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[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)'s official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004, until they were surpassed by Taipei 101." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Features | Skybridge", "text": "The towers feature a double decker skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers remain the tallest twin towers in the world." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)'s official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004, until they were surpassed by Taipei 101." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture | Notable events", "text": "On 15 April 1999, Felix Baumgartner set the world record for BASE jumping (since broken) by jumping off a window cleaning crane on the Petronas Towers." }, { "section_header": "Features | Service building", "text": "S1-S2 (Tower 1) & S4-S5 (Tower 2) S1-S2 (Tower 1) & S4-S5 (Tower 2) (Service Lift): P1, C, G, 2-6, 8-38, 40-84 S3 (Tower 1) & S6(Tower 2) (Lower Level Service Lift): P1, C, G, 2-6, 8-37 F1-F2 S1-S2 (Tower 1) & S4-S5 (Tower 2) S1-S2 (Tower 1) & S4-S5 (Tower 2) (Service Lift): P1, C, G, 2-6, 8-38, 40-84 S3 (Tower 1) & S6(Tower 2) (Lower Level Service Lift): P1, C, G, 2-6, 8-37 F1-F2 (Tower 1) & F3-F4 (Tower 2) (Fireman Service Lift): P1, C, CM, G, 1-6, 8-38, 40-84, 84M1, 84M2, 85, 86 (F1 & F3 non-stop at Level 1) The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the chiller plant system and the cooling towers to keep the Petronas Towers cool and comfortable." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "Interiors with furniture were completed on 1 January 1996, the spires of Tower 1 and Tower 2 were completed on 1 March 1996, 3 years after its construction was started, and the first batch of Petronas personnel moved into the building on 1 January 1997." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower; they remain the tallest buildings in Kuala Lumpur." }, { "section_header": "Features | Lift system", "text": "The lift operating chart of the Petronas Towers" }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In Part 1 of the Phineas and Ferb episode \"Phineas and Ferb Save Summer!\", the towers are visible during the musical number \" Summer All Over the World\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)", "text": "Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Google (2006–2013)", "text": "In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page, similar to the news feeds of social networking sites." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | User comments", "text": "Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that \"Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos\" and \"Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)", "text": "It was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet, as Vimeo was launched in November 2004, though that site remained a side project of its developers from CollegeHumor at the time and did not grow much either." }, { "section_header": "Social impact", "text": "\" In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media." }, { "section_header": "Features | Video technology | Reels", "text": "In late November 2018, YouTube announced that it would introduce a \"Story\" feature, similar to ones used by Snapchat and Instagram, which would allow its content creators to engage fans without posting a full video." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Controversial videos | Hateful content", "text": "In the wake of the March 2019 Christchurch mosque attacks, YouTube and other sites like Facebook and Twitter that allowed user-submitted content drew criticism for doing little to moderate and control the spread of hate speech, which was considered to be a factor in the rationale for the attacks." }, { "section_header": "Social impact", "text": "In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the \"YouTube Generation.\" Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience." }, { "section_header": "Revenue | Partnership with video creators", "text": "YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels." }, { "section_header": "Features | Content partnerships", "text": "In 2016, YouTube introduced a global program to develop creators whose videos produce a positive social impact." }, { "section_header": "Social impact", "text": "Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)", "text": "Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chagatai: اقساق تیمور Aqsaq Temür, \" Timur the Lame\"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chagatai: اقساق تیمور Aqsaq Temür, \" Timur the Lame\"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Timur has now been officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | European views", "text": "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | European views", "text": "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in Khorasan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him." }, { "section_header": "Conquest of Persia", "text": "Ahmad was unpopular but got some dangerous help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans." }, { "section_header": "Conquest of Persia", "text": "Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname \"the Mahātmā.\" Rickey was born in Stockdale, Ohio, the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily (née Brown)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Rickey's great-granddaughter, actress Kelley Jakle, also appears in the film." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname \"the Mahātmā.\" Rickey was born in Stockdale, Ohio, the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily (née Brown)." }, { "section_header": "Honors and legacy", "text": "The Branch Rickey Arena at Ohio Wesleyan University is also named in his honor." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Branch Rickey was interred at Rush Township Burial Park in Rushtown, Ohio, near where his parents, his widow Jane (who died in 1971), and three of his children (including Branch Rickey Jr., who died from complications of diabetes at age 47 in 1961) also rest." }, { "section_header": "Honors and legacy", "text": "Son Branch Jr. was an executive with the Dodgers and Pirates for over two decades prior to his 1961 death, and grandson Branch Rickey III, who served as a farm system director with the Pirates and Cincinnati Reds, has been president of the Pacific Coast League since 1999." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wesley Branch Rickey (December 20, 1881 – December 9, 1965) was an American baseball player and sports executive." }, { "section_header": "Career | Brooklyn Dodgers (1942–1950) | Breaking the color barrier", "text": "There was no statute officially banning blacks from baseball, only a universally recognized unwritten rule which no club owner was prepared to break that was perpetuated by culturally entrenched racism and a desire by club owners to be perceived as representing the values and beliefs of everyday American white men." }, { "section_header": "Honors and legacy", "text": "A section of State Highway 23 in Ohio, running north from the Franklin County border to the city of Delaware, has been named the Branch Rickey Memorial Highway." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals (1919–1942)", "text": "He noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring two cardinal birds perched on a branch on a table." }, { "section_header": "Honors and legacy", "text": "In 1992, Rotary International of Denver, Colorado, created the Branch Rickey Award, which is given annually to a Major League Baseball player in recognition of exceptional community service." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1847 to present", "text": "Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to annex themselves into Los Angeles." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Cityscape", "text": "The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods, some of which were incorporated cities that merged with Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "History | 1847 to present", "text": "Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to annex themselves into Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Topography", "text": "The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Topography", "text": "Los Angeles is both flat and hilly." }, { "section_header": "Education | Colleges and universities", "text": "There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)." }, { "section_header": "Transportation | Airports", "text": "Other major nearby commercial airports include: (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) Other major nearby commercial airports include: (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire. (IATA: BUR, ICAO: KBUR) Hollywood Burbank Airport, jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Los Angeles ( (listen); Spanish: Los Ángeles; Spanish for 'The Angels'), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the largest city in California." }, { "section_header": "Crime", "text": "Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered \"too Jewish\" to attract mainstream audiences." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Cultural influence | Parodies", "text": "In 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, \"The Roof Is on Fiddler\", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs." }, { "section_header": "Film adaptations and recordings", "text": "Chaim Topol starred. The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest-grossing film of 1971." }, { "section_header": "Principal characters", "text": "/I Just Heard\". All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted: Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters." }, { "section_header": "Cultural influence | Covers", "text": "For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act II", "text": "As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play." }, { "section_header": "Productions | International and amateur productions", "text": "The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone." }, { "section_header": "Film adaptations and recordings", "text": "In 2020, the recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing." }, { "section_header": "Cultural influence | Parodies", "text": "In the Family Guy episode \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered \"too Jewish\" to attract mainstream audiences." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Thus, as a child, she already familiarized herself with the properties of exponential growth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Her parents found out that mathematical conceptions, like cone and tetrahedron, were familiar to her before she reached the age of 6." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Baroness Ingrid Daubechies ( doh-bə-SHEE; French: [dobʃi]; born 17 August 1954) is a Belgian physicist and mathematician." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Daubechies received the Louis Empain Prize for Physics in 1984, awarded once every five years to a Belgian scientist on the basis of work done before the age of 29." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She also developed sophisticated image processing techniques used to help establish the authenticity and age of some of the world's most famous works of art including paintings by Vincent van Gogh and Rembrandt." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She was the first woman to be president of the International Mathematical Union (2011–2014)." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "She is part of the 2019 class of fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Daubechies is recognized for her study of the mathematical methods that enhance image-compression technology." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "From 1991-1994 Daubechies taught as a professor at Rutgers University in their Mathematics Department." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "Inc. Journal: Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume41, Issue 7." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Daubechies was the 2006 Emmy Noether Lecturer at the San Antonio Joint Mathematics Meetings." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Thus, as a child, she already familiarized herself with the properties of exponential growth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Finance and revenue | 2019", "text": "Netflix is now considered the largest buyer of video content globally." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Finance and revenue | 2019", "text": "Netflix is now considered the largest buyer of video content globally." }, { "section_header": "History | Video on demand introduction, declining DVD sales, global expansion", "text": "For some time, the company had considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net." }, { "section_header": "Content | Film and television deals", "text": "Breaking Bad is considered the first such show to have this \"Netflix effect\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Video on demand introduction, declining DVD sales, global expansion", "text": "As of September 2013, for that year's third quarter report, Netflix reported its total of global streaming subscribers at 40.4 million (31.2 million in the United States)." }, { "section_header": "Content | Video games", "text": "In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership with Telltale Games to port its adventure games to the service in a streaming video format." }, { "section_header": "History | Rebranding and wider international expansion", "text": "In April 2014, Netflix approached 50 million global subscribers with a 32.3% video streaming market share in the United States." }, { "section_header": "History | Video on demand introduction, declining DVD sales, global expansion", "text": "On October 1, 2006, Netflix offered a $1,000,000 prize to the first developer of a video-recommendation algorithm that could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%.In February 2007, the company delivered its billionth DVD, and began to move away from its original core business model of DVDs, by introducing video on demand via the Internet." }, { "section_header": "History | Establishment", "text": "Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship." }, { "section_header": "History | Video on demand introduction, declining DVD sales, global expansion", "text": "But after discovering YouTube, and witnessing how popular streaming services were despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept instead, a project that was completed in 2007.Netflix developed and maintains an extensive personalized video-recommendation system based on ratings and reviews by its customers." }, { "section_header": "Finance", "text": "Netflix ranked 261 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States companies by revenue." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated surat al-Fatiha into Persian during the seventh century." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar (Sindh, India, now Pakistan) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated surat al-Fatiha into Persian during the seventh century." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin).Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "All these translators were non-Muslims." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "There have been numerous translations by Muslims." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "Popular modern english translations by muslims include The Oxford World Classic's translation by Muhammad Abdel Haleem, The Clear Quran by Dr Mustafa Khattab, Sahih International's translation, among various others." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death", "text": "On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery from which he never recovered." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Akbar's guardian, Bairam Khan concealed the death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Expansion into Central India", "text": "Following a brief confrontation, however, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery from which he never recovered." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "He is believed to have died on 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at his mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Expansion into Central India", "text": "Following a third revolt with the proclamation of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul, as emperor, his patience was finally exhausted." }, { "section_header": "Religious policy | Din-i-Ilahi", "text": "At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects, and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Conquest of Rajputana", "text": "Furthermore, Akbar, at this early period, was still enthusiastically devoted to the cause of Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over the most prestigious warriors in Brahminical Hinduism." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief." }, { "section_header": "Marriages", "text": "Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief." }, { "section_header": "Administration | Capital", "text": "In 1599, Akbar shifted his capital back to Agra from where he reigned until his death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "Due to the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "Due to the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The halt in construction had cost US$700,000 per day and led to three separate concrete plants being set up on the site to ensure that if one produced a bad batch, the other two could continue to supply concrete." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "Early into construction a batch of concrete failed a routine strength test causing construction to come to a complete halt." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "As a result of the Malaysian government specifying that the buildings be completed in six years, two construction consortia were hired to meet the deadline, one for each tower." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The towers were designed by Argentine architect César Pelli." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The Petronas Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture | Notable events", "text": "No one was hurt during the evacuation." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The concrete raft foundation, comprising 13,200 cubic metres (470,000 cu ft) of concrete was continuously poured through a period of 54 hours for each tower." }, { "section_header": "Features | Skybridge", "text": "The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire is a play written by Tennessee Williams that opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947." } ]

[ { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire." }, { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30, 1947, four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire is a play written by Tennessee Williams that opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947." }, { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\" is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist's role in society." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2015, Gillian Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire, titled The Departure." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams’ most popular work, is considered to be one of the best and most critically successful plays of the 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Stage productions | Revivals", "text": "The Sydney Theatre Company production of A Streetcar Named Desire premiered on September 5 and ran until October 17, 2009." }, { "section_header": "Inspirations", "text": "Blanche's route in the play—\"They told me to take a streetcar named Desire, transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at—Elysian Fields!\"—is allegorical, taking advantage of New Orleans's colorful street names: the Desire line itself crossed Elysian Fields Avenue on its way to Canal Street." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Ballet", "text": "In 2012, Scottish Ballet collaborated with theatre and film director Nancy Meckler and international choreographer Annabelle Lopez Ochoa to create a new staging of A Streetcar Named Desire." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "In a 1992 episode of The Simpsons, \"A Streetcar Named Marge\", a musical version of the play, Oh, Streetcar!, was featured." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a long narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence | The Byronic hero", "text": "The protagonist of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage embodied the example of the self-exiled Byronic hero." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a long narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "Its English translation by J. W. Lake, The Last Canto of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, was published from Paris in 1826." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "William Lisle Bowles responded to his interment with a generous elegy in the six stanzas of \"Childe Harold's Last Pilgrimage\" (1826)." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "It was prefaced by 21 Spenserian stanzas in the Byronic manner, followed by many more sections in couplets." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "A later imitation of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage lay unacknowledged for more than a century." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "The 62 pages of Francis Hodgson’s Childe Harold's Monitor, or Lines occasioned by the last canto of Childe Harold (London 1818), are given over to literary satire in the manner of Byron’s English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Music", "text": "The first two cantos of the poem were launched under the title Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: A Romaunt, and other poems." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Painting", "text": ", Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage – Italy (1832), accompanied by lines reflecting on the passing of imperial might from Canto IV, stanza 26." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "He too recorded a pilgrimage from Paris into Swizerland in Les Pélerinages d’un Childe Harold Parisien, published in 1825 under the pseudonym D. J. C. Verfèle." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman\". The Examiner." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography | Harry S. Truman Library & Museum", "text": "Harry S. Truman Library & Museum." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Composition and publication | Real-life inspiration", "text": "A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Novels", "text": "Swallow's historical novel tells the story of Nora Helmer's life from the moment in December 1879 that Nora walks out on her husband and young children at the close of A Doll's House." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act Three", "text": "She says that she has been treated like a doll to play with for her whole life, first by her father and then by him." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll's House, though some scholars use A Doll House." }, { "section_header": "Analysis and criticism", "text": "The Swedish playwright August Strindberg criticised the play in his volume of essays and short stories" }, { "section_header": "Composition and publication | Real-life inspiration", "text": "A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2006, the centennial of Ibsen's death, A Doll's House held the distinction of being the world's most performed play that year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Doll's House (Danish and Bokmål: Et dukkehjem" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "A Doll's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora." }, { "section_header": "Composition and publication | Real-life inspiration", "text": "Ibsen wrote A Doll's House at the point when Laura Kieler had been committed to the asylum, and the fate of this friend of the family shook him deeply, perhaps also because Laura had asked him to intervene at a crucial point in the scandal, which he did not feel able or willing to do." }, { "section_header": "Production history", "text": "A production of A Doll's House by The Jamie Lloyd Company starring" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anaemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old." }, { "section_header": "Life | Death", "text": "Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934." }, { "section_header": "Life | Death", "text": "The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next, she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself." }, { "section_header": "Life | Death", "text": "Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses (including near-blindness due to cataracts) and ultimately her death, she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure." }, { "section_header": "Life | Death", "text": "In her last year, she worked on a book, Radioactivity, which was published posthumously in 1935." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town." }, { "section_header": "Life | World War I", "text": "Assisted at first by a military doctor and her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war." }, { "section_header": "Life | Postwar years", "text": "In 1930 she was elected to the International Atomic Weights Committee, on which she served until her death." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anaemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "PSG won their first major honour, the French Cup, in 1982 and their maiden Ligue 1 title in 1986." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "PSG are France's most successful club having won over forty competitive honours, including nine league titles and one major European trophy." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "PSG won their first major honour, the French Cup, in 1982 and their maiden Ligue 1 title in 1986." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries | Le Classique", "text": "The duo are the two most successful clubs in French football history and the only two French teams to have won major European trophies." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "PSG are the club with most consecutive seasons playing in the top-flight and one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The 1990s have been the most successful period in PSG's history: they claimed their second league crown, three French Cups, two League Cups, two French Super Cups and, most notably, their first European honour, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, in 1996." }, { "section_header": "Records and statistics", "text": "PSG holds many records, most notably being the most successful French club in history in terms of official titles won, the club with most consecutive seasons playing in the top-flight, the only club to have won the Coupe de France without conceding a single goal (1992–93 and 2016–17), and one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title." }, { "section_header": "Friendly tournaments | Tournoi Indoor de Paris-Bercy", "text": "Paris SG is the most successful club in the history of the competition, having lifted the trophy on two occasions." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "PSG clinched more trophies than in any other decade, including six league titles and sixteen national cup competitions." }, { "section_header": "Friendly tournaments | Tournoi de Paris", "text": "PSG is the most successful club in the competition's history, having lifted the trophy on seven occasions." }, { "section_header": "Records and statistics", "text": "The Parisians are also the only club to have won the Coupe de la Ligue five times in a row (2014–2018), the only club to have won the Coupe de France four times in a row (2015–2018), the only club to win the Trophée des Champions seven times in a row (2013–2019), the first European club to have won all four national titles (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) in a single season (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2017–18), and the youngest European club to have won a European trophy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (born Leon Dudley Sorabji; 14 August 1892 – 15 October 1988) was an English composer, music critic, pianist and writer." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early years", "text": "His father, Shapurji Sorabji, a civil engineer of Parsi origin from Bombay, India, and descendant of a long line of industrialists and businessmen, was born on 18 August 1863." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Last years", "text": "Towards the end of his life, Sorabji ceased composing, due to his failing eyesight and difficulties in holding a pen." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (born Leon Dudley Sorabji; 14 August 1892 – 15 October 1988) was an English composer, music critic, pianist and writer." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early years", "text": "Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji was born Leon Dudley Sorabji in Chingford, Essex (now Greater London), on 14 August 1892." }, { "section_header": "Music | Pianism and keyboard music | As a composer", "text": "Sorabji once said, \"If a composer can't sing, a composer can't compose.\"His" }, { "section_header": "Writings | Books and music criticism", "text": "Shostakovich and Fauré are among the composers whom Sorabji initially condemned but later admired." }, { "section_header": "Music | Pianism and keyboard music | As a composer", "text": "His writing for the instrument was influenced by that of composers such as Liszt, Alkan and Godowsky, and he has been called a composer-pianist in their tradition, partly because he was one of the 20th century's most prolific piano composers." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Innovation", "text": "More than 20 years later, composer Louis Saguer, speaking at Darmstadt in 1949, mentioned Sorabji as a member of the musical avant-garde that few will have the means to understand." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early years", "text": "He was a late starter, having composed no music before the age of 22." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early years", "text": "From the early 1910s until 1916, he studied music with pianist and composer Charles A. Trew (1854–1929)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early years", "text": "His father, Shapurji Sorabji, a civil engineer of Parsi origin from Bombay, India, and descendant of a long line of industrialists and businessmen, was born on 18 August 1863." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Political career | 1964 presidential campaign | Results", "text": "Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South, depicted in red." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Senator", "text": "As a measure of how Democratic Arizona had been since joining the Union 40 years earlier, Goldwater was only the second Republican ever to represent Arizona in the Senate." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Senator", "text": "As a Republican he won a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1952, when he upset veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader Ernest McFarland." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Return to the Senate", "text": "Goldwater remained popular in Arizona, and in the 1968 Senate election he was elected to the seat of retiring Senator Carl Hayden." }, { "section_header": "Books", "text": "With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of Senator Barry M. Goldwater." }, { "section_header": "Policies | Goldwater and the revival of American conservatism", "text": "Arizona Senator John McCain, who had succeeded Goldwater in the Senate in 1987, summed up Goldwater's legacy, \"He transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan.\" Columnist George Will remarked after the 1980 presidential election that it took 16 years to count the votes from 1964 and Goldwater won." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Buildings and monuments", "text": "Among the buildings and monuments named after Barry Goldwater are: the Barry M. Goldwater Terminal at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Goldwater Memorial Park in Paradise Valley, Arizona, the Barry Goldwater Air Force Academy Visitor Center at the United States Air Force Academy, and Barry Goldwater High School in northern Phoenix." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was an American politician, businessman, and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in 1964." }, { "section_header": "Political career | 1964 presidential campaign", "text": "And with good reason: he would deliver it to the largest and most attentive audience of his life.\" At the time of Goldwater's presidential candidacy, the Republican Party was split between its conservative wing (based in the West and South) and moderate/liberal wing, sometimes called Rockefeller Republicans (based in the Northeast)." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Senator", "text": "He defeated McFarland again in 1958, with a strong showing in his first reelection; he was the first Arizona Republican to win a second term in the Senate." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens", "text": "On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens", "text": "On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Headquarters", "text": "In 2016, the company bought the 32-acre campus, with plans to renovate and expand it by 25%." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Environment", "text": "Microsoft's timeline for phasing out brominated flame retardant (BFRs) and phthalates in all products is 2012 but its commitment to phasing out PVC is not clear." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs", "text": "This brought the total number to over 15,000 out of the 18,000 expected cuts." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs", "text": "In May 2016, Microsoft announced another 1,850 job cuts mostly in (Nokia) mobile phone division." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs", "text": "In July 2014, Microsoft announced plans to lay off 18,000 employees." }, { "section_header": "History | 1972–1985: The founding of Microsoft", "text": "Gates enrolled at Harvard while Allen pursued a degree in computer science at Washington State University, though he later dropped out of school to work at Honeywell." }, { "section_header": "History | 2007–2011: Microsoft Azure, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Microsoft Stores", "text": "Microsoft implemented a new strategy for the software industry that had them working more closely with smartphone manufacturers, such as Nokia, and providing a consistent user experience across all smartphones using the Windows Phone OS." }, { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "Plus! pack. Branching out into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit created a new 24/7 cable news channel, MSNBC." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs", "text": "In October 2014, Microsoft revealed that it was almost done with the elimination of 18,000 employees, which was its largest-ever layoff sweep." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Native Americans, and he was one of the first abolitionists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Separation of church and state", "text": "Williams believed that the state must confine itself to the commandments dealing with the relations between people: murder, theft, adultery, lying, and honoring parents." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Pequot War and relations with Native Americans", "text": "Williams was trusted by the Native Americans more than any other Colonist, and he proved trustworthy." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Pequot War and relations with Native Americans", "text": "Williams formed firm friendships and developed deep trust among the Native American tribes, especially the Narragansetts." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Pequot War and relations with Native Americans", "text": "The Narragansetts thus became the most powerful Native American tribe in southern New England." }, { "section_header": "King Philip's War and death", "text": "According to the National Park Service, in 1860, Providence residents determined to raise a monument in his honor \"dug up the spot where they believed the remains to be, they found only nails, teeth, and bone fragments." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Return to England and charter matters", "text": "Coddington never liked Williams, nor did he like being subordinated to the new charter government." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Pequot War and relations with Native Americans", "text": "He was able to keep the peace between the Native Americans and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations for nearly 40 years by his constant mediation and negotiation." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Pequot War and relations with Native Americans", "text": "He twice surrendered himself as a hostage to the Native Americans to guarantee the safe return of a great sachem from a summons to a court: Pessicus in 1645 and Metacom (\"King Philip\") in 1671." }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence | Return to England and charter matters", "text": "Key was the first dictionary of any Native American language, and it fed the great curiosity of English people about the Native Americans." }, { "section_header": "Writings", "text": "The margins of this book are filled with notations in handwritten code, believed to be the work of Roger Williams." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Native Americans, and he was one of the first abolitionists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Blenheim (German: Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; French Bataille de Höchstädt), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The war would rage on for another decade." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background", "text": "By 1704, the War of the Spanish Succession was in its fourth year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The war would rage on for another decade." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Blenheim (German: Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; French Bataille de Höchstädt), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Blenheim was one of the battles that altered the course of the war, which until then was leaning on the side of the French and Spanish Bourbons." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It ended French plans of knocking the Emperor out of the war." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The famous Lake poet Robert Southey scathingly criticised the Battle of Blenheim in his anti war poem After Blenheim." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria (under strict terms of an alliance with Austria), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "the war dragged on for years, the Battle of Blenheim was probably its most decisive victory; Marlborough and Eugene, working indivisibly together, had saved the Habsburg Empire and thereby preserved the Grand Alliance from collapse." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Before the 1704 campaign ended, the Allies had taken Landau, and the towns of Trier and Trarbach on the Moselle in preparation for the following year's campaign into France itself." }, { "section_header": "Battle | The battlefield", "text": "The battlefield stretched for nearly 6 km (3 1⁄2 mi)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Principal photography", "text": "The Two Towers shared principal photography with The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "The scene is possibly inspired by one in the book cut from The Fellowship of the Ring where it is the Fellowship who battle them." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "In the film, Faramir takes Frodo, Sam and the Ring to the Battle of Osgiliath—they do not go there in the book." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "Boyens contends these plot changes were needed to keep the Ring menacing." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Like the other films in the series, The Two Towers has an ensemble cast, and the cast and their respective characters include: Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins: A young hobbit sent on a quest to destroy the One Ring, the burden of which is becoming heavier." }, { "section_header": "Production | Score", "text": "The musical score for The Two Towers was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and followed by The Return of the King (2003)." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "In the book, Faramir (like Aragorn) quickly recognises the Ring as a danger and a temptation, and does not hesitate long before letting Frodo and Sam go." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "The Two Towers was the most difficult of the Rings films to make, having neither a clear beginning nor end to focus the script." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Synthesis and production", "text": "Ammonia is one of the most produced inorganic chemicals, with global production reported at 175 million tonnes in 2018." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes." }, { "section_header": "Uses | As a cleaner", "text": "Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | As a fuel", "text": "Compared to hydrogen as a fuel, ammonia is much more energy efficient, and could be produced, stored, and delivered at a much lower cost than hydrogen which must be kept compressed as a cryogenic liquid." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Minor and emerging uses | As a fuel", "text": "The 60 MW Rjukan dam in Telemark, Norway produced ammonia for many years from 1913, providing fertilizer for much of Europe." }, { "section_header": "Uses | As a cleaner", "text": "United States manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's material safety data sheet which lists the concentration used." }, { "section_header": "Uses | As a cleaner", "text": "It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime." }, { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Toxicity | Coking wastewater", "text": "The Whyalla steelworks in South Australia is one example of a coke-producing facility which discharges ammonia into marine waters." }, { "section_header": "Uses | Antimicrobial agent for food products", "text": "\" In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of zoonotic bacteria in 3 types of animal feed, but not silage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is set in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Development", "text": "Five people total were involved in the real-life accident, four girls and one boy." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is set in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Curious, the narrator sets out to learn about him." }, { "section_header": "Development", "text": "It is among the few works by Wharton with a rural setting." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel was adapted into a film, Ethan Frome, in 1993." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Ethan tries to help by setting the dish's pieces neatly in the cupboard, presenting the false impression of wholeness if not examined closely, with plans to purchase some glue and fix it as soon as he can." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "This is Ethan Frome, who is a lifelong resident and a local fixture of the community." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ethan Frome is a 1911 book by American author Edith Wharton." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "She began writing Ethan Frome in the early 1900s when she was still married." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The New York Times called Ethan Frome \"a compelling and haunting story." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Albert Goodwill Spalding (September 2, 1849 – September 9, 1915) was an American pitcher, manager, and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Baseball career | Player", "text": "People had used gloves previously, but they were not popular, and Spalding himself was skeptical of wearing one at first." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Albert Goodwill Spalding (September 2, 1849 – September 9, 1915) was an American pitcher, manager, and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Tour", "text": "In 1888–1889, Spalding took a group of major league players around the world to promote baseball and Spalding sporting goods." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Businessman", "text": "In 1874 while Spalding was playing and organizing the league, Spalding and his brother Walter began a sporting goods store in Chicago, which grew rapidly (14 stores by 1901) and expanded into a manufacturer and distributor of all kinds of sporting equipment." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Player", "text": "In 1877, Spalding began to use a glove to protect his catching hand." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Player", "text": "However, once he began donning gloves, he influenced other players to do so." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Businessman", "text": "The company became \"synonymous with sporting goods\" and is still a going concern." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Tour", "text": "The league lasted one year, partially due to the anti-competitive tactics of Spalding to limit its success." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1939, as one of the first inductees from the 19th century at that summer's opening ceremonies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Poosh 'Em Up\" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to \"hit it out\" (hit a home run)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "He hit a grand slam during the 1936 World Series, only the second grand slam in World Series history." }, { "section_header": "Minor league career", "text": "That year he became one of what are today" }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "In a bases loaded situation in the seventh inning of the deciding game, Grover Cleveland Alexander struck out Lazzeri to save the series for the Cardinals." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "Lazzeri scored the deciding run in the 1937 World Series, as the Yankees defeated the New York Giants." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "The Yankees reached the 1926 World Series, losing to the St. Louis Cardinals." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "He hit two home runs for the Yankees in their 1932 World Series victory." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "Nevertheless, Lazzeri returned to the team, and hit a key double off of Alexander in the 1928 World Series, which the Yankees won." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "The Yankees finished the season with a 110–44 win-loss record, and defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1927 World Series." }, { "section_header": "Later career", "text": "Though he received little playing time, the Cubs won the NL championship and appeared in the 1938 World Series against the Yankees, which the Yankees won." }, { "section_header": "New York Yankees", "text": "During this period, the Yankees won six American League pennants (1926, 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936 and 1937) and five World Series championships (1927, 1928, 1932, 1936 and 1937)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Poosh 'Em Up\" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to \"hit it out\" (hit a home run)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Attitudes towards Catherine", "text": "Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Rights and conditions", "text": "During her reign, Catherine gave away many state-owned peasants to become private serfs (owned by a landowner), and while their ownership changed hands, a serf's location never did." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Rights and conditions", "text": "A landowner could punish his serfs at his discretion, and under Catherine the Great gained the ability to sentence his serfs to hard labour in Siberia, a punishment normally reserved for convicted criminals." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Attitudes towards Catherine", "text": "However, usually, if the serfs did not like the policies of the tsar, they saw the nobles as corrupt and evil, preventing the people of Russia from communicating with the well-intentioned tsar and misinterpreting her decrees." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Despite Johanna's interference, Empress Elizabeth took a strong liking to Catherine, who, on arrival in Russia in 1744 spared no effort to ingratiate herself not only with Empress Elizabeth, but with her husband and with the Russian people as well." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Rights and conditions", "text": "While the majority of serfs were farmers bound to the land, a noble could have his serfs sent away to learn a trade or be educated at a school as well as employ them at businesses that paid wages." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Rights and conditions", "text": "Historically, when the serfs faced problems they could not solve on their own (such as abusive masters), they often appealed to the autocrat, and continued doing so during Catherine's reign, but she signed legislation prohibiting it." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Rights and conditions", "text": "This happened more often during Catherine's reign because of the new schools she established." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Attitudes towards Catherine", "text": "Their discontent led to widespread outbreaks of violence and rioting during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1774." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Catherine (portrayed by Meghan Tonjes) is featured in the web series Epic Rap Battles of History, in the episode \"Alexander the Great vs Ivan the Terrible\" (12 July 2016), pitted against the titular characters, as well as Frederick the Great and Pompey the Great." }, { "section_header": "Arts and culture | Religious affairs | Islam", "text": "Catherine promised more serfs of all religions, as well as amnesty for convicts, if Muslims chose to convert to Orthodoxy." }, { "section_header": "Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Attitudes towards Catherine", "text": "Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although the first edition was published in 1855, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and re-writing Leaves of Grass, revising it multiple times until his death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Publication history and origin | Initial publication", "text": "The title Leaves of Grass was a pun." }, { "section_header": "Publication history and origin | Sections", "text": "By its later editions, Leaves of Grass had grown to fourteen sections." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Whitman was a believer in phrenology (in the 1855 preface to Leaves of Grass" }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "My Captain!\" from Leaves of Grass, along with other references to Whitman himself." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Nevertheless, Whitman has been criticized for the nationalism expressed in Leaves of Grass and other works." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Leaves of Grass appears in John Green's novel Paper Towns." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Leaves of Grass: A Choral Symphony was composed by Robert Strassburg in 1992." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by the American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892)." }, { "section_header": "Publication history and origin | \"Deathbed edition\"", "text": "This last version of Leaves of Grass was published in 1892 and is referred to as the \"deathbed edition\"." }, { "section_header": "Publication history and origin | Initial publication", "text": "Whitman sent a copy of the first edition of Leaves of Grass to Emerson, who had inspired its creation." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although the first edition was published in 1855, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and re-writing Leaves of Grass, revising it multiple times until his death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Perhaps the strongest evidence is his first name, Maria, which is traditional for a child born on 8 September, the feast-day of the Nativity of the Virgin." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Cherubini was born Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini in Florence in 1760." } ]

[ { "section_header": "French assimilation", "text": "This position gave Cherubini the opportunity to read countless libretti and choose one that best suited his temperament." }, { "section_header": "French assimilation", "text": "Although Napoleon found him too complex, Cherubini wrote at least one patriotic work per year for more than a decade." }, { "section_header": "French assimilation", "text": "Cherubini adopted the French version of his name, Marie-Louis-Charles-Zénobi-Salvador Cherubini; this appears in all extant documents that show his full name after 1790, though his Italian name is favored nowadays." }, { "section_header": "Works | Operas", "text": "See List of operas by Luigi Cherubini" }, { "section_header": "French assimilation", "text": "Feeling financially secure, he married Anne Cécile Tourette in 1794 and began a family of three children." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Cherubini was born Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini in Florence in 1760." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Perhaps the strongest evidence is his first name, Maria, which is traditional for a child born on 8 September, the feast-day of the Nativity of the Virgin." }, { "section_header": "Adulthood and first operas", "text": "Except for a brief return trip to London and to Turin for an opera seria commissioned by King Victor Amadeus III, Cherubini spent the rest of his life in France where he was initiated into Grand Orient de France \"Saint-Jean de Palestine\" Masonic Lodge in 1784." }, { "section_header": "French assimilation", "text": "Cherubini's music began to show more originality and daring." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Luigi Cherubini ( KERR-uu-BEE-nee, Italian: [luˈiːdʒi keruˈbiːni]; 8 or 14 September 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian Classical and Romantic composer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "After the war, Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions, because he was wary of whether his life, wartime experiences, and Seventh-day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "And I find it remarkable, the level of accuracy in adhering to the principal of the story in this movie.\" Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story, since Doss was very religious." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Other changes to the story occur near the end of the movie when Doss is placed on a stretcher." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "If Hacksaw Ridge is any indication, we are poised for a future filled with great films from the visionary director." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "And I find it remarkable, the level of accuracy in adhering to the principal of the story in this movie.\" Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story, since Doss was very religious." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hacksaw Ridge was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of its top ten Movies of the Year, and has received numerous awards and nominations." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "His father Tom, a Great War veteran, is deeply upset by the decision." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "\" In contrast, Matt Zoller Seitz for RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 stars, and described the film as \"a movie at war with itself.\" Hacksaw Ridge won Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing and was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Garfield, and Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The two strike a romance and Doss tells Dorothy of his interest in medical work." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"The Milford Daily News called the film a \"masterpiece\", adding that it \"is going to end up on many 2016 Top 10 lists, that should get Oscar nominations for Best Actor, Best Director, and Best Picture.\" Maggie Stancu of Movie Pilot wrote that \"Gibson made some of his most genius directing choices in Hacksaw Ridge, and Garfield has given his best performance yet." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "The film won Best Action Movie and Best Actor in an Action Movie for Garfield and was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Garfield, Best Editing, and Best Hair and Makeup at the Critics' Choice Awards." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Hacksaw Ridge was in development limbo for 14 years." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "After the war, Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions, because he was wary of whether his life, wartime experiences, and Seventh-day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gentleman's Agreement is a 1947 American drama film based on Laura Z. Hobson's best-selling 1947 novel of the same name." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception and box-office", "text": ", Gentleman's Agreement was one of Fox's highest-grossing movies of 1947." }, { "section_header": "Reception and box-office", "text": "Gentleman's Agreement received a generally favorable reception from influential New York Times critic Bosley Crowther." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gentleman's Agreement is a 1947 American drama film based on Laura Z. Hobson's best-selling 1947 novel of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Reception and box-office", "text": "In recognition for producing Gentleman's Agreement, the Hollywood chapter of" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It concerns a journalist (played by Gregory Peck) who poses as a Jew to research an exposé on the widespread distrust and dislike of Jews in New York City and the affluent communities of New Canaan, Connecticut and Darien, Connecticut." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Phil announces that he will be moving away from New York when his article is published." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Wales has reservations about the new policy, fearing that the \"wrong Jews\" will be hired and ruin things for the few Jews working there now." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Phil's childhood friend, Dave Goldman (John Garfield), who is Jewish, moves to New York for a job and lives with the Greens while he looks for a home for his family." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Philip Schuyler Green (Gregory Peck) is a widowed journalist who has just moved to New York City with his son Tommy (Dean Stockwell) and mother (Anne Revere)." }, { "section_header": "Reception and box-office", "text": "He does not fill the pages of books with words that string together into a sermon." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Salvador Allende was of Basque and Belgian (Walloons) descent." }, { "section_header": "Coup | Death", "text": "According to Isabel Allende Bussi—the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate—the Allende family has long accepted that the former president shot himself, telling the BBC that: \"The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Foreign relations during Allende's presidency | US involvement", "text": "Both copper corporations aimed to expand privatized copper production in the city of Sewell in the Chilean Andes, where the world's largest underground copper mine \"El Teniente\", was located." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (US: , UK: , American Spanish: [salβaˈðoɾ ɣiˈʝeɾmo aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and socialist politician, who served as the 28th President of Chile from 3 November 1970 until his death on 11 September 1973." }, { "section_header": "Family", "text": "Well-known relatives of Salvador Allende include his daughter Isabel Allende Bussi (a politician) and his first cousin once removed Isabel Allende Llona (a writer)." }, { "section_header": "Coup | Death", "text": "The Guardian reported that a scientific autopsy of the remains had confirmed that \"Salvador Allende committed suicide during the 1973 coup that toppled his socialist government." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his time at medical school Allende was influenced by Professor Max Westenhofer, a German pathologist who emphasized the social determinants of disease and social medicine." }, { "section_header": "Coup | Death", "text": "The bullets blew out the top of his head and killed him instantly." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Salvador Allende was of Basque and Belgian (Walloons) descent." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile." }, { "section_header": "Coup | Death", "text": "According to Isabel Allende Bussi—the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate—the Allende family has long accepted that the former president shot himself, telling the BBC that: \"The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Rickey could tell from the faintest, most undetectable twitch of a pitcher's muscles whether he was going home or throwing over to first." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was further known for his unquenchable passion for playing baseball and a buoyant, eccentric, and quotable personality that both perplexed and entertained fans." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "As a child learning to play baseball in Oakland, Henderson developed the ability to bat right-handed although he was a naturally left-handed thrower—a rare combination for baseball players, especially non-pitchers." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "They can go from first to second in 2.9 seconds; and no pitcher catcher combination in baseball could throw from here to there to tag second in 2.9 seconds, it was always 3, 3.1, 3.2." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\"In July 2007, New York Sun sportswriter Tim Marchman wrote about Henderson's accomplishments: He stole all those bases and scored all those runs and played all those years" }, { "section_header": "Image and personality", "text": "Calling on behalf of Rickey. Rickey wants to play baseball.\" However, Henderson denied that this happened in a February 26, 2009, interview on Mike and Mike in the Morning." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Retirement", "text": "Instead, Rickey thinks people want Rickey to quit more than anything.\" Henderson played his last major league game on September 19, 2003; he was hit by a pitch in his only plate appearance, and came around to score his 2,295th run." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Think about this again. There would be nothing, absolutely nothing, a pitcher would want to avoid more than walking Rickey Henderson to lead off an inning." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Longtime scout Charlie Metro remembered the havoc caused by Henderson: '\"I did a lot of study and I found that it's impossible to throw Rickey Henderson out." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rickey Nelson Henley Henderson (born December 25, 1958) is an American retired professional baseball left fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for nine teams from 1979 to 2003, including four separate tenures with his original team, the Oakland Athletics." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Second stint with the San Diego Padres (2001)", "text": "That final game was also Tony Gwynn's last major league game, and Henderson had originally wanted to sit out so as not to detract from the occasion, but Gwynn insisted that Henderson play." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Rickey could tell from the faintest, most undetectable twitch of a pitcher's muscles whether he was going home or throwing over to first." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was further known for his unquenchable passion for playing baseball and a buoyant, eccentric, and quotable personality that both perplexed and entertained fans." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The 1937 radio adaptation by Orson Welles." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Called \"the most memorable film version\", it was filmed in East Germany and was overtly political." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Major", "text": "By popular acclaim, he is made mayor." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Minor", "text": "She is independent and well versed in the ways of the world and had previously been in England." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "[The Hunchback of Notre Dame], he accomplishes for the modern world in Les Miserables\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the English-speaking world, the novel is usually referred to by its original French title." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Minor", "text": "Napoleon made him a baron, but the next regime refused to recognize his barony or his status as a colonel, instead referring to him only as a commandant." }, { "section_header": "English translations", "text": "The translator explains in an introduction that he has placed two of the novel's longer digressive passages into appendices and made some minor abridgements in the text." }, { "section_header": "Novel form", "text": "Humankind's wounds, those huge sores that litter the world, do not stop at the blue and red lines drawn on maps." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "He instructed them to build on his earlier success and suggested this approach: \"What Victor H. did for the Gothic world in Notre-Dame of Paris" }, { "section_header": "Novel form", "text": "The novel contains various subplots, but the main thread is the story of ex-convict Jean Valjean, who becomes a force for good in the world but cannot escape his criminal past." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The 1937 radio adaptation by Orson Welles." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Family and childhood | Mother's death", "text": "Abraham became close to his stepmother, and called her \"Mother\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "U.S. House of Representatives, 1847–1849", "text": "He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any, participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line." }, { "section_header": "Family and childhood | Education and move to Illinois", "text": "As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores, and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21." }, { "section_header": "Presidency | Native American policy", "text": "Lincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham at their hands, in the presence of his father and uncles." }, { "section_header": "Republican politics 1854–1860 | Emergence as Republican leader | Dred Scott v. Sandford", "text": "He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal \"in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\"." }, { "section_header": "Family and childhood | Mother's death", "text": "Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln." }, { "section_header": "Family and childhood | Early life", "text": "Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky." }, { "section_header": "Republican politics 1854–1860 | 1860 presidential election", "text": "As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party." }, { "section_header": "Presidency | Reconstruction", "text": "In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors." }, { "section_header": "Republican politics 1854–1860 | Emergence as Republican leader | 1856 campaign", "text": "Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union." }, { "section_header": "Religious and philosophical beliefs", "text": "He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others." }, { "section_header": "Family and childhood | Mother's death", "text": "Abraham became close to his stepmother, and called her \"Mother\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Impressed by the contents of the dialogues, often very sober and strange, he decided to write an absurd play named L'anglais sans peine (\"English without toil\")." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "La Cantatrice chauve – translated from French as The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna – is the first play written by Romanian-French playwright Eugène Ionesco." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "et des chats, (\"It's raining cats and dogs\", translated in French literally); \"L'heure anglaise\" and \"Big Ben Follies\"." }, { "section_header": "Story", "text": "The Smiths leave. Scene 3The Martins enter, and Mary chides them for being late; then she exits." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Other possible titles which were considered included Il pleut des chiens" }, { "section_header": "Story", "text": "Allegedly she is going to name another relative by the same name, but being that they all have the same name and work in the same industry the Smiths have a difficult time figuring out who is who." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Its actual title was the result of an error in rehearsal by actor Henri-Jacques Huet: the fire chief's monologue initially included a mention of \"l'institutrice blonde\" (\"the blonde schoolteacher\"), but Huet said \"la cantatrice chauve\", and Ionesco, who was present, decided to re-use the phrase." }, { "section_header": "Story", "text": "While they wait for something to happen they tell telling stories, none of which make sense." }, { "section_header": "Meaning", "text": "The Bald Soprano appears to have been written as a continuous loop." }, { "section_header": "Meaning", "text": "Like many plays in the theatre of the absurd genre, the underlying theme of The Bald Soprano is not immediately apparent." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "By the 1960s, The Bald Soprano had already been recognized as a modern classic and an important seminal work in the Theatre of the Absurd." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Impressed by the contents of the dialogues, often very sober and strange, he decided to write an absurd play named L'anglais sans peine (\"English without toil\")." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In April 2019, Microsoft reached the trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third U.S. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion after Apple and Amazon respectively." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In April 2019, Microsoft reached the trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third U.S. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion after Apple and Amazon respectively." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since Satya Nadella took over as CEO in 2014, the company has scaled back on hardware and has instead focused on cloud computing, a move that helped the company's shares reach its highest value since December 1999.Earlier dethroned by Apple in 2010, in 2018 Microsoft reclaimed its position as the most valuable publicly traded company in the world." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Financial", "text": "only Apple Inc. Its total market value was over $410B—with the stock price hitting $50.04 a share, the highest since early 2000." }, { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "Other companies like Borland, WordPerfect, Novell, IBM and Lotus, being much slower to adapt to the new situation, would give Microsoft a market dominance." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Marketing", "text": "This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a fraction of the switching costs from Windows Server to Linux, although companies surveyed noted the increased security and reliability of Linux servers and concern about being locked into using Microsoft products." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Corporate culture", "text": "Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas makes it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating \"I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap\" in 2005." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Corporate culture", "text": "Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H-1B visas, which allow companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers." }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Marketing", "text": "In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their company (i.e. lower TCO)." }, { "section_header": "History | 1985–1994: Windows and Office", "text": "In effect, the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty, or tax, on the OEM's use of a competing PC operating system." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Environment", "text": "The company also subsidizes regional public transport, provided by Sound Transit and King County Metro, as an incentive." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "In 1892, a professional team in Hastings, Nebraska sent a railroad ticket to Des Moines semiprofessional player Byron McKibbon, but McKibbon backed out and gave the ticket to Clarke instead." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Fred Clarke was born on a farm near Winterset, Iowa." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a left fielder and left-handed batter." }, { "section_header": "After his playing days", "text": "He was one of 24 original inductees into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1951." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "In 1892, a professional team in Hastings, Nebraska sent a railroad ticket to Des Moines semiprofessional player Byron McKibbon, but McKibbon backed out and gave the ticket to Clarke instead." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "At age two, his family moved as part of a covered wagon caravan from Iowa to Kansas before relocating to Des Moines, Iowa, five years later." }, { "section_header": "Pittsburgh", "text": "The following season, his last as a regular player, 38-year-old Clarke made 10 putouts in left field in one game on April 25, 1911." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "As a child in Des Moines, Clarke sold newspapers for the Iowa State Register where his boss was future Baseball Hall of Fame member, Ed Barrow." }, { "section_header": "After his playing days", "text": "Clarke remained active and seemingly indestructible into his 70s." }, { "section_header": "After his playing days", "text": "Fred Clarke died in Winfield at age 87." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Hall of Famer, Clarke played for and managed both the Louisville Colonels and Pittsburgh Pirates." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession", "text": "However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession", "text": "However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession", "text": "Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession", "text": "In 2008, Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Atticus Finch, the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession", "text": "One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Social commentary and challenges", "text": "Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Jean Louise Finch, nicknamed Scout, lives with her older brother Jeremy, nicknamed Jem, and their widowed father Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Social commentary and challenges", "text": "I think by calling Harper Lee brave" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She briefly became a school teacher, before moving into computer science." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Spärck Jones was educated at a grammar school in Huddersfield and then from 1953 to 1956 at Girton College, Cambridge, studying history, with an additional final year in Moral Sciences (philosophy)." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She briefly became a school teacher, before moving into computer science." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beethoven's works remain mainstays of the classical music repertoire." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ludwig van Beethoven ( (listen); Ludwig van Beethoven ( (listen); German: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːtʰoːfn̩] (listen); baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist; his music is amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire, and he is one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beethoven's works remain mainstays of the classical music repertoire." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "His works span the transition from the classical period to the romantic era in classical music." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Family and early life", "text": "Ludwig had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment and gave keyboard and violin lessons to supplement his income." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the years from 1810, increasingly less socially involved, Beethoven composed many of his most admired works including his later symphonies and his mature chamber music and piano sonatas." }, { "section_header": "Music | Bonn 1782–1792", "text": "Kernan suggests that at this stage Beethoven was not especially notable for his works in sonata style, but more for his vocal music; his move to Vienna in 1792 set him on the path to develop the music in the genres he became known for." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1780–1792: Bonn", "text": "These two Emperor Cantatas were never performed at the time and they remained lost until the 1880s when they were described by Johannes Brahms as \"Beethoven through and through\" and as such prophetic of the style which would mark his music as distinct from the classical tradition." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Family and early life", "text": "Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, and two younger brothers survived infancy." }, { "section_header": "Music | The late period", "text": "He began a renewed study of older music, including works by Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, that were then being published in the first attempts at complete editions." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beethoven was born in Bonn. His musical talent was obvious at an early age, and he was initially harshly and intensively taught by his father Johann van Beethoven." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1967 through 1983." } ]

[ { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "Bench still holds the Major League record for the most grand slam home runs by a catcher with 10." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "He caught 118 shutouts during his career, ranking him 12th all-time among major league catchers." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "By the turn of the decade, the hinged mitt became standard catchers' equipment." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "He retired as the career home run leader for catchers, a record which stood until surpassed by Carlton Fisk and the current record holder, Mike Piazza." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "He led the National League three times in caught stealing percentage and ended his career with a .990 fielding percentage at catcher and an overall .987 fielding percentage." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "Bench had 2,048 hits for a .267 career batting average with 389 home runs and 1,376 RBI during his 17-year Major League career, all spent with the Reds." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "The mitt allowed Bench to tuck his throwing arm safely to the side when receiving the pitch." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "In his career, Bench earned 10 Gold Gloves, was named to the National League All-Star team 14 times, and won two Most Valuable Player Awards." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "Bench also won such awards as the Lou Gehrig Award (1975), the Babe Ruth Award (1976), and the Hutch Award (1981).Bench popularized the hinged catcher's mitt, first introduced by Randy Hundley of the Chicago Cubs." }, { "section_header": "MLB career statistics", "text": "Having huge hands (a famous photograph features him holding seven baseballs in his right hand), Bench also tended to block breaking balls in the dirt by scooping them with one hand instead of the more common and fundamentally proper way: dropping to both knees and blocking the ball using the chest protector to keep the ball in front." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1967 through 1983." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He left a factory job in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1884 to form a minor league team." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Frank Gibson Selee (October 26, 1859 – July 5, 1909) was an American Major League Baseball manager in the National League (NL)." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "With the Cubs, he created the famous Tinker-to-Evers-to-Chance infield combination, by converting Frank Chance from catcher to first base, Joe Tinker from third base to shortstop, and Johnny Evers from shortstop to second base." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He left a factory job in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1884 to form a minor league team." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 for his managerial achievements." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In all, twelve of his players went on be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Post-career", "text": "In 1999, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee for his achievements as a manager." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Selee was born in Amherst, New Hampshire." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "This was the fifth and final pennant for Selee and the Beaneaters." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "His successor was Frank Chance, who went on lead the Cubs to four National League titles and two World Series victories." }, { "section_header": "Post-career", "text": "Selee died of consumption (tuberculosis) at the age of 49 in Denver, Colorado, and was interred at Wyoming Cemetery in Melrose, Massachusetts." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture | Texas self-perception", "text": "The phrase \"everything is bigger in Texas\" has been in regular use since at least 1950; and was used as early as 1913." }, { "section_header": "Transportation | Airports", "text": "American Airlines Group's American / American Eagle, the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported and passenger fleet size, uses DFW as its largest and main hub." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Texas self-perception", "text": "Texas was the largest U.S. state, until Alaska became a state in 1959." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Texas self-perception", "text": "\"Texas-sized\" is an expression that can be used in two ways: to describe something that is about the size of the U.S. state of Texas, or to describe something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "If Texas were a sovereign state, it would be the 10th largest economy in the world." }, { "section_header": "Demographics | Cities, towns, and metropolitan areas", "text": "Texas has the largest number of people of all states, living in colonias." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "The Energy Information Administration states the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels." }, { "section_header": "Demographics | Ethnicity", "text": "There are nearly 200,000 Czech Americans living in Texas, the largest number of any state." }, { "section_header": "Demographics", "text": "While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than Houston." }, { "section_header": "Government and politics | State government", "text": "Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment, having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the Gregg v. Georgia case (see Capital punishment in Texas)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, gave the film an average score of 95 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Top ten lists", "text": "The Hurt Locker was listed on many critics' top ten lists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Hurt Locker received widespread acclaim, with Renner's performance receiving praise from critics." }, { "section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "The Hurt Locker is based on accounts of Mark Boal, a freelance journalist who was embedded with an American bomb squad in the war in Iraq for two weeks in 2004." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "clear : American soldiers shot at Iraqi civilians even when, for example, they just happened to be holding a cell phone and standing near an IED.\" She concludes, \"For all the graphic violence, bloody explosions and, literally, human butchery that is shown in the film, The Hurt Locker is one of the most effective recruiting vehicles for the U.S. Army that I have seen.\" John Pilger, journalist and documentarian, criticized the film in the New Statesman, writing that it \"offers a vicarious thrill via yet another standard-issue psychopath high on violence in somebody else's country where the deaths of a million people are consigned to cinematic oblivion." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, gave the film an average score of 95 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Top ten lists", "text": "The Hurt Locker was listed on many critics' top ten lists." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Hurt Locker was named the tenth \"Best Film of the 21st Century" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film earned near universal acclaim from critics, who praised Bigelow's directing, Renner's performance, writing, and action sequences." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The critics' consensus reads, \"A well-acted, intensely shot, action filled war epic, Kathryn Bigelow's The Hurt Locker is thus far the best of the recent dramatizations of the Iraq War." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Corliss summarized, \"The Hurt Locker is a near-perfect movie about men in war, men at work." }, { "section_header": "Awards and accolades", "text": "The Hurt Locker was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A merciless satire of greed and lust, it remains Jonson's most-performed play, and it is ranked among the finest Jacobean era comedies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "Famous eighteenth-century Volpones included James Quin; famous Moscas included Charles Macklin." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Volpone (Italian for \"sly fox\") is a comedy play by English playwright Ben Jonson first produced in 1605–1606, drawing on elements of city comedy and beast fable." }, { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "The play has since been staged by a number of famous companies." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Despite Volpone's pleas, Mosca refuses to relinquish his new role as a rich man." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A merciless satire of greed and lust, it remains Jonson's most-performed play, and it is ranked among the finest Jacobean era comedies." }, { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "Wolfit's dynamic performance in the title role, repeated several times over the next decades, set the standard for modern interpretations of Volpone: Politick's plot was truncated or eliminated, and Mosca (played in 1938 by Alan Wheatley) relegated to a secondary role." }, { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "Nano – a dwarf, companion of Volpone Androgyno – a hermaphrodite, companion of Volpone Castrone – a eunuch, companion of Volpone" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Volpone was played by Tamás Major." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Believing that Volpone has been rendered impotent by his illness, Corvino offers his wife in order that, when he is revived, Volpone will recognise Corvino as his sole heir." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "To Volpone, Mosca mentions that Corvino has a beautiful wife, Celia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC near Zama, now in Tunisia, and marked the end of the Second Punic War." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Prelude", "text": "Masinissa was to be allowed to expand Numidia into parts of Africa." }, { "section_header": "Prelude", "text": "The Carthaginian senate recalled Hannibal, who was still in Italy (although confined to the south of the peninsula) when Scipio landed in Africa, in 203 BC." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "When Rome waged war again on Carthage about 50 years later, the Carthaginians had little power and could not defeat the by-then very aged Masinissa in Africa." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "At this point there was a pause in the battle as both sides redeployed their troops." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "Scipio's plan to neutralize the threat of the elephants had worked; his troops then fell back into traditional Roman battle formation." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "The battle finally turned in the Romans' favor when the Roman cavalry returned to the battlefield and attacked the Carthaginian line from behind." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "At the outset of the battle, Hannibal unleashed his elephants and skirmishers against the Roman troops in order to break the cohesion of their lines and exploit the breaches that could be opened." }, { "section_header": "Troop deployment", "text": "Scipio refused, saying that it was either unconditional surrender or battle." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The elephants opened the battle by charging the main Roman army." }, { "section_header": "Troop deployment", "text": "The two men are said to have met face-to-face before the battle." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC near Zama, now in Tunisia, and marked the end of the Second Punic War." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A native of the Jersey Shore, he received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in the U.S.A. (1984) is Springsteen's most commercially successful album, proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E Street Band." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1964–1972: Early years", "text": "The nickname also reportedly sprang from games of Monopoly that Springsteen would play with other Jersey Shore musicians." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen was born at Monmouth Medical Center, in Long Branch, New Jersey, on September 23, 1949." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A native of the Jersey Shore, he received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1964–1972: Early years", "text": "During this time, he performed regularly at venues on the Jersey Shore, in Richmond, Virginia, Nashville, Tennessee, and a set of gigs in California, quickly gathering a cult following." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1964–1972: Early years", "text": "In the late 1960s, Springsteen performed briefly in a power trio known as Earth, playing in clubs in New Jersey, with one major show at the Hotel Diplomat in New York City." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1984–1991: Commercial and popular phenomenon", "text": "Springsteen is probably best known for his album Born in the U.S.A. (1984), which sold 15 million copies in the U.S., 30 million worldwide, and became one of the best-selling albums of all time with seven singles hitting the Top 10." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1984–1991: Commercial and popular phenomenon", "text": "It rests in the message of hope in the songs of a man so many young Americans admire—New Jersey's own, Bruce Springsteen.\" Two nights later, at a concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen told the crowd, \"Well, the president was mentioning my name in his speech the other day" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1964–1972: Early years", "text": "subsequently one of the lead singers of the Castiles." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1984–1991: Commercial and popular phenomenon", "text": "Bruce Springsteen: The Berlin Concert That Changed the World." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in the U.S.A. (1984) is Springsteen's most commercially successful album, proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1991–1995: Resurrection, final albums and final dissolution", "text": "In early 1991, Dire Straits reunited." }, { "section_header": "History | 1987–1990: First break-up", "text": "This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "The following year, Dire Straits embarked on their first North American tour." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "The song was one of Dire Straits' biggest hits and became a fixture in the band's live performances." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "In the coming year, however, this approach began to change, along with the group's line-up." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "That year, Dire Straits began a tour as opening band for Talking Heads after the re-released \"Sultans of Swing\" finally started to climb the UK charts." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dire Straits are one of the world's best-selling music artists, with album sales of over 100 million." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "The name Dire Straits was coined by a musician flatmate of Withers, allegedly thought up while they were rehearsing in the kitchen of a friend, Simon Cowe, of Lindisfarne." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "She felt that it was the kind of music audiences were hungry for, but only one person in her department agreed at first." }, { "section_header": "History | 1991–1995: Resurrection, final albums and final dissolution", "text": "Bill Flanagan described the sequence of events in GQ: \"The subsequent world tour lasted nearly two years, made mountains of money and drove Dire Straits into the ground." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "The group's first album, Dire Straits, was recorded at Basing Street studios in Notting Hill, London in February 1978, at a cost of £12,500." }, { "section_header": "History | 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums", "text": "Dire Straits eventually went top 10 in every European country." }, { "section_header": "History | 1991–1995: Resurrection, final albums and final dissolution", "text": "In early 1991, Dire Straits reunited." }, { "section_header": "History | 1987–1990: First break-up", "text": "This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They welcomed their second daughter, August, in August 2017." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "On December 1, Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter, Maxima Chan Zuckerberg (\"Max\")." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Software developer | College years", "text": "In January 2014, he recalled: I remember really vividly, you know, having pizza with my friends a day or two after—I opened up the first version of Facebook at the time I thought, \"You know, someone needs to build a service like this for the world.\" But I just never thought that we'd be the ones to help do it." }, { "section_header": "Depictions in media | Other depictions", "text": "The real Zuckerberg was reported to have been amused: \"I thought this was funny.\"Stephen" }, { "section_header": "Depictions in media | The Social Network", "text": "Eisenberg asked Zuckerberg, who had been critical of his portrayal by the film, what he thought of the movie." }, { "section_header": "Depictions in media | The Social Network | Disputed accuracy", "text": "Jeff Jarvis, author of the book Public Parts, interviewed Zuckerberg and believed Sorkin made up too much of the story." }, { "section_header": "Career | Facebook", "text": "They got their first office in mid-2004." }, { "section_header": "Depictions in media | The Social Network", "text": "They both said it was the first time they had met." }, { "section_header": "Politics", "text": "Facebook allows employees to free-write thoughts and phrases on company walls." }, { "section_header": "Software developer | Early years", "text": "Mark created them. \" Zuckerberg himself recalls this period: \"I had a bunch of friends who were artists." }, { "section_header": "Philanthropy and Chan Zuckerberg Initiative", "text": "He called it a \"cool idea\". Zuckerberg founded the Start-up: Education foundation." }, { "section_header": "Career | Facebook", "text": "On July 21, 2010, Zuckerberg reported that the company reached the 500 million-user mark." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They welcomed their second daughter, August, in August 2017." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "On December 1, Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter, Maxima Chan Zuckerberg (\"Max\")." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes and analysis", "text": "\" Dupin is not a professional detective; he decides to investigate the murders in the Rue Morgue for his personal amusement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The word detective did not exist at the time Poe wrote \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", though there were other stories that featured similar problem-solving characters." }, { "section_header": "Themes and analysis", "text": "\" Dupin is not a professional detective; he decides to investigate the murders in the Rue Morgue for his personal amusement." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Poe's name was not mentioned and many details, including the name of the Rue Morgue and the main characters (\"Dupin\" became \"Bernier\"), were changed." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception", "text": "Poe biographer Jeffrey Meyers sums up the significance of \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" by saying it \"changed the history of world literature.\" Often cited as the first detective fiction story, the character of Dupin became the prototype for many future fictional detectives, including Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes and Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot." }, { "section_header": "Themes and analysis", "text": "In a letter to friend Dr. Joseph Snodgrass, Poe said of \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", \"its theme was the exercise of ingenuity in detecting a murderer." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Though subtitled \"A Sequel to 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue'\", \"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt\" shares very few common elements with \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" beyond the inclusion of C. Auguste Dupin and the Paris setting." }, { "section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The name of the main character may have been inspired from the \"Dupin\" character in a series of stories first published in Burton's Gentleman's Magazine in 1828 called \"Unpublished passages in the Life of Vidocq, the French Minister of Police\"." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception", "text": "\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" also established many tropes that would become common elements in mystery fiction: the eccentric but brilliant detective, the bumbling constabulary, the first-person narration by a close personal friend." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A made-for-TV movie, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, aired in 1986." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" has been adapted for radio, film and television many times." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jack was a salesman and storyteller whose grandparents were Irish Catholic emigrants from County Tipperary, while Nelle was of English, Irish and Scottish descent." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was the younger son of Nelle Clyde (née Wilson; 1883–1962) and Jack Reagan (1883–1941)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan worked to root out communist influence." }, { "section_header": "Post-presidency (1989–2004) | Public speaking", "text": "In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation." }, { "section_header": "Presidency (1981–1989) | First term | Civil rights", "text": "In 1982, he signed a bill extending the Voting Rights Act for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "That year, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington," }, { "section_header": "Post-presidency (1989–2004) | Public speaking", "text": "Previously, on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public." }, { "section_header": "Presidency (1981–1989) | First term", "text": "Ronald Reagan was 69 years old when he was sworn into office for his first term on January 20, 1981." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "This entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters \"GCB\" but, as a foreign national, not to be known as \"Sir Ronald Reagan\"." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "After Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jack was a salesman and storyteller whose grandparents were Irish Catholic emigrants from County Tipperary, while Nelle was of English, Irish and Scottish descent." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was the younger son of Nelle Clyde (née Wilson; 1883–1962) and Jack Reagan (1883–1941)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "As a youth he was sent to study in Rome at the monastery of St. Mary on the Aventine, where, according to some unconfirmed sources, his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Internal policy and reforms", "text": "Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities." }, { "section_header": "Pontificate | Election to the papacy", "text": "Pope Gregory VII was one of the few popes elected by acclamation." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "As a youth he was sent to study in Rome at the monastery of St. Mary on the Aventine, where, according to some unconfirmed sources, his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Pope Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his sarcophagus in the city's Cathedral says: \"I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I die in exile.\" Gregory VII was beatified by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584 and canonized on 24 May 1728 by Pope Benedict XIII." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Gregory VII ( Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (" }, { "section_header": "Start of conflict with the Emperor | Pope and emperor depose each other", "text": "On the following day, 22 February 1076, Pope Gregory VII pronounced a sentence of excommunication against Henry IV with all due solemnity, divested him of his royal dignity and absolved his subjects from the oaths they had sworn to him." }, { "section_header": "Doctrine of the Eucharist", "text": "Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Sacrament." }, { "section_header": "Start of conflict with the Emperor", "text": "He sent Count Eberhard to Lombardy to combat the Patarenes; nominated the cleric Tedald to the archbishopric of Milan, thus settling a prolonged and contentious question; and finally tried to establish relations with the Norman duke Robert Guiscard." }, { "section_header": "Start of conflict with the Emperor | Pope and emperor depose each other", "text": "Whether it would produce this effect, or would be an idle threat, depended not so much on Gregory VII as on Henry's subjects, and, above all, on the German princes." }, { "section_header": "Start of conflict with the Emperor", "text": "This state of affairs was of material assistance to Gregory VII." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Elmer Gantry ranked as the number one fiction bestseller of 1927, according to \"Publisher's Weekly\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Elmer Gantry is a satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis in 1926 that presents aspects of the religious activity of America in fundamentalist and evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s public toward it." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Elmer Gantry ranked as the number one fiction bestseller of 1927, according to \"Publisher's Weekly\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Signet Books edition, 1970. Edward Shillito, \"Elmer Gantry and the Church in America\", Nineteenth Century and After 101 (1927): 739–48." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "One cleric suggested that Lewis should be imprisoned for five years, and there were also threats of physical violence against the author." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "John Tyler Blake, \"Sinclair Lewis's Kansas City Laboratory: The Genesis of Elmer Gantry\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sinclair Lewis: New Essays in Criticism." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Lewis finished the book while mending a broken leg on Jackfish Island in Rainy Lake, Minnesota." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "111–23. Wheeler Dixon, \"Cinematic Adaptations of the Works of Sinclair Lewis\", Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Edward A. Martin, \"The Mimic as Artist: Sinclair Lewis\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, 1961, McGraw-Hill." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes | Miscommunication", "text": "As the title of the movie suggests, a major topic is miscommunication." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Miscommunication", "text": "Most of the characters in the movie are connected by not only having to deal with language barriers but also their inability to properly communicate their feelings and wishes, which then leads to complicated turns, trouble and pain." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot | Japan", "text": "She invites one of the detectives, Kenji Mamiya (真宮 賢治" }, { "section_header": "Themes | Globalization", "text": "The movie shows how the actions of one person on one continent can affect the lives of other people on different continents and vice versa." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Morocco", "text": "After Ahmed is hit in the leg, Yussef returns fire, striking one police officer in the shoulder." }, { "section_header": "Plot | United States/Mexico", "text": "Without his permission, Amelia decides to take the children with her to the wedding in a rural community near Tijuana, Mexico." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Babel as a Network Narrative", "text": "One of the central connections between all of the main characters is the rifle." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Japan", "text": "Chieko sees one of her friends kissing another boy whom she had spent the evening flirting with, and leaves the party alone." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"The film received seven Academy Award nominations, winning one." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Globalization", "text": "Characters are also linked through time, something that can be perceived only now, thanks to the rapid communication that is developing in a globalized world." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Richard/Susan", "text": "The death of their infant third child, to SIDS, has strained their marriage significantly and they struggle to communicate their frustration, guilt, and blame; Richard has planned the vacation to make amends, but Susan remains paranoid and hostile." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Miscommunication", "text": "Most of the characters in the movie are connected by not only having to deal with language barriers but also their inability to properly communicate their feelings and wishes, which then leads to complicated turns, trouble and pain." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Miscommunication", "text": "As the title of the movie suggests, a major topic is miscommunication." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (1885–1889 and 1893–1897)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "First presidency (1885–1889) | Native American policy", "text": "Cleveland believed the Dawes Act would lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (1885–1889 and 1893–1897)." }, { "section_header": "Honors and memorials", "text": "Grover Cleveland Middle School in his birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey, was named for him, as is Grover Cleveland High School in Buffalo, New York, and the town of Cleveland, Mississippi." }, { "section_header": "First presidency (1885–1889) | Native American policy", "text": "While a conference of Native leaders endorsed the act, in practice the majority of Native Americans disapproved of it." }, { "section_header": "Honors and memorials", "text": "Grover Cleveland Hall at Buffalo State College in Buffalo, New York is named after Cleveland." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where Grover spent much of his childhood." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "He became known as Grover in his adult life." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Biographer Allan Nevins wrote, \"[I]n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey, to Ann (née Neal) and Richard Falley Cleveland." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Grover returned to Clinton and his schooling at the completion of the apprentice contract." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Other U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit singles by Adams include \"Please Forgive Me\", \"All for Love\" and \"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 2010s", "text": "Adams was one of several Canadian musicians to visit Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper at his official residence." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early career", "text": "An earlier incarnation of the band had a number one hit on the Canadian charts with a song called \"Roxy Roller\"." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2000s", "text": "In the United States, the album charted at number 80.Adams was one of the four musicians who were pictured on the second series of the Canadian Recording Artist Series to be issued by Canada Post stamps on 2 July 2009." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bryan Guy Adams (born 5 November 1959) is a Canadian singer, guitarist, composer, record producer, photographer, philanthropist, and activist." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Other U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit singles by Adams include \"Please Forgive Me\", \"All for Love\" and \"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?\"." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2000s", "text": "In 2004, ARC Weekly released its chart of top pop artists since the last 25 years and Adams came up at number 13 in the chart with four number-one singles, ten top five hits and 17 top ten hits." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early career", "text": "If Wishes Were Horses (1977) with Adams billed as \"Bryan Guy Adams\" on vocals." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2010s", "text": "Bryan Adams performed \"the Ultimate tour\" during the year 2018." }, { "section_header": "Photography | Exhibitions", "text": "The Legacy of War (2013) Untitled (2015) Canadians (2017) Homeless (Steidl, 2019) Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow, July 2012 (Exposed) NRW-Forum, Düsseldorf, Germany. \" Bryan Adams – Exposed\" February – May 2013" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Adams has been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Canada's Walk of Fame, the Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame, and the Canadian Music Hall of Fame." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and career | Origins (1906–1939)", "text": "He graduated from the Kamenskoye Metallurgical Technicum in 1935 and became a metallurgical engineer in the iron and steel industries of eastern Ukraine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) | Domestic policies | Agricultural policy", "text": "When Brezhnev had difficulties sealing commercial trade agreements with the United States, he went elsewhere, such as to Argentina." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Origins (1906–1939)", "text": "He graduated from the Kamenskoye Metallurgical Technicum in 1935 and became a metallurgical engineer in the iron and steel industries of eastern Ukraine." }, { "section_header": "Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) | Foreign and defense policies | Sino–Soviet relations", "text": "Leonid Brezhnev, a pragmatic politician who promoted the idea of \"stabilization\", could not comprehend why Mao would start such a \"self-destructive\" drive to finish the socialist revolution, according to himself." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Origins (1906–1939)", "text": "In 1935 and 1936 he served his compulsory military service, and after taking courses at a tank school, he served as a political commissar in a tank factory." }, { "section_header": "Rise to power | Replacement of Khrushchev as Soviet leader", "text": "After returning from Scandinavia and Czechoslovakia in October 1964, Khrushchev, unaware of the plot, went on holiday in Pitsunda resort on the Black Sea." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (; Russian: Леонид Ильич Брежнев, IPA: [lʲɪɐˈnʲid ɪˈlʲjidʑ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf] (listen); Ukrainian: Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв, 19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union as General Secretary of the governing Communist Party (1964–1982) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1982)." }, { "section_header": "Rise to power | Advancement under Khrushchev", "text": "Brezhnev was recalled to Moscow in 1956." }, { "section_header": "Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) | Foreign and defense policies | The Vietnam War", "text": "Johnson privately suggested to Brezhnev that he would guarantee an end to South Vietnamese hostility if Brezhnev would guarantee a North Vietnamese one." }, { "section_header": "Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) | Foreign and defense policies | Eastern Europe", "text": "This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Gorbachevian discourse blamed Brezhnev for failing to modernize the country and to change with the times, although in a later statement Gorbachev made assurances that Brezhnev was not as bad as he was made out to be, saying, \"Brezhnev was nothing like the cartoon figure that is made of him now." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "the comical (\"The Mutability of Literature\"), but the common thread running through The Sketch Book – and a key part of its attraction to readers – is the personality of Irving's pseudonymous narrator, Geoffrey Crayon." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It also marks Irving's first use of the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon, which he would continue to employ throughout his literary career." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "Little more than five of the 33 chapters deal with American subjects: the essays \"English Writers on America\", \" The Traits of Indian Character\", \"Philip of Pokanoket: An Indian Memoir\", and parts of \"The Author's Account of Himself\" and \"The Angler\"; and Knickerbocker's short stories \"Rip Van Winkle\" and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\"." }, { "section_header": "Influence on American culture", "text": "Byron, I should have as readily believed a fairy tale.\" The Sketch Book introduced three of Irving's most enduring and iconic characters, Rip Van Winkle, Ichabod Crane, and the Headless Horseman." }, { "section_header": "Public and critical response", "text": "Apart from \"Rip Van Winkle\" and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", both of which were immediately acknowledged as The Sketch Book’s finest pieces, American and English readers alike responded most strongly to the more sentimental tales, especially \"The Broken Heart\", – which Byron claimed had made him weep – and \"The Widow and Her Son\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The collection includes two of Irving's best-known stories, attributed to the fictional Dutch historian Diedrich Knickerbocker: \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \"Rip Van Winkle\"." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "Apart from \"Rip Van Winkle\" and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" – the pieces which made both Irving and The Sketch Book famous – the collection of tales includes \"Roscoe\", \"The Broken Heart\", \"The Art of Book-making\", \"A Royal Poet\", \"The Spectre Bridegroom\", \"Westminster Abbey\", \"Little Britain\", and \"John Bull\"." }, { "section_header": "Publishing history | Author's revised edition", "text": "In 1848, as part of the Author's Revised Edition he was completing for publisher George Putnam, Irving added two new stories to The Sketch Book – \"London Antiques\" and \"A Sunday in London\" – as well as a new preface and the postscript to \"Rip Van Winkle\"." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "the comical (\"The Mutability of Literature\"), but the common thread running through The Sketch Book – and a key part of its attraction to readers – is the personality of Irving's pseudonymous narrator, Geoffrey Crayon." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\" The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent\"." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "Erudite, charming, and never one to make himself more interesting than his tales" }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Irving began writing the tales that would appear in The Sketch Book shortly after moving to England for the family business, in 1815." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It also marks Irving's first use of the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon, which he would continue to employ throughout his literary career." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography (CT scans) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5-2% with 2007 rates of CT usage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "Diagnostic X-rays (primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used) increase the risk of developmental problems and cancer in those exposed." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "In the US, there are an estimated 62 million CT scans performed annually, including more than 4 million on children." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography (CT scans) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5-2% with 2007 rates of CT usage." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "Avoiding unnecessary X-rays (especially CT scans) reduces radiation dose and any associated cancer risk." }, { "section_header": "Medical uses | Computed tomography", "text": "Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "Accurate estimation of effective doses due to CT is difficult with the estimation uncertainty range of about ±19% to ±32% for adult head scans depending upon the method used." }, { "section_header": "Energy ranges | Gamma rays", "text": "Occasionally, one term or the other is used in specific contexts due to historical precedent, based on measurement (detection) technique, or based on their intended use rather than their wavelength or source." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "For instance, the effective dose to the torso from a CT scan of the chest is about 5 mSv, and the absorbed dose is about 14 mGy." }, { "section_header": "Properties", "text": "The most often seen applications are in medical radiography and airport security scanners, but similar techniques are also important in industry (e.g. industrial radiography and industrial CT scanning) and research (e.g. small animal CT)." }, { "section_header": "Adverse effects", "text": "A head CT scan (1.5mSv, 64mGy) that is performed once with and once without contrast agent, would be equivalent to 40 years of background radiation to the head." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Great Sphinx of Giza, commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the pharaoh Khafre." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Great Sphinx of Giza, commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the pharaoh Khafre." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Dissenting hypotheses | Early Egyptologists", "text": "Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the Fourth Dynasty rule of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Before this film, this lion head theory had been published in documentary films about the origin of the Sphinx." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Names", "text": "The commonly used name \"Sphinx\" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings)." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Builder and timeframe", "text": "Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafre, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Dissenting hypotheses | Early Egyptologists", "text": "English Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in The Gods of the Egyptians (1914): \"This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period [c. 2686 BC].\" Maspero believed the Sphinx to be \"the most ancient monument in Egypt\"." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "A number of \"dead-end\" shafts are known to exist within and below the body of the Great Sphinx, most likely dug by treasure hunters and tomb robbers." }, { "section_header": "Missing nose and beard", "text": "Other tales ascribe it to being the work of Mamluks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Her influence extended beyond baseball; she was active in the Civil Rights Movement and a social activist." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Before the civil rights movement, Manley supported \"Don't Buy Where You Can't Work\" boycotts." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Her influence extended beyond baseball; she was active in the Civil Rights Movement and a social activist." }, { "section_header": "Newark Eagles", "text": "She displayed particular skill in the area of marketing and often scheduled promotions that advanced the Civil Rights Movement." }, { "section_header": "Newark Eagles", "text": "Manley was also critical of Negro league fans who supported Rickey because they felt he was integrating the major leagues due to civil rights causes rather than her summation of Rickey seeking business opportunity for his motivation." }, { "section_header": "Newark Eagles", "text": "She married Abe Manley in 1935 after meeting him at a New York Yankees game, and he involved her extensively in the operation of his own club, the Newark Eagles in Newark, New Jersey." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "During World War II she arranged for entertainers to perform for segregated Black troops stationed at Fort Dix in New Jersey when they were barred from segregated USO clubs and canteens." }, { "section_header": "Newark Eagles", "text": "Among the Eagles players during her ownership were future major league stars such as Larry Doby, who in 1947 was the first player to integrate the American League, Monte Irvin, and Don Newcombe." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Manley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she attended school." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Because of Effa Manley, the Newark Eagles were as important to black Newark as the Dodgers were to Brooklyn." }, { "section_header": "Book", "text": "Manley and Leon Hardwick wrote Negro Baseball ... Before Integration." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "So some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists; however, like algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, the grouping is used for convenience." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus." }, { "section_header": "Classification | Modern classifications", "text": "The most popular contemporary definition is a phylogenetic one, that identifies a paraphyletic group: a protist is any eukaryote that is not an animal, (land) plant, or (true) fungus; this definition excludes many unicellular groups, like the Microsporidia (fungi), many Chytridiomycetes (fungi), and yeasts (fungi), and also a non-unicellular group included in Protista in the past, the Myxozoa (animal)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "For example, the word \"protist pathogen\" may be used to denote any disease-causing organism that is not plant, animal, fungal, prokaryotic, viral, or subviral." }, { "section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "For most important cellular structures and functions of animal and plants, it can be found a heritage among protists." }, { "section_header": "Classification | Historical classifications", "text": "The kingdom of minerals was later removed from taxonomy in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, leaving plants, animals, and the protists (Protista), defined as a \"kingdom of primitive forms\"." }, { "section_header": "Subdivisions", "text": "Protophyta These \"plant-like\" (autotrophic) organisms are composed mostly of unicellular algae." }, { "section_header": "Subdivisions", "text": "Molds \"Mold\" generally refer to fungi; but slime molds and water molds are \"fungus-like\" (saprophytic) protists, although some are pathogens." }, { "section_header": "Subdivisions", "text": "For instance, the water molds are now considered to be closely related to photosynthetic organisms such as Brown algae and Diatoms, the slime molds are grouped mainly under Amoebozoa, and the Amoebozoa itself includes" }, { "section_header": "Classification | Historical classifications", "text": "He defined the Protoctista as a \"fourth kingdom of nature\", in addition to the then-traditional kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The very traditional Fitzgibbon is further put off by O’Malley's recreational habits – particularly his golf-playing – and his friendship with the even more casual Father Timmy O’Dowd." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Based on a story by Leo McCarey, the film is about a new young priest taking over a parish from an established old veteran." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Going My Way is a 1944 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "In 2004, Going My Way was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "O’Malley puts the older priest to bed, and the two begin to bond." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He sings them the song “Going My Way,” which he wrote on this theme." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "\"Variety liked the film, saying: \"Bing Crosby gets a tailor-made role in Going My Way, and with major assistance from Barry Fitzgerald and Rise Stevens, clicks solidly to provide top-notch entertainment for wide audience appeal." }, { "section_header": "Soundtrack", "text": "\" The Day After Forever\" and \"Going My Way\" also charted briefly." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Going My Way was followed the next year by a sequel, The Bells of St. Mary's." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Jenny visits O’Malley at the church, sees the boys’ choir, and reads the sheet music of “Going My Way.”" }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Father Charles “Chuck” O’Malley, an incoming priest from East St. Louis, is transferred to St. Dominic's Church in New York City." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The very traditional Fitzgibbon is further put off by O’Malley's recreational habits – particularly his golf-playing – and his friendship with the even more casual Father Timmy O’Dowd." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Ancient versions | European versions | Rhodopis", "text": "The oldest known oral version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis, a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt, whose name means \"Rosy-Cheeks\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story of Rhodopis, recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo sometime between around 7 BC and AD 23, about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt, is usually considered to be the earliest known variant of the Cinderella story." }, { "section_header": "Ancient versions | European versions | Rhodopis", "text": "The oldest known oral version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis, a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt, whose name means \"Rosy-Cheeks\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Chinese story of Ye Xian, first attested in a source from around AD 860, is another early variant of the story." }, { "section_header": "Works based on the Cinderella story | Films and television", "text": "Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story." }, { "section_header": "Ancient versions | Non-European versions | Ye Xian", "text": "A version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang written by Duan Chengshi around 860." }, { "section_header": "Works based on the Cinderella story | Films and television", "text": "A Cinderella Story (2004), a modernization featuring Hilary Duff and Chad Michael Murray Another Cinderella Story (2008), a modernization featuring Selena Gomez and Drew Seeley" }, { "section_header": "Works based on the Cinderella story | Books", "text": "Cinderella (1919), Charles S. Evans and illustrated by Arthur Rackham Adelita: A Mexican Cinderella Story (2004)," }, { "section_header": "Works based on the Cinderella story | Films and television", "text": "A Cinderella Story: If the Shoe Fits (2016), a modernization featuring Sofia Carson and Thomas LawA Cinderella Story: Christmas Wish (2019), a modernization featuring Laura Marano and Gregg Sulkin" }, { "section_header": "Literary versions | Cenerentola, by Basile", "text": "Giambattista Basile, an Italian soldier and government official, assembled a set of oral folk tales into a written collection titled Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories), or Pentamerone." }, { "section_header": "Works based on the Cinderella story | Films and television", "text": "Ever After (1998), starring Drew Barrymore, a post-feminist, historical fiction take on the Cinderella story." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"In its first earnings release as a public company, Groupon reported a 2011 fourth-quarter loss of $9.8 million on an adjusted basis, disappointing investors." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "The idea that would eventually become Groupon was born out of founder Andrew Mason's frustration trying to cancel a cell phone contract in 2006." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"In its first earnings release as a public company, Groupon reported a 2011 fourth-quarter loss of $9.8 million on an adjusted basis, disappointing investors." }, { "section_header": "Business | Financials", "text": "From January 2010 through January 2011, Groupon's U.S. monthly revenues grew from $11 million to $89 million." }, { "section_header": "History | Initial public offering", "text": "Groupon's original IPO filing with ACSOI accounting showed a positive operating income of $60.6 million for 2010; after replacing the ACSOI metric with standard accounting metrics, Groupon's IPO filing reported an operating loss of $420 million for 2010." }, { "section_header": "Reception | UK Office of Fair Trading investigation", "text": "In December 2011 the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) launched an investigation into Groupon after the firm broke regulations 48 times in 11 months." }, { "section_header": "Business | Financials", "text": "On November 30, 2010, it was reported that Google offered $5.3 billion with a $700 million earnout to acquire Groupon and was rejected on December 3, 2010." }, { "section_header": "Business | Geographic markets", "text": "On February 19, 2011 The Wall Street Journal reported that Groupon was preparing to launch in China." }, { "section_header": "Reception | UK Office of Fair Trading investigation", "text": "During 2011 there were reported breaches of British advertising regulations to the Advertising Standards Authority." }, { "section_header": "Business | Business model", "text": "Groupon offers a mobile application available on iPhone, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Super Bowl commercials", "text": "The company waited seven years before it would try another Super Bowl ad." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inspired by the 1940 novel Mrs. Miniver by Jan Struther, the film shows how the life of an unassuming British housewife in rural England is touched by World War II." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "And may God defend the right." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Reactions to propaganda elements", "text": "Joseph Goebbels, minister of Nazi propaganda, wrote: [Mrs. Miniver] shows the destiny of a family during the current war, and its refined powerful propagandistic tendency has up to now only been dreamed of." }, { "section_header": "Production | Screenplay", "text": "The key difference was that in the new version of the scene, filmed in February 1942, Mrs. Miniver was allowed to slap the flyer across the face." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In 2009, Mrs. Miniver was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically\" significant." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In 1944 American rose grower Jackson & Perkins introduced Rosa 'Mrs. Miniver', a medium-red hybrid tea rose, named after Mr. Ballard's winning rose in the film." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mrs. Miniver is a 1942 American romantic war drama film directed by William Wyler, and starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inspired by the 1940 novel Mrs. Miniver by Jan Struther, the film shows how the life of an unassuming British housewife in rural England is touched by World War II." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Vin and Carol marry; Carol has now also become a Mrs. Miniver, and they return from their honeymoon in Scotland." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "And it must be fought not only on the battlefield, but in the cities and in the villages, in the factories and on the farms, in the home and in the heart of every man, woman, and child who loves freedom." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Instead, she announces that the rose entered by the local stationmaster, Mr. Ballard (Henry Travers), named the \"Mrs. Miniver\", as the winner, with her own Beldon Rose taking second prize." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Restoration", "text": "Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "From the 16th century far into the 19th century, observers repeatedly noted that the Sphinx has the face, neck and breast of a woman." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx." }, { "section_header": "Missing nose and beard", "text": "Since the 10th century some Arab authors have claimed it to be a result of iconoclastic attacks." }, { "section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400" }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard: It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it, for in itself it has no charms." }, { "section_header": "Restoration", "text": "Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Dissenting hypotheses | Early Egyptologists", "text": "Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the Fourth Dynasty rule of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Builder and timeframe", "text": "When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Builder and timeframe", "text": "Selim Hassan, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, summed up the problem: Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre; so, sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx." }, { "section_header": "Origin and identity | Dissenting hypotheses | Early Egyptologists", "text": "He concluded that because the Dream Stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line 13, it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors—possibly Dynasty IV, c. 2575–2467 BC." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "The day before her death (30 October 1984), Gandhi visited Odisha where she gave her last speech at the then Parade Ground in front of the Secretariat of Odisha." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "\"On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, allegedly in revenge for the Operation Bluestar." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Salma Sultan provided the first news of her assassination on Doordarshan's evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "The day before her death (30 October 1984), Gandhi visited Odisha where she gave her last speech at the then Parade Ground in front of the Secretariat of Odisha." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After Gandhi ordered military action in the Golden Temple in Operation Blue Star, her own bodyguards and Sikh nationalists assassinated her on 31 October 1984." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "\"On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, allegedly in revenge for the Operation Bluestar." }, { "section_header": "Family, personal life and outlook", "text": "Rajiv took office as prime minister following his mother's assassination in 1984; he served until December 1989." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Attributing her assassination to Sikh bodyguards , Gandhi's cremation was followed by large scale anti-Sikh riots in Delhi and several other cities in which nearly three thousand people were killed." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "After her death, the Parade Ground was converted to the Indira Gandhi Park which was inaugurated by her son, Rajiv Gandhi." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Gandhi was cremated on 3 November near Raj Ghat." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Gandhi was taken to the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences at 9:30 AM where doctors operated on her." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "In September 2002, Puckett was accused of groping a woman in a restaurant bathroom and was charged with false imprisonment, fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and fifth-degree assault." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "The article added Tonya Puckett had called police on December 21, 2001, to report that Puckett had threatened to kill her." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "In the March 17, 2003 edition of Sports Illustrated, columnist George Dohrmann wrote an article entitled \"The Rise and Fall of Kirby Puckett.\" The article documented Puckett's alleged indiscretions and contrasted his private image with the much-revered public image he had previously maintained." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Puckett was survived by his son Kirby Jr. and daughter Catherine." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | 1987–1990 (First World Series title)", "text": "Once there, Puckett helped lead the Twins to the 1987 World Series, the Twins' second series appearance since relocating to Minnesota and fifth in franchise history." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | 1987–1990 (First World Series title)", "text": "In April 1989, he recorded his 1,000th hit, becoming the fourth player in Major League Baseball history to do so in his first five seasons." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kirby Puckett (March 14, 1960 – March 6, 2006) was an American professional baseball player." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "The article added Tonya Puckett had called police on December 21, 2001, to report that Puckett had threatened to kill her." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "In March 2002, a woman filed for an order of protection against Puckett's wife, Tonya Puckett, claiming that Tonya had threatened to kill her over an alleged affair with Puckett." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "Specifically, the article stated that Puckett had extramarital relationships with several women and that a female Minnesota Twins employee had obtained a financial settlement following a claim that Puckett had sexually harassed her." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "However, there was also optimism with news that Puckett planned to marry Olson in June 2005." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "Withdrawing from the Twins organization and from friends, Puckett moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in the winter of 2003 with his fiancée, Jodi Olson, and her son Cameron." }, { "section_header": "Domestic violence", "text": "In September 2002, Puckett was accused of groping a woman in a restaurant bathroom and was charged with false imprisonment, fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and fifth-degree assault." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Erie Canal is a canal in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Enlargements and improvements", "text": "In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the \"Improvement of the Erie, the Oswego, the Champlain, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals\"." }, { "section_header": "20th century | New York State Canal System", "text": "In 1992, the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System (including the Erie, Cayuga-Seneca, Oswego, and Champlain canals) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Erie Canal is a canal in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal)." }, { "section_header": "Enlargements and improvements", "text": "These included the Cayuga-Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes, the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego, and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain." }, { "section_header": "Impact", "text": "Earth extracted from the canal was transported to the New York City area and used as landfill in New York and New Jersey." }, { "section_header": "Impact", "text": "The Canal also helped bind the still-new nation closer to Britain and Europe." }, { "section_header": "20th century", "text": "In 1918, the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal." }, { "section_header": "Ambiguity in name", "text": "More than half of the original Erie Canal was destroyed or abandoned at the time of construction of the New York State Barge Canal in the early 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was enlarged between 1834 and 1862." }, { "section_header": "20th century", "text": "There the Cayuga and Seneca Canal continued south with the Seneca River, and the new Erie Canal again ran parallel to the old canal along the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment, in some places running along the Clyde River, and in some places replacing the old canal." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture | Coat of arms", "text": "To the people of Tenochtitlan, this symbol had strong religious connotations, and to the Europeans, it came to symbolize the triumph of good over evil (with the snake sometimes representative of the serpent in the Garden of Eden)." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Coat of arms", "text": "The design is rooted in the legend that the Aztec people would know where to build their city once they saw an eagle eating a snake on top of a lake." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Demographics | Ethnicity and race | Official censuses", "text": "According to these recent surveys, Indigenous peoples amount to 23% of Mexico's population (including people who declared to be partially indigenous), Afro-Mexicans are 2% of Mexico's population. (including people who declared to be partially African) and White or European Mexicans amount to 47% of Mexico's population (based on appearance rather than on self-declared of ancestry)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico City, which then became known as New Spain." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Coat of arms", "text": "The design is rooted in the legend that the Aztec people would know where to build their city once they saw an eagle eating a snake on top of a lake." }, { "section_header": "History | Indigenous civilizations", "text": "Alexander von Humboldt popularized the modern usage of \"Aztec\" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica state and Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, the Triple Alliance." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Coat of arms", "text": "To the people of Tenochtitlan, this symbol had strong religious connotations, and to the Europeans, it came to symbolize the triumph of good over evil (with the snake sometimes representative of the serpent in the Garden of Eden)." }, { "section_header": "Demographics | Ethnicity and race", "text": "The total percentage of Mexico's indigenous peoples tends to vary depending of the criteria used by the government on its censuses: it is 5.4% if the ability to speak an indigenous language is used as the criteria to define a person as indigenous, if racial self-identification is used it is 14.9% and if people who consider themselves part indigenous are also included it amounts to 23%." }, { "section_header": "History | Indigenous civilizations", "text": "The formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and architectural complexes." }, { "section_header": "Demographics | Ethnicity and race | Official censuses", "text": "In recent times the Mexican government has decided to conduct new ethnic surveys and censuses, also widening the criteria to classify the ethnicities who were already considered such as the Indigenous Mexican one, which was previously reserved to people who lived in indigenous communities or spoke an indigenous language." }, { "section_header": "Demographics", "text": "As a result, since 1930 the only explicit ethnic classification that has been included in Mexican censuses has been that of \"Indigenous peoples\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)", "text": "Administration was based on the racial separation." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He and his wife generated a family of politicians, diplomats, and historians now referred to as the Adams political family, which includes their son John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Political writings | Massachusetts Constitution", "text": "Adams became one of the founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780." }, { "section_header": "Vice presidency, 1789–1797 | Tenure", "text": "Adams said that the distinctions were necessary because the highest office of the United States must be marked with \"dignity and splendor\" to command respect." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He and his wife generated a family of politicians, diplomats, and historians now referred to as the Adams political family, which includes their son John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States." }, { "section_header": "Political philosophy and views | Accusations of monarchism", "text": "He was leaning toward monarchy and aristocracy (as distinct from kings and aristocrats) ... Decidedly, sometime after he became vice-president, Adams concluded that the United States would have to adopt a hereditary legislature and a monarch ... and he outlined a plan by which state conventions would appoint hereditary senators while a national one appointed a president for life." }, { "section_header": "Political writings | Massachusetts Constitution", "text": "Adams was a strong believer in good education as one of the pillars of the Enlightenment." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Historical reputation", "text": "Ferling believes that the man who emerges is one \"perpetually at war with himself\", whose desire for fame and recognition leads to charges of vanity." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | In memoriam", "text": "One example is the John Adams Building of the Library of Congress, an institution whose existence Adams had signed into law." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education | Law practice and marriage", "text": "All three of his sons became lawyers." }, { "section_header": "Presidency, 1797–1801 | Failed peace commission and XYZ affair", "text": "The French emissaries (later code-named, X, Y, and Z) refused to conduct negotiations unless the United States paid enormous bribes, one to Talleyrand personally, and another to the Republic of France." }, { "section_header": "Political writings | Defence of the Constitutions", "text": "\"Adams first saw the new United States Constitution in late 1787." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett-Packard's \"multi-million dollar cover up\" of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com, which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "Furthermore, the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free 'repair'." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Controversies | Bribery", "text": "The SEC's order finds that HP's subsidiary in Russia paid more than $2 million through agents and various shell companies to a Russian government official to retain a multimillion-dollar contract with the federal prosecutor's office." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Bribery", "text": "And as part of its bid to win a software sale to Mexico's state-owned petroleum company, HP's subsidiary in Mexico paid more than $1 million in inflated commissions to a consultant with close ties to company officials, and money was funneled to one of those officials." }, { "section_header": "Corporate social responsibility", "text": "In 2006, the company recovered 187 million pounds of electronics, 73 percent more than its closest competitor." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Takeover of Autonomy", "text": "Apotheker's strategy was to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "In November 2007, Hewlett-Packard released a BIOS update covering a wide range of laptops with the intent to speed up the computer fan as well as have it run constantly, whether the computer was on or off." }, { "section_header": "History | 2010–2012", "text": "Apotheker's strategy was broadly to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector." }, { "section_header": "Products and organizational structure", "text": "HP's Personal Systems Group (PSG) was claimed by HP in 2005 to be \"one of the leading vendors of personal computers (\"PCs\") in the world based on unit volume shipped and annual revenue.\" PSG dealt with: business PCs and accessories consumer PCs and accessories, (e.g., HP Pavilion, Compaq Presario, VoodooPC) handheld computing (e.g., iPAQ Pocket PC) digital \"connected\" entertainment (e.g., HP MediaSmart TVs, HP MediaSmart Servers, HP MediaVaults, DVD+RW drives) HP's Personal Systems Group (PSG) was claimed by HP in 2005 to be \"one of the leading vendors of personal computers (\"PCs\") in the world based on unit volume shipped and annual revenue.\" PSG dealt with: business PCs and accessories consumer PCs and accessories, (e.g., HP Pavilion, Compaq Presario, VoodooPC) handheld computing (e.g., iPAQ Pocket PC) digital \"connected\" entertainment (e.g., HP MediaSmart TVs, HP MediaSmart Servers, HP MediaVaults, DVD+RW drives) Apple iPod (until November 2005).HP Enterprise Business (EB) incorporated HP Technology Services, Enterprise Services (an amalgamation of the former EDS, and what was known as HP Services), HP Enterprise Security Services oversaw professional services such as network security, information security and information assurance/ compliancy, HP Software Division, and Enterprise Servers, Storage and Networking Group (ESSN)." }, { "section_header": "Brand", "text": "After the acquisition of Compaq in 2002, HP has maintained the \"Compaq Presario\" brand on low-end home desktops and laptops, the \"HP Compaq\" brand on business desktops and laptops, and the \"HP ProLiant\" brand on Intel-architecture servers. (The \"HP Pavilion\" brand is used on home entertainment laptops and all home" }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "In July 2008, HP issued an extension to the initial one-year warranty to replace the motherboards of selected models." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett-Packard's \"multi-million dollar cover up\" of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com, which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Hardware", "text": "Furthermore, the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free 'repair'." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments: they are predominantly marine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Description | Cnidocytes", "text": "This combination prevents them from firing at distant or non-living objects." }, { "section_header": "Evolutionary history | Family tree", "text": "This grouping of Cnidaria and Bilateria has been labelled \"Planulozoa\" because it suggests that the earliest Bilateria were similar to the planula larvae of Cnidaria." }, { "section_header": "Ecology", "text": "Stauromedusae, although usually classified as jellyfish, are stalked, sessile animals that live in cool to Arctic waters." }, { "section_header": "Ecology", "text": "Among anthozoans, a few scleractinian corals, sea pens and sea fans live in deep, cold waters, and some sea anemones inhabit polar seabeds while others live near hydrothermal vents over 10 km (33,000 ft) below sea-level." }, { "section_header": "Description | Main cell layers", "text": "Cnidocytes, the harpoon-like \"nettle cells\" that give the phylum Cnidaria its name." }, { "section_header": "Description | Cnidocytes", "text": "Ptychocysts are not used for prey capture — instead the threads of discharged ptychocysts are used for building protective tubes in which their owners live." }, { "section_header": "Description | Respiration", "text": "Cnidaria that carry photosynthetic symbionts may have the opposite problem, an excess of oxygen, which may prove toxic." }, { "section_header": "Reproduction | Asexual", "text": "All known cnidaria can reproduce asexually by various means, in addition to regenerating after being fragmented." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick." }, { "section_header": "Description | Polymorphism", "text": "For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments: they are predominantly marine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dedicated to \"Ianthe\", it describes the travels and reflections of a world-weary young man, who is disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry and looks for distraction in foreign lands." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence | The Byronic hero", "text": "The protagonist of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage embodied the example of the self-exiled Byronic hero." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a long narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "Its English translation by J. W. Lake, The Last Canto of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, was published from Paris in 1826." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "William Lisle Bowles responded to his interment with a generous elegy in the six stanzas of \"Childe Harold's Last Pilgrimage\" (1826)." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "The \"Ianthe\" of the dedication was the term of endearment he used for Lady Charlotte Harley, about 11 years old when Childe Harold was first published." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "A later imitation of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage lay unacknowledged for more than a century." }, { "section_header": "Imitations", "text": "The 62 pages of Francis Hodgson’s Childe Harold's Monitor, or Lines occasioned by the last canto of Childe Harold (London 1818), are given over to literary satire in the manner of Byron’s English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Music", "text": "The first two cantos of the poem were launched under the title Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: A Romaunt, and other poems." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dedicated to \"Ianthe\", it describes the travels and reflections of a world-weary young man, who is disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry and looks for distraction in foreign lands." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Painting", "text": ", Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage – Italy (1832), accompanied by lines reflecting on the passing of imperial might from Canto IV, stanza 26." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Durocher was married four times." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leo Ernest Durocher (; July 27, 1905 – October 7, 1991), nicknamed Leo the Lip and Lippy, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "A regular player, he was nicknamed \"The All-American Out\" by Babe Ruth." }, { "section_header": "Managing | Managerial career", "text": "In the 1941 World Series the Dodgers lost to the Yankees in five games." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Nice Guys Finish Last, by Leo Durocher with Ed Linn." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Dickson, Paul: Leo Durocher: Baseball's Prodigal Son (2017) Bloomsbury USA" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Durocher was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994." }, { "section_header": "Managing | Managerial career", "text": "In his first season as player-manager, Durocher came into his own." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Leo Durocher was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, on July 27, 1905, the youngest of four sons born to French Canadian parents." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Durochers lived only two blocks from Rabbit Maranville, who taught Durocher the game of baseball and gave him a glove." }, { "section_header": "Retirement", "text": "Leo Durocher died in 1991 in Palm Springs, California, at the age of 86, and is buried in Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Durocher was married four times." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Fall of the Berlin Wall", "text": "The evening of 9 November 1989 is known as the night the Wall came down." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Fall of the Berlin Wall", "text": "The evening of 9 November 1989 is known as the night the Wall came down." }, { "section_header": "Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment | Bruce Springsteen, 1988", "text": "You are now among #Heroes. Thank you for helping to bring down the #wall.\" On 19 July 1988, 16 months before the Wall came down, Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band, played Rocking the Wall, a live concert in East Berlin, which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast on television." }, { "section_header": "Related media | Visual art", "text": "On one of his actions he tore down a large part of the Wall, installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it, and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him." }, { "section_header": "Related media | Literature", "text": "John Marks' The Wall (1999) in which an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls." }, { "section_header": "Fall of the Berlin Wall", "text": "On 9 October 1989, the police and army units were given permission to use force against those assembled, but this did not deter the church service and march from taking place, which gathered 70,000 people." }, { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961", "text": "It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer (wall) had been used in this context." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In most places only the \"first\" wall is marked, except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked, giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system." }, { "section_header": "\"Ich bin ein Berliner\" and \"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!\"", "text": "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!" }, { "section_header": "Fall of the Berlin Wall", "text": "This time, however, the East German authorities allowed people to leave, provided that they did so by train through East Germany." }, { "section_header": "\"Ich bin ein Berliner\" and \"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!\"", "text": "In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc: We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Critical reaction", "text": "Driving Miss Daisy was well received by critics, with particular emphasis on the screenplay & Morgan Freeman's and Jessica Tandy's performances." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Driving Miss Daisy was a critical and commercial success upon its release and at the 62nd" }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical reaction", "text": "Driving Miss Daisy was well received by critics, with particular emphasis on the screenplay & Morgan Freeman's and Jessica Tandy's performances." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical reaction", "text": "Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune declared Driving Miss Daisy one of the best films of 1989." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Miss Daisy at first refuses to let anyone else drive her, but gradually accedes to the arrangement." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Boolie, now 65, drives Hoke to the retirement home to visit Miss Daisy, now 97." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "Driving Miss Daisy was given a limited release on December 15, 1989, earning $73,745 in three theaters." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Awards and nominations", "text": "Lee later reflected on the controversial decision by saying that Driving Miss Daisy was \"not being taught in film schools all across the world like Do the Right Thing is.\" Driving Miss Daisy received 9 Academy Award nominations and also achieved the following distinctions in Oscar history: It is the only film based on an off-Broadway production ever to win Best Picture." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "After Idella dies during the spring of 1963, rather than hire a new housekeeper, Miss Daisy decides to care for her own house and have Hoke do the cooking and the driving." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Driving Miss Daisy is a 1989 American comedy-drama film directed by Bruce Beresford and written by Alfred Uhry, based on Uhry's 1987 play of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Miss Daisy drives her 1946 Chrysler Windsor into her neighbor's yard, her 40-year-old son Boolie (Dan Aykroyd) buys her a 1949 Hudson Commodore and hires Hoke Colburn (Morgan Freeman), a black chauffeur." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Classification", "text": "As the Vandals eventually came to live outside of Germania, they were not considered Germani by ancient Roman authors." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Origins | Early classical sources", "text": "The Lacringi appear in 3rd century records." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Vandals were a Roman-era Germanic people who first appear in written records inhabiting present-day southern Poland." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "553–559 Collins, Roger (2000), \"Vandal Africa, 429–533\", The Cambridge Ancient History." }, { "section_header": "Classification", "text": "As the Vandals eventually came to live outside of Germania, they were not considered Germani by ancient Roman authors." }, { "section_header": "History | Kingdom in North Africa | Turbulent end", "text": "Many Vandals went to Saldae (today called Béjaïa in north Algeria) where they integrated themselves with the Berbers." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Vandals were probably not any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but writers who idealized Rome often blamed them for its destruction." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Volume II, Macmillan Cameron, Averil (2000), \"The Vandal conquest and Vandal rule (A.D. 429–534)\", The Cambridge Ancient History." }, { "section_header": "History | In Hispania", "text": "It is likely that many Roman and Gothic troops deserted to Gunderic following the battle." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins | Early classical sources", "text": "The Hasdingi, who later led the invasion of Carthage, do not appear in written records until the second century and the time of the Marcomannic wars." }, { "section_header": "Latin Literacy", "text": "Levels of literacy in the ancient world are uncertain, but writing was integral to administration and business." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "In October 2019, she was baptized in an Armenian Apostolic ceremony at the baptistery in the Etchmiadzin Cathedral complex and given the Armenian name Heghine (Հեղինե).In April 2015, Kardashian and West traveled to the Armenian Quarter of the Old City in Jerusalem to have their daughter North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church, one of the oldest denominations of Oriental Orthodox Christianity." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\" Kim Kardashian is a Christian and has described herself as \"really religious\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kimberly Noel Kardashian West (née Kardashian; born October 21, 1980) is an American media personality, socialite, model, businesswoman, and actress." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "She was educated in Christian schools of both the Presbyterian and Roman Catholic traditions." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Advocacy", "text": "In April 2015, Kardashian traveled to Armenia with her husband, her sister Khloé, and her daughter North and visited the Armenian Genocide memorial Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\" Kim Kardashian is a Christian and has described herself as \"really religious\"." }, { "section_header": "Career | Reception to product range", "text": "Kardashian was heavily criticised over the name of the brand which critics argued disrespected Japanese culture and ignored the significance behind the traditional outfit." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "In October 2019, she was baptized in an Armenian Apostolic ceremony at the baptistery in the Etchmiadzin Cathedral complex and given the Armenian name Heghine (Հեղինե).In April 2015, Kardashian and West traveled to the Armenian Quarter of the Old City in Jerusalem to have their daughter North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church, one of the oldest denominations of Oriental Orthodox Christianity." }, { "section_header": "Career | Focus on social media (2014–present)", "text": "On the cover, her nude buttocks are featured above the caption: \"Break the Internet\", which generated considerable comment in both social and traditional media." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion", "text": "Khloe Kardashian was appointed the godmother of North." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Wealth", "text": "In May 2014, Kardashian was estimated to be worth US$45 million." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Wealth", "text": "As of July 2018, Kardashian is worth US$350 million." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "Although Crane once wrote in a letter, \"You can tell nothing... unless you are in that condition yourself,\" he wrote The Red Badge of Courage without any experience of war." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Red Badge of Courage is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900)." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "While trying to explain his ability to write about battle realistically, Crane stated: \"Of course, I have never been in a battle, but I believe that I got my sense of the rage of conflict on the football field, or else fighting is a hereditary instinct, and I wrote intuitively; for the Cranes were a family of fighters in the old days\"." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "Although Crane once wrote in a letter, \"You can tell nothing... unless you are in that condition yourself,\" he wrote The Red Badge of Courage without any experience of war." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "An anonymous reviewer for The New York Press wrote shortly after the novel's initial publication that \"One should be forever slow in charging an author with genius, but it must be confessed that The Red Badge of Courage is open to the suspicion of having greater power and originality than can be girdled by the name of talent." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "The Orange Blossoms first saw battle at Chancellorsville, which is believed by local historians to have been the inspiration for the battle depicted in The Red Badge of Courage." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\" For the remainder of Crane's short career (he died from tuberculosis at the age of 28), The Red Badge of Courage served as the standard against which the rest of his works were compared." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "Furthermore, there was a Private James Conklin who served in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and Crane's short story \"The Veteran\", which was published in McClure's Magazine the year after The Red Badge of Courage, depicts an elderly Henry Fleming who specifically identifies his first combat experience as having occurred at Chancellorsville." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy and inspiration", "text": "Thomas Beer wrote in his problematic 1923 biography that Crane was challenged by a friend to write The Red Badge of Courage after having announced that he could do better than Émile Zola's La Débâcle." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "So unlike anything else is it that the temptation rises to deny that it is a book at all\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound, a \"red badge of courage,\" to counteract his cowardice." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Team image | Colours", "text": "England's traditional home colours are white shirts, navy blue shorts and white or black socks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "England is the oldest national team in football." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The England national football team represents England in men's international football and is governed by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Colours", "text": "They had a kit similar to Brazil's, with yellow shirts, yellow socks and blue shorts which they wore in the summer of 1973." }, { "section_header": "History | Early years", "text": "The England national football team is the joint-oldest in the world; it was formed at the same time as Scotland." }, { "section_header": "Competitive record", "text": "As of 2 September 2019 For the all-time record of the national team against opposing nations, see the team's all-time record page" }, { "section_header": "Home stadium", "text": "The original Empire Stadium was built in Wembley, London, for the British Empire Exhibition." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Crest", "text": "The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199." }, { "section_header": "Home stadium", "text": "The stadium is now owned by the Football Association, via its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Limited." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The team's manager is Gareth Southgate." }, { "section_header": "History | Early years", "text": "A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870, having been organised by the Football Association." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Colours", "text": "England's traditional home colours are white shirts, navy blue shorts and white or black socks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the Sixth Crusade in 1229." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Christians would not hold the city of Jerusalem again until 1229." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Battle of Arsuf", "text": "Control of Jaffa was necessary before an attack on Jerusalem could be attempted." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity (Angevin England, France and the Holy Roman Empire) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Saladin's attempt to recapture Jaffa", "text": "It is believed that Saladin even told the Crusaders to shield themselves in the Citadel until he had regained control of his army." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Saladin's attempt to recapture Jaffa", "text": "On 2 September 1192, following his defeat at Jaffa, Saladin was forced to finalize a treaty with Richard providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Battle of Arsuf", "text": "After the capture of Acre, Richard decided to march to the city of Jaffa." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Saladin's attempt to recapture Jaffa", "text": "Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from their ships and the Ayyubids, who had been unprepared for a naval attack, were driven from the city." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Saladin's attempt to recapture Jaffa", "text": "In July 1192, Saladin's army suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa with thousands of men, but Saladin lost control of his army due to their anger for the massacre at Acre." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Passage", "text": "Richard captured the city of Messina on 4 October 1190 and Joan was released." }, { "section_header": "Richard and Philip's crusade | Siege of Acre", "text": "Guy attempted to take command of the Christian forces at Tyre, but Conrad of Montferrat held power there after his successful defence of the city from Muslim attacks." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the Sixth Crusade in 1229." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 2003–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releases", "text": "Cyrus auditioned for the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana when she was eleven years old." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 2003–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releases", "text": "Cyrus auditioned for the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana when she was eleven years old." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2003–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releases", "text": "She auditioned for the role of the title character's best friend, but was called to audition for the lead role instead." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1992–2002: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "During this period, she auditioned with Taylor Lautner for the feature film" }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1992–2002: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Gossett is often credited with \"discovering\" Cyrus, and played a key role in her auditioning for Hannah Montana." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Bangerz and Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz", "text": "On January 29, 2014, she played an acoustic concert show on MTV Unplugged, performing songs from Bangerz featuring a guest appearance by Madonna." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Bangerz and Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz", "text": "The accompanying music video showing her swinging naked on a wrecking ball was viewed over nineteen million times within its first day of release." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2003–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releases", "text": "Walt Disney Records released a soundtrack credited to Cyrus' character in October of that year." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2003–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releases", "text": "Cyrus and friend Mandy Jiroux began posting videos on the popular website YouTube in February 2008, referring to the clips as \"The Miley and Mandy Show\"; the videos garnered a large online following." }, { "section_header": "Philanthropy", "text": "Cyrus celebrated her sixteenth birthday at Disneyland by delivering a $1 million donation from Disney to Youth Service America." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cyrus has been featured as a coach on the singing competition television series The Voice; she has appeared in two seasons of the show since her debut in 2016." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Ideology | Racial separatism", "text": "Garvey's belief in racial separatism, the migration of African-Americans to Africa, and opposition to miscegenation all endeared him to the KKK, who supported many of the same policies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Ideology | Pan-Africanism", "text": "The writer Richard Hart similarly noted that Garvey was \"much attracted by the glamour of the British nobility\", as reflected in the way he gave prominent supporters such British-derived titles as \"Lords\", \"Ladies\", and \"Knights\"." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Back to Jamaica: 1927–1935", "text": "In Kingston, Garvey was greeted by supporters." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Early career in Kingston: 1905–1909", "text": "In January 1907, Kingston was hit by an earthquake that reduced much of the city to rubble." }, { "section_header": "Organization of UNIA | Trial: 1923", "text": "From jail, Garvey continued to write letters and articles lashing out at those he blamed for the conviction, focusing much of his criticism on the NAACP." }, { "section_header": "Organization of UNIA | Imprisonment: 1925–1927", "text": "From prison, Garvey continued corresponding with far-right white separatist activists like Earnest Sevier Cox of the White American Society and John Powell of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America; the latter visited Garvey in prison." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Memorials", "text": "In this they had the support of Harlem Congressman Charles Rangel." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy", "text": "According to Grant, much of the established African-American middle-class were \"perplexed and embarrassed\" by Garvey, who thought that the African-American working classes should turn to their leadership rather than his." }, { "section_header": "Ideology | Pan-Africanism", "text": "\"Garvey supported the Back-to-Africa movement, which had been influenced by Edward Wilmot Blyden, who migrated to Liberia in 1850." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "He placed value on courtesy and respect, discouraging loutishness among his supporters." }, { "section_header": "Organization of UNIA | The growth of UNIA: 1918–1921", "text": "Various journalists took Garvey to court for his failure to pay them for their contributions, a fact much publicised by rival publications; at the time, there were over 400 black-run newspapers and magazines in the U.S." }, { "section_header": "Ideology | Racial separatism", "text": "Garvey's belief in racial separatism, the migration of African-Americans to Africa, and opposition to miscegenation all endeared him to the KKK, who supported many of the same policies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1953, Lombardi had been battling depression and agreed to go to a sanatorium." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "While on his way to the facility, Lombardi slit his throat from ear to ear with a razor." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Cincinnati Chapter of the BBWAA annually award the Ernie Lombardi Award to the Reds' team MVP." }, { "section_header": "\"Lombardi's Big Snooze\"", "text": "and it came to be known as \"Lombardi's Big Snooze\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also known as a gentle giant, and this made him hugely popular among Cincinnati fans." }, { "section_header": "\"Lombardi's Big Snooze\"", "text": "Yankees right fielder Charlie Keller, well known for his sturdy physique, beat the throw to catcher Lombardi and inadvertently hit \"The Schnozz\" in his groin." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Major league", "text": "Lombardi retired after the 1947 season, having compiled a .306 career batting average, 1,792 hits, 277 doubles, 27 triples, 190 home runs, 990 RBI, 601 runs and 430 walks." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Major league", "text": "Hershberger, who thought he had been having difficulties playing as a replacement for an injured Lombardi for a few games in 1940, told manager Bill McKechnie in private that \"my father killed himself, and I'm going to do it, too!\" After failing to appear at the stadium the next day, the Reds checked Hershberger's room at the hotel on August 3 only to find that he had slit his throat and wrist." }, { "section_header": "\"Lombardi's Big Snooze\"", "text": "Bill James, in his Historical Baseball Abstract, says that \"Lombardi was now the Bill Buckner of the 1930s, even more innocent than Buckner, and Buckner has plenty of people who should be holding up their hands to share his disgrace.\" James called Lombardi's selection as the Series goat \"absurd.\" James noted the Yankees were already ahead three games to none and that DiMaggio's run merely made the final score 7–4 instead of 6–4." }, { "section_header": "\"Lombardi's Big Snooze\"", "text": "Unfortunately for the Reds and Lombardi, he had failed to wear his protective cup and Lombardi was in pain and dazed." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Major league", "text": "Lombardi flourished in his first year for Cincinnati, batting .303" }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Major league", "text": "Lombardi became one of the Reds' most productive and popular players." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1953, Lombardi had been battling depression and agreed to go to a sanatorium." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "While on his way to the facility, Lombardi slit his throat from ear to ear with a razor." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reaction and scholarly criticism | Reaction", "text": "Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published, although reviewers were unstinting in their praise." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "However she continues to waste away – appearing to lose blood every night." }, { "section_header": "Reaction and scholarly criticism | Reaction", "text": "\" The Daily Mail review of 1 June 1897 proclaimed it a classic of Gothic horror, \"In seeking a parallel to this weird, powerful, and horrorful story our mind reverts to such tales as The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Fall of the House of Usher ... but Dracula is even more appalling in its gloomy fascination than any one of these." }, { "section_header": "Historical and geographical references", "text": "The name \"Dracula\" became popular in Romania after publication of Stoker's book." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker." }, { "section_header": "Publication", "text": "But when Universal Studios purchased the rights, it came to light that Bram Stoker had not complied with a portion of US copyright law, placing the novel into the public domain." }, { "section_header": "Historical and geographical references", "text": "Contrary to popular belief, the name Dracula does not translate to \"son of the devil\" in Romanian, which would be \"fiul diavolului\"." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s." }, { "section_header": "Reaction and scholarly criticism | Reaction", "text": "A. Asbjørn Jøn has also noted that Dracula has had a significant impact on the image of the vampire in popular culture, folklore, and legend." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dracula has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic fiction, and invasion literature." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously, Seward invites his old teacher, Abraham Van Helsing, who immediately determines the true cause of Lucy's condition." }, { "section_header": "Reaction and scholarly criticism | Reaction", "text": "Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published, although reviewers were unstinting in their praise." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Science and technology are key factors in the economic position of Quebec." }, { "section_header": "Economy", "text": "Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of life science." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "It is also considered as one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant role in the world's scientific and technological communities." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Quebec has also contributed to the creation of some Canadian artificial satellites including SCISAT-1, ISIS, Radarsat-1 and Radarsat-2.The province is one of the world leaders in the field of space science and contributed to important discoveries in this field." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Quebec is considered as one of world leaders in fundamental scientific research, having produced ten Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry, or medicine." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "More than one million people in Quebec are employed in the science and technology sector." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "It is therefore considered as the most sensitive camera in the world." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Science and technology are key factors in the economic position of Quebec." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "The contribution of Quebec in science and technology represent approximately 1% of the researches worldwide since the 1980s to 2009." }, { "section_header": "Economy", "text": "Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology." }, { "section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "Montreal is ranked 4th in North America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Through the obvious moral dichotomy at the start of the poem between Warren and Mary, it can be interpreted that Mary has slowly convinced Warren to offer Silas a room at the house; obviously his offering comes too late with Silas having died, arguably alone, beside the stove." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Death of the Hired Man\" is a poem by Robert Frost." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "\"The Death of the Hired Man\" is a long poem primarily concerning a conversation, over a short time period in a single evening, between a farmer (Warren) and his wife (Mary) about what to do with an ex-employee named Silas, who helped with haymaking and left the farm at an inappropriate time after being offered \"pocket money\", now making his return during winter looking like \"a miserable sight\" having \"changed\"." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Silas has evidently returned ‘home’ to the farm to try to reaffirm some meaning in his life before he dies by helping with the next season, and trying to redeem his relationship with Harold – neither of these pursuits are fulfilled." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "The poem shines light on Warren’s progressive moral slide from resistance to acceptance of his responsibility of providing a home for Silas’ death despite his wrongdoings." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "'Dead'’ was all he answered.\" Several themes are touched upon by Frost in this poem including family, power, justice, mercy, age, death, friendship, redemption, guilt and belonging." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Through the obvious moral dichotomy at the start of the poem between Warren and Mary, it can be interpreted that Mary has slowly convinced Warren to offer Silas a room at the house; obviously his offering comes too late with Silas having died, arguably alone, beside the stove." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Songs of Innocence", "text": "It is a conceptual collection of 19 poems, engraved with artwork." }, { "section_header": "Songs of Experience", "text": "The poems are each listed below: Songs of Experience is a poetry collection of 26 poems forming the second part of William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Facsimile editions", "text": "Tate Publishing, in collaboration with The William Blake Trust, produced a folio edition containing all of the songs of Innocence and Experience in 2006." }, { "section_header": "Songs of Experience", "text": "The poems are each listed below: Songs of Experience is a poetry collection of 26 poems forming the second part of William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Songs of Innocence and of Experience is a collection of illustrated poems by William Blake." }, { "section_header": "Songs of Experience", "text": "Some of the poems, such as \"The Little Girl Lost\" and \"The Little Girl Found\", were moved by Blake to Songs of Innocence and were frequently moved between the two books." }, { "section_header": "Songs of Experience", "text": "The poems were published in 1794 (see 1794 in poetry)." }, { "section_header": "Musical settings", "text": "The folk musician Greg Brown recorded sixteen of the poems on his 1987 album Songs of Innocence and of Experience and by Finn Coren in his Blake Project." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It appeared in two phases: a few first copies were printed and illuminated by Blake himself in 1789; five years later he bound these poems with a set of new poems in a volume titled Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul." }, { "section_header": "Songs of Innocence", "text": "It is a conceptual collection of 19 poems, engraved with artwork." }, { "section_header": "Musical settings", "text": "24\", a setting of five poems from Songs of Innocence for solo voice and piano in 2013." }, { "section_header": "Facsimile editions", "text": "Songs of Experience Dover Publications, 1984." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 for his managerial achievements." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Frank Gibson Selee (October 26, 1859 – July 5, 1909) was an American Major League Baseball manager in the National League (NL)." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "After the season, the two teams played in the Temple Cup, with Boston losing in five games." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "The Beaneaters went 102–48–2 overall while winning the first half of the season, with the Cleveland Spiders winning the second half; the two teams played a \"World's Championship Series\" at the end of the season, with Boston winning five of the seven games played." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 for his managerial achievements." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In all, twelve of his players went on be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Post-career", "text": "In 1999, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee for his achievements as a manager." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Selee was born in Amherst, New Hampshire." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "This was the fifth and final pennant for Selee and the Beaneaters." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "His successor was Frank Chance, who went on lead the Cubs to four National League titles and two World Series victories." }, { "section_header": "Post-career", "text": "Selee died of consumption (tuberculosis) at the age of 49 in Denver, Colorado, and was interred at Wyoming Cemetery in Melrose, Massachusetts." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva." }, { "section_header": "Design | Detectors", "text": "Seven detectors have been constructed at the LHC, located underground in large caverns excavated at the LHC's intersection points." }, { "section_header": "Design", "text": "During LHC operations, the CERN site draws roughly 200 MW of electrical power from the French electrical grid, which, for comparison, is about one-third the energy consumption of the city of Geneva; the LHC accelerator and detectors draw about 120 MW thereof." }, { "section_header": "Design", "text": "The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 26.7 kilometres (16.6 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres (164 to 574 ft) underground." }, { "section_header": "Design | Computing and analysis facilities", "text": "The LHC Computing Grid was constructed as part of the LHC design, to handle the massive amounts of data expected for its collisions." }, { "section_header": "Operational history | Long Shutdown 2 (2018–2021) and beyond", "text": "The HL-LHC should be operational by 2026." }, { "section_header": "Design", "text": "LHC uses 470 tonnes of Nb–Ti superconductor." }, { "section_header": "Design | Computing and analysis facilities", "text": "The BBC's summary of the main detectors is: Data produced by LHC, as well as LHC-related simulation, were estimated at approximately 15 petabytes per year (" }, { "section_header": "Design", "text": "The LHC physics programme is mainly based on proton–proton collisions." }, { "section_header": "Operational history | Long Shutdown 2 (2018–2021) and beyond", "text": "The LHC and the whole CERN accelerator complex is being maintained and upgraded." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aaron Burr Jr. was born in 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Children and parenthood | Adopted and acknowledged children", "text": "Aaron (né Aaron Burr Columbe) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815, and Charles was born in 1814.Both of the boys were reputed to be Burr's biological sons." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aaron Burr Jr. was born in 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University." }, { "section_header": "Law and politics | Vice presidency", "text": "As vice president, Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions." }, { "section_header": "Exile and return", "text": "By the conclusion of his trial for treason, despite an acquittal, all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe." }, { "section_header": "Law and politics | The presidential election of 1800", "text": "Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan: \"There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence, much of it newly discovered, that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself." }, { "section_header": "Law and politics | The presidential election of 1800", "text": "Jefferson was elected president, and Burr vice president." }, { "section_header": "Children and parenthood | Burr's daughter Theodosia", "text": "They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten." }, { "section_header": "Representation in literature and popular culture", "text": "A 1993 \"Got Milk?\" commercial directed by Michael Bay features a historian obsessed with the study of Aaron Burr—he owns the guns and the bullet from the duel (see Aaron Burr (advertisement))." }, { "section_header": "Representation in literature and popular culture", "text": "My Theodosia (1945) by author Anya Seton is a fictional interpretation about the life of Theodosia Burr, daughter of Aaron Burr." }, { "section_header": "Marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost", "text": "Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782, and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "When he failed to do so, an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015.In June 2014, a video emerged of a 15-year-old Bieber telling a joke about black people, which used the word \"nigger\" multiple times." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "In the same month, a second video showed a 15-year-old Bieber giggling as he croons his song \"One Less Lonely Girl\", but parodying the main lyric as \"One less lonely nigger\", and stating that if he were to kill one, he would be \"part of the KKK\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Public image | General", "text": "In an interview with Vogue in February 2019, Bieber said that he would \"laugh at his past self\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "Immigration Law expert Harlan York noted that the likelihood of Bieber being deported was extremely slim." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "I don't want to start singing about things like sex, drugs and swearing." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "He apologized the day the latter was released: \"Facing my mistakes from years ago has been one of the hardest things I've ever dealt with." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "Bieber had several run-ins with the law around the world before his first arrest in 2014, including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012, and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "\"In July 2017, the Chinese government banned Justin Bieber from performing in China." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2008–2009: Career beginnings and My World", "text": "Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber but lost the bidding war to Usher." }, { "section_header": "Public image | YouTube and Twitter", "text": "\"I said: 'Justin, sing like there's no one in the room." }, { "section_header": "Public image | General", "text": "Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph said that \"Bieber's character appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics\" who have questioned his manner of speech, among other things." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Justin Drew Bieber (; born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and actor." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "When he failed to do so, an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015.In June 2014, a video emerged of a 15-year-old Bieber telling a joke about black people, which used the word \"nigger\" multiple times." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies", "text": "In the same month, a second video showed a 15-year-old Bieber giggling as he croons his song \"One Less Lonely Girl\", but parodying the main lyric as \"One less lonely nigger\", and stating that if he were to kill one, he would be \"part of the KKK\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name for Japan in Japanese is written using the kanji 日本 and pronounced Nippon or Nihon." }, { "section_header": "History | Feudal era", "text": "He was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes because of its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Japan is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and comprises an archipelago of 6,852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); its five main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Before it was adopted in the early 8th century, the country was known in China as Wa (倭) and in Japan by the endonym Yamato." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Customs and holidays", "text": "The national holidays in Japan are New Year's Day on January 1, Coming of Age Day on Second Monday of January, National Foundation Day on February 11, The Emperor's Birthday on February 23, Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21, Shōwa Day on April 29, Constitution Memorial Day on May 3, Greenery Day on May 4, Children's Day on May 5, Marine Day on Third Monday of July, Mountain Day on August 11, Respect for the Aged Day on Third Monday of September, Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24, Health and Sports Day on Second Monday of October, Culture Day on November 3, and Labor Thanksgiving Day on November 23." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "[ɲihoꜜɴ] (listen)) is an island country of East Asia in the northwest Pacific Ocean." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Art and architecture", "text": "The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Customs and holidays", "text": "There are no specific festival days for all of Japan; dates vary from area to area, and even within a specific area, but festival days do tend to cluster around traditional holidays such as Setsubun or Obon." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name for Japan in Japanese is written using the kanji 日本 and pronounced Nippon or Nihon." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country, winning the Asian Five Nations a record six times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The first version of the name in English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled the name as Giapan in a translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter." }, { "section_header": "History | Feudal era", "text": "He was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Her mother won the \"Mrs. Los Angeles\" pageant for homemakers; Keaton has said that the theatricality of the event inspired her first impulse to be an actress, and led to her wanting to work on stage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Diane Keaton was born Diane Hall in Los Angeles, California." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Her mother won the \"Mrs. Los Angeles\" pageant for homemakers; Keaton has said that the theatricality of the event inspired her first impulse to be an actress, and led to her wanting to work on stage." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Other activities", "text": "\"Keaton is active in campaigns with the Los Angeles Conservancy to save and restore historic buildings, particularly in the Los Angeles area." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "Then there is Diane Keaton in Looking for Mr. Goodbar." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Other activities", "text": "Keaton was also active in the failed campaign to save the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles (a hotel featured in Reservations), where Robert Kennedy was assassinated." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Keaton was raised a Free Methodist by her mother." }, { "section_header": "Acting style and legacy", "text": "Nobody can be grave and goofy all at once like Diane Keaton." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Diane Keaton (born January 5, 1946) is an American actress." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1980s", "text": "1988's The Good Mother was a financial disappointment (according to Keaton" }, { "section_header": "Acting style and legacy", "text": "The New York Times described Keaton as \"remarkably skilled\" at portraying Woody Allen's \"darling flustered muse\" in his comedies, as well as \"shy, self-conscious women overcome by the power of their own awakened eroticism\" in dramatic films like Looking for Mr. Goodbar, Reds, Shoot the Moon and Mrs. Soffel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Porfirio Díaz was the sixth of seven children, baptized on 15 September 1830, in Oaxaca, Mexico, but his actual date of birth is unknown." } ]

[ { "section_header": "González presidency, 1880–84", "text": "Accompanying them on their travels was Matías Romero and his U.S.-born wife." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Diaz succeeded in seizing power, ousting Lerdo in a coup in 1876, with the help of his political supporters, and Diaz was elected in 1877." }, { "section_header": "Administration 1884–1896", "text": "Diaz expanded the crack police force, the Rurales, who were under control of the president." }, { "section_header": "Cracks in the political system", "text": "As Diaz aged and continued to be re-elected, the question of presidential succession became more urgent." }, { "section_header": "Becoming president and first term, 1876–80", "text": "Diaz launched his rebellion in Ojitlan, Oaxaca, on 10 January 1876 under the Plan of Tuxtepec, which initially failed." }, { "section_header": "Cracks in the political system", "text": "There was a meeting of American states, in the second Pan-American Conference, which met in Mexico City from 22 October 1901 – 31 January 1902, and the U.S. backed off from its hard-line policy of interventionism, at least for the moment in regard to Mexico." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "His only son to survive to adulthood, Porfirio Díaz Ortega, known as \"Porfirito,\" trained to be an officer at the military academy." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1884 Diaz abandoned the idea of no re-election and held office continuously until 1911.Díaz has been a controversial figure in Mexican history." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Porfirio Díaz was the sixth of seven children, baptized on 15 September 1830, in Oaxaca, Mexico, but his actual date of birth is unknown." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1938, the 430-piece collection of arms of the late General Porfirio Díaz was donated to the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background | Political gains", "text": "On April 7, 1848, in response to a citizen's petition, the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman's Property Act, giving women the right to retain the property they brought into a marriage, as well as property they acquired during the marriage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background | Women in abolition", "text": "In 1842 Thomas M'Clintock and his wife Mary Ann became founding members of the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society and helped write its constitution." }, { "section_header": "Background | Political gains", "text": "On June 2, 1848 in Rochester, New York, Gerrit Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party's presidential candidate." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Held in the Wesleyan Chapel of the town of Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848." }, { "section_header": "Background | Political gains", "text": "A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848, saying \"your Declaration of Independence declares, that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." }, { "section_header": "Planning", "text": "Lucretia and James Mott visited central and western New York in the summer of 1848 for a number of reasons, including visiting the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation and former slaves living in the province of Ontario, Canada." }, { "section_header": "Background | Political gains", "text": "On April 7, 1848, in response to a citizen's petition, the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman's Property Act, giving women the right to retain the property they brought into a marriage, as well as property they acquired during the marriage." }, { "section_header": "Background | Quaker influence", "text": "A particularly progressive branch lived in and around Waterloo in Seneca County, New York." }, { "section_header": "Afterward | Further conventions", "text": "Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott, who would not be staying in the Upstate New York area for much longer, some of the participants at Seneca Falls organized the Rochester Women's Rights Convention two weeks later in Rochester, New York with Lucretia Mott as its featured speaker." }, { "section_header": "Afterward | News reports", "text": "Reactions varied widely. In Massachusetts, the Lowell Courier published its opinion that, with women's equality, \"the lords must wash the dishes, scour up, be put to the tub, handle the broom, darn stockings.\" In St. Louis, Missouri, the Daily Reveille trumpeted that \"the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic.\" Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote \"When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest" }, { "section_header": "Background | Quaker influence", "text": "Many members of the Religious Society of Friends, known as Quakers, made their homes in western New York state, near Seneca Falls." } ]