescribed neuroleptics, the symptoms subsided, presenting normal behaviour after discharge from the second admission.
On leaving the hospital, he restarted using cannabis again. He began to work in the building industry and immediately gave it up because he considered it too hard. He stopped the medication and remained on it for about 3 months until his behaviour suddenly changed again, according to his parents, when he started going out and increased his cannabis consumption and resumed cocaine use, requiring a new admission in a situation of agitation, a state of agitation, a state of being out of control, verbose, aggressive and with an expansive mood (third admission in 2003). He was discharged with the same diagnoses and under treatment with haloperidol, suspending the medication again as soon as he left.
Subsequently, he went to Santander where he remained stable for a year, keeping a job in the hotel and catering business and subsequently entering a state of depressive isolation, without going out in the street, with the blinds down and only receiving visits from his parents who provided him with food and other necessities as, according to him, he has a "phobia of the street".
In 2005, he returned to Madrid as they could not maintain the situation and he started to go out again, resuming cannabis consumption, inappropriate behaviour: slashing the tyres of the police, assaulting the police and neighbours, with escapes of ideas and manifesting behaviour, for which a new forced admission was made (fourth in 2005). He was diagnosed with cannabis dependence, antisocial personality disorder and probable manic-depressive psychosis (in this episode he did not report cocaine use, and toxicological tests were negative for this substance). After discharge, he was treated with lithium and olanzapine and was referred to a therapeutic community, where for 6 months he remained abstinent and his mood was stable, although he took his medication irregularly as he threw it away in secret. When he was discharged (2006) he went back to Santander, where for 18 months he suffered the same isolation and on his return to Madrid he repeated the same pattern of increasingly inappropriate and violent behaviour, requiring a restraining order against his mother after assaulting her. He started various courses: renewable energies, driving licence, courses that do not exist... He says he wants to set up a company, loses all his belongings: clothes, keys, transport pass... and wanders all night without sleeping "because he is the head of the mafia and he has to control", which is why he requires a new admission (fifth, year 2008). On discharge, he refused to go to the Mental Health Centre because he had had an episode of acute dystonia after the administration of depot neuroleptics and did not consider that he had any psychiatric illness, although he did recognise his problem of drug use, to which he blamed all his symptoms, which is why he agreed to go to the Drug Dependency Care Centre.
Examination on arrival at the centre
The patient showed himself to be cooperative, with a neat appearance, oriented, verbose, with an expansive mood but capable of long life in relation to "doing what others want me to do and not what I want" and "aggressive episodes" in relation to drug use. He presented a basic bizarre ideation related to the marginal world in which he had developed, he recognised "going against society because I don't like it and this satisfies me". No awareness of psychiatric illness and partial awareness of the consumption of intoxicants, which is currently 6-8 "joints"/day and 6 "Red Bull". He planned to stop taking drugs on his birthday in order to be able to drive again, as his licence had been withdrawn.
Evolution
Taking into account the patient's history and poor adherence to treatment, as well as his lack of awareness of the problem, we decided to prioritise the creation of a good therapeutic bond and achieve abstinence from intoxicants, in order to subsequently try to introduce drugs. He has been abstinent for a month now, refuses to take medication but his mood is stable and he has been able to start a course on renewable energies with good results. All our work is aimed at raising awareness of his psychiatric problems and the ease of decompensation in the face of drug use, as well as the need for pharmacological treatment, which he is beginning to admit due to his desire to get his driving licence back and, for this, he needs a report of abstinence from drugs and psychopathological stability.
Diagnostic judgement
Axis I: Cannabis dependence. Cocaine abuse. Induced manifestations of seizures versus bipolar disorder.
Axis II: Antisocial personality disorder.
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".",
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",",
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",",
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")",
".",
"After",
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",",
"he",
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"and",
"olanzapine",
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"was",
"referred",
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"a",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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"(",
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")",
"he",
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",",
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"he",
"suffered",
"the",
"same",
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"and",
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"return",
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"he",
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"inappropriate",
"and",
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",",
"requiring",
"a",
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"order",
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".",
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":",
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",",
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",",
"courses",
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".",
".",
".",
"He",
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",",
"loses",
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",",
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",",
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".",
".",
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"\"",
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",",
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"(",
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",",
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")",
".",
"On",
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",",
"he",
"refused",
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"to",
"the",
"Mental",
"Health",
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"an",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"Centre",
".",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"verbose",
",",
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"\"",
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"what",
"I",
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"\"",
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"\"",
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"\"",
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"drug",
"use",
".",
"He",
"presented",
"a",
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"bizarre",
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"the",
"marginal",
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"which",
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",",
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"\"",
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"I",
"don",
"'",
"t",
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"this",
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"\"",
".",
"No",
"awareness",
"of",
"psychiatric",
"illness",
"and",
"partial",
"awareness",
"of",
"the",
"consumption",
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",",
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"6-8",
"\"",
"joints",
"\"",
"/",
"day",
"and",
"6",
"\"",
"Red",
"Bull",
"\"",
".",
"He",
"planned",
"to",
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"drugs",
"on",
"his",
"birthday",
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"again",
",",
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"his",
"licence",
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".",
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"Taking",
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"'",
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"adherence",
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",",
"as",
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"lack",
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"awareness",
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",",
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"creation",
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"a",
"good",
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"bond",
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"achieve",
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"intoxicants",
",",
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"order",
"to",
"subsequently",
"try",
"to",
"introduce",
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".",
"He",
"has",
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"a",
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",",
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"to",
"take",
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"mood",
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"able",
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"a",
"course",
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"results",
".",
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"the",
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",",
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",",
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A 7-year-old patient with rejection of egg since its introduction, and habonosis lesions, dysphonia and bronchospasm after its ingestion, who was diagnosed with egg allergy after presenting an anaphylactic reaction after eating potato omelette. He had positive serum IgE and skin prick for egg fractions, more marked for egg white than for egg yolk (IgE white 32 kU/L, yolk 10.90 kU/L, OVB 1.18 kU/L, OVM 1.76 kU/L). Gradually, the specific IgE levels increased markedly to >100 kU/L for all egg fractions with a skin prick with a greater reaction for yolk than for white (white 10x7mm; yolk 20x10mm). In the last few months she has experienced diffuse abdominal discomfort 10-30 minutes after ingestion of chicken meat, which she previously tolerated, with specific IgE >100 kU/L for chicken whey protein and 34.7 kU/L for chicken meat. He had no contact with poultry and reported no symptoms with feathers despite being sensitised.
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] | en |
A 24-year-old male from Cameroon, resident in Spain for 6 years, who has been travelling to his country once a year, came to the emergency department with a sensation of a mobile foreign body in his right eye.
The patient reported the presence of a worm intermittently in both eyes for the last 5 years, sometimes recognising it under the eyelid skin, for which reason he had consulted the general emergency department on several occasions.
Examination of the anterior pole revealed the existence of a corded, mobile structure that crawled under the upper bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye. In view of the findings, a 5 cm long intact worm was surgically removed under local anaesthesia.
The microbiological study confirms the diagnosis of Loa Loa in its adult form (female).
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] | en |
Reason for consultation
The patient's son-in-law called the Health Centre to ask her family doctor to come to her home, as he found her strange. Two days earlier, she had gone to see her primary care doctor for dyspnoea and fever, where a diagnosis of acute bronchitis was made by chest X-ray and antibiotic treatment was started.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
Anamnesis: the patient is an 84-year-old woman, denies allergic reactions to medication, hypertensive (who has stopped taking antihypertensive medication of her own accord), dyslipidaemic, AF anticoagulated with acenocoumarol. Denies toxic habits. Independent ABVD.
On arriving at home, the patient was found to be obnubilated, with a low level of consciousness, in addition to deviation of the corner of the mouth and loss of strength in the left hemisphere. She was afebrile.
It was decided to transfer the patient to the Emergency Department of the Hospital by ambulance with medical assistance and she was monitored at all times. The Stroke Code was activated.
On arrival at the hospital, her condition had not changed. However, during the physical examination, the patient began with a fever of 38.8oC.
Physical examination:
- Regular general condition, skin pallor, eupneic at rest. Fever of 38.8oC de novo. BP 156/94.
- ACR: Arrhythmic at a good frequency, no murmurs. MVC, no pathological sounds.
- ECG: AF at 70 bpm. Normal axis. Narrow QRS. No signs of repolarisation.
- Neurological: tendency to sleep, dysarthric language although difficult to explore. PINLA. ECMO. Left homonymous hemianopsia to the threat. Unforced tendency of gaze to the right. Left facial paralysis. Weakness in left limbs with tone present although difficult to explore due to lack of collaboration. Brudzinski and Kerning doubtful.
Complementary tests:
- CBC: Leukocytes 19.19x10e9/L, Neutrophils 17.5x 10e9/L, Lymphocytes 0.8x 10e9/L, Glucose 130, Sodium 134, Creatinine 0.91, CRP 70, INR 2.08. Urine not pathological.
- Cranial CT and CT angiography: no pathological alterations.
- Lumbar puncture: 1150 cells with 84% PMN, 310 proteins, 35.6 glucose, Gram positive for listeria.
Family and community approach
Elderly patient living alone, up to this point was ABVD. Good family support. Medium socioeconomic level.
Clinical judgement (problem list, differential diagnosis).
Differential diagnosis:
- STROKE. Initially, due to the history of untreated hypertension and the neurological examination, the diagnosis was oriented towards a stroke. The appearance of fever and normal CT and CT angiography led to a change of opinion towards an infectious disease.
- Bacterial meningoencephalitis. The neurological focality and the fever pointed towards an infectious pathology, which was later confirmed by lumbar puncture and Gram's test.
Clinical judgement: bacterial meningoencephalitis.
Action plan and evolution
The patient was transferred to the Internal Medicine ward. There, she was monitored and empirical treatment was started with ceftriaxone+ampicillin+vancomycin+dexamethasone iv and antipyretic treatment.
After starting treatment, the patient's general condition gradually improved and she is currently healthy and without sequelae of the episode.
| [
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10-month-old male infant from Comayagüela, Francisco Morazán, with a history reported by his mother of difficulty breathing and periorbital cyanosis, who took him to a peripheral clinic, from where he was referred to the Hospital Escuela Universitario. According to clinical data obtained from the case file, he was admitted to the paediatric emergency department with a history of one day of weakness, sudden abdominal pain, diarrhoea for one day, on multiple occasions, and vomiting of the same course. On physical examination, he weighed 7.8 kg, heart rate was 30x min, respiratory rate 65 x min, pulse 30 x min, temperature 36 oC, Glasgow 7/15, hypoactive, hyporereactive, with poor suction, poor pulse quality, cyanotic, with distal coldness and capillary refill of five seconds; dehydrated, crying without tears, shallow, acidotic breathing, with abdominal distension and marbled skin. The patient was received in poor general condition, bradycardic, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed for 30 minutes, without improvement, and he was declared dead 55 minutes after admission. Clinical diagnoses were: acute diarrhoea with 10% dehydration, hypovolemic shock and suspected intestinal perforation.
A medico-legal autopsy was performed with no significant external findings on the corpse, nor in the macroscopic examination of the organs. On microscopic examination, histological sections of the heart showed myocardium with severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate with the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and myocardial fibres with degeneration, some of them containing Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes. The lung showed mild oedema, the liver, spleen, intestine, brain and cerebellum showed vascular congestion. According to the histological findings described, the diagnosis and cause of death was acute chagasic myocarditis.
Acute Chagas myocarditis. Severe inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages infiltrating and destroying myocardial fibres. Degenerated myocardial fibres containing the parasites. T. cruz amastigotes are seen in greater detail in a cardiac muscle cell.
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{
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Anamnesis
A 61-year-old male smoker presented to the emergency department with a generalised tonic-clonic movement crisis lasting several minutes with a subsequent post-critical state.
He was a single man living alone in a rural environment. He had no other medical history of interest or relevant contacts.
The patient and family reported that he had previously presented with general symptoms of fever, weight loss and asthenia with anorexia.
Physical examination
"BP 120/70 mm Hg. Ta 37.7 oC. HR 80 bpm. Oxygen saturation 95 % basal.
"Eupneic. No palpable lymph nodes.
"Pulmonary auscultation with scattered rhonchi in all fields.
"Rhythmic cardiac auscultation without murmurs or extratonos.
"Abdomen soft and depressible, with normal hydro-aerial sounds.
"No oedema or signs of venous thrombosis.
"Skin examination revealed no relevant alterations.
Complementary tests
A haemogram, coagulation and blood biochemistry were normal.
Chest X-ray showed a pulmonary mass of approximately 3 cm in the middle lobe in contact with the parietal pleura compatible with primary pulmonary neoplasia, and brain CT scan showed right frontal LOES with associated vasogenic oedema suggesting brain metastasis.
The patient was admitted to Internal Medicine where a thoracoabdomino-pelvic CT scan showed a pulmonary mass in the lingula and a nodule in the LSD segment with evidence of paraseptal emphysema and probable pulmonary fibrosis. There was no evidence of involvement at other levels.
A CT-guided core needle biopsy was performed on the lingula mass, which was found to be compatible with material consisting of atypical three-dimensional glandular clusters compatible with adenocarcinoma. No EGFR mutation or ALK translocation was detected. HIV and hepatitis serologies were negative.
Diagnosis
With the diagnosis of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma due to brain involvement in a patient with ECOG-0, a referral was made to Oncology.
Treatment
Treatment was started with dexamethasone at a dose of 4 mg orally every 8 hours, levetiracetam 500 mg orally every 12 hours and omeprazole 20 mg orally daily. He received holocranial radiotherapy and, subsequently, a first cycle of chemotherapy with Carboplatin AUC-5-paclitaxel 175 mg /m2-bevacizumab 15 mg iv.
Evolution
Fifteen days after completing the holocranial radiotherapy, the patient attended the emergency department for respiratory symptoms consisting of dyspnoea and productive cough, high fever and disorientation.
The patient presented with significant impairment of the general condition with tachypnoea and tugging. He was febrile (39oC) and tachycardic (HR 120 bpm) with BP 130/70 mm Hg. Pulmonary auscultation showed bilateral rhonchi. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable.
Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis with elevated acute phase reactants and arterial blood gases showed hypoxaemic respiratory failure with a PaO2 of 45 mm Hg. Blood cultures and sputum culture were taken.
A new chest X-ray showed bilateral interstitial infiltrate in addition to the known pulmonary lesion.
He was admitted to the oncology ward with oxygen therapy at 15 bpm, intravenous corticosteroid treatment, bronchodilators and broad-spectrum antibiotics based on meropenem 1 g every 8 hours as the patient was considered immunocompromised.
The clinical evolution was not satisfactory in the first two days, he remained febrile and hypoxaemic, so it was decided to add sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (160 mg/32 mg every 6 hours) to the treatment to cover a possible opportunistic infection by Pneumocystis jirovecii, given that he was an oncological patient being treated with high doses of corticosteroids.
After 24 hours, the patient became afebrile and, subsequently, his oxygenation improved, making it possible to reduce oxygen intake and corticosteroid doses.
Five days after admission, the result of the sputum culture was received, which was positive for Nocardia spp.
With these data and reviewing the natural history of the Nocardia infection, we decided to consult the Infectious Diseases Department and requested a new brain CT scan, which was performed 21 days after initiation of treatment with sulfamethoxazole. The brain CT scan showed complete regression of the brain lesions. Intravenous antibiotic treatment was completed for 4 weeks and, finally, the patient was discharged with oral antibiotic treatment and follow-up in the oncology outpatient clinic, receiving a total of 7 cycles of the aforementioned treatment regimen.
Subsequently, the disease progressed and he finally died of his tumour 9 months after diagnosis.
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] | en |
A 20-year-old male patient from the city of Buenos Aires attended the outpatient clinic of the Dermatology Division of the Hospital de Clínicas due to the presence of polymorphous lesions on the abdomen, inguinal folds, periumbilical region, wrists and gluteal folds. This dermatosis, which had been present for 4 months, caused intense itching, especially at night.
Skin scrapings from the trunk, hands and perianal area were sent to the clinical parasitology laboratory, where few adult specimens and eggs of S. scabiei were observed.
A plan of hygienic measures was implemented with the use of cream soap and oral treatment with ivermectin (1 tablet of 6mg), which was repeated after one week. In addition, topical application of clobetasol twice daily and use of moisturising cream was indicated. Hydroxyzine 50mg per day for 10 days was also prescribed. The patient was recalled after 10 days for follow-up. Treatment with ivermectin was given to all cohabitants as a preventive measure to avoid infection.
All patients with predominantly nocturnal itching and suspected scabies should undergo skin scraping and investigation for mites. Early diagnosis and treatment of this ectoparasitosis is important to prevent its spread. Human scabies is a skin infection caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei variety hominis.
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] | en |
A 22-year-old previously healthy female patient consulted the emergency department for an 8-day history of hemicranial headache, pulsating type, with nausea and photophobia, which worsened with activity and improved with rest. He also reported pain in the right upper limb that started first in the hand and then ascended, involving the whole limb symmetrically. She described that the pain worsened with movement and in the previous hours she associated it with the presence of paresthesia and dysesthesia. She was initially assessed by the neurology department, who decided to hospitalise her with a diagnosis of probable brachial plexitis.
A lumbar puncture and cervical spine imaging were performed with normal results, so she was started on gabapentin for pain. During the days of her stay, she was under strict neurological surveillance. It was noteworthy that, 2 days prior to discharge, she presented an episode of parasomnia, with vivid dream sensations, but this was considered an adverse effect of the medication. After 7 days of hospitalisation and complete resolution of his clinical symptoms, discharge was considered. One week later she presented with fever, dysphagia, dysarthria, difficulty swallowing, hyporexia, sialorrhoea, right hemiparesis and generalised muscle spasms. The condition rapidly progressed within hours to a decoma state, with decortication posture, significant sialorrhoea and severe cervical and oropharyngeal muscle spasms. He presented nuchal rigidity with bilateral extensor plantar extensor responses, and an infectious encephalic process was suspected.
Intubation and mechanical ventilation were performed in the emergency resuscitation room. Computed tomography of the brain was normal, cytochemical study of cerebrospinal fluid showed no abnormalities. Given the clinical suspicion, they decided to conduct a directed interview with the relatives to investigate a history of potential rabies exposure, and her family confirmed that the patient had been bitten by a cat on the right hand 3 months earlier, but had not consulted a medical centre for this reason. In addition, the grandmother had also been bitten by the same cat, who died 30 days earlier apparently from polyneuropathic symptoms and stem symptoms, with a final diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
The cat belonged to the family and was vaccinated against rabies, but was hunting bats. The Milwaukee protocol was initiated the same day due to the high clinical probability (7 days after the onset of symptoms), which consists of inducing a therapeutic coma with infusions of ketamine and midazolam plus antiviral therapy with amantadine and acyclovir. Serum anti-rabies antibodies and rabies corneal imprints were negative. Sedation was stopped on the third day after initiation of the Milwaukee protocol because the patient presented with episodes of hypothermia with bradycardia and hypotension. A plain brain CT scan was ordered, which showed marked diffuse cerebral oedema and associated subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain CT scan showing fourth ventricle with cerebral oedema and haemorrhage.
Ascending transtentorial herniation and bilateral cerebellar tonsillar herniation. Subsequently, the patient presented ventricular fibrillation and asystole, which led to her death. During the necropsy, pressure grooves were identified in the hippocampal uncus and cerebellar tonsils, in which encephalomalacia and haemorrhage were evident. Punctate haemorrhagic lesions compatible with Duret's haemorrhages were evident in the midbrain. Macroscopic observation of the brain tissue showing punctate haemorrhagic lesions compatible with Duret's haemorrhages. On microscopic examination, brain sections showed significant vascular congestion with focal presence of perivascular cuffs and presence of glial nodules and gliosis with oedema of the brain parenchyma. There were focal changes of neuronophagy. Eosinophilic inclusions compatible with Negri bodies were identified in the cytoplasm of cerebral cortical neurons, hippocampus and Purkinje neurons. Postmortem brain biopsy staining showing cytoplasm of cerebral cortical neurons (eosinophilic inclusions compatible with Negri bodies). Purkinje neurons (eosinophilic inclusions compatible with Negri bodies). The anatomo-pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of rabies encephalitis and the primary cause of death was considered to be cerebral herniation secondary to endocranial hypertension. Direct immunofluorescence was positive for rabies virus and the biological test in mice was also positive. Antigenic variant 4, which is associated with insectivorous bats, was identified. In this case the bat-cat-human transmission chain was triggered by the cat, which had bat-hunting habits. The public health investigation found that eight healthcare workers at the hospital had been exposed either through mucous membranes or non-intact skin to infectious fluids, such as saliva, cerebrospinal fluid or tears. All eight received post-exposure prophylaxis therapy with a single intramuscular dose (40 IU/kg) of human rabies immune globulin. In addition, they identified 32 social contacts (study partners and friends) classified as severe exposure, receiving full post-exposure treatment (human rabies immune globulin and all 5 doses of vaccine), with no reported adverse effects.
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A 67-year-old woman with a history of schizoaffective disorder, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia was brought by her daughter to a psychiatric clinic because of behavioural changes. Her medication was lithium 600 mg per day, quetiapine 400 mg twice daily, insulin, empagliflozin, metformin, sitagliptin, atorvastatin, irbesartan and aspirin. On examination, she was poorly groomed, with no acute complaints. Her speech was slurred. She was disoriented with respect to time, space and people. Her vital signs were: respiratory rate 18 r.p.m., temperature 37.1 oC, pulse 100 l.p.m., blood pressure 145/82 mmHg and oxygen saturation (SpO2) 93% on room air. Lung examination revealed faint crackles.
Laboratory tests showed leukocyte count 7.78 x 103 cells per cubic millimetre (/mm3) with 9.4% lymphocytes, creatinine (Cr) high at 1.35 milligrams per decilitre (mg/dl) (reference 0.65 mg/dl) and lithium concentration 2.28 mmol/L. The electrocardiogram was normal. A cranial CT scan showed no relevant findings. A chest X-ray showed bilateral patchy infiltrates. A nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 tested by RT-PCR was positive.
She was admitted to the general ward for COVID-19 pneumonia, acute kidney injury and lithium intoxication. On the first day of admission, she received four litres of i.v. normal saline to treat the lithium intoxication and acute kidney injury. He had no acute worsening of COVID-19 symptoms from the i.v. fluids and had good diuresis. His mental status improved and lithium values normalised. He received hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 according to hospital protocol; however, his course was complicated by acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure and he eventually died on day 4 of admission.
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Left humerocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was performed, with a torpid evolution, performing HD by transient CVC (multiple withdrawals and new cannulations due to catheter entry site infections [PEC]).
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Anamnesis
A 69-year-old man with a personal history of arterial hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency secondary to IgA glomerulopathy. He received his first kidney transplant in July 1996, with acute corticosensitive rejection in the first month post-transplant. The graft is currently functioning normally.
In July 2012, she presented to the emergency department with fever, pain in the left iliac fossa (LIF) and decreased strength in the left lower limb.
Physical examination
Blood pressure 128/77 mmHg, temperature 39.7oC. Abdomen slightly painful on palpation in the LIF. Lower limbs: left thigh increased in size with respect to the contralateral one, with slight impingement.
Complementary tests
Tests performed on first admission:
- Blood tests: creatinine 1 mg/dl, haemoglobin 11 g/dl. Leukocytes: 6,500 (normal formula).
- Abdominal ultrasound: perirenal collection, subcapsular, anechoic, surrounding the kidney with a maximum thickness of 4 cm. Average calyceal dilatation: 2.5 cm.
- Ultrasound scan of the lower limbs: no signs of deep vein thrombosis.
- Computed tomography (CT) and URO-CT: image of probable renal infarction in the mesorenum with subcapsular haematoma with calcific dilatation in the area of renal infarction/rupture.
- Renal scintigraphy: hypocaptation in the mesorenum with cortical defect. Tests carried out on second admission:
- Analysis of the drained fluid: serous appearance, light yellowish. Glucose 107 mg/dl, creatinine 1 mg/dl, sodium 144 UmEq/l, potassium 4 mEq/l, protein 0.59 mg/dl, albumin 0.6 g/dl, cholesterol 6 mg/dl, triglycerides 4 mg/dl and amylase 6 UI7l. Sterile culture and cytological study: negative for malignancy.
- Lymphoscintigraphy of the lower limbs and abdomen: normal.
- Immunoelectrophoresis (IEF) in serum: 42.2% Alb; 9.9% alpha-1; 19.2% alpha-
2; 12.2% beta; 15.7% gamma; 1,110 IgG; 694 IgA; 271 IgM.
- Serum immunofixation: monoclonal IgM lambda band (not quantifiable).
- IEF urine: normal (Bence-Jones: negative).
- IEF drainage fluid: no monoclonal bands. EPO levels: 8.43
(4-20).
- Beta-2 microglobulin: 2.7 (0.8-2.2).
- Bone marrow biopsy: normal.
- Bone marrow cytological study: 3% plasma cells without atypia.
Diagnosis
Analysis of the draining fluid helped us to rule out various aetiological factors such as haematoma, abscess, urinoma or lymphocele.
In the absence of a clear aetiological factor causing the perirenal collection and its persistence despite attempted sclerotherapy with povidone iodine, we reviewed the scientific literature and found a description of a new syndrome under the acronym TEMPI which included the following clinical findings: telangiectasias, erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perirenal collection and pulmonary shunt with hypoxaemia.
Although in our case the patient did not meet any of the items, such as the presence of erythrocytosis or hypoxaemia, the presence of a perirenal collection with bleeding from its surface and monoclonal paraprotein forced us to perform a bone marrow biopsy, which ruled out multiple myeloma; we were therefore faced with a monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS).
Despite not fulfilling all the criteria for TEMPI syndrome, we thought that the findings described above and the patient's response to treatment with rituximab led us to believe that monoclonal gammopathy was the aetiological cause of the clinical picture.
Treatment
On first admission, it was decided to start ATB treatment with meropenem and daptomycin and CT-mediated drainage of the collection.
Subsequently, there was a recurrence of the collection, so it was decided to perform surgical marsupialisation and sclerosis with povidone iodine, with placement of a drainage tube, with persistent high debit.
After finding monoclonal bands in the serum FTI, it was decided to start treatment with rituximab (350 mg/dl), with disappearance of the collection and clear clinical improvement of the patient.
Evolution
In August 2012, there was a significant clinical improvement after 15 days of ATB treatment. With the hypercoagulability test negative and the Epstein-Barr virus negative, it was decided to perform a new CT scan and outpatient follow-up.
In September 2012, the patient again presented with functional impotence of the left lower limb, which prevented him from walking, with local erythema and poor blood pressure control.
Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 189/104 mmHg. Afebrile. Abdomen with an enlarged renal graft in the IFJ, with palpation of a perirenal mass.
Blood tests showed a slight deterioration of renal function, with creatinine of 1.2 mg/dl. An urgent ultrasound scan was performed, which showed recurrence of the subcapsular collection.
It was then decided to perform surgery with curative intent: marsupialisation of the large collection, probably subcapsular to the peritoneum, with placement of a T-tube. The kidney had a friable appearance, bleeding on friction, and required intense haemostasis. The appearance of the drained fluid was clear serous. After surgery, the debit was greater than 1,500 ml for one week, with subsequent reduction after one week to <1,000 ml/day, with disappearance of functional impotence.
After finding monoclonal gammopathy in the patient's serum, treatment was started with the first dose of rituximab, with a decrease in debit rate to <200 ml/day. With the second dose of rituximab, a decrease to <50 ml/day was observed, and the drain was removed and the patient was discharged.
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"iodine",
",",
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"monoclonal",
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"perirenal",
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",",
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"bone",
"marrow",
"biopsy",
",",
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"a",
"monoclonal",
"gammopathy",
"of",
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"(",
"MGUS",
")",
".",
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"fulfilling",
"all",
"the",
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"TEMPI",
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",",
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"s",
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",",
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"ATB",
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"(",
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"/",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"control",
".",
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"a",
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"pressure",
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"189",
"/",
"104",
"mmHg",
".",
"Afebrile",
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"an",
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"the",
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",",
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",",
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"/",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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A 40 year old man who comes to the Drug Dependency Centre because he is using "15 to 30 joints/day", which he wants to stop due to the negative influence it can have on his daughters.
Personal background
Medical: 5 tympanoplasty operations, follow-up by GP for insomnia and headaches "since always". Enuresis until the age of 13-14. Toxicological: refers to the start of cannabis use at 16 years of age in relation to pressure from his group of friends and his difficulty in social relations. Since then he has been using without periods of abstinence. The dose has always been higher than 15 joints/day. He does not use and has not used other intoxicants.
Family history
Father operated for gastric ulcer; mother with multiple allergies with asthmatic crises and lifelong dermatological symptoms; healthy, independent sister. Wife since the age of 21, healthy, non-consumer, two daughters aged 7 and 2.
Biographical data of interest
Separation from parents 11 years ago, since then no relationship with father; describes mother as very demanding, disqualifying, very destructive and controlling; however his wife has always supported him "if it wasn't for her I wouldn't be alive". He describes himself as a very obsessive person: he dresses in the same order, needs to repeat phrases before leaving the house, has everything tidy and controlled, very demanding of himself and others. He began a career as an industrial engineer, which he abandoned, and then moved on to telecommunications, which he also abandoned, setting up his own very successful computer company. History of the illness He reports having tried to quit several times without success, as he becomes very anxious, irritable, moody and unable to sleep. He believes that the joints now help him with the discomfort he feels, as for the last 7 years, he has started to feel low in mood, increasingly apathetic, not wanting to do anything or work. He has abandoned all his social relations and now only leaves the house when he goes out with his wife or daughters, he has also given up his hobbies as he is no longer attracted to them or entertained by them. Little by little he has lost the company that was his by abandoning it and has gone bankrupt, even losing his own house. His wife is starting to work outside the home and he is taking over the housework, but everything is very hard work for him "it is a big sacrifice"; he cannot concentrate and all day long he is thinking about problems, lately he thinks a lot about death and has "felt like getting out of the way, but I am a coward", he feels very guilty about the whole situation but he does not know what to do about it. His mood is getting worse and he is very scared.
Evolution
Due to the importance of the symptoms and their long evolution, he is treated with an antidepressant and a hypnotic. The patient continues to use and is in the same state of mind. After the second month, he achieved abstinence and 15 days after achieving it, his mood began to improve, he began to be active and to consider his future, starting to work and withdrawing the medication himself after a month; the improvement has continued until the present day, maintaining abstinence and with no reappearance of the depressive symptoms.
Diagnostic judgement
The possibility of the patient presenting a depressive disorder comorbid with substance use, in the strictest sense of the term (i.e. the appearance of two disorders of different aetiology in the same patient) and a substance-induced mood disorder should be assessed; but the ineffectiveness of the antidepressant while continuing to use cannabis, the improvement in mood when abstinence is achieved and the maintenance of his affective state despite having stopped the medication early, leads to a cannabis-induced mood disorder despite this not being a very orthodox diagnosis on axis I, in a subject with obsessive personality traits.
| [
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 72-year-old patient with a personal history of right aorto-iliac by-pass, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, bilateral expulsive nephritic colic, acute pulmonary oedema, mild renal failure, moderate-severe BPH in treatment with combined therapy, with no known drug allergies, She came to the Emergency Department 7 days ago for dysuria, shortness of urination, stranguria, pollakiuria, urgency, nocturia 5-6 times, accompanied by fever, predominantly in the evening, and intense pain in the perineal region, which has not improved despite outpatient treatment with ciprofloxacin 500 mg/12h.
Physical examination
Abdomen: soft, depressible, no masses or megaliths, no peritonism, Blumberg, Murphy and Rovsing negative, not painful on palpation. External genitalia: testicles and epididymis of normal size, shape and consistency, mobile, not ascended, not painful; penis normal; urethral meatus not stenotic or with signs of inflammation. Rectal examination: grade II prostate, with a left lobe with well-defined borders and adenomatous consistency, non-painful. In the right lobe, a stony mass is palpated, difficult to delimit, very painful on palpation.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests:
- CBC: white blood cells 18 x 103/μl, platelets 148 x 103/μl, neutrophils 80%, CRP 20 mg/dl. All other parameters normal.
- Biochemistry: glucose 195 mg/dl, creatinine 1.9 mg/dl, urea 85 mg/dl. Rest of parameters normal.
- Coagulation: normal.
- Sediment: leucocyturia, microhaematuria and bacteriuria with negative nitrites. Imaging tests
- Transrectal ultrasound: left lobe with normal echostructure. In the middle third of the right lobe there is an anechoic area measuring 2.71 x 1.99 cm with floating echoes within it, extending into the ipsilateral ischiorectal space.
- Pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan: prostatic hypertrophy with enlargement of the middle lobe that imprints on the bladder floor. Hypodense area in the right lower region of the prostate associated with a fluid collection in the right ischiorectal fossa, approximately 4.3 cm in transverse diameter, 3.8 cm in anteroposterior diameter and 4 cm in craniocaudal diameter.
Diagnosis
Prostatic abscess extending into the ipsilateral ischiorectal fossa.
Treatment
A bladder catheter was placed and a urine culture and blood cultures were taken (both negative), starting treatment with imipenem 500 mg/6 h and gentamicin 160 mg/24 h parenterally.
Percutaneous transperineal drainage guided by transrectal ultrasound was performed, obtaining 25 ml of purulent secretion which was sent for culture (positive for Escherichia coli). A Ch 10 nephrostomy catheter was placed.
Evolution
96 hours after drainage, the patient was discharged with bladder catheter, without fever and with progressive normalisation of analytical parameters, continuing home antibiotic treatment for 2 weeks with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 875/125 mg/8h.
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PATIENT HISTORY
28 YEAR OLD MALE PATIENT, systemically healthy, smoker of 5 cigarettes a day, who came to the clinic referred by his orthodontist. He has fixed orthodontic appliances. Oral respirator, in the oral anamnesis a large accumulation of bacterial plaque, gingival inflammation, bleeding and food impaction is detected. She does not perform correct oral hygiene and does not refer to the use of interproximal hygiene techniques. In terms of dental history, there are no absences, caries or previous restorations. There are numerous malpositions, mainly located in the lower arch.
STEP 1
On the first visit, marginal bone loss is detected in the bitewing X-rays and, therefore, a possible patient with periodontitis is suspected. A complete periodontal study and step 2 is carried out.
STEP 2
If no local factors are detected and there is attachment loss > 1 mm in more than one non-adjacent tooth (probing depths are > 4 mm in interproximal), periodontitis is confirmed and proceed to step 3 to determine the stage and grade.
STEP 3A
At this point, we establish the extent. In this case, the attachment loss affects more than 30 % of the teeth (pocket depths > 4 mm in more than 30 %), therefore, it would be a generalised periodontitis.
STEP 3B
Next, we would distinguish whether it would be stage I-II or III-IV. Starting with severity, the patient has attachment loss < 5 mm and radiographically detectable bone loss in the first third of the root, type I furcations and no missing teeth, therefore, he/she is a stage I or II patient.
STEP 3C
To distinguish whether it is stage I or II, we look at the percentage of bone loss, which in this case is < 15 %, and at the attachment loss which is 1-2 mm. Therefore, the patient could be diagnosed with stage I generalised periodontitis.
STEP 4
In the absence of the patient's previous records, the bone loss is estimated according to age to determine the grade. The bone loss could be estimated at 8% (with periapical radiography of the most affected tooth), which in a 28 year old patient would give a result of 0.28, which would result in a grade A. But in this case, the grade would be modified by smoking as he is a smoker of 5 cigarettes and, therefore, would become grade B.
TREATMENT
AFTER A SYSTEMIC ADVICE PHASE for smoking cessation (Fargeström test), the basic anti-inflammatory phase was carried out, consisting of oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing by quadrants in two sessions, together with the coadjuvant use of chlorhexidine 0.12%, twice a day for 15 days. In addition, during this phase, extractions of the wisdom teeth were carried out for orthodontic indications.
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A 27-year-old male presented with fever and haemoptysis. His personal history included two episodes of bilateral pneumonia in the last year, with clinical resolution and radiological improvement after conventional treatment, although with persistent left alveolar infiltrate on control chest X-rays.
He has no HIV risk factors or immunosuppression. He works as a mechanic in contact with environments where welding, grease, acids and other irritants are used.
Physical examination, laboratory tests and respiratory function tests were normal.
A chest X-ray was performed which revealed a bilateral alveolar infiltrate similar to the previous X-rays. It was then decided to perform a high-resolution computed tomography scan of the thorax with high-resolution slices, consisting of 1 mm thin slices at 10 mm intervals of the lung parenchyma, in inspiration and with the patient in the supine decubitus position. The study shows areas of scattered ground-glass alveolar opacification with superimposed linear smooth inter- and intralobular septal thickening, known as 'crazy-paving' or cobblestone pattern, with extensive scattered and patchy involvement of the left lung as well as perihilar and middle lobe on the right side.
Taking into account the radiological pattern on HRCT and exposure to inhaled toxic agents, the differential diagnosis is reduced to PAP and lipoid pneumonia.
Fibrobronchoscopy was performed with BAL, which was inconclusive, and was completed with a transbronchial biopsy; the ultrastructural study identified PAS-positive eosinophilic amorphous granular material in the interior of the alveoli and some lipophage with microvacuoles in the alveolar wall, leading to the diagnosis of PAP.
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Personal history:
Male, 29 years old, native of Mali, residing in Spain for 4.5 years. He has not returned to his country of origin. His migratory route was: Ivory Coast, Libya, Mali, Algeria, Morocco and Fuerteventura. He works in greenhouses. Lives with 8 people in a house with good hygienic conditions. Repeated history of malaria. No toxic habits or other history of interest. No regular treatment. No known drug allergies.
Current illness: he was referred from Primary Care to the Tropical Medicine (UMT) clinic for a study of hypertransaminasemia. The patient went to his GP for abdominal pain related to food intake, with normal stools, which subsided with treatment that he did not provide. During this visit, the initial care protocol for immigrants was applied, which included a complete blood count, biochemistry with hepatorenal profile, serology for HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis, as well as a study of parasites in faeces and urine (in subjects from regions endemic for schistosomiasis). He also reported non-specific pruritus, unrelated to the shower. He has a history of haematuria in childhood for which he received treatment that he does not remember, and since then he has been asymptomatic.
Physical examination:
BP: 145/90, Weight: 60 kg. Good general condition, well nourished. Head and neck: no adenopathy, no thrush. ACR: rhythmic tones without murmurs; preserved vesicular murmur without pathological sounds. Abdomen soft, depressible, non-painful, no megaliths or masses palpable. MMII: no evidence of filariasis; minimal interdigital mycosis between the 4th-5th toes of both feet.
Initial complementary tests:
- CBC: leukocytes 9120/microL (57.9% neutrophils, 33.6% lymphocytes, 8.5% eosinophils; 775 eosinophils/ mm3). Hb 15.7 mg/dl, Ht 46.5%, MCV 89.1; MCH 30.1; Platelets 279,000/microL.
- Biochemistry: AST 93 IU/L, ALT 184 IU/L, GGT 125 IU/L, FA 91 IU/L, rest normal.
- Serology: HIV, HCV and lues negative. HBV: AgHBs -, AcHBs -, AcHBc +.
- Parasites in stool with concentration technique (Ritchie) 3 samples (x3): Blastocystis hominis.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis is based on eosinophilia on the one hand and hypertransaminasemia on the other. Eosinophilia is one of the most frequent syndromes encountered by the clinician in patients with imported tropical pathology. Although allergic and hypersensitivity processes, systemic inflammatory diseases and neoplasms (haematological and solid organ) should be considered as possible causes, the most frequent aetiology in patients from tropical regions (our patient comes from Mali) are parasitosis, mainly those caused by helminths. The absence of specific symptoms of the first causes makes the parasitic origin more likely. Already in the anamnesis, the patient refers to episodes of haematuria in childhood, possibly due to urinary schistosomiasis, a disease endemic to West African countries. Among the possibilities to be considered are: Nematodes, including:
1. geohelminths (uncinaria, Trichuris trichuria, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis).
2. Filariasis (onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, Mansonella genus, Loa loa).
3. And others less frequent such as Toxocara or Anisakis. Cestodes: Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus granulosus. Trematodes: Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica.
In relation to liver involvement, the possible causes to consider in this patient are:
- Viral hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis due to HBV affects more than 350 million people in the world, and the prevalence in most Sub-Saharan African countries is more than 8%. In our case, HBsAg is negative, but the possibility of occult hepatitis B (HBcAb+, HBsAg, positive viral load) should be considered. Chronic hepatitis due to HCV should also be considered, although the prevalence of the disease is lower in patients from this area. The other aetiologies (HAV, HEV) are manifested by acute hepatitis, which seems reasonable to rule out.
- Parasitosis. Parasitoses that can cause liver involvement include Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris lumbricoides (more associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholestasis), and schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis, especially caused by S. mansoni, can lead to presinusoidal portal hypertension, characterised by intense periportal fibrosis, hypersplenism and oesophageal varices, while hepatocellular function is preserved until the final stages of the disease.
- Tumour lesions: hepatocellular carcinoma is a very prevalent entity among patients from HBV-endemic areas, where the acquisition of the disease in childhood allows the appearance of this type of tumour in young patients.
- Other possibilities to consider are hepatitis of autoimmune, drug, alcohol, metabolic, granulomatous or idiopathic origin.
Evolution
Topical treatment with ciclopiroxolamine was prescribed and a study was requested in accordance with the UMT protocol for the study and treatment of eosinophilia, as well as abdominal and bladder ultrasound and HBV viral load to rule out occult hepatitis B. The results are shown below. The results are shown below:
- CBC: leukocytes 5,430/microL (4.2% eosinophils; 230 eosinophils/mm3). Hb 14.4 mg/dl. Platelets 189,000/microL.
- Sickle cell trait (heterozygous for HbS; HbS 37%).
- Biochemistry: AST 48 IU/L, ALT 74 IU/L, GGT 81 IU/L, FA 119 IU/L, rest normal, including iron metabolism, renal and lipid profile. IgE: 243 IU/mL.
- Urine: sediment normal.
- Coagulation: PT 74%, INR: 1.2, TTPa 27.8 sg.
- Serology: Strongyloides (ELISA): NEGATIVE; Schistosoma (ELISA): VERY POSITIVE. HBV: AgHBs -,
- HBV PCR: POSITIVE; HBV DNA quantification: 1,000 IU/mL.
- Parasitological studies: 1. Parasites in faeces with concentration technique (x3): NEGATIVE. 2. Study of microfilariae in blood (Knott test): NEGATIVE. 3.
- Alpha-fetoprotein: 1.4 ng/mL.
- Chest and abdominal X-ray: no alterations.
- Mantoux: 10 mm.
- Abdominal and bladder ultrasound: liver of normal size with altered echostructure. Hyperechogenicity of periportal tissue with intense fibrosis. Enlarged portal vein (15 mm) and 12 cm spleen. Normal bladder walls.
Given the diagnosis of occult hepatitis B and signs of chronic liver disease, with data highly suggestive of parasitism by Schistosoma, a rectal biopsy was requested, which showed mucosa with the presence of schistosome eggs. Subsequently, a liver biopsy was performed to assess the degree of activity of the disease, with the following result: "Liver parenchyma replaced by small nodules with thick fibrous connective tracts, with lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate, erosive parcellular necrosis and accumulations of eosinophils. Regenerative changes in hepatocytes. Final diagnosis compatible with chronic liver disease of viral origin (grade 2 activity, grade 3 fibrosis), and possibly secondary to schistosomiasis although no parasites were visualised.
Serology for VHDelta (AcVHD POSITIVE, VHD PCR: NEGATIVE) and gastroscopy were requested, which the patient refused. In view of the findings described above, treatment was started with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight, 1 day) and tenofovir 300mg/day, with good adherence to treatment, the last HBV viral load being negative.
Final diagnosis
Chronic liver disease secondary to schistosomiasis and occult hepatitis B.
| [
"Personal",
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":",
"Male",
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"a",
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"In",
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"-",
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"-",
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":",
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"alcohol",
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"portal",
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"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 6979,
"end": 6982
}
] | en |
Anamnesis
An 8-month-old male presented to the dermatology department for investigation of congenital lymphoedema of the hands. His mother's obstetric history was notable for polyhydramnios without gestational diabetes. Parents without consanguinity. In his personal history, he was born preterm at 36 weeks of gestation by induction of labour with a birth weight of 4470 g and a height of 50 cm. His family history included an older brother born with transposition of the great vessels. Since birth he presented with mild and recurrent episodes of upper respiratory tract infections and otitis externa. In addition, at 7 months of age he began to have frequent episodes of stools with mucus and undigested substances.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed segmental and asymmetric lymphoedema predominantly in both hands, cervical region, right lower limb, pubis and hydrocele. The feet were respected. Palpation revealed an adenopathic conglomerate in the right axilla.
Complementary examinations
Laboratory tests showed lymphocyte levels at the lower limit of normality, hypoproteinaemia with hypoalbuminaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia (IgG 254 mg/dL, IgA 13 mg/dL). All other laboratory tests including cholesterol, triglycerides, coagulation, immunoglobulin E, thyroid function, ceruloplasmin, serology for hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, toxoplasma, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus and rubella were normal or negative. Lymphocyte subpopulation study showed an abnormal increase in virgin T and B lymphocytes. Stool digestion study was altered with increased cellulose, starch and muscle fibres, although faecal alpha-1-antitrypsin levels were normal. Chest X-ray was normal. X-ray of the spine and lower limbs revealed no dysmetria. Abdominal ultrasound and echocardiogram showed mild peritoneal and pericardial free fluid respectively. A lymph node ultrasound revealed bilateral axillary and inguinal adenopathies, predominantly on the right.
A non-contrast MRI of the skull was performed and was normal. MRI of the trunk and extremities showed arthrosarcomatous dilatations of superficial lymphatic vessels in the upper limbs, right lower limb and cervical region. The thoracic duct was dilated and there was a discrete amount of ascites. In addition, there was mucosal oedema mainly at the level of the jejunum and the presence of ectatic vessels in the wall of the jejunum.
A karyotype was performed and was normal. The FLT4 (VEGFR-3) gene mutation test for Milroy's disease was negative.
A skin biopsy of the leg revealed lymphangiectasias of superficial vessels. Histological examination of a right axillary lymph node showed a lymph node entirely replaced by vascular channels of lymphatic nature, in some of which there were intraluminal lymphoid aggregates that did not form secondary follicles. These channels had endothelium with positive immunostaining for D2-40. This tissue alternated with areas of mature fatty tissue. The ganglion capsule was preserved. The dense stroma consisted mostly of spindle cells corresponding to smooth muscle tissue.
In view of the triad of diarrhoea, hypoproteinaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia, an oral endoscopy was performed where dilated and pearly villi with a patchy pattern were observed in the duodenum, with the rest of the examination being normal. A biopsy of the intestinal mucosa was taken with histology compatible with intestinal lymphangiectasia.
Diagnosis
According to the ISSVA classification of 2014, the patient had a primary generalised lymphatic anomaly with lymphoedema and intestinal lymphangiectasia, and so we are dealing with a lymphangiectasia-lymphoedema syndrome or Hennekam syndrome.
Treatment
We started treatment with oral sirolimus at a dose of 0.8 mg/m2 every 24 hours, maintaining drug levels in the blood between 5-7 ng/mL.
Evolution
The patient has been on treatment with oral sirolimus for 2 months with remission of diarrhoea and slight improvement in cutaneous lymphoedema.
| [
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{
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] | en |
Reason for consultation
Ulcerative wounds on the penis.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
Male, 21 years old.
He denies drug allergies.
No medical or surgical history. He does not require regular treatment.
Current illness: he presented with ulcerous lesions on the glans penis that were pruritic and painless, afebrile. He reports that 2 months ago he had sexual intercourse without a protective barrier.
The patient is in good general condition, conscious, oriented, cooperative, well hydrated and perfused, normal colour, eupneic at rest.
Genital examination: single lymphadenopathy of 1.5 cm in diameter in the right inguinal region.
Several millimetric lesions at the base of the glans penis, granulomatous type, ulcerated in the centre, 3-4 mm in diameter, not painful on manipulation.
Additional tests:
Laboratory tests: normality of the 3 cell lines and biochemistry including renal function and C-reactive protein.
Serology: positive for syphilis and gonorrhoea, and possible hepatitis B infection (positive antibodies, antigens pending), and first HIV serology negative (pending second serology), hepatitis C negative.
Family and community approach
Single male, homosexual, no stable sexual partner, university student.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Syphilis and gonorrhoea.
Possible hepatitis B (HBV Ac negative, awaiting HBV Ag results).
First serology for HIV infection negative, awaiting a second serology within 6 months to check whether or not seroconversion is present.
Differential diagnosis:
STDs: chancroid, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, genital herpes, human papilloma, molluscum contagiosum.
Inflammatory lesions: Behcet's syndrome (BS), Reiter's syndrome (RS), psoriasis.
Neoplasms: erythroplasia of Queyrat, basothelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma.
Action plan and evolution
2.4 million IU single intramuscular dose is administered.
Referral to the Internal Medicine Outpatient Department for further study and treatment if necessary.
The preventive unit is notified, given that this is a notifiable disease, for the study and, if necessary, treatment of the patient's sexual partners.
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A female patient, 1 year and 3 months old, from the area of Xiripí Grano de Oro, came to the Emergency Department of the William Allen Hospital in Turrialba on 18 September 2010, presenting with diarrhoea for the last month. At the time of consultation she also presented vomiting, rhinorrhoea, fever and respiratory distress. Oral mucosa barely moist, with clear signs of dehydration and dry mucous membranes and a soft, depressible abdomen. Weight 10 kg and 300 g, temperature 38.5oC.
COPROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
A general stool examination was performed and a direct smear in saline and Lugol's solution showed abundant cysts and trophozoites of Balantidium coli.
He was admitted to the paediatric ward and treated with albendazole, 200 mg per day orally, and metronidazole 125 mg orally for ten days.
On 20 September 2010 she was stable, conscious, hydrated and afebrile. She ventilated well with no respiratory difficulties. She accepts and tolerates the diet well. She is calm and without discomfort.
Laboratory results show:
BLOOD CHEMISTRY:
SODIUM 126.7 mmol/L
GLUCOSE 79 mg/dL
POTASSIUM 2.1 mmol/L
CREATININE 0.32 mg/dL
CHLORIDE 99,9 mmol/L
UREIC NITROG.UREIC 5,1 mg/dL
DIAGNOSIS
Due to its large size, a microscopic coprological analysis is sufficient for its finding.
its finding.
Balantidiasis due to the trophozoite Balantidium coli (B. coli).
TREATMENT
Currently recommended treatments are tetracycline (500 mg qid/10 days), metronidazole (750 mg tid/5 days) or iodoquinol (600 mg tid/2O days).
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 45-year-old woman, with no medical history of interest, was referred to the emergency dermatology department for facial lesions of three weeks' duration. The picture had begun with a slightly pruritic lesion on the left upper eyelid with subsequent spread to other facial areas. The patient had no lesions at other sites or other clinical signs of interest. At her health centre she had been prescribed topical corticosteroids on suspicion of arthropod bites and, a week later, oral antivirals with a diagnosis of possible herpes infection. None of these treatments had been effective. There was no temporal relationship with trauma, new cosmetics, new drugs or sun exposure. Nor were there similar symptoms in cohabitants. The lesions significantly interfered with her personal and professional life as she worked facing the pubic area.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed multiple erythematous plaques 1-2 cm in diameter with a melanic crust on the surface. The lesions were limited to the facial region and some of them were associated with serous exudate. They were not indurated or tender to palpation.
Complementary examinations
Samples were taken for microbiological culture.
Diagnosis
Based on the clinical appearance of the lesions, the diagnosis of non-blistering or contagious impetigo was established. One week later the diagnosis was confirmed by a positive culture for Staphylococcus aureus.
Treatment
Oral treatment with cloxacillin 500 mg every 6 hours for 7 days was prescribed. In addition, betamethasone and fusidic acid cream was applied to the affected areas twice a day for 7 days, and an antiseptic shower gel was prescribed for daily hygiene.
Evolution
Ten days after the first visit, the patient came to the clinic without active lesions, presenting only residual erythematous-brownish macules. She was then advised to use photoprotector at least twice a day to minimise the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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{
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{
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{
"text": "patient",
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}
] | en |
Anamnesis
We present the case of a patient, a 59 year old male, who came to the Emergency Department with a speech disorder. The anamnesis reveals the absence of allergies to medicinal substances, medical problems and previous surgery. He did not report taking any pharmacological treatments on a regular basis. He does confirm the existence of toxic habits, being an active smoker of about 40 cigarettes a day, and a drinker of about two glasses of whisky every day (according to his own words). In the section on current illness, he describes a 4-day history of vomiting accompanied by diarrhoea, with a fever of 38.5oC, together with generalised pain in the joints, mainly in the lumbar region. On her own, she began treatment with analgesia and antipyretics, but the fever, general malaise, weakness and pain persisted, with the pain intensifying the day before her visit to the emergency department in the cervical area. She reported episodes of speech difficulties, followed by slow speech, bradypsychia and weakness.
Physical examination
The general examination revealed a persistent febrile state; skull, neck, thorax and abdomen were strictly normal. Normotensive. Normal carotid auscultation. Cardiorespiratory auscultation: showed the presence of rhythmic and pure tones, without murmurs, and a normal pulmonary vesicular murmur. Peripheral pulses were palpated in the extremities.
Neurological examination: the patient was alert, bradypsychic, partially oriented in space and time. Pupils are isochoric and normoreactive with a normal fundus. Mixed dysphasia with motor predominance. Cranial nerves not affected. Pronation of the right upper limb. There are no sensory alterations. Osteotendinous reflexes respected. Bilateral flexor cutaneous-plantar reflex. The patient has no dysmetria and gait is normal.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory tests: only a slight macrocytosis with a MCV of 102.3 fl. The rest of the blood count, biochemistry, haemostasis and venous blood gases were within normal parameters.
- Lumbar puncture: presence in the cerebrospinal fluid of leukocytes 5/mm3, red blood cells 2/mm3, glucose 59 mg/dl, protein 0.57 g/dl. Viral load of CMV, EBV, HSV1 and HSV2 not detectable. Culture negative.
- Wakefulness electroencephalography: slightly slowed baseline activity, on which hypervolved spike and slow wave (delta) paroxysms appear in the anterior temporal region of the left hemisphere, compatible with lesion-irritative focality.
- Chest X-ray: normal.
- CT scan of the skull without contrast: extra-axial left temporo-occipital linear hyperdense image without associated oedema, mass effect or displacement of the midline.
- Cranial MRI angiography: thrombosis of the left superficial cortical vein, the so-called Trolard's vein, without any additional alteration. Thrombosis of Trolard's vein.
Diagnosis
Thrombosis of the superior anastomotic vein or Trolard's vein. Association of smoking and ethylism as secondary diagnoses.
Treatment
Treatment was started after admission with enoxaparin, and a few days later the patient went to the haematology department to start treatment with acenocoumarol, omeprazole and valproic acid. All this with complete abstinence from tobacco and alcohol.
Evolution
The patient showed improvement, with no incidents until discharge on the sixth day. At the next review at 3 months, the patient presented iatrogenic symptoms due to treatment with valproic acid in the form of weakness and a slightly unsteady gait, for which reason the dose was reduced.
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An 83-year-old woman with epigastric pain radiating to the back and vomiting of several hours' duration. Important antecedents were appendectomy and herniorrhaphy. On examination, afebrile and normotensive, highlighting diffuse pain in the epigastrium without peritonism, with doubtful Murphy. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, pattern of cholestasis and cytolysis, and CRP of 0.5, rising.
An urgent abdominal ultrasound was requested to rule out cholecystitis. The findings showed a moderately distended, thin-walled gallbladder, without cholelithiasis. Ultrasound Murphy's murphy was doubtful. Minimal amount of free intraperitoneal fluid. Due to persistent suspicion, it was decided to perform an abdominopelvic CT scan with IV contrast after a few hours. The gallbladder showed poorly defined walls with irregular uptake, with marked perivesicular fat striation. Contiguous inflammatory changes in the antropylorus and hepatic angle of the colon. No signs of pancreatitis were demonstrated. Acute cholecystitis, possibly gangrenous, was suggested. Surgery was refused and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started. The evolution was favourable, with a decrease in AFR.
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{
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A 60-year-old man with a history of active smoking of 20 cigarettes/day, arterial hypertension on treatment with ramipril and nasal basal cell carcinoma operated by complete resection. The patient had no other associated pathologies. The current picture began abruptly when, previously asymptomatic, he suffered a self-limited seizure with tonic-clonic movements of the right limbs and subsequent post-critical state. He was transferred to the emergency department of his referral hospital (Río Tinto Hospital) where a cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, revealing lesions suggestive of brain metastasis, for which it was decided to admit him to Internal Medicine.
On the ward, the patient showed normal higher functions, oriented in time and space and with coherent language. There were no campimetric deficits or cranial nerve alterations. Motor balance and superficial and deep sensitivity were normal. Bilateral flexor plantar cutaneous reflex. Afebrile, blood pressure 120/60. Eupneic at rest. Auscultation is rhythmic without murmurs, vesicular murmur preserved. The abdomen is soft, with preserved sounds without masses or megaliths, residual scars or adenopathies. In the lower extremities, bilateral symmetrical and preserved pulses without oedema, without signs of DVT, with the presence of scattered macular ocher lesions that were not raised.
In the biochemistry the most relevant data were: glycaemia 125 mg/dl, creatinine 1.15 mg/dl, urea 66 mg/dl, protein 5 g/dl, and in the haemogram: 6,670 leukocytes/μl with normal formula, Hb 76 g/l, normocytic normochromic, haematocrit 0.22 l/l, 234,000 platelets/μl and normal coagulation. Cranial CT scan showed well-demarcated left parietal lesions, the largest measuring 14 mm, and a cystic lesion in the left frontal lobe suggestive of neoplastic origin. An MRI scan of the brain showed a cystic lesion in the upper left frontal lobe with extensive perilesional oedema, suggestive of a metastatic lesion without being able to rule out other diagnostic possibilities. Given the suspicion of metastatic origin, an extension study was requested by thoraco-abdominal CT scan showing the presence of an irregular, nodular, nodular thickening at the level of the left lateral-basal visceral pleura, with a small adjacent loculated pleural effusion. The coexistence of cerebral LOE, pulmonary mass and a history of smoking suggested a diagnosis of lung carcinoma with brain metastasis, so it was decided to approach the lung lesion. A CT-guided biopsy of the lung lesion was performed, followed by pathological anatomy without demonstrating the presence of a primary tumour. The patient was referred to the neurosurgery department of our hospital (H.U. Virgen del Rocío) to obtain a biopsy and anatomopathological study, as the lung biopsy had been negative. Finally, the patient underwent surgery with the aim of complete resection of the lesion due to the high suspicion of neoplasia. A left frontal craniotomy was performed and a yellowish mucoid tumour with numerous cystic formations was observed, which was completely resected. Samples were sent to both anatomical pathology and microbiology.
Differential diagnosis
Cranial MRI and CT are the first diagnostic step for the detection and characterisation of intracranial expansive lesions. Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumours. Their diagnosis is usually facilitated by the presence of a primary tumour, although in up to one third of brain metastases this is unknown. In our case, the diagnosis of lung cancer with brain metastasis was the first option both because of the history of smoking and because of the lesion discovered in the chest CT scan at the same time as the diagnosis of brain LOE, this type of tumour being also the one that most frequently metastasises to the brain. However, CT-guided biopsy of the lung lesion did not allow histological confirmation of the diagnosis. Other metastatic tumours to be considered were melanoma (in our case the patient had basal cell carcinoma), digestive and genitourinary tract tumours, although the patient did not present any data to support these diagnoses and the extension study made the latter two unlikely. After the negative extension study, other diagnostic possibilities had to be considered, such as primary CNS tumours (the glioma group is the most frequent at intraparenchymal level), infectious pathology and systemic inflammatory processes. Among the infectious causes, bacterial abscesses, parasitic infections such as cerebral hydatidosis and neurocysticercosis, as well as fungal infections stand out due to their frequency, although in this patient there was no evidence of immunosuppression that would lead to this aetiology being considered. In all of them, the final diagnosis requires histological study of the lesion, which can be obtained by stereotaxic puncture (with less morbidity) or by complete resection of the lesion, as occurred in our case due to the suspicion of malignancy.
Final diagnosis
The anatomopathological study showed an absence of metastases and signs of malignancy, ruling out the neoplastic origin of the lesion. In the pathological anatomy samples, numerous structures of rounded morphology between 4 and 15 microns in diameter were observed, the wall of which showed positive staining with PAS, Grocott and alcian blue, compatible with Cryptococcus neoformans. Culture in aerobic medium and fungal culture medium was reported as Cryptococcus neoformans. The final diagnosis was cryptococcal brain abscess (cryptococcoma) in an immunocompetent patient with a pulmonary nodule presumably of the same aetiology.
Evolution
After surgery the patient had a good initial clinical evolution but subsequently suffered progressive neurological deterioration with decreased level of consciousness and sensory aphasia. A lumbar puncture was performed and normal fluid was obtained, with negative cultures, India ink and latex for cryptococcus. CT scan showed a focal lesion compatible with a brain abscess, and the patient underwent reoperation with removal of the abscess. The microbiological study showed the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. After the intervention and antibiotic therapy, the patient presented excellent clinical evolution and complete resolution without subsequent complications. He was finally discharged after completing 6 weeks of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine, and subsequently continued outpatient treatment with fluconazole 800 mg per day for 6 months. After completion of treatment the patient remains asymptomatic with an excellent quality of life and no associated neurological deficit.
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"oedema",
",",
"suggestive",
"of",
"a",
"metastatic",
"lesion",
"without",
"being",
"able",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"other",
"diagnostic",
"possibilities",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"metastatic",
"origin",
",",
"an",
"extension",
"study",
"was",
"requested",
"by",
"thoraco-abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
"showing",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"an",
"irregular",
",",
"nodular",
",",
"nodular",
"thickening",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"lateral-basal",
"visceral",
"pleura",
",",
"with",
"a",
"small",
"adjacent",
"loculated",
"pleural",
"effusion",
".",
"The",
"coexistence",
"of",
"cerebral",
"LOE",
",",
"pulmonary",
"mass",
"and",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"smoking",
"suggested",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"lung",
"carcinoma",
"with",
"brain",
"metastasis",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"approach",
"the",
"lung",
"lesion",
".",
"A",
"CT-guided",
"biopsy",
"of",
"the",
"lung",
"lesion",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"without",
"demonstrating",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"primary",
"tumour",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"neurosurgery",
"department",
"of",
"our",
"hospital",
"(",
"H",
".",
"U",
".",
"Virgen",
"del",
"Rocío",
")",
"to",
"obtain",
"a",
"biopsy",
"and",
"anatomopathological",
"study",
",",
"as",
"the",
"lung",
"biopsy",
"had",
"been",
"negative",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"underwent",
"surgery",
"with",
"the",
"aim",
"of",
"complete",
"resection",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"high",
"suspicion",
"of",
"neoplasia",
".",
"A",
"left",
"frontal",
"craniotomy",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"a",
"yellowish",
"mucoid",
"tumour",
"with",
"numerous",
"cystic",
"formations",
"was",
"observed",
",",
"which",
"was",
"completely",
"resected",
".",
"Samples",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"both",
"anatomical",
"pathology",
"and",
"microbiology",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"Cranial",
"MRI",
"and",
"CT",
"are",
"the",
"first",
"diagnostic",
"step",
"for",
"the",
"detection",
"and",
"characterisation",
"of",
"intracranial",
"expansive",
"lesions",
".",
"Brain",
"metastases",
"are",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"intracranial",
"tumours",
".",
"Their",
"diagnosis",
"is",
"usually",
"facilitated",
"by",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"primary",
"tumour",
",",
"although",
"in",
"up",
"to",
"one",
"third",
"of",
"brain",
"metastases",
"this",
"is",
"unknown",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"lung",
"cancer",
"with",
"brain",
"metastasis",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"option",
"both",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"smoking",
"and",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"discovered",
"in",
"the",
"chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
"as",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"brain",
"LOE",
",",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"tumour",
"being",
"also",
"the",
"one",
"that",
"most",
"frequently",
"metastasises",
"to",
"the",
"brain",
".",
"However",
",",
"CT-guided",
"biopsy",
"of",
"the",
"lung",
"lesion",
"did",
"not",
"allow",
"histological",
"confirmation",
"of",
"the",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Other",
"metastatic",
"tumours",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
"were",
"melanoma",
"(",
"in",
"our",
"case",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"basal",
"cell",
"carcinoma",
")",
",",
"digestive",
"and",
"genitourinary",
"tract",
"tumours",
",",
"although",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"present",
"any",
"data",
"to",
"support",
"these",
"diagnoses",
"and",
"the",
"extension",
"study",
"made",
"the",
"latter",
"two",
"unlikely",
".",
"After",
"the",
"negative",
"extension",
"study",
",",
"other",
"diagnostic",
"possibilities",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
",",
"such",
"as",
"primary",
"CNS",
"tumours",
"(",
"the",
"glioma",
"group",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"at",
"intraparenchymal",
"level",
")",
",",
"infectious",
"pathology",
"and",
"systemic",
"inflammatory",
"processes",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"infectious",
"causes",
",",
"bacterial",
"abscesses",
",",
"parasitic",
"infections",
"such",
"as",
"cerebral",
"hydatidosis",
"and",
"neurocysticercosis",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"fungal",
"infections",
"stand",
"out",
"due",
"to",
"their",
"frequency",
",",
"although",
"in",
"this",
"patient",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"immunosuppression",
"that",
"would",
"lead",
"to",
"this",
"aetiology",
"being",
"considered",
".",
"In",
"all",
"of",
"them",
",",
"the",
"final",
"diagnosis",
"requires",
"histological",
"study",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
",",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"obtained",
"by",
"stereotaxic",
"puncture",
"(",
"with",
"less",
"morbidity",
")",
"or",
"by",
"complete",
"resection",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
",",
"as",
"occurred",
"in",
"our",
"case",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"malignancy",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"The",
"anatomopathological",
"study",
"showed",
"an",
"absence",
"of",
"metastases",
"and",
"signs",
"of",
"malignancy",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"the",
"neoplastic",
"origin",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
".",
"In",
"the",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"samples",
",",
"numerous",
"structures",
"of",
"rounded",
"morphology",
"between",
"4",
"and",
"15",
"microns",
"in",
"diameter",
"were",
"observed",
",",
"the",
"wall",
"of",
"which",
"showed",
"positive",
"staining",
"with",
"PAS",
",",
"Grocott",
"and",
"alcian",
"blue",
",",
"compatible",
"with",
"Cryptococcus",
"neoformans",
".",
"Culture",
"in",
"aerobic",
"medium",
"and",
"fungal",
"culture",
"medium",
"was",
"reported",
"as",
"Cryptococcus",
"neoformans",
".",
"The",
"final",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"cryptococcal",
"brain",
"abscess",
"(",
"cryptococcoma",
")",
"in",
"an",
"immunocompetent",
"patient",
"with",
"a",
"pulmonary",
"nodule",
"presumably",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"aetiology",
".",
"Evolution",
"After",
"surgery",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"good",
"initial",
"clinical",
"evolution",
"but",
"subsequently",
"suffered",
"progressive",
"neurological",
"deterioration",
"with",
"decreased",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"and",
"sensory",
"aphasia",
".",
"A",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"normal",
"fluid",
"was",
"obtained",
",",
"with",
"negative",
"cultures",
",",
"India",
"ink",
"and",
"latex",
"for",
"cryptococcus",
".",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"a",
"focal",
"lesion",
"compatible",
"with",
"a",
"brain",
"abscess",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"underwent",
"reoperation",
"with",
"removal",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
".",
"The",
"microbiological",
"study",
"showed",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
".",
"After",
"the",
"intervention",
"and",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"presented",
"excellent",
"clinical",
"evolution",
"and",
"complete",
"resolution",
"without",
"subsequent",
"complications",
".",
"He",
"was",
"finally",
"discharged",
"after",
"completing",
"6",
"weeks",
"of",
"treatment",
"with",
"liposomal",
"amphotericin",
"B",
"and",
"flucytosine",
",",
"and",
"subsequently",
"continued",
"outpatient",
"treatment",
"with",
"fluconazole",
"800",
"mg",
"per",
"day",
"for",
"6",
"months",
".",
"After",
"completion",
"of",
"treatment",
"the",
"patient",
"remains",
"asymptomatic",
"with",
"an",
"excellent",
"quality",
"of",
"life",
"and",
"no",
"associated",
"neurological",
"deficit",
"."
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] | en |
Subsets and Splits