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[ { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Poe earned $12 for its first printing." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Purloined Letter\" is a short story by American author Edgar Allan Poe." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "In May 1844, just before its first publication, Poe wrote to James Russell Lowell that he considered \"The Purloined Letter\" \"perhaps the best of my tales of ratiocination." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "The volume does not include, for instance, Richard Hull's reading based on the work of Michel Foucault, in which he argues that \"'The Purloined Letter' is a good text for questioning the metalinguistic claim that artists can't avoid doing surveillance, because it is a discourse on poetry's superiority over surveillance.\" Slavoj Žižek asks \"So why does a letter always arrive at its destination?" }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "He is motivated to continue his fruitless search by the promise of a large reward, recently doubled, upon the letter's safe return, and he will pay 50,000 francs to anyone who can help him." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "This story first appeared in The Gift: A Christmas and New Year's Present for 1845, published in December, 1844 in Philadelphia by Carey and Hart." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Poe earned $12 for its first printing." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It later was included in the 1845 collection Tales by Edgar A. Poe." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "\"The Purloined Letter\" completes Dupin's tour of different settings." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "In \"The Purloined Letter\", however, Dupin undertakes the case for financial gain and personal revenge." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "He is not motivated by pursuing truth, emphasized by the lack of information about the contents of the purloined letter." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of the English football league system." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Formation and the Football League (1874−1920)", "text": "Aston Villa were one of the dozen teams that competed in the inaugural Football League in 1888 with one of the club's directors, William McGregor being the league's founder." }, { "section_header": "Aston Villa Women", "text": "Aston Villa have a women's football side that compete in the Women's Super League having been promoted as champions of the 2019-20 FA Women's Championship." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of the English football league system." }, { "section_header": "History | Ups and downs (1920–1964)", "text": "The following season Aston Villa became the first team to win the Football League Cup." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "It has hosted 16 England internationals at senior level, the first in 1899, and the most recent in 2005." }, { "section_header": "History | Formation and the Football League (1874−1920)", "text": "Aston Villa's first match was against the local Aston Brook St Mary's Rugby team." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aston Villa Football Club is an English professional football club based in Aston, Birmingham." }, { "section_header": "History | Formation and the Football League (1874−1920)", "text": "Aston Villa Football Club were formed in March 1874, by members of the Villa Cross Wesleyan Chapel in Handsworth which is now part of Birmingham." }, { "section_header": "Statistics", "text": "They are ninth in the All-time FA Premier League table, and have the fifth highest total of major honours (20) won by an English club." }, { "section_header": "Aston Villa Women", "text": "They were founded as Solihull F.C. in 1973 and affiliated to Aston Villa in 1989." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A production by Helen Pickett for the Scottish Ballet was first performed in 2019 at the Edinburgh International Festival; its American premiere was in May 2020 at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater in Washington, D.C." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Miller felt that this production was too stylized and cold and the reviews for it were largely hostile (although The New York Times noted \"a powerful play [in a] driving performance\")." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "A production by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End in 2006 was recorded for the Victoria and Albert Museum's National Video Archive of Performance." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A production by Helen Pickett for the Scottish Ballet was first performed in 2019 at the Edinburgh International Festival; its American premiere was in May 2020 at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater in Washington, D.C." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The production won the 1953 Tony Award for Best Play." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A year later a new production succeeded and the play became a classic." }, { "section_header": "Influence and originality", "text": "It was translated by June Barrows Mussey and performed in Los Angeles in 1953 under the title" }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act One", "text": "He sends the other girls out (including Mary Warren, his family's maid) and confronts Abigail, who tells him that she and the girls were not performing witchcraft." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953, starring E. G. Marshall, Beatrice Straight and Madeleine Sherwood." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "2014 – The Old Vic's production of The Crucible which starred Richard Armitage and directed by Yaël Farber was filmed and distributed to cinemas across the UK, Ireland, and the United States." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "The play was adapted by composer Robert Ward as an opera, The Crucible, which was first performed in 1961 and received the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for Music and the New York Music Critics' Circle Award." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although he was an inductee of the Baseball Hall of Fame and he was sometimes referred to as a \"father of baseball,\" the importance of his role in the development of the game has been disputed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Jay Martin's Live All You Can: Alexander Joy Cartwright & the Invention of Modern Baseball supports Cartwright as the inventor of baseball, while Alexander Cartwright: The Life Behind the Baseball Legend by" }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Monica Nucciarone credits Cartwright as one of the game's pioneers but not its sole founder." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The myth of Abner Doubleday having invented baseball was believed by many, but in Cooperstown in 1839, the myth was debunked, Cartwright was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a pioneering contributor, 46 years after his death." }, { "section_header": "Hawaii", "text": "One of the leaders of the overthrow movement was Lorrin A. Thurston, who played baseball with classmate Alexander Cartwright III at Punahou School." }, { "section_header": "Hawaii", "text": "In Hawaii, sons Bruce Cartwright (1853–1919) and Alexander Joy Cartwright III (1855–1921) were born." }, { "section_header": "Early life and work", "text": "Alexander Jr. had six siblings." }, { "section_header": "Early life and work", "text": "Cartwright was born in 1820 to Alexander Cartwright Sr. (1784–1855), a merchant sea captain, and Esther Rebecca Burlock Cartwright (1792–1871)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Joy Cartwright Jr. (April 17, 1820 – July 12, 1892) was a founding member of the New York Knickerbockers Base Ball Club in the 1840s." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Although there is no question that Cartwright was a prominent figure in the early development of baseball, some students of baseball history have suggested that Henderson and others embellished Cartwright's role." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Cartwright Cup is awarded to the Hawaii state high school baseball champions each year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although he was an inductee of the Baseball Hall of Fame and he was sometimes referred to as a \"father of baseball,\" the importance of his role in the development of the game has been disputed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "Thomas took the poem seriously and personally, and it may have been significant in Thomas' decision to enlist in World War I. Thomas was killed two years later in the Battle of Arras." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "After Frost returned to New Hampshire in 1915, he sent Thomas an advance copy of \"The Road Not Taken\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1916 as the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Thompson also says that when introducing the poem in readings, Frost would say that the speaker was based on his friend Edward Thomas." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Thomas and Frost became close friends and took many walks together." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is a narrative poem." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Thomas took the poem seriously and personally, and it may have been significant in Thomas' decision to enlist in World War I. Thomas was killed two years later in the Battle of Arras." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "After Frost returned to New Hampshire in 1915, he sent Thomas an advance copy of \"The Road Not Taken\"." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "The meter is basically iambic tetrameter, with each line having four two-syllable feet, though in almost every line, in different positions, an iamb is replaced with an anapest." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "According to the biographer Lawrance Thompson, as Frost was once about to read the poem, he commented to his audience, \"You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem—very tricky,\" perhaps intending to suggest the poem's ironic possibilities." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Some have said that it is one of his most misunderstood poems, claiming that it is not simply a poem that champions the idea of \"following your own path\", but that the poem, they suggest, expresses some irony regarding that idea." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "In Frost's words, Thomas was \"a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | Woodworking", "text": "Ammonia fumes react with the natural tannins in the wood and cause it to change colours." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | Woodworking", "text": "Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | As a fuel", "text": "Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a working fluid, have been proposed and occasionally used." }, { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Toxicity | Aquaculture", "text": "Excess ammonia may accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH of the exposed organism." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | As a fuel", "text": "The principle is similar to that used in a fireless locomotive, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "It was also used by dyers in the Middle Ages in the form of fermented urine to alter the colour of vegetable dyes." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Amphotericity", "text": "One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its basicity." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | Woodworking", "text": "Ammonia fumes react with the natural tannins in the wood and cause it to change colours." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | Woodworking", "text": "Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Ammonia as a ligand", "text": "One example is the Calomel reaction, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble." }, { "section_header": "Synthesis and production", "text": "Ammonia is one of the most produced inorganic chemicals, with global production reported at 175 million tonnes in 2018." }, { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Toxicity | Coking wastewater", "text": "The Whyalla steelworks in South Australia is one example of a coke-producing facility which discharges ammonia into marine waters." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, the eldest of the three daughters of John Winter Crowfoot (1873–1959), then working for the country's Ministry of Education, and his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to friends and family as Molly." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Pseudonyms", "text": ", she is \"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hodgkin used the name \"Dorothy Crowfoot\" until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using \"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriage and family", "text": "In 1937, Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as \"Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Pseudonyms", "text": "By then she had been married for 12 years, given birth to three children and been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).Thereafter she would publish as \"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin\", and this was the name used by the Nobel Foundation in its award to her and the biography it included among other Nobel Prize recipients; it is also what the Science History Institute calls her." }, { "section_header": "Portraits", "text": "Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for a portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Pseudonyms", "text": "Hodgkin published as \"Dorothy Crowfoot\" until 1949, when she was persuaded by Hans Clarke's secretary to use her married name on a chapter she contributed to The Chemistry of Penicillin." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War I and as a result she became an ardent supporter of the new League of Nations." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Pseudonyms", "text": "The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as \"Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin\"; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she worked or lived, e.g. 94 Woodstock Road, Oxford" }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Political views and activities", "text": "Dorothy Hodgkin was never a communist." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, the eldest of the three daughters of John Winter Crowfoot (1873–1959), then working for the country's Ministry of Education, and his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to friends and family as Molly." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Sonny\" from his childhood, had an older sister and half-brother, and was doted upon by his mother and grandmother." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music", "text": "Sun Ra's music can be roughly divided into three phases, but his records and performances were full of surprises and the following categories should be regarded only as approximations." }, { "section_header": "Biography | California and world tours (1968–93)", "text": "In the Cosmos. Few students enrolled, but his classes were often full of curious people from the surrounding community." }, { "section_header": "Influence and legacy", "text": "The second component of the project... is a full-length video that chronicles the urban legends of Sun Ra’s time in Chicago as well as the contemporary artists who live and work in this city\"." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Chicago years (1945–61)", "text": "In the mid-1950s, Sun Ra and Abraham formed an independent record label that was generally known as El Saturn Records. (It had several name variations.) Initially focused on 45 rpm singles by Sun Ra and artists related to him, Saturn Records issued two full-length albums during the 1950s: Super-Sonic Jazz (1957) and Jazz In Silhouette (1959)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Trip to Saturn", "text": "His trip to Saturn allegedly occurred a full decade before flying saucers entered public consciousness with the 1947 encounter of Kenneth Arnold." }, { "section_header": "Philosophy | Sun Ra and black culture", "text": "But by the heyday of Black Power radicalism in the 1960s, Sun Ra was expressing disillusionment with these aims." }, { "section_header": "Philosophy | Sun Ra and black culture | Afrofuturism", "text": "The influence of Sun Ra can be seen throughout many aspects of black music." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early professional career and college", "text": "In 1934, Blount was offered his first full-time musical job by Ethel Harper, his biology teacher from the high school, who had organized a band to pursue a career as a singer." }, { "section_header": "Philosophy | Sun Ra and black culture | Afrofuturism", "text": "Sun Ra is considered to be an early pioneer of the Afrofuturism movement due to his music, writings and other works." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "In his teenage years, Blount demonstrated prodigious musical talent: many times, according to acquaintances, he went to big band performances and then produced full transcriptions of the bands' songs from memory." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Sonny\" from his childhood, had an older sister and half-brother, and was doted upon by his mother and grandmother." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production history", "text": "It was first performed in France in 1894." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Doll's House (Danish and Bokmål: Et dukkehjem" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "A Doll's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll's House, though some scholars use A Doll House." }, { "section_header": "Production history", "text": "A production of A Doll's House by The Jamie Lloyd Company starring" }, { "section_header": "List of characters", "text": "She was in a relationship with Krogstad prior to the play's setting." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Simon says that A Doll's House is \"the British term for what [Americans] call a 'dollhouse'\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879." }, { "section_header": "Analysis and criticism", "text": "A Doll's House questions the traditional roles of men and women in 19th-century marriage." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Re-staging", "text": "The Los Angeles Times stated that \"Nora shores up A Doll's House in some areas but weakens it in others.\" Lucas Hnath wrote A Doll's House, Part 2 as a follow-up about Nora 15 years later." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Albee's play was adapted by screenwriter Michael Hirst into a 1991 film of the same name starring Vanessa Redgrave and Keith Carradine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot of the novella", "text": "\"The Ballad of the Sad Cafe\" opens in a small, isolated town in the Southern United States." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The Ballad of the Sad Café was adapted into a stage play of the same name by Edward Albee in 1963." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Ballad of the Sad Café, first published in 1951, is a book by Carson McCullers comprising a novella of the same title along with six short stories: \"Wunderkind\", \"The Jockey\", \"Madame Zilensky and the King of Finland\", \"The Sojourner\", \"A Domestic Dilemma\", and \"A Tree, a Rock, a Cloud\"." }, { "section_header": "Plot of the novella", "text": "With everyone gathered inside, Miss Amelia brings out some liquor and crackers, which further shocks the men, as they have never witnessed Miss Amelia be hospitable enough to allow drinking inside her home." }, { "section_header": "Plot of the novella", "text": "When Miss Amelia, whom the townspeople see as a calculating woman who never acts without reason, takes the stranger into her home, rumors begin to circulate that Miss Amelia has done so in order to take what the hunchback has in his suitcase." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Albee's play was adapted by screenwriter Michael Hirst into a 1991 film of the same name starring Vanessa Redgrave and Keith Carradine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1979–1987: Early work", "text": "He Knows You're Alone (1980) and landed a starring role in the television movie Mazes and Monsters." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1979–1987: Early work", "text": "In 1979, Hanks moved to New York City, where he made his film debut in the low-budget slasher film" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | COVID-19 diagnosis", "text": "Hanks was playing the role of Colonel Tom Parker in the film directed by Baz Luhrmann." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1979–1987: Early work", "text": "He Knows You're Alone (1980) and landed a starring role in the television movie Mazes and Monsters." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2004–present: Later critical acclaim | Upcoming", "text": "That same year, Hanks will star as Tom Parker, the sole manager of Elvis Presley, in Elvis, directed by Baz Luhrmann." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1979–1987: Early work", "text": "\"The television show had come out of nowhere,\" Hanks's best friend Tom Lizzio told Rolling Stone." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "On December 27, 2019, the President of Greece, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, signed official papers marking the honorary naturalization of Tom Hanks, therefore making him a Greek citizen." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2004–present: Later critical acclaim", "text": "It is the second time he was directed by Tom Tykwer after Cloud Atlas in 2012.Hanks starred as airline captain Chesley Sullenberger in Clint Eastwood's Sully, which was released in September 2016." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1979–1987: Early work", "text": "In 1979, Hanks moved to New York City, where he made his film debut in the low-budget slasher film" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1988–2003: Established star", "text": "Hanks made his directing debut with his 1996 film That Thing You Do!" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1988–2003: Established star", "text": "Hanks and producer Gary Goetzman went on to create Playtone, a record and film production company named after the record company in the film." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2004–present: Later critical acclaim", "text": "In 2004, he appeared in three films: The Coen brothers' The Ladykillers, another Spielberg film, The Terminal, and The Polar Express, a family film from Zemeckis for which Hanks played multiple motion capture roles." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Grand Louvre Pyramids", "text": "The second phase of the Grand Louvre plan, the Pyramide Inversée (Inverted Pyramid), was completed in 1993." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "At the beginning of World War II the museum removed most of the art and hid valuable pieces." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Medieval, Renaissance, and Bourbon palace", "text": "Francis acquired what would become the nucleus of the Louvre's holdings, his acquisitions including Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "Museum expansion slowed after World War I, and the collection did not acquire many significant new works; exceptions were Georges de La Tour's Saint Thomas and Baron Edmond de Rothschild's" }, { "section_header": "Collections | Islamic art", "text": "The Islamic art collection, the museum's newest, spans \"thirteen centuries and three continents\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Controversial acquisitions", "text": "The Louvre is involved in controversies that surround cultural property seized under Napoleon I, as well as during World War II by the Nazis." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Grand Louvre Pyramids", "text": "The pyramid and its underground lobby were inaugurated on 15 October 1988 and the Louvre Pyramid was completed in 1989." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Medieval, Renaissance, and Bourbon palace", "text": "Remnants of this castle are still visible in the crypt." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "During the Third Republic (1870–1940) the Louvre acquired new pieces mainly via donations and gifts." }, { "section_header": "History | 12th–20th centuries | Third Republic and World Wars", "text": "When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Accolades", "text": "In 2008, Rocky was chosen by British film magazine Empire as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "\" One of the positive online reviews came from the BBC Films website, with both reviewer Almar Haflidason and BBC" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "The film, however, did not escape criticism." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "\" One of the positive online reviews came from the BBC Films website, with both reviewer Almar Haflidason and BBC" }, { "section_header": "Release | Accolades", "text": "In 2008, Rocky was chosen by British film magazine Empire as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Conversely, Stallone has stated that he was indeed supposed to wear red shorts with a white stripe as Rocky, but changed to the opposite colors \"at the last moment\"." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "Stallone later said that he would never have forgiven himself, had the film become a success with somebody else in the lead." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rocky is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the genre, after Raging Bull, by the American Film Institute in 2008." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "Rocky received positive reviews at the time of its release." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "Wepner was TKO'd in the 15th round of the match by Ali, with few expecting him to last as long as he did." }, { "section_header": "Music | Soundtrack", "text": "\"The main theme song, \"Gonna Fly Now\", made it to number one on the Billboard magazine's Hot 100 list for one week (from July 2 to July 8, 1977) and the American Film Institute placed it 58th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "\"In 2006, Rocky was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death", "text": "[who] got Porter the show that launched his career.\" Berlin died in his sleep at his 17 Beekman Place town house in Manhattan on September 22, 1989, of heart attack and natural causes at the age of 101." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life | Jewish immigrant | Settling in New York City", "text": "He died a few years later when Irving was thirteen years old." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Jewish immigrant | Settling in New York City", "text": "Now, with only a few years of schooling, eight-year-old Irving began helping to support his family." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "In 1924, when Berlin was 36, his biography, The Story of Irving Berlin, was being written by Alexander Woollcott." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\" Over the years he was known for writing music and lyrics in the American vernacular: uncomplicated, simple and direct, with his stated aim being to \"reach the heart of the average American,\" whom he saw as the \"real soul of the country.\" In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlin's 100th birthday tribute, he \"helped write the story of this country, capturing the best of who we are and the dreams that shape our lives." }, { "section_header": "Film scores | 1920s–1950s | \"White Christmas\" (1942)", "text": "Considering the fact that \"White Christmas\" has only eight sentences in the entire song, lyrically Mr. Berlin achieved all that was necessary to eventually sell over 100 million copies and capture the hearts of the American public at the same time." }, { "section_header": "Songwriting career | 1941 to 1962 | Final shows", "text": "Though he lived 23 more years, this was one of Berlin's final published compositions." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "Composer George Gershwin (1898–1937) also tried to describe the importance of Berlin's compositions: I want to say at once that I frankly believe that Irving Berlin is the greatest songwriter that has ever lived.... His songs are exquisite cameos of perfection, and each one of them is as beautiful as its neighbor." }, { "section_header": "Songwriting career | 1941 to 1962 | \"Annie Get Your Gun\" (1946)", "text": "were the \"most thrilling time of his life.\" The grueling tours Berlin did performing \" This Is The Army\" left him exhausted, but when his old and close friend Jerome Kern, who was the composer for \" Annie Get Your Gun\", died suddenly, producers Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II persuaded Berlin to take over composing the score." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriages", "text": "For years, Mackay refused to speak to the Berlins, but they reconciled after the Berlins lost their first son, Irving Berlin Jr., on Christmas Eve in 1928, less than one month after he was born." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Jewish immigrant | Life in Russia", "text": "By daylight the house was in ashes.\" As an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "[who] got Porter the show that launched his career.\" Berlin died in his sleep at his 17 Beekman Place town house in Manhattan on September 22, 1989, of heart attack and natural causes at the age of 101." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She was bullied at school and called \"Vampire\", owing to her teeth and skinny frame." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "\"I detested school\", she would later write in her autobiography." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 1993–1995: The Colour of My Love and D'eux", "text": "It became her most successful record up to that point, selling more than six million copies in the US, two million in Canada, and peaking at No. 1 in many countries." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The romance was only known to family and friends for five years, though Dion nearly revealed all in a tearful 1992 interview with journalist Lise Payette." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "\"I detested school\", she would later write in her autobiography." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1993–1995: The Colour of My Love and D'eux", "text": "Dion kept to her French roots and continued to release many Francophone recordings between each English record." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "could I hide from myself the fact that I was in love with Rene; I had all the symptoms,\" and \"I was in love with a man I couldn't love, who didn't want me to love him, who didn't want to love me.\" Dion's mother, who traveled everywhere with the singer until she was 19, was initially wary of her daughter's growing infatuation with a much older and twice-divorced Angélil, but Dion was insistent, telling her mother" }, { "section_header": "Other activities | Philanthropy", "text": "Dion has actively supported many charity organizations, worldwide." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She was bullied at school and called \"Vampire\", owing to her teeth and skinny frame." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She often spoke of running home from school to play music in the basement with her brothers and sisters." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "As the youngest of 14 children, Dion grew up wearing hand-me-downs and sharing a bed with several sisters." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1990–1992: Unison, Dion chante Plamondon and Celine Dion", "text": "She incorporated the help of many established musicians, including Vito Luprano and Canadian producer David Foster." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "Absalom, Absalom, along with The Sound and the Fury, helped Faulkner win the Nobel Prize in Literature." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Absalom, Absalom! is a novel by the American author William Faulkner, first published in 1936." }, { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "Absalom, Absalom, along with The Sound and the Fury, helped Faulkner win the Nobel Prize in Literature." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Like other Faulkner novels, Absalom, Absalom!" }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Discussing Absalom, Absalom!, Faulkner stated that the curse under which the South labors is slavery, and Thomas Sutpen's personal curse, or flaw, was his belief that he was too strong to need to be a part of the human family." }, { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "Drummer Neil Peart, the band's lyricist, said he \"loved the sound of\" the title of Faulkner's novel and was inspired to look up the Biblical story of Absalom after reading the novel." }, { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "In 2009, a panel of judges called Absalom, Absalom!" }, { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "The 1983 Guinness Book of World Records says the \"Longest Sentence in Literature\" is a sentence from Absalom, Absalom!" }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Absalom, Absalom! juxtaposes ostensible fact, informed guesswork, and outright speculation, with the implication that reconstructions of the past remain irretrievable and therefore imaginative." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Absalom, Absalom! details the rise and fall of Thomas Sutpen, a white man born into poverty in West Virginia who moves to Mississippi with the complementary aims of gaining wealth and becoming a powerful family patriarch." }, { "section_header": "Influence and significance", "text": "The final lyric of Distant Early Warning, a single released by the Canadian rock band Rush, is the word 'Absalom' repeated three times." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lenovo Group Limited, often shortened to Lenovo ( leh-NOH-voh), is a Hong Kong-based multinational technology company headquartered in Quarry Bay, and with operational headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina and Beijing." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships | IBM", "text": "According to Timothy Prickett-Morgan from Enterprise Tech, the deal still awaits \"approval of regulators in China, the European Commission, and Canada\"." }, { "section_header": "Products and services | Smartphones", "text": "An official stated that \"we have been pretty consistent that the message is Canada is open to foreign investment and investment from China in particular but not at the cost of compromising national security\"." }, { "section_header": "Products and services | Smartphones", "text": "the Canadian smartphone maker BlackBerry Ltd. However, its attempt was reportedly blocked by the Government of Canada, citing security concerns due to the use of BlackBerry devices by prominent members of the government." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Lenovo Accelerator", "text": "Lenovo advised users to remove the offending app, \"Lenovo Accelerator\"." }, { "section_header": "Products and services | Lenovo Connect", "text": "At the Mobile World Congress in 2016 Lenovo introduced Lenovo Connect, a wireless roaming service." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Lenovo Accelerator", "text": "According to Lenovo, the app, designed to \"speed up the loading\" of Lenovo applications, created a man-in-the-middle security vulnerability." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Lenovo Service Engine", "text": "On 31 July 2015, Lenovo released instructions and UEFI firmware updates meant to remove Lenovo Service Engine." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Lenovo Service Engine", "text": "Salon tech writer David Auerbach compared the Superfish incident to the Sony DRM rootkit scandal, and argued that \"installing Superfish is one of the most irresponsible mistakes an established tech company has ever made.\" From October 2014 through June 2015, the UEFI firmware on certain Lenovo models had contained software known as \"Lenovo Service Engine\", which Lenovo says automatically sent non-identifiable system information to Lenovo the first time Windows is connected to the internet, and on laptops, automatically installs the Lenovo OneKey Optimizer program (software considered to be bloatware) as well." }, { "section_header": "Products and services | Lenovo Connect", "text": "Lenovo Connect eliminates the need to buy new SIM cards when crossing borders." }, { "section_header": "Products and services | Lenovo Connect", "text": "Lenovo Connect started service for phones and select ThinkPad laptops in China in February 2016." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lenovo Group Limited, often shortened to Lenovo ( leh-NOH-voh), is a Hong Kong-based multinational technology company headquartered in Quarry Bay, and with operational headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina and Beijing." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dian Fossey (, January 16, 1932 – c. December 26, 1985) was an American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups from 1966 until her 1985 murder." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Africa | Research in the Congo", "text": "Three years after the original safari, Leakey suggested that Fossey could undertake a long-term study of the gorillas in the same manner as Jane Goodall had with chimpanzees in Tanzania." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fossey was one of the foremost primatologists in the world, a member of the so-called \"Trimates\", a group formed of prominent female scientists originally sent by Leakey to study great apes in their natural environments, along with Jane Goodall who studied chimpanzees, and Birutė Galdikas, who studied orangutans." }, { "section_header": "Conservation work in Rwanda | Opposition to tourism", "text": "Fossey also criticized tourist programs, often paid for by international conservation organizations, for interfering with both her research and the peace of the mountain gorillas' habitat, and was concerned Jane Goodall, who actually joined a chimpanzee society as a member, was inappropriately changing her study subjects' behavior." }, { "section_header": "Africa | Research in the Congo", "text": "On the way to the Congo, Fossey visited the Gombe Stream Research Centre to meet Goodall and observe her research methods with chimpanzees." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dian Fossey (, January 16, 1932 – c. December 26, 1985) was an American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups from 1966 until her 1985 murder." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Biographies", "text": "A Forest in the Clouds: My Year among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey, by John Fowler, is a first-person account from inside Dian Fossey's camp." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Biographies", "text": "The author also wrote a lengthy article titled \"The Fatal Obsession of Dian Fossey\"." }, { "section_header": "Selected bibliography | Books", "text": "A Forest in the Clouds: My Year Among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After her death, Fossey's Digit Fund in the US was renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International." }, { "section_header": "Africa | Research in the Congo", "text": "Fossey identified three distinct groups in her study area, but could not get close to them." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "tiger'; 14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530), born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty (r. 1526–1530) in the Indian subcontinent." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Name", "text": "'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram pādshāh-e ġāzī." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab, mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "At the time parts of north India were under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire | First battle of Panipat", "text": "After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "He easily defeated and drove off Alam's army and Babur realised Lodi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead of Badakhshan, which was to the north of Kabul." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "Babur started for Lahore, Punjab, in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dibalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor." }, { "section_header": "Formation of the Mughal Empire", "text": "In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "tiger'; 14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530), born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty (r. 1526–1530) in the Indian subcontinent." } ]