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Is a divergent variant of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 present in California?

This divergent GLRaV-3 phylogroup is already present in grape-growing regions worldwide and is capable of causing symptoms of leafroll disease without the p6 protein.

Our results in the first non-human primate model of GVD showed that treatment with sirolimus not only halted the progression of preexisting GVD but also was associated with partial regression. Sirolimus trough blood levels were correlated with efficacy. Therefore, sirolimus has the potential to control clinical chronic allograft rejection.

Is high blood pressure before and during early pregnancy associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus?

Clinicians should be aware that women presenting with hypertension may warrant early screening or intervention to prevent GDM.

Nav2 functions in mammalian nervous system development, and is required for normal cranial nerve development and blood pressure regulation in the adult.

Diffuse ST depression with ST elevation in aVR: Is this pattern specific for global ischemia due to left main coronary artery disease?

This ECG pattern is not always caused by LMCA/LMEQ disease; therefore, the term "suspect circumferential subendocardial ischemia" may be preferred. Other medical conditions may also be associated with a similar ECG pattern.

Following physical activity guidelines may be associated with better concomitant HRQoL and following dietary guidelines with better future physical HRQoL.

Do high-normal Glucose Levels in Non-diabetic and Pre-diabetic Men Are Associated with Decreased Testosterone Levels?

Our study indicates that high-normal fasting glucose levels are associated with decreased testosterone levels in non-diabetic and pre-diabetic men.

Bisphosphonate treatment significantly alters properties of bone collagen suggesting a contribution of the organic matrix to the anti-fracture efficacy of this drug class.

Does a penetrating diaphragm injury have an effect on morbidity and mortality?

Diaphragmatic rupture is not common among patients with penetrating abdominal trauma. There was no difference between patients with penetrating injuries and with versus without diaphragmatic injuries in terms of mortality and morbidity.

Grapefruit juice can greatly increase serum concentrations of lovastatin and its active metabolite, lovastatin acid, probably by preventing CYP3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism in the small intestine. The concomitant use of grapefruit juice with lovastatin and simvastatin should be avoided, or the dose of these 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors should be reduced accordingly.

Are gTP cyclohydrolase I gene polymorphisms associated with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Genetic variation of the GCH1 gene is associated with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in T2DM patients.

MgSO4 mitigates lung inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and acute lung injury in endotoxemia rats in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms may involve antagonizing the L-type calcium channels and the NMDA receptor.

Does a High-Risk Recommendation in Mammography Reports Increase Attendance at a Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Clinic?

Although the number of referrals to our high-risk clinic increased modestly after institution of a standardized reporting recommendation,>85% of patients at high risk, in 2013, did not consult a provider for patients at high risk, regarding their elevated lifetime risk of breast cancer.

These results suggest that active genes with CpG island promoters have a distinct step-like series of modified nucleosomes after the TSS. The identity, positioning, shape and relative ordering of transcription-associated histone modifications differ between genes with and without CpG island promoters. This supports a model where chromatin organization reflects not only transcription activity but also the type of promoter in which transcription initiates.

Do visceral hypersensitive rats share common dysbiosis features with irritable bowel syndrome patients?

The dysbiosis MS rat model and the post-inflammatory rat model captured some of the dysbiosis features of IBS patients. Fusobacterium, Clostridium XI and Porphyromonadaceae were identified as targets for future mechanistic research.

Epicardial Doppler ultrasound with a miniature transducer identifies coronary stenoses and associated blood flow disturbances. Compared with moderate lesions, severe stenoses demonstrated different poststenotic flow patterns. Intraoperative use of this technique may determine the hemodynamic significance of coronary stenoses.

Does cholecalciferol plus calcium suppress abnormal PBMC reactivity in patients with multiple sclerosis?

MS-associated, abnormal T cell reactivities were suppressed in vivo by cholecalciferol at serum 25(OH)D concentrations higher than 100 nmol/liter.

In children with FRDA, ataxia scales based on ICARS are confounded by muscle weakness. Longitudinal ICARS evaluations in children with FRDA do not necessarily indicate altered ataxia.

Is transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in spinal cord dorsal horn involved in neuropathic pain in nerve root constriction rats?

These data showed that the TRPA1 antagonist had an inhibitory effect on mechanical hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia as well as on physiological pain transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn. This suggests that TRPA1 is consistently involved in excitatory synaptic transmission even in the physiological state and has a role in coordinating pain transmission.

This study reveals for the first time a detrimental role for the thrombomodulin lectin-like domain in the host response to sepsis caused by a clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen.

Does adhesion molecule expression and function of primary endothelial cells in benign and malignant tissues correlate with proliferation?

This method provides a powerful tool to generate high yields of viable, primary ECs of different origins. The results suggest that an altered expression of adhesion molecules on ECs in proliferating tissues contribute to loss of EC function that might cause a chaotic tumor vasculature.

A history of ADHD in adolescence was associated with elevated risk of MDD through early adulthood and this relationship remained significant after controlling for psychosocial impairment in adolescence and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Additional work is needed to identify the mechanisms of risk and to inform depression prevention programs for adolescents with ADHD.

Is retinal toxicity of commercial tissue plasminogen activator mediated by the induction of nitric oxide in the mouse retinal primary cells?

This study suggests that l-arginine from commercial tPA (containing L-arginine) induces the majority of cell death in mouse retinal cell cultures and that its cytotoxicity may depend on the induction of NO.

These results support the hypothesis that alkaline-producing dietary components, specifically, potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetables, contribute to maintenance of BMD.

Do mail merge can be used to create personalized questionnaires in complex surveys?

While controlled studies are required to examine the specific effects of our approach on comprehension, quality of responses, and response rates, we showed how mail merge can be used as a simple but useful tool to add personalized fields to complex survey questionnaires, or to request additional information required from study authors. One potential application is in eliciting specific information about published articles from study authors when conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

There are no statistically apparent motion differences between SUP-CTV and INF-CTV. Current uniform planning target volume (PTV) margins are adequate to cover both portions of the CTV.

Is cannabis abuse a risk factor for treatment outcome in methadone maintenance treatment : a 1-year prospective study in an Israeli clinic?

Cannabis abuse MMT patients should be treated as polydrug abusers, although no specific influences of cannabis abuse on psychological and medical conditions of MMT patients have been observed. Treatment policy should take these results into consideration.

This is the first report of a copy-neutral structural variant involving COL1A2 that leads to a rare type of OI. This study expands the genotypic spectrum of OI and demonstrates the effectiveness of targeted sequencing for breakpoint mapping.

Does 123I-iododexetimide preferentially bound to the muscarinic receptor subtype M1 in vivo?

The current results suggest that (123)I-iododexetimide preferentially binds to M1R in vivo and can be displaced by M1R ligands. (123)I-iododexetimide may therefore be a useful imaging tool as a way to further evaluate M1R changes in neuropsychiatric disorders, as a potential stratifying biomarker, or as a clinical target engagement biomarker to assess M1R.

LMWH in combination with vitamin D may be more beneficial than single-agent therapy by preventing aPL-induced trophoblast inflammation and reversing LMWH-induced sFlt-1 secretion.

Are sleep disorders associated with increased mortality in asthma patients?

Our findings suggest that an increased prevalence of sleep disorders in asthma patients increases the risk of mortality. Considering the worsening status of asthma management and the rapid growth of sleep disorders in South Korea, clinicians and health policymakers should work to develop interventions to address these issues.

This study suggests that CeCa-MSCs play an important role in the suppression of the anti-tumor immune response in CeCa through the purinergic pathway.

Are polymorphisms of the NER pathway genes , ERCC1 and XPD associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma risk?

The presence of variant alleles in NER genes increases risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is evidence of an additive role for SNPs along a common DNA repair pathway. Future larger studies of esophageal adenocarcinoma etiology should evaluate entire biological pathways.

Identification of pHT does not lead to a significant change in follow-up by PCPs, irrespective of BP values in the pHT range.

Is rehabilitation effective in massive rotator cuff tears?

Outcomes of rehabilitation therapy in patients with irreparable massive rotator cuff tears and shoulder pseudoparalysis vary according to the site and number of the tears. Failure of rehabilitation therapy is common in patients with massive anterior tears or tears involving at least three tendons. In contrast, in patients with isolated massive posterior tears, substantial benefits from rehabilitation therapy can be expected.

Endogenous alphaCGRP mitigates liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis induced by repeated administration of Con A. alphaCGRP could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis.

Does simultaneous recording of EEG and electromyographic polygraphy increase the diagnostic yield of video-EEG monitoring?

The information obtained from surface EMG recordings aided the diagnosis of clinical events captured during video-EEG monitoring in 7.5% of the total cohort. This study suggests that EEG-EMG polygraphy may be used as a technique of improving the diagnostic yield of video-EEG monitoring in selected cases.

Patients with HADS score >11 before ASD have worse outcomes. This should be taken into account when counseling patients for surgery.

Is high level antibody avidity achieved in HIV-seropositive recipients of an inactivated split adjuvanted ( AS03A ) influenza vaccine?

In participants initially seronegative, two doses of vaccine enabled a greater percentage of subjects to respond to the vaccine and elicited higher HAI titers. All subjects who produced detectable HAI titers also rapidly generated high AI in the short and long term. We demonstrate that high avidity antibodies can be achieved after vaccination and support a two-dose immunization strategy for HIV-positive subjects.

Focal accumulations of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of SM are reactive in nature and could be termed lymphocytosis. A diagnosis of SM-AHNMD/immunocytoma should not be made.

B and C domain containing tenascin-C: urinary markers for invasiveness of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder?

In summary, detection of Tn-C splicing domains in urine is suggested as a marker for the surveillance of UBC recurrence and invasiveness.

We have identified the key determinants of in-hospital mortality following TACS and derived a 6-point TACS Score that can be used to predict the prognosis of particular patients.

Does pigment epithelium-derived factor ( PEDF ) vary with body composition and insulin resistance in healthy young people?

Plasma PEDF is elevated in OW youth and is positively associated with insulin resistance. These findings suggest that PEDF may play a role in the development of cardiometabolic dysfunction in youth.

Post-infarction treatment with simvastatin can reduce myocardial no-reflow. This beneficial effect is due to activation of the K(ATP) channel.

Does location of liver metastases reflect the site of the primary colorectal carcinoma?

The results of our study support the existence of the "streaming" effect in the portal vein. Right-sided colon carcinomas predominantly involve the right hemiliver, while left-sided colon carcinomas involve the liver homogeneously, considering the size ratio of the right to left liver lobe, which is about 2:1. Knowledge of streaming may help us to understand the spread of abdominal malignancies and may provide a reference concerning the possible primary site depending on metastatic distribution in the liver.

Subjective sleep quality deteriorates progressively before the onset of painful TMD, but sensitivity to experimental pain does not mediate this relationship. Furthermore, the relationship is independent of potential confounders such as psychological stress, somatic awareness, comorbid conditions, nonpain facial symptoms, and various demographic factors.

Is celiac axis resection justified for T4 pancreatic body cancer?

Aggressive resection for T4 pancreatic body cancer by distal pancreatectomy-celiac axis resection can be justified for otherwise unresectable tumors. The surgical indication should be evaluated carefully because of the higher incidence of morbidity and lower incidence of curability compared with distal pancreatectomy, as well as because there have been no long-term survivors so far.

In the absence of national population-based cancer registry data, estimates of incidence provide valuable information at national and regional levels. As mortality data are an important source for the estimation,the quality of death certification should be considered as a possible cause of bias.

Is east asian variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 associated with coronary spastic angina : possible roles of reactive aldehydes and implications of alcohol flushing syndrome?

East Asian variant ALDH2*2 genotypes and, hence, deficient ALDH2 activity were associated with CSA in Japanese. These data support further investigation of treatment targeting aldehydes for CSA.

The health of young unemployed individuals during a time of low unemployment was poor when compared to both the general population and to unemployed people during a time of higher unemployment.

Does [ Recipient lymphopenia state enhance the expansion and anti-leukemia effect of leukemia specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes ]?

Transfusion of leukemia specific CTLs under lymphopenia state could be a feasible strategy to expand leukemia specific CTLs and generate favorable anti-leukemia effect in vivo.

The ESS-8 has good construct validity for use in stroke and is reliable at the cutpoint of 10. Summed raw scores below 18 will be unaffected if nondrivers either score as zero or simply omit item 8. The scale is therefore robust for detecting cases of pathological sleepiness in stroke but may not be suitable for measuring high levels of sleepiness in a sample containing both drivers and nondrivers. Instead, the ESS-7 could be used for this purpose.

Are autonomic dysfunction and urinary albumin excretion rate associated with an abnormal blood pressure pattern in normotensive normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients?

The predominance of sympathetic activity and increased levels of UAER, although within the normal range, are associated with a blunted fall in nocturnal dBP in normoalbuminuric normotensive type 1 diabetic patients.

The Tal and Modified-Tal scoring systems for bronchiolitis is repeatable and can reliably be used in research and clinical practice. Its utility for prediction of O2 requirement is limited.

Is amorfrutin B an efficient natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARγ ) agonist with potent glucose-lowering properties?

The application of plant-derived amorfrutins or synthetic analogues thereof constitutes a promising approach to prevent or treat complex metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

These findings suggest that frontal-executive dysfunction in both ET and PD may negatively influence performance on memory tests that are not inherently organized. Although the pathophysiology of these two 'movement disorders' are quite distinct, both have downstream effects on thalamo-frontal circuitry which may provide a common pathway for a similar memory phenotype. Findings are discussed in terms of neuroimaging evidence, conceptual models, and best practice.

Are free triiodothyronine levels positively associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid middle-aged subjects?

Our findings suggested that high levels of FT3 were significantly associated with NAFLD among middle-aged euthyroid subjects independently of known metabolic risk factors. A negative correlation of serum FT4 level with NAFLD was only observed in pre-menopausal women.

In our sample of patients with psoriatic arthritis we did not find increased prevalence of osteoporosis. There was no association of BMD with indices of disease activity, while negative correlation was found between HAQ and total hip BMD.

Do transforming growth factor-beta 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides block interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction?

The introduction of TGF-beta 1 antisense ODN into interstitial fibroblasts may be a potential therapeutic maneuver for interstitial fibrosis.

These data suggest that the reproductive aging ovary has a transformed oxidative stress defense profile and that this may account for some of the physiological changes found in reproductive aging.

Are uric acid levels relevant in patients with stroke treated with thrombolysis?

Increased UA serum levels are associated with better outcome in patients with stroke treated with reperfusion therapies. These results support the assessment of the potential neuroprotective role of the exogenous administration of UA in patients with stroke treated with thrombolysis.

These data suggest that sensory skin nerves augment MC-driven inflammatory responses by releasing neuropeptides that increase MC degranulation.

Do rodents in open space adjust their behavioral response to the different risk levels during barn-owl attack?

The phenotypic difference in defensive behavior between voles and spiny mice probably stems from their different habitats and motor capacities. Agility and running capacity, together with a relatively sheltered natural habitat, make fleeing the most appropriate response for spiny mice during owl attack. Clumsiness and relatively limited motor capacities, together with an open natural habitat, account for the dichotomy to freezing or fleeing in voles. Thus, the apparent species-specific anti-predator response in spiny mice and voles is based on species-specific normal locomotor behavior, which depends on the species-specific ecology and motor capacity, and behaviors like defensive attack or escape jump that are specific to life threat. The latter behaviors are brief, and irregularly inlaid in the ongoing locomotor behavior. Finally, our results show that in both voles and spiny mice there is a gradual transition from normal to defensive behavior in accordance with the increase in risk level.

Use of a paclitaxel-eluting valvuloplasty balloon in an animal model of AS resulted in attenuated restenosis, secondary to decrease in valve proliferation and calcification.

Does allergen-specific conventional immunotherapy decrease immunoglobulin E-mediated basophil histamine releasability?

Basophils have the potential to play an important role in the early clinical improvement of conventional immunotherapy in children with atopic asthma, which may be a result of the decreased IgE-mediated histamine releasability during immunotherapy.

Neck muscle vibration is a decisive factor in the rehabilitation of spatial neglect and induces lasting recovery when given as a supplement to conventional exploration training.

Does combined analysis with copy number variation identify risk loci in lung cancer?

Our results further emphasized the importance of copy number variations in cancer and might be a valuable complement to current genome-wide association studies on cancer.

Our data show that prophylactic IL-2 treatment prevents fetal intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury in the context of experimental chorioamnionitis. Modulation of the Treg/Teff cell balance may contribute to the protective effects of IL-2.

Are nevirapine plasma concentrations still detectable after more than 2 weeks in the majority of women receiving single-dose nevirapine : implications for intervention studies?

Most women who received a single 200-mg nevirapine dose still had detectable plasma concentrations of nevirapine after more than 2 weeks. This information is valuable for designing intervention studies to prevent the development of nevirapine resistance.

Given adequate exposure to the Smoke-free Kids programme, significant beneficial effects were observed on anti-smoking socialisation in households where parents smoke cigarettes, and significant beneficial effects were observed on children's susceptibility to smoking after two years. Improving programme acceptance and utilisation is necessary before programme effectiveness can be demonstrated.

Do selenium and rutin alone or in combination have stronger protective effects than their separate effects against cadmium-induced renal damage?

RUT and Se function as potent antioxidant in the protection of renal damage induced by Cd.

The trajectory consisting of impaired lung function from birth throughout childhood in children with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis appears less likely to be driven by allergic sensitization, and may imply disease onset in utero, with clinical presentation later in childhood.

Does β-Endorphin neuronal transplantation into the hypothalamus alter anxiety-like behaviors in prenatal alcohol-exposed rats and alcohol-non-preferring and alcohol-preferring rats?

These data further establish a role of β-EP neurons in the hypothalamus for regulating physiological stress response and anxiety behavior and resemble a potential novel therapy for treating stress-related psychiatric disorders in prenatal alcohol-exposed children and those genetically predisposed to increased alcohol consumption.

Raw Ara h 2- and Cor a 14-specific IgE levels were the best single predictors for pediatric peanut and hazelnut allergies, suggesting the omission of challenges at very high levels. Calculating ratio measures did not improve prediction in this population. However, estimation of individual probabilities for challenge outcomes could be supported by total IgE levels because high levels might indicate lower probabilities at a given component-specific IgE level.

Does linkage disequilibrium inflate type I error rates in multipoint linkage analysis when parental genotypes are missing?

This observation strongly supports the evaluation of LD in multipoint linkage analyses, and further suggests that unaccounted for LD may be suspected when two-point and multipoint linkage analyses show a marked disparity in regions with elevated r2 measures of LD. Given the increasing popularity of high-density genome-wide SNP screens, inter-marker LD should be a concern in future linkage studies.

Leptin is a survival cytokine for human eosinophils, a finding with potential pathologic relevance in allergic and parasitic diseases.

Is diabetic ketoacidosis in juvenile rats associated with reactive gliosis and activation of microglia in the hippocampus?

DKA causes inflammatory changes in the brain including reactive gliosis and activation of microglia. These findings are present during untreated DKA, but intensify during insulin/saline treatment. The hippocampus was disproportionately affected, consistent with previous studies showing deficits in hippocampal functions in rats after DKA recovery and decreased memory capacity in children with a history of DKA.

FABP4 locally produced by epicardial/perivascular fat and macrophages in vascular plaques contributes to the development of coronary atherosclerosis.

Is cigarette smoking associated with impaired physical and mental functional status?

Current smokers report lower functional status than nonsmokers, in physical and especially in mental domains. The meaning of this cross-sectional relationship is unclear without further longitudinal study. Smoking may be associated with other variables that have a causal role.

The clinical outcome of children with cystic fibrosis treated with 24 h continuous infusion of ceftazidime was no different from that achieved with the conventional bolus infusion regimen. Continuous infusion provided a sustained serum ceftazidime level well above the P. aeruginosa minimum inhibitory concentration. Continuous infusion was well tolerated and appreciated by the children and this may promote home therapy for cystic fibrosis children.

Are errors in recognition and management still frequent in patients with cluster headache?

Although CH is an invalidating and clinically clear-cut disorder suffered by around 1/1,000 people, it is still frequently unrecognized and/or mistaken for other disorders, which calls for a better knowledge and education in the diagnosis of the main primary headaches.

The newly designed proteasome inhibitor TIR-203 is more potent than the natural product SylA and strongly inhibits the cell viability and proteasomal activity of MM and NB cells.

Hepatitis C performance measure on hepatitis A and B vaccination: missed opportunities?

Our study found a high and improved adherence to the recommendations, but missed opportunity was still the main reason of non-adherence. This study also supported the strategy of selective vaccination in the veteran population.

This study showed the non-dippers in treated hypertensive patients were associated with adverse cardiac remodeling and early LV dysfunction. Further studies to demonstrate the long term prognostic significance of this finding is warranted.

Are epitopes from two soybean glycinin subunits antigenic in pigs?

Two antigenic regions of A5A4B3 and A1aBx were identified that bound antibodies in half of the sera that reacted with these two proteins. Half of the sera reacted with unique regions of A5A4B3 and A1aBx. The failure of the basic portion of A1aBx to bind pig antibodies may indicate that it is less antigenic than the basic portion of A5A4B3 and other glycinin subunits.

Intraluminal coronary shunting is capable of preserving distal myocardial perfusion and function in a normal porcine heart. Coronary occlusion, in contrast, significantly reduces regional perfusion and function. More frequent use of intracoronary shunting may facilitate OPCAB by minimizing ischemia and hemodynamic compromise.

Does interleukin-8 induce the endothelial cell migration through the Rac 1/RhoA-p38MAPK pathway?

Our study demonstrates that IL-8-Rac1/RhoA-p38MAPK signaling pathway plays a vital role in the IL-8-induced endothelial cell migration, and it provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which IL-8 contributes to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.

In canine coronary-perfused preparations, GS-458967 abbreviates APD, induces PRR, and reduces Vmax in atria but has no significant effect on these parameters in the ventricles, indicating an atrial-selective effect of GS-458967 on both peak and late INa-mediated parameters. In multicellular preparations, GS-458967 abbreviated ventricular APD only under long QT conditions, suggesting a pathology-specific action of GS-458967 in canine ventricular myocardium.

Do [ Therapy of radiation resistant malignant uveal melanoma with endoresection by pars plana vitrectomy in two patients ]?

Malignant choroidal melanomas can be safely removed by pars plana vitrectomy with stable intraocular pressure. Previous radiation therapy alters the tumor, inducing fibrous tissue growth and necrosis of tumor cells. These tissue types are not prone to bleed when they are resected by the vitrectomy cutter. Long time studies have to elucidate the difference in survival rates between patients undergoing enucleation of the eye and patients who chose endoresection of the melanoma by pars plana vitrectomy.

Since the introduction of minimally invasive surgery at our tertiary referral center in 1997, the number of patients referred for an antireflux operation has increased. This cannot be explained by an increase of referrals from outside the region or a change in the indication for surgery. We conclude that laparoscopy lowers the threshold for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children.

Do tumour necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappaB inhibit transcription of human TFF3 encoding a gastrointestinal healing peptide?

Downregulation of intestinal trefoil factor TFF3 is caused by repression of transcription through TNF-alpha and NFkappaB activation in vitro. In IBD, perpetual activation of NFkappaB activity may contribute to ulceration and decreased wound healing through reduced TFF3.

Collectively, these data show that eDNA release by C. albicans clinical isolates is variable and is associated with differential biofilm formation. Digestion of biofilm eDNA by DNase may provide a novel therapeutic strategies to destabilise biofilm growth and improves antifungal sensitivity.

Do newly evolved introns in human retrogenes provide novel insights into their evolutionary roles?

Intron gains in retrogenes are not as rare as previously thought. Furthermore, diverse mechanisms may lead to intron creation in retrogenes. The activation of cryptic splice sites in the intronization of retrogenes may be triggered by the change of gene structure after retroposition. A high percentage of non-frameshift introns in retrogenes may be because non-frameshift introns do not dramatically affect host proteins. Introns generated by intronization in human retrogenes are generally young, which is consistent with previous findings for Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results provide novel insights into the evolutionary role of introns.

We have shown in our population-based study that serum ghrelin levels among men aged 40-49 are significantly higher in Caucasian Americans than in the Japanese in Japan. Reasons for the ethnic difference in the ghrelin levels are largely unknown and warrant further investigation.

Does the BCESM genomic region contain a regulator involved in quorum sensing and persistence in Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315?

The BCESM genomic region contains an operon that contributes to quorum sensing and is involved in persistence, biofilm formation and virulence. BCAM0257-8-9 is found in all sequenced B. cenocepacia ET12 genomes and these results may help explain why infections with strains of the B. cenocepacia ET12 lineage are difficult to treat.

These data indicate that the mechanisms through which CD133+ TSCs respond to radiation are significantly different from those of the traditional glioblastoma in vitro model, established glioma cell lines. If TSCs play a critical role in glioblastoma treatment response, then such differences are likely to be of consequence in the development and testing of radiosensitizing agents.

Are liver fat and insulin resistance independently associated with the -514C > T polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene?

The -514C>T polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene is associated with higher liver fat content and lower whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, these effects are modulated by the common Pro12Ala polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(2). These findings may be relevant for intervention strategies to prevent increase in liver fat content and insulin resistance.

Low HDL-C subjects display elevated oxidative stress and possess HDL particle subspecies with attenuated intrinsic antioxidative activity which is intimately related to their altered chemical composition.

Does in vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibit retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics?

Spectral characteristics, correlation with age, topographic distribution, and retinal location between the choriocapillaris and the photoreceptors suggest that the dominant fundus fluorophore is RPE lipofuscin. The minor fluorophore is probably in the neurosensory retina but has not been identified.

Half of the elderly patients underwent CT, and they were immobilised for significantly longer than younger patients. Measures should be adopted to facilitate early diagnosis and mitigate complications of prolonged immobilisation in elderly patients with neck trauma.

Can intensity-modulated radiation therapy of the paraaortic region overcome the problems of critical organ tolerance?

At 60 Gy, IMRT is largely sparing the spinal cord and kidneys as compared to CEBR and represents an interesting approach not only for dose escalation up to 50-60 Gy (probably facilitating the radiochemotherapy approaches) but also in an adjuvant setting at lower doses. The dosimetric data of this study are in the same range as those published recently with a dynamic arc conformal approach.

Bio-Three appeared to stimulate the Th1 immune response, downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha) and upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Probiotics could be effective in activation of PBMCs and DCs.

Does amount or type of alcohol influence the risk of prostate cancer?

These results suggest that neither amount nor type of alcohol is associated with the risk of prostate cancer.

The findings indicated that Mcm-2 could be a useful marker for early detection of oral SCC and dysplasia. Also, due to the overexpression of this marker in OSCC, there exists the possibility of application of Mcm-2 for molecular target therapy in these patients.

Do serum ferritin concentration and transferrin saturation before liver transplantation predict decreased long-term recipient survival?

SF concentration ≥365 μg/L in combination with TFS <55% before LT is an independent risk factor for mortality following LT. Lower TFS combined with elevated SF concentrations indicate that acute phase mechanisms beyond iron overload may play a prognostic role. SF concentration therefore not only predicts pre-LT mortality but also death following LT.

These results indicate that traumatized cartilage releases chemoattractive factors for CPC but IL-1β and TNF-α inhibit their migratory activity which might contribute to the low regenerative potential of cartilage in vivo.

Does surgical treatment of tricuspid valve insufficiency promote early reverse remodeling in patients with axial-flow left ventricular assist devices?

In patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation, a concomitant tricuspid valve procedure effectively reduces tricuspid regurgitation and promotes reverse remodeling of the right ventricle.

Hysterectomy is significantly associated with stress urinary incontinence in women, who previously had a TCER.

Does nitrous oxide with propofol reduce somatosensory-evoked potential amplitude in children and adolescents?

In our study, nitrous oxide use during low-dose isoflurane anesthesia supplemented with titrated propofol infusion caused a significant reduction in cortically recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials that was comparable with the 50% decrease observed in adults.

Patients who are asked to participate in intervention trials in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction often appear to lack sufficient knowledge to reach an autonomous choice. There were problems and disadvantages associated with the process of obtaining written informed consent in this particular situation, especially regarding the need for the patient to sign a consent form during the acute phase of the disease.

Does endurance exercise training improve heart rate recovery in patients with COPD?

These results suggest that training enhances HRR in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. HRR is an easy tool to evaluate ANS such that it may be a useful clinical marker of parasympathetic nervous system response in patients with COPD.

The study demonstrates an in vivo transduction in sheep from an E. coli O157:H7 strain to an ovine E. coli O175:H16. A functional Stx2-encoding phage was incorporated into the host's DNA.

Is frequent marijuana use associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers?

Marijuana use was associated with greater reported nicotine addiction among adolescent smokers. The findings suggest a role of marijuana in potentiating nicotine addiction and underscore the need for treatments that address both smoked substances.

These data indicate that PALA alone enhances radiation cytotoxicity and further enhances the radiosensitization already achieved with the halogenated pyrimidines. These effects could be clinically beneficial.

Is the Provision of Physical Education to Senior-Years Students Associated With Greater Physical Activity Levels?

Enrollment in PE in grade 11 or 12 is associated with modestly higher levels of MVPA and an increased likelihood of meeting PA guidelines among students in grades 11 and 12, particularly among boys.

Our findings suggest that CCR7-mediated trafficking of APCs drives the induction and maintenance of Th17 immunity in DED and that CCR7 blockade is effective in suppressing the immunopathogenic mechanisms in DED.

Does intratumoral delivery of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding for ErbB2/Neu inhibit the growth of salivary gland carcinoma cells?

rV-neuT intratumoral vaccination could be employed to induce an efficient antitumor response and reject transplanted salivary gland tumors. Our findings may have important implications for the design of cancer vaccine protocols for the treatment of salivary gland tumors and other accessible tumors using intratumoral injection of recombinant vaccinia virus.

This study confirms that both hepatitis C infection and ethanol consumption induce hepatocyte apoptosis in humans. Ethanol-induced hepatocyte apoptosis has previously been shown only in animal models of alcohol-related liver injury. The precise role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C-related liver injury remains unclear, but its induction may be related to downregulation of bcl-2 expression associated with ethanol consumption.

Do leukocytes from wheezing infants release lower amounts of IL-12 and IFN-γ compared to non-wheezing infants?

In this prospective cohort of infants with high risk of developing allergic diseases we observed that RW and non-RW children were exposed to similar levels of endotoxin early in life. LPS-stimulated PBMC from RW infants exposed to higher levels of endotoxin released significantly less IL-12 and IFN-γ compared to non-RW infants.

Taken together, our results show that quercetin stimulates insulin secretion by increasing Ca(2+) influx through an interaction with L-type Ca(2+) channels at a site different from that of Bay K 8644. These data contribute to a better understanding of quercetin's mechanism of action on insulin secretion.

Does chronic exercise improve endothelial calcium signaling and vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic rabbit femoral artery?

Our data suggest that hypercholesterolemia induces vascular structural changes and impairs EC [Ca2+]i signaling and vasodilatation, whereas chronic exercise partially reverses these adverse effects.

In pediatric PER patients, medical therapy refractoriness was associated with NOD, mainly septal deformity and turbinate enlargement. In those patients, ENT examination will facilitate an early NOD diagnosis in order to indicate potential corrective surgery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Is volume rather than flow incentive spirometry effective in improving chest wall expansion and abdominal displacement using optoelectronic plethysmography?

VIS promotes a greater increase in chest wall volume, with a larger abdominal contribution and lower respiratory muscle activity, than does FIS in healthy adults.

The results confirm the efficacy of specific additions to flatbread flour mixes for reducing PPG and the value of the in vitro model as a predictive tool with these ingredients and product format. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT02671214.

Is the multiple sclerosis impact scale ( MSIS-29 ) a reliable and sensitive measure?

The psychometric properties of the MSIS-29 are acceptable; it is a valuable outcome measure in intervention studies of patients with MS.

Our results illustrate a close association between structural brain and kidney pathology and support the concept of small vessel disease to be an age-dependent systemic pathology. Further, an improved joined nephrologic and neurologic diagnostic may help to identify patients with CSVD at an early stage.

Does aFLP analysis reveal a lack of phylogenetic structure within Solanum section Petota?

Most of the series that Hawkes and his predecessors designated can not be accepted as natural groups, based on our study. Neither do we find proof for the 4 clades proposed by Spooner and co-workers. A few species groups have high support and their inner structure displays also supported subdivisions, while a large part of the species cannot be structured at all. We believe that the lack of structure is not due to any methodological problem but represents the real biological situation within section Petota.

From our analysis of self-vaginal douching for HPV detection using cases from Thammasat university hospital, it cannot replace the Pap smear.

Does slow deep breathing prevent the development of tachygastria and symptoms of motion sickness?

In conclusion, slow deep breathing in a situation previously demonstrated to provoke tachygastria prevented the development of gastric dysrhythmias and decreased symptoms of motion sickness.

Cell cycle progression inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) is expressed in normal and significantly down-regulated in OA articular chondrocytes, which may mediate the re-initiation of cell proliferation in OA cartilage. However, the suppression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA expression is not due to hypermethylation of its promotor. No overall changes in genome methylation levels were found in aged or OA cartilage. Interestingly, significant expression of DNA methyltransferases was found in articular chondrocytes, which supports that DNA methylation could still be a relevant mechanism of gene regulation in (osteoarthritic) chondrocytes, though not on an overall genomic level nor specifically for the regulation of the p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene.

Does hCLCA1 DNA vaccine suppress cell hyperplasia and mucin expression of goblet cells in vitro?

These results illustrate that the hCLCA1 DNA vaccine effectively inhibits cell hyperplasia and mucin gene expression of goblet cells, suggesting that the hCLCA1 DNA vaccine has potential value in the treatment of human asthma.

The results of this study suggest that ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed patients with higher posterior tibial slope have more functional knees.

Does breast screening offer a survival benefit?

Our results do not suggest that mammography screening does not reduce breast cancer mortality but the mammography screening did not bring any significant improvement in patient overall or disease-free survival for the early stage breast cancer patients compared to the symptomatic group. The drawback of symptomatic early stage tumours compared to non-palpable tumours could be equalized by modern multimodality oncology treatments.

Dietary recommendation alone failed to promote changes in the eating habits of health professionals who work at a general hospital or to encourage them to practice exercise.

Is transient suppression of atopy in early childhood associated with high vaccination coverage?

Children with a higher vaccination coverage seemed to be transiently better protected against development of atopy in the first years of life.

The results revealed that the evaluation of malnutrition risk should be conducted in older persons living in the community. Frailty in particular was identified as a major risk factor for malnutrition in community-dwelling elderly persons.

Do speed of processing and depression affect function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment?

The findings show that processing speed is central to the effect that depression and executive dysfunction have on functional impairment in cognitively impaired older adults. Future studies are needed to better understand the physiologic underpinnings in age-related and disease-specific decrements in processing speed, and to address the problems in the assessment of processing speed in clinical samples.

Low serum levels of DHEA(-S) predict death from all causes, CVD, and ischemic heart disease in older men.

Are in vitro susceptibility and virological outcome to darunavir and lopinavir independent of HIV type-1 subtype in treatment-naive patients?

In vitro susceptibility to DRV was comparable across HIV-1 subtypes in a broad panel of primary isolates and in recombinant clinical isolates. Once daily DRV/r 800/100 mg and LPV/r 800/200 mg were highly effective in ARTEMIS irrespective of the HIV-1 subtype studied, confirming their broad anti-HIV-1 activity.

The de novo expression of alphavbeta6 integrin occurs in ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, AO, and 3AO. alphavbeta6 integrin-mediated cell adhesion to FN can inhibit the effect of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that inhibiting apoptotic cell adhesion may improve drug resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines.

Does thrombin increase expression of urokinase receptor by activation of the thrombin receptor?

Thrombin increases u-PAR expression by RPE cells by a mechanism involving activation of the seven transmembrane thrombin receptor.

The hybrid approach involving hand-assisted left colon mobilization and robotic rectal dissection is a safe and feasible technique for minimally invasive low anterior resection. This approach can be considered an viable option for surgeons new to robotic rectal dissection.

Does electrocardiographic imaging-based recognition of possible induced bundle branch block during transcatheter aortic valve implantations?

This feasibility study applying the CIPS shows promising results to classify conduction disorders originating from the left anterior or posterior ventricular wall, or the septum. The visualization of the activation isochrones as well as ventricular model-derived features might support TAVI procedures and the therapy selection afterwards.

Abdominal CT use by board certified EPs for nontraumatic abdominal pain changed diagnosis and disposition, with more sent home in lieu of admission. Diagnostic accuracy did not appear to be related to years of clinical experience.

Does gene expression correlation analysis predict involvement of high- and low-confidence risk genes in different stages of prostate carcinogenesis?

The high-confidence risk genes may be associated with an early stage of prostate carcinogenesis, possibly involving PSCs and squamous metaplasia. The low-confidence genes may be involved in a later stage of carcinogenesis.

There is no consensus among surrogates about whether physicians should routinely provide a recommendation regarding life support decisions for incapacitated patients. These findings suggest that physicians should ask surrogates whether they wish to receive a recommendation regarding life support decisions and should be flexible in their approach to decision-making.

Are bicycle helmets necessary for children?

Upon the literature, the number of studies proving the necessity of helmets is higher than those objecting to them. However, this positive effect can be achieved only if several factors are present at the same time. In Hungary there is a need for effective prevention strategies such as the popularization of properly-worn helmets.

Our study showed that a training program in VATS lobectomy is feasible, without increasing the operative time, conversion rate, postoperative complication, time to drain removal, and length of hospital stay.

Does evaluation of joint medical and nursing notes with preprinted prompt?

Advantages of both innovations outweighed their disadvantages to the extent that only three out of 48 respondents wanted to return to writing traditional notes.

Incident depression symptoms were associated with subsequent suboptimal HAART adherence. Ongoing aggressive screening for, and treatment of, depression may improve HAART outcomes.

Do [ Clinical study of extraction treatment of Class II division I malocclusion with Empower self-ligating brackets ]?

Compared with traditional brackets, Empower self-ligating brackets can save chair-side time, control anterior teeth torque and posterior teeth anchorage effectively, but can not reduce the treatment time or number of visits. Supported by Youth Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau(2010Y155).

This study showed that biochip-based microarray can be useful in the detection of immune activation in patients with arrhythmias and can detect myocardial injury after RF procedures.

Does the level of education influence completed suicide?

Individual with higher educational achievement may be more prone to suicide risk when facing failures, public shame, and high premorbid functioning.

Completion of a guided experiential assignment with older adults in the community was an effective method to improve students' attitudes. Used in the curriculum for nutrition students, this technique might help to improve both attitudes toward and self-efficacy in working with older adults.

Does angiotensin II inhibit interleukin-6 mRNA expression of LPS-stimulated macrophages through down-regulating calcium signaling?

Our data show that calcium signaling is closely related to IL-6 mRNA expression. Angiotensin II inhibits IL-6 mRNA expression of LPS-stimulated MØ. The inhibitory effects of angiotensin II appear, at least in part, to be mediated through down regulating calcium dependent pathways.

Mammographic spiculation is an independent, good prognostic factor for screening-detected invasive breast cancer. The mechanism of how mammographic spiculation confers a beneficial prognostic effect is not clear.

Does stoichiometric alteration of PMP22 protein determine the phenotype of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies?

Taken together, these results confirm that the phenotypic expression is identical in patients with Leu7fs mutation and patients with HNPP caused by chromosome 17p11.2 deletion. They also demonstrate that reduction of PMP22 is sufficient to cause the full HNPP phenotype.

Physician use of microalbuminuria screening does not follow established guidelines. The test appears to be used for many patients who might not need to be screened, and it is not always used for patients who should be screened. Consideration should be given to other strategies to prevent nephropathy in persons with type 2 diabetes.

Can radiologists and urologists reliably determine renal mass histology using standard preoperative computed tomography imaging?

Urologists and radiologists were able to accurately identify malignant histology in 82% of cases, although sensitivity for malignant histology was 90%. Developing a preoperative nomogram for identification of clear-cell RCC may be feasible and should be further explored.

Our findings underscore the significant role sociodemographic and behavioral factors play in the health and well-being of coal mining communities.

Is obesity Associated With Early Total Hip Revision for Aseptic Loosening?

Preoperative BMI influences the time of failure of primary THAs referred to an academic tertiary care for revision THA as well as the mechanism of failure. Specifically, obesity increased in the relative risk of early revision THA due to aseptic loosening/osteolysis by 4.7 fold.

Proliferating cells with characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and endocrine progenitors were isolated from exocrine tissue. Under specific conditions, these cells expressed little insulin. Human pancreatic exocrine tissue might thus be a source of endocrine cell progenitors.

Does interleukin-10 prevent death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis in mice?

These results suggested that macrophages play an integral role in determining the severity of acute pancreatitis in this animal model. The finding that IL-10 decreased inflammation and prevented death, even when given after acute pancreatitis was established, suggests that it may have potential for clinical use.

At a local level individual hospitals can identify areas where improvements in the service they provide need to be made. The practicality of the current guidelines in today's health service needs questioning.

Does preemptive analgesia reduce pain after radical axillary lymph node dissection?

Preemptive application of Parecoxib enhances outcome after RALND. A preemptive analgesic with Parecoxib in the perioperative management after RALND of melanoma patients can be recommended.

Our results show that the nonionic contrast medium iohexol at the doses used in routine intravenous pyelography does not have any influence on blood pH and serum cardioactive cation electrolytes in humans. An electrolyte imbalance is always a risk factor that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular side effects. This factor is eliminated when iohexol is administered intravenously instead of an ionic agent.

Femoroacetabular impingement after slipped capital femoral epiphysis: does slip severity predict clinical symptoms?

In the absence of radiographic indicators to predict FAI, we advocate all but those hips pinned prophylactically or for pre-slip should be followed into adulthood and clinically monitored for impingement. Grade of slip in adolescence cannot be used as a predictive tool for FAI later in life.

Our findings demonstrate that the COCH gene is expressed preferentially in the inner ear and that expression of full-length Cochlin p63s is specific to the inner ear. These results will be central to understanding the function of Cochlin and its role in the pathophysiology of DFNA9.

Is elder self-neglect associated with increased risk for elder abuse in a community-dwelling population : findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project?

Elder self-neglect report is associated with increased risk for subsequent elder abuse report to social services agency.

Even after more than 400 individually performed TEP procedures, there is progress in reducing the conversion rate, the incidence of short-term postoperative complications, and operative time, indicating a rather long learning curve.

Association of intermediate uveitis with HLA-A28: definition of a new systemic syndrome?

IU is significantly associated with HLA-A28; patients having this antigen may represent a subset of the disease characterized by an increased prevalence of arthralgias and hypocomplementemia.

We demonstrated that masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia exhibits heterotopic calcification in tendon tissues.

Does presence of both parents during consent process in non-therapeutic neonatal research increase positive response?

Parents of healthy newborns demonstrated a positive attitude towards non-therapeutic neonatal research with maximal consent occurring when both parents were present. Parental perception of harm was the main reason for declining consent.

DP/NP could be a severe form of PD, while primary NP could be a relatively mild subcategory that may partially share common pathophysiology with adult type night terror.

Does flour fortification with iron have no impact on anaemia in urban Brazilian children?

The low bioavailability of the Fe compounds added to flours, combined with the poor quality of children's diets, account for the lack of impact of mandatory fortification.

There was a significant association between PON1 A632G polymorphism and MVA as well as VSA, but the impact of this on VSA and MVA is different in the Japanese.

Do splanchnic and pelvic mechanosensory afferents signal different qualities of colonic stimuli in mice?

The splanchnic and pelvic pathways contain distinct populations of mechanosensitive afferents. These afferents are capable of detecting an array of mechanical stimuli and are individually tuned to detect the type, magnitude, and duration of the stimulus. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the role that these 2 pathways play in conveying mechanical information from the colon.

CPT predicts endoscopic and histological findings in GI-GVHD and correlates with lower GI symptoms. It enables to discriminate GVHD from CMV colitis and to monitor therapeutic success.

Is there a place for pediatric valvotomy in the autograft era?

In selected patients with valvular aortic stenosis who are beyond infancy, valvotomy may be adequate and may postpone further surgery for a significant length of time. After valvotomy the main problem is residual aortic stenosis while after autografting a shift occurs to aortic regurgitation and problems related to the pulmonary valve. Careful clinical and echocardiographic follow-up is therefore warranted in young patients after the autograft procedure.

BMG onlay ventral urethroplasty has similar success rates to anastomotic urethroplasty for short bulbar urethral strictures. Due to the relatively fewer complications reported after substitution urethroplasty with BMG, it should be considered the treatment of choice for short bulbar urethral strictures.

Does angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor inhibit Vascular Intimal Proliferation With Activation of PPARγ?

Our results suggest a new mechanism by which AT2 receptor stimulation activates PPARγ, thereby resulting in amelioration of vascular intimal proliferation, and that ATIP plays an important role in AT2 receptor-mediated PPARγ activation.

Neck circumference, which is a simple anthropometric tool, is associated with asthma severity in children.

Should bilateral inguinal hernias be repaired during one operation?

We believe a tension-free technique allows bilateral inguinal hernias to be repaired during one operation with similar outcomes as a unilateral tension-free repair and less cost than a sequential bilateral repair.

T4 integrin receptor activation ultimately determines the plasma membrane responses on amino acid transport in SC, but it is not involved in calcium influx, cell secretion or the nuclear effect of the hormone.

Is milk-responsive atopic dermatitis associated with a casein-specific lymphocyte response in adolescent and adult patients?

A specific T-cell-mediated immune response to casein can be found in the blood of adolescent and adult patients with milk-related exacerbation of AD. In contrast to house dust mite-specific T cells, casein-specific T cells of adult patients who respond to cow's milk with worsening of AD produce little or no IL-4.

Losartan significantly counteracts ex vivo platelet activation, probably via the blockade of TxA2 receptor-dependent signaling (e.g. implying activation of phospholipase A2) rather than acting at the AT1 receptor itself. This implies that the TxA2 signaling pathway plays a significant role during platelet activation, which may be successfully antagonized in vivo under different pathological states with enhanced thrombus formation or platelet-endothelium interactions.

Does the external Ballard examination accurately assess the gestational age of infants born at home in a rural community of The Gambia?

In this rural, community-born population of infants, postnatal assessment of gestational age by external Ballard examination performed poorly compared with ultrasound and last menstrual period. No reliable gestational age could be derived from its estimate and it failed to detect a significant proportion of high-risk infants. The development of an accurate but simple method of postnatally assessing gestational age specifically for use by health workers in rural Africa is required.

The data suggest that wave incidence is an effective method of measuring sleep homeostasis in the waking EEG that provides better temporal resolution than spectral power analysis.

Does endogenously formed nitric oxide modulate cell growth in bladder cancer cell lines?

Normal urothelial cells and bladder cancer cell lines MBT-2 and T24 show NOS activity, and cytokine treatment induces calcium-independent NOS activity. Our results suggest that endogenous activity of the constitutively expressed form of NOS in unstimulated cells promotes cell proliferation, and NO production secondary to increased activity of the inducible form of NOS after cytokine treatment inhibits cell growth.

These data support the hypothesis that unf plays a common role in the development of all types of MB neurons. Our data indicate that unf is necessary for MB axon extension and branching and that the formation of dorsal collaterals is more sensitive to the loss of unf function than medial projections. The asymmetrical phenotypes observed in compound heterozygotes support the hypothesis that the earliest MB axons may serve as pioneers for the later-born MB neurons, providing evidence for pioneer MB axon guidance in post-embryonic development.

Are race and mental health diagnosis risk factors for highly active antiretroviral therapy failure in a military cohort despite equal access to care?

African-American race and the presence of a mental health diagnoses were independently associated with antiretroviral failure. Equal access to care yields high efficacy rates with HAART but does not fully equilibrate racial differences in virologic failure.

Interns order significantly more arterial blood gases per infant than junior and senior residents on-call in the neonatal ICU. Additional study is required to see if the experience of housestaff is associated with a broader array of neonatal outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality.

Is toll-like receptor 3 polymorphism rs3775291 associated with choroidal neovascularization or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese subjects?

This study indicates that the TLR3 rs3775291 gene polymorphism is not associated with CNV and PCV in Singaporean Chinese patients.

Perioperative changes in lymphocyte levels could provide a practical predictive marker for wound complications on which selective antibiotic prophylaxis could be based.

Does low noise level unmask late potentials on signal-averaged electrocardiography?

Late potentials in patients with ischemic heart disease, ventricular tachycardia, and a negative or indeterminate signal-averaged electrocardiogram may be detected if the NL is reduced to 0.1 μV. Reduction of the NL increased the sensitivity of the test without modifying its specificity.

Tracking but not memory was enhanced by glucose. This finding suggests that, under certain task conditions, glucose administrations does not preferentially enhance memory performance. One mechanism through which glucose acts as a cognition enhancer is through allowing greater allocation of attentional resources.

Does continuous aspirin use increase post-endoscopic dissection bleeding risk for gastric neoplasms in patients on antiplatelet therapy?

APT increased the risk for post-ESD bleeding, and DAPT markedly increased the risk for bleeding. Continuous LDA did not produce an additional hemorrhagic risk in all patients treated with APT. Thus, patients treated with APT should be careful monitored for post-ESD bleeding, and LDA should not be interrupted in patients with a high thromboembolic risk.

Over-sized mature lobar grafts provide improved hemodynamics as compared with size-matched grafts. Mature left lower lobe grafts are superior to size-matched upper lobe grafts in this model, probably as a result of an augmented vascular bed.

Hydrogen sulphide vasodilates human pulmonary arteries: a possible role in pulmonary hypertension?

We have shown that H2S is a potent vasodilator of human pulmonary arteries and is a significant anti-hypertensive for pulmonary artery pressures. Our results indicate that this therapeutic potential should be further evaluated in clinical trials.

IPC protected the heart against the deleterious effects of reperfusion, possibly by amelioration of the level of oxygen-derived reactive species, and the complete inhibition of reactive hydroxyl radical production. Isoflurane did not prove to be as effective in reducing the free radical damage.