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electrolysis_03 | The resulting spectra were converted to the photoelectron wave vector k, and the resulting χ(k) functions were weighted with k2 to compensate for the dampening XAFS amplitude with increasing k. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Electrochemical analysis in half cell. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The electrochemical characterization of WP-structured Ir and Ir black nanoparticles (Premetek Co., product number P40V010) was performed in a half-cell setup equipped with a glassy carbon working electrode, platinum counter electrode, and a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). | [
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electrolysis_03 | Working electrode rotation was controlled with a modulated speed rotator (Pine Instruments, U.S.) and electrochemical measurements were taken with Interface 1000E potentiostat (Garmry, USA). | [
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electrolysis_03 | The commercial | [
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electrolysis_03 | Ir black catalysts were prepared as a suspension ink using 3.5 mg of catalyst, 2.0 mL of deionized (DI) water, 8.0 mL of isopropyl alcohol, and 40 μL of Nafion® (5 wt%, Sigma Aldrich) solution. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The ink suspension was sonicated for 30 min before pipetting 10 μL onto a polished glassy carbon disk electrode. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The area of the glassy carbon electrode was 0.196 cm2 and thus the Ir electrode loading of Ir black corresponds to 17.8 μg/cm2. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The composition of the ink was optimized based on the mass activity for Ir loading and Nafion® content. | [
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electrolysis_03 | For the stack of WP NW arrays, the amount of Ir loading and the thickness were adjusted by controlling the number of stacked layers. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The 0.05M H2SO4 electrolyte was prepared from 98% H2SO4 (Sigma Aldrich) and was saturated with synthetic air during all measurements. | [
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electrolysis_03 | V for electrochemical reduction of surface iridium oxide, CVs ranging 0.05–1.4 V was conducted at 50 mV/s until the metallic Ir on the surface of the catalyst had been transformed to a hydrated Ir oxide film (HIROF), which is indicated by the disappearance of the HUPD peak. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Linear polarization curves were completed in a potential range of 1.2–1.7 V at 5 mV/s and a rotation speed of 2500 rpm. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Mass activities were defined as the OER activity normalized to the mass of Ir loaded on the working electrode. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The ECSA-specific activities were defined as OER activities normalized by the ECSA. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The ECSA of each sample was derived by integration of the current response (normalized to the substrate geometric surface area) from the CV in a potential range of 1.0–1.4 V. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Before each measurement, the micro- electrode was polished with 0.3 μm alumina paste, cleaned by ultrasonication in a deionized water bath, and then rinsed with deionized water. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The position of the tip was adjusted in the x, y, and z directions by a stepper motor-based SECM system. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The SECM tip was placed 7 μm away from the surface of the catalyst electrode, confirmed by SECM feedback mode. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The potential applied to the tip was −0.05 V (reduced enough to collect evolved O2), while the WP and WP samples were polarized in the potential range between 1.1 and 1.4 VAg/AgCl. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Single-cell measurements. | [
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electrolysis_03 | MEAs were fabricated and tested to demonstrate the performance of a single cell when the WP | [
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electrolysis_03 | Ir samples were applied as the anode catalyst. | [
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electrolysis_03 | An MEA was prepared by loading WP Ir on the Nafion® 212 as the anode catalyst. | [
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electrolysis_03 | For comparison, for an MEA using Ir black nanoparticles (Premetek Co., product number P40V010) as the anode catalyst, the nanoparticle slurry was spray-coated on the membrane. | [
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electrolysis_03 | The cathode was prepared by spraying the catalyst mixture, consisting of isopropyl alcohol, water, Nafion® ionomer, and Pt/C 46.2 wt%, on 10 BC (SIGRACET®, product number 10 BC, 385 ± 50 microns in thickness). | [
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electrolysis_03 | Pt/C catalysts with a loading amount of 0.4 mgpt cm−2 were loaded with 30 wt% Nafion® content. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Ir black anodic catalyst was spray-coated on the Ti GDL (Bekaert, 250 μm) with a loading amount of 0.1 and 0.05 mg cm−2 with 10 wt% Nafion® content at the opposite site of the cathode. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Hot pressing was performed at 140 °C for 2 min to combine the prepared cathode and anode as a device. | [
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electrolysis_03 | I–V curves were plotted with the average current measured for 1 min at 0.05 voltage increments in the range of 1.25–2.0 V. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Durability of PEMWE loading WP1200 structures as anode was tested at current density of 100 mA cm−2. | [
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electrolysis_03 | Data availability | [
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electrolysis_03 | Data supporting the plots and other findings in this article are available from the authors upon reasonable request. | [
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graphene_01 | INTRODUCTION | [
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graphene_01 | To date, several efficient and smart technologies for energy conversion and storage are emerging as suitable strategies to build a green and sustainable future. | [
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graphene_01 | Among them, fuel cells1,2 and metal-air batteries3,4 attract particular worldwide interest, due to their high energy density, enabling an increasing driving autonomy in electric vehicles, to be comparable to that of gasoline-supplied vehicles, and supporting the development of small advanced portable electronic devices as well as auxiliary power units5. | [
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graphene_01 | In particular, many research groups reported heteroatom-doped graphene, such as nitrogen-doped17,18, boron- doped19, edge- halogenated (Cl, Br or I) graphene22, as efficient and robust ORR electrocatalyst23. | [
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graphene_01 | Shakhseh et al30 studied sulfur and copper modified graphene, showing an onset potential of 1.09 V vs. RHE and a high selectivity for the four-electron ORR. | [
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graphene_01 | Despite the remarkable ORR activity, it is worth noticing that most of the above-mentioned doped and Cu-modified graphene catalysts were prepared through pyrolysis and thermal annealing at high temperatures, which are time- and energy-consuming. | [
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graphene_01 | In this work, we propose to achieve surface functionalization of N-doped rGO with active copper ions through a simple and fast route with microwave irradiation, using graphene oxide (GO), urea and copper sulfate as chemical precursors. | [
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graphene_01 | Under microwave radiation at 180 °C, GO was reduced and N atoms were simultaneously bonded to the graphitic lattice, forming N-doped rGO (denoted as N-rGO in this work). | [
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graphene_01 | With the addition of copper precursor, the metal ions are forced to bind to the residual oxygen-containing functional groups present at the rGO surface, generating additional catalytic Cu active sites for ORR on the carbonaceous N-rGO. | [
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graphene_01 | The prepared materials were carefully characterized utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). | [
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graphene_01 | To search for specific signals induced by the presence of Cu atoms in the rGO matrix, we compared the N-rGO high resolution (HR) spectra to those of the Cu-N-rGO. | [
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graphene_01 | Performing a comparable analysis for the N 1s peak (see Supplementary Fig. 1b), we achieved the same conclusion obtained for the C 1s peak: no distortions are visible in the curves of the two samples. | [
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graphene_01 | From N 1s deconvolution procedure applied to the HR spectra of both N-rGO and Cu-N-rGO, we obtained two components that can be assigned to N atoms implanted in the graphene lattice, one is attributed to pyrrolic-like nitrogen (399.1–399.6 eV) and the other is due to a quaternary or graphitic configuration (400.9–401.7 eV), as already reported in our previous work9. | [
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Subsets and Splits