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Figure skating element For the Gerry Anderson series, see The Adventures of Twizzle. For The Nichols Cube Puzzle (Twizzle), see Larry D. Nichols. A **twizzle** is "a multirotational, one-foot turn that moves across the ice" in the sport of figure skating. First performed by David Grant in 1990 the International Skating Union (ISU) defines a twizzle as "a traveling turn on one foot with one or more rotations which is quickly rotated with a continuous (uninterrupted) action". It is most often performed in ice dance, although single skaters and pair skaters also perform the element. Twizzles have been called "the quads of ice dance" because like quadruple jumps in other disciplines, twizzles are risky and technically demanding. Background ---------- A twizzle is "a multirotational, one-foot turn that moves across the ice" in the sport of figure skating. It is a "a difficult turn" in single skating. The International Skating Union (ISU), the governing body of figure skating, defines a twizzle as "a traveling turn on one foot with one or more rotations which is quickly rotated with a continuous (uninterrupted) action". A spin, by comparison, is a stationary, multi-rotational turn. Twizzle sequences, when executed well, are often the highlight of ice dance programs. A set of synchronized twizzles is a series of two twizzles for each partner, with up to four steps between twizzles. A set of sequential twizzles is a series of two twizzles for each partner, with up to one step between twizzles. For both a set of synchronized twizzles and a set of sequential twizzles, each twizzle should be at least one full rotation on one foot performed at the same time by both partners. American ice dancer Alex Shibutani calls twizzles "the quads of ice dance" because like quadruple jumps in other disciplines, twizzles, which appear most often in ice dance programs, are risky and technically demanding. There are four types of entry edges for twizzles: the forward inside, the forward outside, the backward inside, and the backward outside. A twizzle-like motion is a motion in which the skating foot executes less than a full turn, followed by a step forward, while the body performs one full continuous motion. A series of three-turn steps do not constitute a twizzle because they do not constitute a continuous action. If the skater stops traveling during the action, it is deemed a solo spin (or pirouette) and not counted as a twizzle. Execution --------- Twizzles, like steps, must be executed on clean edges. In a twizzle, the skater's weight is on the skating foot, with the free foot in any position during the turn, and then placed beside the skating foot to skate the next step. Although the twizzle is not considered a difficult move compared to other elements in figure skating, when a twizzle is executed properly the three turns are done so quickly that it is difficult to see the turns. The skater must continually rotate and move across the ice on one foot, by executing a quickly-controlled rocking action on their blade. Skaters must have equal strength in each rotational direction while having exact synchronicity with their partners. They increase the difficulty of twizzles, and earn more points for them, by performing variations in the placements of the leg (grabbing the blade while extending the leg) and arms (moving the arm or arms over the head or behind the back). According to American ice dancer Colin McManus, the finesse required in mastering the twizzle makes it "very easy to run into issues like putting your foot down or hitting your toe pick". According to Shibutani, high-quality twizzles are performed when skaters focus on gathering speed entering a twizzle sequence, which provides enough directional force to continue rotating as long as the choreography demands, and that muscle memory should carry them through the rest of the sequence. Shibutani reported that strong teams are able to adjust, make self-corrections, and follow what their partners are doing. He also said that there is "no room for mental errors at all". When ice dancers perform twizzles too slowly, trip while traveling across the ice, or fall out of sync with each other, it can ruin the flow of a program and "deflate the energy in the arena". According to Shibutani, practice, relying on muscle memory, and a good partnership are the keys to performing successful twizzle sequences. He said, about he and his long-time partner and sibling Maia Shibutani, "Hopefully, we’re rotating so fast that we can’t really see each other and it’s just kind of a feel thing". American ice dancer Meryl Davis reported, when speaking about how detailed and exact the synchronization is in the execution of twizzles, that she and her partner Charlie White knew the placement of each other's feet based on the sounds their blades made on the ice. Maia Shibutani stated that partners need to have strong individual skating skills and that staying in the moment is important because when skaters lose focus and think too far ahead, "then you're finished". Gallery ------- * Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani, 2012Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani, 2012 * Meryl Davis and Charlie White, 2009Meryl Davis and Charlie White, 2009 * Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir, 2011Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir, 2011 * Kristine Musademba, 2008Kristine Musademba, 2008 * Nathalie Pechalat and Fabian Bourzat, 2011Nathalie Pechalat and Fabian Bourzat, 2011 * Alexandra Zaretski and Roman Zaretski , 2009Alexandra Zaretski and Roman Zaretski , 2009 Works cited ----------- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twizzles. * "Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022". International Skating Union. 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022. (S&P/ID 2022)

1969 anti-government protest movement in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina A protest picket Police in downtown Rosario The **Rosariazo** (Spanish pronunciation: [rosaˈɾjaso]) was a protest movement that consisted in demonstrations and strikes, in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina, between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorial rule of *de facto* President General Juan Carlos Onganía. The Rosariazo was caused by events in other parts of Argentina, and in turn triggered similar protests itself. Prelude ------- There was a general climate of unrest caused by social injustice in the country. On 13 May 1969, in Tucumán, former workers of a sugar mill took the factory and its manager as hostage, asking for overdue payments. On 14 May, in Córdoba, automobile industry workers protested the elimination of the Saturday rest. On 15 May the University of Corrientes increased the price of food tickets in its cafeteria fivefold, and the ensuing protest ended up with one student, Juan José Cabral, killed by the police. First Rosariazo --------------- The Faculty of Medicine of the UNR On 16 May 1969 the students of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario expressed their rejection of such actions; other faculties joined them. The rector suspended university activities until next Monday. The next day a protest started at the cafeteria of the UNR. The police put down the demonstration and killed student Adolfo Bello. The CGT labour union called for a "status of alert", and Bello's murder was denounced by the public. On 20 May, the students of Rosario announced a national strike (similar protests took place in other provinces). On 21 May, university student groups and secondary school students, along with the CGT, organized a silent march, which gathered 4,000 people. The police sent to put down the protest had to retreat, but killed 15-year-old student Luis Blanco. This was later known as the first Rosariazo. That evening the city was declared an emergency zone under military jurisdiction. A massive worker strike was declared on 23 May in Rosario and the nearby Industrial Corridor. Blanco's funeral was attended by more than 7,000 people. On 29 May there was a general strike in the city of Córdoba, which brought police repression and a civil uprising, an episode later termed the *Cordobazo*. The next day the CGT called for national strike. The May Revolution commemoration on 25 May was marked by the refusal of many priests to celebrate the traditional *Te Deum* in Rosario and nearby towns. In the celebration of the National Flag Day (20 June), President Onganía customarily visited Rosario and was declared *persona non grata*. Second Rosariazo ---------------- After a few months of relative calm, Rosario university students started a series of protests and memorials commemorating the victims of state repression on 7 September 1969. Upon the suspension of a railroad labour union deputy, Mario Horat, the railroad workers of Rosario went on strike on 8 September; on 12 September the union declared a nationwide indefinite strike. The government enlisted the military for repression. Several factories were occupied in Córdoba, and there was a massive uprising in Cipolletti, Río Negro. On 15 September the CGT of Rosario declared a strike, and on the morning of the next day the workers marched on the city. Street fighting and repression were widespread throughout the city. Between 100,000 and 250,000 people are estimated to have taken part in the protests, which later came to be known as the Second Rosariazo (or the Proletarian Rosariazo). The workers converged on the seat of the CGT and were joined by students, who had previously gathered at the faculties. The former Police Headquarters of Rosario, now a delegation of the provincial government The police were eventually overwhelmed by the protesters, who set up barricades and re-grouped in many different points throughout the city. Public transport vehicles were set on fire. Police control was limited to a few important buildings such as the Command Seat of the Second Army Corps, the Police Headquarters, the courts and the major radio stations. The conflict then spread to the *barrios* on the outskirts of Rosario. In light of the deteriorating situation, on 17 September the Army took charge. Colonel Leopoldo Galtieri (who would later become president of the military regime in 1981) was among the Army personnel involved in the repression. That evening, the Commander of the II Army Corps, Brig Gen. Herbert Robinson released the following statement: "The public is warned that in this mission, my troops are under orders to fire without warning on any outrage or attack." (Antenore 2004) From that point forward, the fight was effectively lost for the protesters. The Rozariazo ended with hundreds dead or wounded, and many arrested. The power of President Onganía was weakened by the *Rosariazo* and the *Cordobazo*, to the point that the dominant military faction asked him to resign, which he refused to do. He was forced out of office by a military junta on 8 June 1970.

This article is about the city in Victoria, Australia. For the local government area, see City of Wodonga. City in Victoria, Australia **Wodonga** (pronounced /wəˈdɒŋɡə/; Pallanganmiddang: *Wordonga*) is a city on the Victorian side of the border with New South Wales, 324 kilometres (201 mi) north-east of Melbourne, Australia. It is located wholly within the boundaries of the City of Wodonga LGA and is separated from its twin city in New South Wales, Albury, by the Murray River. As of 2021 Wodonga and its suburbs have a population of 38,949 and combined with Albury, the two cities form the urban area Albury-Wodonga with a population of 97,793. There are multiple suburbs of Wodonga including Bandiana, Baranduda, Barnawartha, Bonegilla, Ebden, Huon Creek, Killara, Leneva and Staghorn. Wodonga produces a gross domestic product of $2.5 billion per year on average. History ------- Founded as a customs post with its twin city Albury on the other side of the Murray River, the town grew subsequent to the opening of the first bridge across the Murray in 1860. Originally named Wodonga, its name was changed to Belvoir then later back to Wodonga. The Post Office opened 1 June 1856 although known as Belvoir until 26 July 1869. It had previously been regarded as the smaller, less prosperous cousin of the two. Whilst still somewhat smaller than Albury, economic growth in both areas has ameliorated such distinctions. The local Indigenous Waywurru name for the area, "Wordonga", refers to an edible plant or nut found in lagoons. Government and politics ----------------------- Wodonga City Council Offices Wodonga is in the federal Division of Indi. Independent MP Helen Haines has represented Indi since the 2019 Australian federal election. Indi was held by the Liberal-National Coalition from 1931 until the 2013 Australian federal election when it was won by independent Cathy McGowan. When Helen Haines won the seat in 2019, succeeding Cathy McGowan, it was the first time in Australian history that one independent had succeeded another. Wodonga is in the Victorian Electoral district of Benambra. Bill Tilley of the Liberal Party has represented the electoral district of Benambra since the 2006 Victorian state election. Benambra has been held by the Liberal-National Coalition since the 1932 Benambra by-election, and has never been held by the Labor Party. In the 2018 and 2022 Victorian elections, the seat became a close race between Bill Tilley and independent candidate Jacqui Hawkins, with Tilley narrowly retaining the seat. Wodonga is the largest population centre in both Indi and Benambra. The local government area covering Wodonga is City of Wodonga, and as of 2023 the current Mayor is Ron Mildren (independent). Culture ------- Much of the arts and theatrical activity in the region is conducted in a cross-border fashion; for instance HotHouse Theatre is located almost equidistant from the Wodonga and Albury city centres. Wodonga is served by the Apex Club of Wodonga, the Wodonga Lions Club and two Rotary Clubs – Belvoir Wodonga and Wodonga. Community Service is important to the Wodonga Community and activities such as the cities Australia Day Celebrations, Christmas Carols and the display of Santa's throughout the City over the festive season would not be possible without community service clubs. Recently Apexian Dean Freeman was awarded National Apexian of the Year for community service efforts throughout the area and overseas. ### Popular culture Leonard Hubbard recorded the song *Wodonga* in 1924. The World's Biggest Rolling Pin (listed in the Guinness Book of World Records) is located in Wodonga, atop "Henri's Bakery". Sport ----- Like much of country Victoria, Wodonga has a large and valued sporting culture. There are many sporting grounds in, and around, the area, and they are often frequented by the public in a social manner, when not being used for organised sport. There are three Australian rules football clubs in Wodonga, the Wodonga Football Club, the Wodonga Raiders Football Club and the Wodonga Saints Football Club. Wodonga and Wodonga Raiders compete in the Ovens & Murray Football League, while the Wodonga Saints compete in the Tallangatta & District Football League. There are many other sporting clubs in the region. Brisbane Lions dual-premiership player Daniel Bradshaw and celebrated St. Kilda forward Fraser Gehrig are originally from Wodonga. Wodonga is also home to a number of cricket clubs which compete in the Cricket Albury Wodonga (CAW) competition. These include the Belvoir Eagles, Wodonga Bulldogs and Wodonga Raiders. Cyclists are catered for by the Albury Wodonga Cycling Club. The Albury Wodonga Cycling Club holds club races most weekends, is part of the Riverina Interclub and hosts the annual John Woodman Memorial Wagga to Albury Cycling Classic. Golfers play the course at SS&A Wodonga on Parkers Road. Wodonga has two rugby league clubs called the Wodonga Wombats and Bonegilla Gorillas that play in the Murray Cup. Former clubs include the Wodonga Storm and Wodonga Bears, both of whom were involved in Victorian Rugby League competitions. Australian Socceroos Archie Thompson and Joshua Kennedy played for soccer team Twin City Wanderers as children. Wodonga Diamonds Football Club and Wodonga Heart Football Club are two other soccer clubs based in Wodonga. All three clubs compete in the Albury Wodonga Football Association, in which Wodonga Diamonds helped establish and is historically the most dominant club. In early 2014, a new club representing the region and playing its games in Wodonga was founded as Murray United F.C. Murray United's senior structure has since ceased to exists, and now the club only fields junior teams throughout various tiers of Junior NPL. Wodonga's Tennis Centre is the largest inland tennis complex in Australia and incorporates not only tennis but also croquet and lawn bowls. The centre has 32 natural grass courts, 8 synthetic grass courts with lights for night use, and 10 plexicushion courts with lights for night use. Wodonga has a horse racing club, the Wodonga & District Turf Club, which schedules around seven race meetings a year including the Wodonga Cup meeting in November. The Albury-Wodonga Motorcycle Club are located at Diamond Park on the southern part of Gateway Island, on the north side of the Murray River and organise motor cycle events. The motorcycle speedway track has hosted important events including the final of the 2024 Australian Speedway Championship. Wodonga also has a BMX club, which is situated in a complex near the home ground of local AFL team, Wodonga Raiders. Wodonga has a radio-controlled car site with both on-road and off-road tracks on the Lincoln Causeway, next to the speedway track. Climate ------- The city gets around 125.1 clear days annually, largely in the summer and early autumn. Winters are cloudy and rainy, more so than those in Melbourne. | Climate data for Wodonga (1954–1968, rainfall 1898–2023); 156 m AMSL; 36.12° S, 146.91° E | | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °C (°F) | 44.1(111.4) | 45.4(113.7) | 38.8(101.8) | 31.6(88.9) | 25.4(77.7) | 22.9(73.2) | 22.1(71.8) | 21.9(71.4) | 28.3(82.9) | 32.8(91.0) | 39.4(102.9) | 41.1(106.0) | 45.4(113.7) | | Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.8(89.2) | 31.2(88.2) | 28.1(82.6) | 22.9(73.2) | 16.8(62.2) | 14.1(57.4) | 12.6(54.7) | 14.7(58.5) | 18.0(64.4) | 21.5(70.7) | 25.5(77.9) | 28.6(83.5) | 22.2(72.0) | | Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2(59.4) | 15.3(59.5) | 12.7(54.9) | 9.0(48.2) | 5.6(42.1) | 4.1(39.4) | 3.1(37.6) | 4.2(39.6) | 5.7(42.3) | 8.5(47.3) | 10.4(50.7) | 13.2(55.8) | 8.9(48.0) | | Record low °C (°F) | 7.6(45.7) | 6.6(43.9) | 3.5(38.3) | 1.9(35.4) | −1.8(28.8) | −3.2(26.2) | −3.9(25.0) | −2.4(27.7) | −1.8(28.8) | 0.6(33.1) | 1.6(34.9) | 5.3(41.5) | −3.9(25.0) | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.4(1.71) | 39.3(1.55) | 51.1(2.01) | 50.3(1.98) | 64.9(2.56) | 78.5(3.09) | 81.7(3.22) | 77.8(3.06) | 62.3(2.45) | 68.4(2.69) | 49.0(1.93) | 48.3(1.90) | 714.6(28.13) | | Average precipitation days | 4.7 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 97.3 | | Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 30 | 32 | 37 | 44 | 58 | 64 | 65 | 59 | 51 | 48 | 39 | 34 | 47 | | Mean monthly sunshine hours | 313.1 | 282.5 | 272.8 | 228.0 | 161.2 | 120.0 | 127.1 | 173.6 | 207.0 | 260.4 | 276.0 | 288.3 | 2,710 | | Source 1: Wodonga (temperature, rainfall and humidity) | | Source 2: Rutherglen Research (sunshine hours) | Economy and infrastructure -------------------------- ### Industry Major secondary industries based in Wodonga include a logistics distributions hub (LOGIC), a large cattle market, a pet food factory (Mars Petcare), a can factory (Visy), a cardboard box factory (Visy Board), a hydraulic hose manufacturer (Parker Hannifin), an abattoir, a foundry (Bradken), a polypropylene film manufacturer (Taghleef Industries (formerly Shorko) a concrete pipe & pole manufacturer (Rocla) and a transformer manufacturer (Wilson Transformer Company) as well as a variety of other smaller enterprises. It also serves as a central point for the delivery of government services to the surrounding region. It houses the Australian corporate headquarters for Mars. Wodonga is the site of an Australian Army logistics base and a training centre for Army technical apprentices, the Army Logistic Training Centre, which is based at Latchford Barracks and Gaza Ridge Barracks. It is also the home of a campus of La Trobe University and Wodonga Institute of TAFE. Several experiments in cross-border governance in an attempt to bring the cities of Albury and Wodonga together have been tried. (See Albury-Wodonga for details.) v2food is set to open a manufacturing plant, the will use locally-grown ingredients, in Wodonga in the second quarter of 2020. ### Media #### Print A daily tabloid owned by Australian Community Media, the *Border Mail*, is printed in Wodonga. The Border Mail has offices in both Albury and Wodonga. #### Television Wodonga is part of the Albury-Wodonga/Murray/North-East Victoria television market and has access to all major TV networks. Channels available include Channel 7 (formerly Prime7 and part of the Seven Network), WIN Television (part of the Nine Network), Southern Cross 10 (part of Network 10), as well as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service, more commonly known as SBS. Several of these networks also offer additional digital-only channels, including ABC TV Plus, ABC Me, ABC News, SBS Viceland, 7two, 7mate, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake, Sky News Regional, 9Gem, 9Go! and 9Life. Two television news bulletins featuring local content are offered in Albury–Wodonga and the surrounding region. The Seven Network (formerly Prime7) broadcasts its bulletin live at 6.00pm from studios in Canberra. WIN Television's bulletin is produced in Ballarat but features Albury–Wodonga region based content, and airs on delay at 6.30pm. Southern Cross Austereo also provides short local news updates which are produced in Hobart, Tasmania, however, these do not feature significant local content from the Albury–Wodonga region. #### Radio There are three commercial radio stations broadcasting into Wodonga that are based over the border in Albury, namely 1494 2AY, Triple M The Border FM 105.7, and Hit104.9 The Border. Notably, Hit FM south eastern network is programmed out of the Albury/Wodonga Hub, going to centres around New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and into South Australia. Broadcast out of the same building as Triple M The Border, which is also networked to local stations around New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Albury/Wodonga is one radio market, thus advertisements are directed to both sides of the border. The Albury/Wodonga market underwent significant change in 2005 when Macquarie Southern Cross Media bought 105.7 The River from RG Capital, and 2AY and Star FM from the DMG Radio Australia. Due to cross-media ownership laws preventing the ownership of more than two stations in one market, Macquarie was required to sell one of these stations and in September 2005 sold 2AY to the Ace Radio network. 2AY takes its night time programming from Nine Radio. Commercial radio stations from Wangaratta (3NE, Edge FM) can also be received in most parts of Wodonga. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation produces breakfast and morning radio programs through its local radio network, from the studios of ABC Goulburn Murray located in Wodonga on 106.5FM. The rest of its content is delivered from Melbourne. The ABC also deliver Radio National on 990 AM, ABC Classic on 104.1 FM, ABC NewsRadio on 100.9 FM and Triple J on 103.3 FM. There is also a community radio station known as 2REM 107.3 FM. The Albury-Wodonga Community Radio station plays a large number of speciality programs including those for the retiree, ethnic and aboriginal communities throughout the day and a range of musical styles including underground and independent artists from 8:00pm onwards. In addition, the area is serviced by a Radio for the Print Handicapped station, 2APH, on 101.7 FM. Other stations include the Albury–Wodonga Christian Broadcasters' 98.5 The Light, and the dance formatted narrowcaster RawFM on 87.6 FM. ### Transport Wodonga water tower and War Memorial at Woodland Grove Wodonga railway station lies on the North East railway line. A new line was officially opened in late 2010 bypassing the Wodonga CBD, for which the town held a celebratory day for the last commercial passenger train to pass through the town centre. This line took the rail line out of the centre of town (and removed all of the level crossings), and a new station was built and the line was diverted north of the town to Albury. The station is served with the V/Line VLocity's and formerly the V/Line N Class. Wodonga is on the junction of the Hume Highway (the main route from Melbourne to Sydney) and the Murray Valley Highway (which follows the southern bank of the Murray River). Local public transport is provided by Dysons (which took over Mylon Motorways) who run buses on a number of routes both within Wodonga and to Albury. Bus services are generally quite infrequent and public transport use in Wodonga is very low. There are also long-distance bus services to the capitals. There is a comprehensive network of bicycle paths in Wodonga, including one across the Lincoln Causeway to Albury. Albury Airport, which provides scheduled commuter flights to Melbourne and Sydney, is a short drive from Wodonga. Education --------- From 2006, the three government high schools have merged to form a senior college for Years 10, 11 and 12, known as Wodonga Senior Secondary College, and a school for Years 7, 8 and 9, known as Wodonga Middle Years College, on two campuses; Felltimber and Huon Campus. The former 3 public high schools in Wodonga were Wodonga High School, Mitchell Secondary College and Wodonga West Secondary College. Wodonga High School celebrated its 50th birthday in 2005. Private schools in Wodonga include: Catholic College Wodonga, Trinity Anglican College, Victory Lutheran College, Mount Carmel Christian School, St Augustines Primary School, St Monicas Primary School[] and St Francis of Assisi Primary School (formerly Frayne College). Higher education is locally served by the Wodonga Institute of TAFE and La Trobe University. The regional Albury–Wodonga campus of La Trobe University was established in 1991 and provides courses in education, health sciences, biology, and business. The Albury-based campuses of Charles Stuart University, TAFE NSW and the University of New South Wales Rural Clinical School of Medicine are also closely located to Wodonga. Wodonga is also home to the Flying Fruit Fly Circus School, the educational arm of The Flying Fruit Fly Circus, that provides educational services with an emphasis on the performing arts and contemporary circus training. In 2003 a devastating fire destroyed the school's facilities at, then Wodonga High School, and the school relocated to Wodonga West Secondary College (now Wodonga Middle Years College Felltimber Campus).

Culture of Vienna in the period between 1890 and 1910 *Looshaus* in Vienna, constructed by Adolf Loos, 1909 Cashier's Hall of the Postal Savings Bank *Postsparkasse* in Vienna, designed by Otto Wagner, 1906 *Portrait der Adele Bloch-Bauer* by Gustav Klimt, 1907 The **Wiener Moderne** (German pronunciation: [vinɛʁ mɔˈdɛʁnə]) or *Viennese Modernism* is a term describing the culture of Vienna in the period between approximately 1890 and 1910. It refers especially to the development of modernism in the Austrian capital and its effect on the spheres of philosophy, literature, music, art, design and architecture. Background ---------- Under Emperor Franz Joseph I. the conservative-catholic Austrian-Hungarian Empire reaches its zenith and enters its final phase. Industrialization remains comparatively sluggish, a large administrative apparatus continues to tighten its empire-wide grip, with nationality conflicts in the multi-ethnic state coming to a head. Against this backdrop, in the empire's urban centers (Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Trieste, Zagreb, etc.) intellectual achievements abound in the development of - often contradictory - principles, opinions, scientific approaches and trends. The capital city of Vienna, which in 1900 has more than 2 million inhabitants, has become a cultural melting pot, because it is here that Central Europe's economic and intellectual elite congregates. Viennese political life is complex and tense. Social Democracy (Victor Adler), Zionism (Theodor Herzl) and Austromarxism (Otto Bauer) develop. Vienna's Mayor Karl Lueger, to use his own words, instrumentalizes open anti-Semitism as a political strategy. In 1914, nine percent of Viennese citizens are Jews. Jewish writers, composers, actors and scientists, men such as Karl Kraus, Arthur Schnitzler, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg and Alfred Polgar, play important roles in science and the arts. In an atmosphere characterized by conservative pomp on the one hand, and the pursuit of progress on the other, artists turn their attention away from naturalism and begin to focus on the inner world and on the psyche. The concept of *ego disintegration* gains traction. Ernst Mach describes the ego as "*unrettbar*", i.e. beyond recovery. The connection between the ego and society, the "*Ich*" and the world, is no longer primarily based on reason, but rather on the border regions between dream and reality, reason and feeling. A "mood" is seen as often expressing more than could be conveyed by mere words. Ideas and concepts are imported via direct personal relationships between individuals who embraced avant-garde thinking. Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner play an important role in public discourse. The literary critic and author Hermann Bahr regularly commutes between Berlin and Vienna, thus subjecting himself to relentless change as a result of being exposed to ever newer ideas. Bahr stars out as a Wagnerian and a follower of Bismarck, then becomes a Marxist, a naturalist, a symbolist, an expressionist and, finally, a conservative Catholic. For the implementation of the ideas of Viennese Modernism (as opposed to architectural and literary historicism) the year 1897, with the founding of the Vienna Secession, proved decisive. Adolf Loos, the influential architect, was substantially informed by, and throughout his life remained true to, the impressions he gathered during his stay in America from 1893 to 1896, especially in Chicago and New York. Characteristics of the Wiener Moderne ------------------------------------- Significant personalities and works ----------------------------------- ### Philosophy Ernst Mach was an influential philosopher of science and physicist. Ludwig Wittgenstein made important contributions in analytic philosophy and philosophy of language. Sigmund Freud caused a revolution in psychology through the foundation of psychoanalysis. He published in 1899 (dated 1900) his famous book "The Interpretation of Dreams". ### Architecture The architect Otto Wagner wrote a book titled "*Moderne Architektur von 1895*" (en: Modern architecture of 1895), in which he declares the era and predominance of the historic style (especially the buildings on the Ringstraße in the neo-Greek, neo-roman and neo-baroque styles) to be over. He did not know of the term "Moderne" yet, he only spoke of the necessity for architecture to keep up and adapt to new technological developments. Otto Wagner himself would make use of new building materials such as steel and iron and encompass it into his work. Adolf Loos designed some of the most well known structures of the period. These included the Looshaus, the American Bar, and the Steiner House, among others. The Looshaus in Vienna (also known as the Goldman & Salatsch Building) marks the rejection of historicism, as well as the ornaments used by the Wiener Secession. Adolf Loos received the assignment in 1909, and the building was finished in 1910. Upon opening, its appearance shocked Vienna's citizens, since their overall taste was still very much historically oriented. Because of the lack of ornaments on the façade, people called it the 'house without eyebrows'. The American Bar, also known as the Kärntner Bar, showcases Loos' combination of simple, unadorned forms with opulent materials and fine, simple detailing to give a modern, rich impression. The Steiner house was designed for the painter Lilly Steiner and her husband Hugo. It is located in a Vienna suburb. The Steiner house became a highly influential example of modern architecture; it played a significant role in establishing Loos' reputation as a modern architect to the audience outside of the Viennese community, and became an obligatory reference for architects during the 1920s and 30s. Almost all of the literature of the Modern Movement has reproduced the garden façade as an indisputable example of radical rationalist modern architecture. ### Art Gustav Klimt is the most notable Viennese artist produced in this period. Characterised by his symbolic use of gold to portray beautifully rendered figures, The Kiss is his most famous piece. Another significant figure in this movement was Egon Schiele, a pupil of Klimt's. They both pioneered the exploration of sexuality typical of the end of a century. ### Literature Café Griensteidl, gathering place for members of the Young Vienna circle, in 1896 (Reinhold Völkel) The most notable literary grouping of this period was the Young Vienna movement, a society of "coffeehouse literati" centred on the writer and critic Hermann Bahr. Bahr's 1890 work *Zur Kritik der Moderne* (*On Criticism of Modernity*) established the word modernism as a literary term, whilst *Die Überwindung des Naturalismus* (*The Surpassing of Naturalism*) published the following year, declared the then current style of naturalism to be at an end. He was influenced in this by developments in French literature, notably symbolism, which he had encountered while studying in France (1888–1890) where he had come to know the works of avant-garde writers such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, Paul Bourget and Maurice Barrès. Bahr proclaimed a new *Romantik der Nerven* (romanticism of the nerves), which concentrated on the impressions and sensations of the human soul; in this he referred back to developments in the still new science of psychology and his critical writings were consequently influenced not only by literary writers but also by psychologists, notably Sigmund Freud, and the philosopher of science Ernst Mach. The literary consequence of this *Romantik der Nerven* was the encouragement of literary forms that foregrounded the perceptions of the individual, among them the unreliable narrator and the interior monologue. Bahr used his position in Vienna as a theatre critic and feuilletonist to promote other members of the Young Vienna circle, most notably Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who met at the Café Griensteidl and later at the Café Central. Other members of the group included Arthur Schnitzler, Peter Altenberg, Felix Salten, and Stefan Zweig, all of whom, though disparate in styles and interests, demonstrate different facets of the character of the *Wiener Moderne* in their writing. Schnitzler created one of the earliest examples of modernist stream of consciousness writing in *Lieutenant Gustl* (1900), and his most famous work, *Reigen* (*La Ronde*) (1897), is typical of the fin de siècle interest in sexuality. Hofmannsthal's early poems show the influence of the French symbolists and Stefan George's aestheticism, whilst his work as a librettist for Richard Strauss reflects the interpenetration of the different branches of the arts typical of the epoch. The aphorist Altenberg is notable as much for his archetypically bohemian lifestyle as for his writing. Salten, best known nowadays for his later children's books, is widely regarded as the author of the infamous pornographic novel Josephine Mutzenbacher, a sign arguably of the decadence that was associated with the period. Zweig (also a librettist for Strauss) was, in addition to his own stylistically polished writing, a noted translator of the symbolists, and later a passionate defender of a collective European culture in the face of aggressive nationalism, reflecting the openness of the epoch to foreign cultural influences and indeed the melting pot of different cultures that was part of fin-de-siècle Vienna. The other dominant voice in Viennese literature during this period was the satirist Karl Kraus. Originally Kraus had been associated with the Young Vienna writers but he broke with them and attacked them in his 1897 essay *Die demolierte Literatur* (*Demolished Literature*), which was written after Café Griensteidl burnt down. In his periodical *Die Fackel* (The Torch), Kraus regularly satirised lazy journalism, which he considered to be exemplified in the feuilleton writing of many of his contemporaries, but his interests ranged over many of the other issues which were prominent in the cultural life of fin-de-siècle Vienna, among them Zionism, psychoanalysis, political corruption and nationalism, all of which he attacked in the pages of *Die Fackel*. The antagonism between Kraus and other leading Viennese cultural figures, which in the extreme case of his criticism of Felix Salten's feuilletons led to Salten assaulting him in the street, but also encompassed spats with Freud, Theodor Herzl and Hugo von Hofmannsthal among others, might be seen as a sign of the vigorous debate characteristic of the period. ### Music Wholly characteristic of the Wiener Moderne is the conflict between Gustav Mahler and the Vienna Philharmonic, whose conservative tradition did not align with the modern compositions of Mahler. The fundamental goal of Modernism was to break from the past, but Mahler's attempt to upset tradition was poorly received. Other Modernist musicians in Vienna included Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg, whose compositions were central to the Second Viennese School. Modernist music in Vienna was criticized as nagging, demoralizing, and damagingly hostile, yet the Modernists viewed this as a progressive necessity. Legacy ------ External references ------------------- * Architecture + + + * Literature + Literatur in der Wiener Moderne – University of Salzburg + Hermann Bahr – University of Marburg + Karl Kraus – Hypocrisy or Merely Contradiction 1. ↑ Bradbury, Malcolm and McFarlane, James, *Modernism, A Guide to European Literature, 1890-1930*, Penguin Books, 1991.

Retracted news story In 2022, Indian news outlet *The Wire* alleged that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) used an application, called **Tek Fog**, to manipulate social media. The story went viral in India, and drew reactions from opposition politicians. One of the two authors of the Tek Fog report was Devesh Kumar. After allegations emerged that Kumar had fabricated evidence in later news stories about Meta Platforms, Inc. *The Wire* fired Kumar, alleged that he had intended to discredit the outlet, and filed a police report. *The Wire* issued a formal apology to its readers and took down the Meta and Tek Fog reports. Initial story ------------- Alerted by a supposed disgruntled employee-turned-whistleblower, the Indian news publication *The Wire* reportedly conducted a two-year investigation and published its findings in January 2022. This report claimed that the Tek Fog application was used "to artificially inflate the popularity of the Bharatiya Janata Party, harass its critics and manipulate public perceptions at scale across major social media platforms" and to "amplify right-wing propaganda". *The Wire* investigation also claimed the BJP, along with the private companies Persistent Systems and Mohalla Tech (which operates a service called ShareChat), were involved in deploying the app. The BJP's youth wing (BJYM) members were said to have supervised the operators, giving them ideological directions. The investigation also claimed that an unnamed internal source within Persistent Systems found 17,000 files connected to Tek Fog developed by Persistent Systems. In January 2022, Devang Dave, head of BJYM IT Cell, denied that he or anyone from his organisation knew about such an app. Persistent Systems and Mohalla Tech denied any involvement with each other or with Tek Fog. BJP youth wing functionary Devang Dave, who was claimed to have supervised the operation, denied the party's involvement. On 23 October 2022, *The Wire* removed its Tek Fog investigation from its website, "pending the outcome of an internal review". *The Wire* has accused one of the story's authors of "deception" in a separate series of articles on Meta. ### Claimed features *The Wire's report* described the app as being capable of several actions. These capabilities purportedly included being able to hijack the '"trending"' section of social media sites, Twitter and Facebook, bulk-hacking of inactive WhatsApp accounts, among other functionalities. Other features supposedly included promoting favourable viewpoints through misinformation targeting users perceived to be BJP party opponents. Tek Fog was also alleged to have managed a huge database of Indian citizens which included specific data regarding their occupation, religion, age, gender, etc. which was then used to deliver targeted insults and criticism. ### Alleged victims The Delhi Union of Journalists (DUJ) released a statement condemning the app stating that women journalists were "prime targets of the app" and noting that *The Wire* investigation listed several women journalists who received up to one million abusive tweets between January and May 2021, including Rana Ayyub, Barkha Dutt, Nidhi Razdan, Rohini Singh, Swati Chaturvedi, Sagarika Ghose, Manisha Pande, Faye D'Souza, Arfa Khanum Sherwani and Smita Prakash. On 9 January 2022, journalist Arfa Khanum Sherwani released a list of prominent women from several religions including Hinduism who were targeted and harassed by hackers using Tek Fog. Reactions --------- The Editors Guild of India, a national non-profit organisation of journalists, said that *The Wire* investigation "laid bare an extensive and well funded network built around [the] app". The Editors Guild condemned "the continuing online harassment of women journalists", and demanded "urgent steps to break and dismantle this misogynistic and abusive digital eco-system". The Guild has since retracted its statements, after *The Wire* took down the original articles. That retraction cited concerns over the report's accuracy and insufficient "journalistic norms and checks". Opposition parties denounced the app as a national security threat and demanded a probe. Rajya Sabha MP Derek O'Brien (of the Trinamool Congress) called for a meeting of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs to discuss the app and said it "has serious ramifications and could jeopardise national security." The primary opposition party, Indian National Congress called Tek Fog, "a poisonous weapon of the BJP's propaganda machinery". Congress leader Rahul Gandhi called the app one of several "factories of hate" set up by the BJP. There were also multiple calls for the Supreme Court to intervene in this matter. Congress leaders requested the examination from the expert panel that was looking into the alleged use of the Pegasus spyware on Indian citizens. The Minister of State for Home in the Maharashtra government, Satej Patil, questioned the silence of the Government of India and Information and Technology ministry over the Tek Fog expose. He made a public appeal to the victims from Mumbai targeted by Tek Fog app to register a police complaint. Pakistani newspaper *Dawn* stated that Tek Fog "was used in many underhanded ways to promote the hateful Hindutva ideology". French newspaper *Le Monde* commented that it is perhaps the most elaborate online political manipulation operation ever discovered. Anand Venkatnarayanan, an Indian internet security researcher, called the app a military-grade psychological operations weapon. He claimed that the capabilities that are part of Tek Fog had only been accessible to state actors, and that putting it in the hands of non-state actors affiliated to a political party "had never been done before". ### Investigation by Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs On 10 January, O'Brien wrote a second letter to convene a meeting to discuss Tek Fog, pointing out that this hacking technique was formerly used by the Pegasus spyware. The application, per O'Brien, could send automated messages, spread misinformation, fake news and mislead citizens. On 12 January, Congress leader and leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury also wrote to the chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, Anand Sharma, asking the committee discuss the "violative software application Tek Fog" in their next meeting. On 12 January, *The Hindu* reported that Anand Sharma, the head of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, wrote to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India seeking a response on questions surrounding Tek Fog. The Parliamentary Standing Committee asked the Union Home Ministry to provide information about the Tek Fog app. On 12 February, responding to the request, Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology Rajeev Chandrasekhar stated, "The ministry has searched for the app on all prominent app stores and APK stores and could not find so called app in any of these online stores." Retraction and apology ---------------------- On 23 October 2022, 'The Wire' took down its Tek Fog story "for review" due to claims of misconduct in another investigation done by the same journalist. *The Wire* also issued a formal apology to its readers.

2009 Indian film ***Siddham*** (transl. **Ready**) is a 2009 Telugu-language action film, produced by Kiran Kumar Koneru on Shreya Productions banner and directed by J. D. Chakravarthy. The film stars Jagapati Babu, Sindhu Menon, and music composed by Amar Mohile. This film's plot is inspired by the Hindi film, *Ab Tak Chhappan*. Plot ---- The film begins at the Hyderabad Task Force department led by a dynamic deputy Dayanayak an encounter specialist. Though challenging, he has an enjoyable way of living with his ideal wife Gauri, and daughter Harini. Daya holds the best network over the underworld and is cordial with his juniors & informers. However, Daya's pre-eminence envies one of his boys Salim. Parallelly, a drastic feud rundown between mobsters Bilal, based abroad, and Chota. Meanwhile, a new kid Akhil on the block attains confidence in Daya, and nice amity develops between them. During these events, Daya establishes a love-hate telephonic conversation with Bilal. Sooner, Daya upends when his confidential adviser Commissioner Gurunarayana retries, and an amoral Sivalinga Prasad arrives. He aids Chota, also persecutes Daya and hoists Salim. Nevertheless, Daya strenuously never fails his path. Once, Daya gets intel regarding the landing of professional sharpshooter Ashok the sidekick of Chota. So, he immediately takes action and apprehends him. But alas, his mother dies in that encounter where Ashok seeks vengeance and breaks out of the prison. At that point, Bilal notifies Daya that he has risk from Ashok. Then, on eve of Akhil's wedding, Gauri is slain by an unidentified. The cataclysmic forms severe impact on Daya. Yet, he is committed and initiates an inquiry which is hindered by Sivalinga Prasad. Thus, Daya resigns and wipes out Chota's gang. Forthwith, Sivalinga Prasad announces shoot-at-sight orders against Daya and assigns Salim who ensnares him. On the verge of his, encounter Akhil fires on Salim and frees Daya. Afterward, Daya knocks out Sivalinga Prasad too. Now Daya calls for Bilal to fuse him which he accepts and succeeds in getting him out of India. Later that night, Daya & Bilal begin a dialogue when Bilal states Ashok as the homicide of Gauri. Here shockingly, Daya proclaims that Ashok has been encountered before Gauri's death. Notoriously, it is Bilal's foul play that killed Gauri on behalf of Ashok inducing Daya against Chota's gang. Anyhow, Daya has made this reverse artifice for it. He slaughters Bilal therein and returns. At last, with the backing of Gurunarayana Daya's crimes are posed as a covert mission and he is reinstated. Finally, the movie ends with Daya persistently proceeding to a new operation along with his team. Cast ---- * Jagapathi Babu as Dayanand alias Daya (based on Daya Nayak) * Sindhu Menon as Gauri * Kota Srinivasa Rao as Commissioner Gurunarayan * Radha Ravi as Commissioner Sivalinga Prasad * Mukul Dev as Bilal * Kota Venkata Anjaneya Prasad as Saleem * Dr.Bharath Reddy as Akhil * Subbaraju as Ashok * Narsing Yadav as Fancis * Amith as Pappu * Bharat as Vasim * Govardhan as Narayana * Dr. Siva Prasad as MLA Sudheer Babu * Sandra as Padma * Aparna as Pinky * Baby Sivani as Harini

This article is about the photoelectrochemical system. For related systems, see Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and Photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. **Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide**, also known as **photoelectrolysis of carbon dioxide**, is a chemical process whereby carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons by the energy of incident light. This process requires catalysts, most of which are semiconducting materials. The feasibility of this chemical reaction was first theorised by Giacomo Luigi Ciamician, an Italian photochemist. Already in 1912 he stated that "[b]y using suitable catalyzers, it should be possible to transform the mixture of water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and methane, or to cause other endo-energetic processes." Furthermore, the reduced species may prove to be a valuable feedstock for other processes. If the incident light utilized is solar then this process also potentially represents energy routes which combine renewable energy with CO2 reduction. Thermodynamics -------------- Thermodynamic potentials for the reduction of CO2 to various products is given in the following table versus NHE at pH = 7. Single electron reduction of CO2 to CO2●− radical occurs at E° = −1.90 V versus NHE at pH = 7 in an aqueous solution at 25 °C under 1 atm gas pressure. The reason behind the high negative thermodynamically unfavorable single electron reduction potential of CO2 is the large reorganization energy between the linear molecule and bent radical anion. Proton-coupled multi-electron steps for CO2 reductions are generally more favorable than single electron reductions, as thermodynamically more stable molecules are produced. Summary of thermodynamic potentials of CO2 reduction to various products| CO2   +   2 H+   +   2 e−   →   CO   +   H2O | E0 = −0.53 V | | CO2   +   2 H+   +   2 e−   →   HCOOH | E0 = −0.61 V | | CO2   +   4 H+   +   4 e−   →   HCHO   +   H2O | E0 = −0.48 V | | CO2   +   6 H+   +   6 e−   →   CH3OH   +   H2O | E0 = −0.38 V | | CO2   +   8 H+   +   8 e−   →   CH4   +   2 H2O | E0 = −0.24 V | | CO2   +   e−   →   CO−2 | E0 = −1.90 V | | Kinetics -------- Figure 3 Position of conduction and valence band of several semiconductors at pH = 1 shown vs NHE. Thermodynamic potentials for CO2 reduction to different products at pH = 1 vs NHE is shown beside the band edge positions of semiconductors. Thermodynamically, proton coupled multiple-electron reduction of CO2 is easier than single electron reduction. But to manage multiple proton coupled multiple-electron processes is a huge challenge kinetically. This leads to a high overpotential for electrochemical heterogeneous reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons and alcohols. Even further heterogeneous reduction of singly reduced CO2●− radical anion is difficult because of repulsive interaction between negatively biased electrode and negatively charged anion. Figure 2 shows that in case of a p-type semiconductor/liquid junction photo generated electrons are available at the semiconductor/liquid interface under illumination. The reduction of redox species happens at less negative potential on illuminated p-type semiconductor compared to metal electrode due to the band bending at semiconductor/liquid interface. Figure 3 shows that thermodynamically, some of the proton-coupled multi-electron CO2 reductions are within semiconductors band gap. This makes it feasible to photo-reduce CO2 on p-type semiconductors. Various p-type semiconductors have been successfully employed for CO2 photo reduction including p-GaP, p-CdTe, p-Si, p-GaAs, p-InP, and p-SiC. Kinetically, however, these reactions are extremely slow on given semiconductor surfaces; this leads to significant overpotential for CO2 reduction on these semiconductor surfaces. Apart from high overpotential; these systems have a few advantages including sustainability (nothing is consumed in this system apart from light energy), direct conversion of solar energy to chemical energy, utilization of renewable energy resource for energy intensive process, stability of the process (semiconductors are really stable under illumination) etc. A different approach for photo-reduction of CO2 involves molecular catalysts, photosensitizers and sacrificial electron donors. In this process sacrificial electron donors are consumed during the process and photosensitizers degrade under long exposure to illumination. Solvent effect -------------- The photo-reduction of CO2 on p-type semiconductor photo-electrodes has been achieved in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. Main difference between aqueous and non-aqueous media is the solubility of CO2. The solubility of CO2 in aqueous media at 1 atm. of CO2 is around ≈ 35 mM; whereas solubility of CO2 in methanol is around 210 mM and in acetonitrile is around 210 mM. ### Aqueous media Photoreduction of CO2 to formic acid was demonstrated on an p-GaP photocathode in aqueous media. Apart from several other reports of CO2 photoreduction on p-GaP, there are other p-type semiconductors like p-GaAs, p-InP, p-CdTe, and p+/p-Si have been successfully used for photoreduction of CO2. The lowest potential for CO2 photoreduction was observed on p-GaP. This may be due to high photovoltage excepted from higher band gap p-GaP (2.2 eV) photocathode. Apart from formic acid, other products observed for CO2 photoreduction are formaldehyde, methanol and carbon monoxide. On p-GaP, p-GaAs and p+/p-Si photocathode, the main product is formic acid with small amount of formaldehyde and methanol. However, for p-InP and p-CdTe photocathode, both carbon monoxide and formic acid are observed in similar quantities. Mechanism proposed by Hori based on CO2 reduction on metal electrodes predicts formation of both formic acid (in case of no adsorption of singly reduced CO2●− radical anion to the surface) and carbon monoxide (in case of adsorption of singly reduced CO2●− radical anion to the surface) in aqueous media. This same mechanism can be evoked to explain the formation of mainly formic acid on p-GaP, p-GaAs and p+/p-Si photocathode owing to no adsorption of singly reduced CO2●− radical anion to the surface. In case of p-InP and p-CdTe photocathode, partial adsorption of CO2●− radical anion leads to formation of both carbon monoxide and formic acid. Low catalytic current density for CO2 photoreduction and competitive hydrogen generation are two major drawbacks of this system. ### Non-aqueous media Maximum catalytic current density for CO2 reduction that can be achieved in aqueous media is only 10 mA cm−2 based solubility of CO2 and diffusion limitations. The integrated maximum photocurrent under Air Mass 1.5 illumination, in the conventional Shockley-Quiesser limit for solar energy conversion for p-Si (1.12 eV), p-InP (1.3 eV), p-GaAs (1.4 eV), and p-GaP (2.3 eV) are 44.0 mA cm−2, 37.0 mA cm−2, 32.5 mA cm−2 and 9.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Therefore, non-aqueous media such as DMF, acetonitrile, methanol are explored as solvent for CO2 electrochemical reduction. In addition, Methanol has been industrially used as a physical absorber of CO2 in the Rectisol method. Similarly to aqueous media system, p-Si, p-InP, p-GaAs, p-GaP and p-CdTe are explored for CO2 photoelectrochemical reduction. Among these, p-GaP has lowest overpotential, whereas, p-CdTe has moderate overpotential but high catalytic current density in DMF with 5% water mixture system. Main product of CO2 reduction in non-aqueous media is carbon monoxide. Competitive hydrogen generation is minimized in non-aqueous media. Proposed mechanism for CO2 reduction to CO in non-aqueous media involves single electron reduction of CO2 to CO2●− radical anion and adsorption of radical anion to surface followed by disproportionate reaction between unreduced CO2 and CO2●− radical anion to form CO32− and CO.

State-owned commercial bank of Bangladesh **Janata Bank PLC.** (Bengali: জনতা ব্যাংক পিএলসি) is a state-owned commercial bank of Bangladesh established in 1972. Its headquarters is situated at Motijheel in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. It is the second largest commercial bank in Bangladesh. In 2019, Janata Bank had a fiscal deficit of 82.56 billion taka, the highest of any bank in Bangladesh ever. It's the best performing public bank in Bangladesh. History ------- Following the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan at the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, Janata Bank PLC was formed combining the then United Bank Limited and Union Bank Limited under the Bank Nationalization Ordinance of 1972 (President's Order 26). In March 2004, managing director of the bank, Murshid Kuli Khan, visited Greece to study the feasibility of remittance from the country. The management of Janata Bank was changed under the Enterprise Growth and Bank Modernization Project' (EGBMP) which has been taken in 2004–05 in order to reform the nationalized commercial banks. Janata Bank became a public limited companies on 15 November 2007 led by chairman Sohel Ahmed Chowdhury. After Awami League came to power in 2008, they provided 145.05 billion taka in recapitalization funds to state banks including Janata Bank. In January 2008, SM Aminur Rahman, was appointed managing director of Janata Bank. Fahmida Khatun was appointed a director of the bank in August. In 2012, Janata Bank recalled their CEO of operations in the United Arab Emirates, Shafiqul Islam, following the embezzlement of 1.3 million USD. The Anti Corruption Commission question seven officials of the bank over the Hallmark-Sonali Bank Loan Scam. Bismillah Group had embezzled 12 billion taka from Janata Bank and four others. In December 2017, Md Abdus Salam Azad was promoted to managing director of Janata Bank from deputy managing director. Janata Bank provided loans worth 55.04 billion taka loan to AnonTex Group, led by chairperson Md Younus Badal, from 2007 to 2015 which defaulted. The loans were more than 25 percent of the capital base of Janata Bank in violation of banking rules. The loans were provided from the Janata Bhaban corporate branch under manager Md Abdus Salam Azad, who would later become the managing director of the bank. The loans were approved by the board of directors led by chairperson Abul Barkat and managing director SM Aminur Rahman. Shaikh Md Wahid-Uz-Zaman, who was the chairman from December 2014 to 2017, blamed the board of directors and management of the bank for the loans to AnonTex Group. AnonTex Group restructured their loan with a 1-2 percent payment rather than the customary 10-15 percent payment needed for restructuring. Bangladesh Bank had provided Janata Bank permission ignore overexposure rules for providing loans to Galaxy Sweaters and Yarn Dyeing, a subsidiary of AnonTex Group. Bangladesh Bank sought an explanation of the loans to AnonTex Group from managing director of the bank, Md Abdus Salam Azad. The group had laundered the money outside of Bangladesh using false invoicing of capital machinery. The loans were provided following an approval letter by Mizanur Rahman Akon, deputy general manager of Bangladesh Bank, without approval of Financial Integrity and Customer Services Department. Janata Bank tried to delay the loans to AnonTex Group from being declared defaulted by Bangladesh Bank which allowed the group to borrow more money from the bank. The Minister of Finance AMA Muhith spoke in favor of AnonTex Group after meeting it's chairperson. The Bank had also loaned 12.3 billion taka to Thermax Group which also defaulted. It was 27 percent of the capital base of Janata Bank. The Bank provided 34.43 billion taka loan to Crescent Group which also defaulted. Crescent Group is owned by MA Kader and Abdul Aziz, two brothers, who also own Jaaz Multimedia. Anti-Corruption Commission had found Crescent Group embezzled money from Janata Bank while Customs Intelligence and Investigation Directorate reported that the group had laundered the money out of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank stopped Janata Bank from re-hiring Syful Shamsul Alam & Co as its audit company because it had found the company aided Crescent Group in embezzling money from the bank. Janata Bank was fined by Bangladesh Bank for providing undue favors to Beximco Group. In 2016, Rajib Hasan, a senior officer of the bank embezzled 19.3 million taka from client accounts. In 2018, the government sought to appointed Hedayetullah Al Mamun as chairman of the bank but reverse course following backlash against the appointment. The government instead appointed Luna Shamsuddoha, the first woman to head a state-owned bank in Bangladesh. Justices Zubayer Rahman Chowdhury and Md Iqbal Kabir of the High Court Division ordered Janata Bank to retake their recruitment test following the leak of the exam question papers. Janata Bank sought to reschedule loans to Root Group which had 10.49 billion taka in defaulted loans in August 2019. Jamaluddin Ahmed was appointed chairman of Janata Bank in August 2019. He is a former director of Bangladesh Bank and the general secretary of the Bangladesh Economic Association. He replaced Dr SM Mahfuzur Rahman. On 28 July 2020, Ahmed was replaced by SM Mahfuzur Rahman as chairman of the bank. In 2020, a cashier of the bank in Noakhali District, Liton Chandra Das, stole 20 million taka from the bank. Janata Bank made a loss of move than 50 billion taka in 2020. Bangladesh Bank recommended actions against the managing director of the bank, Md. Abdus Salam Azad. AnonTex Group sought to reschedule its outstanding loans. Janata Bank was having difficulty recovering money from non-banking financial institutions which were hit by scams by PK Halder. The institutions were Bangladesh Industrial Finance Company Limited, First Finance Limited, FAS Finance and Investment Limited, International Leasing and Financial Services Limited, Peoples Leasing and Financial Services Limited, and Premier Leasing and Finance Limited. Janata Bank sought to auction assets of Pacific Denims Limited to recover its loan in 2022. Board of directors ------------------ | Name | Designation | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | | S. M. Mahfuzur Rahman | Chairman | | | Ajit Kumar Paul | Director | | | K. M. Shamsul Alam | Director | | | Ziauddin Ahmed | Director | | | Md. Abdul Majid | Director | | | Rubina Amin | Director | | | Meshkat Ahmed Chowdhury | Director | | | Muhammed Asad Ullah | Director | | | Md. Abdul Jabber | CEO and Managing Director | |

2023 Bangladeshi animated feature film based on the life of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ***Mujib Bhai*** (Bengali: মুজিব ভাই) is a 2023 Bangladeshi animated feature film, based on the life of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father and first President of Bangladesh. The film was produced by the Information and Communication Technology Division and jointly directed by Shohel Mohammad Rana and Chandan K. Barman. The film is based on *The Unfinished Memoirs*, the autobiography of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The animation film showed the events of a certain period in the life of Bangladesh's founding president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from 1948 to 1969. Plot ---- The film aims to deal with this current uprising anarchy and motivate our people once again in the light of Bangabandhu's political career. The inspiration of Bangabandhu's political career lies in the unfair, demeaning and rage inducing treatment of the Indian subcontinent people by the British dominance. This story is the story of Mujib's life struggle from being a very loving child of his parents to becoming Mujib Bhai to people. It intends to address the current emerging disorder and inspire our people once more. The unfair, degrading, and enrage-inspiring treatment of the people of the Indian subcontinent by the British hegemony served as the basis for Bangabandhu's political career. He fought against obstacles throughout his life. From his student days, he bravely defended his motherland against the powerful Pakistani army. His unwavering courage and selflessness made him a true champion. Voice cast ---------- * Robiul Aual Ronnie * Jahanger Alam * Ariful Islam Production ---------- The film was produced by ICT Division of Government of Bangladesh. Directed by Chandan K Barman and Sohel Mohammad Rana, the screenplay has been written by Adnan Adib Khan. The story and screenplay were edited by Ajoy Dasgupta. The ICT division produced the film with Zeenat Farzana, Arif Mohammad, and MD Shofiul Alam as the team producers. Additionally, Tanmoy Ahmed was the research lead, Mustafa Muhammad Hossain acted as the project advisor, and Bayzid Khan Rahul was the executive producer. The animation has been developed by Technomagic Private Ltd, in association with Hypertag Ltd. The film was developed through the Skill Development Project on Mobile Games and Applications of the Department of Information and Communication Technology. Release ------- The poster of the film was released on 27 May 2023, which showcases the film title, ‘Mujib Bhai’, emblazoned in bold letters, accompanied by a painted portrait of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. A scene depicted in the poster shows Bangabandhu standing at the witness stand, surrounded by a group of lawyers. *Mujib Bhai* premiered at Star Cineplex in Dhaka on 23 June 2023. State Minister for ICT Division Zunaid Ahmed Palak inaugurated the exclusive premier of the film with a number of street children at the Star Cineplex. The Movie made a special screening on 26 August 2023 at the president palace of Bangladesh Bangabhaban. President Mohammed Shahabuddin inaugurated the special screening. First Lady Rebecca Sultana and ICT State Minister Zunaid Ahmed Palak were also present there.

Turkish diplomat and general **Muzaffer Göksenin** (Manastir, Ottoman Empire, 1899 - Istanbul, 31 January 1965) was Turkish soldier and diplomat. Göksenin is a retired second Turkish Air Forces commander and general. Career ------ In 1916, at the age of sixteen, he was taken from Kuleli Military High School with his friends and joined the army in 1916 as a *Cavalry Ensign*. In 1917, the 26th division participated in the Palestine Campaign in the *Cavalry Division*. He was captured by the British around Damascus in October 1918 and returned to Istanbul after captivity. He went to Anatolia in 1920 and joined the national forces and served on the Western front in the Turkish War of Independence. He is among the "Nine Officers" who entered Izmir first among the cavalry units under the command of General Fahrettin Altay. He was the architect of the establishment of the Turkish Air Force, which was established as an independent power at the end of the World War II, together with Lieutenant General Muzaffer Ergüder and General Zeki Doğan. He is the first Turkish commander to put into effect the modernization of the Turkish air fleet. Beginning in 1951, he made the transition from piston aircraft to jet aircraft. He founded the "Air Force Cooperative", which was first inspired by the PX and later formed the basis for the "Army Cooperative" (ORKO). In 1953, as a result of a disagreement with the Turkish Minister of National Defense Seyfi Kurtbek, he asked for his retirement. Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes invited him to return to the army again. He rejected this proposal of the Prime Minister and retired on 4 May 1953. On 30 October 1954, Göksenin was appointed as the ambassador of Turkey to Baghdad. He served until 19 April 1957 when he returned to Turkey. Death ----- Grave of General Muzaffer Göksenin Göksenin, who was the recipient of the "War Medal" and the "Red Stripe Medal of Independence", died on January 31, 1965, at the age of 66. His body was buried in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery in Istanbul. He was married and had two children.

**Chūma** (中馬, *chūma*, lit. "middle horse") was a system of private cargo transportation in medieval Shinano Province, Japan. Due to the mountainous terrain in Shinano, it was not possible to transport agricultural goods and other cargo via a system of inland waterways. As a result, a number of private companies began using packhorses to move supplies through the area. They found themselves in direct competition with the official post-station system, over which they had significant advantages (for example, packhorse teams were not obliged to reload their goods onto fresh horses at each waystation). Conflicts between representatives of the two systems were not uncommon. Because the Ina road which was the main thoroughfare of Shinano was not under direct control of the bakufu government (and had little official traffic), packhorse operators were able to monopolise the freight trade. Packhorse couriers in Shinano fell into three main types. The first were local peasants, hauling their goods and those of their neighbours to market. The second were carriers from nearby Iida, hired by merchants there to bring produce to the town. Finally, there were groups of independent traders who purchased, transported and sold goods on their own initiative. In the late seventeenth century, representatives from all three of these groups founded the *chuma nakama*, a semi-formal trade association, to promote the interests of packhorse operators and resist the attacks of the official post-station system. Legalised by the authorities in 1673, by 1764 chuma was sufficiently lucrative that the shogunate introduced specific legislation to regulate it.

**Leonard John Nuttall** (July 6, 1887 – April 18, 1944) was acting president of Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1926 and 1927 while President Franklin S. Harris was on a world tour. He also served as superintendent of multiple school districts in Utah. Nuttall was the grandson of L. John Nuttall, who was private secretary to Brigham Young, John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff as well as being closely connected with BYU during the early days when it was called Brigham Young Academy. The younger L. John was born in 1887 the son of L. John Nuttall, Jr. and his wife Christina Little. Nuttall was one of 13 children. Although born in Salt Lake City he was raised in Pleasant Grove, Utah. Nuttall was appointed principal of a school in Pleasant Grove in 1906, when he was only 19. He joined the BYU faculty in 1908 as a critic teacher at the BYU training school. In 1910 Nuttall began studies at Columbia University. He married Fannie Burns, a native of Puma, Arizona in 1911. That same year Nuttall completed his bachelor's degree. He finished work on his master's degree in 1912. From 1912 to 1915 Nuttall was a teacher at Payson High School. He was principal of Spanish Fork High School in 1915 and 1916, and from 1916 to 1918 he served as superintendent of the Iron County School District based in Cedar City, Utah. From 1919 to 1922 he was superintendent of the Nebo School District. In 1922, Nuttall became the dean of the college of education at BYU. He served in this position until 1930. During this time he also earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1929. From 1922 to 1923 he served as president of the Utah Education Association. In 1930, he became the director of the Stewart Training School which was affiliated with the University of Utah. In 1932 Nuttall became the superintendent of the Salt Lake City School District. Nuttall served in this position for twelve years until he died in Salt Lake City in 1944 of a coronary occlusion.

1989 film by Bill Forsyth ***Breaking In*** is a 1989 American crime comedy film directed by Bill Forsyth, written by John Sayles, and starring Burt Reynolds, Casey Siemaszko and Lorraine Toussaint. The film follows professional small-time criminals as they live and practice their trades. Plot ---- Ernie Mullins (Burt Reynolds) is New York's 61-year-old-pro safecracker, who is operating now in Portland, Oregon. Mike (Casey Siemaszko), is the "nosy, amiable kid" that Ernie takes on as his lookout and apprentice after they encounter each other (Ernie tried robbing the safe while Mike broke in just to enjoy some of the comforts of the house). The two engage in a few heists together, such as one involving a supermarket and a friendly dog and a Fourth of July robbery of an amusement park during a fireworks show. Ernie is content to live in a tract home on the fringe of the city, but Mike can't resist using his newfound money for material items, and his firing from the mechanic shop only serves to drive a wedge between the two. Ernie maintains a steady, paying relationship with a prostitute, Delphine (Lorraine Toussaint), who fixes Mike up with her apprentice, Carrie (Sheila Kelley). Their relationship does not last long, however, as Mike's desire for her to not need to use her body for money lead her to leave him. The film also features a pair of retired crooks, Ernie's card-playing pals, Johnny (Albert Salmi) and Shoes (Harry Carey), and a pair of adversarial lawyers (Maury Chaykin and Stephen Tobolowsky). Mike's newfound wealth perks the suspicions of the authorities, and he has to try to not turn in Ernie in order to get a lighter sentence. Instead, he admits to his crimes alongside ones that Ernie did, which garners him a nine-year sentence but keeps his friendship with Ernie intact. Cast ---- * Burt Reynolds as Ernie Mullins * Casey Siemaszko as Mike Lafeve * Lorraine Toussaint as Delphine the Hooker * Sheila Kelley as Carrie aka Fontaine * Albert Salmi as Johnny Scot, Poker Player * Harry Carey as Shoes, Poker Player * Maury Chaykin as Vincent Tucci, Attorney * Stephen Tobolowsky as District Attorney Production ---------- The film was shot in Portland, Oregon. Forsyth envisioned John Mahoney for the lead role, but Act III Productions wanted a higher profile name. Jack Nicholson and Paul Newman were each offered the role, but declined. Prompted to have a star, Reynolds was eventually asked to do the film. It was Reynolds' first character role. "I've spent an entire career... making the characters me," he said." This is the first time I've done it the other way around." Reynolds worked for SAG scale because he was an admirer of the script and of Forsyth. John Sayles normally directed his own scripts but did not do this one because he did not feel he had the sense of humor to bring it off. Forsyth too, normally directed his own scripts, but took on *Breaking In* in an attempt to make contact with a larger mainstream audience: > I can't get away with making $6- or $7-million movies (e.g. "Local Hero" and "Housekeeping") with the kind of audience that my past movies have reached. I've just got to find an audience-or retreat. And I'm quite happy to retreat, I'm happy to go back to Scotland and make smaller movies"-e.g. "Gregory's Girl." "But at the same time, `Breaking In' seemed a comfortable experiment for me. Because although I say I'm trying to reach that audience or see how far that audience is from me, I don't think I'm going that far to get them.. .. You could read (the "Breaking In" script) very innocently as a kind of nice caper with nice characters. But underneath that there is so much compromise and so much duplicity and so much blackmail going on that it seemed to have lots of levels I could work on. > > He later described it as "an awkward little movie. It’s not an American film and it’s not a European film; it’s ungraspable what it is." Reception --------- ### Box office The film was not a commercial success. After closing out the 27th New York Film Festival in 1989, it opened in 400 theaters at #12 in its opening weekend (10/13–15) with $679,200, but returned less than $2 million in total box office receipts. ### Critical response Critically, the film was favorably received. Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* wrote that the film had "a lot of the appeal of a 1949 Oldsmobile convertible that still looks almost new and drives like a dream, if none too fast. Speed is not of the essence here...Mr. Reynolds has not appeared more fit - nor has he given a more accomplished performance - in a very long time." Roger Ebert called the film "a well-written, well-directed picture. Reynolds has a comfortable screen presence and can act…he shows the warmth and quirkiness that made him fun to watch in the first place." Decades later, Reynolds biographer Wayne Byrne praised the film as "a quiet, beautiful piece of work, one of the most understated and underrated in the Reynolds catalogue." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 82% based on reviews from 11 critics. Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described Breaking In as 'begins promisingly and then leads to very little'.

Military unit The **511th Tactical Fighter Squadron** is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing, stationed at RAF Alconbury, England. It was inactivated on 30 December 1992. The squadron was first activated as the **626th Bombardment Squadron** in 1943, changing to the **511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron** a few months later. After training in the United States, it moved to England in March 1944, helping prepare for Operation Overlord by attacking targets in France. Following D-Day, the squadron moved to the continent, providing close air support for Allied forces. The squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgian Army. After V-E Day The squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at the port of embarkation. The squadron was activated again in 1952, when it replaced an Air National Guard squadron that had been mobilized for the Korean War. It trained for fighter bomber operations until inactivating in 1958. In 1970, it was activated at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, when the regular Air Force replaced the Air National Guard units that had been there since the Pueblo Crisis. It was inactivated the following year. The squadron was activated with Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIs in 1978 as the 81st Fighter Wing doubled its tactical strength. It participated in Operation Desert Storm before inactivating the following year. History ------- ### World War II The squadron was originally activated at Drew Field, Florida on 1 March 1943 as the **626th Bombardment Squadron**, one of the four original squadrons of the 405th Bombardment Group. It was initially equipped with Douglas A-24 Banshees and Bell P-39 Airacobras. Although retaining the same mission and equipment, in August the squadron was renamed the **511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron**. The following month, it moved to Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, where it began to fly the Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, with which it would be equipped for the rest of World War II. On 14 February 1944, the 509th left its training base for the European Theater of Operations. 405th Fighter Group P-47D The squadron arrived at its first station in the theater, RAF Christchurch, England in early March 1944 and flew its first combat mission the following month. It dropped the "bomber" portion of its designation in May, but retained the fighter bomber mission. The 509th helped prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by striking military airfields, and lines of communication, particularly bridges and railroad marshalling yards. On D-Day, it flew combat patrols in the vicinity of Brest, France, and in the following days flew armed reconnaissance missions over Normandy. Toward the end of June, the squadron moved to Picauville Airfield, France, and for the rest of the war concentrated on providing close air support for ground forces. It supported Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo in July with attacks on military vehicles and artillery positions. The squadron engaged and destroyed a German armored column near Avranches, France, on 29 July 1944. After immobilizing leading and trailing elements of the 3-mile (4.8 km) long column, the rest of the tanks and trucks were systematically destroyed with multiple sorties. Its operations from D-Day through September 1944 supporting the liberation of Belgium earned the squadron a citation in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army. The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 24 September 1944 when the 4th Armored Division experienced a counterattack by enemy forces and urgently needed air support. Elements of the 405th Group attacked the enemy armor despite an 800-foot ceiling that forced attacks to be made from low level in the face of intense flak. A second group element was unable to locate the tank battle because of the adverse weather, but located a reinforcing column of armor and trucks, causing major damage. A third element attacked warehouses and other buildings in the vicinity that were being used by the enemy. The squadron flew its last combat mission of the war on 8 May 1945. It briefly served in the occupation forces at AAF Station Straubing, but by 8 July was mostly a paper unit. Its remaining personnel returned to the United States in October and the squadron was inactivated upon arrival at the port of embarkation. ### Reactivation as a fighter bomber unit 511th FDS F-100D Super Sabre 56-3275 about 1957 The squadron returned to its designation as the **511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron** and was activated at Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky on 1 December 1952, when it assumed the mission, personnel and F-47 Thunderbolt aircraft of the 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadron, a Mississippi Air National Guard unit that had been called to active duty for the Korean War. However, Godman was not suitable for jet fighter operations, and in April 1953, the squadron moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as the Air Force prepared to transfer Godman to the Army. After arriving at Langley, the squadron was able to upgrade to Republic F-84 Thunderjets, later upgrading to North American F-100 Super Sabres. The squadron was inactivated with the rest of the 405th Wing in July 1958. Following the Pueblo Crisis of 1968, the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Korea to reinforce United States forces there. The 113th Tactical Fighter Wing of the District of Columbia Air National Guard was called to active duty and took the 354th Wing's place at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina. In April 1970, the 113th Wing was returned to the Guard, and Tactical Air Command activated the 4554th Tactical Fighter Wing in its place. The squadron, now named the **511th Tactical Fighter Squadron** was activated along with it. In June, the 354th Wing returned on paper to Myrtle Beach from Korea and the squadron became one of its components, although it did not become operational until 8 September. The squadron flew LTV A-7 Corsair II aircraft until June 1971, when it was inactivated and replaced by the 353d Tactical Fighter Squadron, which simultaneously moved to Myrtle Beach from Torrejon Air Base, Spain without personnel or equipment. #### A-10 "Warthog" operations The squadron was activated at RAF Bentwaters, England in October 1978 as the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing changed its mission to close air support and air interdiction, equipped with Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, and expanded from three to six operational squadrons. The squadron participated in joint and combined exercises with American and British ground forces and periodically deployed to designated wartime operating bases, including Sembach Air Base, Germany. The squadron was reassigned to the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Alconbury in June 1988 in a United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) dispersal of its Warthogs. The squadron was one of the first USAFE units to deploy to defend Saudi Arabia after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, deploying to Saudi Arabia along with supporting elements of the 10th Wing. The squadron engaged in combat operations from January to February 1991 destroying numbers of Iraqi tanks and other armor as part of Operation Desert Storm. One 511th pilot was responsible for an extremely rare air-to-air kill of a Mil Mi-8 "Hip" helicopter (one of only two air-to-air A-10 kills of the war). Aircraft contributed significantly to destruction of hundreds of enemy vehicles and many of their occupants on the "Highway of Death, leading to President George H. W. Bush's decision to declare a cessation of hostilities on the next day.[] The squadron returned to England in June 1991, but was drawn down as part of previously planned inactivation at the end of 1992.[] Lineage ------- * Constituted as the **626th Bombardment Squadron** (Dive) on 4 February 1943 Activated on 1 March 1943 Redesignated **511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron** on 10 August 1943 Redesignated **511th Fighter Squadron** on 30 May 1944 Inactivated on 15 October 1945 * Redesignated **511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron** on 15 October 1952 Activated on 1 December 1952 Inactivated on July 1958 * Redesignated **511th Tactical Fighter Squadron** Activated on 1 April 1970 Inactivated on 15 July 1971 * Activated on 1 January 1980 inactivated on 39 December 1992 ### Assignments * 405th Bombardment Group (later 405th Fighter-Bomber Group, 405th Fighter Group), 1 March 1943 – 15 October 1945 * 405th Fighter-Bomber Group, 1 December 1952 * 405th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 8 October 1957 – 1 July 1958 * 4554th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 April 1970 * 354th Tactical Fighter Wing] 1 June 1970 – 15 July 1971 * 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 January 1980 * 10th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 September 1988 – 30 December 1992. (attached to 354th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional), 15 August 1990 – 25 March 1991) ### Stations | | | | --- | --- | | * Drew Field, Florida, 1 March 1943 * Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, 14 September 1943 – 14 February 1944 * RAF Christchurch (AAF-416), England, 6 March–22 June 1944 * Picauville Airfield (A-8), France, 29 June 1944 * St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 14 September 1944 * Ophoven Airfield (Y-32), Belgium, 9 February 1945 * Kitzingen Airfield (R-6), Germany, 23 April 1945 * AAF Station Straubing (R-68), Germany, c. 13 May–2 July 1945 | * Camp Shanks, New York, 19 October 1945 * Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, 1 December 1952 * Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, 17 April 1953 – 1 July 1958 * Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 April 1970 – 15 July 1971 * RAF Bentwaters, England, 1 January 1980 * RAF Alconbury, England, 1 September 1988 – 30 December 1992 (deployed to King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia, 22 December 1990 – 16 June 1991) | ### Aircraft * Douglas A-24 Banshee, 1943 * Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943 * Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1943–1945, 1952 * Republic F-84 Thunderjet, 1953–1956 * North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1956–1958 * LTV A-7 Corsair II, 1970–1971 * Republic Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1980–1992 ### Awards and campaigns | Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Distinguished Unit Citation | 24 September 1944 | 511th Fighter Squadron | | | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 15 June 1971-14 July 1971 | 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron | | | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1979-30 June 1981 | 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron | | | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1981-30 June 1983 | 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron | | | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 1989-31 May 1991 | 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron | | | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 1991-30 May 1992 | 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron | | Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Air Offensive, Europe | 7 March 1944 – 5 June 1944 | 511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (later 511th Fighter Squadron) | | | Air Combat, EAME Theater | 7 March 1944 – 11 May 1945 | 511th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (later 511th Fighter Squadron) | | | Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 511th Fighter Squadron | | | Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 511th Fighter Squadron | | | Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 511th Fighter Squadron | | | Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 511th Fighter Squadron |

Region across the Alps For other uses, see Tyrol (disambiguation). **Tyrol** (/tɪˈroʊl, taɪˈroʊl, ˈtaɪroʊl/ *tih-ROHL, ty-ROHL, TY-rohl*; historically **the Tyrole**; Austrian German: *Tirol* [tiˈʁoːl] ⓘ; Italian: *Tirolo*) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, from its formation in the 12th century until 1919. In 1919, following World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: * State of Tyrol: Formed through the merger of North and East Tyrol, as part of Austria * Region of Trentino-Alto Adige: At that time still with Souramont (Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia) and the municipalities Valvestino, Magasa, and Pedemonte, seized in 1918 by the Kingdom of Italy, and thus since 1946 part of the Italian Republic. With the founding of the European region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino the area has its own legal entity since 2011 in the form of a European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation. Etymology --------- According to Egon Kühebacher [de], the name *Tyrol* derives from a root word meaning *terrain* (i.e. area, ground or soil; compare Latin: *terra* and Old Irish: *tir*); first from the village of Tirol, and its castle; from which the County of Tyrol grew. Some sources suggest it derives from the Slavic language "ta rola" meaning "this land, farming terrain/farming ground." According to Karl Finsterwalder, the name *Tyrol* derives from Teriolis [de], a late-Roman fort and travellers' hostel in Zirl, Tyrol. There seems to be no scholarly consensus. Geography --------- ### Location Inn Valley with a view of Kufstein and the prominent Pendling mountain Tyrol has an area of 26,673 km2. The region consists of the State of Tyrol, the Province of South Tyrol and the Province of Trento. In addition to the region belong the municipalities Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, Colle Santa Lucia and Pedemonte from the Region of Veneto and Valvestino and Magasa from the Region of Lombardy. The largest cities in Tyrol are Innsbruck, Trento and Bolzano. The whole region of Tyrol is located in the Alps. Tyrol is bordered to the north by the state of Bavaria and to the east by the states of Carinthia and Salzburg. West of Tyrol lies the state of Vorarlberg and the canton of Grisons. On the southern side of Tyrol, the land is bordered by the regions of Veneto and Lombardy. Important rivers in Tyrol are the Adige, Inn and Drau. The region is characterized by many valleys. Some of these valleys are still difficult to reach today. The most important valleys are the Inn Valley and Adige Valley. A large part of the population lives in these two valleys and also the five largest cities of Tyrol (Innsbruck, Bolzano, Trento, Merano, and Rovereto) lie in these valleys. For centuries, the region has been known for transit trade. The most important trade route across the Alps, namely the Brenner Route, traverses the whole of Tyrol and is regarded as a connecting link between the Italian and German-speaking areas. ### Mountains left summit: the Königspitze, right summit: the Ortler; seen from Lake Reschen As the Tyrolean region is located in the Alps, the landscape is heavily influenced by the mountains. The highest mountains in Tyrol include: * the Ortler – 3,905 m a.s.l. * the Königspitze – 3,851 m a.s.l. * the Großglockner – 3,798 m AA * the Monte Cevedale – 3,769 m a.s.l. * the Wildspitze – 3,768 m AA Across Tyrol, on the border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps. The main chain of the Alps geographically divides the Alps into a southern and northern half. ### Biggest municipalities Innsbruck with the Nordkette Trento Bolzano Lienz Municipalities of Tyrol with over 10,000 inhabitants: | Rank | Municipality | Inhabitants | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Innsbruck | 132,236 | | 2 | Trento | 117,417 | | 3 | Bolzano/Bozen | 106,951 | | 4 | Merano/Meran | 40,047 | | 5 | Rovereto | 39,482 | | 6 | Brixen/Bressanone | 21,688 | | 7 | Pergine Valsugana | 21,363 | | 8 | Kufstein | 18,973 | | 9 | Laives | 17,780 | | 10 | Arco | 17,588 | | 11 | Riva del Garda | 17,190 | | 12 | Bruneck/Brunico | 16,356 | | 13 | Telfs | 15,582 | | 14 | Eppan/Appiano | 14,900 | | 15 | Hall in Tirol | 13,801 | | 16 | Schwaz | 13,606 | | 17 | Wörgl | 13,537 | | 18 | Lana | 12,046 | | 19 | Lienz | 11,945 | | 20 | Imst | 10,371 | Austria: 1 January 2017 Italy: 31 December 2016 Society ------- Language distribution in Trentino-South Tyrol. ### Language distribution Tyrol can be subdivided into 5 different language groups. In addition to the majority languages such as German and Italian, languages such as Ladin, Cimbrian and Mócheno are also spoken. The last three languages are recognized as minority languages. These language groups are mostly located in the Trentino-Alto Adige region and are thus promoted and protected by the region. The Ladin language is also spoken outside the region in Souramont (Province of Belluno). Ladin is considered a Rhaeto-Romance language. The Cimbrian language is also used in various linguistic islands (Sette Comuni) outside the region of Trentino-South Tyrol. The Cimbrian and the Mòcheno languages are considered as upper-Bavarian dialects. The majority in Trentino two romance languages are spoken: Lombard in western valleys, and is Venetian eastern ones, in central Trentino a transitional dialect between the lombard language and the venetian language is spoken. #### Dialects In the Austrian state of Tyrol, the German language is used by a large majority. As in many other regions in German-speaking countries, Tyrol also has its own German-language dialect. The Tyrolean dialect comes from the Bavarian language. In South Tyrol, the Tyrolean dialect was mixed with a few individual Italian words. Due to the difficult accessibility of the valleys in earlier years, many other valleys developed a slightly differentiated dialect compared to the Tyrolean. The Ladin language also has no uniform language, so every valley also has a slight difference in Ladinia. Heraldry -------- See also: Coat of arms of Tyrol Although the details of the arms of Tyrol have changed over the centuries, one feature has remained more-or-less constant: *argent*, an eagle displayed *gules*, armed (and sometimes crowned) *or*. Since 1983, the Province of South Tyrol has its own coat of arms. It is very similar to the coat of arms of the State of Tyrol. The Province wanted to emphasize the historical commonality of the countries. The Province of Trento received its coat of arms in 1340 and refers to the prince-bishopric of Trento. The former County of Tyrol had a uniform coat of arms, which was slightly changed over the centuries. * Coat of arms of Tyrol (State)Coat of arms of Tyrol (State) * Coat of arms of the Province of South TyrolCoat of arms of the Province of South Tyrol * Coat of arms of the Province of TrentinoCoat of arms of the Province of Trentino * Coat of arms of the Region of Trentino–South TyrolCoat of arms of the Region of Trentino–South Tyrol * Coat of arms of the former County of Tyrol during the Austro-Hungarian EmpireCoat of arms of the former County of Tyrol during the Austro-Hungarian Empire History ------- Main article: History of Tyrol ### Prehistory Traditional costumes of Tyrol, painting by Emil Rau [de] (1858–1937)The earliest archaeological records of human settlement in Tyrol have been found in the Tischofer Cave. They date from the Palaeolithic, about 28,000–27,000 BP. The same cave has also yielded evidence of human occupation during the Bronze Age (very roughly, 4000–3000 BP (2000–1000 BC)). In 1991, the mummified remains of a man who had died around 3300–3100 BC were discovered in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps, in Tyrol. Researchers have called him Ötzi (and also other names, including "The Iceman"). He lived during the Chalcolithic or Copper Age, after man had learned how to exploit copper but before man had learned how to make bronze. His body and belongings were very well-preserved, and have been subjected to detailed scientific study. They are preserved in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. There is evidence that Tyrol was a center for copper mining in the 4th millennium BC; for example, at Brixlegg. There is also evidence of the Urnfield culture (roughly 1300–750 BC). Evidence of the La Tène culture (roughly 450–100 BC, during the Iron Age) has also been found; as has evidence of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture from about the same period. Toward the end of that time, Tyrol began to be noted in Roman written records. The inhabitants may have been Illyrians, in the process of being displaced by Celts (perhaps themselves displaced from Noricum by Proto-Slavs)[]. There are also indications that Adriatic Veneti may have been present in the south of the region. The Romans called them Rhaetians; although it is not clear whether that then meant a specific tribe or confederation of tribes, or was a broader term for the inhabitants of the area. They made wine barrels (an idea which the Romans took from them), and had their own alphabet. ### Roman times In 15 BC, Tyrol was conquered by Roman forces commanded by Drusus and Tiberius. The Romans established Raetia and Noricum as provinces of the Roman Empire. Raetia included Vinschgau, Burggrafenamt, Eisacktal, Wipptal, Oberinntal and parts of the Unterinntal. Noricum included Pustertal, Defereggen and parts of the Unterinntal to the right of the Ziller and the Inn. Bolzano and the extreme south of Tyrol belonged to the province of Venetia et Histria. The inhabitants adopted the Latin Language called vulgar Latin or the everyday spoken version vs. the standardized written formal form, and combined it with their own languages. The result was Romansh, which is still spoken today and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. The Romans constructed metaled roads guarded by forts through Tyrol to connect the Italian peninsula and the lands beyond; notably the Via Claudia Augusta and the Via Raetia [de]. The Romans did not seem to find Tyrol an attractive area in which to build new towns, because there are few of them. One town they did build was Aguntum, near modern Lienz. In late antiquity (from AD 476), Tyrol belonged to the Ostrogoths, and it was included in the Ostrogothic Kingdom. In 534, the Ostrogoths lost Meran, Vinschgau and Passer to the Franks. The Ostrogothic Kingdom collapsed in 553, after being overrun by Bajuvarians from the north and Lombards from the south. The Lombards established the Duchy of Tridentum (or, Trent; roughly corresponding to modern Trentino) and lower parts of south Tyrol. Slavic peoples, who had recently taken Carinthia from the Bajuvarians, settled in east Tyrol. ### Middle Ages Main article: County of Tyrol Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555). The southern parts, including Bolzano, Salorno, and the right bank of the Adige (including Eppan and Kaltern) remained under the Lombards. Tyrol was Christianized through the bishoprics of Brixen and Triento. The frontier remained the same though Carolingian and Ottonian times. The area was subject to *Stammesrechte* (Ancient Germanic laws), such as *Lex Romana Curiensis*, *Lex Alamannorum*, *Lex Baiuvariorum* and *Leges Langobardorum*. Tyrol Castle in Tirol, near Merano. In 1027, Emperor Conrad II, in order to secure the important route through the Brenner Pass, allotted the left bank of the Adige (from Lana to Mezzocorona) to the Duchy of Bavaria. During the 12th century, the local nobility went further: they built Tyrol Castle in the modern *comune* of Tirol in South Tyrol, near modern Merano; and around 1140, established the County of Tyrol as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The Counts of Tyrol were at first *Vogt* (underlords) subject to the Bishoprics of Brixen and Triento; but they had other ideas. They expanded their holdings at those bishoprics' expense. They displaced competing nobles like the House of Eppan [de], and declared their independence from the Duchy of Bavaria; though not without dispute. In 1228, they conceded the Saalforste [de] to the House of Wittelsbach, rulers of Bavaria; as a result, that area remains part of Bavaria to this day. In 1253, rulership of the County passed by inheritance to the Meinhardiner family. In 1335, the last male heir to the Meinhardiner lands, Henry of Bohemia, died. His daughter, Margaret, thereupon became Countess of Tyrol; but her title was in doubt because of different laws in different lands as to what a woman could or could not inherit. She navigated her way between the competing claims of the Houses of Wittelsbach, Luxembourg and Habsburg by, in 1342, marrying Louis of Wittelsbach. Louis died in 1361. Margaret died in 1369, and bequeathed Tyrol to Rudolf of Habsburg. The various dynastic squabbles were resolved that same year by the Treaty of Schärding [de], under which (for suitable compensation) the Wittelsbachs agreed to relinquish their claims to Tyrol in favour of the Habsburgs. When the Habsburgs took control of Tyrol, it had roughly its modern size. However, the Unterinntal downstream from Schwaz still belonged to Bavaria; the Zillertal and Brixental to Salzburg; Brixen and the Pustertal were episcopal territories, or part of the County of Gorizia. On the other hand, the Montafon and the Unterengadin were Tyrolean. Tyrol was of great strategic importance to the Habsburgs. It controlled several important Alpine passes. It connected their landholdings in Further Austria. In 1406, as the Habsburg lands were split up by inheritance, Tyrol once again became a separate entity (a *Landstand*), in which the greater landowners had the right to be consulted (*Mitspracherecht*). During a confusing succession of events, in 1420 Frederick IV, Duke of Austria moved the capital of Tyrol from Meran to Innsbruck, and Meran lost its earlier importance. ### Modern Tyrol See also: County of Tyrol Tyrol's importance for the Habsburgs was underlined when the Tyrolean capital of Innsbruck became a centre of European politics and culture as Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I took up residence there. From the mid-16th century, Tyrol was ruled by younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors, but in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I. From the time of Maria Theresa (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburgs at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into the county. In the 19th century, Tyrol became an early pawn in the Napoleonic Wars during War of the Third Coalition. Following defeat by Napoleon at Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria, and as a part of Bavaria, it became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine the following year. The Tyrolean Rebellion, a popular insurrection against Bavarian rule began in 1809, and throughout Tyrol, the Bavarian troops were killed or driven out. The Tyroleans, led by Andreas Hofer, fought mainly as mobile sharpshooters, but despite their success, Austria's defeat in the wider War of the Fifth Coalition confirmed Bavarian rule in Tyrol, but with southern Tyrol (roughly contemporary Trentino with Bozen and its hinterland) transferred to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. Tyrol was reunified and returned to the Habsburgs following the downfall of Napoleon and decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire, from 1867 onwards, it was a *Kronland* (crown land) of Cisleithania, the western half of Austria-Hungary. After World War I, the victors ruled in 1919 that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol was to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, including the territory of the former Bishopric of Trent, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the southern part of the medieval County of Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol. Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. The remaining northern and eastern parts of Tyrol became the state of Tyrol in the new rump Austrian republic. In 1945 following World War II, Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful, but from 1972 onward, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. Politics -------- ### Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion Main article: Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion Dreier-Landtag The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion was founded in 1998. The aim is to strengthen cooperation between the separated countries. In several areas, such as mobility, agriculture, education and culture will be tried to promote exchange and to raise the awareness of the cultural and historical heritage of the region of Tyrol in the minds of the population. Cross-border projects will be initiated to improve the relationship between the different language groups. To represent common ideas and values in Europe, the Euroregion has a joint office in Brussels since 1995. The headquarters of the office is in Bolzano. Joint decisions are taken by organized three diet (in German: *Dreier-Landtag*), which have been held since 1991 mostly every two to three years with the state Diets of Trento (provincial council of Trentino), Bolzano (provincial council of South Tyrol) and Innsbruck (state council of Tyrol (State)). In 2011, the region was institutionalized and since then has its own legal entity. ### Political parties Political parties in the Italian part of Tyrol (provinces of Bolzano and Trento) include: * Partito Democratico (PD) * Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) * Movimento Cinque Stelle (M5S) * Lega Nord (LN) * Greens * South Tyrolean Freedom * Die Freiheitlichen * Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) The Austrian part of Tyrol shares the Austrian party system: * Tiroler Volkspartei; organization of the ÖVP in the state of Tyrol, which has dominated local politics since 1945 * Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) * Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) * The Greens – The Green Alternative * NEOS The multiplicity of parties is due to the fact that Tyrol lies in two different nation states and thus are politically independent of each other. Another reason for the large number of parties is the great independence of the two Provinces of Bolzano and Trento. By the second statute of autonomy in 1972, the province of Bolzano acquired much of the region's competences and since then has been mostly independent of the province of Trento. The second autonomy statute enabled the linguistic minorities to be better protected. The regional council of Trentino-South Tyrol, which consists of the two provincial councils of Bolzano and Trento, has less influence and competences. Thus, many parties determine their focus within the provinces. Other parties in Trentino-South Tyrol, especially in South Tyrol, were founded on the example of Austrian parties and have many similarities with the parties in Austria. Economy ------- In the economic sector statistics are shown, which are based largely on numbers and data of the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion. It lacks individual communities that are outside the Euroregion. As there are no 10,000 inhabitants living in these communities, the statistics hardly distort the territory of Tyrol and the remaining 1.8 million inhabitants. Tyrol had a total GDP of 67.6 billion euros in 2014. Divided into individual countries, the State of Tyrol generated 28.8 billion euros, the Province of South Tyrol 20.6 billion euros and the Province of Trentino 18.2 billion euros. In GDP per capita (2015), that means 39,300 euros/capita in the State of Tyrol, 42,400 euros/capita in South Tyrol and 35,500 euros/capita in Trentino. The unemployment rate in the State of Tyrol is 3.2% (2014), in South Tyrol 3.4% (2017) and in Trentino 4.6% (2017). The Tyrol region is one of the wealthiest regions in Europe and, in terms of GDP/capita, is above the EU average, which amounted to 28,900 euros/capita in 2015. The Region of Trentino-South Tyrol is, in terms of GDP/capita, the wealthiest region in Italy with 37,813 euros/capita in 2015. ### Primary sector Vineyards in Bolzano Agriculture and forestry occupy a special position in Tyrol. The many small and medium-sized farms have shaped the landscape and culture in Tyrol for many centuries. In order to be competitive with larger farms outside Tyrol, there is a strong cooperative system in Tyrol. South of Tyrol, in the Region of Trentino-South Tyrol, the cultivation of apples and wine plays an important role. So every tenth apple in Europe comes from South Tyrol. Known wines in Trentino-South Tyrol are the Vernatsch, the Lagrein, the Gewürztraminer and the Weißburgunder. Livestock, grazing and forestry are important at higher elevations and in more northerly areas. Mainly cattle, sheep, goats and pigs are kept. Accordingly, the production of milk and Tyrolean Speck in the farms is very important. Horses also play an increasingly important role in livestock, for equestrian sports and farm holidays. The Haflinger horses are known in the Tyrolean region and originate from Hafling, near Merano. ### Secondary sector The first industrialization reached Tyrol late in the 19th century. Most of these were small businesses that were important only in the local area. A second wave of industrialization took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Particularly affected at that time was the city of Bolzano with the Italianization policy under Fascism in the 1920s. In 2011, approximately 10% of the workplaces in all parts of the country were active in the manufacturing sector. Thus lies Tyrol in the EU average at 10.3% (2011). Important branches of industry in Tyrol are the food industry, wood processing and mechanical engineering. The industry in Tyrol consists mostly of small and medium-sized companies. The craft still plays a special role throughout the region. A large part of these craft businesses are still partially small-structured and family businesses. From an economic point of view, the energy sector is important in the secondary sector. Much of the electricity produced is generated by hydropower. ### Tertiary sector A known city for tourism: Riva del Garda on Lake Garda The most important sector in Tyrol is the tertiary sector. Especially tourism has a special position in this region. Due to the connection of the areas by the railway in the 19th century, many villages in Tyrol developed into popular tourism locations. The construction of the Brenner motorway in the 1960s gave the region in the 20th century a renewed upswing in the tourism branch. Today, Merano, Kitzbühel, Cortina or Riva del Garda are among the most important tourism destinations in the Alpine region. In 2013, the Euroregion counted over 80 million overnight stays in the Tyrolean region (to compare, Province of Rome in 2011: 25.8 million overnight stays). Also important for Tyrol is the trade. Among other things, the Exhibition of Bolzano has been a meeting point for Italian and German economy already for centuries. As a transit route country, more than 2.25 million trucks (2017) drove over the Brenner Pass. This means that two times more trucks travel on the Brenner Route than in all four Alpine crossing roads in Switzerland together. Transport --------- Tyrol is known as a transit route. The most important route between northern and southern Europe, the Brenner route, traverses the entire region. At 1370 m above the Adriatic, the Brenner Pass is the lowest pass crossing of the main chain of the Alps. Due to the linguistic diversity and the climatic transition from temperate climate (alpine climate) to mediterranean climate, the area is regarded as a bridge between the Italian and German speaking countries. ### Airports Innsbruck Airport The most important airport in Tyrol is Innsbruck Airport. With over one million passengers, it is the third largest airport in Austria. Other airports in the region are in Bolzano and Trento. These do not offer regular scheduled flights and the Bolzano Airport currently offers charter flights. There are other small airfields in Toblach, Kufstein, St. Johann in Tirol, Reutte and Cortina. The airfield in Cortina was closed in 1976 due to a crash. ### Road transport Highways in Tyrol are the Brenner motorway and the Inntal motorway. The Brenner motorway runs from Innsbruck (in Austria A13) to Modena (in Italy A22). Together with the Inntal motorway from Innsbruck to Kufstein is the part of the European route E45. The dual carriageway from Merano to Bolzano (MeBo) ends in Bolzano South in the Brenner motorway. Important road section in Trentino, next to the Brenner motorway, is the SS 47 (Strada Statale 47), which connects via Sugana Valley Trento with Padova. A large part of this route is dual-lane and flows into the Brenner state road (SS 12). Due to the Alps, there are many mountain passes that connect valleys. The most important pass roads for transit trade are the Reschen Pass and Brenner Pass. Popular pass roads include the Stelvio Pass, Arlberg Pass, Karer Pass, Mendel Pass and the Gardena Pass. The Provinces of Trento and Bolzano have been responsible for the preservation and management of the state roads in their provinces since 1998. ### Railways Pustertal railway The most important railway line in Tyrol is the Brenner Line via the Brenner Pass. The Brenner Railway was opened in 1867 and runs from Innsbruck to Verona via the cities of Bolzano and Trento. Together with the Lower Inn Valley Railway in North Tyrol, this section of the route is part of the important European railway axis Berlin-Palermo, which connects northern Europe with southern Europe across the Alps. With the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel and its completion in 2027, transit traffic on the rail will be promoted and relocated. After completion, the Brenner Base Tunnel, together with the Innsbruck bypass, will be the longest railway tunnel in the world at 64 km and will reduce the travel time between Bolzano and Innsbruck from 2 hours to 45 minutes. Further important railway lines in Tyrol are the Arlberg railway, Zillertal railway, Salzburg-Tyrol railway, Pustertal railway with continuation of the Drautal railway, the railway line Bolzano-Merano and the continuation of the Vinschgau railway, the Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway and the Valsugana railway, which leads from Trento to Venice over the Sugana Valley. Cross-border connections are offered only a few. The ÖBB travels over the Brenner Pass on the Eurocity trains and several regional trains connect South Tyrol with North Tyrol an East Tyrol. The Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino has set itself the goal of promoting and expanding cross-border connections. The aim is to shift traffic through the Alps to sustainable means of transport, thus protecting the Alpine environment. ### Local public transport Many villages and communities are difficult to reach because of the large differences in altitude, so the region sets much on ropeway concepts. Although most of the cable cars are located in ski resorts, they are also used for the local public transport. Known cable cars in Tyrol are the Ritten cable car in Bolzano, the Sardagna cable car in Trento and the Nordkette cable car in Innsbruck. Also funicular railways are being built to cope with the differences in altitude more quickly. Famous funiculars are among others the Hungerburgbahn in Innsbruck and the Mendel funicular in Kaltern. Local public transport is usually offered with intercity buses or city buses. The city of Innsbruck has its own tram network. Another tram is located in Ritten. The cities of Bolzano, Merano and Trento formerly had their own tram network, but these were displaced and replaced by the city buses and private transport in the 50s and 60s. Culture ------- The Tyrolean culture has been cultivated for several centuries and passed on to future generations. The state border between South and North Tyrol is more a political border and is considered less as a cultural border. Many traditions are cultivated throughout the Tyrolean region and show little differences. In all cultural areas such as food, dress or customs there are many similarities. Nevertheless, the individual language groups, especially the minority languages, try to maintain and promote their own linguistic identity. ### Tyrolean cuisine South Tyrolean Speck The Tyrolean cuisine has similarities with the Austrian cuisine and is characterized by its alpine influence. Also the historical influence of the former K.U.K. Monarchy can be found in the Tyrolean dishes. These include dishes such as goulash, Kaiserschmarrn and apple strudel which are consumed in large parts of the Danube monarchy and today still in Tyrol. Since the region is still relatively strong agricultural and peasant today, also many peasant dishes are offered on the farms. Schlutzkrapfen, boiled dumplings or cold cuts with bacon (in German: *Speck*) or grey cheese is eaten on the farms. The Tyrolean dishes show only slight differences throughout Tyrol. Due to the Mediterranean conditions in the southern part of Tyrol, a lot of wine is grown and is therefore also an important part of the Tyrolean dish, especially in South Tyrol and Trentino. Famous wines from this area are the Gewürztraminer, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay. Furthermore, a lot of apples are grown in the Region of Trentino-South Tyrol. In this region also a food culture is cultivated with a mixture of Italian and Tyrolean specialties. ### Tyrolean Rifles Trentino Rifle Company in front of Castle of Castellano The Tyrolean Rifles were a militia organized in case of an attack on crown land, which required Tyrol to defend its territory. The militia consisted mostly of citizens and peasants who were responsible only for the defence of their own land and were not obliged to go to war on behalf of the Habsburg monarchy. They were authorized by an order signed by Emperor Maximilian I in 1511 that remained valid until 1918. The Tyrolean Rifles became known in 1809 when Tyrolese peasants rose up and fought against the French-Bavarian occupation under Napoleon. The ensuing four Battles of Bergisel were led by Andreas Hofer. The Rifles were also used in World War I in 1915 on the Dolomite front. After the separation of Tyrol and the downfall of the monarchy, the companies also lost their task of defending their country. Nevertheless, they remained as a non-governmental organization. Today, the Rifles are responsible as an organization for the preservation of the Tyrolean culture and are always present at important political events in Tyrol. ### Customs Many Tyrolean customs were created centuries ago and are passed on by the population for the next generations. Typical in the Alpine region are the many individual customs in the valleys. Due to the seclusion of the valleys, the locals developed their own customs. Many customs have been created by legends and narratives, others by the close connection to the church. There are also traditions that are cultivated everywhere in the Tyrolean region and do not differ from other valleys and villages. These customs give local people an identity and thus feel the community more connected. * Krampus in Dobbiaco. Typical in the alpine region.Krampus in Dobbiaco. Typical in the alpine region. * Imster Schemenlaufen in Imst*Imster Schemenlaufen* in Imst * Herz Jesu Fire in whole TyrolHerz Jesu Fire in whole Tyrol Sports ------ Tyrol is traditionally a winter sports country. Many athletes, such as Gustav Thöni, Benjamin Raich, Carolina Kostner, Gregor Schlierenzauer, Toni Sailer and Armin Zöggeler have already won overall World Cups and medals at World Championships and Olympic Games. Even in summer sports, several athletes from Tyrol were and still are among the best in the world. In water jumping Tania Cagnotto and Klaus Dibiasi won several medals. In cycling, Francesco Moser won the Giro d'Italia. Andreas Seppi played against the best tennis players in the world for many years. In bouldering Anna Stöhr was one of the best in the world. Many Tyrolean mountaineers such as Reinhold Messner and Hans Kammerlander influenced the alpinism. ### Football The FC Wacker Innsbruck is one of the most traditional and successful clubs in Austria. Since the club was founded in 1915 and several name changes, the football club has won ten times the Austrian Championship and seven times the Austrian Cup. In 1987, it reached the semi-finals of the UEFA CUP. In 1970, the team defeated Real Madrid in Madrid. Currently (2018) Wacker Innsbruck plays in the "Erste Liga" (second highest category of Austria). In the Region of Trentino-South Tyrol, the FC Südtirol and AC Trento are the two most important clubs. Both teams participated in the Italian Serie C (third highest league in Italy) for several seasons. The AC Trento has a long history until 1921. FC Südtirol was founded in 1995. AC Trento are currently (2018) playing in the Italian Serie D (fourth highest league in Italy) and FC Südtirol in Serie C. Thus, the FC Südtirol is the only professional football club in the region. ### Ice hockey Tyrolean derby; HC Bolzano against HC Innsbruck in the EBEL. Ice hockey is a very popular sport in Tyrol. Important clubs are the HC Bolzano and the HC Innsbruck. Both teams play in the EBEL. The HC Innsbruck, formerly EV Innsbruck, won the Austrian championship seven times. With 19 won Italian championships, the HC Bolzano is the record champion in Italy. The club celebrated the biggest international successes by winning the Alpenliga, the EBEL and the Six Nations Tournament with Jaromír Jágr. The Italian ice hockey league consists mostly of South Tyrolean teams. 5 of the 8 Italian teams in the Alps Hockey League come from South Tyrol (HC Neumarkt-Egna, HC Pustertal, Ritten Sport, HC Gardena and WSV Sterzing Broncos). In this league three more Tyrolean teams play (SG Cortina, HC Fassa and EC Kitzbühel). In 2005, the Ice Hockey World Championship was held in Innsbruck and Vienna. The 1994 Ice Hockey World Championship took place in Bolzano, Canazei and Milan. ### Volleyball In volleyball, Trentino Volley is one of the best teams in the world. Three times the Champions league title, four times the club world championship title and four times the Italian championship title could win the club from Trento. Founded in 2000, the club quickly established itself at the top of the league. In 2011, Trentino Volley won the CEV Champions League ahead of its own fans at the PalaOnda in Bolzano. Hypo Tirol Innsbruck conquered the Austrian title 10 times. Of the last 13 seasons, the team won 10 times the Austrian championship. Since the season 2017/18 the club plays in the German volleyball league under the name "Hypo Tirol Alpenvolleys Haching". The club went into cooperation with the German team TSV Unterhaching. ### Sports events Alpine Skiing World Cup in Kitzbühel In Tyrol, the Olympic Winter Games have been organized three times so far. In 1964 and 1976 they were held in Innsbruck and 1956 in Cortina. Most of the big annual sporting events in Tyrol take place in winter. The Alpine Skiing World Cup is held in Kitzbühel, Val Gardena, Cortina and Madonna di Campiglio. These races are classics in the Ski World Cup and have a long tradition. A famous biathlon location is in Antholz. There were often held the Biathlon World Championships. Several Nordic Combined World Championships were organized in Val di Fiemme. Part of the Four Hills Tournament is the Bergisel Ski Jump in Innsbruck. A stage of the Tour de Ski is also located in Toblach. Some summer sports events are also held in Tyrol. The Tour of the Alps take place every year in Tyrol. The tour was launched by the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino. It is the successor of the Giro del Trentino, which has been around for over 40 years. In 2017, the UCI Downhill World Championships took place in Val di Sole, near Trento. The BOclassic in Bolzano takes place on New Year's Eve and is one of the best occupied New Year's Eve races in the world. Every year, an ATP World Series tennis tournament is organized in Kitzbühel. Universities and research institutions -------------------------------------- Faculty of Economics – University of Trento Main building of University of Innsbruck Main building of Free University of Bozen-Bolzano ### Universities * University of Innsbruck * University of Trento * Free University of Bozen-Bolzano * UMIT – Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology * Medical University of Innsbruck ### Colleges * Philosophical-theological Academy Brixen * Conservatory "Claudio Monteverdi" * Tyrolean State Conservatory * University of Applied Sciences Kufstein * Health university of Applied Science Tyrol * MCI Management Center Innsbruck * Pedagogical University of Applied Science Tyrol * Ecclesiastical Pedagogical University of Applied Science – Edith Stein * State College of Health Professions "Claudiana" ### Independent research institutions * Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, a facility of Austrian Academy of Sciences * Eurac Research * NOI Techpark * Foundation Bruno Kessler * Edmund Mach Foundation * Research-Center Laimburg

2018 American film directed by Marc Turtletaub For other uses, see Puzzle. ***Puzzle*** is a 2018 American drama film directed by Marc Turtletaub and written by Oren Moverman and Polly Mann, based on the 2010 Argentine film of the same name. It stars Kelly Macdonald, Irrfan Khan (in his final English-language role before his death on April 29, 2020), David Denman, Bubba Weiler, Austin Abrams, Liv Hewson, and follows a stay-at-home mother who enters a puzzle building competition. The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. Sony Pictures Classics then acquired the worldwide rights to the film, and released it on July 27, 2018. Plot ---- Agnes is a middle-class suburban homemaker and mother of two grown sons, Ziggy and Gabe, who seems stuck with her husband Louie in a monotonous routine. She serves her family devotedly and without argument. After baking her own cake, and serving and cleaning up after her own birthday party, she finds herself drawn to a 1000 piece jigsaw puzzle among all the gifts she received. She likes it so much she travels to New York City to visit a shop where she can find more complex puzzles. At the shop Agnes notices an advertisement which leads her to Robert, a former puzzle tournament champion who is looking for a new partner to compete in a championship tournament the following month. Robert is a wealthy and reclusive inventor whose wife (who was also his puzzle partner) has recently left him. Agnes is intrigued by their differences whereas Robert is surprised by Agnes’ unorthodox approach for solving puzzles and considers her as a Godsend. Robert asks her to meet him twice a week in order to prepare for the national tournament. Agnes tells her family she needs to help an aunt who has broken her leg, lying every day while trying to help her eldest son discern what kind of life he really wants. She is frustrated by her husband's resistance and shocks her family as she begins to assert herself, declaring that she is going to the tournament. She keeps her relationship with Robert secret as she falls in love with him. On the last day of practice, Agnes and Robert end up in bed together. As a result, she is late returning home and, on her arrival, Louie finally confronts her asking whether she's having an affair. Agnes confesses she had sex with her puzzle partner (Robert). The next day, the day of the tournament, Ziggy cooks breakfast for her. Agnes and Robert win the national tournament. Agnes breaks the news of her success to her sons but doesn't tell them she has to leave for Brussels soon to compete in the World Jigsaw Puzzle Tournament. Agnes, along with both her sons and Nicki, goes to the family's old vacation home, which Louie has agreed to sell so the boys can pursue their dreams. There, Agnes calls Robert. Robert reminds her of the flight for Brussels they have to catch. Agnes informs Robert that she is not coming to the international championship. Instead, she boards a train to Montreal, going her own way. Cast ---- * Kelly Macdonald as Agnes, Louie's wife and mother to Ziggy and Gabe * Irrfan Khan as Robert, Agnes’ puzzle partner * David Denman as Louie, Agnes’ husband and Ziggy and Gabe's father * Bubba Weiler as Ziggy, Agnes and Louie's older son and Gabe's brother * Austin Abrams as Gabe, Agnes and Louie's younger son and Ziggy's brother and Nicki's boyfriend * Liv Hewson as Nicki, Gabe's girlfriend Release ------- The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2018. Shortly after, Sony Pictures Classics acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film for $5 million, releasing it in the United States on July 27, 2018. Its release for Blu-ray and DVD sales took place on November 13, 2018, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Reception --------- ### Box office *Puzzle* grossed $2 million in the United States and Canada and $235,611 in other territories for a worldwide total of $2.3 million, in addition to $19,979 from home video sales. ### Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "*Puzzle* transcends its quirky premise with honest emotion – and Kelly Macdonald, whose nicely understated performance proves she's too often underutilized." On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Peter Debruge from *Variety* described the remake of the well-liked Argentine film as a way for "Kelly Macdonald to shine amid the yawn-inducing world of competitive jigsaw puzzling". Kate Erbland from *IndieWire* gave film a grade of "B+" and said that Macdonald "excels in the rare drama that follows a woman's own journey to self-actualization", and that the film "toes a tough line, managing to stay relentlessly good-hearted and deeply humane, even as Agnes herself plunges into deeper, more dramatic waters". Jordan Ruimy from *The Playlist* said that the film takes its time "to let its characters breathe, building up a beautiful atmosphere filled with richly lit, eye-melting shots" by Norr. He noted that the script is eventually complicated by "a struggle to tie things up, if they should be tied-up at all".

The **artificial intelligence** (**AI**) **industry in China** is a rapidly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China's AI development started in the late 1970s following economic reforms emphasizing science and technology as the country's primary productive force. The initial stages of China's AI development were slow and encountered significant challenges due to lack of resources and talent. At the beginning China was behind most Western countries in terms of AI development. A majority of the research was led by scientists who had received higher education abroad. Since 2006, the Chinese government has steadily developed a national agenda for artificial intelligence development and emerged as one of the leading nations in artificial intelligence research and development. In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) released in its thirteenth five-year plan in which it aimed to become a global AI leader by 2030. The State Council has a list of "national AI teams" including fifteen China-based companies, including Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek.[] Each company should lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial recognition, software/hardware, and speech recognition. China's rapid AI development has significantly impacted Chinese society in many areas, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing are the top industries that would be the most impacted by further AI deployment. However, scholars have warned of potential negative impacts on China's labor market and disproportionate benefits between urban and rural areas, coastal and inland regions, and among different income groups.[] The private sector, university laboratories, and the military are working collaboratively in many aspects as there are few current existing boundaries. In 2021, China published the Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China, its first national law addressing AI-related ethical concerns. In October 2022, the United States federal government announced a series of export controls and trade restrictions intended to restrict China's access to advanced computer chips for AI applications. In April 2023, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) proposed rules that content produced by artificial intelligence "must reflect the core values of socialism." In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced content may not "incite subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system." Microsoft has warned that the Chinese government uses artificial intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading disinformation and provoking discussions on divisive political issues. History ------- The research and development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the importance of science and technology for China's economic growth. ### Late 1970s to early 2010s Artificial intelligence research and development did not start until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. While there was a lack of AI-related research between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars believe this is due to the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union despite the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the 1980s, a group of Chinese scientists launched AI research led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. However, during the time, China's society still had a generally conservative view towards AI. Early AI development in China was difficult so China's government approached these challenges by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and further providing government funds for research projects. The Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) was founded in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who received a PhD in philosophy from Harvard University. [] In 1987, China's first research publication on artificial intelligence was published by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, smart automation and intelligence have been part of China's national technology plan. Since the 2000s, the Chinese government has further expanded its research and development funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research projects has dramatically increased. In 2006, China announced a policy priority for the development of artificial intelligence, which was included in the National Medium and Long Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006–2020), released by the State Council. In the same year, artificial intelligence was also emphasized during the eleventh five-year plan. In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. At same year, the Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award was founded in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it became the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The first award ceremony was held on May 14, 2012. In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was held in Beijing, marking the first time the conference was held in China. This event coincided with the Chinese government's announcement of the "Chinese Intelligence Year," a significant milestone in China's development of artificial intelligence. ### Late 2010s to early 2020s The State Council of China issued "A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the document, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council urged governing bodies in China to promote the development of artificial intelligence. Specifically, the plan described AI as a strategic technology that has become a "focus of international competition".:2 The document urged significant investment in a number of strategic areas related to AI and called for close cooperation between the state and private sectors. On the occasion of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's speech at the first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the *PLA Daily* that the "transferability of social resources" between economic and military ends is an essential component to being a great power. During the Two Sessions 2017,"artificial intelligence plus" was proposed to be elevated to a strategic level. The same year witnessed the emergence of multiple application-level usages in the medical field according to reports. Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research lab in Nanjing, and introduced their first AI specialization chip 'Cambrian'.[] In 2018, the State Council budgeted $2.1 billion for an AI industrial park in Mentougou district. In order to achieve this the State Council stated the need for massive talent acquisition, theoretical and practical developments, as well as public and private investments. Some researchers and scholars argued China's commitment to global AI leadership and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in innovation which was seen as a part of the "century of humiliation" since the Qing dynasty by the central government. There are historically embedded causes of China's anxiety towards securing an international technological dominance – China missed both industrial revolutions, the one starting in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that originated in America in the late-19th century. Therefore, China's government desires to take advantage of the technological revolution in today's world led by digital technology including AI to resume China's "rightful" place and to pursue the national rejuvenation proposed by Xi. Some of the stated motivations that the State Council gave for pursuing its AI strategy include the potential of artificial intelligence for industrial transformation, better social governance and maintaining social stability. As of the end of 2020, Shanghai's Pudong District had 600 AI companies across foundational, technical, and application layers, with related industries valued at around 91 billion yuan. In 2019, the application of Artificial Intelligence expanded to various fields such as quantum physics, geography, and medical research. With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), at the beginning of 2020, Chinese researchers began developing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large model called 'Zidongtaichu.' Several Chinese companies and academic institutions are actively involved in LLM research, including Baidu's Ernie.[] In March 2023, Huawei released its trillion parameter LLM 'PanGu-Sigma,' as an example in Chinese LLM development. ### Chronology of major AI-related policies | Year | Policy document | Issued by | | --- | --- | --- | | 2015 | Made in China 2025 | Premier Li Keqiang and his cabinet | | 2015 | "Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Actively Promoting the "Internet Plus" Action" (国务院关于积极推进"互联网+"行动的指导意见) | State Council of the People's Republic of China | | 2016 | Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of China (中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要) | State Council of the People's Republic of China | | 2016 | "Internet +' AI Three-Year Implementation Plan" (新一代AI产业发展三年行动计划）) | National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs | | 2017 | "New Generation AI Development Plan" (新一代人工智能发展规划) | State Council of the People's Republic of China | | 2019 | Guidelines for the Construction of the National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Open Innovation Platform" （国家新一代人工智能开放创新平台建设工作指引） | Ministry of Science and Technology | | 2020 | "National New Generation of AI Standardization Guidance" (国家新一代人工智能标准体系建设指南) | National Standardization Administration;Central Cyberspace Administration; National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology | | 2021 | Fourteenth Five-Year Plan of China (中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划纲要) | State Council of the People's Republic of China | | 2021 | "A new generation of artificial intelligence ethics code" （新一代人工智能伦理规范） | Ministry of Science and Technology | | 2021 | China's Data Security Law (中华人民共和国数据安全法) | State Council of the People's Republic of China | Government goals ---------------- According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront of AI technology will be critical to the future of global military and economic power competition. By 2025, the State Council aims for China to make fundamental contributions to basic AI theory and to solidify its place as a global leader in AI research. Further, the State Council aims for AI to become "the main driving force for China's industrial upgrading and economic transformation" by this time. By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the global leader in the development of artificial intelligence theory and technology. The State Council claims that China will have developed a "mature new-generation AI theory and technology system." According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government "seeks to meld state planning and control while some operational flexibility for firms. In this context, China's AI firms are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and shields them from foreign competition through domestic market protections, creating asymmetric advantages as they expand offshore." The CCP's fourteenth five-year plan reaffirmed AI as a top research priority and ranks AI first among "frontier industries" that the Chinese government aims to focus on through 2035. ### Research and development Chinese public AI funding mainly focused on advanced and applied research. The government funding also supported multiple AI R&D in the private sector through venture capitals that are backed by the state. Much analytic agency research showed that, while China is massively investing in all aspects of AI development, facial recognition, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and autonomous vehicles are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. According to national guidance on developing China's high-tech industrial development zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as an experimental development zone. Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI innovation in experimental areas. However, the focus of AI R&D varied depending on cities and local industrial development and ecosystem. For instance, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing industry, heavily focuses on automation and AI infrastructure while Wuhan focuses more on AI implementations and the education sector. In 2016 and 2017, Chinese teams won the top prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, an international competition for computer vision systems. Many of these systems are now being integrated into China's domestic surveillance network and Social Credit System. Interdisciplinary collaborations play an essential role in China's AI R&D, including academic-corporate collaboration, public-private collaborations, and international collaborations and projects with corporate-government partnerships are the most common. China ranked in the top three worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the total number of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic partnership between 2015 and 2019. Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the total number of global AI-related journal citations. In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are mainly sponsored by the government. In May 2021, China's Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the world's largest pre-trained language model (WuDao). #### Population China's large population generates a massive amount of accessible data for companies and researchers, which offers a crucial advantage in the race of big data. China has the world's largest number of internet users as of at least 2024, thereby generating huge amounts of data for machine learning and AI applications. #### Facial recognition Facial recognition is one of the most widely AI applications in China. Collecting these large amounts of data from its residents helps further train and expand AI capabilities. China's market is not only conducive and valuable for corporations to further AI R&D but also offers tremendous economic potential attracting both international and domestic firms to join the AI market. The drastic development of the information and communication technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets in recent years are two examples of this. China has become the world's largest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 *Wired* report. Impact ------ ### Economic impact Most agencies[*who?*] hold optimistic views about AI's economic impact on China's long-term economic growth. In the past, traditional industries in China have struggled with the increase in labor costs due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the deployment of AI, operational costs are expected to reduce while an increase in efficiency generates revenue growth. Some highlight the importance of a clear policy and governmental support in order to overcome adoption barriers including costs and lack of properly trained technical talents and AI awareness. However, there are concerns about China's deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income workers might be the most negatively impacted by China's AI development because of rising demands for laborers with advanced skills. Furthermore, China's economic growth might be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related industrial development is concentrated in coastal regions rather than inland. ### Military impact China seeks to build a "world-class" military by "intelligentization" with a particular focus on the use of unmanned weapons and artificial intelligence. It is researching various types of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous vehicles. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military demonstrated an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial vehicles at an airshow. A media report released afterwards showed a computer simulation of a similar swarm formation finding and destroying a missile launcher.:23 Open-source publications indicated that China is also developing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations.:27 Chinese development of military AI is largely influenced by China's observation of U.S. plans for defense innovation and fears of a widening "generational gap" in comparison to the U.S. military. Similar to U.S. military concepts, China aims to use AI for exploiting large troves of intelligence, generating a common operating picture, and accelerating battlefield decision-making.:12-14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China's response to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy, which seeks to integrate sensors and weapons with AI and a vigorous network. Twelve categories of military applications of AI have been identified: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, intelligent satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software, decision support, software, automated missile launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software. China's management of its AI ecosystem contrasts with that of the United States.:6 In general, few boundaries exist between Chinese commercial companies, university research laboratories, the military, and the central government. As a result, the Chinese government has a direct means of guiding AI development priorities and accessing technology that was ostensibly developed for civilian purposes. To further strengthen these ties the Chinese government created a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is intended to speed the transfer of AI technology from commercial companies and research institutions to the military in January 2017.:19 In addition, the Chinese government is leveraging both lower barriers to data collection and lower costs of data labeling to create the large databases on which AI systems train. According to one estimate, China is on track to possess 20% of the world's share of data by 2020, with the potential to have over 30% by 2030.:12 China's centrally directed effort is investing in the U.S. AI market, in companies working on militarily relevant AI applications, potentially granting it lawful access to U.S. technology and intellectual property. Chinese venture capital investment in U.S. AI companies between 2010 and 2017 totaled an estimated $1.3 billion. In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration issued an executive order to prevent foreign investments, "particularly those from competitor or adversarial nations," from investing in U.S. technology firms, due to U.S. national security concerns. The order covers fields of U.S. technologies in which Chinese government has been investing, including "microelectronics, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] advanced clean energy." ### Academia Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the first academic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, especially since China faces challenges in recruiting and retaining AI engineers and researchers. Over half of the data scientists in the United States have been working in the field for over 10 years, while roughly the same proportion of data scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, fewer than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused experts and research products.:8 Although China surpassed the United States in the number of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published papers, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. China especially want to address military applications and so the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China's premier institutes for weapons research, recently established the first children's educational program in military AI in the world. ### Ethical concerns For the past years, there are discussions about AI safety and ethical concerns in both private and public sectors. In 2021, China's Ministry of Science and Technology published the first national ethical guideline, '*the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code'* on the topic of AI with specific emphasis on user protection, data privacy, and security. This document acknowledges the power of AI and quick technology adaptation by the big corporations for user engagements. The *South China Morning Post* reported that humans shall remain in full decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence published the *Beijing AI principles* calling for essential needs in long-term research and planning of AI ethical principles. Data security has been the most common topic in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and many national governments have established legislation addressing data privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China was enacted in 2017 aiming to address new challenges raised by AI development.[*original research?*] In 2021, China's new Data Security Law (DSL) was passed by the PRC congress, setting up a regulatory framework classifying all kinds of data collection and storage in China. This means all tech companies in China are required to classify their data into categories listed in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow specific guidelines on how to govern and handle data transfers to other parties. Leading companies ----------------- Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups include Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime and Yitu Technology. Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have received attention for facial recognition, sound recognition and drone technologies. At the World Artificial Intelligence Conference 2019 hosted in Shanghai, the Ministry of Science and Technology announced the latest list of Chinese firms that were selected for China's AI "national team" with assigned specialized AI sectors.[] China has expanded its national AI team three times since its initial announcement in 2017. The number of firms involved has also expanded from five to fifteen: * In 2017, Alibaba Cloud (阿里云), Baidu (百度), Tencent (腾讯), iFlytek (科大讯飞) are the initial four firms in China's national AI team * In September 2018, SenseTime (商汤) became the fifth member of the team * In 2019, ten more companies are added to the list, including Yitu (依图) and Xiaomi (小米) | Year | Company | Designated AI Specialty | | --- | --- | --- | | 2017 | Alibaba Cloud (阿里云) | Smart City Brain | | 2017 | Baidu (百度) | Autonomous Vehicle | | 2017 | Tencent (腾讯) | Medical Intelligence | | 2017 | iFlytek (科大讯飞) | Voice Recognition | | 2018 | SenseTime (商汤) | Intelligent Vision | | 2019 | Yitu (依图科技) | Visual Computing | | 2019 | Minglamp Technology (明略科技) | Intelligent Marketing | | 2019 | Huawei (华为) | Software and Hardware | | 2019 | Pingan (中国平安) | Financial Intelligence | | 2019 | Hikvision (海康威视) | Video Perception | | 2019 | JD.com (京东) | Smart Supply Chain | | 2019 | Megvii (旷世科技) | Visual Perception | | 2019 | Qihoo 360 (奇虎360) | Security and Smart Brain | | 2019 | TAL Education Group (好未来) | Education | | 2019 | Xiaomi (小米) | Home Automation | Assessment ---------- An article published by the Center for a New American Security concluded that "Chinese government officials demonstrated remarkably keen understanding of the issues surrounding AI and international security. This includes knowledge of the U.S. AI policy discussions," and recommended that "the U.S. policymaking community to similarly prioritize cultivating expertise and understanding of AI developments in China" and "funding, focus, and a willingness among U.S. policymakers to drive large-scale necessary change." An article in the *MIT Technology Review* similarly concluded: "China might have unparalleled resources and enormous untapped potential, but the West has world-leading expertise and a strong research culture. Rather than worry about China's progress, it would be wise for Western nations to focus on their existing strengths, investing heavily in research and education." Some experts believe that China's intent to be the first to develop military AI applications may result in comparatively less safe applications, as China will likely be more risk-acceptant throughout the development process. These experts stated that it would be unethical for the U.S. military to sacrifice safety standards for the sake of external time pressures, but that the United States' more conservative approach to AI development may result in more capable systems in the long run.:23 ### Human rights The widely used AI facial recognition has raised concerns. According to *The New York Times*, deployment of AI facial recognition technology in the Xinjiang region to detect Uyghurs is "the first known example of a government intentionally using artificial intelligence for racial profiling," which is said to be "one of the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism." Researchers have found that in China, areas experiencing higher rates of unrest are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial recognition technology, especially by local municipal police departments. Further reading --------------- * Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). *Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges* (1st ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003212980. ISBN 9781003212980. OCLC 1320821529.

The word "Doctors" in orange, stylised in all lowercase.*Doctors* logo. *Doctors* is a British medical soap opera which began broadcasting on BBC One on 26 March 2000. Set in the fictional West Midlands town of Letherbridge, the soap follows the lives of the staff and patients of the Riverside Health Centre and the Best Practice, two fictional NHS doctor's surgeries. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in *Doctors* in 2001 and 2002, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the programme's executive producer, Mal Young. Nurse Faith Walker (Eva Fontaine) was introduced in May 2001. She was followed by three more regulars who were simultaneously introduced in September 2001; doctors Ben Kwarme (Ariyon Bakare) and Jude Carlyle (Natalie J. Robb) and receptionist Katrina Bullen (Tabitha Wady). Tom Butcher joined the cast in November 2001 as doctor Marc Eliot. Then, in September 2002, Laurence Penry-Jones and Ela Kay joined the cast as doctor Oliver Berg and receptionist Carolina Shaw, respectively. Additionally, multiple other characters appeared throughout the two years. Faith Walker ------------ **Faith Walker**, portrayed by Eva Fontaine, first appeared on 11 May 2001 and made her final appearance on 19 June 2006. Faith was introduced as a talkative and kind nurse at the Riverside Health Centre. Faith's BBC Online profile described her as "a talented and popular nurse" who had a "disastrous love life". Her romances see her embark on a short-lived relationship with Rana Mistry (Akbar Kurtha), have a one-night stand with Marc Eliot (Tom Butcher) as well as being hurt when Ben Kwarme (Ariyon Bakare) cannot commit to her. She is then raped by Liam McGuire (Tim Matthews) and has an abortion after she falls pregnant with his baby. Faith falls in love with a fireman called Jerry and the pair eventually married. After getting into debt and losing their home, they both take second jobs. Jerry gets involved with a drugs gang and is shot and killed in a siege at Riverside. She is compensated by the gang for his death and Faith manages to clear her debts. Later, Faith is diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa and is told she will eventually lose her eyesight. Eventually unable to do her job, she hands her job over to Michelle Corrigan (Donnaleigh Bailey). Faith falls in love with a man named Paul, and after finding out that she was pregnant, they leave to travel the world before her eyesight fails. For her portrayal of Faith, Fontaine received a nomination for the British Soap Award for Best Actress in 2006. Ben Kwarme ---------- **Dr. Ben Kwarme**, portrayed by Ariyon Bakare, first appeared on 3 September 2001 and made his final appearance on 13 June 2005. Ben was introduced as a general practitioner at the Riverside Health Centre who had been working there for six weeks prior to his onscreen debut. Ben's BBC Online profile described him as "a dedicated doctor with a colourful love life and a fiery temper". Shortly after joining the practice, Ben begins a relationship with Faith Walker (Eva Fontaine) but could not commit to her. After she is raped by Liam McGuire (Tim Matthews), he defends her and is almost charged for assault after he attacks Liam. On a night out with Faith, Ben disturbs an intruder and beats him up. The burglar presses charges for grievous bodily harm, but Ben evades conviction. Ben has an affair with colleague Kali Hamanda (Nicole Arumugam); however, their relationship is "put under strain as Kali is involved in a shocking accident". He later has a short-lived relationship with another colleague, Oliver Berg (Laurence Penry-Jones). Oliver tries repeatedly to ask Ben out, who declines his advances, but the pair eventually do get into a relationship. Shortly after getting together, Oliver's flatmate, receptionist Carolina Shaw (Ela Kay), dies in an oil tanker explosion and Oliver leaves Letherbridge. Ben later forms a romantic attraction to Jude Carlyle (Natalie J. Robb), who he proposes to after he learns that she is pregnant with a baby with Down's syndrome, wanting to support them both. Jude declines his proposal, knowing that she does not truly love Ben. In 2004, writers introduced Nathan Bailey (Akemnji Ndifornyen) as the estranged son of Ben. He initially hides his identity, wanting to get to know Ben first, but after he reveals himself as Ben's son, the pair form a "a difficult and tempestuous relationship" which evolves to be a close relationship. Ben eventually leaves Letherbridge with Nathan when the pair go travelling. For his portrayal of Ben, Bakare received a nomination for the British Soap Award for Best Actor in 2004 and 2005. Katrina Bullen -------------- **Katrina Bullen**, portrayed by Tabitha Wady, first appeared on 3 September 2001 and made her final appearance on 22 May 2002. Katrina was introduced as a receptionist that was hired at the Riverside Health Centre following Joanna Helm (Sarah Manners) and Candy Williams (Leanne Wilson) departing. She comes into the practice wanting to take charge and make numerous changes, such as having a noticeboard full of staff photos, which annoys Mac McGuire (Christopher Timothy). She also lectures Dr. Jude Carlyle (Natalie J. Robb) on the importance of seeing patients as quickly as possible to save time, who responds by saying that she will not rush with patients for Katrina's sake. Jude Carlyle ------------ **Dr. Jude Carlyle**, portrayed by Natalie J. Robb, first appeared on 3 September 2001 and made her last appearance on 19 March 2004. Jude originates from a working class, Glasgow background and had experience as a police surgeon prior to her being hired at the Riverside Health Centre. Her BBC Online profile stated that Jude has wild impulses and is "attracted to the dark and the dangerous". Also prior to her arrival, she had been married twice but sees both marriages as big mistakes. The second marriage lasted six weeks when Jude discovered her husband having sex with her sister, Beth (Valerie Gogan). Jude's exit storyline sees her cheat on her boyfriend with his father and she gets pregnant. When the man's wife discovers the affair, she pushes Jude down the stairs. The baby is unharmed but she later learns that they have Down's syndrome. When Ben Kwarme (Ariyon Bakare) learns of the baby's diagnosis, he proposes to Jude to support the pair of them. However, she knows that she does not love him and rejects him. She later moves back to Glasgow to be with her family. Years after her exit from *Doctors*, Robb admitted that she did not know how she coped on the series due to the medical terminology. She surprised herself when her brain "managed to take in all the information of the doctor jargon". However, she used her knowledge and experience from *Doctors* when she came into contact with a pregnant woman in labour who had collapsed and was bleeding. On the experience, Robb explained: "She was really panicking about losing the baby, obviously. For some reason, maybe because of *Doctors*, I was very calm." Marc Eliot ---------- **Dr. Marc Eliot**, portrayed by Tom Butcher, first appeared on 5 October 2001 and made his final appearance on 16 December 2005. His BBC Online profile explained that prior to his arrival in Letherbridge, Marc was a major in the Royal Army Medical Corps and served in Kosovo. Upon his hiring at the Riverside Health Centre, he is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. The profile described him as a "highly ambitious" ambitious character and noted that he has plans to take over Riverside. However, after he learns that Mac McGuire (Christopher Timothy) does not plan to retire, he enlists Helen Thompson's (Corrinne Wicks) help in setting up a rival practice, Best Practice. Marc has a one-night stand with Faith Walker (Eva Fontaine) and their interactions become awkward. However, after she is raped by Liam McGuire (Tim Matthews), she turns to Marc for support and he helps her. Marc also has a one-night stand with Helen on the night of her husband's death. The two decide to stay friends and when Marc is accused of raping a patient, Helen secures the evidence which exonerate him from the accusations. Marc and Helen eventually begin a romantic relationship, but when Marc is asked by his brother Robert (Josh Neale) to help build orphanages in Kosovo, Helen insists that he goes as it will benefit him. Marc returns over a year later with a new fiancé, but he soon realises that he still loves Helen. Helen tells Marc that the love is requited and the pair move to Leeds together. Oliver Berg ----------- **Dr. Oliver Berg**, portrayed by Laurence Penry-Jones, first appeared on 2 September 2002 and made his final appearance on 13 June 2003. His backstory involves coming from a Jewish family in Nottingham and studying at Bristol University Medical School. He starts at the Riverside Health Centre as a doctor with Ben Kwarme (Ariyon Bakare) as his mentor. Oliver's BBC Online profile stated that Ben is "enthusiastic and full of ideas but his inexperience often trip him up". Oliver is gay, which the team discover when he kisses a drunk, sleeping Ben. He gets into a relationship with physiotherapist Alex, but Oliver's romantic feelings for Ben make the pair split up. Oliver tries repeatedly to ask Ben out, who declines his advances, but the pair eventually do get into a relationship. Shortly after getting together, Oliver's flatmate, receptionist Carolina Shaw (Ela Kay), dies in an oil tanker explosion. Feeling ridden with guilt, Oliver leaves Letherbridge. Carolina Shaw ------------- **Carolina Shaw**, portrayed by Ela Kay, first appeared on 18 September 2002 and made her final appearance on 12 June 2003. Carolina was introduced as a receptionist at the Riverside Health Centre and is the flatmate of Oliver Berg (Laurence Penry-Jones). Carolina does not get off to a good start with Faith Walker (Eva Fontaine) after they both audition for a charity show and Carolina wins the part. Kay said "there is a horrible tension between them when Carolina turns up at the surgery." An *Inside Soap* writer stated that Carolina was hiding something and Kay revealed that her character had a secret daughter, who she gave birth to when she was fifteen. Kay said that Carolina regrets getting pregnant, but did not regret having her daughter. She added that viewers would know Carolina's secret, but her colleagues at the surgery would not. At the 2003 British Soap Awards, Kay was nominated for the British Soap Award for Best Newcomer, as well as the award for Hero of the Year. In an interview with *Worcester News*, Kay's mother confirmed that Kay was set to depart from the cast of *Doctors* at the end of May 2003, but did not specify any of her exit details. Carolina dies in scenes aired on 12 June 2003 after sustaining injuries caused by an oil tanker explosion. Other characters ---------------- | Character | Episode date(s) | Actor | Circumstances | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Leigh Ashworth | 9 March–1 June 2001 | Barbara Drennan | A woman who gets engaged to Steve Rawlings (Mark Frost). After settling down, the pair move to Nottingham together. | | Natalie Ashworth | 22 March–1 June 2001 | Julee Moorcroft | Leigh's (Barbara Drennan) teenage daughter. She disagrees with her mother's decision to marry Steve Rawlings (Frost), since she is upset for her father. She is again upset when Leigh informs her that they are all moving to Nottingham, but later comes around to the decision. | | Candy Williams | 19 April–1 June 2001 | Leanne Wilson | A receptionist who briefly works at Riverside to cover the absence of Joanna Helm (Sarah Manners). Once Joanna returns, the pair do not get on and compete to be the most favoured receptionist. However, when Candy's boyfriend comes into Riverside in a bad way, Joanna helps the pair of them and they become friendly with each other. | | Jane Powers | 16 May–1 June 2001 | Stefanie Powers | Caroline Powers' (Jacqueline Leonard) mother. She arrives back into Caroline's life alongside her new boyfriend, David Wilde (Darren Day), who is around Caroline's age, to her horror. | | David Wilde | 17 May–1 June 2001 | Darren Day | Jane Powers' (Stefanie Powers) boyfriend, who is much younger than her. | | Hope Walker | 23–25 May 2001 | Sandra James-Young | Faith's (Eva Fontaine) mother. When she learns that Faith is beginning a relationship with Rana Mistry (Akbar Kurtha), she reacts with racism and says that the two cannot have a interracial relationship. | | Lisa | 3–4 September 2001 | Lisa Reeves | Jude Carlyle's (Natalie J. Robb) friend. Katrina Bullen (Tabitha Wady) mistakes them for being girlfriends and believes that they are getting married. | | Pete Stewart | 7 September–21 November 2001 | Robert Harrison | Jude Carlyle's (Robb) fiancé. He sees her hugging her ex-husband on the doorstep, since Jude is comforting him about her decision to never see him again. Pete confuses it for cheating and refuses to believe Jude, leading to their breakup. However, they reconcile their relationship after Pete defends her to an angry patient. | | George Kwarme | 7 September–3 October 2001 | Robert Phillips | Ben's (Ariyon Bakare) father. The pair have an estranged relationship and are shocked to learn that they are both working in Letherbridge. | | Richard Miles | 14 September–21 May 2002 | Martin Ledwith | Jude Carlyle's (Robb) ex-husband. He arrives back info her life when he learns that she is getting married and is adamant that they should get back together. However, she refuses to be in contact with him again. | | Bobbi Trent | 26–28 September 2001 | Sally Humphreys | Katrina Bullen's (Wady) childhood best friend. When she arrives at Riverside for vaccinations to travel the world for a year, Katrina accidentally reads the medical records of Bobbi's father. She learns that her father is set to die within the next year and Katrina feels desperate to inform Bobbi, so that she does not miss his death. | | Mavis Ryder | 3 October 2001–6 October 2003 | Elaine Donnelly | A temporary receptionist who is hired due to Katrina Bullen's (Wady) suspension. Upon her arrival, she is rude to the doctors, especially to Ben Kwarme (Bakare). Her blunt attitude is called out by Fiona McGuire (Hilary Drake). Ben hears her being nasty to a patient and threatens that if she does it again, he will advise her agency not to give her any more job roles. | | Fiona McGuire | 4 October 2001 | Hilary Drake | Mac McGuire's (Christopher Timothy) sister. She arrives in Letherbridge to meet his and Kate McGuire's (Maggie Cronin) newborn son, Ciaran (Phoebe Wood). | | Beth Carlyle | 19 October 2001–3 April 2002 | Valerie Gogan | The sister of Jude (Robb). She arrives in Letherbridge and spies on Jude whilst she is out drinking with her Riverside colleagues. She confronts her, but Jude tells her to leave. It transpires that while the pair were travelling in Bolivia together, Beth killed a man that was trying to harm Jude. | | Pat Eliot | 29 October–2 November 2001 | Clare Owen | Marc's (Tom Butcher) adoptive mother who tries to phone him at Riverside due to her poor health. She has a heart attack. After being kept in hospital, she dies with Marc by her side. Marc learns following her death that he was adopted. | | Jimmy Lancaster | 2–5 November 2001 | Ben Richards | A man that Katrina Bullen (Wady) met in Nottingham at a 50s music night. He works in the navy and returns to see her every six months for a weekend of fun. However, she learns upon a visit that he has met a woman he plans to marry. | | Dr. Tom Steele | 21–22 November 2001 | Richard Armitage | A friend of Marc Eliot's (Butcher) who introduces him to Riverside as a locum doctor. Due to his poor attitude and lack of attention he pays to patients, he is sacked after a day. | | Kali Hamanda | 23 November 2001–22 May 2002 | Nicole Arumugam | A doctor at Riverside who has an affair with Ben Kwarme (Ariyon Bakare). | | Liam McGuire | 6 December 2001–22 May 2002,5–16 January 2004,24 August–17 September 2007 | Tim Matthews | The son of Mac McGuire (Christopher Timothy) and Julia Parsons (Diane Keen) who rapes Faith Walker (Eva Fontaine). | | Alex North | 4 March–25 November 2002 | Tim Downie | A doctor at Riverside. |

Klaus von Nichtssagend Gallery's 54 Ludlow Street space. **Klaus von Nichtssagend** Gallery is a contemporary art gallery at 87 Franklin Street in the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City. The gallery was founded in 2004 by Matthew Chase, Ingrid Bromberg Kennedy, Robert Hult, and Sam Wilson. The Gallery was originally located in a storefront space at 438 Union Avenue in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY. In 2011 the gallery moved to 54 Ludlow Street in Manhattan. In 2022, the gallery relocated to its current space at 87 Franklin Street. Klaus von Nichtssagend hosts an average of nine shows each year in two gallery rooms. From the gallery's website: Klaus von Nichtssagend Gallery opened as an artist-run project space in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in the fall of 2004. Run by three owner/directors, Sam Wilson, Ingrid Bromberg Kennedy, and Rob Hult, the gallery initially focused on emerging artists having their first shows in New York City. After moving to Manhattan in 2011, the gallery expanded its operations, continuing to develop the careers of those artists it had nurtured early on while adding new and established artists to its roster. Today the gallery continues to center artists in its programming, hosting solo and group exhibitions throughout the year.  In April 2022, the gallery relocated to a new space on Franklin Street in Tribeca.

Conscious action implemented act free will **Voluntary action** is an anticipated goal-oriented movement. The concept of voluntary action arises in many areas of study, including cognitive psychology, operant conditioning, philosophy, neurology, criminology, and others. Additionally, voluntary action has various meanings depending on the context in which it is used. For example, operant psychology uses the term to refer to the actions that are modifiable by their consequences. A more cognitive account may refer to voluntary action as involving the identification of a desired outcome together with the action necessary to achieve that outcome. Voluntary action undesirable consequences lesson atrophy is often associated with consciousness and will. For example, Psychologist Charles Nuckolls holds that we control our voluntary behavior, and that it is not known how we come to plan what actions will be executed. Many psychologists, notably Tolman, apply the concept of voluntary action to both animal and human behavior, raising the issue of animal consciousness and its role in voluntary action. History: William James on voluntary action ------------------------------------------ The concept of voluntary action was discussed by William James in his influential book *The Principles of Psychology* (1890). James states that for an act to be classified as a voluntary, it must be foreseen, as opposed to involuntary action which occurs without foresight. James suggests, for example, that the idea of a particular movement is a voluntary action; however, the movement itself, once the idea has been formed, is involuntary, provided the action itself require no further thought. Voluntary action arises because humans and animals wish to fulfill desires. In order to fulfill these desires, humans and animals form goals and voluntary actions are undertaken to achieve these goals. Some of the terms that James used to describe voluntary action – such as desire – are now outdated, and his introspective approach is out of favor, but many of his ideas are still find a place in current thinking.

American avant-instrumental duo **Talkdemonic** is an avant-instrumental duo based in Portland, Oregon. The band consists of Kevin O'Connor and Lisa Molinaro. Talkdemonic signed with Isaac Brock's Glacial Pace Records to release their fourth record in Fall 2011. History ------- Talkdemonic was established by O'Connor in December 2002 after he moved from Pullman, Washington, to Portland. It began as a musical project to express his obsession with instrumental hip hop and electronic music. O'Connor said he was at a local club when he heard a voice utter the word "talkdemonic" and he felt it fit his new project perfectly. Their first album, Mutiny Sunshine, was released in May 2004 by Lucky Madison. It was recorded over the period of a year at talknumeric and Miracle Lake studios with Skyler Norwood engineering. After a few solo tours, O'Connor convinced Molinaro to become a full-time member.[] Talkdemonic was named "Portland's Best New Band 2005" by the Willamette Week and toured with The National and Clap Your Hands Say Yeah in the fall of 2005.[] The band spent most of 2005 recording and playing shows. They signed with the Arena Rock Recording Co. The label released their second record, Beat Romantic, in March 2006. The album received critical acclaim. Pitchfork media wrote of the album "When the punctuated rhythm of programmed percussion gives way to cascading cymbal crashes and spacious break beats, it's nothing short of cathartic." Following the release of the album, the band toured the country twice over with bands like Quasi, The Walkmen, Scout Niblett and The National. In February 2007, Talkdemonic signed with One Little Indian in the UK. Their offshoot label, Tangled Up! was to issue a deluxe expanded edition of Beat Romantic in Europe on September 17, 2007. The enhanced version was to include a cover of Brian Eno's "Sombre Reptiles" and a video for "Mountain Cats". Lisa also spent six months as a touring multi-instrumentalist and vocalist with the Decemberists in late 2006 and early 2007. She was a full-time member of Modest Mouse and was in a committed relationship with the band's frontman, Isaac Brock. They broke up sometime in 2017-2018 and she left the band in June 2021. In August 2022, Talkdemonic announced a new record Various Seasides, to be released on October 28, 2022, by Lucky Madison. The band is now a solo project of Kevin O'Connor, as it was in 2003. The video for 'Glass Tower' was released on October 17, and premiered on The Big Takeover website. Touring ------- Originally, O'Connor played live shows alone with Molinaro's pre-recorded viola pieces and accordion, banjo, guitar, and piano played via laptop computer. In the summer of 2004, O'Connor convinced Molinaro to play live shows with him. Talkdemonic has since toured several times nationally and along the west coast. During a Midwest tour they opened for Clap Your Hands Say Yeah and The National. For Olivier Theyskien's Spring 2008 show under the Nina Ricci label, DJ Michel Gaubert used several Talkdemonic songs for the soundtrack. In October 2011 it was announced that Talkdemonic will be opening for Modest Mouse for two of their shows in Austin and Dallas Texas in early November. Members ------- * Kevin O'Connor (percussion, synthesizer, piano, multi-instrumentalist) * Lisa Molinaro (Former Member) (viola, synthesizer, bass) Discography ----------- * *Mutiny Sunshine* (Lucky Madison, April 2004; Lucky Madison reissue January 2005) * *Tour EP* (Arena Rock Recording Co. 2005) * *Beat Romantic* (Arena Rock Recording Co. March 2006, US) (Tangled Up! Recordings, September 2007, UK) * *Eyes at Half Mast* (Arena Rock Recording Co. September 2008) * *Ruins* (Glacial Pace Recordings, October 2011) * *Various Seasides* (Lucky Madison, October 2022)

Species of plant ***Drosera peruensis*** is a carnivorous plant of the genus *Drosera*, commonly known as the **Peruvian sundew.** This Drosera species was first identified in Peru in 2002 by Tânia Regina dos Santos Silva and Mireya D. Correa following work to update the genus Drosera for the reference text, *Flora Neotropica*. (Drosera species generally can be found in most continents, but the vast majority grow in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Southwestern Australia, Africa, and South America). Characteristics --------------- The flower head of the *Drosera peruensis* plant is red in color, measures 10 to 18 centimeters long, and has thread-like trichomes. The inflorescence axis is typically 3.5 to 6 centimeters long. The light red sepals are fused together, with each lobe measuring up to 4 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters wide. The lobes are filled with red trichomes. The petals are white or red in color and the ovary is composed of three carpels. The plant has three pistils that are bifurcated from the base and has six clavate scars. The plant's seeds are oblong and the surface is reticulated. When the plant becomes old, its leaves become patent. A feature of its leaves is the oblong blades with distinct petioles. The plant also contains filament trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface, and inflorescence with filamentous trichomes. South America, Peru highlighted Distribution ------------ The species is found in the Pasco region (Oxapampa, Cordillera Yanachaga) of Peru where it grows in scrub land on white sandstone, covered by shrubs and associated peat moss. The cover ceiling can reach up to 2 meters in thickness. Morphology ---------- Representatives of this species grow as a rosette herbaceous plant that spans from 10 to 29 centimeters. The stem axis alone reaches a length of approximately 2 to 4 centimeters. Its leaves are red, and in the plant's drooping age, the length of the leaves can be 10 to 12 centimeters. The petioles can be 6 to 7 centimeters in length and 1 mm in width. The leaf has a different texture on each side; the abaxial (top) side of the leaf is hairy while the adaxial (bottom) side is smooth. The leaf's blade has an inversely-ovate to oblong-round shape and is approximately 4 to 7 centimeters long and approximately 1 millimeter wide. The upper sides of the leaves have a hairy, shaggy texture with glandular hairs, while the undersides of the leaves have thread-like trichomes that measure 2 to 2.5 millimeters long and are of golden color. The stipules are rectangular and have membranous schlitzblättrig with the slit measuring up to 7 millimeters long and about 6 millimeters wide. Flowers and fruit ----------------- The *Drosera peruensis* plant begins to blossom during the fall season, around October. Flower heads, 10 to 18 centimeters long, can grow two to four flowers which feature red, thread-like trichomes. The inflorescence axis is 3.5 to 6 centimeters long, attached to a reddish pedicel. Its sepals are also light red in color and are fused together. Each of its lobes is oblong-round in shape and measures 4 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters wide, filled with reddish trichomes. The petals may be either white or red in color, and its ovary is composed of three carpels. The plant has three pistils that are bifurcated from the base and has six scars that clavate. The seeds from the plant are an oblong-round shape, and the surface is reticulated. Carnivory --------- The Drosera could be considered the 'master of sticky fly paper' because it relies on glandular hairs to trap its prey, then rolls up the edges of the leaf to consume it. These hairs act as a kind of glue that ensnares the prey. This mechanism is comparable to those of other carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap (*Dionaea*), though the entrapment occurs at a relatively slower rate, and the movement of the enfolding leaves differs. After the prey has been pinned down by the glandular hairs, the stalked glands produce digestive enzymes, including protease and phosphatase to break down the prey. The digestive fluids work on breaking down the fleshy internal part of the prey into a "nutrient soup" which is then absorbed by the plant. After the digestion and absorption of the prey are complete, the leaf returns to its ready state. The exoskeleton of the prey remains on the leaf unless the rainfall washes it away. Comparison to other Drosera species ----------------------------------- The main characteristics used to describe the taxonomy of Drosera species include traits such as the shape of the leaf, the style number, morphology, and the presence or absence of stipules, or specialized organs (i.e. tubers or gemmae). Over many years, new Drosera species have been identified by examining characteristics including chromosome numbers, pollen morphology, secondary compounds, and seed germination types. *Drosera peruensis* is relatively recently characterised. Medicinal --------- Similar to other species, *Drosera peruensis* contains medicinally-active compounds that are found in other sundews. Ornamental ---------- *Drosera peruensis* can be used as an ornamental plant because of its aesthetic qualities. Cultivation differs between *Drosera* species.

1971 Japanese film ***Lake of Dracula*** (呪いの館 血を吸う眼, *Noroi no yakata - Chi o suu me*, lit. "Cursed Mansion: Bloodthirsty Eyes") is a 1971 Japanese horror film directed by Michio Yamamoto. Plot ---- A young girl named Akiko loses her dog when walking along a beach. She follows the dog to a European mansion, where an old man stares at her as she chases after the dog inside. Akiko finds herself in front of a dead woman at a piano and then meets the vampire (Mori Kishida). 18 years later, Akiko (Midori Fujita) is living near a lake, still haunted by what has happened to her, which she believes was a dream. Akiko is friends with a boat operator Kusaku, who had received a strange package, which turns out to be a white coffin. Kusaku complains to the shipping agent and returns to find the coffin empty and is then attacked by the same vampire Akiko saw years earlier. Akiko is then visited by her boyfriend Doctor Takashi Saki (Osahide Takahashi), whom Akiko's sister Natsuko (Sanae Emi) is also in love with. Takashi is called to the hospital when a woman with two bite holes in her neck is turned in. After he leaves, both Akiko's dog and Natsuko go missing. Akiko searches for them and finds her dog dead in a field with Kusaku near by. Kusaku attacks her, which leads to a chase where Akiko is knocked out by a branch. Kusaku takes her back to his home. As Akiko awakens, she sees a vampire just about to bite down on her neck, but is interrupted by two fishermen enquiring about a boat, which makes the vampire and Kusaku retreat. At the hospital, Takashi's patient is beckoned from her bed by the vampire. Takashi spots her, but she falls down a stairway, killing herself. Meanwhile, under the vampire's curse, Natsuko returns to Akiko's home with the vampire himself. Akiko attempts to hide in the closet, while the returning Takashi is attacked in his car by Kusaku. The car crashes and the two battle, with Takashi being victorious after Kusaku expires. After Takashi returns home, both Akiko and Takashi find Natsuko dying on a beach. With her dying breath, Natsuko begs for her corpse to be burned. Takashi and Akiko take her to the hospital for an autopsy. At the hospital, Natsuko is being prepared in a morgue when she rises from the dead and escapes. At the same Takashi hypnotizes Akiko in order to have her relive her "dream". Akiko then remembers the incident with the vampire from her youth as actually happening and that the incident made her the favourite daughter of both their parents. Along with Takashi, Akiko decides to return to the mansion from the past where they find the dead body of the old man who lived there along with his diary. In it he states that while he is not Japanese his father built the house in a remote part of Japan as he was the descendant of a vampire and wanted to avoid putting others in danger. The old man himself was never a vampire, but at the age of 25 his son succumbed to vampirism and killed a woman. Shortly after a young girl and her dog wandered into the house, found the woman's corpse, and encountered the son after which he was able to help them escape. In response, he locked the son away. The son eventually broke free and fed on his father who wrote the diary before he succumbed to blood loss. The two are then attacked by the vampire and Natsuko. The vampire fights Takashi on a balcony, but the old man, now reanimated as a vampire, grabs the vampire's leg, which causes him to stumble, breaking through the wooden railing that had been damaged during the struggle. A large portion of it impales him through the chest causing him to crumble into dust. Natsuko collapses, the curse broken, as both she and the old man lose their vampiric features and return to being human corpses. Production ---------- *Lake of Dracula* was the second of three vampire films made by Toho studios in the 1970s,being preceded by *The Vampire Doll* (1970) and followed by *Evil of Dracula* (1974). Release ------- *Lake of Dracula* was released on June 16, 1971 in Japan where it was distributed by Toho. The film was released in a subtitled format in the United States in August 1973. It was dubbed into English and given a television release in 1980 in the United States by United Productions of America under the title *The Lake of Dracula*. In the U.S. television prints of the film, the ending involving the vampire disintegrating was removed. The television version was cut to 79 minutes. The film is also known as *Dracula's Lust for Blood*, *The Bloodthirsty Eyes* and *Lake of Death*. All three films in the trilogy were released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom and United States by Arrow Films. Reception --------- Fredric Milstein of the *Los Angeles Times* called the film "superficial, unsubtle, humorless yet stylishly horrific, appealingly gruesome and exciting. Rokuro Nishigaki's camera provides lots of atmosphere-loving, as it does, shimmering lakescapes, Martian-like skies and all things tangled branches can hide". In his book *Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films*, Stuart Galbraith IV referred to the film as an "acceptable, if unexceptional film" and that "the story is generally routine, but the Eastern locale and attempt (slight as it is) to add a little dimension to its main characters make this somewhat above average for the genre".

Art exhibition Tokyo Biennale ‘70: Between Man and Matter (Japanese: 第10回日本国際美術展:「人間と物質 」, Hepburn: *Dai-10 kai Nihon Hokusai bijutsu-ten: Ningen to busshitsu*) opened in May 1970 at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, and later traveled to Kyoto, Nagoya and Fukuoka. It was the tenth of eighteen international art exhibitions held between 1952 and 1990, sponsored and organised by Mainichi Shimbun, a newspaper with a long history of organising significant art exhibitions. In the history of biennials, Tokyo Biennale '70 marked a shift from the national-representation and prize-awarding model to one that was focused on the forefront developments of contemporary art practice. Specifically, there was a conscious juxtaposition of the latest trends of Post-minimalism and Conceptualism across Euro-America and Japan. Leading art critic Nakahara Yusuke was selected a commissioner by Minemura Toshiaki at Mainichi to reconceive this edition of the Biennale, eventually settling on the theme of "Between Man and Matter". The Japanese subtitle of the exhibition literally translates as Man and Matter, but Nakahara deliberately chose to phrase it as *Between Man and Matter*. This reflects Nakahara's interest in exploring the intagibility of the site, or *rinjō-shugi* (in-situ-ism/on-site-ism). Nakahara had picked this title over other potential titles such as *Real and Imaginary* and *Art of Concept.* Minemura, who served as the organizer of the Biennale, had joined the Mainichi Cultural Enterprises Department in 1960, and was the key catalyst of shifting the direction of the Biennale. A large part of his ability to conceive of this new format was due to his own immersion in the contemporary art scene in Paris, where he studied in 1967-8. Minemura chose Nakahara for his background in physics and conceptual mindset, despite his relatively young age (39) for the heavy responsibility of a commissioner. Tokyo Biennale '70 can be seen as the culmination of Nakahara's art criticism throughout the 1960s alongside his peers Tōno Yoshiaki and Hariu Ichiro (known as the "Big Three" art critics), in which he had actively commented on artist's self-reflexive positionality and affinities to Euro-American practices. He noticed that there was an increasing polarisation in the discussion between ultranationalism [*kokusui-shugi*] verus ‘abroad’ [*kaigai*] and ‘international art establishments’ [*kokusai gadan*] , commenting that they were then (1968) in a transitional phase between the former to the latter. He argued that true "internationality" would only emerge when the one no longer contested the existence of the other, and vice versa. Nakahara would then continue working on curatorial projects developing his notion of internationality, namely as the commissioner of the Japanese Pavilion at the 35th (1976) and 36th (1978) Venice Biennale (Tōno and Hariu having commissioned the preceding three iterations). Exhibition concept ------------------ As Nakahara notes in his introduction to the catalogue, the concept of the exhibition was inspired by (then) recent foreign exhibitions: *When Attitudes Become Form*, curated by Harald Szeemann at Kunsthalle Bern (1969), and *Anti-Illusion: Procedures/ Materials* held at the Whitney Museum of American Art in the same year. Critical to Nakahara was the prioritisation of the conceptualisation of a work over its final execution. Nakahara's concept for the Biennale can be understood through his formulation of the museum as a ‘matrix’. The matrix was a *place* or a *situation* for man's encounter with art, or matter, rather than just being a nondescript space that surrounds the artwork. The matrix was not neutral, and should be regarded integral aspect of the relationship between man and matter. This is best evidenced through Nakahara's essay in the exhibition catalogue: > *As opposed to the work’s basic quality as something closed in and as a totality of form and density, ‘stressing’ the relationship between human and matter, or works as something to be ‘experienced,’ these emphasize circumstance, placement, place, distribution, process, and time. These are necessary in order to produce a situation where humans and matter come in contact. And these are not works that participants simply make in their studios and exhibit it, but directly scout the area and produce work based on what they see. Location too is no longer something abstract but an undeniable ingredient in this contact of human and matter.* > > This is further explicated by Nakahara's commentary on the Biennale in *Bijutsu Techô* after its initial showing, focusing specifically on the concept of a life space that does not privilege the art object as sacrosanct material. > *It is widely known that a phenomenon that appears to be an integration of art and life became conspicuous in the works exhibited in museum spaces. In other words, by making the non-everyday space of the museum more everyday-like, they let the alienation of "space" happen.. .. I have repeatedly talked about the shift from the work as "thing (mono)" to the work as "space." Instead of regarding a work-as-object as something that transcends the [surrounding] space, what I have suggested is equating objects with space and granting significance to the relationships between objects and space. Our real lives are like that. In the life space (seikatsu kûkan) in which we live, it is not that various objects exist transcendentally. Our life space where we act exists as their aggregate. In this sense, one can say that the work as "space" is the same as life space in their "structures."* > > Kenichi Yoshida has even characterised Nakahara's concept of the matrix to bear affinities to the notion of the total work of art, which could be reflected by how the organizers tracked the process of putting the exhibit together through their own paper documentation. Minemura recorded the trials of the exhibit, as the museum resisted certain works of art because of the space and how some works were refused due the museum’s reluctance to accommodate the request. Since Mainichi's international biennials was usually accompanied by two volumes of catalogue, one for the introduction of artists, the other for the documentation of the exhibited work, Minemura took advantage of it by publishing process documentation and the final installed exhibition. In the first volume, each artist was given free rein to include as many biographical details and images within their assigned pages, resulting in a broad spectrum of plans (be it in actual diagrams, manifestos, inspiration images, sketches and renderings, xerox scans, etc). These details of the construction of the exhibition are meant to be as critically considered as the presence of the artworks in the space themselves. Thus, Minemura made sure to bring the international artists in to Tokyo so that they should be able to produce their work in the space/matrix, as well as to allow for adaptations of their works in response to the local environment. Kenichi Yoshida notes that Giuseppe Penone’s *Dematerialization of a Room* (1970) sought to dislocate space using a series of circular mirror each measuring five centimeters in diameter, placed in various locations from the museum room to Ueno Park where the museum is located. And Michio Horikawa’s work The Nakanomata River Plan-13 consisted of 13 stones picked and mailed to the exhibit with a record of where they were collected. Richard Serra’s piece was simply a tree planted in the park, which would eventually become imperceptible, blending in with the rest of the environment. Okada Takahiko remarked that rather than to conceal, Christo wrapped things in order to generate something that cannot be seen. On Kawara now living in New York was also invited and his Date Paintings hugged the walls of an entire room, neatly organized in almost a minimalist manner, repeating and distending into the infinite space and time; while Matsuzawa Yukata’s piece pointed to the immaterial, pondering the state of death and nonexistence as it played with dichotomy of presence and absence. In the duration of the exhibition, several of the installations were shifted from their original spaces. The artists whose work was moved include Rinke, Krasinski, Koshimizu, van Elk, Kaltenbach and Panamarenko. Barbara London has also noted that Tokyo Biennale '70 was the first international exhibition to feature video installations, with a special video section that included Nakaya Fujiko's *Statics of an Egg* (1973), Yamaguchi Katsuhiro's *Las Meninas* (1974–75), Yamamoto Keigo's star-tracing game, Komura Masao's junked car, and works buy Wada Morihiro, Kobayashi Hakudō, Matsumoto Shōji, and Shigeko Kubota. However, it appears that this video section was considered separate from the rest of the work-installations, as the aforementioned video artists were not included in the official list of artists, or the catalogues produced. Documentation ------------- Tokyo Biennale '70 is also notable for the range of photographic documentation available, in most cases produced by practicing artists who experimented in representing the cumulative form of the exhibition in specific aesthetic styles. Kai Yoshiaki notes that Nakahara's interest in organising the exhibition as a life space (*seikatsu kûkan*) had strong affinities to the practice of prominent photographers such as Tômatsu Shomei and Moriyama Daido (affiliated with Provoke). Although there appeared to be a divide between photographic practice and the circulation of visual art through major art magazines such as *Bijutsu Techô* and *Geijustu Shinchô* in the 1960s and 70s, Ōtsuji Kiyoji's photographic documentation of Tokyo Biennale '70 proved that there were clear intersections within the conceptual and aesthetic interests of Japanese photographers and international contemporary art. Kai characterises Ōtsuji's photographs as unusual as a document of an art exhibition, in which the entire space is central to the composition of the photographs, as compared to a more conventional centering around the artworks. Kai describes the photographed gallery as "vacant", without the "coldness" of modern art museums (with white cube spaces or otherwise)—in other words, without the veneer of austerity and seriousness, rather an ordinary space that is more accessible to the lay person. Ōtsuji also captured several artwork making process photographs, with volunteers executing Sol Lewitt's work, focused on the aesthetics of labour more so than the finished artwork. Kai categorises Ōtsuji's work as "taken using the typical style of *konpora* photography: the use of a wide lens, horizontal format, a distance from the main subject that enables the photographer to depict its surroundings, and a preference for undramatic moments." Anzai Shigeo, a painter turned photographer (in the late 1960s) was asked by Nakahara to support several of the exhibiting artists, including Richard Serra, Sol LeWitt and Daniel Buren, in the production of site-specific works. While assisting them, he began photographing the production process and the completed works. Anzai took 4 types of photos, showing artists in the process ofcreating their works, works of art in-situ (close-ups and wide shots), documentations of artists’ performances, artists’ portraits and ‘snap-shot’-like photographs. Anzai's personal relationships to the exhibiting artists and status as a requested photographer is reflected in the proxemical relationship of the camera to the subjects, providing a close and more intimate perspective compared to Ōtsuji. Anzai description of the production process as ‘not going straight to the artwork but keeping a distance’ further contextualises his photographic documentation, position his gaze ‘on the side of the artist’ rather than the object itself. Impact ------ While the initial reception of Tokyo Biennale by locals was lukewarm, and the format of this edition of the biennale was not repeated in subsequent years, recent scholarly and curatorial projects have revisited and asserted the importance of the Biennale as an unprecedented platform of international artistic exchange. The works included and exchanges taking place around Tokyo Biennale '70 have been exhibited and contextualised as a significant node in international artistic exchange. Institutions such as Tate Modern have collected several of the works shown in the Biennale, exhibiting them in their permanent collection gallery exhibition "Materials and Objects" (2016–, curated by Mark Godfrey). A symposium about the Biennale was also held in conjunction with the opening of this display, featuring paper presentations by art historian Yohko Watanabe and Susumu Koshimizu, one of the youngest artists who had been included in the exhibition. Given the intensely collaborative nature of how the works were made and installed in the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum space, the exhibition layout and composition has been subject of an ongoing research project at Keio University Art Center. The research center has been endowed with archival materials belonging to Minemura Toshiaki, and produced presentations of exhibition layout renders at "Introduction to Art Archives XIII: Tokyo Biennale '70 Revisited" (at Keio University Art Space, 2016). In 2010, the Museum of Modern Art, New York recreated Edward Krasiński’s installation for the biennale, while in 2014 curator Shinji Kohmoto in collaboration with artist Koki Tanaka organised a two-day workshop at the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art which included, among other things, a reading of Nakahara’s statement from ‘Between Man and Matter’ and an action with fabrics that related to Christo’s *Wrapped Floor* installation. Art Historian Lucy Lippard also included the exhibition in her selection of significant shows in her seminal publication *Six Years*. Reiko Tomii charts Tokyo Biennale '70 as belonging to a series of large scale exhibitions that promulgated, consolidated and established the formation of groups such as Mono-ha, alongside exhibitions like *Biennale de Paris* (1969, 1971, 1973), *Trends in Contemporary Japanese Art* (1970, The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto), *August 1970: Aspects of New Japanese Art* (1970, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo), and *Contemporary Art Exhibition of Japan* (1971, Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, also sponsored by Mainichi Shimbun). This is significantly in contrast with the precedent of establishing artist collectives/groups through self-organised group exhibitions. Tomii also notes that Tokyo Biennale '70 was but the third major exhihition where Japan hosted an "inbound interface" where Japanese art(ists) were able to consider their positionality in relation to the postwar/emerging contemporary Euro-american art world. The first was, "Salon de mai" (1951, Tokyo), featuring modernist paintings from France, and "*Éxposition internationalede l’art actuel/Sekai, konnichi no bijutsu-ten*" (1956), a seminal presentation of Art Informel in Japan. Tomii also notes that Tokyo Biennale '70s unique mode of not abiding by the selecting criterion of national representation, in the context of an international exhibition, was unprecedented and proposed a viable alternative to the existing Venice and São Paolo biennales, which had already tried to reform themselves. Most importantly, Tomii considers Tokyo Biennale '70 as proving that Japanese artists' practices were on par if not exceeding the innovation of their Euro-American counterparts. In the months leading up to Tokyo Biennale '70, the concurrent planning of Expo '70 was attracting a lot of resistance from artist-protestors, who were against the nationalistic propaganda evoked through the exponentially developed techno-centric vision of a metropolitan Japan. Soon, the anti-expo sentiment among artists was crystallized into the analogy of Expo '70 participants to war propaganda painters during World War Two. In its July 1969 statement, "Appeal to Artists," Bikyõtõ (short for Bijutsuka Kyõtõ Kaigi, or Artists Joint-Struggle Council) advocated the destruction of every artistic institution that they considered a part of "modern rationalism," including Expo '70 and Tokyo Biennale '70. List of exhibited artists ------------------------- This is a list of artists exhibited at Tokyo Biennale '70, according to the exhibition catalogue, Reiko Tomii's article and the Keio University Art Center's research project. Almost half of the artists included in the exhibition had participated the year before in ‘When Attitudes Become Form", an exhibition Nakahara had seen earlier in 1969, which he explicitly references in the exhibition catalogue. Unlike the preceding editions, Tokyo Biennale '70 was unique in the selection of only 40 artists, whereas previous editions had included anywhere from 233 to 396 artists. Previous editions focused on the competition aspect of the international exhibition, as well as celebrating the best of modern Euro-American art, featuring special displays of Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró and Alberto Giacometti. There was also a clear division between the domestic Japanese selection of works and the foreign sections. Of the 28 international artists, 17 of them travelled to Tokyo to adapt and install their work. The artists who were present in Tokyo are marked with an asterix, their city of residence (at the time of the exhibition) included in brackets. * Dietrich Albrecht (Stuttgart) * Carl Andre (New York)\* * Boesem Gorinchem (Holland) * Daniel Buren (Paris)\* * Christo (New York)\* * Jan Dibbets (Amsterdam) * Ger van Elk (Amsterdam)\* * Enokura Köji (Tokyo)\* * Luciano Fabro (Milan) * Barry Flanagan (London)\* * Hans Haacke (New York)\* * Horikawa Michio (Niigata)\* * Inumaki Kenji (Osaka)\* * Stephen J. Kaltenback (New York) * Kawaguchi Tatsuo (Kobe)\* * On Kawara (New York) * Koike Kazushige (Shizuoka)\* * Stanislav Kolibal (Prague) * Koshimizu Susumu (Yokohama)\* * Jannis Kounellis (Rome)\* * Edward Krasinski (Warsaw) * Sol LeWitt (New York)\* * Roelof Rouw (London)\* * Matsuzawa Yutaka (Shimosuwa)\* * Mario Merz (Turin)\* * Narita Katsuhiko (Tokyo)\* * Bruce Nauman (Pasadena) * Nomura Hitoshi (Kyoto)\* * Panamarenko (Antwerp)\* * Giuseppe Penone (Turin)\* * Markus Raetz (Amsterdam) * Klaus Rinke (Düsseldorf)\* * Reinber Ruthenbeck (Düsseldorf)\* * Jean Frédéric Schnyder (Bern) * Richard Serra (New York)\* * Shõji Satoru (Nagoya)\* * Keith Sonnier (New York)\* * Takamatsu Jirõ (Tokyo)\* * Tanaka Shintarö (Hitachi)\* * Gilberto Zorio (Turin)\*

**Dhrubganj** is a gram panchayat of Kharik block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar state in India. It comes under the legislative assembly of Bihpur. Before the abolition of Zamindari system in India, this village was considered as a village of Zamindars. However, after the abolition of zamindari, most of the people lost their lands and now are small scale peasants. Economy ------- The main occupation of the villagers is farming. Banana, mango, lichi, wheat and maize are the main plants grown in the lands of this village. Basic facilities like electricity, road, and elementary school are available by efforts of the Government of India. But still many people live in mud houses who are unable to afford a pakka house. Because of lesser career opportunity in village, people are slowly migrating to metropolitan cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Bombay and likewise in search of better means of livelihood which accounts for the decline in village population in recent years. The primary occupation of Muslims is to weave clothes in powerlooms. Many of the castes can still be seen to perform their traditional work. Barbers, carpenters, shoemakers and kaanu are such castes. With modern education, diversity is growing within the village and people are finding new means of livelihood like mobile repair shop, recharge point etc. apart from their traditional work. Society and religion -------------------- There are many temples of Durga, Shiva, Kali, Sati and other Hindu deities out of which Nayi Durga Sthan is worth mentioning. There is also a masjid where Muslim residents offer their prayers. Temples are well decorated during festivals. Also, in every home prayers are offered to Gosain which they believe to be listened by their ancestors. Ancestors are invited as a ritual to attend all the major events in the household like marriage, mundana (first time hair cutting ceremony) and Upanayana. In addition to temples and gosain, they also worship Kalash during Durga Puja. The village also hosts Yajna every year in Nayi Durga Sthan which is attended by thousands of people from nearby villages. ### Festivals * Nayi Durga Sthan during Durga PujaNayi Durga Sthan during Durga Puja Festivals are of primary importance for all the villagers because it is the only time when they enjoy themselves by delicious meals and visiting village fairs. Main festival are Durga Puja and Chhath Puja. During Durga Puja, the two temples are well decorated and idol of Goddess Durga is established and worshipped for ten days before immersing the idol in nearby Kalbaliya stream. While in Chath puja, prayers are offered to Sun God. In addition to these main festivals many other festivals are part of their life which they perform with true devotion and in accordance with rituals.

Pakistani politician **Ishratul Ibad Khan** (Urdu: عشرت العباد خان, born 2 March 1963) is a British-Pakistani doctor and politician who served as the 30th governor of Sindh, Pakistan. He took up the post of Governor of Sindh, Pakistan on 27 December 2002, becoming the youngest governor to hold the office. After a fight with his cousin Dr Mohsin (Uncle), on 16 July 2008, he became the province's longest-serving governor. He resigned on 27 June 2011, but his resignation was not accepted by the president of Pakistan. He resumed his official governor duties from Tuesday, 19 July 2011. On 9 November 2016, he was removed as Governor of Sindh and replaced by Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui. Early and personal life ----------------------- Ishratul Ibad was born in North Nazimabad, Karachi on 2 March 1963, with one sister and six brothers, including an elder brother who's also a doctor. He's married to Shaheena Jabeen, a former medical student, and together they have four children. A daughter is a neurosurgeon, another daughter has studied art and 3D animation, a son is a doctor while another son has graduated in biomedical engineering. Political career ---------------- Ibad studied in Dow Medical College, Karachi. During his studies, he emerged as a leader of a student organisation, APMSO, a student wing of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). After graduation, he remained the head of the Medical Aid Committee of MQM. Earlier in 1990, he was Minister of Housing and Town Planning in the Government of Sindh. Subsequently, he was assigned the additional portfolio of Environment and Public Health Engineering Departments. In 1993, he left for the United Kingdom on political asylum, where he acquired British nationality during his stay in northwest London. ### Expulsion from MQM On 22 April 2015, the chief of MQM Altaf Hussain delinked Ibad from the party and asked his party workers not to expect any relief and cooperation from Ishratul Ibad Khan. Under the Constitution of Pakistan, the Governor of a province, as the representative of the President, must remain apolitical and neutral thus cannot be associated with or be a member of any political party. fake ### Links with Establishment An Urdu column published in the Daily Jang claims that Ishrat ul Ibad had practically become '**Pindi Boy**', alluding to the military headquarters in Rawalpindi, in 2011 and was very close with General Raheel Shareef. Ibad knew that his Governorship would be soon replaced after Raheel's retirement. He admitted in his interview that one cannot rule in Pakistan without serving the military establishment. Achievements and developments ----------------------------- Ishrat-ul-Ebad played a key role in defusing tension and violence in the province by holding political talks with members of other political parties. He was also involved in securing the release of 22 hostages from Somalian pirates, with the partnership of Ansar Burney who leads a human rights organisation. A number of development projects were started during Ebad's time in the office, including Nagan Chowrangi flyover projects. He is working on a long-term project to make Karachi a greener city. The Beach View Park was constructed under his supervision. It was a part of the Grand Recreation Project. This park is spread over an area of 47 acres (19 ha) and constructed along 3.7 km of the coastal driveway. Also, under his supervision, a park Bagh Ibne Qasim (old name Jehangir Kothari Park near Jehangir Kothari Parade) was constructed, located in Clifton, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The park was established on 27 February 2007, and is the largest in the country, constructed under Clifton Beach Development Project on 130 acres (0.53 km2) of land. This park replaced the former Toyland Theme Park. The park cost PKR 600 million and was completed in around 310 working days. It is estimated that more than 10 million people visit the park per year. Prior to the initiation of construction on Bagh Ibne Qasim, 73 acres (30 ha) of land was acquired from property speculators.

American artist (1945–2023) **David Lance Goines** (May 29, 1945 – February 19, 2023), was an American artist, calligrapher, printmaker, typographer, printing entrepreneur, and author. He was born in Grants Pass, Oregon, the oldest of eight children. His father was a civil engineer and his mother a calligrapher and artist. Biography --------- David Lance Goines was born May 29, 1945, in Grants Pass, Oregon. He was the eldest of eight children and they were raised in Fresno, Sacramento, and Oakland. He attended Castlemont High School in Oakland. During the 1960s, Goines enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley as a Classics major. While at the University of California, Berkeley he participated in the Free Speech Movement of late 1964, which led to his expulsion. Though soon re-admitted, he graduated the University in 1965, and apprenticed as a printer in Berkeley. Goines was Alice Waters’s boyfriend in spring 1966, when she was helping Ramparts editor Robert Scheer's unsuccessful campaign for Congress. Alice Waters' and Goines' weekly cooking column in the San Francisco Express Times, book, *30 Recipes Suitable for Framing* (1968), and the series of lithographs Goines printed at his shop that sold out its many printing runs, earned the money to buy the *Berkeley Free Press* print shop, in Berkeley, in 1968, from Leo Bach, renaming it, Saint Hieronymus Press. The major output of the press consists of Goines' limited edition poster and calendar art, distributed by Dow and Frosini. Portal Publications issued reproductions of forty originals. Goines art style has been described as "minimalist". In 1982, Goines published the calligraphic classic *A Constructed Roman Alphabet*, which won him the 1983 American Book Award. Several books collecting his poster art have been published as well. Goines art and posters can be found in international museum collections, including the Achenbach Foundation for the Graphic Arts, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, Musee de la Publicite, Oakland Museum of California, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and Rochester Institute of Technology. In addition to his artistic and calligraphic work, Goines was also a non-fiction author who had written about political activism. His book *The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s*, was published in 1993. Goines had enjoyed a friendship with the restaurateur Alice Waters since they were both teenagers. Every year Goines created a Chez Panisse anniversary poster and has illustrated many Chez Panisse cookbooks. He also designed the logotype and lettering for a number of Berkeley-based businesses, past and present, including Velo-Sport (a bicycle store) and the Scharffen Berger Chocolate Company. A strong advocate of the voluntary blood donor system, Goines claimed to have donated a cumulative total of 20 gallons of blood so far during his life. Goines died in Berkeley, California, on February 19, 2023, at the age of 77.

Government town hall in New South Wales, Australia The **Warringah Civic Centre** is a landmark civic building in Dee Why, a suburb of Sydney. It stands in the centre of Dee Why, along Pittwater Road. Designed in the Brutalist style by Christopher Kringas and Colin Madigan, it replaced the Warringah Shire Hall, a 1923 building also on Pittwater Road but in Brookvale opposite Brookvale Oval. The Civic Centre was the seat of Warringah Council from its opening on 1 September 1973 to 12 May 2016, when it became a seat (primary from September 2017) of the new Northern Beaches Council. History ------- ### Early history and development By the late 1960s, Warringah Shire Council had recognised the inefficiencies of their headquarters in the Shire Hall at Brookvale, and that it was far too small for the needs of the growing council. In December 1968, the Shire President Colin Huntingdon noted that "A new Shire Hall is so overdue it isn't funny. The staff are working in rabbit warrens which doesn't help efficiency." Brookvale remained the administrative centre for Warringah until 1971 when the council resolved to commence the construction of a new Civic Centre in Dee Why. When the council eventually moved to the new Civic Centre in 1973, the Warringah Shire Hall in Brookvale was threatened with demolition in the mid-1970s. Despite some calls for the historic hall to be saved and be used as a community centre, their efforts were to no avail and the hall was demolished in late 1978. ### Planning and completion In the early 1960s, the Council initiated planning for a new 'Civic Centre' located in Dee Why to serve as a new home for the council. After commissioning architects Edwards Madigan Torzillo & Briggs, Kringas and Madigan came up with designs for a 'new acropolis' on a three-acre site along Pittwater Road that rises steeply from a flat coastal plain. In the early, ambitious stages of the masterplan design, Kringas and Madigan drew up a 100-year plan for the site, which included a civic centre, library, gymnasium, art gallery, public plaza and war memorial and a music auditorium. However, the vision proved too ambitious and council commissioned an initial project of the Dee Why Library. The library, completed in 1966, was praised for its innovative modernist design and was awarded the 1966 Sir John Sulman Medal from the NSW Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects. Kringas and Madigan were commissioned for the Civic Centre in 1970, which, although designed in a starker Brutalist style to the library, was created to complement the library and, like the library, to sit within the natural bushland setting of the site. The sympathetic landscape setting of native bushland was overseen by landscape architect Bruce Mackenzie. Work began on the Civic Centre in 1971. It was designed in conjunction with the development of the National Gallery and was completed in 1973. The centre adjoins Madigan and Kringas's earlier library. Together they form the first two elements of a proposed cultural and administrative complex. The Civic Centre has been described as a 'testing ground' for the National Gallery [1982] and High Court [1980]. The Civic Centre was officially opened on 1 September 1973 by the Shire President, Councillor Dick Legg, and has been the seat of the council since then. After completing the design of the High Court of Australia, Kringas died of bowel cancer in 1975, aged 38. Madigan was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects for lifetime efforts in the field of architecture in 1981. In 2008 the Civic Centre precinct, including the library and surrounding bushland, was nominated for State Heritage listing. This was deferred, but has again been nominated in 2017, with the centre precinct being noted as "significant examples of the Brutalist Style demonstrating the move away from the constraints of the modular structural systems to a more flexible form of architecture" and as "of state heritage significance for its aesthetic significance and landmark qualities derived largely from the integration of the sculptural man-made elements with natural landscape elements." The Civic Centre precinct has been listed on the NSW Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects' register of Nationally Significant 20th-Century Architecture. Gallery ------- * Civic Centre front facade with Council Chamber entrance, May 2016Civic Centre front facade with Council Chamber entrance, May 2016 * Civic Centre rear view along Pittwater Road, May 2016Civic Centre rear view along Pittwater Road, May 2016

Not to be confused with Mandoli. Town in Rajasthan, India **Mandholi** is a small town of about 1500 people in eastern Rajasthan. It is 5 km from Neem ka thana township and about 90 km from Jaipur. It is famous for Battle of Maonda and Mandholi History ------- Mandholi was part of Virat Janpad, and was ruled by tribal Meena rulers since antiquity, they were forced out of power by Jat rulers who were defeated by Tanwar Rajputs - Lakhaji Tanwar and Sangaji Tanwar, about 1567 A.D. Mandholi was part of state of Patan Torawati. This seat of power were elder house of Patan rulers. In mid eighteenth century the Battle of Maonda and Mandholi was fought in the plains surrounding villages of Maonda and Mandholi between Rajput forces of Jaipur-Amer and Jat forces of Bharatpur. About 25000 people lost their lives in this battle. Mandholi Fort ------------- The old fort at Mandholi is located exactly North of Jaipur's Nahargarh fort and on a good day, is visible with naked eye. In old days it was used as a fire warning structure also. The fort was held by Tanwar Rajputs since the 16th century but before that it belonged to Jats (Jakhar) and before that Meena rulers of the area held the Mandholi fort. ### Structure The fort is a three story structure with 4 gumbaj (circular pillars), the underground room is safest and used for storage, the main floor had 5 rooms with circular pillars in 4 directions to cover any enemy attack. The top floor was for observation and additional provisions and people. ### Hindal's attack on Amarsar Shekhawati Humayun's brother was sent to curb the Shekhawats of the area who refused Mughal suzerainty, the Torawati forces joined the Shekhawati forces and a battle was fought in this area. ### Battle of Maonda and Mandholi The last action witnessed by this fort was the battle of Maonda and Mandholi where the Jaipur state forces were pitched against the Jat rulers of Bharatpur. The Thakur of Maonda village was the fort authority in this battle. ### Bheruji Temple The Mandholi fort like most other forts in the area has a temple dedicated to the deity Bhairav (Bheruji).Up until a decade back goat sacrifice was a common sight at this fort. ### Durga Mata Temple There is a temple for Durga Maa on the rocky mountain in the village. People are often seen hiking on mountain for adrenaline rush and to visit the temple. ### Gopalji Temple Dedicated to Lord Krishna ### Sita Ramji Temple Dedicated to Lord Ram and Sitaji ### Udoji ki Baori A step well in typical style seen across Rajasthan, situated in the lathati or bottom area of the hill. It was renovated recently and converted as a water park. ### Sati maata Sati maata temple is situated next to the step well. Dedicated to Sati maata of Jakhar clan. Notable people -------------- Tanwar Rajvansh Ka Itihas 1. Sati Maata - sacrificed herself to preserve the Jakhar progeny. 2. Thakur Lakha Singh and Thakur Sangram singh - won the mandholi fort from Jat rulers. 3. Thakur prahlad Singh Tanwar - a prominent educationist of the Torawati area. Affinity -------- Affiliated to erstwhile kingdom of PATAN Torawati. Torawati Map ------------

US aerial refueling tanker aircraft The **McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender** is an American tanker and cargo aircraft operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). A military version of the three-engine DC-10 airliner, the KC-10 was developed from the **Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program**. It incorporates military-specific equipment for its primary roles of aerial refueling and transport. It was developed to supplement the KC-135 Stratotanker following experiences in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The KC-10 was the second McDonnell Douglas transport aircraft to be selected by the Air Force following the C-9. A total of 60 KC-10s were produced for the USAF. The Royal Netherlands Air Force operated two similar tankers designated *KDC-10* that were converted from DC-10s. The KC-10 plays a key role in the mobilization of US military assets, taking part in overseas operations far from home. These aircraft performed airlift and aerial refueling during the 1986 bombing of Libya (Operation Eldorado Canyon), the 1990–91 Gulf War with Iraq (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (Operation Allied Force), War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), and Iraq War (Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn). Design and development ---------------------- ### Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program An early KC-10 Extender aircraft refuels a C-5 Galaxy in 1980. Both aircraft are wearing liveries typical of that era. During the Vietnam War, doubts began to form regarding the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker fleet's ability to meet the needs of the United States' global commitments. The aerial refueling fleet was deployed to Southeast Asia to support tactical aircraft and strategic bombers, while maintaining the U.S.-based support of the nuclear-bomber fleet. Consequently, the Air Force sought an aerial tanker with greater capabilities than the KC-135. In 1972, two DC-10s were flown in trials at Edwards Air Force Base, simulating air refuelings to check for possible wake issues. Boeing performed similar tests with a 747. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Air Force commenced Operation Nickel Grass to supply Israel with weapons and supplies. The operation demonstrated the necessity for adequate air-refueling capabilities; denied landing rights in Europe, C-5 Galaxy transports were forced to carry a fraction of their maximum payload on direct flights from the continental United States to Israel. To address this shortfall in mobility, in 1975, under the *Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program*, four aircraft were evaluated—the Lockheed C-5, the Boeing 747, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and the Lockheed L-1011. The only serious contenders were Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. In December 1977, McDonnell Douglas's DC-10 was chosen. The primary reason of this choice was the KC-10's ability to operate from shorter runways. Initially, a batch of 12 aircraft was ordered, but this was later increased to 60. ### KC-10 Extender The KC-10 Extender first flew in July 1980. In October 1980 the first aerial refuel sortie was performed. The design for the KC-10 involved modifications from the DC-10-30CF design. Unnecessary airline features were replaced by an improved cargo-handling system and military avionics. The KC-10 retained an 88% commonality with its commercial counterparts, giving it greater access to the worldwide commercial support system. Other changes from the DC-10-30CF include the removal of most windows and lower cargo doors. Early aircraft featured a distinctive light gray, white and blue paint scheme, and a gray-green camouflage scheme was used on later tankers. The paint scheme was switched to a medium gray color by the late 1990s. The KC-10's refueling boom operator is seated rather than proneThe KC-10's refueling boom operator is seated rather than prone A jet aircraft refuels from a gray three-engine tanker via a long boom located under the tanker's aft fuselage.The KC-10's mixed refueling system of hose-and-drogue and flying-boom allows it to refuel the aircraft of the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and allied forces. The most notable changes were the addition of the McDonnell Douglas Advanced Aerial Refueling Boom and additional fuel tanks located in the baggage compartments below the main deck. The extra tanks increase the KC-10's fuel capacity to 356,000 lb (161,478 kg), nearly doubling the KC-135's capacity. The KC-10 has both a centerline refueling boom—unique in that it sports a control surface system at its aft end that differs from the V-tail design used on previous tankers—and a drogue-and-hose system on the starboard side of the rear fuselage. The KC-10 boom operator is seated in the rear of the aircraft with a wide window for monitoring refueling rather than prone as in the KC-135. The operator controls refueling operations through a digital fly-by wire system. The refueling boom can deliver fuel to a receiver at the maximum rate of 1,100 gallons (4,180 liters) per minute, while the centerline drogue system has a maximum fuel offload rate of 470 gallons (1,786 liters) per minute. Unlike the KC-135, the KC-10's hose-and-drogue system allows refueling of Navy, Marine Corps, and most allied aircraft, all in one mission. The final twenty KC-10s produced included wing-mounted pods for added refueling locations. The KC-10 can carry a complement of 75 personnel with 146,000 lb (66,225 kg) of cargo, or 170,000 lb (77,110 kg) in an all-cargo configuration. With that, it can transport those weights for an unrefueled range of 4,400 miles (7,040 km). The KC-10 has a side cargo door for loading and unloading cargo. Handling equipment is required to raise and lower loads to the cargo opening. It can carry cargo and serve as a tanker on overseas missions. ### Further developments A USAF KC-10 Extender after being refueled by another KC-10 A need for new transport aircraft for the Royal Netherlands Air Force (*Koninklijke Luchtmacht*) was first identified in 1984. The 1991 Gulf War highlighted the deficiencies in mobility of European forces. In 1991 four categories of transport requirements were established. Category A required a large cargo aircraft with a range of at least 4,500 km and the capability to refuel F-16s. In 1992, two DC-10-30CFs were acquired from Martinair in a buy/leaseback contract. When one of the two aircraft was lost in the Martinair Flight 495 crash, a third aircraft was bought from Martinair. The conversion was handled via the United States foreign military sales program, which contracted McDonnell Douglas. Costs for the conversion were initially estimated at $89.5 million (FY 1994). The aircraft were to be equipped with both a boom and a probe and drogue system. Because McDonnell Douglas did not have any experience with the requested Remote Aerial Refueling Operator (RARO) system, and because the third aircraft differed from the original two, the program could not be completed at budget. By omitting the probe and drogue system and a fixed partition wall between the cargo and passenger, the cost could be limited at $96 million. To make up for the cost increase McDonnell Douglas hired Dutch companies to do part of the work. The conversion of the aircraft was performed by KLM and was done from October 1994 to September 1995 for the first aircraft and from February to December 1995 for the second. This was much longer than planned, mostly because McDonnell Douglas delivered the parts late. This would have again increased the cost, but in the contract for the AH-64 Apaches which the Royal Netherlands Air Force also bought from McDonnell Douglas, the price was agreed to be kept at $96 million. In 2010 the USAF awarded a contract to Boeing to upgrade the fleet of 59 aircraft with new Communication, navigation and surveillance and air traffic management (CNS/ATM) system. This was to allow the aircraft to fly in civil airspace as new ICAO and FAA standards took effect in 2015. Rockwell Collins was awarded a contract in 2011 for avionics and systems integration for the cockpit modernization program. ### Variants * **KC-10A**: Initial military tanker version based on the DC-10-30CF. * **KDC-10**: Conversion of DC-10-30CF aircraft to tanker/transport configuration. While a FMS program run through McDonnell Douglas, conversion of two aircraft was carried out by KLM. Omega Aerial Refueling Services operates KDC-10-40.[] * **KC-10B**: After McDonnell Douglas did the KDC-10 conversion for the Royal Netherlands Air Force in 1992, they proposed a tanker/transport version of the MD-11CF which had the in-house designation KMD-11. MDC offered either conversion of second hand aircraft (KMD-11) or new build aircraft (KC-10B), the proposed KMD-11 offered 35,000 lbs more cargo capacity and 8,400 lbs more transferable fuel than the KC-10A. It was offered to the RNAF and Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) in the 1990s and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in the early 2000s. Operational history ------------------- ### United States The first KC-10 was delivered to the Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) in March 1981 at Barksdale AFB. In 1982 a newly renamed 22d Air Refueling Wing, formerly the 22d Bombardment Wing, was re-equipped with KC-10A Extenders and became the second Air Force unit to operate the new tankers.[] The 60th and final KC-10 was delivered on 29 November 1988. The KC-10s served with SAC until 1992, when they were reassigned to the newly established Air Mobility Command. In the aerial refueling role, the KC-10s have been operated largely in the strategic refueling of large number of tactical aircraft on ferry flights and the refueling of other strategic transport aircraft. Conversely, the KC-135 fleet has operated largely in the in-theater tactical role. There are 59 KC-10 Extenders in service with the USAF as of 2010. The USAF's KC-10s are stationed primarily at Travis AFB, California, and McGuire AFB, now part of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, in New Jersey. A US Navy F-14D and two F/A-18Cs prepare to refuel from a KC-10 in 2005 over the Persian Gulf. When faced with refusals of basing and overflight rights from continental European countries during Operation El Dorado Canyon, the U.S. was forced to use the UK-based F-111s in the 1986 air-strikes against Libya. The KC-10s and KC-135s allowed 29 F-111s, along with other Air Force and Navy aircraft, to reach their targets. The KC-10 again played a key role during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1991. KC-10s facilitated the deployment of tactical, strategic, and transport aircraft to Saudi Arabia. In the early stages of Operation Desert Shield, aerial refueling was key to the rapid airlift of materiel and forces. In addition to refueling airlift aircraft, the KC-10, along with the smaller KC-135, moved thousands of tons of cargo and thousands of troops in support of the massive buildup. The KC-10 and the KC-135 conducted about 51,700 separate refueling operations and delivered 125 million gallons (475 million liters) of fuel without missing a single scheduled rendezvous. A KC-10 Extender of Travis AFB approaching a second KC-10 for refuelling over the Pacific Ocean, 2017 Since then, the KC-10 had participated in other smaller conflicts. In March 1999, NATO launched Operation Allied Force against the government of Yugoslavia. The mobility portion of the operation began in February and was heavily dependent on tankers. By early May 1999, some 150 KC-10s and KC-135s deployed to Europe where they refueled bombers, fighters and support aircraft engaged in the conflict. The KC-10 flew 409 missions throughout the entire Allied Force campaign and continued support operations in Kosovo. Since 11 September 2001, KC-10s had flown more than 350 missions guarding U.S. skies as a part of Operation Noble Eagle. During Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, KC-10s flew more than 1,390 missions delivering critical air refueling support to numerous joint and Coalition receiver aircraft. As of 2004, KC-10s were expected to serve until 2043. The Air Force considered retiring its fleet of KC-10 tankers in response to sequestration budget cuts as part of the service's FY 2015 budget. A "vertical chop" to divest all KC-10s was suggested because there are fewer KC-10s than KC-135s, having three different tanker models in service after the introduction of the KC-46 would be costly, and a "horizontal cut" across the refueling fleets would achieve small efficiencies. Some believed retiring the KC-10 would not benefit the Air Force, given that it is equipped with both boom and hose-and-drogue refueling systems and the fleet's relatively young age. At first, officials claimed that the initial focus on retiring the KC-10 in September 2013 was a "trial balloon" to call attention to Air Force operating cost issues. As of early 2013, the KC-10 had a per hour flying cost of $21,170 and a mission capable rate of 87 percent. A FY 2015 budget plan did not include cuts to the KC-10. In July 2020, the first US KC-10 to be retired, tail number 86-0036, was transferred to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) for storage at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. In July 2021, the 2d ARS was the first KC-10 squadron to start conversion to the KC-46. In August 2021, the KC-10 took part in the largest non-combatant evacuation in support of Operation Allies refuge and contributing to the safe evacuation of more than 124,000 Afghan refugees. In January 2023 the USAF announced that all KC-10s are to be retired by 30 September 2024. The KC-10 flew its last combat sortie for the USAF on 5 October 2023. ### Netherlands The second Royal Netherlands Air Force KDC-10 with landing gear down The two Dutch KDC-10s were used for both refueling and transport. They were stationed on Eindhoven Airport as part of the 334th Transport Squadron. Of the 5,500 hours flown in the first 3 years of use, the aircraft were used in their tanker role for 50% of the time. Besides being used by the air force and NATO allies, the KDC-10s were also used to support peacekeeping and humanitarian aid operations. Of the first three years, 32% of the flight hours were used for peacekeeping and humanitarian aid. In this function, the aircraft was deployed to Kosovo to evacuate refugees, to the Caribbean and Central America to provide humanitarian aid after the hurricanes Luis, Georges and Mitch and to various countries in Africa and Asia to provide development aid. In 1998, the aircraft were used to evacuate Dutch citizens from Indonesia during the Fall of Suharto. Dutch KDC-10s operated out of Manas AFB in support of allied forces during Operation Enduring Freedom and in support of Allied Air Force over Iraq and Syria. A third DC-10, registered T-255 was acquired and served for three years before being withdrawn from service in April 2014 due to Dutch defense cuts and flown to Newquay Airport for scrapping. The KDC-10s in Dutch service were replaced with the Airbus A330 MRTT. The first aircraft, registered T-264/'Prins Bernhard' and due for a major service, was withdrawn from use in November 2019, prior to being transferred to its new owner, Omega Aerial Refueling Services. The last KDC-10, registered T-235/'Jan Scheffer' remained in Dutch service until October 2021. The aircraft left The Netherlands bound for service with Omega in the U.S. in October 2021. ### Civilian operators Omega's KDC-10 tanker in March 2009 Commercial refueling companies Omega Aerial Refueling Services and Global Airtanker Service operate two KDC-10 tankers, N974VV and N852V, for lease. They were converted from DC-10-40s and provide probe and drogue refueling capabilities from wing pods similar to the KC-10. In June and July 2011, Omega Air's KDC-10 supported three Royal Australian Air Force's F/A-18 Hornets, en route to Red Flag – Alaska. In 2019, Omega agreed to purchase the Netherlands' two KDC-10s. One was received in November 2019, and the second delivered in October 2021. Operators --------- Two large gray jet aircraft on roomy ramp surrounded by grass, both angled away from the runway. The one closer to camera is three-engined, while the one further in the background is four-engined.A KC-10 (right foreground) and C-17 (left background) at Avalon Airport, Australia, for the 2005 Australian International Airshow Large gray jet aircraft with three engines (two under the wings and one under the vertical stabilizer). The aircraft had just lifted off from runway, with landing gear fully extended.A KC-10 from Travis AFB taking off from RAF Mildenhall  United States * United States Air Force – 58 KC-10 aircraft in use as of July 2020 * Strategic Air Command + 2nd Bomb Wing – Barksdale AFB, Louisiana 1981–1992 - 2d Air Refueling Squadron 1989–1992 - 32d Air Refueling Squadron 1981–1992 + 4th Wing – Seymour-Johnson AFB, North Carolina 1991–1992 - 344th Air Refueling Squadron - 911th Air Refueling Squadron + 22d Air Refueling Wing – March AFB, California 1982–1992 - 6th Air Refueling Squadron 1989–1992 - 9th Air Refueling Squadron 1982–1992 + 68th Air Refueling Group/Wing – Seymour-Johnson AFB 1982–1991 - 344th Air Refueling Squadron 1986–1991 - 911th Air Refueling Squadron 1982–1991 + 802d Air Refueling Wing – Lajes Air Base, Azores 1990–1991 - 802d Air Refueling Squadron + 1709th Air Refueling Wing – King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Saudi Arabia 1990–1991 - 1710th Air Refueling Squadron * Air Mobility Command + 22d Air Refueling Wing – March AFB 1992–1994 - 6th Air Refueling Squadron - 9th Air Refueling Squadron + 458th Operations Group – Barksdale AFB 1992–1994 - 2d Air Refueling Squadron - 32d Air Refueling Squadron + 4th Operations Group – Seymour-Johnson AFB 1992–1995 - 344th Air Refueling Squadron 1992-1994 - 711th Air Refueling Squadron 1994-1994 - 744th Air Refueling Squadron 1994-1995 - 911th Air Refueling Squadron 1992-1994 + **60th Air Mobility Wing** – Travis AFB, California 1994–present - **6th Air Refueling Squadron** 1995–present - **9th Air Refueling Squadron** 1994–present + **305th Air Mobility Wing** – McGuire AFB, New Jersey 1994–2023 - **2d Air Refueling Squadron** 1994-2021 - **32d Air Refueling Squadron** 1994-2023 + 380th Air Expeditionary Wing – Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates 2002–2023 - 908th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron + 722d Air Refueling Wing – March AFB 1994–1996 - 6th Air Refueling Squadron 1994–1996 - 9th Air Refueling Squadron 1994 * Air Force Reserve Command + 98th Air Refueling Group (Associate) – Barksdale AFB 1987–1994 - 78th Air Refueling Squadron + 452d Air Refueling Wing (Associate) – March AFB 1981–1995 - 78th Air Refueling Squadron 1981–1987 - 79th Air Refueling Squadron 1982–1995 + **349th Air Mobility Wing** (Associate) – Travis AFB 1994–present - **70th Air Refueling Squadron** 1994–present - **79th Air Refueling Squadron** 1995–present + **514th Air Mobility Wing** (Associate) – McGuire AFB 1994–2023 - **76th Air Refueling Squadron** 1994-2022 - **78th Air Refueling Squadron** 1994-2023 + 916th Air Refueling Group (Associate) – Seymour-Johnson 1985–1994 - 77th Air Refueling Squadron  Netherlands * Royal Netherlands Air Force operated two KDC-10s, which upon retirement were sold to Omega Aerial Refueling Services. The Dutch tankers were replaced by Airbus A330 MRTTs owned by NATO as part of the Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF). A DC-10 transport, registered T-255 served for three years before being withdrawn from service in April 2014 due to Dutch defence cuts. + 334 Squadron – Eindhoven Airport Incidents --------- On 17 September 1987, KC-10A serial number *82-0190* was undergoing maintenance on the ground at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, and suffered an explosion and subsequent fire. The KC-10 was significantly damaged and written off. One member of the ground crew died in the fire. Aircraft on display ------------------- * 79-0433 – on static display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. It was the first KC-10 to be produced, and was used for testing and development before entering service in 1981. * 84-0185 – on static display at the March Field Air Museum at March Air Reserve Base, Riverside, California. Specifications (KC-10A) ----------------------- *Data from* USAF Fact sheet, Steffen **General characteristics** * **Crew:** 4 (Aircraft Commander, copilot, flight engineer, and boom operator) * **Capacity:** 170,000 lb of cargo, 25 pallets and 16 passengers, or 17 pallets and 75 passengers * **Length:** 181 ft 7 in (55.35 m) * **Wingspan:** 165 ft 4.5 in (50.406 m) * **Height:** 58 ft 1 in (17.70 m) * **Wing area:** 3,958 sq ft (367.7 m2) * **Airfoil:** **root:** DSMA-496/-521/-522; **tip:** DSMA-519/-520 * **Empty weight:** 241,027 lb (109,328 kg) * **Gross weight:** 590,000 lb (267,619 kg) * **Max takeoff weight:** 590,000 lb (267,619 kg) * **Fuel capacity:** 365,000 lb (165,561 kg) * **Powerplant:** 3 × General Electric F103 (GE CF6-50C2) turbofan engines, 52,500 lbf (234 kN) thrust each **Performance** * **Maximum speed:** 538 mph (866 km/h, 468 kn) * **Maximum speed:** Mach 0.89 * **Range:** 4,400 mi (7,100 km, 3,800 nmi) with a maximum passenger capacity; 3,800 nmi (7,038 km; 4,373 mi) with maximum cargo capacity. * **Ferry range:** 11,500 mi (18,500 km, 10,000 nmi) * **Service ceiling:** 42,000 ft (13,000 m) * **Rate of climb:** 6,870 ft/min (34.9 m/s)

Tongan luger **Bruno Banani** (born **Fuahea Semi**; 4 December 1987) is a Tongan luger who adopted his current name as part of a marketing ploy. Biography --------- A 21-year-old computer science student, he was selected by his country to attempt to qualify for the luge events at the 2010 Winter Olympics, as the first ever Tongan to participate in the Winter Olympic Games. Along with Taniela Tufunga, a young recruit in the Tonga Defence Service who would serve as his potential replacement and training partner, he travelled to Germany for training. He ultimately failed to qualify for the Games. He did, however, qualify to take part in the FIL World Luge Championships 2011 (which took place in January), where he finished 36th (last but one), eliminated after the first run with a time of 56.698. In the meantime, he had been sponsored by a marketing firm, Makai, which presented him to the public under the name "Bruno Banani" – the name of a German underwear firm. He entered into an "endorsement deal" with the latter, "promoting [its] new line dubbed Coconut Power", which the company said "was inspired by him, attributing his sporting prowess to the quality of the coconuts he consumes". To enhance his appeal, he was presented as the son of a coconut farmer, although his father in reality was a cassava farmer. Makai reportedly obtained a passport for Semi under this new name, and he was universally referred to in the media, as well as by the International Luge Federation and the Chinese Olympic Committee, as "Banani". German media were reportedly "fascinated" by this Tongan luger bearing such a coincidental name; ZDF reportedly "suggested that the touching, exotic story of the luger from the South Sea bore similarities to that of the Jamaican bobsled team" at the 1988 Winter Olympics. Before this transformation, some media had referred to Semi by his true name, including the *Samoa Observer* and Radio Australia, based on an article in Matangi Tonga. In December 2011, the *Vancouver Sun* referred to him as Banani, adding that when he had first arrived in Germany he had been "going by his given name Fuahea Semi": > "[H]e apparently changed his name, although he denies it. During a chance encounter in Whistler Village on Thursday, he insisted Bruno Banani is on his passport and birth certificate, neither of which he had with him. However, Matangi Tongo [*sic*] online clearly ran a photo of him as Fuahea Semi when he was recruited back in December 2008." > > That same month, in December 2011, Semi (under the name Banani) won a bronze medal at the American-Pacific Championships in Calgary. He also qualified for the FIL World Luge Championships 2012, by finishing eighteenth in the qualifiers. The World Championships took place in February; Semi (under the name Banani) finished 34th out of 37, with a time of 56.326 in his single run. Simultaneously, he was continuing to train with the German luge team, including three time Olympic gold medallist Georg Hackl and Olympic silver medallist David Möller, with an aim to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics. The *Vancouver Sun* article on his name change had apparently gone unnoticed, but the following month, in January 2012, the German magazine *Der Spiegel* uncovered anew and reported on the name change which had taken place as a marketing ploy. This time, the revelation was echoed in other media articles (some of which contained errors themselves, such as *The Daily Telegraph* referring to Semi's home country as the "island of Tonga"). Mid-February, shortly before the beginning of the World Luge Championships, Semi continued to be sponsored by his "namesake" company, which had devoted a webpage to him. International Olympic Committee Vice President Thomas Bach responded by saying the name change was "in bad taste", a "perverse marketing idea". He confirmed, however, that if Semi qualified for the 2014 Olympics and if his passport did indeed bear the name "Bruno Banani", the IOC would be unable to prevent him from competing under that name. Subsequently, Semi had his name legally changed to "Bruno Banani". In December 2013, Semi qualified for the luge event at the 2014 Winter Olympics, becoming the first ever Tongan scheduled to compete in Winter Olympic Games. He competed in the men's singles, under the name Banani, and finished thirty-second out of thirty-nine, with a combined time of 3:33.676, six seconds behind gold medal winner Felix Loch. His fastest run was in 53.162 seconds. | Athlete | Event | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Run 4 | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | | Bruno Banani | Men's singles | 53.656 | 34 | 53.637 | 31 | 53.162 | 30 | 53.221 | 33 | 3:33.676 | 32 | In 2017, Banani was again attempting to qualify for the 2018 Winter Olympics, but he was unsuccessful.

Soviet politician (1902–1983) **Ivan Aleksandrovich Benediktov** (Russian: Ива́н Александрович Бенеди́ктов; March 23, 1902–1983) was a Soviet official who served in different posts, including people's commissars for agriculture, then minister of agriculture and Soviet ambassador to India and to Yugoslavia. He was a long-term member of the central committee of the Communist Party. Early life and education ------------------------ Benediktov was born in Vichuga, Kineshma district, Kostroma Oblast, on 23 March 1902. In the period 1920-1923 he attended the Pokrovsky workers' faculty in Moscow. From 1923 to 1927 he attended the Faculty of Economics at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Career ------ Benediktov was the as deputy chief of the collective farm system in Uzbekistan. In 1930 he became a member of the Communist Party. In 1931-37, he was Deputy Director of the Moscow Region Trust for vegetable growing collective farms. He was appointed people's commissar of collective farms in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1937 and Soviet commissar of agriculture in April 1938. In the latter post Benediktov succeeded Robert Eikhe and was in office until 1943. In 1939 Benediktov was appointed a member of the central committee, and his term ended in 1941. In 1946 Benediktov was appointed minister of agriculture. In 1952 he was again made the central committee member which he held until 1971. His ministerial tenure ended in 1953 when he was named Soviet ambassador to India which he held less than one year. In 1954 he was again appointed minister of agriculture. No official explanation was given for his removal and reinstatement, but the historian Robert Conquest noted that when high ranking officials were transferred abroad in the 1950s, it was a sign of the power struggles that followed Joseph Stalin's death in March 1953. Benediktov's appointment as ambassador to India was announced on 15 March 1954, when the police chief, Lavrentiy Beria, was at the height of his influence. He was reinstated as minister for agriculture on 1 September that year, after Beria's arrest. Beria was accused at his subsequent trial of trying to "undermine the collective farm system." Though the nature of Beria's offence was never made public, Conquest noted that Benediktov and Stalin's eventual successor, Nikita Khrushchev, had both advocated amalgamating the collective farms into larger units, which officials associated with Beria openly attacked as "fantasy." But only six months after his reinstatement, Benediktov was accused by Khrushchev of being "engulfed in bureaucracy." Due to criticisms he was removed from the office and appointed to the same post for the RSFSR. In 1959 he was again named the Soviet ambassador to India where he served until 1967. One of the most significant events during his diplomatic service in India was about the defection of Svetlana Alliluyeva, Josef Stalin's daughter. She was there to finalize the funeral ceremony of her common-law husband and Indian communist Brajesh Singh by dispersing his ashes into the river Ganges per the Inhdian traditions. After the ceremony she asked to have an official permission to stay there through the Soviet ambassador, Ivan Benediktov. However, her request was not accepted, and instead, she was ordered to return to the Soviet Union, but she did not return to her native country and defected to the United States. She narrated the events as follows: > Everything in his house bore the marks of conventional bad taste - carpets everywhere, bad pictures on the walls in heavy gilt frames. Everything was sumptuous and resplendent, but there was nothing to rest one's eyes on. Just as sumptuous and ponderous was Madame Benediktov, with her formal smile. And, of course, Benediktov himself, tall, of immense proportions, and with a face as immobile as a monument [...] The Benediktovs were transients in India. All they longed for was to 'complete their term', buy a heap of luxuries, and return home. > > Benediktov's term ended in April 1967 shortly after the defection of Svetlana Alliluyeva, and he was appointed Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia which he held until 1971. Personal life and death ----------------------- Benediktov died in Moscow on 30 July 1983 and was buried there in the Novodevichy cemetery. ### Awards Benediktov was the recipient of the following: Order of Lenin (four times), Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Red Banner of Labor (twice) and Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Species of single-celled organism Histological section of the intestine of a dog with lagenidiosis. Organisms are highlighted in black in the submucosa of the intestine. 10x (Grocott's methenamine silver). ***Lagenidium giganteum* forma *caninum*** is an fungus-like organism belonging to the genus *Lagenidium* that causes lagenidiosis in some mammal species, characterized by progressive, severe and invasive cutaneous, subcutaneous, and disseminated infection. Clinical and pathological aspects of the disease are almost identical to pythiosis. The first cases of lagenidiosis in mammals were officially reported in dogs in 2003. Since then, it has become increasingly recognized in dogs and cats as a cause of skin lesions. Taxonomy -------- The genus *Lagenidium* was first registered in the Index Fungorum in 1857, and belongs to the family of Lagenidiaceae, order of Lagenidiales and class Oomycota. *Lagenidium* spp has many saprotrophic species and at least two of them responsible for cause disease in animals, *L. giganteum* forma *caninum* and *L. decidium.* According to The National Center for Biotechnology Information, there are officially seven species registered within the genus, including the f. *caninum*, and 30 unclassified strains. * *Lagenidium albertoi* * *Lagenidium caudatum* * *Lagenidium deciduum* * *Lagenidium* aff. *deciduum LEV5864* * *Lagenidium giganteum* + *Lagenidium giganteum* f. *caninum* * *Lagenidium juracyae* *Lagenidium* spp can be found in a widely variety of hosts including algae, phytoplankton, pollen, crustaceans, and mainly as entomopathogenic organisms, formerly used for biological control of mosquitoes and nowadays deregistered by US Environmental Protection Agency. In 1999, a new specie closely associated phylogenetically with *L. giganteum* was diagnosed in dogs with skin infection, being taxonomically and officially recognized as forma *caninum* in 2013 and has been isolated from tissue lesions from mammals in the last two decades. The mainly phenotypic comparison observed between these taxa is the divergent ability to grow at mammalian body temperature (≈ 36-39 °C), strongly suggesting this feature as a key to the mammalian pathogenicity. Considering the strong relationship between *Lagenidium giganteum* forma *caninum* and *L. giganteum* f. *giganteum*, it is also suggested further investigation of host specificity and potential mammalian pathogenicity of *L. giganteum* f. *giganteum*. Other genera of oomycetes as *Pythium* and *Phytophthora* are economically important plant pathogens, and species within the genera *Pyhtium*, *Saprolegnia*, *Achlya* and *Aphanomyces*, are also animal pathogenic organisms, however there are non-reports of a plant pathogenic oomycete being also pathogenic for animals, or vice versa, including species within *Lagenidium* genera Life cycle ---------- Life cycle of *Saprolegnia* sp. an important oomycete pathogen of aquatic amphibians and fishes. The life cycle and habitat of *L. giganteum* f *caninum* is similar to its related species, *L. giganteum,* which can grow without a host. It can be found in bodies of fresh water and is observed to sustain mosquito populations. Life cycle of *L. giganteum*. is initiated by a biflagellate zoospore that infect a mosquito larvae host by attachment, and undergoes encystment, penetration and growth. The zoospore production can occur either by a sexual or asexual reproduction that seems to require exogenous source of sterols structurally related to cholesterol. For mycelial growth the organism kills the host by starvation. Cells can reproduce asexually while forming an exit tube, where the content migrates to the tube's tip and quick mature into zoospores, or alternately, 2 cells can fuse, forming oospores as seen in *Saprolegnia* sp cycle. *Lagenidum giganteum* can undergo a latent stage surviving for long periods (months to years). The saprophytic or vegetative stage of the oomycetes from the genus *Lagenidium* is characterized by filamentous mycelial growth and requires little carbon and nitrogen sources. Hyphae can survive indefinitely as a saprophyte while using energy source from rotting vegetation, dead insects or other organic material. Morphologic characteristics --------------------------- Histological section of the intestine of a dog with lagenidiosis. Organisms are seen in the lumen of a blood vessel associated with eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation, necrosis, and vasculitis (arrows). The hyphal structures are wide, measuring 2–7 μm, showing negative staining, ribbon-like, rarely septate and have an irregular, non-parallel wall 40x (Hematoxylin & Eosin). *Lagenidium* spp colonies from mammalian strains are characterized by a colorless or yellow aerial mycelia presenting irregular radiating pattern. The mycelium has oval and spherical segments (30–40 μm), and hyphae are composed by irregular large segments of more than 400 μm, containing 1–2 discharge tubes with terminal vesicles enclosing zoospores (9–12 μm each). Encysted zoospores contain germ tubes. Broad hyphal structures of *Lagenidium giganteum* forma *caninum* can also be seen in hystopathological specimens with mean diameter, 4 μm; range, 2–7 μm, are rarely septate with nonparallel walls and irregular branching. Pathogenicity and relevance for animals and humans -------------------------------------------------- The mechanism of infection for *Lagenidium* *giganteum* forma *caninum* and *P. insidiosum* in animals is similar, and also seems to be alike the host infection mechanism used for *L.* *giganteum.* The zoospores after found a suitable host, can penetrate the skin, usually in areas presenting preceding injury. One important relevant risk factor associated with the occurrence of the disease in domestic animals include swimming in contaminated lakes and ponds with potential presence of the organism. The mainly species affected with lagenidiosis are dogs and cats, and the disease has been characterized by clinical and pathological aspects that resemble those caused by *P insidiosum*, however often with more invasive cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, with rapid progress and poorest response to treatment and prognosis. Cutaneous injuries are seeing as ulcerative, firm, nodular, with sinus tract and frequently encompassing lymphatic involvement, and in some cases can be macroscopically similar to cutaneous infections caused by *Basidiobolus raranarum*. There are no official reports of *Lagenidium* species causing infection in humans but at least one case of human ocular lagenidiosis has been documented. Diagnosis --------- The diagnosis of various forms of oomycosis in mammals is very difficult by clinical and pathological evaluation alone, it is necessary complementary diagnostic tests to properly describe the causative agent. The definitive diagnosis of *Lagenidium* *giganteum* forma *caninum* is mainly based on culture, serological tests, and molecular-based diagnosis as conventional or panfungal PCR. Treatment --------- While *L. giganteum* is susceptible to extreme temperatures (less than 8 °C and greater than 34 °C) in the environment and when inside of the mosquito larvae host, to insecticidal substances like organophosphates and carbamates. The organism responds poorly to traditional fungal therapy as for the other oomycetes. The absence of ergosterol in the oomycete cell makes azole type antifungal drugs useless. Reports of various drugs (e.g tigecycline) targeting oomycota in vitro have been published recently, but there is still a lack of strong evidence for them. The clinical management for the disease is currently radical surgery of the affected area.

1930 novel by Armitage Trail ***Scarface*** is a novel written by Armitage Trail in 1929 and published in 1930. The 1932 and 1983 films were loosely based on it. The twenty-eight-year-old author died suddenly of a heart attack nine months after the novel was published. Plot ---- The book's storyline is heavily inspired by the real life gangster Al Capone whose nickname was also "Scarface". It concerns the rise and fall of Tony "Scarface" Guarino, who after performing a hit on mob leader Al Springola, moves in to take over the illegal alcohol business in Chicago during the Prohibition Era. He is ultimately shot dead by his brother (who concurrently rises in the ranks of Chicago PD), who fails to recognise him due to the family believing him to have died in World War I. Adaptations ----------- ### 1932 film Main article: Scarface (1932 film) ***Scarface*** (also known as ***Scarface: The Shame of the Nation*** and ***The Shame of a Nation***) is a 1932 American pre-Code gangster film starring Paul Muni as Antonio "Tony" Camonte. It was produced by Howard Hughes & Howard Hawks, directed by Hawks (with Hughes adding two moralistic scenes directed by Richard Rosson). The story is based on Armitage Trail's 1929 novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the rise and fall of Al Capone. The film features Ann Dvorak as Camonte's sister, and also stars Karen Morley, Osgood Perkins, and Boris Karloff. The plot centers on gang warfare and police intervention when rival gangs fight over control of Chicago. A version of the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is also depicted. ### 1983 film Main article: Scarface (1983 film) ***Scarface*** is a 1983 American crime film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Oliver Stone. The film tells the story of Cuban refugee Tony Montana (Al Pacino) who arrives in 1980s to Miami with nothing and rises to become a powerful drug kingpin. Rather than being a new adaptation based on the novel, the film is primarily a remake and major modernization of the 1932 film. The cast also features Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Steven Bauer, and Michelle Pfeiffer.

Czechoslovak chess grandmaster **Ľubomír Ftáčnik** (born October 30, 1957, in Bratislava) is a Slovak chess grandmaster and a former European Junior Champion. Chess career ------------ He became European Junior Champion in 1976/77 and was awarded the International Master title shortly after. In 1980, he received the International Grandmaster title and this heralded the start of a successful playing career in national and international competitions. In his native Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia) he became national champion in 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1985. In tournaments, there have been many outright first places, including Esbjerg 1982, Trnava 1983, Alltensteig 1987, Baden-Baden Open 1987, the international invitation tournament in Haninge (Sweden), Vienna 1990 and the Parkroyal Surfers (Australia) 2000. At Cienfuegos (Capablanca Memorial) 1980, Dortmund GM 1981 and Lugano Open 1988, he shared first place, and at Hradec Králové in 1981 he was runner-up. In 1987 he drew a match with Kiril Georgiev, the strong Bulgarian grandmaster. At the Chess Olympiad, he has represented first Czechoslovakia and then Slovakia from 1980 onwards, missing out only in 1998. His major triumph occurred in 1982, when a 67.9% score helped the Czechoslovaks win the silver medal, very much against expectation. His performance with the black pieces overshadowed his results with white, an unusual outcome at such a high level. In recent years he has spent more time travelling abroad and is an occasional visitor to Australia and the USA. In the US he has attended chess summer camps, promoted his book (*Winning The Won Game* - 2004 Batsford/Chrysalis, co-authored with Danny Kopec) and played in tournaments. In 2006, he finished joint first at the Las Vegas National Open and followed up with an outright win at the South Carolina Open. He also played the Amsterdam 2006 event and finished a creditable half point off the leaders in what was a very strong field (Tiviakov, Timman, Nijboer, Tukmakov among others). Ftáčnik plays league chess in the German Bundesliga and has also made occasional appearances in the 4NCL. Personal life ------------- Ftáčnik has a son, Martin, born 1985. His twin brother, Jan, is a physicist at the Physics Department of the Comenius University in Bratislava. His older brother, Milan Ftáčnik, was the mayor of Bratislava from 2011 to 2014.

Bosnian author **Dragiša Kašiković** (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгиша Кашиковић; 9 August 1932 – 19 June 1977) was a Bosnian Serb writer who came to international renown after he and his nine-year-old stepdaughter were murdered by the State Security Administration (UDBA) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Biography --------- Kašiković was born on 9 August 1932, in Hadžići near Sarajevo in an upper-middle class Bosnian Serb family originally from Trebinje, East Herzegovina. His father's name was Branko and his mother's Nevenka (née Rakić). Dragiša's grandfather was Nikola Kašiković, the editor of *Bosanska vila* which was one of the most well-known Serbian newspapers of that time. After graduating high school, Kašiković enrolled in the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Law but was expelled due to his anti-communist and anti-regime beliefs. He managed to continue his studies in Ljubljana afterwards. In the meantime he wrote books for children and published his first two books. As a law school student in 1952, the District Court of Dubrovnik sentenced Kašiković to eight months of strict jail for attempting to illegally leave the country. Kašiković managed to cross the Yugoslav border in 1955 and move to Austria where he lived for two years. After struggling to survive, he moved to the United States with seven dollars in his pocket where he would continue his pro-monarchist activism. Upon arriving in Chicago, he became the editor-in-chief of the emigrant newspaper *Sloboda* which was the official newspaper of the Serbian National Defense Council. Upon becoming editor, the newspaper was about to go defunct but Kašiković managed to renew interest in it. In 1963, Kašiković initiated the literary newspaper *Danas* and the satirical newspaper *Čičak* and began leading the Serbian National Defense Council's radio program. He also began translating works from the English language for the Serbian Orthodox Church in the United States. Kašiković graduated from university in the United States and was fluent in English, German and French along with his native Serbian. Death ----- In the early morning hours of 19 June 1977, Kašiković and his nine-year-old stepdaughter Ivanka Milosevich were brutally murdered in the Chicago headquarters of the *Sloboda* newspaper by agents of the UDBA. Kašiković, sitting at his typewriter, was stabbed with a sharp knife 64 times. Hearing the commotion, his stepdaughter ran out and was stabbed 54 times. The murder case remains unsolved. He is interred in the cemetery of the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery in Libertyville, Illinois. Notable books ------------- * *Genocid u Hrvatskoj 1941–1945* * *Spomenica Draži* * *Poručnik Kavaja* * *Dupljaci* * *Partija te tuži, Partija ti sudi*

Pakistani cricketer (1932–2020) **Waqar Hasan Mir** (Urdu: وقارحسن; 12 September 1932 – 10 February 2020) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 21 Test matches from 1952 to 1959, and the last surviving member of Pakistan's inaugural Test team. He scored 1,071 runs in Test cricket, and played in 99 first-class matches. Cricket career -------------- Waqar Hasan attended Government College, Lahore, where he played for the cricket team. He toured England with the Pakistan Eaglets team of young cricketers in 1951. Waqar Hasan (left) and Imtiaz Ahmed come out to bat during the Second Test against New Zealand in 1955. An "attractive stroke-making right-handed batsman, who was ideal in a crisis", he played in Pakistan's first 18 Tests, including its first five victories. In Pakistan's first Test series, against India in 1952–53, he was the highest scorer on either side, with 357 runs at an average of 44.62, playing several defiant innings when Pakistan were in trouble. He was less successful on the 1954 tour of England, with 103 runs at 14.71, but impressed with his fielding in the covers. He scored his only Test century against New Zealand in 1955–56 at Lahore, when he made 189 in 430 minutes, adding 309 for the seventh wicket with Imtiaz Ahmed to rescue Pakistan after they had slumped to 111 for 6. His 189 set a new record for Pakistan's highest Test score which lasted only until Ahmed (who made 209) overtook it the next day. Hasan played five more Tests without reaching 50. He played first-class cricket in Pakistan from 1949 to 1966, with a highest score of 201 not out for L. W. Cannon's XI against Hasan Mahmood's XI in 1953–54. He captained Karachi Blues to victory in the final of the 1963–64 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy and in his last first-class match he again captained them to victory in the 1964–65 competition. He served as a national selector several times from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was the chief selector when Pakistan beat India 3–0 at home in 1982–83. Personal life ------------- Waqar Hasan's family was of Kashmiri descent. He married Jamila Razzaq, the daughter of actress Sultana Razaaq, one of the earliest film actresses from India. Jamila is also the granddaughter of India's first female film director, Fatima Begum, and the niece of Zubeida (the leading actress of India's first talkie film, *Alam Ara*), who was the younger sister of her mother Sultana. In 1954 Waqar moved from Lahore to work for the Pakistan Public Works Department in Karachi as a cinema inspector. In the early 1960s he went into business. In 1970, with his partner Abdul Majeed, he took over National Laboratories, a food testing facility, and turned it into the spice-manufacturing company National Foods Limited. In 2002, with the assistance of the cricket journalist Qamar Ahmed, he wrote *For Cricket and Country: An Autobiography*. Waqar died aged 87 on 10 February 2020 after suffering from illness for some years. The Pakistan Cricket Board expressed their sorrow, their chairman Ehsan Mani describing Waqar, as "not only an outstanding cricketer but a thorough gentleman who set very high standards".

The **UCR Herbarium** is a clearinghouse for information regarding plant species distribution in the Western hemisphere. The collection houses over 110,000 dried specimens, approximately 80,000 of which are from the United States, and 32,000 from Mexico. The collection is especially strong in the flora of Southern California and the Baja California peninsula. The Herbarium maintains an online-assessable Filemaker database of every specimen in the stacks, which is constantly updated. The Herbarium's staff makes between 5-10 thousand identifications a year for visitors who bring in plant samples, approximately 1/4 of which have been made into new specimens. In addition, the Herbarium's active collection program generates thousands of additional specimens a year. Current field projects include the flora of the San Bernardino Mountains and western Riverside County, as well as an investigation of the Curú Biological Reserve on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. The Herbarium is an active correspondent to the *Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California,* a list of endangered plants published by the California Native Plant Society (CNPS). The Herbarium's records allow the CNPS to provide scientific evidence to support biological conservation, leading to the nomination of certain species for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act.

German physicist and mathematician (1789–1854) **Georg Simon Ohm** (/oʊm/, German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈʔoːm]; 16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. As a school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relation is called Ohm's law, and the ohm, the unit of electrical resistance, is named after him. Biography --------- ### Early life Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Brandenburg-Bayreuth (then part of the Holy Roman Empire), son to locksmith Johann Wolfgang Ohm, and Maria Elizabeth Beck, daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm's father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten. From early childhood, Georg and Martin were taught by their father who brought them to a high standard in mathematics, physics, chemistry and philosophy. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen where he received little in the area of scientific training, which sharply contrasted with the inspired instruction that both Georg and Martin received from their father. This characteristic made the Ohms bear a resemblance to the Bernoulli family, as noted by Karl Christian von Langsdorf, a professor at the University of Erlangen. ### Life in university Georg Ohm's father, concerned that his son was wasting his educational opportunity, sent Ohm to Switzerland. There in September 1806 Ohm accepted a position as a mathematics teacher in a school in Gottstadt bei Nidau. Karl Christian von Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to take up a post in the University of Heidelberg. Ohm wanted to restart his mathematical studies with Langsdorf in Heidelberg. Langsdorf, however, advised Ohm to pursue mathematical studies on his own, and suggested that Ohm read works of Euler, Laplace and Lacroix. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his teaching post in Gottstatt Monastery in March 1809 to become a private tutor in Neuchâtel. For two years he carried out his duties as a tutor while he followed Langsdorf's advice and continued his private study of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen. ### Teaching career Ohm's own studies prepared him for his doctorate which he received from the University of Erlangen on October 25, 1811. He immediately joined the faculty there as a lecturer in mathematics but left after three semesters because of unpromising prospects. He could not survive on his salary as a lecturer. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg which Ohm accepted in January 1813. Unhappy with his job, Georg began writing an elementary textbook on geometry as a way to prove his abilities. That school was closed in February 1816. The Bavarian government then sent Ohm to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the teaching of mathematics. Memorial for Ohm (by Wilhelm von Rümann) at the Technical University of Munich, Campus Theresienstrasse After his assignment in Bamberg, Ohm sent his completed manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia. The King was satisfied with Ohm's book, and offered Ohm a position at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. This school had a reputation for good science education and Ohm was required to teach physics in addition to mathematics. The physics laboratory was well equipped, allowing Ohm to begin experiments in physics. As the son of a locksmith, Ohm had some practical experience with mechanical devices. Ohm published *Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet* (*The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically*) in 1827. Ohm's college did not appreciate his work and Ohm resigned from his position. He then made an application to, and was employed by, the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg. Ohm arrived at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1833, and in 1852 he became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Munich. In 1849, Ohm published *Beiträge zur Molecular-Physik* (*Molecular Physics*). In the preface of this work he stated he hoped to write a second and third volume "and if God gives me length of days for it, a fourth". However, on finding that an original discovery recorded in it was being anticipated by a Swedish scientist he did not publish it, stating: "The episode has given a fresh and deep sense for my mind to the saying 'Man proposes, and God disposes'. The project that gave the first impetus to my inquiry has been dissipated into mist, and a new one, undesigned by me, has been accomplished in its place." Ohm died in Munich in 1854, and is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof. A collection of his family letters would be compiled in a German book, which shows that he used to sign some of his letters with the expression *"Gott befohlen, G S Ohm,"* meaning "Commended to God". Discovery of Ohm's law ---------------------- Further information: Ohm's Law Ohm's law first appeared in the famous book *Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet* (*The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically*) (1827) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. In this work, he stated his law for electromotive force acting between the extremities of any part of a circuit is the product of the strength of the current, and the resistance of that part of the circuit. The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the rest of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity, it was coldly received at that time. Ohm presents his theory as one of contiguous action, a theory which opposed the concept of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communication of electricity occurred between "contiguous particles" which is the term he himself used. The paper is concerned with this idea, and in particular with illustrating the differences in this scientific approach of Ohm's and the approaches of Joseph Fourier and Claude-Louis Navier. A study of the conceptual framework used by Ohm in producing Ohm's law has been presented by Thomas Archibald. The work of Ohm marked the early beginning of the subject of circuit theory, although this did not become an important field until the end of the century. Ohm's acoustic law ------------------ Further information: Ohm's acoustic law Ohm's acoustic law, sometimes called the acoustic phase law or simply Ohm's law, states that a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones. It is well known to be not quite true. Study and publications ---------------------- His first paper in 1825 examined the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. In 1826, he gave a description of conduction in circuits modelled on Fourier's study of heat conduction. This paper continued Ohm's deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The most important was his pamphlet published in Berlin in 1827, with the title *Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet*. This work, the germ of which had appeared during the two preceding years in the journals of Schweigger and Poggendorff, has exerted an important influence on the development of the theory and applications of electric current. Ohm's name has been incorporated in the terminology of electrical science in Ohm's Law (which he first published in *Die galvanische Kette*...), the proportionality of current and voltage in a resistor, and adopted as the SI unit of resistance, the ohm (symbol Ω). Although Ohm's work strongly influenced theory, at first it was received with little enthusiasm. However, his work was eventually recognized by the Royal Society with its award of the Copley Medal in 1841. He became a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1842, and in 1845 he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. At some extent, Charles Wheatstone drew attention to the definitions which Ohm had introduced in the field of physics. ### Works * *Grundlinien zu einer zweckmäßigen Behandlung der Geometrie als höheren Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalten* [*Guidelines for an appropriate treatment of geometry in higher education at preparatory institutes*] (in German). Palm und Enke. 1817 – via Google Books. * *Die galvanische Kette : mathematisch bearbeitet* (in German). Berlin: T.H. Riemann. 1827 – via Google Books. + English translation: *The Galvanic circuit investigated mathematically*. Translated by Francis, William. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1891 – via Google Books. * *Beiträge zur Molecular-Physik. Erster Band. Elemente der analytischen Geometrie im Raume am schiefwinkligen Coordinatensysteme* [*Contributions to molecular physics. First volume. Elements of analytic geometry concerning the skew coordinate system*] (in German). Nürnberg: Schrag. 1849 – via Internet Archive. * *Erklärung aller in einaxigen Krystallplatten zwischen geradlinig polarisirstem Lichte wahrnehmbaren Interferenz-Erscheinungen in mathematischer Form mitgetheilt* (in German). München: k. bayr. Akademie der Wissenschaften. + *Erste Hälfte* [First half], 1852 — via Munich Digitization Center + *Zweite Hälfte* [Second half], 1853 — via Google Books * *Grundzüge der Physik als Compendium zu seinen Vorlesungen* [*Fundamentals of physics: Compendium of lectures*]. Nürnberg: Schrag. + *Erste Abtheilung, Allgemeine Physik* [Volume 1 General Physics], 1854 — via Google Books + *Zweite Abtheilung, Besondere Physik* [Volume 2 Special Physics], 1854 — via Google Books

American baseball player (born 1984) Baseball player Dukes as a member of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2007. **Elijah David Dukes, Jr.** (born June 26, 1984) is an American former professional baseball player. A right-handed outfielder, he played in Major League Baseball for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Washington Nationals. Biography --------- ### High school years Dukes attended Hillsborough High School in Tampa, Florida his junior and senior years, after spending his first two years of high school at Jefferson High School, C. Leon King High School, and George D. Chamberlain High School. He lettered for all four years in football and baseball and two years in basketball and track. In football, as a junior, he started at both tailback and middle linebacker, was named a Class 3A All-State selection as a linebacker, and rushed for over a thousand yards on offense. His Hillsborough Terriers made the state regional football semifinals during his junior year, and the quarterfinals his senior year. After finishing his high school career, he signed a national letter of intent to play football for North Carolina State University. ### Professional career #### Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2003–2007) Dukes was drafted by the Devil Rays in the third round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. On April 2, 2007, in his first official at bat, Dukes got his first major league hit with a solo home run to center field in the fifth inning against the New York Yankees. In his second game, he hit his second home run en route to a victory versus the Yankees. On December 3, 2007, Dukes was acquired by the Washington Nationals for left-hander Glenn Gibson, a fourth-round draft pick in 2006 who was ranked among the Nationals' Top 10 prospects according to various baseball sources, including prospect authority *Baseball America*. #### Washington Nationals (2008–2010) Dukes injured his right hamstring on Opening Night and was placed on the disabled list, returning on May 9, 2008. He struggled offensively throughout May, batting a low .167 for the month. Dukes rebounded in June, hitting .292 with 4 home runs for the month, before injuring his knee on July 5, 2008, in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. He had surgery on his knee, and then returned on July 31, 2008, much earlier than expected. Dukes landed on the disabled list yet again with a calf strain shortly thereafter, on August 7, 2008. Dukes returned to the Nationals on August 26, 2008, and hit .267 with 7 home runs and 26 RBI over his last 29 games. Overall, Dukes hit for a .264 batting average, with a .386 on-base percentage, .478 slugging percentage, 13 home runs and 44 runs batted in with a total of 276 at bats in 81 games during the 2008 season. Dukes was released by the Nationals on March 17, 2010. #### Newark Bears (2010) Following his release from the Nationals, Dukes reportedly agreed to a deal with the Tabasco Olmecas of the Mexican League in early April, but backed out after not showing up for a reporting date. Dukes signed with the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball on July 2, 2010. ### Off-the-field problems In 1996, Dukes' father was convicted of second-degree murder. One year later, Dukes was arrested for the first time. Dukes has been arrested at least three times for battery, and once for assault. According to court records, he fathered at least five children with four women between 2003 and 2006. On May 23, 2007, Dukes's wife NiShea Gilbert sought a restraining order against him after he threatened her life and the lives of their children. On May 2, Dukes had sent a photo of a gun to her cell phone and left her the following voicemail: "Hey, dawg. It's on, dawg. You dead, dawg. I ain't even bulls-------. Your kids too, dawg. It don't even matter to me who is in the car with you. Ni----, all I know is, ni----, when I see your motherf------ a-- riding, dawg, it's on. As a matter of fact, I'm coming to your motherf------ house." On June 12, a 17-year-old foster child who was living in the care of a relative of Dukes accused him of impregnating her. Police said the sex was apparently consensual. When the girl confronted Dukes to inform him about the pregnancy, he allegedly got angry and threw a bottle of Gatorade at her. Dukes has received anger-management training. When Dukes was traded to the Nationals, the team also hired an ex-police officer in the role of "Special Assistant: Player Concerns". This person accompanied Dukes everywhere to ensure that he kept himself free of trouble. Dukes was arrested in November 2010 for contempt due to failure to pay child support, on March 2, 2011, for assaulting a pregnant ex-girlfriend. and on January 22, 2013, for driving with a suspended license.

The **ITU vegetation model** is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss encountered due to the presence of one or more trees inside a point to point telecommunication link. The predictions found from this model is congruent to those found from Weissberger’s modified exponential decay model in low frequencies. History ------- The CCIR, predecessor of ITU, adopted this model in the late 1986. Applicable to/under conditions ------------------------------ * This model is applicable on the situations where the telecommunication link has some obstructions made by trees along its way * This model is suitable for point-to-point microwave links that has a vegetation in their path. * Typical application of this model is to predict the path loss for microwave links. Coverage -------- Frequency: Not specified Depth of Foliage: Not specified Mathematical formulation ------------------------ The model is formulated as: L=0.2\,f^{{0.3}}\,d^{{0.6}} Where *L* = The path loss. Unit: decibel (dB) *f* = The frequency of transmission. Unit: megahertz (MHz) *d* = The depth of foliage along the link: Unit: meter (m) Points to note -------------- This equation is scaled for frequency specified in megahertz (MHz). The depth of foliage must be in the units of meters. Limitations ----------- The results of this model gets impractical at high frequencies. Further reading --------------- *Introduction to RF Propagation,* John S. Seybold, 2005, John Wiley and Sons. | * v * t * e Radio frequency propagation models | | --- | | Free space | * Free-space path loss * Friis transmission equation * Dipole field strength in free space | | Terrain | * ITU terrain model * Egli model * Longley–Rice Irregular Terrain Model (ITM) * Two-ray ground-reflection model | | Foliage | * Weissberger's model * Early ITU model * One woodland terminal model * Single vegetative obstruction model | | Urban | * Okumura model * Hata model * COST Hata model * Young model * Six-rays model * Ten-rays model | | Indoor | * ITU model for indoor attenuation * Log-distance path loss model | | Other | * VOACAP (HF) * Area-to-area Lee model (900 MHz) * Point-to-point Lee model (900 MHz) * Longley–Rice model (20 MHz - 20 GHz) |

Antoine Janis **Antoine Janis** (March 26, 1824–1890) was a 19th-century French-American fur trader and the first white homesteader in Larimer County, Colorado, in the United States. The first recorded permanent white settler in northern Colorado, he founded the town of Laporte in 1858. Biography --------- Janis was born in Missouri to a French father and a mulatto mother. As a young man, in his early years Antoine traveled with his father on trading caravans from Missouri to the Green River. In 1836 he may have traveled with his father on a caravan along the Cache la Poudre River valley in present-day Larimer County. It is possible but not established that the river obtained its name during this trip. In 1844 he journeyed west on his own, working with brother Nicholas as a scout and interpreter out of Fort Laramie, where he married First Elk Woman of the Oglala Sioux tribe. While returning from a trip to Mexico, he passed through present-day Colorado along the Poudre Valley, arriving at the spot where the Poudre emerges from the foothills. He was particularly taken by the valley, calling it "the loveliest spot on earth." At the time, the area was not open to settlement but was part of the hunting territory of the Arapaho and Cheyenne. Janis staked out a squatter's claim on the river bottom just west of present-day Laporte, in June 1844; with the expectation of returning to homestead there once it was possible to legally file the claim. Janis with a group of Sioux and Arapaho, 1877. Friday, seated at lower right, often camped with his band along the Poudre River near where Janis staked his claim. The opening up of the western Nebraska Territory to homesteading allowed Janis to return to the area 1858 with his claim filed. He was accompanied by a party of other homesteaders from Fort Laramie, including John B. Provost, his brothers Francis and Nicholas Janis, Antoine LeBeau, Tood Randall, E.W. Raymond, B. Goodman, Laroque Bosquet (aka: Rock Bush) and Oliver Morrisette. His arrival to the area with his wife came one year before the flood of prospectors in the 1859 Colorado Gold Rush. Janis settled in the area with approximately 150 lodges of Arapaho, who accompanied him to the spot. With the other members of his party, he founded the town of Colona, which later became Laporte, the first white community in Larimer County. The following year he erected a small wooden house on the south side of Poudre River where he kept a grocery and saloon. He continued to live in the area until 1878, when a general order from the federal government forced his wife to move to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Janis sold his cabin and accompanied his wife to the reservation, where he died in 1890. In 1939, Janis' wooden homestead cabin was moved from Laporte to its present location adjacent to the Fort Collins Museum and Discovery Science Center in Fort Collins. The cabin is part of the museum grounds open to the public and has been partially restored for tours.

The **Health Products and Food Branch** (**HPFB**) of Health Canada manages the health-related risks and benefits of health products and food by minimizing risk factors while maximizing the safety provided by the regulatory system and providing information to Canadians so they can make healthy, informed decisions about their health. HPFB has ten operational Directorates with direct regulatory responsibilities: * Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate * Food Directorate * Marketed Health Products Directorate (with responsibility for post-market surveillance) * Medical Devices Directorate * Natural Health Products Directorate * Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion * Pharmaceutical Drugs Directorate * Policy, Planning and International Affairs Directorate * Resource Management and Operations Directorate * Veterinary Drugs Directorate Extraordinary Use New Drugs --------------------------- Extraordinary Use New Drugs (EUNDs) is a regulatory programme under which, in times of emergency, drugs can be granted regulatory approval under the *Food and Drug Act* and its regulations. An EUND approved through this pathway can only be sold to federal, provincial, territorial and municipal governments. The text of the EUNDs regulations is available. On 25 March 2011 and after the pH1N1 pandemic, amendments were made to the Food and Drug Regulations (FDR) to include a specific regulatory pathway for EUNDs. Typically, clinical trials in human subjects are conducted and the results are provided as part of the clinical information package of a New Drug Submission (NDS) to Health Canada, the federal authority that reviews the safety and efficacy of human drugs. Health Canada recognizes that there are circumstances in which sponsors cannot reasonably provide substantial evidence demonstrating the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic product for NDS as there are logistical or ethical challenges in conducting the appropriate human clinical trials. The EUND pathway was developed to allow a mechanism for authorization of these drugs based on non-clinical and limited clinical information. A manufacturer of a new drug may file an extraordinary use new drug submission for the new drug if, under paragraph C.08.002.01(1): > (a) the new drug is intended for > > > * (i) emergency use in situations where persons have been exposed to a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear substance and action is required to treat, mitigate or prevent a life-threatening or other serious disease, disorder or abnormal physical state, or its symptoms, that results, or is likely to result, from that exposure, or > * (ii) preventative use in persons who are at risk of exposure to a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear substance that is potentially lethal or permanently disabling; and > > > (b) the requirements set out in paragraphs C.08.002(2)(g) and (h) cannot be met because > > > * (i) exposing human volunteers to the substance referred to in paragraph (a) would be potentially lethal or permanently disabling, and > * (ii) the circumstances in which exposure to the substance occurs are sporadic and infrequent. > International agreements ------------------------ The HPFB signed an electronic data interchange agreement with the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2003, and again in April 2004 with the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia. Dr Joel Lexchin found the secrecy arrangements in the memorandum of understanding to be troublesome and said that "that just makes it more difficult for the medical community to know how drugs were approved, how the data were assessed, and even what data were assessed." In 2016, the HPFB signed an agreement with the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines "for the exchange of information generated by the EDQM through its certification procedure and by HBFB during the course of applicable product assessments."

**Petquotting** (pronounced "pay cutting" ) was the name that the Moravian Missionaries gave to their two settlements on the Huron River (Ohio). The first Moravian Christian Indian village of Petquotting was established in 1787, on the east side of the Huron River, and just north of what is now Mason Road, Milan Twp. Erie County, Ohio. In 1790, this village was officially named 'New Salem' by the Moravian synod. But it was abandoned by the Moravian-Indians shortly later, due to Native-American unrest in the area. About 1804, the Moravian-Indians returned, to a site a few miles south of the old village, and established a new village of Petquotting, upon what is now the village of Milan, Ohio. This second village of Petquotting was abandoned about 1808, with the coming of the new pioneer Caucasian settlers from the Eastern U.S. The Moravian Missionaries also referred to the Huron River, itself, as "the river Petquotting", mainly in order to differentiate it from the Huron River (Michigan), upon which the Moravian-Indians had a prior, and also a later, settlement. The word 'petquotting' originated from a Native-American word "pay-ka-tunk" or "petquattunk", meaning a "high round hill", which referred to a specific, currently unknown, location somewhere in the general vicinity of the Huron River (Ohio) (and perhaps as far as 10 miles distant from later-day Milan village). This earliest "petquattunk" was a Native American-Indian fortified village, and was said to be several miles south of Lake Erie, but (according to the Moravian Archives) was high enough to view Lake Erie from that hill.

This article is about the band. For the Frasier episode, see A Passing Fancy (Frasier). For the 1933 film, see Passing Fancy. **A Passing Fancy** was a Canadian band from Toronto, Ontario, active from the mid-1960s fronted by the singer-songwriter and guitarist Jay Telfer and Brian Price. Early years ----------- At Downsview Secondary School, Brian Price (organ, vocals) formed his own band, the Dimensions with brothers Jay (rhythm guitar) and Ian Telfer (bass guitar), Phil Seon (guitar) and Greg Hershoff (drums) in July 1965. The Dimensions were managed by Bernie Finkelstein, (future president of True North Records and Bruce Cockburn's longstanding manager), who had also been a student at Downsview. After playing dates at many high schools across Ontario, the Dimensions became the house band at Cafe El Patio in the Yorkville Village through Finkelstein's connections. The band changed name to A Passing Fancy in January 1966 when Finkelstein left to take over the management of The Paupers. By this stage, Rick Mann (aka Fruchtman) had replaced Jay's brother on bass. The new line-up began to gig extensively on the local scene. Through the band's fan club president, Barb Young, A Passing Fancy was introduced to record storeowner Walter Honsberger and partner Dan Bartollini, who began to shape the band's sound and image as Wal-Dan Management. Within a few months, the management team had wrangled a three-single deal with Columbia Records. The first single under this deal, I'm Losin' Tonight was very successful and charted across Canada. In September 1966, Steve Wilson came in to replace Greg Hershoff on the drums. Aside from playing regularly at clubs like the Night Owl, the Gogue Inn and Club 888, A Passing Fancy also worked extensively at the Blue Fox and established a local following throughout late 1966 and early 1967. Singles success and playing Expo -------------------------------- The band's debut single, Telfer's "I'm Losing Tonight", released in February 1967, reached No. 22 on the CHUM chart the following month. While its follow up, "You're Going Out Of Your Mind" only made No. 37 in June, the group's third single for Columbia, "I Believe in Sunshine" restored some faith by reaching No. 28 in September. By then, Steve Wilson had left and Louis Pratile joined on drums. During the summer of 1967, A Passing Fancy played at Expo '67 in Montreal where they jammed with local band, Les Tetes Blanches. The moderate success of the singles, prompted Columbia to finance a fourth single, "People In Me", was listed at No. 48 and failed to chart higher when it was released in December. Telfer's insistence on practice was resisted by Price who was completing his third year in university and wanted to pursue a career in dentistry. In March 1968, Price quit. Although Telfer was recognized as the musical leader of the group, Price was the founder and spiritual and business leader. His leaving the band had a major impact on Seon and Mann. A Passing Fancy carried on by replacing Price with Fergus Hambleton on organ and vocals and Brian Smith who contributed a third folky guitar but the chemistry of the band was never the same. After shooting at the CBC, playing the first *Let's Go* TV show in colour and performing that same night at the Granite club, Telfer was told by the Wal-Dan management that he would no longer be in the group. Unhappy over the new direction Seon and Mann left shortly thereafter. A few months later, in June 1968, the remaining members of the band also left. Fergus Hambleton period ----------------------- The Wal-Dan management decided to reform the band around Hambleton and in July 1968 brought in new members, Ron Forster (guitar), Dan Troutman (bass) and Wally Cameron (drums) and Glenn Brown (lead vocals). The new line up recorded four tracks, which the management took to John Irvine of Boo Records. Irvine helped piece together an album's worth of material and released a lone single, "Your Trip", but it sold poorly. The self-titled album, which featured all of the Columbia singles, (including an alternate mix of "I'm Losing Tonight" with no lead guitar) was released in November 1968. Like the single, the album failed to make an impression despite the band holding down a residency at the El Patio throughout the latter part of 1968 and early 1969. By June 1969, the band had broken up. Aftermath --------- Original member and guiding light, Jay Telfer went on to perform and record as a solo artist. In the spring of 1969, he recorded an unreleased album for Bernie Finkelstein with contributions from Kensington Market members Keith McKie, John Mills Cockell and Alex Darou; Malcolm Tomlinson and Louis McKelvey from Milkwood; Murray McLauchlan and Kevin Staples, who later found fame with Rough Trade. Telfer died in May 2009. Staples also played guitar on an album that Telfer and Fergus Hambleton recorded together for Allied Records called "Come Together" as Goody Two Shoes. Telfer resumed a solo career and recorded a string of singles and a 1974 album, "Time Has Tied Me" for Axe Records in 1973–1974. On that album, Jay brought back Murray McLauchlan, Malcolm Tomlinson, Fred Mollin, Rick Mann, Fergus Hambleton and Kevin Staples. In 1975, Jay Telfer moved to LA to marry and quickly divorce Bonnie Bedelia and later became a script writer for Cannon Films, which included 1977's *Kid Vengeance [it]*, starring Jim Brown, Lee Van Cleef and Leif Garrett. In Toronto in 1979, Telfer wrote *You've Come a Long Way, Katie* a three-hour piece on cross-addiction for CBC. Brian Price graduated dentistry in 1972 and practiced for eight years before he founded Tridont Dental Centres in 1980. Tridont opened 107 dental offices under from coast to coast in Canada. Price challenged dentists' right to advertise their services to the public in 1988. He won a unanimous Supreme Court of Canada decision in 1990 wherein all professionals in Canada can now advertise their services. In 1990 Price left the health care industry and created Parkhurst Products Inc. a hockey card manufacturer. Currently, he owns in the Game, Inc. a sports card and memorabilia manufacturing company based in Vaughan, Ontario. Hambleton also went solo and later played with the bands Rain and The Basics and with reggae act The Sattalites. Final A Passing Fancy drummer, Wally Cameron was briefly involved with Leigh Ashford as well as lead singer Glenn Brown who also was involved with Leigh Ashford. Rick Mann changed his name back to Richard Fruchtman and played bass with Whiskey Howl, a seminal Canadian blues band, from 1970 to 1972. He then freelanced and played with Dan Aykroyd, Gilda Radner, Paul Shaffer, Doug Henning, The Diamonds, Doug Kershaw, Dan Hill, Richard Newell (aka King Biscuit Boy), Tony Kosinec, String Band. A Passing Fancy reunited for a one-off concert date in Toronto's Yorkville village in 1988. Later Telfer became publisher and editor of the antique collector's magazine *Wayback Times*. JAMES TELFER Died 20 May 2009, in his 61st year. Discography ----------- ### Singles * "I'm Losing Tonight" c/w "A Passing Fancy" (Columbia 2729) 1967 CAN No. 52 * "You're Going Out of My Mind" c/w "Sounds Silly" (Columbia 2755) 1967 * "I Believe In Sunshine" c/w "She Phoned" (Columbia 2767) 1967 CAN No. 50 * "People In Me" c/w "Spread Out" (Columbia 2772) 1967 CAN No. 89 * "Island" c/w "Your Trip" (Boo 684) 1968 CAN No. 92 ### Albums * *A Passing Fancy* (Boo 6801) 1968

Bridge in Milton Keynes, England **Wolverton Viaduct** is a railway bridge carrying the West Coast Main Line over the River Great Ouse to the north of Wolverton, part of the Milton Keynes, in south-eastern England. Built in 1838 for the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) to the designs of Robert Stephenson, it was the largest viaduct on the L&BR's route. It is in the centre of **Wolverton Embankment**, itself the largest on the line. It has six brick arches and covers a distance of 660 feet (200 metres), reaching a maximum height of 57 feet (17 metres) above the river, and terminating in substantial abutments which contain decorative arches. The viaduct and embankment feature in drawings by John Cooke Bourne. Several contemporary commentators likened Stephenson's bridges to Roman aqueducts. Modern engineers and railway historians observed that Wolverton Viaduct is not as innovative or impressive as some that followed but nonetheless praised its visual impact. The cutting caught fire during construction and suffered from slips and settlement problems for several years. The viaduct was widened to take four tracks in the 1880s with a blue brick extension, in contrast to the red brick original; the new structure was not bonded to the original and the divide can be clearly seen from underneath. Masts for overhead electrification were added in the 1950s but otherwise the bridge is little changed since it was built. It has common features with several other L&BR viaducts and is now a Grade II listed building. Background ---------- The London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) was Britain's first long-distance railway from the capital. Its chief engineer was Robert Stephenson, who was responsible for surveying the route and designing the structures to carry it. Stephenson was determined that the route would have minimal gradients and curves; the ruling gradient on the line is 1:330. Stephenson took advantage of natural valleys and lowlands where possible but the line still required significant civil engineering works to cross valleys and hills, including viaducts over the Brent and over the Colne, along with Watford Tunnel and Tring Cutting to take the railway through the Chiltern Hills. The work was done entirely by hand by an army of navvies with hand tools and limited use of horses and gunpowder. The viaduct is one of multiple structures around Wolverton associated with the L&BR. Wolverton was roughly the half-way point of the route and the availability of land and a good water supply made it the ideal location for the railway's works and there are several other L&BR-era bridges along a short stretch of line, including one across the Grand Union Canal and a skew bridge near the works, and the Blue Bridge further south. The River Great Ouse and its valley, just north of the town, are not deep at this point by comparison with other English rivers but the valley is broad and its floor was 50 feet (15 metres) below the optimal track level for Stephenson's preferred gradient. Hence, the viaduct is one of the largest structures on the line. Description ----------- The terrain through Wolverton descends gently to the north. To keep the railway level, Stephenson designed the largest embankment on the line, 48 feet (15 metres) high and 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometres) long, broken by the viaduct to cross the river itself. Over 13 million cubic feet (368,000 cubic metres) of earth was used to construct the embankment, much of it brought by train on temporary tracks. Soil mechanics were not well understood in the 1830s and the embankment suffered slips and uneven settlement for months after its initial construction. The viaduct consists of six elliptical arches and is 660 feet (200 metres) long and rises to a maximum 57 feet (17 metres) above the river. It is built from red brick in the English bond pattern and partially dressed in red sandstone. Repairs have been made with blue engineering bricks. The arches stand on rectangular piers, 11 feet 3 inches (3.4 metres) wide at the base and tapering to 10 feet 10 inches (3.30 metres) at the crown. The piers have D-shaped cutwaters. The bridge has a coped stone parapet which is broken at regular intervals to provide refuges. The piers at each end are much larger and have additional stonework including a frieze. There are substantial abutments at each end, into which are cut four small, rounded arches with a 15-foot (4.6-metre) span. The first two of these rise from a solid wall and start at half the height of the main arches. The third arch is of full height and the fourth is partially buried. A heavy cornice (a decorative horizontal ledge above the arches but below the parapet) runs the length of the bridge, embellished with dentillation (carved blocks) where the terminating piers meet the abutments—a typical feature of Stephenson's bridges. Appreciation ------------ 1830s drawing showing a newly built arch bridge standing in open countrysideLithograph of Wolverton Viaduct (1839) by Thomas Roscoe In 1839, the artist John Cooke Bourne published *A Series of Lithographic Drawings on the London and Birmingham Railway*, which included illustrations of Wolverton Embankment and Viaduct. Bourne depicts both structures still under construction. The drawing of the embankment shows a train hauling spoil to be tipped at the end; the train is shown in the distance and its diminutive size relative to the embankment conveys the scale of the works and the slow progress involved. Bourne shows the viaduct almost complete but several parts of it are surrounded by scaffolding and two centres (wooden supports used to form the arch) are still on-site. The drawing is typical of Bourne's work in that it shows the bridge as part of the changing landscape. Upon the opening of the railway, several contemporary commentators compared the scale of the engineering work to Roman engineering and especially Roman aqueducts. Michael Bonavia, a railway historian writing in the 1980s, viewed the comparison favourably and called Wolverton Viaduct in particular "a beautifully balanced structure" with a "classic elegance". The National Heritage List for England's entry on the viaduct describes it as "one of the principal landmarks of the first trunk railway and one of the earliest viaducts on this scale". Gordon Biddle, a railway historian, described it as a "graceful structure" and the "most prominent L&BR monument" in the vicinity of Wolverton, a town dominated by railways. In a history of the L&BR for the 150th anniversary of its opening, David Jenkinson observed that Stephenson's bridges, including Wolverton Viaduct, were "not as daring and spectacular" as many that were to follow, "but in their time they were without parallel and they are mostly still there". Wolverton specifically he described as having a "harmony of style and balance which has rarely been bettered". Derrick Beckett, a civil engineer, reached a similar conclusion, comparing Wolverton unfavourably to Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Wharncliffe Viaduct in west London, built at around the same time, but wrote that "nevertheless [Wolverton] has considerable visual impact". History ------- Underside of a large brick archView underneath one of the arches; the divide between the old and new structures is clearly visible. The embankment caused Stephenson considerable problems. Its construction required crossing the Grand Union Canal, whose proprietors were unwilling to cooperate with their new competition. The L&BR were forced to obtain a court injunction to prevent the canal company from demolishing a temporary bridge. During construction, a stretch of the embankment caught fire. Local opinion blamed the canal company but the cause was found to be a combination of flammable minerals in the soil which spontaneously ignited. Even after the work was complete, earth slips and spills on the embankment continued to trouble Stephenson until at least 1844. The viaduct was complete for the opening of the L&BR in April 1838 but did not open as part of the through route until the September because of unforeseen construction delays further north at Kilsby Tunnel. Until the tunnel was complete, trains ran as far as Denbigh Hall and passengers were forwarded to Rugby by stagecoach to complete their journey. The L&BR became a constituent of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1846. The LNWR doubled the width of the line to four tracks between London and Rugby and the viaduct was widened on its western side between 1879 and 1882 in keeping with the original design. The extension is entirely in blue brick and the join can be clearly seen from underneath as the extension is not bonded to the original structure. The route became part of the West Coast Main Line upon nationalisation in the 20th century. British Rail carried out modernisations in 1958 which included electrification and masts were attached to the viaduct to carry overhead cables. Despite the alterations, the appearance of the viaduct has changed little since Bourne's depiction. Its design is similar to Brandon Viaduct to the north west, between Rugby and Coventry, but Wolverton's is the tallest of several similar viaducts built by the L&BR. The terminating piers and large abutments decorated with arches are common features to several of Stephenson's viaducts and show an early form of design standardisation. The bridge was designated a Grade II listed building in July 2001. Listed building status provides legal protection from unauthorised demolition or unsympathetic modification and is applied to structures of historical and architectural importance.

Automotive Glass Manufacturer based in China For the TV series, see Legend of Fuyao. **Fuyao Glass Industry Group Co. Ltd.** (Chinese: 福耀玻璃工业集团股份有限公司) is a Chinese glass manufacturing company established in 1987 and is headquartered in Fuqing. It is one of the largest automotive glass producers in the world, with customers including large international automobile manufacturers such as Ford, General Motors, Subaru, Tesla and Volkswagen. The company also produces float glass and construction glass. First established as a joint venture company, it was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1993 and on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2015. History ------- Cao Dewang founded Fuyao in Fuqing, Fujian Province 1987 with several business partners. He had previous experience having taken over management of a glass factory owned by a local government. While there were few major buyers of automobiles at first, his company targeted the market of replacement glass for large numbers of imported vehicles into China. The name derives from the first character in the name of the city of Fuqing (福 *fú*) and the Chinese word meaning "shine" (耀 *yào*). The company formed a joint venture with Saint-Gobain in 1996 with the French firm's 51 percent stake valued at $15.3 million. Three years later, Cao bought the stake back for $30 million. Fuyao became an original equipment manufacturer to General Motors in June 2006. Later that year, it signed an agreement with Goldman Sachs to sell 111 million new shares, to raise about ¥890 million ($137 million). In March 2007, Fuyao landed a contract supplying Bentley. That year, foreign sales contributed ¥5.17 billion, or almost $795 million, almost 28 percent of its sales that year. By that time, it was the fifth-largest maker of automotive glass in the world, with an estimated three percent market share, and held 60 percent market share of the automotive glass market in China. In 2021, BASF and Fuyao Glass Industry Group entered into a strategic cooperation agreement for the production of high-quality sealed glass for the automotive industry as well as development in the ESG sector. BASF provides technical solutions and development expertise, Fuyao Group provides support. In 2023 (first three quarters), revenue of RMB 23.8bn (up 16.6%) and net profit of RMB 4.1bn (up 5.9%). Total assets of ¥56.5bn and total liabilities of ¥26.5bn. ### Fuyao Glass America Inc. In 2014, Fuyao began looking at establishing a factory presence in the United States, considering several sites in Ohio and Michigan before deciding on the former General Motors Moraine Assembly plant in Moraine, Ohio. Its initial commitment to the factory, which was made public in January 2014, was to buy 1.4 million square feet of the plant from Industrial Realty Group and invest $240 million into an auto glass production facility, which would create 800 jobs. In 2014, the company bought a float glass plant in Mount Zion, Illinois. In 2016, it announced an additional $131 million investment to add additional after-market glass lines at the plant, bringing it to 24 production lines. In exchange it received $6.6 million in incentives from JobsOhio. By then, the company planned to produce enough auto glass for 4 million to 5 million automobiles a year, taking advantage of the recent contraction in the U.S. auto market during the Great Recession. By the time the plant entered full-scale production in October 2016, it had invested $1 billion in the U.S. subsidiary. It has long-term plans to grow to 5,000 employees in the United States. As of early 2020, Fuyao had opened additional operating facilities in Greenville, South Carolina and Detroit, Michigan. By 2018, after losing tens of millions of dollars per year, the plant turned its first annual profit. #### Worker relations The plant saw some obstacles during the first two years of operation within the United States, including concerns about safety, inability to turn a profit, and politicizing employee concerns regarding the unionization of the Moraine Assembly plant's labor force. Conflicts arose from clashes in cultural norms and customs between the Chinese and American employees within the Moraine assembly. Shortly after the Moraine Assembly opened, it was cited by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for several critical safety violations, including the failure to provide protective equipment, the lack of HAZMAT training, and the failure to properly cover moving machinery. The infractions violated the Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) of 1970, which prevents employers from knowingly exposing employees to hazardous work conditions. OSHA cited Fuyao for thirteen safety violations and fined it approximately $725,000. Subsequently, Fuyao invested $7 million in safety features throughout the Moraine Assembly plant. Fuyao also formed an environmental safety team within the Moraine assembly to provide in-depth training to the plant employees in both English and Mandarin Chinese. Since the majority of the labor force at Fuyao Glass America's Moraine Assembly plant had previously worked at the General Motors Moraine Assembly that was located on the same property, many workers wished to reform their connections with a major American labor union. A large portion of the plant's workforce organized and launched a campaign to form a union through the United Auto Workers, but company management promoted anti-union policies, hired anti-union organization contractors LRI to dissuade voters, and threatened union organizers with termination. In 2017 a union vote was held and anti-unionists defeated pro-unionists by 886 to 441 votes. Following management's victory, several prominent employees in favour of trade unions and plant executives faced workplace repercussions ranging from losses in working hours to termination. Three pro-union employees, who had been terminated for reasons considered questionable by American cultural workplace standards, filed cases with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) against the company, which settled the case in 2018 by agreeing to cover back pay and interest totaling $120,000. The settlement referenced the cases of four former employees, with allegations that included terminating workers, interrogating, harassing, and disciplining employees, refusing to hire employees with prior union ties, and constant changing of the company's terms and conditions of employment. In 2016, Fuyao Glass America President John Gauthier and Vice President Dave Burrows were terminated, with Fuyao's executive management citing the need to improve company efficiency. Burrows and Gauthier filed suit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, alleging that both executives were removed of both contract and employment without cause, prior notice, or explanation. The suit also alleged that national origin was a defining factor that Fuyao considered when firing both corporate executives. In 2020, Burrows was replaced by Sunny Yiqun Sun, a Chinese national. In January 2019, *American Factory* premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, featuring themes of cultural conflict, production challenges and management opposition to unionization. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary. Critic Eric Kohn described it as "a fascinating tragicomedy about the incompatibility of American and Chinese industries".

Filipino unionist and labor rights activist In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is *Quitain* and the surname or paternal family name is *de Guzman*. **Leodegario** "**Ka Leody**" **Quitain de Guzman** (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈljodɪ deˈɡusman]; born July 25, 1959) is a Filipino socialist labor rights activist who ran for president in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections, under the Partido Lakas ng Masa. He is currently the chairperson of the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino, a socialist federation of militant trade unions. He unsuccessfully sought a seat in the 2019 senatorial elections. Early life and career --------------------- De Guzman was born on July 25, 1959, in Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, to Lorenzo de Guzman and Dolores Quitain. He finished his Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration degree at the Philippine Maritime Institute, and worked at a leather gloves factory at Aris Philippines Inc. to support his family. Activism -------- De Guzman became involved in activism in the aftermath of the assassination of popular anti-Marcos figure Benigno Aquino Jr. Galvanized by the wave of pro-democratic, anti-Marcos opposition protests that ensued, he joined the "Tarlac to Tarmac" march as well as other protests. He led the Aris Philippines branch of the budding Justice for Aquino, Justice for All (JAJA) movement. De Guzman also became involved in organizing the workers of the factory against the dominant union and would become an organizer for *Alyansa ng mga Manggagawa sa Pasig* (ALMAPAS), a major labor coalition, from 1984 to 1990. De Guzman was elected to the regional executive council of the militant labor federation Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) in 1991. However, because of increasing differences between KMU NCR and KMU national leadership, De Guzman joined other workers in forming an alternative labor federation, the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP) alongside labor leaders such as Romy Castillo, Filemon 'Ka Popoy' Lagman, and Victor Briz. He was elected deputy secretary general of BMP at its formation in 1993, serving until 1996. In 1996, he was elected as general secretary, serving until 2005 when he became president of BMP until 2018. Since 2018, De Guzman has been chair of BMP. During this time, the BMP was active in organizing during discontent against the presidency of Joseph Estrada. During the impeachment trial of Estrada and subsequent EDSA 2, BMP and Sanlakas called for all elected officials to resign to pave the way for the overhaul of the country's political system. The federation was also active against measures of later governments such as the 2006 state of emergency under the Arroyo administration and the war on drugs of the Duterte administration. De Guzman is also currently a member of the Board of Trustees of the human rights non-governmental organization PhilRights and Bulig Visayas, another NGO for aiding calamity victims. He is also the current country representative of the International Council of the International Center for Labor Solidarity (ICLS) and vice president of the Asia Regional Organization of Bank, Insurance and Finance Union (AROBIFU). Political career ---------------- ### 2016 Congressional bid In the 2016 Philippine House of Representatives party-list election, De Guzman participated in the legislative race as the first nominee of Sanlakas partylist. Sanlakas did not win any seats. ### 2019 Senate bid In the 2019 Senate election, De Guzman ran as senator under Partido Lakas ng Masa on a platform of ending contractualization as well as the Mining Act of 1995. De Guzman formed the pro-worker Labor Win coalition for the elections with Neri Colmenares of Bayan Muna, Sonny Matula of the Workers’ Party, independent Allan Montaño, and Ernesto Arellano of *Katipunan of Kamalayang Kayumanggi*. He was also endorsed by the Makabayan bloc for the senatorial elections. De Guzman placed 38th of 62 candidates with 893,506 (2.17%) of the vote, and did not win a seat. ### 2022 presidential campaign Main article: Leody de Guzman 2022 presidential campaign On September 28, 2021, De Guzman accepted the nomination of the Partido Lakas ng Masa and various progressive organizations to run for president. Later on October 6, De Guzman filed his certificate of candidacy for president, running on a platform of systemic change including labor issues such as raising minimum wage and abolishing contractualization. Luke Espiritu, Roy Cabonegro, and David D’Angelo filed their candidacies under the party, while De Guzman also identified Teddy Baguilat, Chel Diokno, Bong Labog, Sonny Matula, and Leila de Lima as his Senate bets in an endorsement that rejected "transactional politics". Political positions ------------------- In the 2019 elections, De Guzman positioned himself as a member of the labor opposition within the Labor Win coalition. He proposed to end endo contractualization, abolish the Mining Act of 1995, and suspend the tax system under the TRAIN law. He also supported renewable energy and a review of existing deregulation laws. On social issues, De Guzman opposed the return of the death penalty, pushed for stipends for poor students and the implementation of a Universal Basic Income, and supported the legalization of divorce. De Guzman also supported the legalization of medical marijuana, the passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law, divorce bill, abortion, and same-sex marriage in the Philippines. He was against passing constitutional change under the Duterte administration towards federalism, the lowering of criminal age of liability, the extension of Martial law in Mindanao, and the phenomenon of red-tagging against activists and unionists. He also called for an end to political dynasties in the country. In 2021, De Guzman reiterated his previous political positions, and included other proposals such as the abolition of the NTF-ELCAC and the repeal of the Anti-Terrorism Law of 2020, among other measures that signaled a "violent regime" as part of a 25-point progressive agenda. He believes that solid positions on the following issues are important if "unification talks" with fellow presidential candidate Vice President Leni Robredo were to be possible: * amending the rice tariffication law, * reviewing the military agreements with the U.S. government, * increasing prices of basic goods, * automatic debt appropriation, and * prioritization of labor affairs, including ending contractualization and increasing wages of workers. Personal life ------------- Leody is married to Marieza Tolentino with three children: Prolan, Lea, and Dexter. He currently resides in Cainta, Rizal.

American baseball player (born 1991) Baseball player **Tyler Joseph Wagner** (born January 24, 1991) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers and Arizona Diamondbacks. College career -------------- Wagner played college baseball at the University of Utah for the Utah Utes from 2010 to 2012 as a relief pitcher. As a sophomore in 2011, Wagner set the Utes single-season saves record with 12 and finished his career with a school record 17 saves. Overall, he appeared in 57 games in his three seasons in Utah, going 6–10 with a 2.73 earned run average (ERA) and 90 strikeouts in 99 innings. Professional career ------------------- ### Minor leagues Wagner was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the fourth round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed with the Brewers and was converted to a starting pitcher. made his professional debut that season with the Helena Brewers. He struggled posting a 7.77 ERA in 48+2⁄3 innings. Wagner pitched for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in 2013 going 10–8 with a 3.21 ERA with 116 strikeouts. He played for the Brevard County Manatees in 2014. He finished the season with 13 wins and a 1.86 ERA. After the regular season, he was promoted to the Double-A Huntsville Stars for the Southern League playoffs. ### Milwaukee Brewers The Brewers promoted Wagner to make his major league debut on May 31. After one start, they optioned him back to the Biloxi Shuckers of the Southern League. Wagner made 3 starts for the Brewers in 2015, posting an 0–2 record, 7.24 ERA, and 5 strikeouts in 132⁄3 total innings. ### Arizona Diamondbacks On January 30, 2016, Wagner was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with Jean Segura for Aaron Hill, Chase Anderson, Isan Diaz and cash considerations. ### Texas Rangers Wagner was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers on November 18, 2016. Wagner finished his 2016 season with a 1.80 ERA. On April 19, 2017, Wagner was outrighted off of the roster. He spent the 2017 season with the Round Rock Express. In 2018, he played for the Frisco RoughRiders and Round Rock. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018.

Village development committee in Province No. 1, Nepal **Bahundangi** was a village development committee in Jhapa District in the Province No. 1 of South-Eastern Nepal. From 2017, this VDC is officially merged by Government with Mechinagar Municipality History ------- Bahundangi, the name is believed to be founded by a Brahmin woman who was a very kind hearted and selfless. She spent all her life towards helping people and since she was Brahmin and every single person was very happy with her; they soon decided to pronounce the area as, "Bahundangi". It is also believed that, she died of high fever at an age about 57 and was buried near the river in Bahundangi and today it is also known as, "Bahunijhoda" which also means the River of Brahmin. Arjun kumar karki is new chairman of Mechinagar 4 Economy ------- At early time, a weekly market has been scheduled on every Thursday where all the Vendors from many different places comes in Bahundangi to sell their products such as, Clothes, Cosmetics, Vegetables and other basic needs. It helps the people to avail themselves of all the basic needs without going anywhere. Also, many Traders from native country, "India" also comes here in Bahnundangi to sell or buy products. This trend has been followed by the native of Bahundangi for more than 100 years. The majority of the people are farmers, mostly cultivating rice, tea, Areca nuts, ginger, Mushroom etc. Because of its open border most of the people have free access to India where they go for Trading Goods, Shopping and medication to the adjoining Indian market Naxalbari. To and fro illegal trade between the two areas is also present mostly in Areca nuts, ginger, paddy and timber. Many people here are working in Government and Private sectors and more than 2% of people are working in the Indian and British Army. Demography ---------- The total population is 22897 according to 2001 census and the major ethnicity living here are Brahmins, Cheetri, Newar, Magar, Marwari, Rai, Limbu, etc. Transportation -------------- Transportation is an important means for Trading goods. Since, Bahundangi lies at the border of India, people mostly uses Trucks, Tractors to trade their goods to India and vice versa. There are several Buses that directly runs from Bahundangi to Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal on a daily basis. Also, several Buses and Cabs are available that runs from Bahundagi and connects to major cities like, Kakarvitta, Birtamode, Biratnagar, Dharan etc. Climate ------- Bahundangi which lies at the bank of Mechi River and near Illam District has a Moderate Climate. The average Temperature in summer is recorded as 33 °C and 6 °C in Winter Season. Local People ------------ Nayan Bhattarai resident of Mechinagar-01, Jhapa. Sports ------ Bahundangi Jaycess had organized an invitational football tournament on 30 August 2012 (14 Bhadra 2069) in Bahundangi. The participating teams were Munal Club (Host Team) Birtamod Youth Club, APF Jhapa, Morang XI, Sunsari XI, UKFC Darjeeling and SAI Academy Siliguri.[*importance?*] Recently, Bahundangi Youth Club has organized "Late Fanda Singh Pandey Memorial Knockout Football Tournament" in the memory of Fanda Singh Pandey, the founding chairperson of Bahundangi Youth Club from 17th to 24th of Jestha 2075. The participating teams were Bahundangi Youth Club (Host Team), Sanischare Youth Club, New Star Youth Club, Munal Club, Birtamode United, APF Padajungi, Kakarvitta Football Training Centre & Damak Fc. president: Bikram Thapa, secretary general: Nikesh Dahal From very early times, Bahundangi is most rewarded VDC for sports among VDC's in Jhapa 1. ↑ Jhapa Economy Data for 2012-2013 2. ↑ National Climate Data for 2012-2013 3. ↑ "Football Tournament in Bahundangi". 17 August 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2015. | * v * t * e Jhapa District | | --- | | **Headquarters: Bhadrapur** | | Rural municipalities | * Kamal * Gaurigunj * Barhadashi * Jhapa * Buddhashanti * Haldibari * Kachankawal | | | Municipalities | * Mechinagar * Damak * Kankai * Bhadrapur * Arjundhara * Shivasatakshi * Gauradaha * Birtamod | 26°44′N 88°10′E / 26.74°N 88.16°E / 26.74; 88.16

British theatre company **Ridiculusmus** is a British theatre company founded in 1992 by Angus Barr, Jon Haynes and David Woods. Their work has been described as "seriously funny," "Dadaist" and "physical theatre." Theatre critic Ian Shuttleworth said that Ridiculusmus is "not so much rough theatre as completely dishevelled." Since 1996, the company has been led by Haynes and Woods as co-directors, and although the majority of their stage works in recent years have been two-handers, they additionally work with a large pool of collaborators. Their first few productions were adaptations of novels, but, apart from a two-man version of *The Importance of Being Earnest,* produced in 2005, since 1997 Haynes and Woods have devised and written all Ridiculusmus' plays. Some of these have been published by Oberon Books and commissioned by the Barbican, London. Early years ----------- The founding members met as students at London's Poor School and while there they began busking on the London underground and doing comedy club open spots. They called themselves Mel, Pat & Harm, and performed comic songs from the 1920s and 1930s to the accompaniment of Barr's ukulele. They also opened a Dadaist comedy club called The Tomato Club above a couscous restaurant in Kentish Town. The highlight of the evening was the "tomato spot," in which comics were invited to perform deliberately bad material to an audience armed with over-ripe tomatoes. The listing in *Time Out* said "Don't come," to which the magazine added "probably advice worth taking." On graduating from The Poor School, Ridiculusmus filled a cancelled slot at London's Canal Cafe Theatre with a hastily produced adaptation of Jerome K. Jerome's *Three Men in a Boat.* It played to mixed reviews and encouraged the troupe to produce more adaptations; their next production was a promenade version of Flann O'Brien's cult classic novel *The Third Policeman.* Opening at Aras na Gael, the show, with free pints of The Wrastler stout given to any audience member bringing a bicycle part, became an instant small scale hit. Adding fellow Poor School graduates Kevin Henshall and Lucy Cuthbertson, the company grew to five members. Finding it difficult to survive in London, Ridiculusmus began to tour, and jumped at an offer to be in residence at The Playhouse in Derry, Northern Ireland. A trio once again—Woods and Haynes adapted another O'Brien novel, *At Swim-Two-Birds*, which toured widely. *The Sister Mary Sessions* -------------------------- In 1996 Ridiculusmus broke away from the adaptation of novels and began writing and producing their own work. The development season in the Sister Mary room at the playhouse in Derry resulted in three self-authored pieces, *School*, *The Exhibitionists* and *Christmas.* *The Exhibitionists* went on to tour nationally and internationally over the next six years. ARSEFLOP -------- In 1999 Woods and Haynes coined the acrostic mnemonic ARSEFLOP to articulate their working principles: Attitude, Reality, Sensitivity, Edge, Focus, Listen, Open Your Heart and Play. Later works ----------- Ridiculusmus has created seven more main stage works in the last 15 years: *Say Nothing*; *Ideas Men*; *Tough Time, Nice Time*; *Total Football*; *The World Mouse Plague*; *The Eradication of Schizophrenia in Western Lapland* and *Give Me Your Love*. Awards ------ * Winners Total Theatre Significant Contribution Award (2014) * Nominated for International Melbourne Comedy Festival Barry (2002 & 2004) * Winners Time Out Live Award (2001) * Nominated for Adelaide Fringe Award (2000) * Winners Total Theatre Award for Best British Productions (1999) * Winners Herald Angel Award for Innovation (1999) * Nominated for Granada Media Comedy Writing Award (1999) Funding ------- The group, who had been project grant recipients, were up until the end of March 2015 a National portfolio organisation of the Arts Council of England. They have received project funding from many prestigious sources such as the *National Lottery* through *Arts Council England*; the *Wellcome Trust*; *Royal Victoria Hall Foundatio*n; the Australian Government through the *Australia Council for the Arts*; *Victorian College of the Arts*, *Melbourne University* and the *City of Melbourne* through Arts House and its Culture Lab programme. List of Works ------------- * *Die! Die! Die! Old People Die!* (2018) * *Give Me Your Love* (2015-17) * *The Eradication of Schizophrenia in Western Lapland* (2014) * *The World Mouse Plague* (2014) * *Goodbye Princess* (2009) * *Total Football* (2011-12) * *Tough Time, Nice Time* (2008) * *The Importance of Being Earnest* (2005) * *How to be Funny* (2004-05) * *Ridiculusmus* (2003) * *Ideas Men* (2003 - 04) * *Arseflop* (2001) * *Yes Yes Yes* (1999-2001) * *Paranoid Household* (2001) * *Where Are You From?* (2001) * *Say Nothing* (2000-01) * *Speiccherrung* (2000) * *Dada music* (2000) * *As Bad as it Gets* (1999) * *Dada* (1998) * *Omnium* (1997) * *The Exhibitionists* (1996-99) * *The Overcoat & The Nose* (1995) * *Finn McCool* (1993) * *At Swim-Two-Birds* (1993-94) * *The Third Policeman* (1992) * *Three Men in a Boat* (1992)

American economist **Steven J. Davis** is an American economist. He is currently the William H. Abbott Distinguished Service Professor Of International Business and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. Davis is known for developing and studying longitudinal firm-level microdata and economic uncertainty. As of April 2020, Davis is ranked 33rd by the Research Papers in Economics in terms of the number of citations in the last 10 years discounted by citation age. Education --------- Davis graduated from Central Catholic High School in Portland Oregon. He received a Bachelor of Arts in economics from Portland State University in 1980. Davis completed his graduate and doctoral work at Brown University earning an A.M. in 1981 and a Ph.D. in 1986. After receiving his doctorate, Davis began teaching at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Work ---- ### Job creation and destruction Davis is known for his work using firm-level longitudinal data to explore the dynamics of job creation, job destruction, and economic performance. In his 1996 book *Job Creation and Destruction* (co-authored with John Haltiwanger and Scott Schuh), he uses plant-level data from the manufacturing industry to examine how businesses and workers respond to changes in their economic environments. Among the most striking findings in the book are the large and persistent gross job flows, which dwarf the net job flows that are commonly observed in employment data. *Job Creation and Destruction* laid the groundwork for subsequent research that not only confirmed the existence of such large gross job flows in other time periods, sectors, and countries, but also delved into the mechanisms and theories that would explain these flows. In a review published in the *Journal of Economic Literature* in 1997, David Blanchflower concluded that *Job Creation and Destruction* "is an important piece of work. Not many books start literatures. This one is likely to. Buy it." (page 1400). In a review published in *Economica* in 1998, Jonathan Haskel noted that *Job Creation and Destruction* "is a definitive documentation of job creation and destruction in the United States and has already proved to be the starting point for a rich body of work. How many other books can claim to be so influential in their field?" (page 156). *Job Creation and Destruction* was a Choice Outstanding Academic Title in 1996. ### Job growth Davis has empirically studied the basis for the conventional view that small firms are responsible for the majority of job growth in the U.S. economy. His research suggests that it is young firms, not small firms per se, that create the disproportionate number of jobs. ### Other academic work Davis has also published widely cited articles in the *Quarterly Journal of Economics*, the *American Economic Review*, the *Review of Economic Studies*, the *Review of Economics and Statistics*, among others.[] Books ----- * Davis, S. J. Haltiwanger, and S. Schuh. 1996. *Job Creation and Destruction*. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Australian rower **Sam Hardy** (born 21 July 1995) is an Australian representative rower. He is a national champion, a national representative, an Olympian and won a bronze medals at the 2019 and 2022 World Rowing Championships. Club and state rowing --------------------- Hardy was educated at Newington College in Sydney where he took up rowing. He was seated at six in Newington's senior eight of 2013. His senior rowing in Australia has been from the Sydney Rowing Club. Hardy made his first state representation appearance for NSW when selected in the 2014 NSW youth eight to contest the Nole Wolkinson Trophy at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. He then attended Harvard University where he rowed in the Harvard varsity eight. In 2019 he contested the open men's coxless pair title at the Australian Rowing Championships with Josh Hicks and finished in third place. He also contested the open men's coxless four championship and finished second. He again contested the coxless pair with Hicks at the 2021 Australian Rowing Championships and that year won a national championship title in Sydney Rowing Club colours in the open men's coxed eight. His first senior state representative appearance came in 2021 when he raced the King's Cup in the bow seat of the New South Wales eight which finished second. In 2022 and 2023 he again rowed in victorious New South Wales King's Cup eights. International representative rowing ----------------------------------- Hardy made his Australian representative debut at the 2015 World Rowing U23 Championships racing in Australia's coxed four to a fifth placing. The following year at the 2016 World Rowing U23 Championships in Rotterdam he was again in the Australian coxed four and they rowed to a bronze medal. In 2017 he had a third consecutive year in the three seat of the Australian coxed four at the U23 World Championships. They finished in fifth place. In 2019 Hardy broke into the Australian senior sweep squad for the international representative season. At the World Rowing Cup III in Rotterdam Hardy rowed with Josh Hicks in the number two Australian pair finishing in 7th place whilst Alex Hill and Spencer Turrin took gold in the number one Australian men's coxless pair. Hicks and Hardy were then selected to race Australia's coxless pair at the 2019 World Rowing Championships in Linz, Austria. The pair were looking for a top eleven finish at the 2019 World Championships to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics. They were second in their heat, won their quarter-final and placed second in their semi-final, thereby qualifying the boat for Tokyo 2020. In the A-final they finished in third place behind the dominant Sinković brothers and took the bronze medal. Hardy raced in the Australian men's coxless pair at Tokyo 2021. Hardy and Hicks dominated their heat powering though the Italians by the 1000m mark. Their fourth place in the semi-final caused them to miss the cut for the A final and in the B final the next day they again finished fourth to conclude their Olympic regatta performance in overall tenth place. Full details. Hardy was selected into the Australian men's eight squad to prepare for the 2022 international season and the 2022 World Rowing Championships. At the World Rowing Cup II in Poznan and at the WRC III in Lucerne, Hardy rowed in the Australian men's eight to a silver medal on both occasions. At the 2022 World Rowing Championships at Racize, the eight won through their repechage to make the A final where they raced to a third place and a World Championship bronze medal. In March 2023 Hardy was again selected in the Australian senior men's sweep-oar squad for the 2023 international season.

Attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena in terms of geometry In theoretical physics, **geometrodynamics** is an attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena completely in terms of geometry. Technically, its goal is to unify the fundamental forces and reformulate general relativity as a configuration space of three-metrics, modulo three-dimensional diffeomorphisms. The origin of this idea can be found in an English mathematician William Kingdon Clifford's works. This theory was enthusiastically promoted by John Wheeler in the 1960s, and work on it continues in the 21st century. Einstein's geometrodynamics --------------------------- The term geometrodynamics is as a synonym for general relativity. More properly, some authors use the phrase *Einstein's geometrodynamics* to denote the initial value formulation of general relativity, introduced by Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner (ADM formalism) around 1960. In this reformulation, spacetimes are sliced up into *spatial hyperslices* in a rather arbitrary[] fashion, and the vacuum Einstein field equation is reformulated as an *evolution equation* describing how, given the geometry of an initial hyperslice (the "initial value"), the geometry evolves over "time". This requires giving *constraint equations* which must be satisfied by the original hyperslice. It also involves some "choice of gauge"; specifically, choices about how the *coordinate system* used to describe the hyperslice geometry evolves. Wheeler's geometrodynamics -------------------------- Wheeler wanted to reduce physics to geometry in an even more fundamental way than the ADM reformulation of general relativity with a dynamic geometry whose curvature changes with time. It attempts to realize three concepts: * mass without mass * charge without charge * field without field He wanted to lay the foundation for quantum gravity and unify gravitation with electromagnetism (the strong and weak interactions were not yet sufficiently well understood in 1960 to be included). Wheeler introduced the notion of geons, gravitational wave packets confined to a compact region of spacetime and held together by the gravitational attraction of the (gravitational) field energy of the wave itself. Wheeler was intrigued by the possibility that geons could affect test particles much like a massive object, hence *mass without mass*. Wheeler was also much intrigued by the fact that the (nonspinning) point-mass solution of general relativity, the Schwarzschild vacuum, has the nature of a wormhole. Similarly, in the case of a charged particle, the geometry of the Reissner–Nordström electrovacuum solution suggests that the symmetry between electric (which "end" in charges) and magnetic field lines (which never end) could be restored if the electric field lines do not actually end but only go through a wormhole to some distant location or even another branch of the universe. George Rainich had shown decades earlier that one can obtain the electromagnetic field tensor from the electromagnetic contribution to the stress–energy tensor, which in general relativity is directly coupled to spacetime curvature; Wheeler and Misner developed this into the so-called *already-unified field theory* which partially unifies gravitation and electromagnetism, yielding *charge without charge*. In the ADM reformulation of general relativity, Wheeler argued that the full Einstein field equation can be recovered once the *momentum constraint* can be derived, and suggested that this might follow from geometrical considerations alone, making general relativity something like a logical necessity. Specifically, curvature (the gravitational field) might arise as a kind of "averaging" over very complicated topological phenomena at very small scales, the so-called spacetime foam. This would realize geometrical intuition suggested by quantum gravity, or *field without field*. These ideas captured the imagination of many physicists, even though Wheeler himself quickly dashed some of the early hopes for his program. In particular, spin 1/2 fermions proved difficult to handle. For this, one has to go to the Einsteinian Unified Field Theory of the Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac system, or more generally, the Einstein–Yang–Mills-Dirac-Higgs System. Geometrodynamics also attracted attention from philosophers intrigued by the possibility of realizing some of Descartes' and Spinoza's ideas about the nature of space. Modern notions of geometrodynamics ---------------------------------- More recently, Christopher Isham, Jeremy Butterfield, and their students have continued to develop *quantum geometrodynamics* to take account of recent work toward a quantum theory of gravity and further developments in the very extensive mathematical theory of initial value formulations of general relativity. Some of Wheeler's original goals remain important for this work, particularly the hope of laying a solid foundation for quantum gravity. The philosophical program also continues to motivate several prominent contributors. Topological ideas in the realm of gravity date back to Riemann, Clifford, and Weyl and found a more concrete realization in the wormholes of Wheeler characterized by the Euler-Poincaré invariant. They result from attaching handles to black holes. Observationally, Albert Einstein's general relativity (GR) is rather well established for the solar system and double pulsars. However, in GR the metric plays a double role: Measuring distances in spacetime and serving as a gravitational potential for the Christoffel connection. This dichotomy seems to be one of the main obstacles for quantizing gravity. Arthur Stanley Eddington suggested already in 1924 in his book *The Mathematical Theory of Relativity* (2nd Edition) to regard the connection as the basic field and the metric merely as a derived concept. Consequently, the primordial action in four dimensions should be constructed from a metric-free topological action such as the Pontryagin invariant of the corresponding gauge connection. Similarly as in the Yang–Mills theory, a quantization can be achieved by amending the definition of curvature and the Bianchi identities via topological ghosts. In such a graded Cartan formalism, the nilpotency of the ghost operators is on par with the Poincaré lemma for the exterior derivative. Using a BRST antifield formalism with a duality gauge fixing, a consistent quantization in spaces of double dual curvature is obtained. The constraint imposes instanton type solutions on the curvature-squared 'Yang-Mielke theory' of gravity, proposed in its affine form already by Weyl 1919 and by Yang in 1974. However, these exact solutions exhibit a 'vacuum degeneracy'. One needs to modify the double duality of the curvature via scale breaking terms, in order to retain Einstein's equations with an induced cosmological constant of partially topological origin as the unique macroscopic 'background'. Such scale breaking terms arise more naturally in a constraint formalism, the so-called BF scheme, in which the gauge curvature is denoted by F. In the case of gravity, it departs from the special linear group SL(5, **R**) in four dimensions, thus generalizing (Anti-)de Sitter gauge theories of gravity. After applying spontaneous symmetry breaking to the corresponding topological BF theory, again Einstein spaces emerge with a tiny cosmological constant related to the scale of symmetry breaking. Here the 'background' metric is induced via a Higgs-like mechanism. The finiteness of such a deformed topological scheme may convert into asymptotic safeness after quantization of the spontaneously broken model. Richard J. Petti believes that cosmological models with torsion but no rotating particles based on Einstein–Cartan theory illustrate a situation of "a (nonpropagating) field without a field". Further reading --------------- * Grünbaum, Adolf (1973): *Geometrodynamics and Ontology*, The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 70, no. 21, December 6, 1973, pp. 775–800, online version (subscription required) * Mielke, Eckehard W. (1987): Geometrodynamics of Gauge Fields --- On the geometry of Yang—Mills and gravitational gauge theories, (Akademie—Verlag, Berlin), 242 pages. (2nd Edition, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Mathematical Physics Studies 2017), 373 pages. | * v * t * e Theories of gravitation | | --- | | Standard | | | | | --- | --- | | Newtonian gravity (NG) | * Newton's law of universal gravitation * Gauss's law for gravity * Poisson's equation for gravity * History of gravitational theory | | General relativity (GR) | * Introduction * History * Mathematics * Exact solutions * Resources * Tests * Post-Newtonian formalism * Linearized gravity * ADM formalism * Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term | | | Alternatives togeneral relativity | | | | | --- | --- | | Paradigms | * Classical theories of gravitation * Quantum gravity * Theory of everything | | Classical | * Poincaré gauge theory + Einstein–Cartan + Teleparallelism * Bimetric theories * Gauge theory gravity * Composite gravity * *f*(*R*) gravity * Infinite derivative gravity * Massive gravity * Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND + AQUAL + Tensor–vector–scalar * Nonsymmetric gravitation * Scalar–tensor theories + Brans–Dicke * Scalar–tensor–vector * Conformal gravity * Scalar theories + Nordström * Whitehead * Geometrodynamics * Induced gravity * Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories | | Quantum-mechanical | * Euclidean quantum gravity * Canonical quantum gravity + Wheeler–DeWitt equation + Loop quantum gravity + Spin foam * Causal dynamical triangulation * Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity * Causal sets * DGP model * Rainbow gravity theory | | Unified-field-theoric | * Kaluza–Klein theory * Supergravity | | Unified-field-theoric and quantum-mechanical | * Noncommutative geometry * Semiclassical gravity * Superfluid vacuum theory + Logarithmic BEC vacuum * String theory + M-theory + F-theory + Heterotic string theory + Type I string theory + Type 0 string theory + Bosonic string theory + Type II string theory + Little string theory * Twistor theory + Twistor string theory | | Generalisations / extensions of GR | * Liouville gravity * Lovelock theory * (2+1)-dimensional topological gravity * Gauss–Bonnet gravity * Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity | | | Pre-Newtoniantheories andtoy models | * Aristotelian physics * CGHS model * RST model * Mechanical explanations + Fatio–Le Sage + Entropic gravity * Gravitational interaction of antimatter * Physics in the medieval Islamic world * Theory of impetus | | Related topics | * Graviton |

Not to be confused with Ambikanagar, Bankura. Village/project area in Karnataka, India **Ambikanagar** is a small project township approximately 16 km from bustling Dandeli city in the Haliyal taluk of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka. Ambikanagar is soaked in the green pristine environs of the Western Ghats. The former name of Ambikanagar is believed to be Amga. This is a settlement built by KPCL for its employees spans approx 3 Square km. Settlement popularly known as colony is classified into two parts 1st Colony and 2nd Colony. Both the colonies complement one another in terms of needs and facilities. If the 1st colony hosts Primary school 2nd colony houses the High school. If the 1st colony houses the administrative office complex the 2nd colony caters to the shopping tastes (a limited manner). Jamga colony is at the far end of the Ambikanagr and thus Ambikanagar closes with a KPCL checkpost at Jamaga colony. Nagajhari hydel power station is approx 8 km from the settlement. It is the 2nd of the hydel power stations built across the river Kali. It has total of six generating units with a total installed capacity of 900 MW. Demographics ------------ As of 2001[update] India census, Ambikanagar had a population of 4848. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Ambikanagar has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the males and 45% of females literate. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. There were another group of tribes living in jungles called as gavalies and they were around 200 in strength. They supply milk and other necessary things to the people staying around Ambikanagar. Places around Ambikanagar ------------------------- Sykes point which is about 5 km from Ambikanagar offers is a splendid panoramic view of the Kali River (Karnataka) flowing through the valley below. This nature spot is named after an Englishman who discovered it during a hunting expedition. Kali River (Karnataka) is famous for water rafting. Jungle safari is very good in dandeli one can spot tiger if lucky. There are many temples in Ambikanagar like, Ramlingeshwara temple, Hanuman temple, Ayyappa temple, Lakshmi Temple, Basaveshwar temple. There are one police station, 2 project schools, KHEP Model School and KHEP High School, one big playground which is called as MCG (Model school Cricket Ground). Many cricket tournament are held here. There are separate clubs for men and women. Multi Gym is started here. Communication networks like BSNL, AIRTEL, VODAFONE, JIO are also available here.

Patrol vessel of the United States Navy **USS *Caliph* (SP-272)** was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission in 1917 and again in 1918. *Caliph* is derived from the word *al-khalifah*, Arabic word for *the leader*. *Caliph* was built for Commodore Martin E. Brigham of Philadelphia in 1910 by the J.H. Mathis Yacht Building Company of Camden, New Jersey. The Mathis yard was located at Point and Erie Streets in Camden. Caliph was launched 20 April 1910 and was christened by Mrs. Imogene Coultes, the daughter of Commodore Brigham. *Caliph* was designed by Bowes and Watts and competed in that year's Philadelphia to Havana races and placed second on the outbound journey although she had arrived first in time. On the return journey *Caliph* came in first. The U.S. Navy leased her in May 1917 for World War I service as a patrol vessel. She was commissioned as USS *Caliph* (SP-272). Throughout her life *Caliph* had a Bureau of Commerce number 207413. *Caliph* was equipped with a six-cylinder Hall 36 horsepower gas engine that was soon changed to a 37-horsepower Kent four cylinder engine in 1911. Placed in service in the 4th Naval District—which was responsible for the Pennsylvania, Delaware, and southern New Jersey area -- *Caliph* performed section patrol duty until December 1917, when she was laid up for the winter at Washington, D.C. *Caliph* was recommissioned on 1 April 1918 and assigned to duty with the District Communication Superintendent at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. She resumed her patrol duties. *Caliph* was decommissioned on 2 December 1918 and returned to her owners. In 1922, Caliph was sold to Captain Robert John Luedemann of 47 Beaumont Street, Brooklyn, New York and subsequently was operated as a charter boat based in Miami, Florida until at least 1934.

English cricketer **James Hare Walford** (28 February 1838 – 16 August 1915) played in two cricket matches in 1860 that have since been recognised as having been first-class: one each for the Cambridge University Cricket Club and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He was born at Dallinghoo, Suffolk and died at Wandsworth, London. The son of the rector of Dallinghoo, Walford was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. As a cricketer, he was a middle- or lower-order batsman, though it is not known whether he batted right- or left-handed. His two first-class matches came within a fortnight of each other in May 1860. In the first, scores of 7 and 25 for the Cambridge University team against the Cambridge Town Club were enough for the university team to want to take a second look at him, and he was duly picked for the MCC team to play *against* the university, a frequent ploy in university cricket at the time, but then failed to score in his only innings. Although he played in minor matches for the Cambridge team across the rest of the 1860 season, he was not picked for the University Match against Oxford University and played no further first-class games. Walford graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1861. He lived in Natal in South Africa and then later in Suffolk, where he was an agent for the Conservative Party.

British journalist and author (born 1955) **Con Coughlin** (born 14 January 1955) is a British journalist and author, currently *The Daily Telegraph* defence editor. Early life ---------- Coughlin was born in 1955 in London, England. He read Modern History at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he specialised in the Industrial Revolution under the tutelage of the historian Simon Schama. Journalistic career ------------------- Coughlin interviewing Mike Pompeo in May 2019 In August 1977 Coughlin joined the Thomson Regional Newspapers graduate trainee course and after undertaking his initial training in Cardiff served out his indentures as a trainee reporter with the *Reading Evening Post*. In November 1980 Coughlin joined *The Daily Telegraph* as a general news reporter. Coughlin has spent most of his journalistic career working for what is now the Telegraph Media Group. As a young reporter for his newspaper, he was initially given responsibility for covering a number of major crime stories, such as the arrest of Peter Sutcliffe (dubbed the Yorkshire Ripper) and the Brixton riots. Becoming a foreign correspondent, his first big assignment was to cover the American invasion of Grenada in late 1983. From there he was sent to Beirut during the Lebanese civil war where he developed his interest in the Middle East and international terrorism. After the Telegraph group was bought in 1985 by the Canadian businessman Conrad Black, Coughlin was appointed *The Daily Telegraph*'s Middle East correspondent by Max Hastings, the newspaper's new editor. Coughlin opened the newspaper's bureau in Jerusalem, and spent the next three years covering a multitude of stories throughout the region. In April 1986 he narrowly escaped being kidnapped by Hezbollah fighters in Beirut,[] the day before another British journalist John McCarthy was kidnapped. In March 2009 Coughlin recalled this experience in *My Alter Ego*, a programme for BBC Radio 4. In 1989 Coughlin returned to London, where he transferred to *The Sunday Telegraph* and was appointed the newspaper's chief foreign correspondent. During the next few years he received several promotions, becoming Foreign Editor in 1997 and Executive Editor in 1999. The following year *The Sunday Telegraph* won the prestigious "newspaper of the year" award at the British Press Awards. He has appeared as a foreign-affairs analyst on the American networks CNN, Fox News, CBS, ABC and MSNBC and NBC. In Britain he broadcasts regularly for the BBC and Sky News. In 2006 Coughlin rejoined *The Daily Telegraph* as the newspaper's defence and security editor after a brief spell writing for the *Daily Mail*, and later that year was promoted to the post of executive foreign editor. He writes a weekly column, "Inside Abroad", and comments on a broad range of subjects, with a special interest in defence and security issues, the Middle East and international terrorism. He maintains a blog for the *Telegraph*'s website. Author ------ Coughlin is the author of several books. His first book was *Hostage: The Complete Story of the Lebanon Captives* (Little, Brown 1992), which was followed by a study of the politics of modern Jerusalem, *A Golden Basin Full of Scorpions* which was BBC correspondent John Simpson's "book of the year" and was described as "excellent, a brilliant book" by the author A. N. Wilson.[] In 2002 Coughlin published a biography of Saddam Hussein. The American edition, *Saddam: King of Terror* (ECCO) was a *New York Times* best-seller in 2003, and received international critical acclaim. His next book, *American Ally: Tony Blair and the War on Terror* (ECCO, 2006) was nominated Kirkus Reviews books of the year. In 2009 Coughlin published *Khomeini's Ghost* (Macmillan, London, and ECCO, New York City) a study of the life of Ayatollah Khomeini and his impact on the radicalisation of the Islamic world during the previous thirty years. Historian Dominic Sandbrook, reviewing *Khomeini's Ghost* in *The Observer*, wrote: "Readers already familiar with recent Iranian history will not discover much new information in Coughlin's account, but it nevertheless makes a very readable and entertaining introduction to a nation badly misunderstood in the west. And while Coughlin makes no secret of his deep antipathy to the Iranian government, his treatment of its founder is satisfyingly nuanced". Iranian-American journalist Azadeh Moaveni, in a review for *The New York Times*, asserted that the book contained factual errors and misrepresentations of facts, the author having documents out of context to bolster his argument. In January 2014 Thomas Dunne Books published Coughlin's book on *Churchill's First War: Young Winston at War with the Afghans*. In addition Coughlin has regularly written for several other publications including *The Spectator*, *The Wall Street Journal* and *The Atlantic Monthly*. ### Gaddafi legal case Telegraph Newspapers apologised for a libel against Saif al-Islam Gaddafi in April 2002. *The Sunday Telegraph* had published an article by Coughlin in November 1995, then the newspaper's chief foreign correspondent (and a piece for the newspaper's Mandrake column, published during the following month, which quoted Coughlin) alleging that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was involved in a massive criminal operation with Iranian officials that involved counterfeit notes and money laundering in Europe based on information received by British intelligence and banking officials. *The Sunday Telegraph* was served with a libel writ by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. The original story followed a lunch given by Malcolm Rifkind, then Foreign Secretary, at which editor Charles Moore and colleagues were present, and later briefings given to Coughlin by MI6 agents who had insisted on the preservation of their anonymity. After a hearing at the Court of Appeal in October 1998, it was established that the journalists had a right to bring the story before the public under the Qualified privilege, under the Reynold's Defence rules established by an earlier case, Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd the previous July. The main court case followed in 2002, which was defended by the Telegraph Group and was eventually settled out of court without any damages being paid, and with both sides agreeing to pay their own costs. In 2002 Geoffrey Robertson QC made a statement on behalf of the Telegraph Group stating "there was no truth in the allegation that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi participated in any currency sting". ### Habbush letter Main articles: Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection and Habbush letter In late 2003, in a front-page exclusive story, Coughlin revealed a leaked intelligence memorandum, purportedly uncovered by Iraq's interim government, which detailed a meeting between Mohamed Atta, one of the 11 September hijackers, and Iraqi intelligence at the time of Saddam Hussein. The memo was supposedly written by Iraqi security chief General Tahir Jalil Habbush al-Tikriti to the president of Iraq. The report was subsequently challenged with American officials also reiterating that there was no such link. *The Daily Telegraph'*s report was repeated by several conservative columnists in the United States, including Deroy Murdock and William Safire. ### Turkey Coughlin alleged that the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has negotiated a deal with Iran for Tehran to make a $25 million contribution to the campaign funds of Turkey's ruling party. Immediately after the publication of the article, Turkish Government rebutted all allegations and asked the newspaper to remove Coughlin's article from its website. Justice and Development Party also demanded an apology for publishing what it called an article without any sources but with many lies in it. *The Daily Telegraph* lost the libel lawsuit Erdoğan filed in UK. As a result, he won "a substantial sum" in libel damages and an apology was published by the newspaper. Views ----- ### On civil liberties of terrorist suspects In April 2009, Coughlin wrote an article entitled "My advice to Obama: Don't pick a fight with Dick Cheney", which was published on the *Telegraph'*s website. In the article, which followed claims that US forces had waterboarded an Al Qaeda suspect 183 times, Coughlin argued that: "There are always two sides to a story, even a deeply unpleasant one such as waterboarding an al-Qaeda suspect", before asking "what if, as Mr Cheney is now suggesting, these brutal interrogation methods actually produced information that saved lives by thwarting potential al-Qaeda attacks?". Coughlin suggested that the problem posed "an interesting ethical dilemma", namely: "Are interrogation methods like waterboarding justified if they save lives, or should we respect the detainees' human rights, thereby enabling the terror attacks to take place and claim innocent lives? I know which option I'd go for". Coughlin has continued to write articles supporting the use of torture, for example on 10 February 2010 "When the next bomb goes off in London, blame the judges". ### On China In March 2020, Couglin wrote a column in *The Daily Telegraph* accusing the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) of being a corrupt elite that has no interest in protecting the interests of its citizens, nor those of the world beyond, desperate not to be held accountable for causing a disaster of truly catastrophic proportions. In April 2020, he wrote in another column suggesting readers should treat China like a hostile state due to the deliberate lack of transparency and cooperation that has characterized the CCP response, and its reprehensible behaviour by launching a disinformation campaign seeking to portray China as the victim, rather than being the instigator of a global health crisis.

6th episode of the 5th season of Mad Men "**Far Away Places**" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series *Mad Men* and the 58th episode of the series overall. It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner and writer Semi Chellas, and directed by Scott Hornbacher. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on April 22, 2012. The episode takes place almost entirely over a single day, telling three stories in a non-linear narrative. Peggy becomes alienated after separate fights with her boyfriend Abe and a client. Roger and Jane take LSD with a group of intellectuals, altering how they see the world and allowing them to speak honestly about their marriage. Don and Megan leave the office and take an impromptu road trip to Plattsburgh, New York, which doesn't turn out as planned after Megan becomes aggrieved with how Don treats her. "Far Away Places" was watched by 2.6 million viewers and achieved 0.9 million viewers in the key 18–49 demographic. The episode received overwhelming critical acclaim, with many critics noting the episode's formal experiments with and focus on the passage of time. The sequence where Roger and Jane take LSD was particularly celebrated for the visual excellence and performances by John Slattery and Peyton List. The theme of the episode was pinpointed by the series writers and television journalists as the desire to escape. Plot ---- The episode is split into three vignettes that take place almost entirely during a single day in a non-linear narrative following the lives of Peggy, Roger, and Don. ### Peggy The episode begins with Peggy's day and a heated argument with her boyfriend Abe, over her preoccupation with work and the effect this has on their sex life. The argument ends with Abe's leaving in a huff. After Don pulls Megan away for an impromptu trip to a Howard Johnson's hotel in upstate New York, Peggy has to pitch to the Heinz executives without them and unsuccessfully tries to sell the Heinz executives on her concept. Frustrated, she leaves work, has a couple of drinks, and goes to see the film *Born Free* (1966). She sees a young man smoking marijuana behind her, partakes herself, and eventually gives him a hand job. She returns to her office to see Michael Ginsberg arguing with his father. After being told off by Ginsberg for eavesdropping, she falls asleep in Don's office. She awakens to a call from Don, who seems alarmed for incomprehensible reasons. Don hangs up on her, and Peggy returns to her office. When Peggy asks about Ginsberg's life, Ginsberg initially claims to be a Martian, stating that Morris Ginsberg is not his father. Michael was born in a Nazi concentration camp and, after its liberation, Morris claimed him from a Swedish orphanage when he was 5 years old. Peggy returns home, affected by this story, and calls Abe. She tells him about Ginsberg and asks him to come over to be with her. ### Roger In the morning, Roger invites Don to go on a trip with him to a Howard Johnson's in Plattsburgh, New York, hoping to get out of a dinner party with his wife Jane's "snooty friends" and is subsequently disappointed when Don decides to take Megan on the trip instead. Roger and Jane go to the party, which is hosted by Jane's therapist and her husband. After dinner, Roger asks Jane if they can leave, but Jane reminds Roger that he agreed to take LSD with the group and begs him to stay, as she doesn't want to go through the experience alone. Roger is initially unimpressed with the drug but comes around after his consciousness begins to change with vivid audio-visual hallucinations. Roger and Jane return home via taxi and take a bath together, during which Roger imagines he is watching the 1919 World Series from the bathtub. The couple then talks candidly about their marriage for the first time. During this moment of awareness, Jane admits that she knows the marriage is over. Jane shares with Roger that her love for him has always been true, and asks him if he feels the same. He confesses that he used to love her and still finds her beautiful. The next morning, a jovial Roger says goodbye to a shocked Jane, telling her that she looks lovely, as always. Jane appears regretful about what she said the previous night. Roger says he never felt more connected to her than he did the night before, reminding her that they discussed philosophy and that she even "spoke in German", to which Jane replies she doesn't even know German and that it must have been Yiddish. Jane dolefully turns away Roger's final kiss after commenting that the divorce will "be expensive", and they linger together on the bed for a few moments longer. ### Don The episode's finale is Don's day and the trip to Howard Johnson's Restaurant and Motor Lodge in Plattsburgh. As he and Megan eat in the restaurant, Megan expresses her frustration at having her needs and desires take a back seat to Don's. The discussion escalates into a fight, during which Megan makes a hurtful remark about Don's mother, and Don storms out and drives off without her. Don returns sometime later and begins to worry when he can't find Megan. He spends hours looking for and waiting for her, calling Peggy (the other side of the conversation from the first part of the episode) as well as Megan's mother in Montreal. After waiting for hours at Howard Johnson's and phoning home repeatedly, Don drives home in the early morning to find Megan in their apartment with the security chain on the door. Don kicks the door in, violently struggles with Megan, and chases her through the apartment. Megan and Don trip and collapse on the floor as Megan weeps. Don tearfully hugs her at the waist and tells her he thought he had lost her. ### Epilogue That morning, Megan and Don return to Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. Don is beckoned to the conference room, where Bert Cooper admonishes him for being "on love leave". Don replies that his love life is none of Bert's business. Bert retorts that it is, in fact, his business and admits astonishment that the firm is running as well as it is with how little Don is actually working. Bert leaves Don standing alone in the conference room as Don looks through the picture windows at the employees going about their business. Roger, full of enthusiasm, pops into the conference room and tells Don he has an announcement: "It's going to be a beautiful day!" Production ---------- Creator Matthew Weiner said "Far Away Places" was inspired by "anthologized French films" with "lots of short stories in them", with all three short stories linked by a thematic "desire to go away". He further explained that "Peggy has this moment where she tries to be Don and fails, and then goes on Peggy's version of Don – sexually irresponsible, and drunk, and working". Elisabeth Moss said the handjob Peggy gives a stranger in the theatre is a "moment of forgetting" after the frustrating Heinz pitch. Weiner spoke about the structure of the episode in June 2012: > Structurally, I love this French movie by Max Ophüls called *Le Plaisir*. It's three or four Guy de Maupassant stories that are told by a narrator, and then characters start to appear behind each other, their stories overlap and they are just walking through, and you realize it's a complete world. What I loved about that was just telling the story from that one person's point of view. In Peggy's story, she's in every scene, nothing happens without her there. And it's the same thing with Don and the same thing with Roger. So you're really getting this very private perspective, and then thematically holding it together by saying, "Here, this is about the status of the relationship." We weren't sure that it was going to work. The hardest part was breaking it up for commercials so that the Peggy and the Roger stories would be in the same segment and you wouldn't come back and think you were in the middle of another episode. > > He spoke about the writing of a scene of the episode in August 2012: > I had, in the writers room, given this speech about Ginsberg saying he was a Martian. I delivered it as Ginsberg. We knew that Peggy's story was going to climax with that, and it was going to be their great moment of intimacy; he would distract her from her failure and bond with her in that strange way that people who feel separate do. Then, when we were writing the draft, I got the notes from the room, and the speech was like one sentence. We searched everywhere, and it turned out I had never pitched more than that one sentence: "I'm a Martian." I had a great version of it, but it turned out it had all been in my head in one way or another. It all had to come from scratch. Once I reduced the panic and tried to re-create it, it did happen. So, to me, it still has a magical quality to it. > > Weiner characterized Roger's acid trip as an experience of "complete honesty" and an "experience of empathy, something he's probably never experienced in his life. He doesn't see the world through other people's lives and that kind of epiphany to me is very beautiful, even though it's the end of the relationship. They are alone in the truth together". While discussing the fight between Don and Megan, Weiner commented on the violence and passion, noting that "what you get is that Don loves this woman" and that Megan is "everything that's good to him". Jessica Pare commented on Don's lack of respect for her work, and Jon Hamm judged Don's actions as "immature". However, Hamm regarded Don's fear as "genuine" when he is unsure of Megan's whereabouts. The flashback scene between Don and Megan in the car was actually shot for the fourth season finale, "Tomorrowland", written and directed by Weiner, but was cut. Weiner decided to reinsert this scene into the episode as a flashback. The exterior scenes of the Howard Johnson's hotel were filmed in October 2011 at the Regency Inn and Suites in Baldwin Park, California. The hotel operated as a Howard Johnson's from 1967 until it was sold in 1995. Editor Christopher Gay spoke about the episode in August 2012: > Narratively speaking, we wanted the stories of these three relations of Peggy, Roger, and Don to be their own story. We wanted to give you a little bit more each time you saw each of the three story lines so that when you got to the third one, everything totally made sense. I've talked to people and they've had to watch it a few times to fully digest. Also, the score in the episode is pretty unique and more tonal and atmospheric than what we normally do. It's a guide, too, that helps you feel when one story is ending and another is coming in and knowing that the shift is happening. I think the score and the sound design definitely helped guide the narrative. > > Reception --------- ### Critical reception The episode received overwhelmingly laudatory reviews from television critics, particularly for its unusual departure from the standard *Mad Men* episode structure and is considered to be one of the best in the series. Alan Sepinwall of *HitFix* exalted the episode and the "more formally experimental" season, admitting, "I'm still not sure I understood 100% of it. But I know I liked it. A lot." Sepinwall characterized "Far Away Places" as "an episode that gave the feel of dropping acid even when everyone on camera was stone sober. Matt Weiner, co-writer Semi Chellas, director Scott Hornbacher, and the actors combined to give us some of the most memorable moments the show has ever done." Emily VanDerWerff of *The A.V. Club* gave it an A grade, compared it to previous "structurally daring" episodes like "Seven Twenty Three" and "The Jet Set", and praised the director for the "beautifully shot" episode and the "gorgeous image of [Roger] and Jane lying, heads touching, on the floor, admitting their marriage just isn't working", while noting that the enemy of the season is "the passage of time itself". Verne Gay of *Newsday* called it a good, but difficult, episode, saying, "the story lines were all parallel – it was even an anthology, with each story mirroring the next (bringing to mind that memorable scene when Roger, under the influence, is looking in the mirror and told to look away) ... the themes of male-female entanglement, and disentangle (and yes, hair, once again is a predominant metaphor.) The themes of travel ... of being a stranger in a strange land ... of life on Mars, or in Plattsburgh ... of alienation, pursuit, and of a generation born during the Holocaust, amid the Holocaust". Tim Goodman of *The Hollywood Reporter* said the LSD trip "was handled brilliantly here, with insight, surprises, unpredictability, excellent humor and a really lovely, smart ending", and the image of Jane and Roger on the floor as an example of the "visual excellence" of the episode. *Time* magazine writer Nate Rawlings compared the episode to a David Lynch film and noted that all three "stories also shared the thematic connection of the struggle between professional and work life." *IGN* reviewer Eric Goldman praised the performances of John Slattery and Peyton List, and said the episode "took three of the show's best characters and rocked their worlds in very different ways, telling three separate stories that were all utterly involving and moving, and delivering one of the show's best episodes ever in the process. This show continues to operate on a level few other series could dream of ...". Roger Friedman contributing to *Forbes* called the LSD sequences with Jane and Roger to be "so well-written they were kind of transcendent". Salon writer Nellie Engoron acclaimed the episode, while pointing out that "with this episode's tilt of the seesaw back to the older generation from the flailing youngsters, we're reminded that while the 1960s saw a cultural shift towards youth, like a drunk, no historical change walks a straight line. For all the claims that Don and others have made that the 'kids' increasingly hold the cards, the real truth (if we're telling it) is that older white guys like Bert and Roger never truly lost power, even if they began to hide behind the scenes while fresh young faces took the public glory." ### Ratings The episode was viewed by 2.6 million viewers on the night of its original airing. It drew 0.9 million viewers in the 18–49 demographic. ### Awards "Far Away Places" was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series.

Country house in County Cork, Ireland **Clontead More House** is a country house in the townland of Clontead More, situated 2.3 km (1.4 mi) north-east of Coachford village. Building c. 1840, it is one of a number of such estate houses situated along the valley of the River Lee and its tributaries. Clontead More House is listed by Cork County Council on the Record of Protected Structures. It was also surveyed by the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, which describes it as a detached three-bay, two-storey house, built c. 1840, having a front porch, two-storey extension on the southern side, and u-plan hipped slate roof with rendered chimney stacks. Two-storey outbuildings are arranged around a rear courtyard, one of which is a former barn with stone steps leading to its western elevation. To the south-east is the remains of a red-brick walled garden. Square-profile entrance gate piers adjoin the roadway. Set within its own grounds, the timber sliding sash windows and extensive range of outbuildings add context to its setting. The property was constructed after 1840. It is not depicted on the 1842 surveyed OS map, which was also used during the mid-nineteenth century Primary Valuation of Ireland (Griffith's Valuation). The Connacht and Munster Landed Estates Database states that it was 'built after the publication of the first edition Ordnance Survey map'. and the 1901 surveyed OS map depicts the property, but does not name it. It was once the residence of the Gillman family. The Primary Valuation of Ireland (Griffith's Valuation) records Herbert Gillman as occupying *c*. 86 acres, consisting of a 'house, offices and land'. The buildings were valued at *c*. £14, the land at *c*. £50, and the immediate lessor was Edward Murphy. Gillman is interred in the chancel of Magourney Church, Coachford. The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 refers to the property as 'Clontead House, Peake' and the former residence of Herbert Webb Gillman. He is described as having been a Barrister-at-law, member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Council member of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society (CHAS) and 'specialised in castles around the countryside'. Gillman was one of the early members of CHAS and is interred in the apse of Magourney Church. Today, Clontead More House remains a private residence, and is not accessible to the public.[]

For the team that played in the Alabama–Tennessee League in 1921, see Tri-Cities Triplets (Alabama–Tennessee League). Minor league baseball team The **Tri-City Atoms** were a minor league baseball team located in Kennewick, Washington. The Tri-Cities in southeastern Washington, which include Kennewick, Richland, and Pasco, fielded a number of minor league teams in the Northwest League and its predecessor, the Western International League, from 1955 to 1974. History ------- The Tri-City Braves were a member of the WIL from 1950 through 1954. In 1955 Tri-City joined the Northwest League as a charted member. The Tri-City Braves, while serving as an affiliate of various major league clubs retained the Braves name through 1960. Upon signing on with the Baltimore Orioles in 1961, the club adopted a unique name, the Atoms. The club reverted to Braves for 1962 season, which proved to be a successful year as team finished the regular season in first place. The Braves faced the Wenatchee Chiefs in the league championship, but lost the 2–4. The team changed its name to Angels for 1963, representative of its parent club. The franchise again changed affiliates, signing on with the Baltimore Orioles resulting in a name change to Atoms. Led by manager Cal Ripken Sr. the Atoms posted an 81–58 record in the club's final season of full season baseball. The Atoms swept the Lewiston Broncs in the championship series 3–0 to claim their first Northwest League crown. In 1966, the Northwest League shifted to a short-season format. Tri-City switched parent clubs and signed a player development contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Atoms had an explosive season and finished the regular season at 57–27. The Atoms finished at the top of the league standings to be named league champion. Two seasons later, the Atoms compiled a league best record en route to a third Northwest League title. The Dodgers ended their relationship with Tri-City following the 1968 season and moved their farm system to Medford, Oregon with the Rouge Valley club. In 1969, Tri-City partnered with the Oakland Athletics, but the affiliation ended after only one season, as Oakland shifted its NWL affiliation to southwest Oregon at Coos Bay-North Bend. Tri-City then inked a player development contract with the San Diego Padres following their inaugural season as an expansion member of the National League. In 1974, the Ports were an independent team and went 27–57 in front of 21,611 fans. The team was managed by owner Carl W. Thompson, Sr. before folding. The Tri-Cities were without baseball until 1983, when the Tri-Cities Triplets relocated from Walla Walla, and were affiliated with the Texas Rangers for two seasons. When that relationship ended, the Triplets spent two seasons as an independent (1985, 1986), then relocated to southwestern Idaho and became the Boise Hawks. Professional baseball returned to the Tri-Cities in 2001 with relocation of the Portland Rockies, who were forced to move as the territory was awarded to a AAA level franchise. Originally the team planned to keep the Rockies name. Ultimately the club selected a unique moniker, the Dust Devils. Ballpark -------- Tri-City teams played home games at Sanders-Jacobs Field in Kennewick, The ballpark was opened in 1950 with a seating capacity of 5,000 and a northeast alignment. The field dimensions were 340 feet from home plate down both the right and left field lines and 400 feet to dead center. Originally the stadium was named Sanders Field for Harry Sanders, a Connell farmer. It was later named Sanders-Jacobs Field to honor Tom Jacobs, a former manager and the general manager of the Atoms. The stadium was demolished in 1975. Notable players --------------- Notable players with the Atoms included Doyle Alexander, Ron Cey, Joe Ferguson, and Ted Sizemore, the National League's Rookie of the Year in 1969. Season-by-season record ----------------------- | Season | PDC | Division | Finish | Wins | Losses | Win% | Post-season | Manager | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **Tri-City Braves** | | 1955 | | | 6th | 66 | 63 | .512 | | Don Pries | 49,296 | | 1956 | | | 6th | 59 | 72 | .450 | | Don Pries | 78,761 | | 1957 | | | 6th | 57 | 79 | .419 | | Don Pries | 54,761 | | 1958 | PIT | | 5th | 62 | 73 | .459 | | Ray Hathaway | 45,283 | | 1959 | | | 6th | 60 | 80 | .429 | | Daniel Holden | 46,751 | | 1960 | BAL | | 2nd | 81 | 60 | .574 | | Chester McDowell | 80,063 | | **Tri-City Atoms** | | 1961 | BAL | | 6th | 49 | 90 | .353 | | Chester McDowell | 37,817 | | **Tri-City Braves** | | 1962 | LAA | | 1st | 78 | 62 | .557 | Lost to Wenatchee Chiefs in championship series 2-4 | Tommy Heath | 68,399 | | **Tri-City Angels** | | 1963 | LAA | | 4th | 65 | 75 | .464 | | Tommy Heath | 60,123 | | 1964 | LAA | | 5th | 66 | 74 | .471 | | Tommy Heath | 51,220 | | **Tri-City Atoms** | | 1965 | BAL | | 1st | 81 | 58 | .583 | Defeated Lewiston in championship series 3-0 | Cal Ripken | 42,856 | | **Tri-City Atoms** | | 1966 | LAD | | 1st | 57 | 27 | .679 | NWL Champions by virtue of record | Duke Snider | 29,402 | | 1967 | LAD | | 3rd | 37 | 47 | .440 | | Don LeJohn | 22,421 | | 1968 | LAD | | 1st | 45 | 30 | .600 | NWL Champions by virtue of record | Don LeJohn | 19,356 | | **Tri-City A's** | | 1969 | OAK | | 2nd | 41 | 38 | .519 | | Billy Herman | 30,320 | | **Tri-City Padres** | | 1970 | SDP | North | 4th | 38 | 42 | .475 | | Cliff Ditto | 30,320 | | 1971 | SDP | North | 1st | 50 | 30 | .625 | NWL Champions by virtue of record | Cliff Ditto | 32,648 | | 1972 | SDP | South | 2nd | 38 | 42 | .475 | | Cliff Ditto | 36,919 | | **Tri-City Triplets** | | 1973 | | South | 2nd | 42 | 38 | .525 | | Mike Cloutier | 20,791 | | **Tri-City Ports** | | 1974 | | East | 4th | 27 | 57 | .321 | | Carl Thompson | 21,611 | | | | | | --- | --- | | **Division winner** | **League champions** | Former players -------------- * Tri-City Padres players   (1970–1972) * Tri-City A's players   (1969) * Tri-City Atoms players   (1961, 1965–1968) * Tri-City Angels players   (1963–1964) * Tri-City Braves players   (1950–1960, 1962)

*Salvaging the Body of Saint Sebastian* (Altdorfer, 1509–1516). There is a tradition that the church of San Sebastian de Via Papae stood on the spot where the martyr's body was recovered. **San Sebastiano de Via Papae** was a small church in the Sant'Eustachio *rione* of Rome that was demolished in the 1590s in order to enable the construction of the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle. Name and dedication ------------------- The church's dedication to Saint Sebastian comes from a tradition that it was built on the spot where the Christian noblewoman Lucina rescued the saint's corpse from the sewer where it had been thrown after his martyrdom. In regard to that tradition's historical reliability, the archaeologist Mariano Armellini is skeptical, but nevertheless deems it certain that the antiquity of the church means that it references some definite memory of the martyr. The designation of *via Papae* (Latin: *way of the Pope*), by which the church was commonly referred, recalls its location along a ceremonial papal route that began at the present site of Sant'Andrea della Valle and the piazza which stands in front of it, which before the sixteenth century was called Piazza di Siena. For that reason, the church is called **San Sebastiano in piazza di Siena** in a catalog dating from the pontificate of Pope Pius V (1566–1572). The church is not to be confused with the similarly-named San Sebastiano in Via Pontificum, which was in the Borgo and had fallen into ruin by the pontificate of Pius V. History ------- The first surviving references to the small church of San Sebastiano date from the twelfth century, where it is listed in various registers of churches in the city of Rome. Although it was counted as a parish church, it remained subsidiary to larger churches in the neighborhood; it seems that it was originally among the dependent churches of San Lorenzo in Damaso, as is referenced in an 1186 bull of Pope Urban III. In the thirteenth century, however, there arose a dispute over the church between the priests of San Lorenzo in Damaso and those of Sant'Eustachio, the resolution of which is noted in a bull of Pope Gregory IX dated April 9, 1231. The apparent outcome was that its administration was transferred to the priests of Sant'Eustachio. The *Codex Taurinensis* of 1320 places the church in the third class, and records that *ecclesia s. Sebastiani de via Papae habet unum sacerdotem* ("the church of Saint Sebastian *de via Papae* has one priest"). In the late fifteenth century, the church gained notoriety for an episode recorded in the diaries of Stefano Infessura (c. 1435 – c. 1500), which recounts how supporters of the Colonna and Della Valle families came to blows on the church's porch: *Dell'anno Domini 1482 a dì 4 d'aprile lo papa fece gittare in terra le case di misser Iorio Santa Croce et del fratello; et questo fece perchè la notte innanti lo ditto missor Iorio, con molti compagni armati et bene in ponto, assaltaro casa di missore Liello et di Iacovo della Valle; et poseronsi nello porticale di Santo Sebastiano, et lì combattendo contra ad quelli della Valle, uccisero lo signore Ieronimo Colonna, figlio naturale tantum dello prefetto della Colonna ...* In the year of the Lord 1482 on the fourth day of April, the Pope razed to the ground the homes of Iorio Santa Croce and his brother; and this he did because the night before, the same Iorio, with many companions (armed, and very much so), assaulted the home of Liello and Giacomo della Valle; and positioning themselves in the portico of San Sebastiano, and fighting there against those who belonged to della Valle, they killed Geronimo Colonna, the full natural son of the prefect of the Colonnas. The church was demolished under Pope Sixtus V (term 1585-1590) together with the adjoining parish house in order to enable the construction of the much larger and grander church of Sant'Andrea della Valle. A papal brief of August 18, 1590, however, stipulates that because Sant'Andrea would "embrace and enclose" the site of the former church of Saint Sebastian, there ought to be an altar dedicated to that saint inside the new one. As a result, there is a side chapel in Sant'Andrea della Valle in honor of Sebastian and a statue of him on its facade, both of which serve to perpetuate the memory of the demolished church. Another remnant of the vanished church is discernible in the Barberini Chapel of Sant'Andrea. In that chapel, which is the first on the left as one enters the church, there is a small chamber, which is separated by an ironwork grill from the rest of the chapel. This spot marks the location where Sebastian's body was reputedly recovered, and where the high altar of the former church once stood. Furthermore, the feast day of Saint Sebastian has historically been celebrated with special festivity in Sant'Andrea.

Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse **Square Angel** (foaled April 4, 1970 in Ontario) was a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. Background ---------- Bred by E. P. Taylor, Square Angel was sired by 1964 Belmont Stakes winner Quadrangle. Her dam was Nangela, a daughter of Nearctic, the sire of one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history, Northern Dancer. Racing career ------------- Square Angel was purchased and raced by General W. Preston Gilbride CBE, DSO, CO-N, who entrusted her race conditioning to future Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame trainer Frank Merrill, Jr. A stakes winner at two, as a three-year-old in 1973, Square Angel won Canada's most important race for fillies of her age group: the Canadian Oaks. In addition to a win in the Fury Stakes and Nettie Handicap she finished first in the Wonder Where Stakes but was disqualified and set back to second. Square Angel's performances earned her Canadian Champion Three-Year-Old Filly honours. Broodmare --------- Retired to broodmare duty, Square Angel was the dam of four stakes winners and one additional stakes-placed winner from six foals to race. Among her best offspring were Kamar (b. 1976), a Canadian Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and the 1990 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year, and Love Smitten (b. 1981), whose wins included the Grade 1 Apple Blossom Handicap and the Grade 2 Santa Maria Handicap and who was the dam of Swain. Kamar's daughter, Jood produced Fantastic Light.

2023 film by Jeremy Boreing ***Lady Ballers*** is a 2023 American sports comedy "film" starring, directed and co-written by Jeremy Boreing, co-CEO of conservative media company *The Daily Wire*. It also stars Daniel Considine, David Cone, Tyler Fischer, and *Daily Wire* hosts Jake and Blain Crain. Boreing plays a down-on-his-luck-coach who will do anything to win, even bring his old male basketball team together to compete in women's sports. The film has cameos from *Daily Wire* contributors and other prominent right-wing figures. Senator Ted Cruz and former competitive swimmer Riley Gaines both made cameo appearances as themselves. *Daily Wire*'s Ben Shapiro, Matt Walsh, Candace Owens, Michael Knowles, Andrew Klavan, Brett Cooper, and Jordan Peterson all make appearances. The film is the debut of Billie Rae Brandt and Rosie Seraphine Harper. Plot ---- In 2008, coach Rob Gibson leads his high school boy's basketball team to victory in a third back-to-back state championship in Nashville. Fifteen years later, Rob finds himself in the midst of a divorce and he is fired from his coaching position. Desperate, Rob accepts a job at a drag queen restaurant where he finds his former star point guard, Alex Cruise, also working there. Rob begins coaching Alex to compete in a track and field competition for money. After Alex is mistakenly believed to be transgender, Rob convinces Alex to compete in the women's competition. Alex easily wins every event, gaining the attention of local reporter, Gwen Wilde, who convinces them to work with her as a means to become famous. Rob and Alex reassemble their championship basketball team to compete in a women's basketball league as transgender athletes. Initially skeptical, the team is convinced of the plan by Rob's 8-year-old daughter after she explains gender identity concepts with them. The Lady Ballers dominate their opponents, quickly gaining celebrity status. Gwen comes on to Rob sexually. Their newfound fame soon causes strife between the team and Rob begins to feel increasingly guilty as his actions strain his already fragile relationship with his disapproving ex-wife, and especially after his daughter tells him she wants to be a boy. When Alex express to Rob that he is beginning to believe he is actually transgender, Rob affirms that if Alex needs help, he will support him in obtaining it but that he will never actually be a woman. Rob shares concerns with Gwen including that their actions are negatively affecting the female athletes. In response, an angry Gwen orchestrates a plan to put the Lady Ballers up against a team of African American men also claiming to be transgender. The Lady Ballers find themselves badly losing at halftime and after Gwen attempts to kill Rob with a sniper rifle, he arranges for his daughter and a team of her friends to replace the Lady Ballers. The opposing team plays against the little girls lightheartedly, letting them pass to each other and lifting them up to slam dunk the ball. Rob reconciles with his ex-wife and the Lady Ballers officially disband. Cast ---- * Jeremy Boreing as Coach Rob Gibson * Daniel Considine as Alex Cruise * Jake Crain as Jake Crain * David Cone as David/Davida Cone * Blain Crain as Blain/Blair Crain * Tyler Fischer as Felix/Shelix Vanwyk * Billie Rae Brandt as Gwen Wilde * Lexie Contursi as Dharby Gibson * Rosie Seraphine Harper as Winnie Gibson * Matt Walsh as Kris Dilby/Himself * Ben Shapiro as the Ref * Candace Owens as herself * Brett Cooper as Stacey Santiago O'Brien * Michael Knowles as Drake Diamond * Andrew Klavan as himself * Spencer Klavan as The Peacemaker * Clay Travis as the Hawkettes Coach * Seth Dillon as the Cowgirls Coach * Riley Gaines as herself * Ted Cruz as himself * Dr. Jordan B. Peterson as himself * Chandler Juliet as Sheila * Kangmin Lee as An Ecstatic Fan * Siaka Massaquoi as Deuce Johnson * Ben Davies as Commercial Director * John Costellow as Basketball fan Production ---------- The premise of *Lady Ballers* originated as a potential documentary in which men would pretend to be transgender and attempt to integrate women's sports, but *The Daily Wire* changed the concept to a fictional comedy after failing to find any men who would agree to undergo the necessary requirements for trans women to participate on women's teams. An analysis of Meta's ad library found *The Daily Wire* had spent $1.6 million advertising *Lady Ballers* on Facebook and Instagram in the previous month. *The Daily Wire* commentator Michael Knowles, who appears in the film as a news anchor, told the American Family Association that "left-wing reviewers" who take issue with the film's assertion that untrained men could easily dominate professional women's sports "totally missed the point of the movie, which is no one cares about women's sports." ### Filming Principal photography began in June 2023. The film was shot in Nashville, Tennessee. A casting organization advertised the movie as "a sports comedy film" with the working title *Coach Miracle*. Recruiter pitches included calls for people willing to dress in drag "as a visual gag." An extra told *Nashville Scene* that several peers voiced objection upon realizing the political nature of the film and *The Daily Wire'*s involvement in it. They were then escorted out of the building, where audience scenes were being filmed. The following day, props including a sign with the text "Baller Pride" and a transgender flag had been removed from the set. Casting recruiters eventually had to double the pay offered to extras to $300 a day. Belmont University canceled planned filming on its campus "because the production company has not fulfilled the requirements or provided the details that would have been necessary for us to proceed," according to a university statement. ### Distribution The film was released on December 1, 2023, on DailyWire+. Reception --------- On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 43% rating, based on reviews from 7 critics. Film critic and conservative commentator Christian Toto praised it for "smart gags, impeccable timing and an 'amateur' cast that gets the job done" commending Boreing for "maintaining a consistent tone and quality" but acknowledges that the film is not for progressives, who would not appreciate it or find the satirical targets appropriate. *The Washington Times* reported that "pundits at the Daily Wire predicted that their first feature-length comedy, 'Lady Ballers,' would trigger the left, and they weren't wrong." John Serba of Decider.com was reminded of the film *Juwanna Mann* and says, "Lady Ballers is funny on occasion, but only unintentionally". He concludes it "isn't offensive as much as it's just depressing" and encourages audiences to "skip it". Katelyn Burns of MSNBC accused the movie of "anti-trans propaganda", and alleged the film lied about transgender people's ability to compete in sports. Mey Rude writing for gay magazine *Out* described the movie as "completely unfunny". She alleged that "It almost seems like the people who made the movie understand that if their premise was real, there would be real-life examples of groups of men like this taking over women’s sports. There aren’t."

German manufacturer of agricultural equipment based in Feucht, Germany **AGCO GmbH** is a German manufacturer of agricultural equipment based in Feucht, Germany, located just southwest of Nuremberg in Bavaria. It was established in 1918 as a harrow manufacturing company, and its product line has expanded since. Currently, AGCO in Germany has the industry's largest product range of mowers, tedders and rakes. The machines are a vibrant red color with safety tarps in a bright yellow color. The logo is also a vibrant red square with a white circle inside which states Fella in bold black letters. The Fella slogan is ‘*Harvesting Energy*’. History of the name ------------------- The origin of the name Fella is not entirely clear, however, the common belief is that it was derived from the Egyptian word *fellah* meaning farmer or peasant. The ‘fallahin’ (plural) were used by pharaohs in ancient Egypt to create their pyramids. They still exist in Egypt today and are the lowest social class. They are in a constant struggle to increase their social standing. This is believed[*by whom?*] to be a link between Fella and the journey to become one of the leading agricultural and forage harvesting companies. History ------- Self-propelled combine harvester *Jupiter* (1960) In 1917, Josef Hackl and Albert Löffler came up with the idea to create a harrow manufacturing company. World War I would soon be over and there would undoubtedly be an increase in farm equipment demand and sales and metal working production. Hackl and Löffler wanted to take advantage of this business opportunity. They also benefited by being involved in *Isaria-Zählerwerke* (a company that produced radios and was later purchased by Siemens). *Isaria-Zählerwerke* is a very important part of the history of Fella. The Board members of *Isaria-Zählerwerke*, which included Hackl, decided to undertake the *Bayerische Harzprodukte-Fabrik GmbH*, a company that produced wood products. This company leased out their land to the furniture company *Karl Beer*. That land also became important in the future of Fella-Werke. When Josef Hackl brought his idea to the Board members of *Isaria-Zählerwerke* and the *Bayerische Harzprodukte-Fabrik GmbH*, they thought it could work and decided to undertake it. They decided to give the *Bayerische Eggenfabrik AG* (later to be known as Fella-Werke GmbH) a beginning share capital of 300,000 German Marks to set up the new company. The general thought was that after World War I there would be an increase in the demand of metal work. This demand could not be satisfied by the Munich-based *Isaria-Zählerwerke* alone. Löffler left *Isaria-Zählerwerke* on 31 December 1917, and on 1 January 1918, he became Managing Director of the *Bayerische Eggenfabrik AG* in Feucht, Germany. The formal founding of the company took place on February 9, 1918, simultaneously while acquiring the land from the furniture company Karl Beer. The plot was approximately 9.3 acres (3.8 ha) and was acquired for 168,000 German marks. Under the leadership of Löffler, what is now known as Fella-Werke GmbH began as a harrow production company. It did not take long before Fella started acquiring other companies, however. In 1923, Fella acquired a loader wagon company and in 1924, they added the production of ploughs to their line. In 1931, Fella took over *Epple & Buxmann* in Augsburg. This was a crucial step in their harvesting technology. In that acquisition, Fella began their first production of mowers, tedders and rakes mainly for grain production. In 1954, there was the introduction of Jupiter, a self-propelled combine harvester. This harvester was very modern and advanced for the time, being able to work through not only one, but many different types of grain. In 1966, Fella added yet another product to their line: silos. In the 1980s, and 1990s, Fella really began to focus on their forage product range. They kept a large product range, but focused on advancing in the forage harvesting industry. Fella has still been making technical innovations in the field with the world’s largest mounted disc mower (working width: 33.92 feet (10.34 m)), the 36.09-foot (11.00 m) and 42.65-foot (13 m) tedders, and the TS 40000 rake. Present ------- AGCO GmbH is still located in Feucht, Germany. The present product range is focused on forage harvest implements: mowers, tedders, and rakes. AGCO is still known for having the largest forage harvesting product range, as well as professional sized machinery. Management ---------- AGCO also went through many management changes; in 1988, there was a management buy-out where Peter Timmermann became the managing director and in 1999, Timmermann sold the company to a Dutch investing group (Netagco) who invested heavily in Fella. Netagco invested specifically in upgrading the old buildings as well as building a new assembly hall and a more modern office building. In 2004, Fella was acquired by ARGO, who decided that their subsidiary company, Laverda, would become the parent company of Fella. In 2007, it became necessary for ARGO to sell 50% of Laverda. They sold that 50% to AGCO and in late 2010, AGCO announced its intentions to buy the remaining shares of Laverda, thereby purchasing Fella-Werke GmbH as well. This purchase was finalized in March 2011. Current machinery range ----------------------- Fendt tractor with Fella mowers AGCO currently offers drum mowers, disc mowers, mowers, tedders and rakes including conditioners and other attachments. The drum mowers come from 5.41 to 10.04 ft (1.65 to 3.06 m) for a single mower. Disc mowers, on the other hand, come with a working width of 5.45 to 30.51 ft (1.66 to 9.30 m). These come with several different options; tine or roller conditioners as well as a conveyor belt to form a swath immediately after mowing. Currently, Fella has the largest tedder on the market; the TH 1800 Hydro is a 57.41-foot (17.50 m) tedder. There are also small attachments for alpine tractors, TH 400 DS Hydro, which is 13.12 ft (4.00 m). Rakes include an 11.15 ft (3.40 m) TS 301 DS as the smallest alpine machine, and the TS 4000 which has a working width of 41.01 ft (12.50 m)). There are several different patents and innovations here, one being the ‘jet effect’. Manufacturing plant ------------------- AGCO manufacturing plant in Feucht, Germany, 2010 Since the founding of Fella in 1918, the property size has grown and decreased in size. In the beginning Fella was approximately 9.3 acres (3.8 ha) and at one point grew to be approximately 43.46 acres (17.59 ha). At its current size, Fella is 11.37 acres (4.60 ha) with five separate buildings. In 1997, Fella brought in a new concept to the way their manufacturing plant was set up. The decision was made to create four self-governing buildings. Each of these buildings would be responsible for its own machine type: one building for drum mowers, one for disc mowers, one for tedders, and one for rakes. There would be two responsible managers for the factory workers as well as the production requirements and plant management. Because of these modifications that helped increase productivity, and improve flexibility and quality, Fella won the 1998 *International Best Factory Award*.

Australian mining workers trade union The **Australian Coal and Shale Employees' Federation** (often known as the **Miners' Federation of Australia**) was an Australian trade union representing workers in the coal mining industry from 1913 to 1990. It was first federally registered in 1913 as the **Australasian Coal Miners' Association** and changed its name to the Australasian Coal and Shale Employees' Federation in 1916. It "traces its descent in an unbroken line" through the Amalgamated Miners' Association of Australasia, itself formed in 1884, by the amalgamation of other unions, including New South Wales coal miners, with the Amalgamated Miner's Association of Victoria, formed in 1874. In 1919, it joined the short-lived One Big Union, the Workers' Industrial Union of Australia, as its Mining Department, amending its constitution but retaining its separate industrial registration; the WIUA had ceased to exist by 1921. By the 1930s, the union was reported to be controlled by the Communist Party of Australia. In 1949, the union headed the 1949 Australian coal strike, which resulted in the Australian Labor Party government of Ben Chifley using the army to break the strike. It amalgamated with the Federated Mining Mechanics' Association of Australasia to form the United Mineworkers' Federation of Australia in 1990, which after two further amalgamations formed the Construction Forestry and Mining Employees' Union (the forerunner of the modern Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union) in 1992.

The **Hustler Club** is a series of bars and chain of go-go clubs licensed by *Hustler* magazine publisher Larry Flynt. Early history ------------- Flynt was discharged from the Navy in 1964 where he had served as a radar operator. After this stint in the Navy he worked in manufacturing jobs including one at a General Motors factory in Dayton, Ohio. In 1965, with $1,800 in savings, he made a down payment on a bar in one of Dayton's working-class neighborhoods. He specifically targeted working class patrons for his new bar by setting up horseshoe stakes and picnic tables and naming it Hillbilly Haven. Because of this, Flynt exponentially increased the bar's sales. By the end of 1965, Flynt was able to buy a second bar, and, the following year, a third. Both were similar in approach and customer base to Hillbilly Haven. Flynt opened a fourth bar named Whatever's Right. He purposely made this bar different from his earlier ventures. He sought to make this bar a "more elegant atmosphere" and geared it more to affluent and upscale male patrons. The club featured a dance floor and attractive hostesses whose job was to dance with patrons. These dancing hostesses were a huge success. In 1968, Flynt took this hostess idea a step further by opening the first Hustler Club which features semi-clothed girls. He figured that if fully clothed girls resulted in good sales, then semi-clothed girls would make great sales. His thoughts were right and the one Hustler Club in Dayton quickly creating a chain of clubs with the same name in Cincinnati, Columbus, Cleveland, Toledo, and Akron. Flynt sold his first two bars to focus on his Hustler Clubs and by early 1970, he had eight clubs and 300 employees. Closing ------- Flynt began publishing the *Hustler Newsletter* containing information about his various clubs. By 1974 the *Hustler Newsletter* had morphed into the full-fledged magazine, *Hustler*. A year into publishing *Hustler* the magazine was grossing more than $500,000 per issue. Later that same year with publishing profits far surpassing those of the Hustler Clubs, Flynt decided to get out of the bars business and be a publisher full-time. Rebirth ------- For close to 30 years the Hustler Club name lay dormant. In the early 2000s, Larry Flynt Publications began to license the Hustler Club name for new clubs across the country to Deja Vu, its partner in the pornography distribution business. At the opening of Hustler Club - San Francisco in March 2002 where Flynt was in attendance he said "there's a difference between style and class. We want this club to be about class." There are Hustler Clubs in six states and four countries.[] The brand continues to be expanded by Deja Vu, opening a new Hustler Club in Nashville in 2020. Hustler Club in New York Current clubs ------------- ### United States * San Francisco, California * San Diego, California * Washington Park, Illinois (St. Louis) * New Orleans, Louisiana * Baltimore, Maryland- Closed * New York City, New York * Cleveland, Ohio * Shreveport, Louisiana * Las Vegas, Nevada * Nashville, Tennessee ### International * Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Closed) * Warsaw, Poland

Sailboat class The **Archambault A40**, or **Archambault 40**, is a French sailboat that was designed by Joubert Nivelt Design as a cruiser-racer and first built in 2004. Production ---------- The design was built by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France, starting in 2004, but it is now out of production. Design ------ The Archambault A40 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a fractional sloop rig. The hull has a plumb stem, an open reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. The boat has a draft of 7.91 ft (2.41 m) with the standard keel and is fitted with a Swedish Volvo Penta D1-30 diesel engine of 29 hp (22 kW) for docking and manoeuvring. The design has sleeping accommodation for eight people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, two straight settees in the main cabin with a drop leaf table and two aft cabins, each with a double berth. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a two-burner stove, a 19.8 U.S. gallons (75 L; 16.5 imp gal) icebox and a sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the starboard side and has a shower. For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker. It has a hull speed of 8.14 kn (15.08 km/h). Operational history ------------------- A review in *Yacht and Boat* described sailing the design, "the boat is astonishingly easy to control. The steering does not load up at any time; to a degree, steering is an intellectual exercise, not a tactile one. By that I mean that when Glenn calls "pressure coming" and I wait for the helm to tell me that the boat feels the extra breeze, nothing happens. She simply accelerates in a straight line, with no need to wind off helm. It may be a different story in a sea and with tougher gusts; we had smooth seas, but there is never an acute angle of heel, or sudden lurch that upsets the crew. It's a terrible cliche, but this hull really, really is like a big dinghy."

Barrier built by Israel along its border with Egypt Post-upgrade section of fencing north of Eilat, 2012 Pre-upgrade Israeli border fence with Egypt near Nitzana, 2007 International Space Station satellite imagery of the border between Egypt (left) and Israel (right) with the Gaza Strip at its northern end. The city of Rafah, split by the border into an Egyptian part and a Palestinian part since 1982, is located at the centre of the image. The difference in the shades of the terrain in uncultivated areas is the result of overgrazing on the Egyptian side of the border. The **Egypt–Israel barrier** or **Egypt–Israel border fence** (Hebrew: שְׁעוֹן הַחוֹל, romanized: *Shaʽon HaḤol*, lit. 'sand clock') refers to a separation barrier built by Israel along its border with Egypt. Initial construction on the barrier began on 22 November 2010, and its original purpose as a common fence was to curb the large influx of illegal migrants from African countries into Israel. However, in the wake of the Egyptian Crisis after the 2011 Revolution, Israel's southwestern border with Egypt experienced an increase in militant jihadist activity with the outbreak of the Sinai insurgency. In response, Israel upgraded the steel barrier—called *Project Hourglass* by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)—to include cameras, radars, and motion detectors. In January 2013, construction on the barrier's main section was completed; the final section was completed in December 2013. A number of countries, including the United States and India, have sent delegations to Israel to observe its border-controlling capabilities and the various technologies used by the IDF to secure Israel's boundaries against the Arab states. Some of these countries have expressed an interest in implementing Israeli strategies and technologies with their own border fences; the Trump administration cited Israel's border strategies as inspiration for the barrier built by the United States along its border with Mexico, while Indian officials have discussed the implementation of an "Israel-type model" for the barrier built by India along its border with Pakistan. The 245-kilometre (152 mi) barrier, stretching from the Israeli city of Eilat in the south to the Gaza–Israel border in the north, took three years to construct at an estimated cost of NIS 1.6 billion (US$450 million), making it one of the largest projects in Israel's history. Background ---------- Pre-upgrade border fence section north of Eilat, 2008 An old and rusty low-height fence swamped by shifting sand dunes, which mainly served as a border marker between Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and Israel, had already existed in the Negev Desert prior to any barrier considerations. The smuggling of cigarettes as well as drugs by Bedouins whose tribal lands straddle the Egypt–Israel border had been a long-term but low-level problem. However, armed infiltrations by Arab militants into Israel along the porous border led to Israeli calls for the construction of a security fence by December 2005; the Israeli government decided to build the barrier in the late 2000s, in light of mass illegal African immigration. Purpose ------- The separation barrier was originally planned in response to the high levels of illegal African migrants, mainly from Eritrea and Sudan, who were being smuggled into Israel by Bedouin traffickers. Tens of thousands of people attempted to cross from Egypt's Sinai Peninsula into Israel every year, predominantly economic migrants. During Hosni Mubarak's regime, Egyptian border guards sometimes shot African migrants who were trying to enter Israel illegally. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that the barrier is meant to "secure Israel's Jewish and democratic character." The 2011 Egyptian revolution, the demise of Mubarak's regime, increased lawlessness and a rising Islamist insurgency in the Sinai, as well as the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks led to the project's upgrading with surveillance equipment and its timetable for completion being expedited. Construction ------------ Under-construction barrier section in the Eilat Mountains during the upgrade project, June 2012 The fence has two layers of fencing, one with barbed wire. The structure includes the installation of advanced surveillance equipment. Eventually the whole border will be sealed. The estimated cost of the project is NIS1.6 billion ($450 million). In March 2012, nearly 105 km (65 miles) of fence had been built by 30 contractors working concurrently and building several hundred meters (yards) of the fence every day. The goal was to finish the remaining 135 km (84 miles), including those running through the mountainous area of Sinai, in 2012. Construction of the main section 230 km (143 miles) was completed in January 2013. The project was completed in December 2013. Effects on illegal entry ------------------------ Section of the Egypt–Israel barrier in 2017 While 9,570 citizens of various African countries entered Israel illegally in the first half of 2012, only 34 did the same in the first six months of 2013, after construction of the main section of the barrier was completed. After the entire fence was completed, the number of migrant crossings had dropped to 16 in 2016. Egyptian reaction ----------------- Egypt has stated that it does not object to the construction of any barrier as long as all fortifications are built on Israeli soil.

Italian-American bodybuilder and model (1905-1987) Tony Sansone **Tony Sansone** (September 19, 1905 – January 13, 1987) was an Italian-American bodybuilder and model. Background ---------- Anthony Joseph Sansone was born September 19, 1905, in New York City. His parents were both Sicilian immigrants: Ignazio (Charles) Sansone and Paolina (Pauline) Giardina. Sansone married Sophie Frank ("Rita") in 1926, and had two children, Pauline and Anthony Joseph, Jr ("Nino"). Early interest in physique development -------------------------------------- At an early age, Sansone (pronounced sahn-sown-eh, later Americanized to san-sown-ee) had contracted scarlet fever and then typhoid fever, leaving him with a fragile build. At 14, he took an interest in sports and began working out at a nearby park, doing running, chin-ups, handstands, and other acrobatics. At 16, he came across magazine pictures of physique star Tommy Farber in *Physical Culture* magazine and became interested in physical development. He trained under the tutelage of bodybuilding publisher Bernarr Macfadden and bodybuilder Charles Atlas (aka Angelo Siciliano). In October 1923, Sansone, 18, won a physique contest sponsored by Atlas. He did not pursue competitive bodybuilding as a career, however and never earned any titles. Modeling -------- Much of Tony Sansone's enduring fame in bodybuilding history was the result of his success as a model. Sansone began modeling when he was still a teenager. During the Depression, Sansone profited by selling pictures of himself through mail-order ads. He became a much sought-after model who posed for paintings, photographs, and sculpture. He was featured on many magazine covers, both American and European. He modeled for statues by James Earle Fraser ("Meriwether Lewis;" Fraser also designed the US buffalo nickel), Arthur Lee ("Rhythm" which was created over five years, 1925–1930), and Malvina Hoffman ("Nordic Type" and "Elemental Man"). Sansone published several photo books, including *Modern Classics,* *Rhythm,* *Du-ets* (sic), and *Nudleafs.* By 1936, he had sold over 15,000 copies of *Modern Classics* and *Rhythm* combined. Theater, film, businessman -------------------------- In the mid-1920s, Sansone began studying dance as an exercise. He was selected by Alexandre Gavrilov to perform in "Ballet Moderne" which debuted on April 10, 1928. He also toured with Polish-Yugoslavian ballet dancer Desha Podgorska. His dance career was cut short by a knee accident, but the training influenced his style of posing. From 1928 to 1929, Sansone performed in David Belasco's elaborate sci-fi theater production of *Mima*. The show ran for 180 performances. Among the spectators of "Mima" was photographer Edwin F. Townsend. Townsend took a great interest in Sansone and began photographing him in 1929. He became Sansone's principal photographer. In 1929, Sansone got a small part in director John W. Harkrider's *Glorifying the American Girl*, which co-starred Eddie Cantor. Like competitive bodybuilding, Sansone never pursued acting as a career. Sansone owned and operated three gyms (which he referred to as "body culture studios") in New York City. Bodybuilder Steve Reeves was among his customers. Physique -------- Tony Sansone stood 6 feet tall and weighed 185 lbs. His muscles were highly defined but did not display the massive bulkiness common in modern bodybuilding. Sansone, in fact, took no interest in measurements, preferring a look that was more slender and flexible. His training included weightlifting, running, swimming, and gymnastics. Sansone was especially strong in parallel bar work. Sansone was photographed mainly in the nude, and was celebrated for his creative posing. Although naturally tan, Sansone enhanced his "bronze" look with body makeup. Charles Atlas called him "The Most Beautiful Man in America." Physical-culture historian David Gentle said "If Sansone had been born in Greek antiquity, he would have been immortalized as a god." Later life ---------- Tony Sansone retired from the gym business after 30 years. He went on to do volunteer work, especially teaching underprivileged children. Sansone died on January 13, 1987, after a five-year struggle with colon cancer. Sources ------- * *American Adonis: Tony Sansone, the First Male Physique Icon,* John Massey (2004) | * v * t * e Physical culture | | --- | | Antecedents | * Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths * Friedrich Ludwig Jahn * Johann Baptist Krebs * Pehr Henrik Ling * Franz Nachtegall * Francisco Amorós y Ondeano * Adolf Spiess * Thomas Topham | | Systems | | | | | --- | --- | | European | * Bert Assirati * William Bankier * Edward William Barton-Wright * Zishe Breitbart * Niels Bukh * Victor Dane * François Delsarte * Edmond Desbonnet * Launceston Elliot * Tony Emmott * Juan Ferrero * Eileen Fowler * Bob Fitzsimmons * Gustav Frištenský * Edith Margaret Garrud * Hermann Görner * George Hackenschmidt * Georges Hébert * Oscar Heidenstam * F. A. Hornibrook * Thomas Inch * John Lees * Dan McLeod * Jørgen Peter Müller * Hartvig Nissen * Reg Park * William Pullum * Joan Rhodes * Eugen Sandow * Arthur Saxon * Sokol * Mary Bagot Stack * Lionel Strongfort * Maxalding + Maxick + Monte Saldo * Vulcana * Ronald Walker * Emily Diana Watts * Freddie Welsh | | Indian | | | | | --- | --- | | Bodybuilding | * Manohar Aich * The Great Gama * B. C. Ghosh * K. V. Iyer * Kodi Rammurthy Naidu * Chandgi Ram | | Yogic | * Krishnamacharya * Kuvalayananda * Seetharaman Sundaram * Shri Yogendra * Tiruka | | | New World | * Marguerite Agniel * Charles Atlas * Sanford Bennett * Pierre Bernard * Mark Berry * Joe Bonomo * George Brosius * Drexel Biddle * Marie Bjelke Petersen * William Blaikie * Alan Calvert * Edwin Checkley * C. Ward Crampton * Jack Delinger * Ludwig Durlacher * George Eiferman * Carrica Le Favre * Keene Fitzpatrick * Mark Forest * Ed Fury * John B. Gagnon * Vince Gironda * Joe Greenstein * John Grimek * Milo Hastings * Roy Hilligenn * Bob Hoffman * George F. Jowett * Annette Kellerman * Siegmund Klein * Jack LaLanne * W. R. C. Latson * Diocletian Lewis * Gilman Low * Dan Lurie * Bernarr Macfadden * Artie McGovern * William Muldoon * Ralph Parcaut * Kid Parker * Harry Paschall * Bill Pearl * Steve Reeves * Leo Robert * Joe Rollino * Tony Sansone * Dudley Allen Sargent * Larry Scott * Amos Alonzo Stagg * Genevieve Stebbins * Alois P. Swoboda * Armand Tanny * Vic Tanny * John Terpak * Warren Lincoln Travis * Al Treloar * Turners | | | Related | * Battle of the Systems * Fitness culture * Gymnastics * Muscular Christianity * Muscular Judaism * Yoga as exercise * Natural hygiene * Pilates | | * **Category** | | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * FAST * VIAF | | National | * United States | | Other | * SNAC |

Former state highway in New York State **New York State Route 952Q** (**NY 952Q**) is an unsigned reference route designation for the portion of Walden Avenue outside of the Buffalo city limits in Erie County, New York, in the United States. The western terminus of the 14-mile (23 km) route is at the Buffalo city line in Cheektowaga, where Walden Avenue continues west toward downtown Buffalo. Its eastern terminus is at Genesee Street in Alden, where NY 33 and Genesee Street continue on the linear northeasterly path followed by Walden Avenue for most of its routing. Walden Avenue is the home of the Walden Galleria, a large shopping mall near the street's interchange with the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90 or I-90) in Cheektowaga. As the road heads east through the towns of Cheektowaga, Lancaster, and Alden, it closely parallels the CSX Transportation-owned Rochester Subdivision rail line. NY 952Q, the longest non-parkway reference route in New York, was assigned in 1980 as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state of New York and Erie County. Route description ----------------- Westward view of Walden Avenue at I-90 (exit 52) in Cheektowaga NY 952Q begins at the Buffalo city line, picking up Walden Avenue's urban, residential setting. The street heads east through the town of Cheektowaga to an intersection with Harlem Road (NY 240), where Walden Avenue widens from two to four lanes and takes on a suburban commercial setting. Here, the homes that had lined the street are replaced with shopping centers and stores. It continues generally eastward past smaller commercial establishments to New York State Thruway (I-90) exit 52, where the highway widens to six lanes in advance of the sprawling Walden Galleria shopping mall, located adjacent to the northeastern corner of the interchange. Walden Avenue remains a six-lane road for a considerable distance past the mall, meeting Union Road (NY 277) and Dick Road while serving a continuous line of businesses.[] The commercial strip ends 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east of the Thruway in the Depew village limits, at which point the road narrows to four lanes as it passes under a branch line leading from the nearby main line of the CSX Transportation. Walden Avenue comes close to the main line tracks here, but it gradually moves away from the railroad as it enters a commercial and residential area of Cheektowaga. Here, the road makes a slight turn to the northeast, beginning a linear 10-mile (16 km) stretch that ultimately takes Walden Avenue out of the Buffalo suburbs. The road's surroundings remain mixed through its intersection with Transit Road (NY 78) north of Depew's village center. After Transit Road, Walden Avenue enters the town of Lancaster and crosses the northern fringe of the village of Lancaster, connecting to Central Avenue (County Route 57 or CR 57), the village's main north–south street.[] East end of Walden Avenue at NY 33 in Alden East of the village of Lancaster, the development along Walden Avenue begins to taper off as the constant homes and businesses slowly give way to large stretches of wooded areas. Still, the highway initially passes several cul-de-sacs leading away from the northern side of the road and a number of industrial buildings situated adjacent to the CSX mainline, here designated as the Rochester Subdivision line. This trend changes again after just 1 mile (1.6 km) as the isolated homes on the north side are supplanted by equally isolated industrial warehouses. Walden Avenue eventually follows the CSX mainline into the town of Alden, where development drops off even further. It passes north of the Wende Correctional Facility and serves a small number of commercial and industrial complexes on its way to an intersection with Genesee Street (NY 33).[] Walden Avenue and NY 952Q end here, while NY 33 continues onto the straight route as Genesee Street.[] History ------- The section of Walden Avenue between the Buffalo city line and NY 33 in Alden was originally a county road maintained by Erie County. On April 1, 1980, ownership and maintenance of the road was transferred to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. The new, 14-mile (23 km) state highway was subsequently designated as the unsigned NY 952Q. The route is the longest reference route in the state that is not associated with a parkway. Major intersections ------------------- The entire route is in Erie County. | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Cheektowaga | 0.00 | 0.00 | Walden Avenue west | Continuation into Buffalo at the city line | | 0.77 | 1.24 | NY 240 (Harlem Road) | | | 1.68 | 2.70 | I-90 (New York Thruway) | Exit 52 on I-90 / Thruway | | 2.33 | 3.75 | NY 277 (Union Road) | | | Depew | 5.29 | 8.51 | NY 78 (Transit Road) | | | Town of Alden | 14.08 | 22.66 | NY 33 (Genesee Street) | | | 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |

**Golam Rahman** was a Bangladeshi journalist and writer. He was awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award for his contribution to Bengali literature. Early life ---------- Rahman was born on 28 November 1931 in Kolkata, West Bengal, British India. He studied law at Surendranath Law College but moved to Dhaka following the Partition of India and as a result could not finish his studies. He joined Jagannath College but dropped out before graduation. Career ------ Rahman worked at *Daily Ittehad* and *Daily Insaf* while leaving in Kolkata. He edited the *Madhumala*, a weekly. He was elected Assistant Secretary of the East Pakistan Journalists' Union. His novel, Golam Rahman Rachanabali, was published by Bangla Academy. He was awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1969. Bibliography ------------ * Rakamfer (1953) * Panur Pathshala (1953) * Badi Niye Badabadi (1957) * Buddhir Dhenki (1958) * Chakmaki (1960) * Jyanta Chhabir Bhojbaji (1960) * Russ Desher Rupkatha (1960) * Ishaper Galpa (1966) * Neta O Rani (1954) * Amader Bir Sangrami (1970) Death ----- Rahman was murdered on 13 January 1972 shortly after the Independence of Bangladesh.

American businesswoman, Hispanic market expert **Liliana "Lili" Gil Valletta** is a former corporate executive turned entrepreneur and independent board director. She is the co-founder and CEO of the cultural intelligence market research tech-firm CulturIntel and the global cultural marketing agency CIEN+, which have become a global conglomerate called Culture+ Group, a family of Cultural Intelligence companies. She is also a TED speaker, and a regular television business and politics commentator seen on Fox News Channel, Fox Business Network, NTN24, and CNN en Español among others. Education and career -------------------- Originally from Bogota, Colombia, Liliana Gil immigrated to the United States as a teenager. She attended Southwestern Adventist University, earning a Bachelor’s in Business, as well as an MBA from the University of Colorado. As a Young Global Leader selected by the World Economic Forum, she also completed the WEF exclusive Global Leadership and Public Policy Executive Program at The Harvard Kennedy School. Valletta spent most of her career at Johnson & Johnson where she held positions including the global marketing services director, co-founded the company's Hispanic employee business resource group The Hispanic Organization for Leadership and Achievement (HOLA), and launched "Proyecto MAS2", a pioneering initiative to quantify the business case for doing multicultural marketing and bring increased visibility to the Hispanic segment of the company's customer base, particularly within the pharmaceutical sector. In 2010, with business partner Enrique Arbelaez, Valletta co-founded XL Alliance and rebranded to CIEN+ in 2016. The company is a cultural intelligence firm offering data-analytics, business strategy, and cross-cultural marketing primarily serving Fortune 500 Clients like Google, Johnson & Johnson, Prudential, Nestlé, Merck, UnitedHealth Group, among others. The firm is 100 percent minority owned and woman owned. The company currently has offices in New York City, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, Denver, and Colombia. Media appearances and public speaking ------------------------------------- Valletta has appeared in the media, including on FOX News, MSNBC and CNN. She has appeared in Spanish-speaking media for networks including Univision, Telemundo, Television Dominicana, Telemicro Internacional, Caracol Television and NTN24 Noticias. She is also an independent contributor for the *Huffington Post* and *Fox News Latino*. Valletta is the creator of the YouTube channel *Moments to CultuRise* with marketing insights, data, news and commentary about cultural intelligence and cultural trends in business. Valletta has also spoken before organizations and universities. Valletta has frequently mentioned the idea of the "Brown Elephant" in the room, which represents a fast approaching majority-minority market that is often being ignored in business, despite the fact that it's growing in size and income. In 2019, Gil Valletta formed part of the selection committee of the Miss Universe 2018 in the Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand, transmitted on FOX. Awards ------ In 2018 Valletta received the highest recognition by the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce as 2018 Hispanic Business Person of the Year, Women Power 100 as one of the most powerful women of New York, and in 2018 received the New York Women of Excellence Award by the New York Women's Chamber of Commerce. In 2017 PRWeek named her Top 50 Most Influential in Healthcare for her work in data analytics and patient insights enabled by artificial intelligence. In 2008, Valletta was named in *PODER* Magazine's Top 20 Under 40. In 2009, she was named Business Woman of the Year Award by Latin Pride Awards, an Outstanding Business Woman by the National Association of Professional Women, and received the Latina Leadership Award from the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). In 2011, she won a Latino Trendsetter Award. In 2013, she was named one of New York's 25 Top Rising Latinos by *Latino Leaders Magazine*. Affiliations ------------ In 2021, Valletta was appointed as independent director joining the board of RCN Television, part of the Ardila Lulle Organization traded under RCNTELEVI. In 2019, Valletta was voted as an independent director joining the board of directors for Zumiez (NASDQ: ZUMZ). Valletta is part of the leas than 1% of public board seats held by a Hispanic woman in the U.S.. In 2011, Valletta was selected by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader. She is a board member of the Women’s Leadership Board of Harvard’s Kennedy School. She is a member of The Global Diversity and Inclusion Foundation, and a member of the National Society of Hispanic MBAs. In 2010 she served as co-chair of St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital's Gala por la Vida NY. Personal life ------------- Valletta is married to former NFL player and co-founder of Mission Chris Valletta, who was also in season four of *The Apprentice*.

Capital city of Oklahoma, United States For other uses, see Oklahoma City (disambiguation). State capital city in Oklahoma, United States **Oklahoma City** (/oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/ ⓘ), officially the **City of Oklahoma City**, and often shortened to **OKC**, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, it ranks 20th among United States cities in population, and is the 8th largest city in the Southern United States. The population grew following the 2010 census and reached 681,054 in the 2020 census. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445, and the Oklahoma City–Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124, making it Oklahoma's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population. Oklahoma City's city limits extend somewhat into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside the core Oklahoma County area are suburban tracts or protected rural zones (watershed). The city is the eighth-largest in the United States by area including consolidated city-counties; it is the second-largest, after Houston, not including consolidated cities. The city is also the second-largest by area among state capital cities in the United States, after Juneau, Alaska. Along with Topeka, Kansas and Cheyenne, Wyoming, Oklahoma City is one of three state capitals with an indigenous name in a state with an indigenous name. Oklahoma City has one of the world's largest livestock markets. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products, and related industries are its economy's largest sector. The city is in the middle of an active oil field, and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs a large number of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (which house offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively). Oklahoma City is on the I-35 and I-40 corridors, one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and New Mexico, north towards Wichita and Kansas City, west to Albuquerque, and east towards Little Rock and Memphis. Located in the state's Frontier Country region, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889 and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. It was the site of the April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died, the deadliest terror attack in U.S. history until the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history. Since weather records have been kept beginning in 1890, Oklahoma City has been struck by 14 violent tornadoes, 11 of which were rated F4 or EF4 on the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, and one each rated F5 and EF5. History ------- Main article: History of Oklahoma City For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Oklahoma City. Map of Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 1889, showing Oklahoma as a train stop on a railroad line. Britannica 9th ed. | | | --- | | **Native American names for Oklahoma City** | | Cherokee: ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ | | *Romanized:* ogalahoma gaduhvi | | Cheyenne: *Ma'xepóno'e* | | Delaware: Oklahoma-utènaii | | Iowa-Oto: Chína Chége Itúⁿ | | Navajo: *Halgai Hóteeldi Kin Haalʼáhí* | | Meskwaki: Okonohômîheki | Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889, when the area known as the "Unassigned Lands" was opened for settlement in an event known as "The Land Run". On April 26 of that year its first mayor was elected, William Couch. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser, Oscar Ameringer, Jack C. Walton and James W. Maney. Lithograph of Oklahoma City from 1890. Looking north on Broadway from present-day Sheridan Ave, 1910. By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the new state's population center and commercial hub. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz song "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66" made famous by artist Nat King Cole. Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40, and I-44. It was also aided by the federal development of Tinker Air Force Base after successful lobbying efforts by the director of the Chamber of Commerce Stanley Draper. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 8.6% black and 90.7% white. In 1959, the city government launched a "Great Annexation Drive" that expanded the city's area from 80 square miles (210 km2) to 475.55 square miles (1,231.7 km2) by the end of 1961, making it the largest U.S. city by land mass at the time. Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents. Oklahoma City National Memorial at Christmas. Like many other American cities, the center city population declined in the 1970s and 1980s as families followed newly constructed highways to move to newer housing in nearby suburbs. Urban renewal projects in the 1970s, including the Pei Plan, removed older structures but failed to spark much new development, leaving the city dotted with vacant lots used for parking. A notable exception was the city's construction of the Myriad Gardens and Crystal Bridge, a botanical garden and modernistic conservatory in the heart of downtown. Architecturally significant historic buildings lost to clearances were the Criterion Theater, the Baum Building, the Hales Building, and the Biltmore Hotel. In 1993, the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS), intended to rebuild the city's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown. The city added a new baseball park; a central library; renovations to the civic center, convention center, and fairgrounds; and a water canal in the Bricktown entertainment district. Water taxis transport passengers within the district, adding color and activity along the canal. MAPS has become one of the most successful public-private partnerships undertaken in the U.S. exceeding $3 billion in private investment as of 2010. As a result of MAPS, the population living in downtown housing has exponentially increased, together with the demand for additional residential and retail amenities, such as grocery, services, and shops. Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated. Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995, when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families, and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost. McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. The "Core-to-Shore" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of "Core to Shore" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009. Geography --------- Mid-May 2006 photograph of Oklahoma City taken from the International Space Station (ISS) Oklahoma City lies along one of the primary corridors into Texas and Mexico, and is a three-hour drive from the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. The city is in the Frontier Country region in the center of the state, making it an ideal location for state government. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles (1,606.7 km2), of which 601.11 square miles (1,556.9 km2) is land and 19.23 square miles (49.8 km2) is water. Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to 400 feet (80 to 120 m) and two species of oak: blackjack oak (*Quercus marilandica*) and post oak (*Q. stellata*). The northeastern part of the city and its eastern suburbs fall into an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River (recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits). The North Canadian once had sufficient flow to flood every year, wreaking destruction on surrounding areas, including the central business district and the original Oklahoma City Zoo. In the 1940s, a dam was built on the river to manage the flood control and reduce its level. In the 1990s, as part of the citywide revitalization project known as MAPS, the city built a series of low-water dams, returning water to the portion of the river flowing near downtown. The city has three large lakes: Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser, in the northwestern quarter of the city; and the largest, Lake Stanley Draper, in the city's sparsely populated far southeast portion. The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 square miles (630 km2) resulting in a 2013 estimated density of 2,500 per square mile (970/km2), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits. Oklahoma City is one of the largest cities in the nation in compliance with the Clean Air Act. ### Tallest buildings Main article: List of tallest buildings in Oklahoma City | Rank | Building | Height | Floors | Built | Ref. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Devon Energy Center | 844 feet (257 m) | 50 | 2012 | | | 2 | BancFirst Tower | 500 feet (152 m) | 36 | 1971 | | | 3 | First National Center | 446 feet (136 m) | 33 | 1931 | | | 4 | BOK Park Plaza | 433 feet (132 m) | 27 | 2017 | | | 5 | Oklahoma Tower | 410 feet (125 m) | 31 | 1982 | | | 6 | Strata Tower | 393 feet (120 m) | 30 | 1973 | | | 7 | City Place | 391 feet (119 m) | 33 | 1931 | | | 8 | Valliance Bank Tower | 321 feet (98 m) | 22 | 1984 | | | 9 | Leadership Square North | 285 feet (87 m) | 22 | 1984 | | | 10 | Arvest Tower | 281 feet (86 m) | 16 | 1972 | | ### Neighborhoods Main article: Neighborhoods of Oklahoma City Automobile Alley in Oklahoma City Looking up in the heart of Oklahoma City's Central Business District Oklahoma City neighborhoods are extremely varied, with affluent historic neighborhoods located next to districts that have not wholly recovered from economic and social decline of the 1970s and 1980s.[] The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River, which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City. The north side is characterized by very diverse and fashionable urban neighborhoods near the city center and sprawling suburbs further north. South Oklahoma City is generally more blue collar working class and significantly more industrial, having grown up around the Stockyards and meat packing plants at the turn of the century, and is the center of the city's rapidly growing Latino community. Downtown Oklahoma City, which has 7,600 residents, is seeing an influx of new private investment and large scale public works projects, which have helped to resuscitate a central business district left almost deserted by the Oil Bust of the early 1980s. The centerpiece of downtown is the newly renovated Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens, one of the few elements of the Pei Plan to be completed. In 2021 a massive new central park will link the gardens near the CBD and the new convention center to be built just south of it to the North Canadian River, as part of a massive works project known as "Core to Shore"; the new park is part of MAPS3, a collection of civic projects funded by a one-cent temporary (seven-year) sales tax increase. ### Climate Main article: Climate of Oklahoma City Oklahoma City has a temperate humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), along with significant continental influences. The city features very hot, humid summers, and cool winters. Prolonged and severe droughts (sometimes leading to wildfires in the vicinity), as well as very heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding and flooding, occur with some regularity. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter. The average temperature is 61.4 °F (16.3 °C), with the monthly daily average ranging from 39.2 °F (4.0 °C) in January to 83.0 °F (28.3 °C) in July. Extremes range from −17 °F (−27 °C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 °F (45 °C) on August 11, 1936, and August 3, 2012; the last sub-zero (Fahrenheit) reading was −14 °F (−26 °C) on February 16, 2021. Temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C) on 10.4 days of the year, 90 °F (32 °C) on nearly 70 days, and fail to rise above freezing on 8.3 days. The city receives about 35.9 inches (91.2 cm) of precipitation annually, of which 8.6 inches (21.8 cm) is snow. The report "Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment" (NCA) from 2013 by NOAA, projects that parts of the Great Plains region can expect up to 30% (high emissions scenario based on CMIP3 and NARCCAP models) increase in extreme precipitation days by mid-century. This definition is based on days receiving more than one inch of rainfall. #### Extreme weather Oklahoma City has an active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by 13 violent tornadoes, eleven rated F/EF4 and two rated F/EF5. On May 3, 1999, parts of Oklahoma City and surrounding communities were impacted by a tornado. It was the last U.S. tornado to be given a rating of F5 on the Fujita scale before the Enhanced Fujita scale replaced it in 2007. While the tornado was in the vicinity of Bridge Creek to the southwest, wind speeds of 318 mph (510 km/h) were estimated by a mobile Doppler radar, the highest wind speeds ever recorded on Earth. A second top-of-the-scale tornado occurred on May 20, 2013; South Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit by an EF5 tornado. The tornado was 0.5 to 1.3 miles (0.80 to 2.09 km) wide and killed 23 people. On May 31, less than two weeks after the May 20 event, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area. Within Oklahoma City, the system spawned an EF1 and an EF0 tornado, and in El Reno to the west, an EF3 tornado occurred. This lattermost tornado, which was heading in the direction of Oklahoma City before it dissipated, had a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km), making it the widest tornado ever recorded. Additionally, winds in excess of 295 mph (475 km/h) were measured, one of the two highest wind records for a tornado. With 19.48 inches (495 mm) of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record-keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was a record flooding in the latter part of the month. | Climate data for Oklahoma City (Will Rogers World Airport), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1890−present | | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °F (°C) | 83(28) | 92(33) | 97(36) | 100(38) | 104(40) | 107(42) | 110(43) | 113(45) | 108(42) | 97(36) | 87(31) | 86(30) | 113(45) | | Mean maximum °F (°C) | 71.7(22.1) | 77.1(25.1) | 84.2(29.0) | 86.9(30.5) | 92.3(33.5) | 96.4(35.8) | 102.4(39.1) | 101.5(38.6) | 96.2(35.7) | 88.9(31.6) | 79.1(26.2) | 71.2(21.8) | 103.8(39.9) | | Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 49.3(9.6) | 53.8(12.1) | 62.9(17.2) | 71.1(21.7) | 78.9(26.1) | 87.5(30.8) | 93.1(33.9) | 92.2(33.4) | 83.9(28.8) | 72.8(22.7) | 60.7(15.9) | 50.4(10.2) | 71.4(21.9) | | Daily mean °F (°C) | 38.2(3.4) | 42.3(5.7) | 51.2(10.7) | 59.3(15.2) | 68.2(20.1) | 76.9(24.9) | 81.7(27.6) | 80.7(27.1) | 72.7(22.6) | 61.1(16.2) | 49.2(9.6) | 40.0(4.4) | 60.1(15.6) | | Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.0(−2.8) | 30.8(−0.7) | 39.5(4.2) | 47.5(8.6) | 57.6(14.2) | 66.2(19.0) | 70.3(21.3) | 69.1(20.6) | 61.5(16.4) | 49.4(9.7) | 37.7(3.2) | 29.5(−1.4) | 48.8(9.3) | | Mean minimum °F (°C) | 11.7(−11.3) | 15.4(−9.2) | 21.5(−5.8) | 32.3(0.2) | 43.8(6.6) | 56.6(13.7) | 63.6(17.6) | 61.7(16.5) | 48.4(9.1) | 33.8(1.0) | 21.7(−5.7) | 14.3(−9.8) | 7.5(−13.6) | | Record low °F (°C) | −11(−24) | −17(−27) | 1(−17) | 20(−7) | 32(0) | 46(8) | 53(12) | 49(9) | 35(2) | 16(−9) | 9(−13) | −8(−22) | −17(−27) | | Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.32(34) | 1.42(36) | 2.55(65) | 3.60(91) | 5.31(135) | 4.49(114) | 3.59(91) | 3.60(91) | 3.72(94) | 3.32(84) | 1.68(43) | 1.79(45) | 36.39(924) | | Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.8(4.6) | 1.8(4.6) | 0.8(2.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.5(1.3) | 1.8(4.6) | 6.7(17) | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 82.9 | | Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 4.9 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 66.6 | 65.7 | 61.3 | 61.1 | 67.5 | 67.2 | 60.9 | 61.6 | 67.1 | 64.4 | 67.1 | 67.8 | 64.9 | | Average dew point °F (°C) | 23.7(−4.6) | 28.0(−2.2) | 35.2(1.8) | 45.1(7.3) | 55.8(13.2) | 63.7(17.6) | 65.3(18.5) | 64.4(18.0) | 59.5(15.3) | 47.7(8.7) | 37.0(2.8) | 27.5(−2.5) | 46.1(7.8) | | Mean monthly sunshine hours | 200.8 | 189.7 | 244.2 | 271.3 | 295.2 | 326.1 | 356.6 | 329.3 | 263.7 | 245.1 | 186.5 | 180.9 | 3,089.4 | | Percent possible sunshine | 64 | 62 | 66 | 69 | 68 | 75 | 80 | 79 | 71 | 70 | 60 | 60 | 69 | | Average ultraviolet index | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6.4 | | Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990) | | Source 2: Weather Atlas | | Climate data for Oklahoma City | | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 | | Source: Weather Atlas | Demographics ------------ Population of Oklahoma City 1890-2022| Census | Pop. | Note | %± | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1890 | 4,151 | | — | | 1900 | 10,037 | | 141.8% | | 1910 | 64,205 | | 539.7% | | 1920 | 91,295 | | 42.2% | | 1930 | 185,389 | | 103.1% | | 1940 | 204,424 | | 10.3% | | 1950 | 243,504 | | 19.1% | | 1960 | 324,253 | | 33.2% | | 1970 | 368,164 | | 13.5% | | 1980 | 404,014 | | 9.7% | | 1990 | 444,719 | | 10.1% | | 2000 | 506,132 | | 13.8% | | 2010 | 579,999 | | 14.6% | | 2020 | 681,054 | | 17.4% | | 2022 (est.) | 694,800 | | 2.0% | | U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010 | In the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km2). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km2). By the 2020 census, its population grew to 681,054. Of Oklahoma City's 579,999 people in 2010, 44,541 resided in Canadian County, 63,723 resided in Cleveland County, 471,671 resided in Oklahoma County, and 64 resided in Pottawatomie County. In 2010, there were 230,233 households, 29.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. One person households account for 30.5% of all households, and 8.7% of all households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11. The median income for a household in the city was $48,557 and the median income for a family was $62,527. The per capita income for the city was $26,208. 17.1% of the population and 12.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.0% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. In the 2000 census, Oklahoma City's age composition was 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males. Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s. It is the first city in the state to record a population greater than 600,000 residents. It is also the first city in the Great Plains region to record a population greater than 600,000 residents. It is the largest municipal population of the Great Plains region (Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota). ### Race and ethnicity Map of racial distribution in Oklahoma City, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: **White**, **Black**, **Asian**, **Hispanic** or **Other** (yellow) | Historical racial composition | 2020 | 2010 | 1990 | 1970 | 1940 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | White (Non-Hispanic) | 49.5% | 56.7% | 72.9% | 82.2% | 90.4% | | Hispanic or Latino | 21.3% | 17.2% | 5.0% | 2.0% | n/a | | Black or African American | 13.8% | 14.8% | 16.0% | 13.7% | 9.5% | | Mixed | 7.6% | 4.0% | 0.4% | – | – | | Asian | 4.6% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 0.2% | – | | Native American | 3.4% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 2.0% | 0.1% | According to the 2020 census, the racial composition of Oklahoma City was as follows: White or European American 49.5%, Hispanic or Latino 21.3%, Black or African American 13.8%, Asian 4.6%, Native American 2.8%, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.2%, other race 0.4%, and two or more races (non-Hispanic) 7.6%. Its population has diversified since 1940's census, where 90.4% of the population was non-Hispanic white. An analysis in 2017 found Oklahoma City to be the 8th least racially segregated major city in the United States. Of the 20 largest US cities, Oklahoma City has the second largest percentage of the population reporting 2 or more races on the Census with 7.6%, second to 8.9% in New York City. ### 2020 **Oklahoma City – Racial and ethnic composition** *Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | White alone (NH) | 327,225 | 328,582 | 337,063 | 64.65% | 56.65% | 49.49% | | Black or African American alone (NH) | 76,994 | 85,744 | 93,767 | 15.21% | 14.78% | 13.77% | | Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 16,406 | 18,208 | 18,757 | 3.24% | 3.14% | 2.75% | | Asian alone (NH) | 17,410 | 23,051 | 31,163 | 3.44% | 3.97% | 4.58% | | Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 278 | 464 | 971 | 0.05% | 0.08% | 0.14% | | Some Other Race alone (NH) | 452 | 700 | 2,700 | 0.09% | 0.12% | 0.40% | | Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 15,999 | 23,212 | 51,872 | 3.16% | 4.00% | 7.62% | | Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 51,368 | 100,038 | 144,761 | 10.15% | 17.25% | 21.26% | | **Total** | **506,132** | **579,999** | **681,054** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | ### Metropolitan statistical area Old Interstate 40 Crosstown, Oklahoma City Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City metropolitan statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. As of 2015, the metropolitan area was the 41st largest in the nation based on population. ### Religion The Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 reported that the Southern Baptist Convention was the city and metropolitan area's largest Christian tradition with 213,008 members, Christianity being the area's predominant religion. Non/interdenominational Protestants were the second largest tradition with 195,158 members. The Roman Catholic Church claimed 142,491 adherents throughout the metropolitan region and Pentecostals within the Assemblies of God USA numbered 48,470. The remainder of Christians in the area held to predominantly Evangelical Christian beliefs in numerous evangelical Protestant denominations. Outside of Christendom, there were 4,230 practitioners of Hinduism and 2,078 Mahayana Buddhists. An estimated 8,904 residents practiced Islam during this study. ### Crime Law enforcement claims Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Juárez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sureños. Oklahoma City also has its share of violent crimes, particularly in the 1970s. The worst occurred in 1978, when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant's freezer. An intensive investigation followed, and the three individuals involved, who also killed three others in Purcell, Oklahoma, were identified. One, Harold Stafford, died in a motorcycle accident in Tulsa not long after the restaurant murders. Another, Verna Stafford, was sentenced to life without parole after being granted a new trial after she had been sentenced to death. Roger Dale Stafford, considered the mastermind of the murder spree, was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995. The Oklahoma City Police Department has a uniformed force of 1,169 officers and 300+ civilian employees. The department has a central police station and five substations covering 2,500 police reporting districts that average 1/4 square mile in size. The Murrah Federal Building after the attack On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was destroyed by a fertilizer bomb manufactured and detonated by Timothy McVeigh. The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680. The blast shock-wave destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 340-meter radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million worth of damage. McVeigh was convicted and subsequently executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. Economy ------- See also: List of companies based in Oklahoma City The Sonic Drive-In restaurant chain is headquartered in Oklahoma City. The economy of Oklahoma City, once just a regional power center of government and energy exploration, has since diversified to include the sectors of information technology, services, health services, and administration. The city is headquarters to two Fortune 500 companies: Chesapeake Energy and Devon Energy, as well as being home to Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores, which is ranked thirteenth on Forbes' list of private companies. As of January 2020, the top 20 employers in the city were: | # | Employer | # of employees | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | State of Oklahoma (State Capital) | 37,600 | | 2 | United States Federal Aviation Administration | 5,000 and over | | 3 | Integris Health (HQ) | 5,000 and over | | 4 | University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center | 5,000 and over | | 5 | Paycom (HQ) | 5,000 and over | | 6 | Hobby Lobby Stores (HQ) | 5,000 and over | | 7 | City of Oklahoma City | 3,000 and over | | 8 | Mercy Health Center (HQ) | 3,000 and over | | 9 | OG+E Energy Corp (HQ) | 3,000 and over | | 10 | OU Medicine | 3,000 and over | | 11 | SSM Health Care (Regional HQ) | 3,000 and over | | 12 | AT&T | 3,000 and over | | 13 | Sonic Corp. (HQ) | 3,000 and over | | 14 | Devon Energy Corporation (HQ) | 1,000 and over | | 15 | Chesapeake Energy Corporation (HQ) | 1,000 and over | | 16 | The Boeing Company (Regional HQ) | 1,000 and over | | 17 | LSB Industries, Inc. (HQ) | 1,000 and over | | 18 | Cox Communications | 1,000 and over | | 19 | Dell | 1,000 and over | | 20 | American Fidelity Assurance (HQ) | 1,000 and over | Other major corporations with a large presence (over 1,000 employees) in the city of Oklahoma City include the United Parcel Service, Farmers Insurance Group, Great Plains Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Deaconess Hospital, Johnson Controls, MidFirst Bank, Rose State College, and Continental Resources. While not in the city limits, other large employers within the Oklahoma City MSA include United States Air Force – Tinker AFB (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800). According to the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, the metropolitan area's economic output grew by 33% between 2001 and 2005 due chiefly to economic diversification. Its gross metropolitan product (GMP) was $43.1 billion in 2005 and grew to $61.1 billion in 2009. By 2016 the GMP had grown to $73.8 billion. In 2008, *Forbes* magazine reported that the city had falling unemployment, one of the strongest housing markets in the country and solid growth in energy, agriculture, and manufacturing. However, during the early 1980s, Oklahoma City had one of the worst job and housing markets due to the bankruptcy of Penn Square Bank in 1982 and then the post-1985 crash in oil prices (oil bust).[] ### Tourism Approximately 23.2 million visitors contributed $4.3 billion to Oklahoma City's economy in 2022. These visitors directly spent $2.6 billion, sustained nearly 34,000 jobs, and generated $343 million in state and local taxes. ### Business districts See also: Neighborhoods of Oklahoma City Business and entertainment districts (and to a lesser extent local neighborhoods) tend to maintain their boundaries and character through the application of zoning regulations and business improvement districts (districts where property owners agree to a property tax surcharge to support additional services for the community). Through zoning regulations, historic districts, and other special zoning districts, including overlay districts, are well established. Oklahoma City has three business improvement districts, including one encompassing the central business district. Culture ------- ### Museums and theaters Water taxis in Oklahoma City's downtown Bricktown neighborhood The Donald W. Reynolds Visual Arts Center is the new downtown home for the Oklahoma City Museum of Art. The museum features visiting exhibits, original selections from its own collection, a theater showing a variety of foreign, independent, and classic films each week, and a restaurant. OKCMOA is also home to the most comprehensive collection of Chihuly glass in the world including the 55-foot Eleanor Blake Kirkpatrick Memorial Tower in the Museum's atrium. The art deco Civic Center Music Hall, which was totally renovated in 2001, has performances from the Oklahoma City Ballet, the Oklahoma City Opera, the Oklahoma City Philharmonic, and also various concerts and traveling Broadway shows. The Survivor Tree on the grounds of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater, and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus. The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 2006. The Oklahoma Contemporary Arts Center (formerly City Arts Center), moved downtown in 2020, near Campbell Art Park at 11th and Broadway, after being at the Oklahoma State Fair fairgrounds since 1989. It features exhibitions, performances, classes, workshops, camps, and weekly programs. The Science Museum Oklahoma (formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex) houses exhibits on science, aviation, and an IMAX theater. The museum formerly housed the International Photography Hall of Fame (IPHF) that exhibits photographs and artifacts from a large collection of cameras and other artifacts preserving the history of photography. IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 2013. The Museum of Osteology displays more than 450 real skeletons and houses more than 7,000. Focusing on the form and function of the skeletal system, this 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) museum displays hundreds of skulls and skeletons from all corners of the world. Exhibits include adaptation, locomotion, classification, and diversity of the vertebrate kingdom. The Museum of Osteology is the only one of its kind in America. The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum has galleries of western art and is home to the Hall of Great Western Performers. In September 2021, the First Americans Museum opened to the public, focusing on the histories and cultures of the numerous tribal nations and many indigenous peoples in the state of Oklahoma. The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, "to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, in the former *Journal Record* building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism. The American Banjo Museum in the Bricktown Entertainment district is dedicated to preserving and promoting the music and heritage of the banjo. Its collection is valued at $3.5 million[], and an interpretive exhibit tells the evolution of the banjo from its roots in American slavery, to bluegrass, to folk, and to world music. The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day. The Oklahoma State Firefighters Museum contains early colonial firefighting tools, the first fire station in Oklahoma, and modern fire trucks. ### Restaurants Florence's Restaurant in 2022 was named one of America's Classics by the James Beard Foundation. It was the first James Beard award for an Oklahoma entity. *The Oklahoman* called Florence's "The Grand Dame of all local restaurants." Andrew Black, chef/owner of Grey Sweater, won the 2023 James Beard Award for Best Chef Southwest. Sports ------ Main article: Sports in Oklahoma City Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, home of the Oklahoma City Dodgers Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association. The Thunder is the city's second "permanent" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NBA seasons. However, the Thunder were formerly the Sonics prior to the movement of the Sonics to OKC in 2008. Other professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Dodgers, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the United Soccer League, and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club of USA Rugby. The Oklahoma City Blazers, a name used for decades of the city's hockey team in the Central Hockey League has been used for a junior team in the Western States Hockey League since 2014. The Paycom Center in downtown is the main multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts, NHL exhibition games, and many of the city's pro sports teams. In 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant. Nearby in Bricktown, the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city's baseball team, the Dodgers. "The Brick", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation. Oklahoma City is the host of the World Cup of Softball and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and women's basketball tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area – University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University – often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Paycom Center and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums. Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city. ### High school football The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the largest, the classes are: 6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, and C. Class 6A is broken into two divisions. Oklahoma City area schools in this division include Edmond Memorial, Mustang, Moore, Yukon, Deer Creek, Edmond North, Edmond Santa Fe, Norman North, Westmoore, Southmoore, Putnam City North, Norman, Putnam City, Putnam City West, U.S. Grant, Capitol Hill, Northwest Classen, and Midwest City. ### Oklahoma City Thunder The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) has called Oklahoma City home since the 2008–09 season, when owner Clay Bennett relocated the franchise from Seattle, Washington. The Thunder play home games at the Paycom Center in downtown Oklahoma City. The Thunder is known by several nicknames, including "OKC Thunder" and simply "OKC", and its mascot is Rumble the Bison. After arriving in Oklahoma City for the 2008–09 season, the Oklahoma City Thunder secured a berth (8th) in the 2010 NBA Playoffs the next year after boasting its first 50-win season, winning two games in the first round against the Los Angeles Lakers. In 2012, Oklahoma City made it to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Miami Heat in five games. In 2013 the Thunder reached the Western Conference semi-finals without All-Star guard Russell Westbrook, who was injured in their first round series against the Houston Rockets, only to lose to the Memphis Grizzlies. In 2014 Oklahoma City again reached the NBA's Western Conference Finals but eventually lost to the San Antonio Spurs in six games. The Oklahoma City Thunder has been regarded by sports analysts as one of the elite franchises of the NBA's Western Conference and that of a media darling as the future of the league. Oklahoma City earned Northwest Division titles every year from 2011 to 2014, and again in 2016, and has consistently improved its win record to 59-wins in 2014. The Thunder is led by third-year head coach Mark Daigneault and was anchored by All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook prior to a July 2019 trade that sent him to the Houston Rockets. ### Hornets Main article: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Hornets In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma.[] The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City. The team ultimately returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007–08 season. The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9, 2007, against the Houston Rockets. ### Professional sports teams Main article: Sports in Oklahoma City | | | Current professional sports teams| Sports Franchise | League | Sport | Founded | Stadium (capacity) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Oklahoma City Thunder | NBA | Basketball | 2008 | Paycom Center (18,203) | | Oklahoma City Dodgers | MiLB | Baseball | 1998 | Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark (13,066) | | Oklahoma City Blue | NBA G League | Basketball | 2018 | Paycom Center (18,203) | | Oklahoma City Energy | USL Championship (Division 2) | Soccer | 2018 | Taft Stadium (7,500) | | Oklahoma City Football Club | Women's Premier Soccer League | Soccer | 2022 | Brian Harvey Field (1,500) | | Oklahoma City Spark | Women's Professional Fastpitch | Softball | 2023 | USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium (13,500) | Parks and recreation -------------------- Myriad Botanical Gardens, the centerpiece of downtown OKC's central business district One of the more prominent landmarks of downtown Oklahoma City is the Crystal Bridge tropical conservatory at the Myriad Botanical Gardens, a large downtown urban park. Designed by I. M. Pei, the park also includes the Water Stage amphitheater, a bandshell and lawn, a sunken pond complete with koi, an interactive children's garden complete with a carousel and water sculpture, various trails and interactive exhibits that rotate throughout the year including the ice skating in the Christmas winter season. In 2007 following a renovation of the stage, *Oklahoma Shakespeare In The Park* relocated to the Myriad Gardens. Bicentinneal Park, also downtown located near the Oklahoma City Civic Center campus, is home to the annual *Festival of the Arts* in April. Just south of the Myriad Gardens is the Scissortail Park, a large interactive park which opened in 2021. This park contains a large lake with paddleboats, dog park, concert stage with great lawn, promenade including the Skydance Bridge, children's interactive splashpark and playground, and numerous athletic facilities. Farmers Market is a common attraction at Scissortail Park during the season as are numerous film showings, food trucks, concerts, festivals, and civic gatherings. Drawing back to the city's first parks masterplan, Oklahoma City has at least one major park in each quadrant of the city outside of downtown. Will Rogers Park, Lincoln Park, Trosper Park, and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop, some sections of which no longer exist. Martin Park Nature Center is a natural habitat in far northwest Oklahoma City. Will Rogers Park is home to the *Lycan Conservatory*, the Rose Garden, and Butterfly Garden, all built in the WPA era. In April 2005, the *Oklahoma City Skate Park* at Wiley Post Park was renamed the *Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park* to recognize Mat Hoffman, an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion. Walking trails line the Bricktown Canal and the Oklahoma River in downtown. The city's bike trails system follows around Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest and west quadrants of the city. The majority of the east shore area of Lake Hefner is taken up by parks and bike trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era *Stars and Stripes Park*, and eateries near the lighthouse. Lake Stanley Draper in southeast Oklahoma City, is the city's largest and most remote lake offering a true rural yet-still-urban experience. The Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden is home to numerous natural habitats, WPA era architecture and landscaping, and hosts major touring concerts during the summer at its amphitheater. Nearby there is a combination racetrack and casino, Remington Park, which hosts both Quarter Horse (March – June) and Thoroughbred (August – December) seasons. Oklahoma City is also home to the American Banjo Museum, which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history. Concerts and lectures are also held there. Government ---------- Main article: Government of Oklahoma City See also: List of mayors of Oklahoma City Oklahoma State Capitol, seen from the OK History Center The Art Deco city hall building, a block from the Civic Center The City of Oklahoma City has operated under a council-manager form of city government since 1927. David Holt assumed the office of Mayor on April 10, 2018 after being elected two months earlier. Eight councilpersons represent each of the eight wards of Oklahoma City. The City Council appointed current City Manager Craig Freeman on November 20, 2018. Freeman took office on January 2, 2018, succeeding James D. Couch, who had served in the role since 2000. Prior to becoming City Manager, Craig Freeman served as Finance Director for the city. ### Politics Similar to many American cities, Oklahoma City is politically conservative in its suburbs, and liberal in the central city. In the United States House of Representatives, it is represented by Republicans Stephanie Bice and Tom Cole of the 5th and 4th districts, respectively. The city has called on residents to vote for sales tax-based projects to revitalize parts of the city. The Bricktown district is the best example of such an initiative. In the recent MAPS 3 vote, the city's fraternal order of police criticized the project proposals for not doing enough to expand the police presence to keep up with the growing residential population and increased commercial activity. In September 2013, Oklahoma City area attorney David Slane announced he would pursue legal action regarding MAPS3, on claims the multiple projects that made up the plan violate a state constitutional law limiting voter ballot issues to a single subject. Oklahoma City region population dot map and 2016 presidential election results by precinct (click to enlarge). | Oklahoma County Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 1, 2020 | | --- | | Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | | | Democratic | 164,628 | 37.26% | | | Republican | 189,991 | 43.00% | | | Libertarian | 3,385 | 0.77% | | | Unaffiliated | 83,799 | 18.97% | | Total | 441,803 | 100% | International relations ----------------------- ### Consulates | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Consulate | Date | Consular District | | Guatemalan Consulate-General, Oklahoma City | 06.2017 | Oklahoma, Kansas | | Mexican Consulate, Oklahoma City | 05.2023 | Oklahoma | ### Twin towns – sister cities Oklahoma City's sister cities are: * Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil * China Haikou, China * Mexico Puebla, Mexico * Peru Piura, Peru * Rwanda Kigali, Rwanda * Russia Ulyanovsk, Russia (suspended August, 2022) * Taiwan Tainan, Taiwan * Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan * Australia Darwin, Australia Education --------- ### Higher education See also: List of colleges and universities in Oklahoma City OU Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City The city is home to several colleges and universities. Oklahoma City University, formerly known as Epworth University, was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1, 1904, and is known for its performing arts, science, mass communications, business, law, and athletic programs. OCU has its main campus in the north-central section of the city, near the city's Asia District area. OCU Law is located in the Midtown district near downtown, in the old Central High School building. The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus to the south in the suburb of Norman. OU Medical Center hosts the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[*clarification needed*] The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits. Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City is in the "Furniture District" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits. Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research. ### Primary and secondary Main article: Education in Oklahoma City Bishop McGuinness Catholic High School Oklahoma City is home to (as of 2009) the state's largest school district, Oklahoma City Public Schools, which covers the largest portion of the city. The district's Classen School of Advanced Studies and Harding Charter Preparatory High School rank high among public schools nationally according to a formula that looks at the number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and/or Cambridge tests taken by the school's students divided by the number of graduating seniors. In addition, OKCPS's Belle Isle Enterprise Middle School was named the top middle school in the state according to the Academic Performance Index, and recently received the Blue Ribbon School Award, in 2004 and again in 2011. Due to Oklahoma City's explosive growth, parts of several suburban districts spill into the city. All but one of the school districts in Oklahoma County include portions of Oklahoma City. The other districts in that county covering OKC include: Choctaw/Nicoma Park, Crooked Oak, Crutcho, Deer Creek, Edmond, Harrah, Jones, Luther, McLoud, Mid-Del, Millwood, Moore, Mustang, Oakdale, Piedmont, Putnam City, and Western Heights. School districts in Cleveland County covering portions of Oklahoma City include: Little Axe, McLoud, Mid-Del, Moore, and Robin Hill. Within Canadian County, Banner, Mustang, Piedmont, Union City, and Yukon school districts include parts of OKC. There are also charter schools. KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader, Tracy McDaniel Sr. being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership. The city also boasts a number of private and parochial schools. Casady School and Heritage Hall School are both examples of a private college preparatory school with vigorous academics that range among the top in Oklahoma. Providence Hall is a Protestant school. Two prominent schools of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City include Bishop McGuinness High School and Mount Saint Mary High School. Other private schools include the Advanced Science and Technology Education Center and Crossings Christian School. The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also in Oklahoma City. ### CareerTech Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center. Private career and technology education schools in Oklahoma City include Oklahoma Technology Institute, Platt College, Vatterott College, and Heritage College. The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities. Media ----- See also: Media in Oklahoma City ### Print *The Oklahoman* is Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state. NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman's online presence. *Oklahoma Gazette* is Oklahoma City's independent newsweekly, featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, restaurant reviews, and movie listings and music and entertainment. *The Journal Record* is the city's daily business newspaper, and *okcBIZ* is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma. Numerous community and international newspapers cater to the city's ethnic mosaic, such as *The Black Chronicle*, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and *Oklahoma Chinese Times*, in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. *The Campus* is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include *The Gayly Oklahoman*. An upscale lifestyle publication called *405 Magazine* (formerly Slice Magazine) is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by *Back40 Design Group* called *The Edmond Outlook*. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents. *Ready Player One* is set in Oklahoma City in the year 2045. ### Broadcast Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is owned by Nexstar Media Group as of October 2019). The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market (ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron, covering a 34-county area serving the central, north-central and west-central sections of Oklahoma); including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5), CBS affiliate KWTV-DT (channel 9, the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications), PBS station KETA-TV (channel 13, the flagship of the state-run OETA member network), Fox affiliate KOKH-TV (channel 25), independent station KOCB (channel 34), CW owned-and-operated station KAUT-TV (channel 43), MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV (channel 52), and Ion Television affiliate KOPX-TV (channel 62). The market is also home to several religious stations including TBN owned-and-operated station KTBO-TV (channel 14) and Norman-based Daystar owned-and-operated station KOCM (channel 46). Despite the market's geographical size, none of the English-language commercial affiliates in the Oklahoma City designated market area operate full-power satellite stations covering the far northwestern part of the state (requiring cable or satellite to view them), though KFOR-TV, KOCO-TV, KWTV-DT, and KOKH-TV each operate low-power translators in that portion of the market. Oklahoma City is one of the few markets between Chicago and Dallas to have affiliates of two or more of the major Spanish-language broadcast networks: Telemundo affiliate KTUZ-TV (channel 30), Woodward-based Univision affiliate KUOK 35 (whose translator KUOK-CD, channel 36, serves the immediate Oklahoma City area), Azteca affiliate KOHC-CD (channel 45) and Estrella TV affiliate KOCY-LD (channel 48). Infrastructure -------------- ### Fire department Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is Richard Kelley, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD operates out of 37 fire stations throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engine companies (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladder companies, 16 brush pumper units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit along with several special units. Each engine Company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing each shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually. ### Transportation Main article: Transportation in Oklahoma City #### Highway Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways – Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 – bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown. Interstate 44, between NW 23rd St and NW 36th St, is the busiest roadway in the city and state, with an average daily traffic count of 167,200 vehicles per day in 2018. Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Airport Road (SH-152), and Broadway Extension (US-77) which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond. Lake Hefner Parkway runs through northwest Oklahoma City, while Airport Road runs through southwest Oklahoma City and leads to Will Rogers World Airport. The Kilpatrick Turnpike loops around north and west Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore, Oklahoma. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs. Oklahoma City is traversed by the following major expressways: * Interstate 35 * Interstate 40 (Crosstown Expressway, Stanley Draper Expressway, Tinker Diagonal, Tom Stead Memorial Highway) * Interstate 44 (Turner Turnpike, Belle Isle Freeway, Will Rogers Expressway, H.E. Bailey Turnpike) * Interstate 235 (Centennial Expressway) / U.S. 77 (Broadway Extension) * Interstate 240 (Southwest Expressway) * Lake Hefner Parkway (State Highway 74) * Airport Road (State Highway 152) * Kilpatrick Turnpike #### Air Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with 4,341,159 passengers served in 2018, a historic record. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton). United Airlines Embraer 170 aircraft at the East Concourse of Will Rogers World Airport #### Rail and intercity bus Amtrak has a station downtown at the Santa Fe Depot, with daily service to Fort Worth and the nation's rail network via the Heartland Flyer. Oklahoma City once was the crossroads of several interstate passenger railroads, at the Santa Fe Depot, the Union Station, and at the station of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. But service at that level has long since been discontinued. However, several proposals to extend the current train service have been made, including a plan to extend the Heartland Flyer to Newton, Kansas, which is currently being connected through Amtrak Thruway. Freight service is provided by BNSF Railway, Union Pacific Railroad, and Stillwater Central. Greyhound and several other intercity bus companies serve Oklahoma City at the Union Bus Station in downtown. #### Public transit Main articles: Embark (transit authority) and Oklahoma City Streetcar Streetcar of the OKC Streetcar system passing the historic First United Methodist Church, in downtown Embark (formerly Metro Transit) is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. Embark maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city. Though Oklahoma City has no light rail or commuter rail service, city residents identified improved transit as one of their top priorities, and from the fruits of the Fixed Guideway and other studies city leaders strongly desire to incorporate urban rail transit into the region's future transportation plans. The greater Oklahoma City metropolitan transit plan identified from the Fixed Guideway Study includes a streetcar system in the downtown area, to be fed by enhanced city bus service and commuter rail from the suburbs including Edmond, Norman, and Midwest City. There is a significant push for a commuter rail line connecting downtown OKC with the eastern suburbs of Del City, Midwest City, and Tinker Air Force Base. In addition to commuter rail, a short heritage rail line that would run from Bricktown just a few blocks away from the Amtrak station to the Adventure District in northeast Oklahoma City is under reconstruction. In December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year, 1-cent tax) initiative, which would generate funding (approx. $130 million) for the modern Oklahoma City Streetcar system in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. On September 10, 2013, the federal government announced that Oklahoma City would receive a $13.8-million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation's TIGER program. This was the first-ever grant for Oklahoma City for a rail-based initiative and is thought to be somewhat of a turning point by city leaders who have applied for grants in the past, only to continuously be denied. It is believed the city will use the TIGER grant along with approximately $10 million from the MAPS 3 Transit budget to revitalize the city's Amtrak station becoming an Intermodal Transportation Hub, taking over the role of the existing transit hub at NW 5th/Hudson Ave.[] Construction of the Oklahoma City Streetcar system in Downtown OKC began in early 2017, and the system opened for service in December 2018. Also known as the Maps 3 Streetcar, it connects the areas of Bricktown, Midtown and Downtown. The 6.9 mi (11.1 km) system serves the greater Downtown area using modern, low-floor streetcars. The initial system consists of two lines that connecting Oklahoma City's Central Business District with the entertainment district, Bricktown, and the Midtown District. Expansion to other districts surrounding downtown as well as more routes in the CBD is already underway.[] #### Walkability A 2013 study by Walk Score ranked Oklahoma City the 43rd most walkable out of the 50 largest U.S. cities. Oklahoma City has 18 neighborhoods with a Walk Score above 60, mainly close to the downtown core. ### Health OU Physicians Center Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center. OU Medicine, an academic medical institution on the campus of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, is home to OU Medical Center. OU Medicine operates Oklahoma's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state's only level-one trauma center for children at Children's Hospital at OU Medicine, both of which are in the Oklahoma Health Center district. Other medical facilities operated by OU Medicine include OU Physicians and OU Children's Physicians, the OU College of Medicine, the Oklahoma Cancer Center and OU Medical Center Edmond, the latter in the northern suburb of Edmond. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals, including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma, and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. INTEGRIS Health operates hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, independent living centers, and home health agencies throughout much of Oklahoma. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ranks high-performing in the following categories: Cardiology and Heart Surgery; Diabetes and Endocrinology; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Nephrology; Orthopedics; Pulmonology and Urology. The Midwest Regional Medical Center is in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city. In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors. Notable people -------------- For a more comprehensive list, see List of people from Oklahoma City.

Public university in Eau Claire, Wisconsin The **University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire** (**UW–Eau Claire**, **UWEC** or simply **Eau Claire**) is a public university in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor's and master's degrees. The campus consists of 28 major buildings spanning 333 acres (135 ha). An additional 168 acres (68 ha) of forested land is used for environmental research. UWEC is situated on the Chippewa River. The university is affiliated with the NCAA's Division III and the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC). The student body's mascot is Blu the Blugold. History ------- First faculty members at UW–Eau Claire Founded in 1916 as the **Eau Claire State Normal School**, the university originally offered one-, two- and three-year teachers' courses and a principals' course. At the school's founding ceremony Governor Emanuel L. Philipp said the university was founded "in order that you, the sons and daughters of the commonwealth, might have better educational service." He went on to say the University would "go on benefiting the state of Wisconsin as long as the walls of this massive building (Schofield Hall) last." As a college primarily focused on educating teachers, Eau Claire housed Park Elementary, a laboratory school. Park Elementary had an unusual architectural design that included a hidden third story balcony used by professors and student teachers to observe classes. As a result of the changing educational focus of the University, this method of teaching new teachers fell out of use and Park Elementary School was closed. Most of the building was repurposed for general university classroom use, with about a third of the space dedicated to a child daycare center. The building was demolished in 2012. In 1927, the name of the college was changed to **Eau Claire State Teachers College** and the school began offering a bachelor's degree program. The campus was also altered to accommodate a 300-man detachment from the Army Air Corps. President William R. Davies and Delpha Davies welcome Eleanor Roosevelt to the Eau Claire campus on April 20, 1954. The former First Lady addressed an audience of more than 2,000 at a United Nations Day. Eau Claire's role as an educational institution underwent profound changes in the 1940s and 1950s. The university saw a significant rise in enrollment and widened its scope beyond educating future teachers. Eau Claire president W. R. Davies, speaking at a university assembly, said "the goal is a college of education that will rank as one of the best in the middlewest, with a wide enough offering to truly serve the needs of the college youth of northwest Wisconsin." In 1951, the Wisconsin Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System authorized the school to offer bachelor of arts and science degrees in liberal arts; subsequently, the name of the school was changed to the **Wisconsin State College at Eau Claire**. During the 1960s, the University saw further expansion. Science and art buildings were erected and several dormitories were built or expanded to meet the needs of an ever-growing student population. The university began to market itself more aggressively because of increased competition from surrounding campuses. Eau Claire's nickname – "Wisconsin's Most Beautiful Campus" – was first developed during this time. Highlighting the university's aesthetic appeal, an Eau Claire poet wrote, "Through and from a shady glen / A charming streamlet hies / And rippling along its picturesque way / A campus glorifies." In 1964, the Board of Regents gave university standing to the state colleges, and the institution at Eau Claire was renamed **Wisconsin State University – Eau Claire**. The 1960s are remembered as a "flowering of excellence on the campus." In 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. visited the campus and called on president John F. Kennedy to issue a second Emancipation Proclamation. King said "the first proclamation freed us from slavery – the second will free us from segregation, which is actually nothing more than slavery." During the late 1960s, the University was involved in several protests against the Vietnam War, including a 42-hour vigil and several marches. Though there were numerous protests, all of them remained peaceful. After the Kent State shootings, the university community planted four trees as a memorial to the dead students. One protester, Eau Claire student John Laird, the son of U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, made headlines when he announced his opposition to the war in Vietnam and his intention to join his fellow students in peaceful protest. In 1971, the name of the institution was changed to the **University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire** following the merger of the Wisconsin State University System and the University of Wisconsin System. In subsequent years, the University would solidify its tradition as a liberal arts campus. Currently, the University's stated mission is to provide "rigorous undergraduate liberal education" alongside "distinctive professional and graduate programs that build on and strengthen our proud tradition of liberal education." Since the 1971 merger, Eau Claire has expanded its course offerings, added more faculty and students, and enlarged campus grounds. Eau Claire has also acquired hundreds of acres of forested land primarily used for environmental research and purchased St. Bede's Monastery in October 2011. In 1974, the Richard E. Hibbard Humanities Hall opened on campus and an addition to the Davies Center was finished three years later in 1977. The Allied Health and Clinical Services Building was constructed in 1982 on the north bank of the Chippewa River, and in 1985 an addition to the Nursing building was constructed and opened. The construction of the new W.R. Davies Center was completed in 2012 and Centennial Hall was completed in 2013, later being opened in 2014. The construction of Centennial Hall was the first building on campus to be constructed and funded by "state dollars" in 30 years, while the new Davies Center was funded completely by student fees. Towers Hall, initially built in 1966, began a renovation project in 2017 starting with Towers South renovations during the 2017-2018 school year followed by Towers North renovations during the 2018-2019 school year. This renovation project was funded completely by student housing fees with expenditures over $35 million. The University was involved in a gay rights controversy in 2016 when Tom Hilton, an information systems professor, negatively responded to a student email asking for his support for the *Eau Queer Film Festival.* UW–Eau Claire was the center of a controversy related to an oak tree sacred to Native Americans. Eventually, after much publicity, it was decided to scrap the old plans, despite the large added expense, and build the 48.8 million dollar building at another location.\* In September 2016, a free speech board on campus had "UWEC is racist" written on it and it was promptly taken down. The board sparked a discussion about racial equity and diversity on campus. In 2018, UW-Eau Claire adopted UW-Barron College as a branch campus. The "merger" was part of a UW-System wide restructuring plan in an attempt to keep from having to shut down any campuses. The goal of merging the two campuses, and the goal of the UW System restructuring, was to expand access to college education for more students in Wisconsin. In September 2019, a student’s residence hall door decoration was vandalized with a racial slur against Indigenous people and the words "go back to the rez." In November 2019, five football players were suspended from the team for using social media to convey racist messages targeting the campus Black Empowerment Organization. Campus ------ The Council Oak, symbol of the university Schofield Hall, home to administrative offices A view from the campus library A classroom in the Cargill Collaboration Center The Haas Fine Arts Center at dusk The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire campus sits on the banks of the Chippewa River. The campus is located in an urban setting, close to Eau Claire's historic Water Street. The main academic building on campus is Schofield Hall, home to administrative offices. The building was named after Harvey Schofield, the first president of the university. Other academic buildings include the Phillips Science Hall, the Hibbard Humanities Hall, the Haas Fine Arts Center, the Schneider Social Sciences Hall, the Nursing Building, Vicki Lord Larson Hall, McIntyre Library, Human Sciences and Service, and Centennial Hall. The newest addition to campus is the Flesch Family Welcome Center, built in 2021. Residence halls on campus include Horan, Governors, Murray, Bridgman, Sutherland, Oak Ridge, Chancellor's, The Suites, and Karlgaard Towers on upper campus, as well as off-campus residences such as the Priory, Haymarket Landing, and Aspenson-Mogenson. The Davies Center, a hub of the campus, is home to dining halls, a movie theatre, the office for the student senate, a coffee shop, the student bookstore, and spaces for studying and socializing. The building was named after William R. Davies, a noted president of the University. In 2011, the old Davies Center was torn down. A new facility was completed in 2013. Sports facilities include the W. L. Zorn Arena, Hobbs Ice Center, McPhee Center, Olson Addition, Bollinger Fields and Carson Park. The University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire occupies the sacred and ancestral lands of Indigenous Peoples. The campus is on the traditional land of the Ojibwe and Dakota Nations. Before falling down in a windstorm in 1987, a tree on campus called the Council Oak stood where the Ojibwe and Dakota Nations as well as other Nations, including the Ho-Chunk, Menominee, and Potawatomi, met to share knowledge and discuss peaceful resolutions to their differences. The current Council Oak was planted and dedicated in 1990. The Council Oak is integrated into The University Seal to symbolize UW-Eau Claire’s commitment to serving as a place of meeting and exchange. University of Wisconsin–Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin–Eau Claire Organization and administration ------------------------------- Since its founding in 1916, the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has had three presidents and six chancellors. One president, Leonard Haas, took an interim assignment with the UW System and returned as chancellor. * Harvey Schofield, President 1916–1940 * William R. Davies, President 1941–1959 * Leonard Haas, President 1959–1971, Chancellor 1973–1980 * M. Emily Hannah, Chancellor 1981–1984 * Larry G. Schnack, Chancellor 1985–1997 * Donald J. Mash, Chancellor 1998–2005 * Brian Levin-Stankevich, Chancellor 2006–2012 * James C. Schmidt, Chancellor 2013–present Academics --------- Eau Claire is organized into four colleges: the College of Business, the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Education and Human Sciences, and the College of Nursing. The school offers about 109 undergraduate majors, 66 undergraduate minors, 48 undergraduate certificates, and 11 graduate programs. The university offers several master's degrees and one doctoral degree. Enrollment is approximately 10,000 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. Eau Claire's academic programs operate on a semester calendar. The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1950. Other agencies also fully accredit specific programs. Students are required to show competency in mathematics, English, a foreign language and foreign cultures. Courses that deal with issues relating to diversity are also required. Students are also required to take a "service-learning" course where they engage in charitable work with the Eau Claire community. Service-learning "is intended to provide students with an opportunity to serve their community, apply knowledge gained in the classroom, enhance their critical thinking skills, and become informed, ethical, responsible, and active citizens." The Center of Excellence for Faculty and Undergraduate Student Research Collaboration was established at UW-Eau Claire to encourage students to incorporate "research into their undergraduate experience." Students working with faculty publish papers in academic journals. Eau Claire's faculty/student research program has been nationally recognized. ### Reputation and rankings For 2022, *U.S. News & World Report* ranked UW-Eau Claire 41st among regional universities in the Midwest out of 157 public and private colleges ranked. *U.S. News* has ranked Eau Claire among the top ten regional public institutions in the Midwest, and in the top third of public and private Midwestern regional universities every year since 1995. ### University Honors Program The University Honors Program’s goal is to create opportunities that will help students develop intellectually, personally, and professionally. First-semester students are invited into the program based on ACT scores, SAT scores, and their academic standing in high school, and if students do not meet the requirements for an automatic invitation, they can request to be accepted through a holistic review process. To graduate with Honors, students must complete both first-year and senior Honors Seminars, 24 credits of any combination of Honors colloquia and Honors electives (at least two of which must be 300-level or higher), and attain a total and resident GPA of 3.5 or higher upon graduation. Students can also earn credit towards their 24 required Honors credits through mentoring in Honors, Honors contracts, and departmental honors. Honors courses count toward graduation requirements for general education, major and/or university requirements. Honors colloquia are interdisciplinary courses that encourage students to make connections across disciplines and sample knowledge outside their major while engaging in discussions with their classmates. A few activities within the Honors Program include the Hanging with Honors discussion series and group dinners in the Honors Living Learning Community. Special Collections and Archives -------------------------------- The Special Collections and Archives at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire houses the official and unofficial records of the university from its founding to the present. It also holds one of the nation's largest collections of jazz, which includes more than 1000 charts and 1000 recordings of artists such as Woody Herman, Sammy Nestico, Count Basie, Stan Kenton, Benny Goodman and Henry Mancini. Several of the charts and recordings are signed and unique. The UW-Eau Claire Archives is a member of the Area Research Center Network of the Wisconsin Historical Society, serving Buffalo, Chippewa, Clark, Eau Claire, Rusk and Taylor counties, and holds manuscripts and records pertaining to those counties. Student life ------------ In 2021, 61.1% of the student population was female, 11.1% were students of color, and 28.1% were First-Generation students. Additionally, 16.9% of undergraduate students were low-income. The university mainly attracted students from the Midwest, with 61.8% of students from Wisconsin, 28.8% from Minnesota, 7.5% from other U.S. states, and 1.9% being international students. ### Athletics Main article: Wisconsin–Eau Claire Blugolds The university's athletic teams participate in the NCAA Division III sports program as well as the WIAC Intercollegiate Conference. There are twelve men's varsity sports programs (basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, wrestling, soccer, and baseball) and thirteen women's sports programs (basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball). In terms of total wins, the Blugolds rank 14th in the entire NCAA Division III sports program. The Blugolds' men's hockey team at a home game against St. Scholastica The Blugolds have been national champions in cross country (1984, 2009, 2015), softball (2008), golf (2001), swimming (1983, 1987, 1988), ice hockey (1984, 2013) indoor track and field (2015, 2016), outdoor track and field(2019), and volleyball (2021). As of August 2015, the Blugolds have been conference champions in men's swimming 25 of the past 40 years, conference champions in women's swimming for 19 of the past 32 years, conference champions in women's tennis for 10 of the last 18 seasons, conference champions in softball for seven of the last 15 seasons, conference champions in women's golf for seven of the last 13 seasons, conference champions in women's soccer for three of the last six seasons, and conference champions in women's volleyball for three of the last five seasons. The Blugolds hold nine national titles. They hold 140 conference titles and have won 36 Academic All-American Awards. The Blugolds softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1971. #### Team name and mascot Eau Claire athletes are referred to as "Blugolds," a name coined to reflect the school colors, navy blue and old gold. Previous athletic team names include the Normals and the Normalites (because UWEC was founded as the Eau Claire State Normal School), the Blue and Gold Warriors, the Blue and Gold Gridirons, the Zornmen (in honor of Willis L. "Bill" Zorn, basketball and football coach from 1928 to 1968), the Golden Zornadoes, the Blue and Gold Squad, and the Blugold Squad. The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has no official university mascot. However, in 2011, the student body voted in favor of a mythical bird as a mascot following a student-led initiative. The bird represents "the students of UW-Eau Claire, not the university itself." ### Undergraduate Research Eau Claire offers its students the opportunity to participate in a nationally recognized research program through its Office of Research and Sponsored Programs (ORSP). The student-faculty led, coauthored, research program has been a part of the University for more than 50 years, and continues to be part of student life. Distinctions of Eau Claire's student led research program are its growing presence on campus, as well as its financial allocation for research projects. Since the early 2000's, the total number of projects has increased by 41% and funding to the program by 60% (reaching $935915 in 2015-16). The ORSP also recognizes students who pursue their research programs with funding and scholarships. In 2020, the ORSP gifted around $10,000 in scholarships, along with funding for their projects According to UW-Eau Claire’s Factbook, 39.6% of graduates in 2020-21 were involved in research during their time at UW-Eau Claire. ### Study abroad Some students at the university take advantage of the study abroad programs available. The program at Eau Claire holds one of the top participation rates among Universities at the Master's level in the country. With more than 40 different programs in 35 countries, students can study at colleges in many parts of the world. According to UW-Eau Claire’s Factbook, 13.4% of the Graduating Class of 2021 studied abroad during their collegiate career at UWEC. #### National Student Exchange Since 1984, the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has been a part of the National Student Exchange (NSE), a program that allows students to attend a semester or full academic year at a different institution while still paying UWEC tuition. Through NSE, around 3,500 students participate at 170 universities in 48 states, Canada, Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Virgin Islands; 40-50 of those students are from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. ### Clubs The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire has more than 210 campus organizations for student involvement, including academic and professional organizations, campus media, club sports, Greek life, honor societies, service organizations, special interest clubs, and clubs related to culture and identity, governance and politics, recreation, performing, and spiritual beliefs. The women's rugby club team won the 2022 National Collegiate Rugby Division II National Championship. ### Marching band The UW–Eau Claire Blugold Marching Band (BMB) is one of the largest collegiate marching bands in the country. In 2018, the BMB reached 400 members for the first time in its history and has continued to maintain its membership of 400+ students, as of 2021. The band performs at Blugold home games, field exhibitions, parades, stage shows, and other selected events. Since 2008, the BMB has made seven international performance tours with performances in Paris, Sydney, Venice, Rome, the Vatican, Athens, Singapore, London, Tokyo, Istanbul, and Barcelona. In addition to land-based international performances, BMB has performed on six separate cruise ships for Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Norwegian Cruise Lines, and Costa Cruises. BMB's cruise performances have taken its members to Malaysia, Thailand, Bali, Jerusalem, New Zealand, Haifa, and Izmir. BMB has performed three times as the guest exhibition band at the Bands of America Super Regional in Indianapolis and twice at the BOA St. Louis Super Regional. BMB has performed guest exhibitions for Youth in Music in Minneapolis for 14 of the past 15 years, as well as in high school competitions such as Music Along the Chippewa, Chicagoland, and others in the Twin Cities, Milwaukee, and Chicago areas. ### Jazz UW–Eau Claire's Jazz Ensemble I is an eight-time winner of *Down Beat'*s "Best College Big Band" award and has been nominated for a Grammy twice. *The New York Times* has called the jazz program one of the most "well regarded in the country." The university also hosts The Eau Claire Jazz Festival, one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious collegiate jazz festivals in the country. The festival regularly attracts respected jazz musicians including Gary Burton, Bill Evans, Rufus Reid, Lewis Nash, Michael Brecker, Stanley Jordan, Eric Marienthal, Bobby Sanabria, Chris Potter, Benny Green, Charlie Byrd, Ira Sullivan and Slide Hampton. The festival is composed of college bands, high school bands and invited performers. The college and high school bands compete to win awards, and UW-Eau Claire's Jazz I regularly performs with the invited guests. The festival also offers clinics, lectures and master classes with the invited performers. As of 2021, the Eau Claire Jazz Festival is 54 years old. ### Madrigal Dinner The Madrigal Dinner is a 15th-century-style banquet. At the dinner, the Chamber Choir performs in costume as a royal court celebrating the harvest season and the holiday season. Traditionally, a student performs as a jester to add levity to the evening's festivities. Additionally, each year different students are chosen to play the roles of King and Queen. Guests attending the Madrigal Dinner often dress in period costumes, though no dress code is required. Beyond choral music, the Madrigal Dinner also incorporates modern Christmas music. Dishes such as wassail, beef vegetable soup and stuffed pork chops are served. ### The Forum The Forum lecture series invites notable speakers to share their ideas with the Chippewa Valley community. The program was founded in 1942 by President W. R. Davies to express his vision of what the college might become as a cultural center. The Forum has hosted a variety of speakers including Martin Luther King Jr. Carl Sagan, Henry Kissinger, William F. Buckley Jr. Maya Angelou, Richard Nixon, Noam Chomsky and Monica Lewinsky. ### Ann Devroy Memorial Forum The Ann Devroy Memorial Forum is a partnership between *The Washington Post* and the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. The program was set up after the death of Ann Devroy, the chief White House correspondent at *The Washington Post* and a 1970 UW-Eau Claire graduate. Each year a noted journalist presents a keynote address at the Ann Devroy Memorial Forum, and a fellowship is given to a promising UW-Eau Claire journalism student. ### Viennese Ball The annual Viennese Ball has been a tradition for over 40 years at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. A formal event, the ball "recalls the culture, history and music of 19th-century Vienna." It is modeled on the New Year's Eve Kaiser Ball and showcases the University Women's Concert Choral and Singing Statesmen ensembles, which open the evening with several pieces including the American and Austrian national anthems, University Symphony Orchestra, which performs waltzes and polkas from the Strauss Era, and the Eau Claire Jazz Ensemble I, which plays music from the Big Band Era. Other music is performed by smaller student and faculty ensembles. The ball also offers Austrian and American cuisine. Proceeds have provided more than $1.5 million in music, service and international study awards for UW-Eau Claire students. ### Gatsby's Gala The annual Gatsby's Gala is a seven-year fundraising tradition at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. The gala is a roaring 20s-themed party that supports both the Eau Claire Jazz festival and the UW–Eau Claire Jazz Studies program. Performances at this event include "swing classics, sultry ballads, and modern twists" from the UW–Eau Claire Jazz ensembles I and II, community guest artists, and "surprise vocalists." This event offers food and beverages to guests, as well as a raffle and "charity-gaming." ### The Pablo Center at the Confluence The Pablo Center at the Confluence is a building in downtown Eau Claire used for a variety of showings and performance art displays. The center is available for community use, however it is also used by the University for its music and theatre arts students. Inside of the center are the Jamf and RCU theatres, two of the largest performing spaces available to college students in the nation, light and sound projection labs, recording studios, and several art galleries. Often, the works of Blugolds are featured in their galleries.

Historic church in Delaware, United States United States historic place * iconChristianity portal **St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church** is a historic Episcopal church located at 122 East Pine Street in Georgetown, Sussex County. The congregation started in 1794 but this brick building was completed in 1844. It was remodeled in 1881 by McKim Mead and White of New York City in the early Victorian Gothic style. This is one of the 38 parish churches of the Episcopal Diocese of Delaware, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Many statesmen from Sussex County are interred in the churchyard, including Caleb R. Layton, Daniel J. Layton, Charles C. Stockley and others. History ------- The congregation was organized on June 21, 1794 soon after the American Revolutionary War, after the Anglican Church was disestablished in the United States and the Episcopal Church was founded. The group acquired a plot of land on Front and Pine streets, though it was never used and sold in 1806. In the absence of a church structure, the Rev. James Wiltbank conducted services infrequently in the court house. In 1804 the congregation acquired the current lot at East Pine and Academy streets. They built a wood-frame structure over the next two decades. In 1805 the Delaware legislature passed an act allowing this vestry to raise $1500 by lottery for the construction of the church. New congregations were learning how to support their parishes. A wooden church was constructed and on January 25, 1806, the Rev. Hamilton Bell dedicated it, though it was not complete. The legislature authorized another lottery in 1827 to raise $10,000 for the construction of an academy and a Masonic Hall in Georgetown, as well as for the completion of St. Paul's. This lottery was never held. In 1843 the frame church was removed from the site and construction of a new brick church began. This structure was completed in 1844 and consecrated on November 19 of the same year. By 1881 after nearly 40 years, the church had fallen into relative disrepair. It was renovated and remodeled in the early Victorian Gothic style, by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White of New York City, distinguished nationally for designing a number of notable churches. It has been maintained in this style. Rev. James C. Kerr arrived in 1885 and installed the church's first pipe organ. The following year a Sunday School chapel was organized and a building for it was constructed in the 1870s. Finally in 1897 the complex was completed with a 29' by 43' two-story frame rectory, constructed on adjacent property by John W. Messick for the sum of $1500. The Rev. John Warnock was the first rector to live in the rectory. In 1930 U.S. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. bequeathed St. Paul's funds to commission a stained-glass altar window; the work is known as "The Te Deum Window," depicting the faith of the Church as stated in the creed-anthem "The Te Deum." The window was designed by James H. Hogan of the London studios of James Powell & Sons. It was dedicated February 9, 1930 by the bishop. The National Register of Historic Places added the church to its list in 1979. In 1987 a fire of an unknown origin destroyed the parish hall, Sunday School classrooms and sacristy, though the sanctuary and nave were not damaged. These parts were subsequently rebuilt in 1990. Partial list of burials ----------------------- The following data in most cases comes from tombstones in the churchyard, where some dates are illegible. Missing dates have been indicated by question marks. In cases where only some numbers are legible, underscores represent the missing number. Titles, positions and relationships have been included to distinguish people with similar or identical names and give further information. * Sarah Layton Mumford (? - 14 January 1894 aged 95 years) * Joshua S. Layton, Jr. (15 February 1843 - 5 March 1843) * Richard M. Layton (2\_ July 1848 - 11 February 184\_) * Harriet Ann, (11 October 1822 - 7 November 1824), daughter of Joshua S. & Sally Ann Layton * Laura Spry, daughter of Joshua S. & Sally Ann Layton (6 March 1838 - 24 May 1839) * Sally Ann, (? - 25 April 1844 aged 40 yrs, 2 months & 23 days), wife of Joshua S. Layton, Esq. * Joshua S. Layton, Esq. (11 January 1801 - 25 March 1849) * Harriett Ann, (died 10 September 1855 in her \_8th year), wife of Joshua S. Layton and daughter of Rev. ? & Ann Manlove * Sinah P. (17 November 1810 - 13 November 1887) wife of John Sorden * Caleb Rodney Layton, (10 March 1826 - 20 August 1887), son of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton * Daniel John Layton, (14 November 1833 - 19 January 1916), son of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton * Penelope Rodney McKim, (23 April 1836 - 28 September 1917), wife of Rev. John Linn McKim and daughter of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton * Charles H. Richards, M.D. (22 November 1827 - 10 January 1899) * Elizabeth Anderson Richards (26 November 1830 - 21 November 1922) * John Richards (? - 10 July 1863 aged 75 years) * Martha, wife of John Richards (? - 22 September 1880 aged 75 years) * Harold C. Todd (23 June 1921 - 2 March 1992) * Ellen E. Todd (12 June 1919 - ?) * Anna Hartung Layton (17 June 1862 - 1 April 1951) * Landreth Lee Layton (1 November 1860 - 14 June 1934) * Margaret Elizabeth Layton (14 August 1888 - 28 October 1974) * Caleb R. Layton, M.D. (8 September 1851 - 11 November 1930), U.S. Representative * Annie E. Sipple Layton (18 July 1849 - 12 August 1925) * Daniel J. Layton, Esq. (1 August 1879 - 13 May 1960), Attorney General of Delaware, Chief Justice of Delaware Supreme Court * Laura H. Layton (13 October 1884 - 28 February 1960) * John Marvel (1622-1707) * Ann Marvel (no date on headstone) * Thomas Marvel (d. 1753) * Elizabeth Huggins Marvel (no date on headstone) * Robert Marvel (1737-1776) * Rachel Chase Marvel (d. 1791) * Philip Marvel (no date on headstone) * Elizabeth Short Marvel (no date on headstone) * Josiah Marvel (1780-1861) * Amelia Daffin Marvel (no date on headstone) * Lovel Tindal Marvel (1787-1853)

Spanish-language weekly magazine This article is about the Spanish-language magazine. For the greeting "¡Hola!" in English, see Hello. For the company, see Hola (VPN) ***¡Hola!*** is a weekly Spanish-language magazine specializing in celebrity news, published in Madrid, Spain, and in 15 other countries, with local editions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Greece, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. It is the second most popular magazine in Spain after *Pronto*. The title means "Hello!" in English and it is the parent magazine of the English-language *Hello!*, *Hello! Canada* and *Hola! USA*. History and profile ------------------- *¡Hola!* was founded in Barcelona on 2 September 1944 by Antonio Sánchez Gómez, who continued to run the magazine until his death in the 1970s. He employed mainly relatives and to this day *¡Hola!* remains a predominantly family run organisation, with Sánchez's wife still stepping in to provide layout for important royal wedding spreads. Later the headquarters of the magazine moved to Madrid. Initially designed as a family magazine, Sánchez soon realized the potential for profit in the women's industry and initially focused on the doings of royalty, as well as offering a self-help section. Then the magazine became a gossip magazine, although the Spanish version still relies heavily on royalty for their gossip, whilst the English and Latin American versions focus more on Hollywood. The former Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González gave his first interview to the magazine when he was in office. The magazine continues to grow and its edition in Argentina was launched in 2010. Circulation ----------- The combined readership of *¡Hola!* and its various sister magazines is more than a million a week, a large growth from the original 4,000 copies which sold in its first week of production in 1944. The circulation of the magazine was 654,836 copies in 1993, making it the second best-selling magazine in Spain. The magazine was the third best selling magazine in the country with a circulation of 627,514 copies in 1997. The circulation of *¡Hola!* was 553,042 copies in 2005. Its circulation was 537,270 copies in 2008 and 475,049 in 2009.

Input provided to a function/subroutine For other uses, see Parameter (disambiguation). In computer programming, a **parameter** or a **formal argument** is a special kind of variable used in a subroutine to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine. These pieces of data are the values of the **arguments** (often called *actual arguments* or *actual parameters*) with which the subroutine is going to be called/invoked. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a subroutine, so that, each time the subroutine is called, its arguments for that call are evaluated, and the resulting values can be assigned to the corresponding parameters. Unlike *argument* in usual mathematical usage, the *argument* in computer science is the actual input expression passed/supplied to a function, procedure, or routine in the invocation/call statement, whereas the *parameter* is the variable inside the implementation of the subroutine. For example, if one defines the `add` subroutine as `def add(x, y): return x + y`, then `x, y` are parameters, while if this is called as `add(2, 3)`, then `2, 3` are the arguments. Variables (and expressions thereof) from the calling context can be arguments: if the subroutine is called as `a = 2; b = 3; add(a, b)` then the *variables* `a, b` are the arguments, not the *values* `2, 3`. See the Parameters and arguments section for more information. The semantics for how parameters can be declared and how the (value of) arguments are passed to the parameters of subroutines are defined by the evaluation strategy of the language, and the details of how this is represented in any particular computer system depend on the calling convention of that system. In the most common case, call by value, a parameter acts within the subroutine as a new local variable initialized to the value of the argument (a local (isolated) copy of the argument if the argument is a variable), but in other cases, e.g. call by reference, the argument variable supplied by the caller can be affected by actions within the called subroutine. Example ------- The following program in the C programming language defines a function that is named "SalesTax" and has one parameter named "price". The type of price is "double" (i.e. a double-precision floating point number). The function's return type is also a double. ``` double SalesTax(double price) { return 0.05 \* price; } ``` After the function has been defined, it can be invoked as follows: ``` SalesTax(10.00); ``` In this example, the function has been invoked with the *argument* 10.00. When this happens, 10.00 will be assigned to price, and the function begins calculating its result. The steps for producing the result are specified below, enclosed in {}. `0.05 * price` indicates that the first thing to do is multiply 0.05 by the value of price, which gives 0.50. `return` means the function will produce the result of `0.05 * price`. Therefore, the final result (ignoring possible round-off errors one encounters with representing decimal fractions as binary fractions) is 0.50. Parameters and arguments ------------------------ The terms *parameter* and *argument* may have different meanings in different programming languages. Sometimes they are used interchangeably, and the context is used to distinguish the meaning. The term *parameter* (sometimes called *formal parameter*) is often used to refer to the variable as found in the function definition, while *argument* (sometimes called *actual parameter*) refers to the actual input supplied at function call. For example, if one defines a function as `def f(x): ...`, then `x` is the parameter, and if it is called by `a = ...; f(a)` then `a` is the argument. A parameter is an (unbound) variable, while the argument can be a literal or variable or more complex expression involving literals and variables. In case of call by value, what is passed to the function is the value of the argument – for example, `f(2)` and `a = 2; f(a)` are equivalent calls – while in call by reference, with a variable as argument, what is passed is a reference to that variable - even though the syntax for the function call could stay the same. The specification for pass-by-reference or pass-by-value would be made in the function declaration and/or definition. Parameters appear in procedure definitions; arguments appear in procedure calls. In the function definition `f(x) = x*x` the variable x is a parameter; in the function call `f(2)` the value 2 is the argument of the function. Loosely, a parameter is a type, and an argument is an instance. A parameter is an intrinsic property of the procedure, included in its definition. For example, in many languages, a procedure to add two supplied integers together and calculate the sum would need two parameters, one for each integer. In general, a procedure may be defined with any number of parameters, or no parameters at all. If a procedure has parameters, the part of its definition that specifies the parameters is called its *parameter list*. By contrast, the arguments are the expressions supplied to the procedure when it is called, usually one expression matching one of the parameters. Unlike the parameters, which form an unchanging part of the procedure's definition, the arguments may vary from call to call. Each time a procedure is called, the part of the procedure call that specifies the arguments is called the *argument list*. Although parameters are also commonly referred to as arguments, arguments are sometimes thought of as the actual values or references assigned to the parameter variables when the subroutine is called at run-time. When discussing code that is calling into a subroutine, any values or references passed into the subroutine are the arguments, and the place in the code where these values or references are given is the *parameter list*. When discussing the code inside the subroutine definition, the variables in the subroutine's parameter list are the parameters, while the values of the parameters at runtime are the arguments. For example, in C, when dealing with threads it is common to pass in an argument of type void\* and cast it to an expected type: ``` void ThreadFunction(void\* pThreadArgument) { // Naming the first parameter 'pThreadArgument' is correct, rather than // 'pThreadParameter'. At run time the value we use is an argument. As // mentioned above, reserve the term parameter for when discussing // subroutine definitions. } ``` To better understand the difference, consider the following function written in C: ``` int Sum(int addend1, int addend2) { return addend1 + addend2; } ``` The function *Sum* has two parameters, named *addend1* and *addend2*. It adds the values passed into the parameters, and returns the result to the subroutine's caller (using a technique automatically supplied by the C compiler). The code which calls the *Sum* function might look like this: ``` int value1 = 40; int value2 = 2; int sum\_value = Sum(value1, value2); ``` The variables *value1* and *value2* are initialized with values. *value1* and *value2* are both arguments to the *sum* function in this context. At runtime, the values assigned to these variables are passed to the function *Sum* as arguments. In the *Sum* function, the parameters *addend1* and *addend2* are evaluated, yielding the arguments 40 and 2, respectively. The values of the arguments are added, and the result is returned to the caller, where it is assigned to the variable *sum\_value*. Because of the difference between parameters and arguments, it is possible to supply inappropriate arguments to a procedure. The call may supply too many or too few arguments; one or more of the arguments may be a wrong type; or arguments may be supplied in the wrong order. Any of these situations causes a mismatch between the parameter and argument lists, and the procedure will often return an unintended answer or generate a runtime error. ### Alternative convention in Eiffel Within the Eiffel software development method and language, the terms *argument* and *parameter* have distinct uses established by convention. The term *argument* is used exclusively in reference to a routine's inputs, and the term *parameter* is used exclusively in type parameterization for generic classes. Consider the following routine definition: ``` sum (addend1: INTEGER; addend2: INTEGER): INTEGER do Result := addend1 + addend2 end ``` The routine `sum` takes two arguments `addend1` and `addend2`, which are called the routine's **formal arguments**. A call to `sum` specifies **actual arguments**, as shown below with `value1` and `value2`. ``` sum\_value: INTEGER value1: INTEGER = 40 value2: INTEGER = 2 … sum\_value := sum (value1, value2) ``` Parameters are also thought of as either **formal** or **actual**. **Formal generic parameters** are used in the definition of generic classes. In the example below, the class `HASH_TABLE` is declared as a generic class which has two formal generic parameters, `G` representing data of interest and `K` representing the hash key for the data: ``` class HASH\_TABLE [G, K -> HASHABLE] … ``` When a class becomes a client to `HASH_TABLE`, the formal generic parameters are substituted with **actual generic parameters** in a **generic derivation**. In the following attribute declaration, `my_dictionary` is to be used as a character string based dictionary. As such, both data and key formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters of type `STRING`. ``` my\_dictionary: HASH\_TABLE [STRING, STRING] ``` Datatypes --------- In strongly typed programming languages, each parameter's type must be specified in the procedure declaration. Languages using type inference attempt to discover the types automatically from the function's body and usage. Dynamically typed programming languages defer type resolution until run-time. Weakly typed languages perform little to no type resolution, relying instead on the programmer for correctness. Some languages use a special keyword (e.g. *void*) to indicate that the subroutine has no parameters; in formal type theory, such functions take an empty parameter list (whose type is not *void*, but rather *unit*). Argument passing ---------------- The exact mechanism for assigning arguments to parameters, called *argument passing*, depends upon the evaluation strategy used for that parameter (typically call by value), which may be specified using keywords. ### Default arguments Some programming languages such as Ada, C++, Clojure,[] Common Lisp, Fortran 90, Python, Ruby, Tcl, and Windows PowerShell[] allow for a default argument to be explicitly or implicitly given in a subroutine's declaration. This allows the caller to omit that argument when calling the subroutine. If the default argument is explicitly given, then that value is used if it is not provided by the caller. If the default argument is implicit (sometimes by using a keyword such as *Optional*) then the language provides a well-known value (such as *null*, *Empty*, zero, an empty string, etc.) if a value is not provided by the caller. PowerShell example: ``` function doc($g = 1.21) { "$g gigawatts? $g gigawatts? Great Scott!" } ``` ``` PS > doc 1.21 gigawatts? 1.21 gigawatts? Great Scott! PS > doc 88 88 gigawatts? 88 gigawatts? Great Scott! ``` Default arguments can be seen as a special case of the variable-length argument list. ### Variable-length parameter lists Some languages allow subroutines to be defined to accept a variable number of arguments. For such languages, the subroutines must iterate through the list of arguments. PowerShell example: ``` function marty { $args | foreach { "back to the year $\_" } } ``` ``` PS > marty 1985 back to the year 1985 PS > marty 2015 1985 1955 back to the year 2015 back to the year 1985 back to the year 1955 ``` ### Named parameters Some programming languages—such as Ada and Windows PowerShell—allow subroutines to have named parameters. This allows the calling code to be more self-documenting. It also provides more flexibility to the caller, often allowing the order of the arguments to be changed, or for arguments to be omitted as needed. PowerShell example: ``` function jennifer($adjectiveYoung, $adjectiveOld) { "Young Jennifer: I'm $adjectiveYoung!" "Old Jennifer: I'm $adjectiveOld!" } ``` ``` PS > jennifer 'fresh' 'experienced' Young Jennifer: I'm fresh! Old Jennifer: I'm experienced! PS > jennifer -adjectiveOld 'experienced' -adjectiveYoung 'fresh' Young Jennifer: I'm fresh! Old Jennifer: I'm experienced! ``` ### Multiple parameters in functional languages In lambda calculus, each function has exactly one parameter. What is thought of as functions with multiple parameters is usually represented in lambda calculus as a function which takes the first argument, and returns a function which takes the rest of the arguments; this is a transformation known as currying. Some programming languages, like ML and Haskell, follow this scheme. In these languages, every function has exactly one parameter, and what may look like the definition of a function of multiple parameters, is actually syntactic sugar for the definition of a function that returns a function, etc. Function application is left-associative in these languages as well as in lambda calculus, so what looks like an application of a function to multiple arguments is correctly evaluated as the function applied to the first argument, then the resulting function applied to the second argument, etc. Output parameters ----------------- An **output parameter**, also known as an **out parameter** or **return parameter**, is a parameter used for output, rather than the more usual use for input. Using call by reference parameters, or call by value parameters where the value is a reference, as output parameters is an idiom in some languages, notably C and C++, while other languages have built-in support for output parameters. Languages with built-in support for output parameters include Ada (see Ada subprograms), Fortran (since Fortran 90; see Fortran "intent"), various procedural extensions to SQL, such as PL/SQL (see PL/SQL functions) and Transact-SQL, C# and the .NET Framework, Swift, and the scripting language TScript (see TScript function declarations). More precisely, one may distinguish three types of parameters or **parameter modes**: *input parameters*, *output parameters,* and *input/output parameters;* these are often denoted `in`, `out`, and `in out` or `inout`. An input argument (the argument to an input parameter) must be a value, such as an initialized variable or literal, and must not be redefined or assigned to; an output argument must be an assignable variable, but it need not be initialized, any existing value is not accessible, and must be assigned a value; and an input/output argument must be an initialized, assignable variable, and can optionally be assigned a value. The exact requirements and enforcement vary between languages – for example, in Ada 83 output parameters can only be assigned to, not read, even after assignment (this was removed in Ada 95 to remove the need for an auxiliary accumulator variable). These are analogous to the notion of a value in an expression being an r-value (has a value), an l-value (can be assigned), or an r-value/l-value (has a value and can be assigned), respectively, though these terms have specialized meanings in C. In some cases only input and input/output are distinguished, with output being considered a specific use of input/output, and in other cases only input and output (but not input/output) are supported. The default mode varies between languages: in Fortran 90 input/output is default, while in C# and SQL extensions input is default, and in TScript each parameter is explicitly specified as input or output. Syntactically, parameter mode is generally indicated with a keyword in the function declaration, such as `void f(out int x)` in C#. Conventionally output parameters are often put at the end of the parameter list to clearly distinguish them, though this is not always followed. TScript uses a different approach, where in the function declaration input parameters are listed, then output parameters, separated by a colon (:) and there is no return type to the function itself, as in this function, which computes the size of a text fragment: ``` TextExtent(WString text, Font font : Integer width, Integer height) ``` Parameter modes are a form of denotational semantics, stating the programmer's intent and allowing compilers to catch errors and apply optimizations – they do not necessarily imply operational semantics (how the parameter passing actually occurs). Notably, while input parameters can be implemented by call by value, and output and input/output parameters by call by reference – and this is a straightforward way to implement these modes in languages without built-in support – this is not always how they are implemented. This distinction is discussed in detail in the *Ada '83 Rationale,* which emphasizes that the parameter mode is abstracted from which parameter passing mechanism (by reference or by copy) is actually implemented. For instance, while in C# input parameters (default, no keyword) are passed by value, and output and input/output parameters (`out` and `ref`) are passed by reference, in PL/SQL input parameters (`IN`) are passed by reference, and output and input/output parameters (`OUT` and `IN OUT`) are by default passed by value and the result copied back, but can be passed by reference by using the `NOCOPY` compiler hint. A syntactically similar construction to output parameters is to assign the return value to a variable with the same name as the function. This is found in Pascal and Fortran 66 and Fortran 77, as in this Pascal example: ``` function f(x, y: integer): integer; begin f := x + y; end; ``` This is semantically different in that when called, the function is simply evaluated – it is not passed a variable from the calling scope to store the output in. ### Use The primary use of output parameters is to return multiple values from a function, while the use of input/output parameters is to modify state using parameter passing (rather than by shared environment, as in global variables). An important use of returning multiple values is to solve the semipredicate problem of returning both a value and an error status – see Semipredicate problem: Multivalued return. For example, to return two variables from a function in C, one may write: ``` int width int height; F(x, &width, &height); ``` where `x` is an input parameter and `width` and `height` are output parameters. A common use case in C and related languages is for exception handling, where a function places the return value in an output variable, and returns a Boolean corresponding to whether the function succeeded or not. An archetypal example is the `TryParse` method in .NET, especially C#, which parses a string into an integer, returning `true` on success and `false` on failure. This has the following signature: ``` public static bool TryParse(string s, out int result) ``` and may be used as follows: ``` int result; if (!Int32.TryParse(s, result)) { // exception handling } ``` Similar considerations apply to returning a value of one of several possible types, where the return value can specify the type and then value is stored in one of several output variables. ### Drawbacks Output parameters are often discouraged in modern programming, essentially as being awkward, confusing, and too low-level – commonplace return values are considerably easier to understand and work with. Notably, output parameters involve functions with side effects (modifying the output parameter) and are semantically similar to references, which are more confusing than pure functions and values, and the distinction between output parameters and input/output parameters can be subtle. Further, since in common programming styles most parameters are simply input parameters, output parameters and input/output parameters are unusual and hence susceptible to misunderstanding. Output and input/output parameters prevent function composition, since the output is stored in variables, rather than in the value of an expression. Thus one must initially declare a variable, and then each step of a chain of functions must be a separate statement. For example, in C++ the following function composition: ``` Object obj = G(y, F(x)); ``` when written with output and input/output parameters instead becomes (for `F` it is an output parameter, for `G` an input/output parameter): ``` Object obj; F(x, &obj); G(y, &obj); ``` In the special case of a function with a single output or input/output parameter and no return value, function composition is possible if the output or input/output parameter (or in C/C++, its address) is also returned by the function, in which case the above becomes: ``` Object obj; G(y, F(x, &obj)); ``` ### Alternatives There are various alternatives to the use cases of output parameters. For returning multiple values from a function, an alternative is to return a tuple. Syntactically this is clearer if automatic sequence unpacking and parallel assignment can be used, as in Go or Python, such as: ``` def f(): return 1, 2 a, b = f() ``` For returning a value of one of several types, a tagged union can be used instead; the most common cases are nullable types (option types), where the return value can be null to indicate failure. For exception handling, one can return a nullable type, or raise an exception. For example, in Python one might have either: ``` result = parse(s) if result is None: # exception handling ``` or, more idiomatically: ``` try: result = parse(s) except ParseError: # exception handling ``` The micro-optimization of not requiring a local variable and copying the return when using output variables can also be applied to conventional functions and return values by sufficiently sophisticated compilers. The usual alternative to output parameters in C and related languages is to return a single data structure containing all return values. For example, given a structure encapsulating width and height, one can write: ``` WidthHeight width\_and\_height = F(x); ``` In object-oriented languages, instead of using input/output parameters, one can often use call by sharing, passing a reference to an object and then mutating the object, though not changing which object the variable refers to.

2019 United States court case ***hiQ Labs, Inc. v. LinkedIn Corp.***, 938 F.3d 985 (9th Cir. 2019), was a United States Ninth Circuit case about web scraping. The 9th Circuit affirmed the district court's preliminary injunction, preventing LinkedIn from denying the plaintiff, hiQ Labs, from accessing LinkedIn's publicly available LinkedIn member profiles. hiQ is a small data analytics company that used automated bots to scrape information from public LinkedIn profiles. The court ruled that hiQ had the right to do web scraping. However, the Supreme Court, based on its *Van Buren v. United States* decision, vacated the decision and remanded the case for further review in June 2021. In a second ruling in April 2022 the Ninth Circuit affirmed its decision. In November 2022 the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled that hiQ had breached LinkedIn's User Agreement and a settlement agreement was reached between the two parties. Background ---------- LinkedIn served hiQ with a cease-and-desist, demanding that hiQ cease its activity of accessing and copying data from LinkedIn's server. hiQ filed suit against LinkedIn, seeking both injunctive relief under California law and a declaratory judgment to prevent LinkedIn from lawfully invoking the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), California Penal Code § 502(c), or the common law of trespass against hiQ. Ninth Circuit ------------- The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's award of a preliminary injunction in hiQ's favor, finding that "hiQ established a likelihood of irreparable harm because the survival of its business was threatened." The Ninth Circuit held that there was no abuse of discretion by the district court where the court had found that even if some LinkedIn users retained their privacy despite their public status, as they were not scraped, such privacy interests did not outweigh hiQ's interest in maintaining its business. In balancing the hardships, the Ninth Circuit determined it weighed in favor of hiQ. Further, the Ninth Circuit noted that hiQ posed serious concerns with regards to "(1) the merits of its claim for tortious interference with contract, alleging that LinkedIn intentionally interfered with its contracts with third parties, and (2) the merits of LinkedIn’s legitimate business purpose defense." Additionally, there was a serious contention as to whether the CFAA preempted hiQ's state law causes of action, specifically because the CFAA prohibits accessing a computer without authorization or exceeding one's authorization to obtain information from a protected computer. LinkedIn asserted that following the receipt of its cease-and-desist letter, hiQ's scraping and further use of its data without authorization fell within the meaning of "without authorization" within the CFAA. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's finding that public interest favored the granting of a preliminary injunction. In his concurring opinion, Judge Wallace specified his concern about the appeal of a preliminary injunction initiated in order to obtain an appellate court's take on the merits. Ultimately, the Ninth Circuit's affirmation of the district court's grant of the preliminary injunction prohibited LinkedIn from denying hiQ access to publicly available data on public LinkedIn users' profiles. Supreme Court ------------- LinkedIn petitioned the Supreme Court to review the Ninth Circuit's decision. In an order on June 14, 2021, the Supreme Court vacated the Ninth Circuit's decision on the basis of their ruling on CFAA the week prior in *Van Buren v. United States*, which had ruled that the "exceeds authorized access" of CFAA only applies when an individual has valid access to a system but accesses parts of a system they are not intended to access. The case was remanded to the Ninth Circuit for further review under *Van Buren*. In a second ruling in April 2022 the Ninth Circuit affirmed its decision. Implications ------------ The Ninth Circuit's declaration that selectively banning potential competitors from accessing and using data that is publicly available can be considered unfair competition under California law may have large implication for antitrust law. [] Other countries with laws to prevent monopolistic practices or anti-trust laws may also see similar disputes and prospectively judgements hailing commercial use of publicly accessible information. While there is global precedence by virtue of large companies such as Thomson Reuters, Bloomberg or Google effectively using web-scraping or crawling to aggregate information from disparate sources across the web, fundamentally the judgement by Ninth Circuit fortifies the lack of enforceability of browse-wrap agreements over conduct of trade using publicly available information.

City in Romania Not to be confused with Sibu, a city in Malaysia. Place in Romania **Sibiu** (/siːˈbjuː/ *see-BEW*, Romanian: [siˈbiw], German: *Hermannstadt* [ˈhɛʁmanʃtat], Latin: *Cibinium*, Transylvanian Saxon: *Härmeschtat* or *Hermestatt*, Hungarian: *Nagyszeben* [ˈnɒcsɛbɛn]) is a middle-sized, well-preserved fortified medieval town in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania (Romanian: *Transilvania*, German: *Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien)*. Located some 275 km (171 mi) north-west of Bucharest, the town straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River. Now the county seat (Romanian: *oraș reședință de județ*) of the Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania (Romanian: *Principatul Transilvaniei*, German: *Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen*). During the Modern era, the Hecht hause in Sibiu served as the seat of the Transylvanian Saxon University (Romanian: *Universitatea Săsească*, German: *Sächsische Nationsuniversität*, Latin: *Universitas Saxonum*). Nicknamed *The Town with Eyes* (given its historical buildings with partly open rooftops), the town is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history, gastronomy or local cuisine, and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the town has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiu was subsequently designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007, a title which it shared that year along with Luxembourg City as well. One year later, it was ranked "Europe's 8th-most idyllic place to live" by *Forbes*. In 2019, Sibiu was named the European Region of Gastronomy. Sibiu hosted the European Wandering Capital event in 2021, the most important tourist wandering event in Europe. A European Union summit was also hosted by the town in 2019. Sibiu is also known nationally and internationally for its very beautiful Christmas market. Renowned personalities include Transylvanian Saxon scientists Conrad Haas and Hermann Oberth, who were both pioneers of rocketry. The company Elrond, which created the eGold cryptocurrency (among the biggest in the world), was founded by people from Sibiu. As of 2021 census, the city has a population of 134,309, making it the 15th-largest city in Romania. The proposed Sibiu metropolitan area has a population of 267,170. The town also administers the village of Păltiniș, a ski resort located 35 kilometres to the southwest. Historically, especially during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages, Sibiu had been one of the most important cultural and administrative centres of the Transylvanian Saxons (more specifically the most important). It is called *Härmeschtat* in their own local dialect which is very close to Luxembourgish from which it primarily descended a long time ago, during the Ostsiedlung. Name ---- The name of the city derives from the Bulgar-Turkic name Sibin<Sebin<Säbin, meaning "rejoice". An archaic version of the Romanian name Sibiu is *Sibiiu*, while an obsolete folk name is *Sâghii*, formerly spelled *Sîghii*. Its Hungarian name is *Nagyszeben* ("Big/Greater Sibiu"), or colloquially, *Szeben*. In German, it is called *Hermannstadt* ("Hermann's town"), while in the local Transylvanian Saxon dialect, it is known as *Härmeschtat*. In Yiddish, it is called סעבען *Seben* or הערמאנשטאט *Hermanshtat*. A number of other languages also have their own variants of the city's name, like Czech *Sibiň*, Polish *Sybin*, Serbo-Croatian *Sibinj*, Old Bulgarian *Sibin* (Сибин) and the proposed Esperanto name *Sibio*. History ------- See also: Timeline of Sibiu Historical affiliations > > Kingdom of Hungary 1191–1526 > Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1570 > Principality of Transylvania 1570–1804 >  Austrian Empire 1804–1867 >  Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 (*de jure* Hungary until 1920) >  Kingdom of Romania 1920–1947 (*de facto* from 1918) >  Romanian People's Republic 1947–1965 >  Socialist Republic of Romania 1965–1989 >  Romania 1989–present > > > The Roman fort of Cedonia was perhaps in the same location as Sibiu. The town was founded by Saxon (German) settlers brought there by King of Hungary and King of Croatia Géza II during the mid-late 12th century, as part of the Ostsiedlung. They came from territories of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of France (nowadays parts of Germany, France and the Benelux countries) and arrived at around 1147. The first references to the area were *Cibinium* and *Cipin* from 1191 when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free prepositure of the Saxons in Transylvania, having its headquarters in Sibiu. The city also used the names *Prepositus Cibiniensis* (1192–1196) and *Prepositus Scibiniensis* (1211). In 1223, it was renamed to *Villa Hermanni*, either in honor of archbishop Hermann II of Cologne or after a man who is believed to have founded the city, Hermann of Nuremberg. The actual German name of *Hermannstadt* ("Hermann's city") dates from 1366, while an earlier form, *Hermannsdorf* ("Hermann's village") was recorded in 1321. An alternative urban legend has it that the town was named after a certain shoemaker by the name Hermann. Medieval fortifications which can be found in Sibiu's old town In the 14th century, it was already an important trade centre. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. Hermannstadt became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name *Siebenbürgen* (literally *seven citadels*). It was home to the Transylvanian Saxon University (Latin: *Universitas Saxonum*; i.e. Community of the Saxons), a network of pedagogues, ministers, intellectuals, city officials, and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s. In 1699, after the Ottomans withdrew to their base of power in Hungary and Transylvania, the town became capital of Principality of Transylvania (since 1570 the principality was mostly under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, however often had a dual vassalage). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second- and later the first-most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The *Albina* Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Austrian Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third-most important centre of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and 1867 (the year of the *Ausgleich*), Hermannstadt was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region. After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved and Sibiu became part of the Kingdom of Romania; the majority of its population was still ethnically German (until 1941) and counted a large Romanian community as well as a smaller Hungarian one. Starting from the 1950s and until 1990, most of the town's ethnic Germans emigrated to West Germany and Austria. The trend continued to a moderate extent after 1990 as well to unified Germany. Nonetheless, among the approximately 2,000 Transylvanian Saxons who decided to remain as per the 2011 Romanian census was Klaus Iohannis, the current[update] President of Romania and former longtime mayor of the town between 2000 and 2014, who was succeeded by Astrid Fodor since 2014 onwards, initially ad interim/acting, and then, subsequently in full constitutional powers after 2016. * Panoramic view of Sibiu from 1928Panoramic view of Sibiu from 1928 * View from Gușterița hillView from Gușterița hill * Burger-Ocnei gateBurger-Ocnei gate * Cisnădie's Gate TowerCisnădie's Gate Tower * Tower's Street and the Lutheran CathedralTower's Street and the Lutheran Cathedral * Copper engraving of Sibiu (Hermanstatt), c. 1630Copper engraving of Sibiu (*Hermanstatt*), c. 1630 * A busy market scene in Sibiu, 1818A busy market scene in Sibiu, 1818 * The Tanners' Tower, painted by Johann BöbelThe Tanners' Tower, painted by Johann Böbel * Citadel Square, painted by Johann BöbelCitadel Square, painted by Johann Böbel Geography --------- Topographic map of the Sibiu region Făgăraș Mountains Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E / 45.792784°N 24.152069°E / 45.792784; 24.152069. Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km (12 mi) from the Făgăraș Mountains, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the Lotru Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill. The Cibin River and some smaller streams run through Sibiu. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania, with important roads and railway lines passing through it, including the A1 motorway, which also serves as a heavy traffic bypass for the city. ### Climate Sibiu's climate is humid continental (Köppen: *Dfb*), with average temperatures of 8 to 9 °C (46 to 48 °F). The average precipitation is 643.7 metres (25,340 in), and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually. Sibiu experiences 56 days per year with fog and 1.5 days with hail. | Climate data for Sibiu (1991–2020, extremes 1901-2020) | | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °C (°F) | 17.8(64.0) | 21.3(70.3) | 30.6(87.1) | 30.2(86.4) | 32.2(90.0) | 35.4(95.7) | 38.3(100.9) | 38.9(102.0) | 39.5(103.1) | 32.5(90.5) | 27.0(80.6) | 19.3(66.7) | 39.5(103.1) | | Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3(36.1) | 5.5(41.9) | 10.7(51.3) | 16.7(62.1) | 21.4(70.5) | 25.1(77.2) | 26.9(80.4) | 27.1(80.8) | 21.8(71.2) | 16.6(61.9) | 10.1(50.2) | 3.4(38.1) | 15.6(60.1) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.5(27.5) | −0.2(31.6) | 4.4(39.9) | 10.2(50.4) | 15.1(59.2) | 18.7(65.7) | 20.3(68.5) | 19.9(67.8) | 14.8(58.6) | 9.5(49.1) | 4.3(39.7) | −0.9(30.4) | 9.5(49.1) | | Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.6(20.1) | −4.8(23.4) | −0.7(30.7) | 4.3(39.7) | 8.9(48.0) | 12.4(54.3) | 13.9(57.0) | 13.5(56.3) | 9.1(48.4) | 4.0(39.2) | −0.4(31.3) | −4.7(23.5) | 4.1(39.4) | | Record low °C (°F) | −31.8(−25.2) | −31.0(−23.8) | −24.5(−12.1) | −12.0(10.4) | −3.6(25.5) | 1.0(33.8) | 2.8(37.0) | −2.1(28.2) | −9.4(15.1) | −18.4(−1.1) | −26.7(−16.1) | −29.8(−21.6) | −31.8(−25.2) | | Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.8(1.02) | 23.2(0.91) | 34.9(1.37) | 53.9(2.12) | 77.2(3.04) | 97.3(3.83) | 94.7(3.73) | 71.1(2.80) | 55.6(2.19) | 46.5(1.83) | 32.5(1.28) | 31.0(1.22) | 643.7(25.34) | | Average snowfall cm (inches) | 11.0(4.3) | 11.0(4.3) | 7.4(2.9) | 4.8(1.9) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 1.7(0.7) | 4.5(1.8) | 6.5(2.6) | 46.9(18.5) | | Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.7 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 89.3 | | Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 79 | 71 | 67 | 68 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 86 | 75 | | Average dew point °C (°F) | −5.8(21.6) | −4.2(24.4) | −0.4(31.3) | 4.1(39.4) | 9.3(48.7) | 12.7(54.9) | 13.8(56.8) | 13.3(55.9) | 10.4(50.7) | 5.4(41.7) | 1.5(34.7) | −2.6(27.3) | 4.8(40.6) | | Mean monthly sunshine hours | 73.9 | 97.3 | 137.6 | 171.8 | 209.9 | 232.5 | 253.6 | 249.0 | 174.7 | 148.4 | 92.4 | 61.3 | 1,902.4 | | Source 1: NOAA (snowfall and dew point 1961–1990) | | Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1989–2008) | Tourism ------- The Evangelical Lutheran fortified church in Turnișor (German: *Neppendorf*), belonging to the local Transylvanian Landler community. In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (alongside Luxembourg). This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the town, and a great number of tourists came, both domestic and foreign. The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania, as it holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12+ institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences. The city also lies close to the Făgăraș Mountains – a popular trekking destination, close to the city of Păltiniș and Arena Platoș ski resorts – both winter holiday destinations, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches. Fortified Evangelical Lutheran church of Gușterița (German: *Hammersdorf*) neighbourhood, built during the 13th century, belonging to the local Transylvanian Saxon community. Since 2007, a traditional Christmas market has been held in Sibiu. The first of its kind in Romania, it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets, being a project developed by the Social Attaché of the Austrian Embassy in Romania, dr.h.c. Barbara Schöfnagel. It was held in the "Lesser Square" (Piața Mică) with 38 small stalls, a small stage and an area dedicated to children, having several mechanical attractions installed there. Since 2008, the market is held in the "Grand Square" (Piaţa Mare) grew to a number of about 70 stalls, a bigger stage was set up, where Christmas carols concerts are held. An ice skating rink and a children's workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years. It was the first Christmas Market in Romania, but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country. In 2013, the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the "15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe". In 2019, Sibiu had planned to host the European Gastronomical capital, by encouraging the local producers and businesses in the field of food production and culinary and gourmet culture, traditional workshops in the villages of the region, promoting farms and gastronomic circuits, or developing public programs to support small businesses in gastronomy and of the hospitality industry in the Sibiu region. Culture ------- Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has 2 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University, where students hold monthly representations. The Radu Stanca National Theatre is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Gábor Tompa and Silviu Purcărete. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week. The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German. The State Philharmonic of Sibiu presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral. The Sibiu International Theatre Festival is an annual festival of performing arts. Since 2016, it is the largest performance arts festival in the world. Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu ### Museums and parks Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies. The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum, a 96-hectare open-air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu, a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People. The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park stretches over 960 ha (2,400 acres) and it is 4 km (2.5 mi) away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Rășinari. Also, here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum. There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40 locomotives, two of which are functional. The first park in the city was The Promenade, later called "The Disabled Promenade." established in 1791, today part of Parcul Cetății (Citadel Park). Current arrangement of the park, including the space between the walls, dates from 1928. The Sub Arini Park, established between 1857 and 1859 based on plans of military engineer Michael Seyfried, is one of the biggest and best-maintained parks in Romania. There are other green spaces in the city center, the best known being Astra Park, established in 1879. Other parks: Tineretului Park, Reconstrucției Park, Corneliu Coposu Park, Petöfi Sándor Park, Piața Cluj Park, Ștrand Park, Cristianului Park, Țițeica Park, Vasile Aaron Park, Lira Park. The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities. ### Events Citadel Park, with the 16th century city wall Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the Sibiu International Theatre Festival, organized each spring at the end of May. Medieval Festival organized every year in August, reviving the medieval spirit of Transylvania. The Artmania Festival is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin' Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6-day Open Air Music festival! 26–31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events. Feeric Fashion Week is also hosted here. Sibiu was awarded by IGCAT (International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism) to be part of the European Regions of Gastronomy program, event that will promote in 2019 the region's culinary heritage, multi-ethnic traditions and multi-cultural community. ### European Cultural Capital The designation of Sibiu/Hermannstadt as European Cultural Capital in 2007 was owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg (and to the noteworthy historical ties between the Transylvanian Saxon community and Luxembourg), but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the town during the last years. The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007 and so it did. Administration -------------- Incumbent mayor Astrid Cora Fodor (FDGR/DFDR) The town government is headed by a mayor. Since 2014, the office is held by Astrid Fodor from the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR), who replaced Klaus Iohannis, the latter having become the 5th president of Romania. Iohannis, a Transylvanian Saxon, was mayor from 2000 to 2014, despite ethnic Germans nowadays making up less than 2% of Sibiu's population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (Romanian: *Consiliu local*) made up of 23 elected councillors. Sibiu is the capital of the Sibiu County. |     | Party | Seats | Current Council | | --- | --- | --- | --- | |   | National Liberal Party (PNL) | **9** |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   | Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR) | **8** |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   | Save Romania Union (USR) | **4** | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |   | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | **2** |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | ### City districts Sibiu is divided into the following districts: * Historical center (divided into the Upper and Lower Town) * Center (south-west of the historical center) * Broscărie * Dumbrăvii * Gușterița (German: *Hammersdorf*) * Hipodrom I, II, III, IV * Lazaret * Lupeni * Piața Cluj (named after Cluj) * Reșița (named after Reșița) * Ștrand * Terezian * Tilișca * Tineretului * Trei Stejari * Turnișor (German: *Neppendorf*) * Țiglari * Valea Aurie * Vasile Aaron * Veteranilor de Război * Viile Sibiului Some of them were villages annexed by the city as it grew, others were built as the city developed and increased its surface. The ASTRA National Museum Complex and the Zoo, located in the south, also fall within city limits. The Păltiniș ski resort, located 35 kilometres to the south, is also administered by Sibiu. While Șelimbăr and the *Arhitecților* district of Cisnădie are not part of Sibiu proper, they are adjacent to the city limits and often considered part of it. Demographics ------------ At the 2011 census, Sibiu had a population of 147,245, a 5% decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census. The ethnic breakdown was as follows: Romanians 95.9%, Hungarians 1.6%, Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) 1.1%, and Roma 0.4%. A 2017 estimate placed the population at 169,316, a 14.98% increase since 2011. This increase made Sibiu's population surpass the numbers observed in 1992 when the previously highest population was recorded. As of the 2021 census data, 134,309 inhabitants live within the city limits, an 8.8% decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census. ### Population dynamics | Census | Ethnic structure | | --- | --- | | **Year** | **Population** | **%±** | Romanians | Hungarians | Germans | | 1850 | 12,765 | — | 2,089 | 977 | 8,790 | | 1880 | 19,446 | + 41.4% | 2,810 | 2,065 | 14,327 | | 1890 | 21,465 | + 9.8% | 4,581 | 3,199 | 13,148 | | 1900 | 29,577 | + 31.7% | 7,106 | 5,747 | 16,141 | | 1910 | 33,489 | + 12.4% | 8,824 | 7,252 | 16,832 | | 1920 | 32,748 | – 2.2% | 8,553 | 4,291 | 18,218 | | 1930 | 49,345 | + 40.4% | 19,006 | 6,782 | 22,045 | | 1941 | 63,765 | + 25.5% | 33,829 | 4,262 | 23,574 | | 1948 | 60,602 | – 5% | 37,371 | 5,060 | 16,359 | | 1956 | 90,475 | + 39.5% | 60,526 | 4,772 | 24,636 | | 1966 | 109,515 | + 19% | 78,548 | 5,124 | 25,387 | | 1977 | 151,005 | + 31.8% | 119,507 | 5,111 | 25,403 | | 1992 | 169,610 | + 11.6% | 158,863 | 4,163 | 5,605 | | 2002 | 154,892 | – 9% | 148,269 | 3,135 | 2,508 | | 2011 | 147,245 | – 5% | 131,414 | 2,131 | 1,481 | | 2021 | 134,309 | – 8.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | ### Population by religious denomination Today, most of the population is Romanian Orthodox. Protestants and Roman Catholics represent about 5% of the population. | | | --- | | **Confessions in Sibiu** | | **Confession** | **1910** | **2002** | | Eastern Orthodox | 18% | 91% | | Greek Catholic (Uniate) | 8% | 1% | | Roman Catholic | 20% | 2% | | Evangelical Lutheran | 42% | 2% | | Reformed | 7% | 1% | | Jewish | 4% | < 1% | | Other | 1% | 4% | | Economy ------- Sibiu is an important economic hub for Romania, with a high rate of foreign investments. It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to ThyssenKrupp Bilstein-Compa, Takata Corporation, Continental Automotive Systems, Marquardt Group and NTN-SNR ball bearings. Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (Siemens). The city also contained Romania's second-largest stock exchange, the Sibiu Stock Exchange, which merged with the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2018. The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city: * East industrial zone (East Economic Center), alongside the railway to Brașov and Râmnicu Vâlcea * West industrial zone (West Economic Center), near the exit to Sebeș, close to the Airport A commercial zone located in the Șelimbăr commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu. It houses a mall and other large retailers. Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism, which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007. Transport --------- Sibiu International Airport LocationSibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure. In 2010 a city bypass was opened, significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city. Tursib is the city's internal transportation system operator. ### Air Sibiu Airport, Blue Air flight Sibiu International Airport is one of the most modern international airports in Romania, with direct connections to Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain. ### Road Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14. The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with Pitești and the Romanian western border, near Arad. From the remaining 332 km (206 mi) of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac, a total of 276 km (171 mi) is completed and the last 56 km (35 mi) are currently under construction, while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 (construction will start no sooner than 2019). Sibiu' s ring road as part of A1 motorway was completed on 1 December 2010. Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib, based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania. Public bus transportation in Sibiu ### Rail Main article: Sibiu railway station Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov – Făgăraș – Sibiu – Simeria – Arad – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu – Mediaș). The city is served by five rail stations: the Main Station (*Gara Mare*), the Little Station (*Gara Mică*), Turnișor, Sibiu Triaj, and Halta Ateliere Zonă. It has an important diesel-powered locomotive depot and a freight terminal. Numerous interregional trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Craiova, Timișoara, and Bucharest. ### Cycling Over the last six years, Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling. The city has 43 kilometers of bicycle lanes. A new bike path with a completion date in 2023 will run the length of the Cibin River, creating a green corridor from the Ștrand to Broscărie neighbourhoods, via Gușterița. Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I'Velo Bike Sharing group. Health ------ Sibiu County Hospital Sibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania, housing many important medical facilities: * County Hospital * Academic Emergency Hospital; * Hospital of Pediatrics; * Military Emergency Hospital; * CFR Hospital (Romanian Railways Hospital); * "Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Psychiatry Hospital * other smaller private clinics The city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country, Polisano. Education --------- Samuel von Brukenthal High School Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 23,000 students in four public and private higher institutions. The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Language Sciences; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, there are 10 faculties and departments. Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities, *Romanian-German University* and *Alma Mater University*. In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most important of which are: * Gheorghe Lazăr National College – sciences and informatics, first opened in 1692 as a Jesuit College * Gheorghe Lazăr National College Samuel von Brukenthal National College – linguistics, sciences and informatics, German language high school * Octavian Goga National College – social sciences, sciences, informatics and linguistics * Onisifor Ghibu Theoretical Highschool – informatics, sciences, sports, theater and linguistics * Andrei Șaguna National College – training for school teacher and linguistics * Constantin Noica Theoretical Highschool – sciences and linguistics * Daniel Popovici Barcianu Highschool – agricultural sciences * George Baritiu National College – economic sciences * Nicolae Iorga Elementary school * Regina Maria Elementary school Sports ------ Sala Transilvania Stadionul Municipal The city houses a football stadium, a multi-functional arena building (Sala Transilvania), a rugby court, a municipal pool and several private tennis courts. Also, several sports international competitions are taking place every year: Sibiu Cycling Tour (in July), Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye (around July), Sibiu Open (formerly held in September), Sibiu Rally (currently held in October). **Football** Sibiu has had a long football tradition, starting in 1913 with the founding of Șoimii Sibiu, which was the launchpad of Ilie Oană's career, who later became a star of FC Petrolul Ploiești. Later came Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu, a sport club of Sibiu's Transylvanian Saxon community, which's best performance was reaching the Divizia A final in the 1930–31 season. The best ever football team from Sibiu, based on performances, was Inter Sibiu, which had finished 4th after the 1990–91 season and had won the Balkans Cup during the same season. During the 21st century, the city has been represented by FC Sibiu and Voința Sibiu (of which only the latter has reached Liga I). Currently, FC Hermannstadt is the only major football team representing Sibiu, playing in the top level of the Romanian football pyramid, the Superliga, season 2022–2023. Starting with the 10th of December 2022, the team's home ground is the rebuilt 13000 seats Sibiu main stadium in the Sub Arini Park, the Stadionul Municipal Sibiu, the inaugural match ending with a 4–0 victory over first placed Farul Constanța. **Basketball** CSU Sibiu, one of the best Romanian basketball teams at the moment, represents Sibiu in the top tier of Romanian basketball, Liga Națională. **Handball** The city's handball team is called CSM Sibiu. Additionally, the nearby town of Cisnădie has a women's team in the first league, CS Măgura. **Rugby** * CSM Sibiu **Volleyball** * CSM Sibiu (men) * CSS Sibiu (women) **Speed Skating** * CSS Sibiu Natives ------- Main category: People from Sibiu * Michael Gottlieb Agnethler, botanist * Alexandru Apolzan, football player * Arthur Arz von Straussenburg, Austro-Hungarian general * Florin Barbu, bass player in Romanian bands Timpuri Noi and Proconsul * Claudiu Baștea, judoka * Ion Besoiu, Romanian actor * Miklós Borsos, Hungarian sculptor * Dan Burincă, Olympic artistic gymnast * Andrei Codrescu, American writer * Sabina Cojocar, Romanian gymnast * Alexandru Curtean, football player * Florin Diacu, Romanian-Canadian mathematician * Steve Holmes, German pornographic actor * Victor Iliu, Romanian film director * Klaus Iohannis, 5th President of Romania * Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general, see also Siege of Przemyśl * Mircea Mureșan, Romanian film director * Alexandru Mușina, Romanian poet * Steliana Nistor, Romanian gymnast * Hermann Oberth, space flight technology pioneer * Nicolaus Olahus, Catholic archbishop of Esztergom * Valerian Onițiu, chess problemist * Oskar Pastior, poet and translator * Dan Perjovschi, Romanian artist * Claudia Presecan, Romanian gymnast * Erna Rubinstein, Hungarian violinist * Iancu Sasul, Moldavian ruler * Tobias Stranover, Transylvanian Saxon painter * Jenő Szemák, Hungarian jurist * Viorel Tilea, Romanian diplomat * Melania Ursu, stage and film actress * Radu Vasile, politician, Prime Minister of Romania * Delia Velculescu, Romanian-American economist * Adele Zay, Transylvanian-Saxon who established the kindergarten system in Hungary and then Romania International relations ----------------------- ### Twin towns Sibiu has twinning agreements with: * Brazil Bauru, Brazil, since 1995. * Philippines Butuan, Philippines * United States Columbia, Missouri, USA, since 1994. * Netherlands Deventer, Netherlands, since 2007. * Austria Klagenfurt, Austria, since 1990. * Germany Landshut, Germany, since 2002. * Germany Marburg, Germany, since 2005. * Belgium Mechelen, Belgium, since 1996. * France Rennes, France, since 1999. * Venezuela Valencia, Venezuela, since 1993. * United Kingdom Wirral, United Kingdom, since 1994. * Japan Takayama, Gifu, Japan, since 2009. * United States Durham, North Carolina, United States, since 2019 ### Consulates The following countries have consulates in Sibiu: * Germany – Consulate-General * Austria – Honorary consulate * Luxembourg – Honorary consulate * Malta – Honorary consulate Gallery ------- * Bilingual Romanian-German sign at the entrance in Sibiu/HermannstadtBilingual Romanian-German sign at the entrance in Sibiu/Hermannstadt * Small flag with Sibiu/Hermannstadt as former European Capital of Culture in 2007Small flag with Sibiu/Hermannstadt as former European Capital of Culture in 2007 * Turnul Sfatului (German: Hermannstädter Ratsturm) in Small SquareTurnul Sfatului (German: *Hermannstädter Ratsturm*) in Small Square * The Small Square of Sibiu, during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala - 2016The Small Square of Sibiu, during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala - 2016 * The Large Square during ChristmasThe Large Square during Christmas * Lutsch House, the headquarters of the local branch of FDGR/DFDRLutsch House, the headquarters of the local branch of FDGR/DFDR Bibliography ------------ See also: Bibliography of the history of Sibiu

Russian- American freelance reporter (born 1977) **Vladlena Funk** (Russian: Владлена Функ; born 1977) is a former Russian-American freelance reporter, who was held captive by the Belarusian KGB for over a year in a high-profile US-Belarus hostage crisis, together with American lawyer Emanuel Zeltser, who was head of the American Russian Law Institute, a non-for-profit non-governmental public policy research and advisory organization. Early life and career --------------------- Ms. Funk was born and raised in Veliky Novgorod, Russia. After earning bachelor’s and master's degrees in Linguistics from the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, she joined web-based *Moscow Telegraph*. She subsequently earned an MBA in Economics from Moscow State University. Beginning in 2004, she worked for New York based WSNR Radio (620 AM) as its Moscow correspondent. Abduction --------- On March 11, 2008, Zeltser and Funk were abducted in London, U.K. by the Belarusian KGB operatives. Both were drugged and secretly rendered across international borders to Belarus aboard a private jet belonging to Boris Berezovsky, a notorious Russian "oligarch" and close friend of the Belarusian president Alyaksandar Lukashenka. Berezovsky was wanted by the Interpol for fraud, money laundering, participation in organized crime and transnational financial crimes. Berezovsky had been widely reported to be the man behind many high-profile murders, including brutal killings of US reporter Paul Khlebnikov; prominent Russian journalists Vladislav Listyev and Anna Politkovskaya; Deputy Head of Russian Central Bank Andrey Kozlov; and a former Russian intelligence officer Alexander Litvinenko (poisoned with a nuclear substance Polonium-210 in London). ### Detention in Belarus Upon landing in Minsk, Belarus, Zeltser and Funk were detained by the personal guard of Lukashenka, the Belarusian president, whose election was not considered free and fair by the U.S. Department of State. Zeltser and Funk were transported to Amerikanka, the Belarusian dreaded KGB detention facility of the Stalin era. There both were repeatedly tortured, denied critical medications, and told that they would remain in captivity indefinitely unless the United States lifted sanctions against Lukashenka and Belneftekhim. Zeltser and Funk were held hostage by the Belarusian KGB for 473 days and 373 days respectively. ### Unlawful seizure Neither Funk nor Zeltser had been lawfully "arrested," "charged" "indicted," "tried" or "convicted" within the meaning of Belarusian or international law. Both had been unlawfully seized and held hostage – in blatant violation of the laws of nations and of Belarus' own law. During their unlawful confinement, Funk and Zeltser had been subjected to torture and cruel, inhuman or undignified treatment in blatant violation of the Article 25 of the Belarus Constitution; the U.S. law and numerous international treaties, including the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (The Hostage Convention); the United Nations Convention Against Torture, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights the law of nations and universally accepted norms of the international law of human rights. ### International reaction Zeltser's and Funk's seizure, torture and unlawful detention sparked international outrage and significant press coverage, apparently unexpected by the Belarusian authorities. The U.S. Department of State and members of the U.S. Congress repeatedly demanded the release of the hostages. World leaders, the European Parliament and international human rights organizations joined in the U.S. call for immediate release of Funk and Zeltser. Amnesty International repeatedly issued emergency alerts respecting "torture and other ill-treatment" of Zeltser. Ihar Rynkevich, a prominent Belarusian legal expert and Press Secretary of the Belarus Helsinki Commission said in an interview: *"This is yet another shameful case for the Belarusian judiciary for which more than one generation of Belarusian legal experts will blush."* ### Political motivation It was widely believed that Zeltser's and Funk's abduction, detention and mistreatment in KGB captivity was undertaken to coerce the United States to lift sanctions against Lukashenka and other members of the Belarusian government, and against Belarusian petrochemical concern Belneftekhim, owned by these individuals. As such, Belarus's actions were gross violations of the law of nations and universally accepted norms of the international law of human rights, including laws prohibiting hostage taking and state-sponsored terrorism. A strongly worded letter from the New York City Bar Association to Lukashenko condemned KGB abuse of Zeltser and Funk and demanded their immediate release. The Bar Association letter expressed "great concerned about the arrests and detention of Mr. Zeltser and Ms. Funk and the reports of physical mistreatment of Mr. Zeltser" and noted that this conduct is inconsistent with Belarus' obligations under international agreements, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention Against Torture and Other Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). Bar Association letter noted that the charge which the KGB claimed to have brought against Zeltser and Funk "appears to have no basis to it", lacked "any explanation or detail" and "concerns have thus been reported that this is a fabricated charge, created to justify their unlawful detention." ### Release Yielding to demands of international community, Belarusian dictator Lukashenka had finally released Funk on March 20, 2009, and Zeltser on June 30, 2009, when a delegation of the members of the U.S. Congress traveled to Belarus to meet with Lukashenka regarding the hostage crisis. U.S. Chargé d'Affaires in Belarus Jonathan M. Moore commented: *"At no time have the Belarusian authorities ever provided any indication that the charges against Mr. Zeltser and Ms. Funk were legitimate. As a result, I can only conclude that the charges in this case are thoroughly without merit; and are the result of extra-legal motivation."* Patton Boggs, a prominent Washington D.C. human rights law firm coordinated international efforts for Funk's and Zeltser's release. During her first U.S. interview after being freed, Funk told reporters: *"I was held hostage for over a year and rescued thanks to incredible efforts of the US Diplomats, and members of the US Congress. God bless America!"* United States position ---------------------- The U.S. Department of State denied making any concessions to Lukashenka, and repeatedly said that it does not use its citizens as "bargaining chips". However, many in Belarus still believe that U.S. cut a deal with Lukashenka, inducing him to release hostages in exchange for IMF credits to Belarus. Appearing on Russian TV network NTV, Anatoly Lebedko, Chairman of the Belarusian United Popular Party said: *"Washington was forced to pay ransom for its citizen by providing Lukashenka the IMF credits, pure and simple; in essence, this is hostage-taking, the practice, which is wide-spread in Belarus elevated to the new level, where Lukashenka is not only sending a political message but demands monetary compensation for human freedom."*

Memorial to Bolesław Kominek. The words below the statue ("... we forgive and ask for forgiveness") are a quote from the Letter, which was authored by Kominek. The **Pastoral Letter of the Polish Bishops to their German Brothers** (Polish: *Orędzie biskupów polskich do ich niemieckich braci w Chrystusowym urzędzie pasterskim*; German: *Hirtenbrief der polnischen Bischöfe an ihre deutschen Amtsbrüder*) was a pastoral letter sent on 18 November 1965 by Polish bishops of the Roman Catholic Church to their German counterparts. It was foremost an invitation to the 1000 Year Anniversary Celebrations of Poland's Christianization in 966. In this invitation letter the bishops asked for cooperation not only with Catholics but with Protestants as well. While recalling past and recent historical events, the bishops stretched out their hands in forgiveness and are asking for forgiveness. Here referred to as **Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops** it is actually only one part of the extensive groundbreaking invitation and letter, where they declared: "We forgive and ask for forgiveness" (for the crimes of World War II). Significance ------------ It was one of the first attempts at reconciliation after the tragedies of the Second World War, in which Germany invaded Poland; both countries lost millions of people, while millions more, both Poles and Germans, had to flee from their homes or were forcibly resettled. Pope Pius XII had nominated German bishops over Polish dioceses, which was seen as the Holy See's recognition of the German conquest, and generated popular feeling against the Vatican. A much larger part was the invitation and the attempt of the Catholic bishops to gain distance from the Communists who were ruling Poland. Among prominent supporters of this letter was Kraków's Archbishop, Karol Wojtyła, who later became Pope John Paul II in 1978. The letter was answered jointly by bishops of both East and West Germany, but the contents of the reply have been assessed by Polish historians as disappointing. Reaction -------- Widely publicised in Poland's churches, the letter drew a strong reaction from the Communist authorities of the People's Republic of Poland. Władysław Gomułka saw it as clearly aimed at countering his propaganda, which saw West Germany as the main external enemy of Poland and continued hostility between Poland and West Germany as one of the main guarantees of social order in the Recovered Territories. To counteract the threat of losing control over people's minds, the Communist authorities reacted with anti-German and anti-Catholic hysteria. [*neutrality is disputed*] The Primate of Poland, Stefan Wyszyński, was denied a passport for his trip to Rome and on January 15, 1966, Gomułka announced preparations for state celebrations of the *1000 Years of the Polish State*, intended as a countermeasure against the church-sponsored celebrations of 1000 years of the baptism of Poland. Most German linguists were forced to sign a letter of protest; those who refused were fired from their universities. In addition, the authorities twice refused permission for a planned visit of Pope Paul VI to Poland in 1966. The following year the Polish United Workers' Party planned to limit the number of religious schools, which was also seen as a penalty for the Letter of Reconciliation. The anti-church campaign lasted until Gomułka's downfall in 1970. []

Hamlet in North Yorkshire, England Human settlement in England **Bell Busk** is a hamlet situated in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. The hamlet is located at the southern end of Malhamdale where the nascent River Aire meets Otterburn Beck. The village is 7 miles (11 km) north west of Skipton and used to have a railway station on the line linking Skipton and Hellifield. Historical industries in the hamlet consisted of a cotton mill that became a silk mill, with quarrying prevalent also. Tourism became the leading industry in the 20th century. Showcase of silks and threads from Bell Busk silk mill History ------- The name of Bell Busk is believed to have been derived from Old Norse and Old English meaning the *bell shaped bush*. Bell Busk is 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Coniston Cold, 7 miles (11 km) north west of Skipton, 5 miles (8 km) south of Malham and 5 miles (8 km) east of Hellifield. The hamlet sits at the southern end of Malhamdale, where the River Aire meets Otterburn Beck. Malhamdale is the very northern end of Airedale. Official records of the area make no mention of the hamlet until 1585, even then, it was not shown on mapping until the early 17th century. One of the oldest houses is a Yorkshire laithe known as Granny House Farm, nowadays known as Granny House on the old Roman Road; Mark House Lane. Granny House is mentioned in the walking book 'Through Airedale from Goole to Malham' by Johnnie Gray. In 1891 it is described as a 300 year old 'Public' and a stout edifice. Granny House There are two grade 2 listed bridges in Bell Busk: Red Bridge over Otterburn Beck and Bell Busk Bridge over The River Aire. Red Bridge over Otterburn Beck In 1781, a weir and large mill pond with a long mill race were constructed on the Aire to provide water power for a silk mill. The weir was located 7 miles (11 km) south of Malham and 83 miles (134 km) from the mouth of the Aire on the River Ouse. The mill has long since been demolished after it was destroyed by fire, but the weir was only removed in 2018 to make fish passage easier into the spawning grounds. This is to encourage salmon into the River Aire and its tributaries after a 200-year absence. In the 19th century, quarrying became an important industry when at least three rock quarries were in operation; Field Rock Quarry to the west, Esh Bottom Quarry to the south west and Haw Crag Quarry to the east. Haw Crag was noted for its medium-purity limestone which was used in the local buildings. Quarrying here was on quite a large scale compared to other quarries in the area; 30,000 tonnes (33,000 tons) was processed in the month of January 1877 alone. Haw Crag Quarry is now an SSSI as it "key site in the understanding of carbonate environments in the Craven Basin." Bell Busk used to be in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but since the county boundary changes of 1974, it is now in North Yorkshire. Metcalfe Models and Toys, a model kit firm that specialises in cardboard buildings used for dioramas and by model railway hobbyists, is based in Bell Busk. Bell Busk is located in the civil parish of Coniston Cold and is included in the statistics there for the 2011 census. Harrison Clock -------------- There is a clock in St. Peters church made by James Harrison in 1845. Workings of Harrison clock Transport --------- Originally, Bell Busk was on the packhorse route between Skipton and Settle, which meant the road veered off at Coniston Cold, whereas this now goes directly west towards Hellifield as the A65 road. The junction and road leading up to Bell Busk from Coniston Cold is narrow and can cause access problems. The hamlet had a railway station on the "Little" North Western Railway between Skipton and Hellifield. As it was the nearest station to Malham Cove and Malhamdale, it took on a far greater importance than other settlements in the dale due to it being a disembarkation point for travellers. The station site was used as a backdrop to the Bette Davis film Another Man's Poison in 1951, but was closed to passengers in 1959. The long distance paths, The Airedale Way, the Trans-Dale Trail 2 and the Rail to Trail Walk (the Bentham Line) pass through the hamlet on their way north (to the source of the River Aire for the Airedale Way and Greta Bridge for the Trans-Dale Trail), and westwards respectively. Both the Pennine Way and the Wild Yorkshire Way, pass to the east of the Hamlet, with many cottages and other overnight accommodation being offered in Bell Busk. Notable people -------------- * William Cecil Slingsby - noted mountaineer, was born in the village

Building or transport method that can change its shape at operator's will An **active structure** (also known as a **smart** or **adaptive structure**) is a mechanical structure with the ability to alter its configuration, form or properties in response to changes in the environment. The term active structure also refers to structures that, unlike traditional engineering structures (e.g. bridges, buildings), require constant motion and hence power input to remain stable. The advantage of active structures is that they can be far more massive than a traditional static structure: an example would be a space fountain, a building that reaches into space. Function -------- The result of the activity is a structure more suited for the type and magnitude of the load it is carrying. For example, an orientation change of a beam could reduce the maximum stress or strain level, while a shape change could render a structure less susceptible to dynamic vibrations. A good example of an adaptive structure is the human body where the skeleton carries a wide range of loads and the muscles change its configuration to do so. Consider carrying a backpack. If the upper body did not adjust the centre of mass of the whole system slightly by leaning forward, the person would fall on their back. An active structure consists of three integral components besides the load carrying part. They are the *sensors*, the *processor* and the *actuators*. In the case of a human body, the sensory nerves are the sensors which gather information of the environment. The brain acts as the processor to evaluate the information and decide to act accordingly and therefore instructs the muscles, which act as actuators to respond. In heavy engineering, there is already an emerging trend to incorporate activation into bridges and domes to minimize vibrations under wind and earthquake loads. Aviation engineering and aerospace engineering have been the main driving force in developing modern active structures. Aircraft (and spacecraft) require adaptation because they are exposed to many different environments, and therefore loadings, during their lifetime. Prior to launching they are subjected to gravity or dead loads, during takeoff they are subjected to extreme dynamic and inertial loads and in-flight they need to be in a configuration which minimizes drag but promotes lift. A lot of effort has been committed into adaptive aircraft wings to produce one that can control the separation of boundary layers and turbulence. Many space structures utilize adaptivity to survive extreme environmental challenges in space or to achieve precise accuracies. For example, space antennas and mirrors can be activated to precise orientation. As space technology advances, some sensitive equipment (namely interferometric optical and infrared astronomical instruments) are required to be accurate in position as delicate as a few nanometres, while the supporting active structure is tens of metres in dimensions. Design ------ Human-made actuators existing in the market, even the most sophisticated ones, are nearly all one-dimensional. This means they are only capable of extending and contracting along, or rotating about 1 axis. Actuators capable of movement in both forward and reverse directions are known as two-way actuators, as opposed to one-way actuators which can only move in one direction. The limiting capability of actuators has restricted active structures to two main types: *active truss structures*, based on linear actuators, and *manipulator arms*, based on rotary actuators. A good active structure has a number of requirements. First, it needs to be easily actuated. The actuation should be energy-saving. A structure which is very stiff and strongly resists morphing is therefore not desirable. Second, the resulting structure must have structural integrity to carry the design loads. Therefore, the process of actuation should not jeopardize the structure's strength. More precisely, we can say: We seek an active structure where actuation of some members will lead to a geometry change without substantially altering its stress state. In other words, a structure that has both statical determinacy and kinematic determinacy is optimal for actuation. Applications ------------ Active-control technology is applied in civil engineering, mechanical engineering and aerospace engineering. Although most civil engineering structures are static, active control is utilized in some civil structures for deployment against seismic loading, wind loading and environmental vibration. Also, active control is proposed to be used for damage tolerance purposes where human intervention is restricted. Korkmaz et al. demonstrated configuration of active control system for a damage tolerance and deployment of a bridge.

American academic **Frank T. Rothaermel** is a professor in the Scheller College of Business at the Georgia Institute of Technology and an Alfred P. Sloan Industry Studies Fellow. He holds the Russell and Nancy McDonough Chair of Business. Rothaermel held visiting professorships at the EBS University of Business and Law (Germany), Singapore Management University (Tommie Goh Professorship), and the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland). Early life and education ------------------------ Frank T. Rothaermel is a native of Butzbach, Germany and a naturalized U.S. citizen. He graduated from the Weidig Gymnasium before studying economics at the University of Duisburg-Essen. During this time, he spent an academic year in England at Sheffield Hallam University as Erasmus Scholar. In 1993, Rothaermel completed his economic studies as Diplom-Volkswirt (M.Sc. equivalent). He wrote his master's thesis about the International Monetary Fund, providing a public policy comparison of macroeconomic stabilization programs in Latin America vs. Eastern Europe, especially Poland. In 1995, Rothaermel obtained an MBA at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. In 1999, he then received a Ph.D. in Strategic Management with a minor in Economics from the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington. His doctoral advisor was Charles W. L. Hill. Rothaermel's doctoral thesis is entitled "Creative Destruction or Creative Cooperation?: An Empirical Investigation of Technological Discontinuities and Their Effect on the Nature of Competition and Firm Performance. A paper from his dissertation received the Academy of Management Newman Award. Career ------ After completing his Ph.D. Rothaermel stayed at the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington to research and teach in the Executive MBA programs. Between 2000 and 2003, Rothaermel was a tenure-track assistant professor at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University. In 2003, he joined the Georgia Institute of Technology. In 2006, Rothaermel was promoted to associate professor with tenure, and in 2010, he was promoted to Full Professor. In 2013, Rothaermel was appointed The Russell and Nancy McDonough Chair of Business. Rothaermel served as area coordinator for the Strategy & Innovation group at the Scheller College of Business. He also served as coordinator of the doctoral program in Strategy and Entrepreneurship at Georgia Tech and several college-wide (Promotion & Tenure) and Institute-wide (Strategic Plan Advisory) committees. Rothaermel has a wide range of executive education experience, including teaching in programs at G.E. Management Development Institute (Crotonville, NY), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgetown University, ICN Graduate Business School (France), Politecnico di Milano (Italy), St. Gallen University (Switzerland), and the University of Washington. Additional affiliations and memberships --------------------------------------- Rothaermel currently serves (or served) on the editorial boards of the Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Organization Science, Strategic Management Journal, and Strategic Organization. Publications ------------ Rothaermel has published over 35 articles in leading academic journals such as the Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Organization Science, Strategic Management Journal, and elsewhere. Google Scholar lists 20,000 citations to Rothaermel's research, with an h-index of 37. Based on having published papers in the top 1% based on citations, Thomson Reuters identified him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds. He is listed among the top-100 scholars based on impact over more than a decade in economics and business. According to research conducted by the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford University, Rothaermel is among the world's top 2% most-cited researchers. Looking at several indicators, the study analyzed data from 1996 through 2019, covering approximately 7 million scientists in 22 major fields ranging from chemistry to engineering to economics and business. Rothaermel, with a more recent Ph.D. vintage, ranks ranked #233 out of a total of 36,319 scholars in Business & Management over the last few decades, which is in the top 0.64%. Rothaermel is also the author of a leading textbook—Strategic Management (1e 2012; 2e 2014; 3e 2016; 4e 2018; 5e 2020; translations: Greek, Korean, Mandarin, and Spanish). He also authored more than 20 "bestselling" case studies distributed by Harvard Business Publishing. Honors and awards ----------------- Rothaermel received a National Science Foundation CAREER Award. He has won several teaching and research awards, including the Academy of Management Newman Award, the Strategic Management Society Conference Best Paper Prize, the DRUID Conference Best Paper Award, and the Israel Strategy Conference Best Paper Prize. He also received Sloan Industry Studies Best Paper Award for his 2007 Organization Science Paper. Rothaermel also received different teaching awards for excellence in the classroom, including the GT-wide Georgia Power Professor of Excellence award and the University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Award. Bloomberg Businessweek named Rothaermel one of Georgia Tech's Prominent Faculty, while Poets & Quants selected Rothaermel as one of the "Favorite Business School Professors Teaching MBAs". The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation views Rothaermel as one of the world's 75 thought leaders in entrepreneurship and innovation.

1935 film by Lloyd Corrigan ***Murder on a Honeymoon*** is a 1935 American mystery film starring Edna May Oliver and James Gleason. This was the third and last time Oliver portrayed astute schoolteacher Hildegarde Withers; the two previous films were *The Penguin Pool Murder* (1932) and *Murder on the Blackboard* (1934). The film was directed by Lloyd Corrigan from a screenplay by Seton I. Miller and Robert Benchley based on the 1933 novel *The Puzzle of the Pepper Tree* by Stuart Palmer. Palmer's novel, however, did not include Inspector Piper, and has Withers doing the investigating on her own. Plot ---- On a short flight to Catalina Island off the California coast, Roswell T. Forrest gets sick. When he is found dead upon landing, it appears to be murder to fellow passenger Hildegarde Withers, but she has a tough time convincing local police chief Britt and coroner Dr. O'Rourke. When she contacts her friend, Police Inspector Oscar Piper, for more information about the deceased, he recognizes the name: the man was a vital witness in a case against a crime syndicate and had a price on his head of $10,000. He flies from New York to assist her in investigating the case and protect her from mob retribution. When he arrives, the pair argue over which of the people aboard the plane is the killer: * Joseph B. Tate, a famous Hollywood director, * struggling actress Phyllis La Font, who is angling for a part in Tate's next movie, * honeymooners Kay and Marvin Deving, * Captain Beegle, a retired, self-confessed former rum runner, and * pilots Dick French and Madden. Withers suspects poisoning – Forrest had been given a drink, a cigarette, and even a dose of smelling salts by Withers herself – but before this can be confirmed, the body is stolen. While Piper questions those involved, Withers discovers that McArthur, the gangster who had offered the reward for Forrest's death, has registered at the hotel under the flimsy alias of Arthur Mack. When she eavesdrops on his telephone conversation, she learns that he will be leaving an envelope for someone. She purloins it from the mailbox and finds $10,000 inside. More murders occur. Marvin Deving is shot and killed just before he can reveal some information to Piper. Meanwhile, Withers and Piper learn that the first victim was not Forrest, but his bodyguard Tom Kelsey. He and the real Forrest had switched identities. After McArthur confronts Withers at gunpoint, trussing her up and putting her in the closet, from which she is rescued by Piper, McArthur is also found dead. Although it was staged to look like a suicide, Withers notices that the pistol in his hand is not his own. When an employee complains that the fish in the hotel pond are all dead, Withers finds a pack of cigarettes discarded nearby; one of the cigarettes had fallen into the water, poisoning and killing the fish. With the murder weapon found, all the pieces come together. Withers takes Piper to see the grieving Kay. She offers the widow a cigarette, then casually mentions where she got it. When Kay refuses to smoke it, Withers tells Piper that McArthur's gun must be in the room. Kay pulls it out and tells them that she will have to kill them both now, but Withers manages to distract her, enabling Piper to disarm her. It turns out that the Devings thought they had been doublecrossed by McArthur when they did not receive their reward for committing murder, unaware that Withers had taken it. When Marvin tried to betray McArthur in return, he was killed by his employer, and Kay then killed McArthur. Cast ---- * Edna May Oliver as Hildegarde Withers * James Gleason as Inspector Oscar Piper * Lola Lane as Phyllis La Font * George Meeker as Roswell T. Forrest, posing as Tom Kelsey * Dorothy Libaire as Kay Deving * Harry Ellerbe as Marvin Deving * Chick Chandler as Dick French, pilot * Willie Best as Willie, the porter * Leo G. Carroll as Director Joseph B. Tate * DeWitt Jennings as Captain Beegle * Spencer Charters as Chief Britt * Arthur Hoyt as Dr. O'Rourke * Matt McHugh as Pilot Madden * Morgan Wallace as McArthur / Arthur Mack * Brooks Benedict as Tom Kelsey, posing as Roswell T. Forrest **Cast notes:** * Gleason played the role of Inspector Piper in all 6 films in the series. Production ---------- The working title for *Murder on a Honeymoon* was *Puzzle of the Pepper Tree*, which was the title of the 1933 Stuart Palmer novel on which it was based. Some scenes for the film were shot on Santa Catalina Island, a well-known resort 26 miles off the California coast.

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification Logo of the IGES Project from NIST The **Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES)** is a vendor-neutral file format that allows the digital exchange of information among computer-aided design (CAD) systems. It is an ASCII-based textual format. The official title of IGES is ***Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data***, first published in March, 1980 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards as **NBSIR 80-1978**. Many documents (like early versions of the Defense Standards MIL-PRF-28000 and MIL-STD-1840) referred to it as **ASME Y14.26M**, the designation of the ANSI committee that approved IGES Version 1.0. Using IGES, a CAD user can exchange product data models in the form of circuit diagrams, wireframe, freeform surface, boundary (B-rep) or solid modeling (CSG) representations. Applications supported by IGES include traditional engineering drawings, models for analysis, and other manufacturing functions. History ------- IGES was an initiative of the United States Air Force (USAF) Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project (1976-1984). ICAM sought to develop procedures (IDEF), processes (Group Technology), and software (CAD/CAM) that would integrate all operations in Aerospace manufacturing and thus greatly reduce costs. Earlier the USAF Manufacturing Technology Program had funded the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for programming Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools. To close the data gap between parts design and manufacturing, one of the ICAM goals was to develop CAD software that would automatically generate numerical control programs for the very complex Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine tools used throughout the Aerospace industry. A serious issue was the incompatibility of data produced by the many CAD systems in use at the time. USAF/ICAM called a meeting at the National Bureau of Standards (now known as National Institute of Standards and Technology or NIST) in 1978 to address this issue. Boeing offered to sell its CAD translation software to USAF for one United States dollar. USAF accepted this offer and contracted NIST to bring together a group of users and vendors, including Boeing, General Electric, Xerox, Computervision, Applicon and others to further develop and test this software. Though it was the practice to begin the name of ICAM developments with the word integrated (for example the IDEFs) believing that there would be rapid development of graphical exchange software, USAF decided that the IGES would be the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification not the Integrated Graphics Exchange Specification. Since 1988, the DoD has required that all digital product and manufacturing information (PMI) for weapons systems contracts (the engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, *etc*.) be delivered in electronic form such as IGES format. As a result, CAx software vendors who want to market their products to DoD subcontractors and their partners needed to support the import (reading) and export (writing) of IGES format files. An ANSI standard since 1980, IGES has been used in the automotive, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries. It has been used for weapons systems from Trident missile guidance systems to entire aircraft carriers. These part models may have to be used years after the vendor of the original design system has gone out of business. IGES files provide a way to access this data decades from now. Today, plugin viewers for Web browsers allow IGES files created 20 years ago to be viewed from anywhere in the world. After the initial release of STEP (ISO 10303) in 1994, interest in further development of IGES declined, and Version 5.3 (1996) was the last published standard. File format ----------- An IGES file is composed of 80-character ASCII records, a record length derived from the punched card era. Text strings are represented in "Hollerith" format, the number of characters in the string, followed by the letter "H", followed by the text string, *e.g.*, "4HSLOT" (this is the text string format used in early versions of the Fortran language). Early IGES translators had problems with IBM mainframe computers because the mainframes used EBCDIC encoding for text, and some EBCDIC-ASCII translators would either substitute the wrong character, or improperly set the parity bit, causing a misread. Here is a very small IGES file from 1987, containing only two POINT (Type 116), two CIRCULAR ARC (Type 100), and two LINE (Type 110) entities. It represents a slot, with the points at the centers of the two half-circles that form the ends of the slot, and the two lines that form the sides. ``` S 1 1H,,1H;,4HSLOT,37H$1$DUA2:[IGESLIB.BDRAFT.B2I]SLOT.IGS;, G 1 17HBravo3 BravoDRAFT,31HBravo3->IGES V3.002 (02-Oct-87),32,38,6,38,15, G 2 4HSLOT,1.1,4HINCH,8,0.08,13H871006.192927,1.E-06,6. G 3 31HD. A. Harrod, Tel. 313/995-6333,24HAPPLICON - Ann Arbor, MI,4,0; G 4 116 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 1 116 1 5 1 0 0D 2 116 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 3 116 1 5 1 0 0D 4 100 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 5 100 1 2 1 0 0D 6 100 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 7 100 1 2 1 0 0D 8 110 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 9 110 1 3 1 0 0D 10 110 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1D 11 110 1 3 1 0 0D 12 116,0.0.0.0,0,0; 1P 1 116,5.0.0.0,0,0; 3P 2 100,0.0.0.0.1.0.-1.0,0; 5P 3 100,0.5.0.5.-1.5.1.0,0; 7P 4 110,0.-1.0.5.-1.0.0,0; 9P 5 110,0.1.0.5.1.0.0,0; 11P 6 S 1G 4D 12P 6 T 1 ``` The file is divided into 5 sections: **S**tart, **G**lobal, **D**irectory Entry, **P**arameter Data, and **T**erminate indicated by the characters S, G, D, P, or T in column 73. The characteristics and geometric information for an entity is split between two sections; one in a two record, fixed-length format (the Directory Entry, or DE Section), the other in a multiple record, comma delimited format (the Parameter Data, or PD Section), as can be seen in a more human-readable representation of the file. When displayed, the user should see two yellow points (hard to see on a white background, but most CAD systems use a black background), one located at the origin of model space [0,0,0], two red circular arcs, and two green lines. Foreign-language support ------------------------ fc2001x.igs is an example IGES file that demonstrates Font Code 2001 (**Kanji**) Due to its growing international popularity (several countries, including Australia and the UK, adopted IGES as their own National Standards for PMI interoperability), support was added to the TEXT (Type 212) entity to support the ISO 8859 (Latin-1) alphabet for European characters. In the 1990s, IGES added support for the JIS encoding for Kanji (漢字) as double-byte characters (JIS-6226), allowing members of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) to exchange part models with their American and European partners without loss of the Kanji text. The current version of IGES does not support Unicode 16- or 32-bit character encoding, so Arabic and other scripts (like Thai) cannot be represented. A recursive standard -------------------- One of the unique features of the IGES standard is that it was the first ANSI standard to be documented using itself. Since Version 4.0, all of the technical illustrations for the printed version of the standard have been generated from IGES files. The electronic publishing system (LaTeX) integrates raster images generated from IGES files into the PostScript sent to the laser printer, so text and images are printed on the same page for subsequent use as camera-ready copy for commercial publication. Beginning with IGES Version 5.2, this is how the standard was generated, and Version 5.3 (the most recent ANSI-approved version) is available as a PDF document. Many of the illustrations (all of which conform to the Defense Department's MIL-D-28000 Engineering Drawings Subset of IGES) use the entities that they describe, e.g. the illustration of the LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (Type 214) can be used as a test case for translator implementers, because it contains all 12 arrow head styles defined by the standard. These WYSIWYG example files can be distinguished by a leading "F" and trailing "X" in the file name (like f214x.igs), and this library is called the **IGES X-files** by members of the IGES community. Here is one of the example figures, Figure 2 from Appendix A (fmeparte.igs), that has appeared in every version of IGES since Version 3.0. It uses linear, angular, and ordinate dimension entities, as well as examples of both circular and conic arcs. It is usually the first part used when testing an IGES translator, because the standard has a picture of what it should look like.

*The native form of this personal name is Hartal Pál. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.* Canadian painter and poet Not to be confused with Hartal. **Paul Hartal** (born 1936) is a Canadian painter and poet, born in Szeged, Hungary. He has created the term "Lyrical Conceptualism" to characterize his style in both painting and poetry, attempting to unite the scientific with the creative, or intuitive. Lyco art: Hartal's art theory ----------------------------- *Lyco art*, or *lyrical conceptualism*, is a term coined by Hartal. In 1975, Hartal published *A Manifesto on Lyrical Conceptualism*, introducing Lycoism as a new art idea on the "periodic table of art." In this work, Hartal proposes a theory of art which runs contrary to what he claims is the traditional belief, that emotion and intellect are at odds with each other. Hartal proposes the idea that artists should be allowed to contribute to the emotional and intellectual development of society as scientists do. In 1975 the Lyrical Conceptualism Society was established in Canada, directed by Hartal. In *Mazes for the Mind*, Clifford Pickover draws attention to Hartal's view that we need the imagination, the insight, and the lateral reasoning faculty, as well as human values, which are excluded from the rigid methodology of science but are intrinsic to art: "The present human condition calls for the rise of a new, inclusive form of culture in which art should play a most prominent role." However, in introducing the notion of Lycoism, Hartal did not intend to form a new post-conceptualist splinter-trend; instead, his intention was the creation of a new philosophy of art in which the tearing down of the boundaries between art and science, the interlacement of the intuitive and the exact, and incorporation of the lyrical and the geometrical play a central role.[*original research?*] Concepts and ideals of Lyco art ------------------------------- Arguably, Lyco art identifies the meaning of art with its life-serving purpose. Concerning itself with cultural transformation and the human condition, it seeks to expand the boundaries of aesthetics. Lyco art proposes to create a conscious bridge between the impulsive, intuitional, and planned elements of the creative process, thereby moving along the whole continuum of formative energies. This creative process represents the interaction of emotion and intellect, wherein the passion of logic and the logic of passion are inexorably interwoven through the voyage of aesthetic consciousness. Hartal's poetry was described as balancing "...dreamy emotion and discerning intellect..." Lycoism combines "geometric elements representing logic, shapeless forms symbolizing the creative process, and warm and cold colors indicating feelings." In addition, since science and technology impact so much of modern lifestyle during the electronic age, Lycoism views the relationship of art, science, and technology as a pivotal concern. Lycoism refuses to polarize science and art; instead, it seeks to unify aesthetics and ethics in works which involve the use of science and technology by the artist in the creation of beauty.[*original research?*] In accordance with these premises, Hartal formed The Centre for Art, Science and Technology in Montreal during the 1980s. The Centre has implemented a variety of interdisciplinary projects exploring the connections between several branches of arts and sciences, including painting, poetry, music, architecture, communication, artificial intelligence, mathematics, cosmology, and space exploration. Early life ---------- Hartal relays that as a student in Szeged he participated in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and that a few months later he burned all his poems and papers and escaped to freedom. Gallery ------- * Chateau – Oil on canvas, 76 cm x 92 cm, 1976 Collection: Musee du Chateau Ramezay Museum, MontrealChateau – Oil on canvas, 76 cm x 92 cm, 1976 Collection: Musee du Chateau Ramezay Museum, Montreal * Tree of Life with Six Fingers – Acrylic on canvas, 18" x 24", 2003 Collection of Hanseo University Art Museum, SeoulTree of Life with Six Fingers – Acrylic on canvas, 18" x 24", 2003 Collection of Hanseo University Art Museum, Seoul

Polish-Jewish poet (1917–1945) **Zuzanna Ginczanka**, *pen name* **Zuzanna Polina Gincburg** (March 22, 1917 – 1944) was a Polish-Jewish poet of the interwar period. Although she published only a single collection of poetry in her lifetime, the book *O centaurach* (*On Centaurs*, 1936) created a sensation in Poland's literary circles. She was arrested and executed in Kraków shortly before the end of World War II. Life ---- Zuzanna Ginczanka was born **Zuzanna Polina Ginzburg** ("Gincburg" in Polish phonetic respelling) on March 22, 1917 in Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire. Her Jewish parents fled the Russian Civil War, settling in 1922 in the predominantly Yiddish-speaking town of Równe, also called Równe Wołyńskie by the inhabitants, in the *Kresy Wschodnie* (Eastern Borderlands) of pre-War Poland (now in Western part of Ukraine). Her father, Simon Ginzburg, was a lawyer by profession, with her mother Tsetsiliya (Цецилия) Ginzburg, *née* Sandberg, a housewife. Ginczanka was holder of a Nansen passport and despite efforts made to this end, she was unsuccessful in obtaining Polish citizenship before the outbreak of the war. Abandoned by her father, who after a divorce left for Berlin, and later by her mother, who after remarriage left for Spain, she lived in the Równe home of her maternal grandmother, Klara Sandberg, by all accounts a wise and prudent woman who was responsible for her upbringing. The moderately affluent house of Klara Sandberg in the town's main street, with its ground-floor shop, was described by the writer Jerzy Andrzejewski, Ginczanka's contemporary who sought her acquaintance, and independently by the poet Jan Śpiewak, the town's fellow resident. She was called "Sana" by her closest friends. Between 1927 and 1935 she attended a state high school at Równe, the Państwowe Gimnazjum im. T. Kościuszki. In 1935 she moved to Warsaw to begin studies at Warsaw University. Her studies there soon ended, likely due to antisemitic incidents at the university. ### Early period Ginczanka spoke both Russian, the choice of her emancipated parents, and the Polish of her friends, but did not know a word of Yiddish. Her longing to become a Polish poet caused her to choose the Polish language. According to Ginczanka's mother, she began composing verses at the age of 4, authoring a whole ballad at the age of 8. She published her first poems while still at school, debuting in 1931 — at the age of 14 — with the poem "Uczta wakacyjna" (A Vacation Feast) published in the bimonthly high-school newspaper *Echa Szkolne* edited by Czesław Janczarski. During this period of her life Ginczanka was also active as the author of song lyrics. Her "mainstream" debut in a nationwide forum took place in August 1933 in the pages of the *Kuryer Literacko-Naukowy*, a Sunday supplement to the well-known *Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny*, with the publication of the 16-line poem entitled "Żyzność sierpniowa" (Fertility in the Month of August; or perhaps, with greater poetic licence: Fullness of August). In the "Żyzność sierpniowa", the 16-year-old poet speaks with the voice of a mature woman looking wistfully back on the world of young people in the bloom of life, with its ripeness for love (hence the title), from the knowing and indulgent perspective of one whose life had come to fruition long before: the reader can be forgiven for thinking that the author of the verses before him is a person of advanced age. The last two lines, moreover, give voice to the catastrophic sonorities that will forever remain the signature trait of Ginczanka's poetry, often couched in sanguinary imagery as they are here: > > > > | | | | > | --- | --- | --- | > | *W gałęziach gruszy zawisł wam księżyc, jak choinkowe złociste czółno,* > *a w wargach malin milczą legendy o sercach, które skrwawiła północ* — — |        | The Moon stranded in pear-tree branches like a golden pirogue on a Christmas tree, > on lips of raspberry the legends fall silent of the hearts bloodied by a midnight's decree — — | > > Encouraged by Julian Tuwim to participate in the Young Poets' Competition (*Turniej Młodych Poetów*) organized the next spring by the *Wiadomości Literackie*, the most important literary periodical in Poland at the time, she won an honourable mention (third class) with the poem "Gramatyka" (The Grammar), printed in the issue of 15 July 1934 of the weekly that was devoted in part to the results of the competition. She was 17 years old; most if not all of the other 22 finalists (like Tadeusz Hollender, b. 1910, and Anna Świrszczyńska, b. 1909, who won first prizes, or Witold Makowiecki, b. 1903, who won an honourable mention, first class, and Juliusz Żuławski, b. 1910, honourable mention, third class) were her seniors in age. Seven weeks later, in its edition of 2 September 1934, *Wiadomości Literackie* will revisit its poetry competition by publishing a list of additional book prizes awarded to the winners: for her contribution, Zuzanna Ginczanka will receive a collection of Michelangelo's poetry in the translation of Leopold Staff. Ginczanka's poem, which opens boldly with a punctuation mark (a left parenthesis), deals with parts of speech, describing each in a poetic way beginning with the adjective, then taking on the adverb, and ending with a philosophico-philological analysis of the personal pronoun ("*I* without *you*, *you* without *me*, amounts to nought"; line 30) — > > > > | | | | > | --- | --- | --- | > | *a pokochać słowa tak łatwo:* > *trzeba tylko wziąć je do ręki* > *i obejrzeć jak burgund — pod światło* |        | for words freely do love incite: > you just take them in hand > and assay like burgundies — against the light | > > To this period belongs likewise Ginczanka's poem "Zdrada" (Betrayal; though the word can also mean "treason") composed sometime in 1934. ### Warsaw period Upon her arrival in Warsaw in September 1935, the 18-year-old Ginczanka, already notable, quickly became a "legendary figure" of the pre-War bohemian world of artists of Warsaw as a *protégée* of Julian Tuwim, the doyen of the Polish poets at the time, a connection which opened for her the doors to all the most important literary periodicals, salons, and publishing houses of the country. (Her detractors bestowed on her the sobriquet of "Tuwim in a petticoat", *Tuwim w spódnicy*; while Gombrowicz, known for inventing his own private names for all his acquaintances, monikered her "Gina".) High-calibre critics, such as Karol Wiktor Zawodziński, have traced aspects of Ginczanka's lyricism to the poetic achievement of Tuwim, deemed both indefinable and inimitable but concerning primarily the renewed focus on the word, its freshness, and the ultimate conciseness of expression respective of each particular poetic image or vision treated. Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz for his part recalls that Ginczanka was "very good" as a poet from the first, without any initial period of incubation of the poetic talent, and — conscious of her literary prowess — kept herself apart from literary groupings, in particular wishing to distance herself publicly from the Skamander circle with which she would have normally been associated by others. Thus for example, her frequenting of the Mała Ziemiańska café, the renowned haunt of the Warsaw literati where with gracious ease she held court at the table of Witold Gombrowicz, was memorialized in her poem "Pochwała snobów" (In Praise of Snobs) published in the satirical magazine *Szpilki* in 1937. (The co-founder of the magazine in question, the artist Eryk Lipiński, who will play an important role in salvaging her manuscripts after the War, will name his daughter Zuzanna in memory of Ginczanka. The other co-founder, Zbigniew Mitzner, will opine in his memoirs that Ginczanka was tied to this particular weekly magazine by the closest bonds of all the alliances that she maintained with the literary press.) In testimony to her fame, she would sometimes be herself the subject of satirical poems and drawings published in literary periodicals, as for example in the 1937 Christmas issue of the *Wiadomości Literackie* where she is pictured in the collective cartoon representing the *crème de la crème* of Polish literature (next to Andrzej Nowicki and Janusz Minkiewicz, both holding Cupid's bows, though their arrows point discreetly away from her rather than towards). #### Impressions Ginczanka was a woman possessed of striking, arresting beauty — "the beauty of a Byzantine icon", in the words of the slightly older writer Ryszard Matuszewski who remembered her visits to the Zodiak café in Warsaw — many of her fellow writers remarking on her eyes in particular (each slightly different, both in some reports enhanced by a strabismus of Venus) and on the irresistibly attractive harmony between her nimble physical appearance and her personal psychology. Jan Kott saw in fact a connection between her poetry, "which enthuses all", and her personal beauty: "there was something of a Persian *qasida* in both", he wrote. (Her Italian translator, Alessandro Amenta, has recently taken this line of reasoning further, opining that for her admirers, her body has merged with her text.) For Kazimierz Brandys, her peer in age, she was a "sacred apparition" with "the eyes of a fawn". The author Adolf Rudnicki, casting for an apt expression to describe her, settled on "Rose of Sharon" (*Róża z Saronu*), a trope from the *Song of Songs*, adding that the painter (identified by him only as "C.") for whom she sat in the nude (in the presence of her husband) confessed to him "to have never set his eyes on anything quite so beautiful in his life". Her portrait by the noted Polish painter Aleksander Rafałowski [pl] (1894–1980) — a depiction *en grande tenue* — is well known, and has been reproduced in the *Wiadomości Literackie* weekly in 1937. Ginczanka was admired by many for many reasons. Czesław Miłosz says that the writer Zbigniew Mitzner, co-founder of the magazine *Szpilki*, was romantically involved with her. She was known to repulse her suitors *en masse*, however, sometimes thereby — as in the case of Leon Pasternak — earning their enmity which resulted in their publishing pasquinades at her expense in revenge. For Stanisław Piętak, one of the most distinguished Polish poets of the Interbellum period, to meet her in the street was an experience akin to encountering a star break away from the heavens above and land straight on the pavement next to you. (There is evidence that while outwardly she received all the adulation with gracious warmth, the attention she generated weighed heavy on her mind; she reportedly confided in a female friend (Maria Zenowicz), "I feel like a Negro", *sc.* a curio.) Only the poet Andrzej Nowicki was seen to enjoy her favour for a time, but even he was deemed by Tadeusz Wittlin to be a companion of convenience without relational entanglement. Ginczanka was seen as abstemious, of studiedly modest demeanour, and virtuous — she didn't smoke or drink ("except for a few drops now and then under the duress of social propriety"): Wittlin calls her "Virtuous Zuzanna (*Cnotliwa Zuzanna*) in the literal [*i.e.*, ecclesiastical] sense". This perception was shared by others; the poet Alicja Iwańska, whose literary journey largely coincided with Ginczanka's, remembers that despite the exquisite poetry she kept publishing in the best literary journals of the country and a personal beauty that had a dazzling effect on the onlookers, Ginczanka was often diffident, given to blushing, and stammered when put on the spot. Apartment building at corner of *ulica Szpitalna* and *ulica Przeskok*, in Warsaw, where Ginczanka resided in the late 1930s Józef Łobodowski, perhaps the most serious contender for her hand between 1933 and 1938, dedicated to her several poems published in *Wiadomości Literackie* and later in the Polish émigré press, as well as devoting to her one of his last collections of poetry, *Pamięci Sulamity* ("In Remembrance of the Shulamite Woman"; see Bibliography), with a valuable autobiographical introduction. While the poet Jan Śpiewak, of all the Polish *littérateurs*, could claim an acquaintance with Ginczanka extending over the longest period of time (having been a resident of Równe contemporaneously with her, as well as having shared her Jewish background and her status as a Volhynian settler hailing from the lands of the former Russian Empire), it is the subsequent recollections of Łobodowski that will strike the most intimate note among all the reminiscences published after the War by those who knew Ginczanka personally, betraying an undying love and affection on his part carried over an entire lifetime. With the kind of celebrity she enjoyed, her apartment in the ulica Szpitalna in Warsaw (picture at right) was transformed into the premier literary salon of Poland on the occasions of her birthdays, name-days, etc. Eryk Lipiński reports that it is here that he saw the famed author Witold Gombrowicz in the flesh for the first time. #### Publication Although she published only a single collection of poetry in her lifetime, the book *O centaurach* ("About the Centaurs"), it created a sensation. She explained the title by pointing to the dual nature of the centaur, a mythological creature that was part man, part horse — here adopted as a simile for her poetical project of uniting in verse the disparate qualities of sagacity and sensuality, "tightly conjoined at the waist like a centaur". This is especially significant to the feminist literary theory as it presents a vision of what has traditionally been considered male and female elements fused together in art and life. To those who had not heard of Ginczanka before, the first exposure to her verses was often an awakening. The testimony of the poet Tadeusz Bocheński may be cited as a case in point, being the more valuable for having been expressed in a private letter and not intended for public consumption. Writing in February 1936 to the editor-in-chief of the literary monthly *Kamena*, Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, Bocheński excoriates the well-known poets Tuwim and Pawlikowska while at the same time stating the following: Jastrun inspires interest, [as does] Ginczanka, otherwise unknown to me: I feel instinctively that we are dealing here with a deeper nature, with poetry of a higher pedigree (*rasowsza poezja*); who is she? where is this lady coming from? One of the most distinguished modern Ukrainian poets and the one most hated by the Soviets, Yevhen Malanyuk (1897–1968), then living in exile in Warsaw, on being first introduced to Ginczanka's poetry by Julian Tuwim ran breathlessly into the editorial offices of the *Biuletyn Polsko-Ukraiński* with the news of the revelation from a new "excellent poetess". Ginczanka did not hesitate to lend her art to the furtherance of a social cause, as shown in her poem "Słowa na wiatr" (Words To the Four Winds), published in the *Wiadomości Literackie* in March 1937, whose message impugns the honesty of the country's authorities and industrial groupings in making promises to render assistance to those in need during the difficult winter period. Her voice here is mercilessly biting and derisive ("they count, and count, and lick their fingers, and count some more" — *sc.* the remaining winter pages in the tear-off calendar on the wall, and the money to be saved) as she accuses the potentates of stalling for time in the hope that the cold spell will pass and they will not have to make good on their pledges. #### Radio dramas Ginczanka wrote several radio dramas for the Polish national broadcaster, Polskie Radjo. In July 1937 her programme *Pod dachami Warszawy* ("Under the Roofs of Warsaw"), authored jointly with Andrzej Nowicki, was broadcast. In March 1938 Polish press carried an announcement of another radio drama authored by Ginczanka jointly with Nowicki, *Sensacje amerykańskie* ("American Sensations"), on the theme of Sherlock Holmes's journey to America, broadcast by Polskie Radjo. ### Intimations of war As observed by attentive readers such as Monika Warneńska, Ginczanka had prophetically foreseen the onset of the Second World War and the annihilation that it would bring with it, but expressed it all in poetic touches so delicate that their true import might have been missed before the event. Such is her poem entitled "Maj 1939" (May 1939) published on the first page of the *Wiadomości Literackie*, the premier literary periodical in pre-War Poland, 61 days before the outbreak of the War, in July 1939. The poem is surrounded on all sides by the massive article by Edward Boyé analyzing the nature of the Italian Fascism, the only other piece printed on the page. Ginczanka's poem, deceptively insouciant — almost ebullient — in tone while it considers the uncertainty as to whether the Spring might pass under the shadow of war or alternatively under the spell of love, employs the metaphor of the fork in the road where either of the two divergent arms, though ostensibly very different and having the opposite direction "at odds" with the other, does in fact lead "to the last things" (*do spraw ostatecznych*; line 28). Thus, in a twist on Robert Frost's famous poem, it makes no difference *here* to take "the one less travelled by": > > > > | | | | > | --- | --- | --- | > | *Na maju, rozstaju stoję* > *u dróg rozdrożnych i sprzecznych,* > *gdy obie te drogi twoje* > *wiodą do spraw ostatecznych.* |        | I stand at the forking of May > where road bifurcate at odds springs > while both those roads *per se* > lead to the ultimate things. | > > Invasion of Poland ------------------ The building in the ulica Jabłonowskich № 8a in Lviv where Ginczanka lived in 1939–1942 and where she was betrayed to the Nazis (in a 2011 photo; street today renamed after Rustaveli) Ginczanka left Warsaw in June 1939 to spend her summer vacations (as was her habit every year) with her grandmother in Równe Wołyńskie. Here she was caught by the outbreak of the Second World War occasioned by the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on Friday, 1 September 1939, and in reaction to this news decided to stay at Równe, a town which, being located on the Eastern Borderlands of Poland, was relatively sheltered from the hostilities of war. This circumstance changed dramatically just two weeks later with the Soviet Union's attack on Poland from the East on 17 September, which brought Soviet rule to Równe (a town never to be returned to Poland again), and with it communist harassment and attacks targeting the "bourgeois elements" and the propertied classes in particular. The grandmother Klara Sandberg's ground-floor business (pharmacy store) in the town's main street was immediately expropriated, while their second-story living quarters were in large measure requisitioned for Soviet officials, squeezing the owners (including Ginczanka) into a single servant's room. These developments forced upon Ginczanka the decision to leave Równe to try to find accommodation in the much larger Polish city of Lviv, situated 213 kilometres to the south-east and likewise occupied by the Soviet Union. Before departure, the grandmother packed all the family heirlooms and valuables like table silver into her luggage, both as a means of preserving her ownership of the movable property and to provide for Ginczanka's future dowry. In Lviv Ginczanka rented a flat in the apartment building in the ulica Jabłonowskich № 8a (pictured to the right), where her co-residents included Karol Kuryluk, and the writers Władysław Bieńkowski [pl] (1906–1991), Marian Eile [pl] (1910–1984), and Franciszek Gil [pl] (1917–1960). During the years 1939–1942 Ginczanka lived in the city of Lviv in occupied Poland, working as an editor. She wrote several Soviet propaganda poems. She narrowly managed to avoid arrest by Ukrainian forces targeting Jewish population of the city, being shielded by her Nansen passport which, unfamiliar to them, impressed them sufficiently to spare her. Early in 1940, at the age of 22, she married in Lviv the Polish art historian Michał Weinzieher, her senior in age by 14 years (in some accounts, by 16 years), a move which she did not elect to explain to her friends. While officially married to Weinzieher, she carried on a contemporaneous relationship with an artist Janusz Woźniakowski, a young Polish graphic designer extremely devoted to her poetry. Woźniakowski helped her avoid detection after Nazi Germany's invasion of Lviv late in June 1941 and offered her general moral support. In the report of the writer Franciszek Gil (1917–1960) who lived in the same apartment building with Ginczanka, she became for Woźniakowski the sole reason for his existence. During this period Ginczanka was very active literarily, composing many new poems which, while unpublished, were read during small gatherings of friends. Most of the manuscripts with these works have perished, very few of them being recreated after the War from memory by those who had come to know them by heart. | | | --- | | *Non omnis moriar.* My grand estate—Tablecloth meadows, invincible wardrobe castles,Acres of bedsheets, finely woven linens,And dresses, colourful dresses—will survive me.I leave no heirs.So let your hands rummage through Jewish things,You, Chomin’s wife from Lviv, you mother of a volksdeutscher.May these things be useful to you and yours,For, dear ones, I leave no name, no song.I am thinking of you, as you, when the Schupo came,Thought of me, in fact reminded them about me.So let my friends break out holiday goblets,Celebrate my wake and their wealth:Kilims and tapestries, bowls, candlesticks.Let them drink all night and at daybreakBegin their search for gemstones and goldIn sofas, mattresses, blankets and rugs.Oh how the work will burn in their hands!Clumps of horsehair, bunches of sea hay,Clouds of fresh down from pillows and quilts,Glued on by my blood, will turn their arms into wings,Transfigure the birds of prey into angels. | | *"Non omnis moriar"*translated by Nancy Kassell and Anita Safran | With the invasion by Nazi Germany of the Eastern Borderlands of Poland on 22 June 1941, an area previously occupied since 17 September 1939 by the Soviet Union, the situation of the Jewish population once again changed dramatically for the worse, the Holocaust being already in full swing at that time. In Równe, Ginczanka's grandmother and her closest relative in Poland, Klara Sandberg, was arrested by the Nazis and died of a heart attack induced by the horror of impending death while being transported to a place of execution at Zdołbunów, barely 17 kilometres away. In Lviv, the female concierge in the building where Ginczanka lived, resentful of having allocated space in her building to a refugee like Ginczanka in the first place, saw her opportunity to rid herself of the unwelcome tenant and at the same time to enrich herself. In the summer of 1942, she denounced Ginczanka to the Nazi authorities newly in power in town as a Jew hiding in her building on false papers. The Nazi police immediately attempted to arrest Ginczanka, but other residents of the building helped her avoid arrest by slipping out the back door, etc. On one single day, the Schupo made three separate raids on the building to arrest Ginczanka. They finally succeeded in capturing her. While a narrow brush with death, this arrest did not result in Ginczanka's execution as on this occasion she escaped from captivity. Sources differ as to the exact circumstances in which this happened. According to the court documents from the post-War trial of Zofja Chomin, as reported in the press (see Aftermath below), she managed to escape from her captors after having been brought to the police station but before being securely imprisoned; according to other sources, her friends managed to redeem her from Nazi hands by bribery. Whatever the details of this outcome, the incident led Ginczanka to the writing of her best known poem "Non omnis moriar" (see insert). ### Kraków period In September 1942 Michał Weinzieher, Ginczanka's husband, decided to leave Lviv to escape the internment in the Lwów Ghetto. They moved to Kraków in the hope that the large city where he was unknown would provide him the anonymity necessary for survival on false papers. His own younger brother had already been murdered two years earlier by the Soviets in the Katyn Massacre, and Weinzieher was literally running away from death. During his stay in Kraków with the Güntner family Weinzieher (unwisely for the times) continued to pursue his left-wing political activism and continued to maintain contacts with underground left-wing political parties. It is here, and in these circumstances, that he was joined a few months later by his wife, Zuzanna Ginczanka, whose false papers indicated that she was a person of Armenian nationality. The few months that separated her and her husband's arrival in Kraków were spent by Ginczanka with Woźniakowski at his aunt's in Felsztyn, 97 kilometres to the south-west of Lviv, where Ginczanka was presented as Woźniakowski's fiancée. The false papers on which Ginczanka and Weinzieher travelled were provided in both cases by Janusz Woźniakowski. In Kraków Ginczanka occupied a room next door to Weinzieher's, spending most of her time in bed. According to her hosts, Ginczanka used to say that "My creative juices flow from my laziness". Here her most frequent visitor was Janusz Woźniakowski, but she also maintained close contacts with the noted painter, Helena Cygańska-Walicka [pl] (1913–1989), the wife of the art historian Michał Walicki, Anna Rawicz, and others. Because even on rare outings in the street Ginczanka was attracting the unwelcome attention of passers-by with her exotic beauty, she decided to change her hideaway by moving to the (then suburban) spa locality of Swoszowice on the southern outskirts of Kraków, where she joined up with a childhood friend of hers from Równe, Blumka Fradis, who was herself at the time hiding there from the Nazis. At the beginning of 1944, apparently by pure accident, Janusz Woźniakowski was arrested in a mass *łapanka* or random round-up of Polish citizens in the street. The laundry receipt found on his person indicated the address of Ginczanka's *old* hideout, no longer occupied by her but a place where Woźniakowski continued to live with Weinzieher. During a search of the premises, which a bloodied Woźniakowski was made to witness, Ginczanka's husband, Michał Weinzieher, was additionally arrested. On 6 April 1944 an announcement issued by the "Summary Tribunal of the Security Police" (*Standgericht der Sicherheitspolizei*) appeared pasted on the walls of Kraków listing 112 people sentenced to death: the first 33 were those on whom the sentence of death had *already* been carried out, the rest were those awaiting execution. Janusz Woźniakowski's name is the fifth on the list. Michał Weinzieher's is further down. ### Arrest Zuzanna Ginczanka frequently changed hiding places, the last one was in the apartment of Holocaust rescuer Elżbieta Mucharska; located at Mikołajska № 5 Street in the heart of Kraków Old Town. The circumstances of Ginczanka's arrest were pondered upon by postwar memoirist. The first account is that of Wincentyna Wodzinowska-Stopkowa (1915–1991), published in her 1989 memoir *Portret artysty z żoną w tle* ("A Portrait of the Artist with the Wife in the Background"). Ginczanka's hideout and the passwords used by her rescuers were intercepted by Gestapo from several clandestine messages intended to be smuggled out of prison (Polish: *gryps*) and addressed to them. The Stopkas, who were themselves incriminated by the clandestine messages in question, managed to get the Gestapo to leave without arresting them by bribing them with bottles of liquor and — gold coins, "which disappeared into their pockets in a flash". As soon as the Gestapo were safely away Wodzinowska-Stopkowa rushed to Ginczanka's nearby hideout to forewarn her of imminent danger, only to be greeted at the door by a sobbing woman who directly said, "They took her already. She yelled, spat at them..." Wodzinowska-Stopkowa then ran breathlessly to the residences of all the other people named in the "kites" written by Woźniakowski, arriving in each case too late, after the arrests of the individuals concerned. 16th-century house in the ulica Mikołajska № 18 in Kraków, directly across from № 5 where Ginczanka lived in 1944, from where J. Tomczak witnessed Ginczanka's arrest by the Gestapo A separate account of Zuzanna Ginczanka's arrest was given orally to Professor Izolda Kiec of the University of Poznań 46 years after the fact, in January 1991, by Jerzy Tomczak, grandson of Elżbieta Mucharska, Ginczanka's last hostess in Kraków mentioned in the preceding paragraph; it is included in her 1994 book *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość* ("Zuzanna Ginczanka: Life and Work"; see Bibliography), to date the most serious book on Ginczanka — a poet who is still awaiting a proper critical, academic biography. At the time of Ginczanka's arrest in the autumn of 1944, Tomczak was ten years old and living in one room with Ginczanka for about a month or so. He recalls that during her stay Ginczanka never left the premises even once for security reasons, and she would never open the door if she happened to be alone. The only visitor she received was a high-school friend of hers, "a blonde without Semitic features" (Blumka Fradis). Returning from school one day he was intercepted on the stairs by a neighbour who told him to back off: "*They* are at your place...". He withdrew at this and went into the entryway of the apartment building across the street (pictured to the right). About half an hour later, from this vantage point, he observed Zuzanna Ginczanka and Blumka Fradis being escorted by the Gestapo out of his building. He comments: "I have no idea how they managed to track them down. I suspect a denunciation by a neighbour. There is no other possibility." ### Notes from the prison cell Izolda Kiec (b. 1965), the author of the 1994 book on Ginczanka, was able to track down a person who was in direct contact with Ginczanka *after* her last arrest in autumn 1944: Krystyna Garlicka, the sister of the Polish writer Tadeusz Breza [pl] (1905–1970), who lived in 1992 in Paris. Krystyna Garlicka was incarcerated at one point together with Ginczanka, in the same cell, and as a fellow-prisoner developed a rapport with her which made her privy to Ginczanka's confessions and much of her ultimate fate unknown to outsiders. According to Garlicka's report given to Kiec in 1992, 47 years after the fact, Ginczanka accepted her in prison because she was acquainted with her brother, Tadeusz Breza. They slept together on a single straw mattress that was spread out on the floor for the night, a time when Garlicka would listen to Ginczanka's confessions. According to Garlicka, Ginczanka told her that her final arrest was due to a betrayal by her Kraków hostess, Elżbieta Mucharska, as she never left the house and "no one had any knowledge of her whereabouts". Ginczanka, who was at first detained in the notorious facility in the ulica Montelupich, was very afraid of torture (for which that prison was infamous), and to stave off attacks on her body she affected a particular concern for her hair, which she would repeatedly touch during interrogations to make small corrections to her locks, etc. This was noticed by the Gestapo interrogators, and when they came to torment her it was her hair that was selected for special treatment: she was dragged across the floor by the hair. Although she screamed in pain, she was never broken and never admitted to being Jewish. However, this was not the case with her friend (Blumka Fradis), who broke down: "perhaps she lacked the courage and the willpower of Ginczanka", Garlicka comments. Blumka Fradis made a confession which spelt the end of the investigations and "sealed the fate for both of them". Ginczanka was hoping to be deported in the aftermath to the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp in the first instance, and thence to Auschwitz, resolved to overcome everything and survive. This however did not happen, as she was transferred to another prison in Kraków. ### Place and date of death See also: Kraków-Podgórze Detention Centre Back side of the prison in the ulica Stefana Czarnieckiego 3 in Kraków, facing the back yard where Ginczanka was murdered, in a 2011 photo (note the blocked-out windows). The building, designed as a courthouse by the Polish-Jewish architect Ferdynand Liebling (1877–1942), was built in 1905 There is no consensus among the published sources as to the exact place of Ginczanka's death. There *is* a broad consensus on the circumstance of her having been *executed by firearm*, either by single firearm or by firing squad, in a *prison* located in the *southern suburbs* of Kraków. Many older sources identify the suburb in question as Płaszów (administratively part of the municipality of Kraków since 1912, but colloquially referred to as a separate community) — not to be confused with the Nazi concentration camp of the same name situated in the same locality: no claim has ever been made that Ginczanka was deported to *any* concentration camp. Other sources identify the suburb in question to have been the neighbouring spa locality of Swoszowice (likewise today within the southern borders of Kraków municipality). More recently the prison courtyard of the infamous facility in the ulica Montelupich № 7 in Kraków has been pointed out as the place of her death. This identification, perhaps conjectural, would contradict the earlier sources, as the prison in question lies in the city *centre* and not on the southern confines of the metropolitan area. Finally, and perhaps most authoritatively, Izolda Kiec (see Bibliography), a professor in the University of Poznań, basing her conclusions on unpublished written sources as well as on the numerous oral interviews with eyewitnesses and others directly connected with Ginczanka's life conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, indicates for the first time the courtyard of the prison facility located in the ulica Stefana Czarnieckiego № 3 in Kraków as the place of Ginczanka's martyrdom (see picture to the right). The latter identification does not contradict the earlier sources citing Płaszów, as *both* the Płaszów precinct *and* the ulica Czarnieckiego are located in the same southern Kraków district of Podgórze. Moreover, Kiec also states — thereby possibly reconciling all the earlier sources — that Ginczanka was indeed imprisoned at first in the Montelupich Prison, where her interrogation under torture took place, and only after that had been completed was she transferred to the (smaller) prison in the ulica Czarnieckiego, where she was murdered. Ginczanka was 27 years old. Ginczanka's high-school friend, Blumka Fradis, was shot in the courtyard at Czarnieckiego 3 together with her. Józef Łobodowski reports the privileged information he received in the 1980s from a source he does not reveal to the effect that Ginczanka's execution took place "just before" (*tuż przed*) the liberation of Kraków (a historical event dated to 18 January 1945) — that is to say, in the first part of January 1945. Without specifying the 1945 date, Izolda Kiec says much the same thing ("a few days (*na kilka dni*) before the end of the war"). If the expressions "just before" and "a few days" were to be interpreted figuratively to mean "a short time" but not necessarily "a *very* short time", the date of Ginczanka's death could be pushed back to December 1944, but this procedure would involve stretching the literal meaning of the words of these two key witnesses. Wacław Iwaniuk, a personal acquaintance of Ginczanka, strongly corroborates our dating of Ginczanka's death: in an interview given in 1991, Iwaniuk states: "Ginczanka was murdered by the Gestapo in Kraków, *probably on the last day of Kraków's occupation*" (*chyba w ostatnim dniu okupacji Krakowa*) — *i.e.*, on 17 January 1945. In an article published in the *Gazeta Wyborcza* in December 2015, Ryszard Kotarba, the historian of the aforementioned Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, speculates however that Ginczanka might have been among the several prisoners brought to that camp by truck on 5 May 1944, most of whom were executed on the spot. #### "Non omnis moriar" Her single best-known poem, written in 1942 and untitled, commonly referred to as "Non omnis moriar" from its opening words (Latin for "Not all of me will die", the *incipit* of an ode by Horace), which incorporates the name of her purported betrayer within the text, is a paraphrase of Juliusz Słowacki's poem "Testament mój" (The Testament of Mine). The "Non omnis moriar" was first published in the weekly periodical *Odrodzenie* of Kraków in 1946 at the initiative of Julian Przyboś, a poet who had been one of the most distinguished members of the so-called Kraków Avant-garde (*Awangarda Krakowska*). Przyboś appended a commentary entitled "Ostatni wiersz Ginczanki" (Ginczanka's Last Poem), saying in part: Hers is the most moving voice in Polish lyrical literature, for it deals with the most terrible tragedy of our time, the Jewish martyrdom. Only the poems of Jastrun, serving as they are as an epitaph on the sepulchre of millions, make a similar impression, but not even do they evince the same degree of bitterness, of irony, of virulence and power or convey the same brutal truth as does the testament of Ginczanka. I find its impact impossible to shake off. We read it for the first time pencilled on a torn and wrinkled piece of paper, like the secret messages that prisoners smuggle out of their dungeons. (…) The most despairing confessions, the most heartrending utterances of other poets before their death fall far below this proudest of all poetic testaments. This indictment of the human beast hurts like an unhealed wound. A shock therapy in verse. The "Non omnis moriar" was highly esteemed by many others, including the poet Stanislaw Wygodzki, while another Polish poet, Anna Kamieńska, considered it to be one of the most beautiful poems in the Polish language. Scholars have uncovered textual parallels between "Non omnis moriar" and the *Petit Testament* of François Villon. However, perhaps the most significant aspect of the "Non omnis moriar" is its indictment of Polish antisemitism by a Jewish woman who wished more than anything else to become a Polish poet, and to be *accepted* as Polish (rather than as an "exotic Other"). In her entire *oeuvre* Ginczanka never espoused anything like a Jewish identity, her preoccupations with identity having been focused exclusively on her being a woman. It is the reference made in the "Non omnis moriar" to the "Jewish things" (*rzeczy żydowskie*; line 6) — Ginczanka's personal effects that will now be looted by her betrayer, the thirty pieces of *Jewish* silver earned by (and in ethnic contrast with) this particular kiss of an *Aryan* Judas — that takes Ginczanka out of the sphere of realisation of her dream. ### Aftermath In January 1946 on charges of collaborationism Zuzanna Ginczanka's betrayer before the Nazis, Zofja Chomin, and her son Marjan Chomin were arrested and tried in a court of law. Ginczanka's poem "Non omnis moriar" formed part of the evidence against them. (This is considered by many scholars to be the only instance in the annals of juridical history of a poem being entered in evidence in a criminal trial.) According to the article which appeared in the newspaper *Express Wieczorny* of 5 July 1948 (page 2), Zofja Chomin, the concierge in the building (in the ulica Jabłonowskich № 8a) where Ginczanka lived in Lviv, was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for betraying Ginczanka's identity to the Nazis — the poem "Non omnis moriar" again being cited in the writ of the sentence — while her son was acquitted. Zofja Chomin's defence before the court were to be her words, intended to refute the charge of collaborationism: "I knew of only one little Jewess in hiding..." (*znałam tylko jedną żydóweczkę ukrywającą się...*). An account of these events is given in a study by Agnieszka Haska (see Bibliography). Remembrance ----------- A commemorative plaque devoted to Zuzanna Ginczanka, Mikołajska Street, Kraków Despite the quality of her poetry, Ginczanka was ignored and forgotten in postwar Poland, as communist censors deemed her work to be undesirable. Renewed interest and recognition of her work emerged only after the collapse of communism. She is the subject of a moving poem by Sydor Rey, entitled "Smak słowa i śmierci" (The Taste of the Word and Death) and published in 1967, which ends: "I will know at the furthermost confines | The taste of your death". Another poem in her honour is the composition "Zuzanna Ginczanka" by Dorota Chróścielewska (1948–1996). In 1987, poet Józef Łobodowski published a collection of poems in memory of Ginczanka entitled *Pamięci Sulamity*. In 1991, after Poland regained independence, a volume of her collected poems was published. Izolda Kiec published two books devoted to Ginczanka: a biography entitled *Zuzanna Ginczanka. Życie i twórczość* (Zuzanna Ginczanka. Life and Works) in 1994 and *Ginczanka. Nie upilnuje mnie nikt* in 2020. In 2001, Agata Araszkiewicz, published a book *Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki* (I Am Expressing to You My Life: The Melancholy of Zuzanna Ginczanka). In 2003, poet Maciej Woźniak, dedicated a poem to her in his collection of poems *Obie strony światła* (Both Sides of Light). In 2015, the Museum of Literature in Warsaw hosted an exhibition *Tylko szczęście jest prawdziwym życiem* (Only Happiness Is Real Life) devoted to the works of Ginczanka. In 2017, on the centenary of Ginczanka's birth, a commemorative plaque was unveiled on a tenement house on Mikołajska Street in Kraków where she was in hiding during her stay in the city. The same year, Marek Kazmierski translated and published the first book of her work in English. In 2019, Jarosław Mikołajewski published a book *Cień w cień. Za cieniem Zuzanny Ginczanki* which deals with her life and literary legacy. In 2021, Hanna Kubiak and Bernhard Hofstötter published the first German edition of works by Ginczanka. Publications ------------ * *O centaurach* (1936) * *Wiersze wybrane* (1953) * *Zuzanna Ginczanka [: wiersze]* (1980) * "Non omnis moriar" (before 1990) * *Udźwignąć własne szczęście* (1991) * *Krzątanina mglistych pozorów: wiersze wybrane = Un viavai di brumose apparenze: poesie scelte* (2011; bilingual edition: text in Polish and Italian) * *Von Zentauren und weitere ausgewählte Gedichte* (2021; German edition; ISBN 978-3347232334) Translation * Vladimir Mayakovsky, *Wiersze*, translated into Polish by Zuzanna Ginczanka (1940) Antologies * Sh. L. [Shemuʾel-Leyb] Shnayderman, *Between Fear and Hope*, tr. N. Guterman, New York, Arco Publishing Co. 1947. (Includes an English translation of "Non omnis moriar", pp. 262–263, perhaps the first publication of the poem, in any language, in book form. Important also for the background information on the situation of the Jews within the Polish society in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, shedding light on their situation before and during the War.) * R. Matuszewski & S. Pollak, *Poezja Polski Ludowej: antologia*. Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1955. (Includes the original text of "Non omnis moriar", p. 397.) * Ryszard Marek Groński, *Od Stańczyka do STS-u: satyra polska lat 1944–1956*, Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1975. (Includes the original text of "Non omnis moriar", p. 9.) * I. Maciejewska, *Męczeństwo i zagłada Żydów w zapisach literatury polskiej*. Warsaw, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1988. ISBN 8303022792. (Includes the original text of "Non omnis moriar", p. 147.) * R. Matuszewski & S. Pollak, *Poezja polska 1914–1939: antologia*. Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1962. * *Szczutek. Cyrulik Warszawski. Szpilki: 1919–1939*, comp. & ed. E. Lipiński, introd. W. Filler, Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1975. (Includes Ginczanka's poem "Słówka", p. 145.) * *Poezja polska okresu międzywojennego: antologia*, 2 vols. comp. & ed. M. Głowiński & J. Sławiński, Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1987. Citations --------- 1. 1 2 J. Tomaszewski & A. Żbikowski (2001), *Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura: leksykon*, Warsaw, *Cyklady*, p. 106. ISBN 838685958X. 2. ↑ Cf. *Polski indeks biograficzny*, vol. 4, ed. G. Baumgartner, Munich, K.G. Saur, 1998, *s.v.* "Weinzieher, Sana". ISBN 3598327285. 3. ↑ Cf. *Stawisko*, ed. A. Brodzka [*et al.*], Podkowa Leśna, Muzeum im. Anny i Jarosława Iwaszkiewiczów w Stawisku, 1995, p. 126. ISBN 8390289415. 4. ↑ *Mały słownik pisarzy polskich*, pt. 2, ed. J. Z. Białek *et al.*, Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 1981, p. 66. ISBN 8321400124. 5. ↑ Izolda Kiec, "Trochę wierszy, trochę fotografii, wspomnienia kilku przyjaciół", *Czas Kultury* (Poznań), No. 16, May 1990, p. 107. 6. 1 2 Piotr Kuncewicz, *Agonia i nadzieja* (vol. 1 of *Literatura polska od 1918*), Warsaw, Polska Oficyna Wydawnicza BGW, 1993, p. 112. ISBN 8370665187. 7. ↑ Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 34, 176. ISBN 8390172003. 8. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski, *Polscy pisarze współcześni, 1939–1991: Leksykon*. Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1995, p. 121. ISBN 8301115939, (PDF file, direct download 2.54 MB), retrieved December 6, 2013. 9. 1 2 Бельченко, Наталія. "The Kiev Chartist, Sulamito by Natalia Belchenko" [«Київська чарівнице, Суламіто...»]. *Culture.pl* (in Ukrainian). Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2018. Отож точна дата народження Зузанни — 22 березня 1917 року, оскільки дата 9 березня у записі подана за старим стилем, а ім'я Сара, радше за все, помилково інтерпретоване Сана, бо саме так називали її в дружньому колі, скорочуючи Зузанна (Сусанна). 10. ↑ Mariola Krzyworączka, "Ironia – bronią poetów", *Polonistyka: czasopismo dla nauczycieli*, vol. 59, No. 9, November 2006, pp. 54–58. (in Polish) 11. ↑ For the date of Ginczanka's arrival at Równe (1922), see *Mały słownik pisarzy polskich*, pt. 2, ed. J. Z. Białek *et al.*, Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 1981, p. 66. ISBN 8321400124. However, Professor Izolda Kiec states that Ginczanka's parents arrived at Równe in October/November 1917, bringing the several months' old child with them; see Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 34 & 176. ISBN 8390172003. 12. ↑ Jan Śpiewak, *Pracowite zdziwienia: szkice poetyckie*, ed. A. Kamieńska, Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1971, p. 28. 13. 1 2 3 *Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny*, ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (G–J), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445. 14. ↑ Sources differ as to the fate of her parents: *Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny*, ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (G–J), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445. suggests that the parents were divorced (with the father going to live abroad and the mother likewise choosing emigration after remarriage). This is confirmed by Tadeusz Wittlin, p. 241 (see Bibliography), who adds that her mother lived in Pamplona, Spain, after remarriage, while her father worked as an attorney in Berlin. (Neither source mentions the parents' names.) Łobodowski, on the other hand, while confirming that the mother settled in Spain, initially at Cordova and then at Pamplona, recalls having been told by Ginczanka that her father was "dead", adding that she was very reticent about her family in general; in: Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, pp. 11–12. On the grandmother Sandberg, see Jan Śpiewak, *Pracowite zdziwienia: szkice poetyckie*, ed. A. Kamieńska, Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1971, p. 28. 15. ↑ Jerzy Andrzejewski, "Stefan"; in: *Sceptyk pełen wiary: wspomnienia o Stefanie Otwinowskim*, ed. W. Maciąg, introd. E. Otwinowska, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1979, p. 105. ISBN 8308001513. Jan Śpiewak, "Zuzanna: gawęda tragiczna"; in *id.*, Przyjaźnie i animozje, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965, p. 190. 16. ↑ Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 8. 17. ↑ Krystyna Kłosińska, "Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki, Araszkiewicz, Agata." *Gazeta Wyborcza*, 29 January 2002 (review of the book by Agata Araszkiewicz, *Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki* published by Fundacja OŚKA, Warsaw 2001). 18. ↑ Letter of Ginczanka's mother to Kazimierz Wyka, written in Russian after the Second World War; cited in: Izolda Kiec, "Trochę wierszy, trochę fotografii, wspomnienia kilku przyjaciół", *Czas Kultury* (Poznań), No. 16, May 1990, p. 107. 19. ↑ Izolda Kiec (see Bibliography), p. 37. 20. ↑ Cf. *Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny*, ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (G–J), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445. Cf. also Lesław M. Bartelski, *Polscy pisarze współcześni, 1939–1991: leksykon*, Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1995, p. 110. ISBN 8301115939. 21. ↑ Zuzanna Ginczanka, "Żyzność sierpniowa" (lines 15–16), *Kuryer Literacko-Naukowy*, vol. 10, No. 35 (Supplement to the *Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny* of 28 August 1933), p. 2. 22. ↑ See *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 11, No. 29 (556), 15 July 1934, p. 3. Many of the names of the other finalists cannot be further identified: they are people who didn't make a mark in later times. 23. ↑ "Turniej Młodych Poetów", *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 11, No. 36 (563), 2 September 1934, p. 6. Cf. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, *Poezje — Michał Anioł Buonarroti*, tr. & ed. Leopold Staff, Warsaw, J. Mortkowicz, 1922. 24. ↑ Zuzanna Ginczanka, "Gramatyka" (lines 2–4), *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 11, No. 29 (556), 15 July 1934, p. 3. 25. ↑ Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 9. Wacław Iwaniuk, *Ostatni romantyk: wspomnienie o Józefie Łobodowskim*, ed. J. Kryszak, Toruń, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, 1998, p. 60. ISBN 832310915X. Matuszewski (see Bibliography). 26. ↑ *Polski słownik judaistyczny: dzieje, kultura, religia, ludzie*, vol. 1, ed. Z. Borzymińska & R. Żebrowski, Warsaw, Prószyński i S-ka, 2003, p. 482. ISBN 837255126X. On Gombrowicz's moniker for Ginczanka, see Joanna Siedlecka, *Jaśnie Panicz: o Witoldzie Gombrowiczu*, Warsaw, Prószyński i S-ka, 2003, p. 171. ISBN 8373373675. 27. ↑ Karol W. Zawodziński, "Liryka polska w dobie jej kryzysu" (Polish Lyric Poetry in the Age of Its Crisis), *Przegląd Współczesny* (Warsaw), vol. 69, No. 206, June 1939, pp. 14–15 (302–303). 28. ↑ Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, *Marginalia*, ed. M. Iwaszkiewicz, P. Kądziela & L. B. Grzeniewski, Warsaw, Interim, 1993, p. 60. ISBN 8385083286. 29. ↑ *Szpilki*, No. 13, 1937. Cited in: Janusz Stradecki, *W kręgu Skamandra*, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1977, p. 310, n. 38. 30. ↑ Article on the Presspublica web portal. 31. ↑ Zbigniew Mitzner, *Tak i nie: wybór felietonów z lat 1936–1966*, Warsaw, Czytelnik, 1966, p. 240. 32. ↑ See *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 14, No. 52/53 (738/739), 26 December 1937, p. 24. Cited in: Adam Czachowski, comp. *"Wiadomości Literackie", 1934–1939: bibliografia zawartości*, Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1999, p. 285. ISBN 8304044811. 33. ↑ Ryszard Matuszewski, *Z bliska: szkice literackie*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1981, p. 202. ISBN 830800508X. 34. ↑ Jan Kott, *Przyczynek do biografii*, London, Aneks, 1990, p. 41. ISBN 0906601754. 35. ↑ Cf. Alessandro Amenta, Introduction; in: Zuzanna Ginczanka, *Krzątanina mglistych pozorów: wiersze wybrane | Un viavai di brumose apparenze: poesie scelte*, ed. tr. & inrod. A. Amenta, Budapest & Kraków, Wydawnictwo Austeria Klezmerhojs, 2011. ISBN 9788361978060. 36. ↑ Kazimierz Brandys, *Zapamiętane*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1995, p. 156. ISBN 8308026001. 37. ↑ Adolf Rudnicki, *Niebieskie kartki: ślepe lustro tych lat*, illus. A. Marczyński, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1956, p. 106. 38. ↑ See *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 14, No. 28 (714), 4 July 1937, p. 6. Cited in: Adam Czachowski, comp. *"Wiadomości Literackie", 1934–1939: bibliografia zawartości*, Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1999, p. 285. ISBN 8304044811. 39. ↑ Reproduction of Aleksander Rafałowski's portrait of Ginczanka on the *Gazeta Wyborcza* website. 40. ↑ Czesław Miłosz, *Spiżarnia literacka*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2004, p. 110. ISBN 8308036023. 41. ↑ Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 10. 42. ↑ *Poeta ziemi rodzinnej: zbiór wspomnień i esejów o Stanisławie Piętaku*, ed. A. Kamieńska & Jan Śpiewak, Warsaw, Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1970, p. 102. 43. ↑ Araszkiewicz (see Bibliography), p. 11. Cf. Alessandro Amenta, Introduction; in: Zuzanna Ginczanka, *Krzątanina mglistych pozorów: wiersze wybrane | Un viavai di brumose apparenze: poesie scelte*, ed. tr. & inrod. A. Amenta, Budapest & Kraków, Wydawnictwo Austeria Klezmerhojs, 2011. ISBN 9788361978060. 44. ↑ Eryk Lipiński calls Nowicki "her adorer" (*jej adorator*): Eryk Lipiński, *Pamiętniki*, Warsaw, Fakt, 1990, p. 229. Cf. Stefan Otwinowski, *Notes krakowski*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1975, p. 19. Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, *Marginalia*, ed. M. Iwaszkiewicz, P. Kądziela & L. B. Grzeniewski, Warsaw, Interim, 1993, p. 60. ISBN 8385083286. Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 11. 45. 1 2 Tadeusz Wittlin, p. 241 (see Bibliography). 46. ↑ Alicja Iwańska, *Potyczki i przymierza: pamiętnik 1918–1985*, Warsaw, Gebethner i Ska, 1993, p. 89. ISBN 8385205330. 47. ↑ Wacław Iwaniuk, *Ostatni romantyk: wspomnienie o Józefie Łobodowskim*, ed. J. Kryszak, Toruń, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, 1998, p. 21. ISBN 832310915X. 48. ↑ Cf. Noelia Román, "Camino de peregrinación: de Lublin a Madrid. Los horizontes de Józef Łobodowski"; in: *España en Europa: historia, contactos, viajes*, ed. P. Sawicki & A. Marhall, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2003, p. 116. ISBN 8322924860. 49. ↑ Eryk Lipiński, "Ja i wielu ludzi (III): Witold Gombrowicz" (Me and Lots of Others, Part III: Witold Gombrowicz), *Stolica* (Warsaw), vol. 40, No. 52 (1971), 29 December 1985, p. 11. Cf. Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 95. ISBN 8390172003. 50. ↑ Araszkiewicz (see Bibliography), p. 9. 51. ↑ Maya Peretz, "Bondage and Freedom in the Voice of Polish Women Poets"; in: *Translation Perspectives: Selected Papers*, vol. 3 (*1985–86*), ed. M. G. Rose, Binghamton (New York), National Resource Center for Translation and Interpretation: SUNY–Binghamton Translation Research and Instruction Program, 1984, p. 27. ISSN 0890-4758. 52. ↑ From the letter of Tadeusz Bocheński to Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski dated 15 February 1936; quoted in: Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, *W kręgu Kameny* (vol. 7 of *Pisma: wydanie jubileuszowe*), ed. P. Dąbek, Lublin, Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1973, p. 385. (1st ed. 1965.) 53. ↑ S. H. [*sic*], "Ukrainian Writers in Exile, 1945–1949", *The Ukrainian Quarterly*, vol. 6, 1950, p. 74. 54. ↑ Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 10. 55. ↑ Zuzanna Ginczanka, "Słowa na wiatr", *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 14, No. 14 (700), 28 March 1937, p. 21. 56. ↑ "Program stacyj radjowych na niedzielę, dnia 4 lipca 1937 r." (Radio Pragrammes for Sunday, 4 July 1937), *Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny* (Kraków), vol. 28, No. 184, 5 July 1937, p. 24. 57. ↑ "Program stacyj radjowych na niedzielę 27 marca 1938 r." (Radio Pragrammes for Sunday, 27 March 1938), *Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny* (Kraków), vol. 29, No. 87, 28 March 1938, p. 24. 58. ↑ Monika Warneńska, *Warsztat czarodzieja*, Łódź, Wydawnictwo Łódzkie, 1975, p. 221. 59. ↑ Cf. Izolda Kiec, "Wiosna radosna? (Ginczanka i Słonimski)", *Twórczość*, No. 9, 1992, pp. 70–78. 60. ↑ Zuzanna Ginczanka, "Maj 1939" (lines 25–28), *Wiadomości Literackie*, vol. 16, No. 28 (820), 2 July 1939, p. 1. The poem counts a total of 32 verses arranged in 8 stanzas. 61. ↑ Izolda Kiec, "Dzieje swarliwe i wielkie przyjdzie ci jeszcze przemierzyć"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 147ff. ISBN 8390172003. 62. 1 2 3 4 5 Izolda Kiec, "Dzieje swarliwe i wielkie przyjdzie ci jeszcze przemierzyć"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 149. ISBN 8390172003. 63. ↑ Natan Gross, *Poeci i Szoa: obraz zagłady Żydów w poezji polskiej*, Sosnowiec, Offmax, 1993, p. 118. ISBN 8390014939. See also Kiec; Shallcross, *The Holocaust Object*, p. 39 (see Bibliography). 64. ↑ On the marriage, see also *Współcześni polscy pisarze i badacze literatury: słownik biobibliograficzny*, ed. J. Czachowska & A. Szałagan, vol. 3 (G–J), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1994, p. 46. ISBN 8302056367, ISBN 8302054445. So also: Julian Aleksandrowicz, *Kartki z dziennika doktora Twardego*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1983, p. 60. ISBN 8308009727. (1st ed. 1962.) 65. ↑ *AGNI* magazine, Boston University, 2008. 66. 1 2 Izolda Kiec, "Gdy oto pęka wiersz nie mogąc pomieścić grozy"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 155. ISBN 8390172003. 67. ↑ Izolda Kiec, "Gdy oto pęka wiersz nie mogąc pomieścić grozy"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 156. ISBN 8390172003. 68. ↑ "\*\*\* (Non omnis moriar — moje dumne włości) - Zuzanna Ginczanka". *poezja.org*. Retrieved 2023-07-25. 69. 1 2 Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 159. ISBN 8390172003. 70. 1 2 3 Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 160. ISBN 8390172003. 71. ↑ Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 160. ISBN 8390172003. Kiec indicates "Halina [*sic*] Cygańska-Walicka" and "Anka Jawicz [*sic*]", obvious misprints or mistakes for "Helena Cygańska-Walicka" and "Anna (or Anka) Rawicz". 72. 1 2 3 4 5 Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 161. ISBN 8390172003. 73. ↑ Tadeusz Wroński, *Kronika okupowanego Krakowa*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1974, pp. 331–332. Cf. Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 161. ISBN 8390172003. 74. 1 2 3 4 5 Wincentyna Wodzinowska-Stopkowa, *Portret artysty z żoną w tle*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1989. ISBN 8308019692. The artist of the title is Andrzej Stopka (1904–1973; see Andrzej Stopka (pl)), Wodzinowska-Stopkowa's husband, Polish scenographer and painter, pp. 54–55, 258. *Also in:* Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 161. ISBN 8390172003. 75. 1 2 3 4 Izolda Kiec, "Nie zostawiłam tutaj żadnego dziedzica"; in *id.*, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 162. ISBN 8390172003. 76. ↑ Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, pp. 162 & 181. ISBN 8390172003. 77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 163. ISBN 8390172003. 78. ↑ Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 163. ISBN 8390172003. This detail is also independently confirmed by Łobodowski, who does not reveal his sources; see Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 13. 79. ↑ See, for example, Edward Balcerzan, *Poezja polska w latach 1939-1965* (pt. 1: *Strategie liryczne*), Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1982, p. 30. ISBN 830201172X. 80. ↑ For "Płaszów" as her place of death, see, for example, *Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura: leksykon*, ed. J. Tomaszewski & A. Żbikowski, Warsaw, Cyklady, 2001, p. 106. ISBN 838685958X. *[Also in:]* Marek Sołtysik, *Świadomość to kamień: kartki z życia Michała Choromańskiego*, Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1989, p. 9. ISBN 8321006841. 81. ↑ For "Swoszowice" as her place of death, cf. Julian Aleksandrowicz, *Kartki z dziennika doktora Twardego*, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1983, p. 60. ISBN 8308009727. (1st ed. 1962.) 82. ↑ For the Montelupich Prison as her place of death, cf. *Mały słownik pisarzy polskich*, pt. 2, ed. J. Z. Białek *et al.*, Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 1981, p. 66. ISBN 8321400124. Lesław M. Bartelski, *Polscy pisarze współcześni, 1939–1991: leksykon*, Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1995, p. 110. ISBN 8301115939. 83. ↑ Kiec however misspells the name of the street as the ulica "Czarneckiego [*sic*]": the street is named after the 17th-century Polish personage of Stefan Czarn**i**ecki. See the separate article on the Kraków-Podgórze Detention Centre. 84. ↑ Józef Łobodowski, *Pamięci Sulamity*, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 13. 85. ↑ Izolda Kiec, *Zuzanna Ginczanka: życie i twórczość*, Poznań, Obserwator, 1994, p. 163. ISBN 8390172003. Professor Kiec's dating of Ginczanka's death is unsourced in her book. A further imprecision is introduced by the expression "before the end of the war" (*przed zakończeniem wojny*), which has to be taken to mean "before the end of the war *in Kraków*", as 18 January 1945 is not the date of the end of the Second World War overall. 86. ↑ Zbigniew W. Fronczek, "W wojsku i na emigracji: rozmowa z Wacławem Iwaniukiem o Józefie Łobodowskim" (In Military Service and in Exile: An Interview with Wacław Iwaniuk about Józef Łobodowski), *Gazeta w Lublinie*, No. 196, 23 November 1991, p. 5. 87. ↑ Ryszard Kotarba, "Zuzanna Ginczanka: śmierć poetki. Historia okupacyjna", *Gazeta Wyborcza*, 14 December 2015. 88. ↑ Scharf (see Bibliography). 89. ↑ Julian Przyboś, "Ostatni wiersz Ginczanki", *Odrodzenie*, No. 12, 1946, p. 5. Cf. Sh. L. [Shemuʾel-Leyb] Shnayderman, *Between Fear and Hope*, tr. N. Guterman, New York, Arco Publishing Co. 1947, p. 262. 90. ↑ In a letter of Stanislaw Wygodzki to Tadeusz Borowski dated 21 May 1946; quoted in: Tadeusz Borowski, *Postal Indiscretions: The Correspondence of Tadeusz Borowski*, ed. T. Drewnowski, tr. A. Nitecki, Evanston (Illinois), Northwestern University Press, 2007, pp. 86–87. ISBN 9780810122031, ISBN 0810122030. 91. ↑ Anna Kamieńska, *Od Leśmiana: najpiękniejsze wiersze polskie*, Warsaw, Iskry, 1974, p. 219. Cited in: Shallcross, *The Holocaust Object*, p. 39 (see Bibliography). 92. ↑ Mieczysław Inglot, "Poetyckie testamenty liryczne: uwagi wokół wiersza 'Testament mój' Juliusza Słowackiego", *Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich*, vol. 40, No.1/2, 1997, pp. 101–119. Cf. Shallcross, *The Holocaust Object*, p. 49 (see Bibliography). 93. ↑ Bożena Umińska (see Bibliography), p. 353. 94. ↑ Cf. Alessandro Amenta, Introduction; in: Zuzanna Ginczanka, *Krzątanina mglistych pozorów: wiersze wybrane | Un viavai di brumose apparenze: poesie scelte*, ed. tr. & inrod. A. Amenta, Budapest & Kraków, Wydawnictwo Austeria Klezmerhojs, 2011. ISBN 9788361978060. Cf. also Michel Borwicz [*i.e.*, Michał Maksymilian Borwicz], *Écrits des condamnés à mort sous l'occupation nazie, 1939–1945*, préface de R. Cassin, nouvelle éd. revue et augmentée, Paris, Gallimard, 1973, p. 292. 95. ↑ "Non-Presence: Capturing Zuzanna Ginczanka". Retrieved 6 May 2020. 96. ↑ Sydor Rey, "Smak słowa i śmierci" (The Taste of the Word and Death), *Wiadomości: tygodnik* (London), vol. 12, No. 4 (1086), 22 January 1967, p. 6. Subsequently published in: *id.*, *Własnymi słowami*, London, Poets' & Painters' Press, 1967, p. 27. 97. ↑ Dorota Chróścielewska, *Portret Dziewczyny z różą*, Łódź, Wydawnictwo Łódzkie, 1972, p. 30. 98. ↑ "Zuzanna Ginczanka". Retrieved 4 May 2020. 99. ↑ Kiec, Izolda (1994). *Zuzanna Ginczanka. Życie i twórczość*. Poznań: Obserwator. ISBN 83-901720-0-3. 100. ↑ Kiec, Izolda (2020). *Ginczanka. Nie upilnuje mnie nikt*. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Marginesy. ISBN 978-83-66500-07-5. 101. ↑ Chowaniec, Urszula; Phillips, Ursula (22 February 2013). "Women's Voices and Feminism in Polish Cultural Memory". Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443847087. Retrieved 4 May 2020. 102. ↑ "Zuzanna Ginczanka, list z tamtej strony światła". Retrieved 4 May 2020. 103. ↑ "A Lost Feminist Poet Finally Gets Her Due". Retrieved 6 May 2020. 104. ↑ ""Zuzanna Ginczanka. Tylko szczęście jest prawdziwym życiem" – katalog wystawy". Retrieved 4 May 2020. 105. ↑ "Zuzanna Ginczanka uhonorowana tablicą pamiątkową". Retrieved 4 May 2020. 106. ↑ "Invoking Zuzanna Ginczanka: Translation in a Time of Love & War". Retrieved 5 May 2020. 107. ↑ "Cień w cień Za cieniem Zuzanny Ginczanki". Retrieved 4 May 2020. 108. ↑ "Von Zentauren und weitere ausgewählte Gedichte". Retrieved 4 April 2021. Further reading --------------- * Agata Araszkiewicz *Wypowiadam wam moje życie. Melancholia Zuzanny Ginczanki.* (2001) * Agnieszka Haska, "'Znałam tylko jedną żydóweczkę ukrywającą się…': sprawa Zofii i Mariana Chominów", *Zagłada Żydów: Studia i Materiały*, No. 4, 2008, pages 392–407. * Izolda Kiec *Zuzanna Ginczanka. Życie i twórczość.* (1994)

Town and regional capital in Upper Demerara-Berbice, Guyana Town and regional capital in Upper Demerara-Berbice, Guyana **Linden** is the second largest city in Guyana after Georgetown, and capital of the Upper Demerara-Berbice region, located at 6°0′0″N 58°18′0″W / 6.00000°N 58.30000°W / 6.00000; -58.30000, altitude 48 m (160 ft). It was declared a town in 1970, and includes the communities of MacKenzie, Christianburg, and Wismar. It lies on the Demerara River and has a population of 27,277 as of 2012. It is primarily a bauxite mining town, containing many mines 60–90 m deep, with many other pits now in disuse. The Bauxite Company ------------------- Commercial bauxite mining started in Linden a hundred years ago. In 1916 the Demerara Bauxite Company Limited, known as DEMBA, a subsidiary of the Aluminum Company of Canada Limited, was established with the objective of mining, processing and selling bauxite. The site chosen for this preliminary venture was on the Demerara River, 105 km (65 mi) south of the capital city Georgetown. At that time there was no settlement in the area, except for the wards of Wismar, Guyana Wismar and Christianburg. Mackenzie, the centre of the company's operations, takes its name from an American geologist of Scottish descent, George Bain Mackenzie, who first visited and explored the area for bauxite in 1913. He returned in 1914, bought lands for mining, and built several 45-ton wooden barges for use at the riverside near Three Friends Mine, which was the first mine to be worked. Initially, bauxite was mined with shovels and pick axes and mule carts removing overburden. The bauxite was shipped in a crude form by loading it onto barges, which were towed down the river to ships moored midstream off the Georgetown harbor. Over the years DEMBA established not only the machinery for crushing, sorting, washing, drying, storing and loading the ore that was mined, but also housing facilities for their permanent local and foreign work force. In addition, a complex of ancillary services, including a machine shop, carpentry shop, and an electrical shop a power generation and distribution system, potable water supply and a hospital was developed. The end product of this industrial, social and physical infrastructure was a compact township named Mackenzie, which depended on sources external to the bauxite community for its supply of food and spare parts. In keeping with its policy of controlling the important sectors of the country's economy, the Government of Guyana nationalized the assets of DEMBA on 15 July 1971, and replaced it with the Guyana Bauxite Company Limited (GUYBAU). The Bauxite Industry Development Company (BIDCO) was established in 1976, in Georgetown, as the holding Company of the bauxite industry. A similar act of nationalization, on 1 January 1975, saw the sister company in Berbice — Reynolds Metal Company — becoming the Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE). With the Government of Guyana as a major shareholder, the move of nationalizing both bauxite entities set the stage for a close-knit unit. It was also more economical to coordinate the functions of GUYBAU and BERMINE under one holding. It further allowed for an arrangement in which financial, material and human resources could be optimally allocated within the bauxite mining and processing activities. As a result, the two entities were merged in October 1977, under the name of Guyana Mining Enterprise Limited (GUYMINE). The entities were subdivided into Berbice Operations and Linden Operations. The Linden Mining Enterprise came into being in June 1992 when the Government signed an order under the Public Corporation Act to dissolve GUYMINE and convert the Berbice Operations and Linden operations into separate entities. Berbice Operations was reverted to the original name of Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE), and the Linden Operations was renamed Linden Mining Enterprise (LINMINE). LINMINE was placed under the management of an Australian firm, Mining and Processing Engineers - known as MINPROC – for three years (1992–95). The three villages that made up Linden were previously known as Wismar, MacKenzie, and Christianburg, but were renamed and unified in 1970 as a township under the name Linden by then President Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, also known as Forbes Burnham, after himself. Linden Museum ------------- The Linden Museum of Socio-Cultural Heritage is located in the centre of Linden. The museum displays artifacts and pictures of the culture and heritage of the Linden community. Kara Kara Housing Scheme ------------------------ The Kara Kara Housing Scheme is a small village located in central Linden, nestled between Rainbow City, and Old Kara Kara, just North of the Soesdyke-Linden Highway. As a result of extensive bauxite mining in Linden, Region 10, a series of blue lakes were formed. The most popular and easily accessible lake - the Kara Kara Blue Lake, attracts many tourists and locals as the ideal location for leisure activities. The Mackenzie Primary School is located in Kara Kara, serves local children and neighboring villages such as Rainbow City, Old Kara Kara. The Kara Kara Ball Field (or Kara Kara Soccer Field) serves as a gathering place for boys and young men to play football (or soccer) in the afternoon hours when the sun is less hot. High-School aged children from Kara Kara attend Mackenzie High School. Christiansburg Water Wheel -------------------------- In 1895 Scottish engineer John Dagleish Patterson installed this very large iron wheel as prime mover for his sawmilling equipment.[] The sawmill was dismantled but the water wheel remains as an example of how the timber industry was mechanized to exploit the rich natural resources of the area in Linden. Gluck Island ------------ Gluck Island is an uninhabited island off Rockstone in the Essequibo River. It is situated at a distance of some 70 km from the Essequibo mouth. It is an eco-tourist destination site as it has several species of birds, animals and flora. The Victoria Regia Water Lily can be seen there blossoming with its more than one metre diameter giant leaves floating on lakes in a lush green environment. It is the nearest spot from Georgetown where you can observe this natural phenomenon in its original habitat. Scientists from Australia and Europe come to this part of world to study that plant. Big caimans can be spotted in the night while the best time to see giant otters is early in the morning. About 200 species of birds, including macaws and various species of parrots and herons have been identified after two short expert missions. Linden unrest ------------- In 1964, Wismar was the site of the Wismar Massacre, where rioting targeted at the Indian minority also led to the widespread destruction of property. The disturbances started on 20 May, escalating to murder on 25 May before the arrival of British troops on 26 May. During this period more than two hundred properties were destroyed by fire and more than fifty people reported physical assaults, including at least seven rapes. The riots also claimed five lives: R. Khan and P. Mirgin, Indian residents of Wismar were killed on 25 May, along with G. English, an alleged looter. B. Wharton died in a fire on 27 May, while I. Bridgewater was killed on 28 May. The Wismar Massacre decreased the Indian population in Wismar; before the riots it was estimated at 3,000. This fell to about 300 by the following July, as more than 3,000 Indians were evacuated after the riots. The Wismar Massacre was triggered by the general climate of political and ethnic strife within Guyana in 1964. A couple of African descent were murdered. A rumor of that a couple of African descent was murdered is considered the trigger for the Wismar Massacre. On 6 July 1964 an explosion blew apart the *Sun Chapman* launch as it sailed up the Demerara river from Georgetown to Mackenzie. Forty-three people of mostly African descent died either due to the explosion or drowned when the launch sank. Most of the thirty-three survivors, including the entire crew, were those fortunate to be on the deck or bow when the boat exploded. The *Sun Chapman* exploded shortly after leaving Horadia about sixteen miles from Mackenzie. By 8 July, thirty-two bodies were recovered from the river and taken to the Mackenzie Hospital morgue to be buried. Some badly decomposed bodies were also buried at Horadia. With forty-three fatalities, the sinking of the *Sun Chapman* is the single largest loss of Afro-Guyanese life. Most victims were Lindeners traveling home from Georgetown along the Demerara River. The river was commonly used for this journey before the Linden-Soesdyke highway was constructed in 1966. The explosion was caused by a bomb, but the persons responsible and the type of explosives used remains unknown, this has led to numerous theories about the bombing.

1981 French film ***Hotel America*** (French: ***Hôtel des Amériques***) is a 1981 French romantic drama film directed by André Téchiné, starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere. The film, set in Biarritz, tells the ill-fated romance of mismatched lovers. This is the first of several collaborations between Téchiné and Deneuve, who became his favorite actress. Plot ---- Hélène, an anesthetist working in Biarritz, is driving home one night and nearly hits a pedestrian, Gilles Tisserand. The two go for a coffee and end up spending that night at a diner so that she can file a report, but Gilles has fallen in love with her by the next morning. He asks her for a date, and she accepts, but remains indifferent to him. Unfulfilled and aimless, Gilles has recently come back from a trip to New York, bringing with him a friend he met there, Bernard. An unemployed aspiring musician and would-be ladies' man whose only real occupation is to enjoy the moment and spend time with his steady girlfriend, Colette, a cheerful post office clerk. The two friends live for free at the Hotel de la Gare, run by Gilles’ mother and his younger sister, Elise. Bernard would like to seduce Elise, a heavy reader who never goes out and repeatedly turns him down. Keen about his developing relationship with Hélène, Gilles invites her to a restaurant at the local casino with Bernard and Colette. The occasion ends in discord. Hélène clearly dislikes Bernard’s attitude and Gilles confronts her, disappointed with her air of superiority toward his friend. He backs off from her, suspecting that she could never really love someone less well off than herself. Gilles’ disenchantment has the opposite effect on Hélène and she is unable to let him go. Hélène looks for him and they eventually sleep together in his mother's hotel, initiating a serious relationship. Gilles finds a job as a tourist guide and paints Hélène's beachfront apartment. Her past, however, haunts their relationship. She is still mourning the death of her previous lover, an architect who drowned in Biarritz more than a year ago. It was his tragic death that brought her to Biarritz, where her few friends include Jacqueline, the waitress at the cafe where she had her first encounter with Gilles; and Rudel, an older surgeon who, like Jacqueline, is a frequent gambler at the casino. Many years ago, Hélène and Rudel were lovers and he introduced her to the architect. Hélène has inherited La Salamandre, a large abandoned house outside of town, where the architect was planning to live. The house is still in disrepair, but after taking Gilles there he insists she leave the beachfront apartment and move to La Salamandre. Bernard has an argument with Gilles about Hélène. Cruising at night in a park, Bernard encounters Luc, Collette’s gay friend and coworker, who attempts to pick him up, but is assaulted by Bernard as a result. A subsequent police investigation discovers stolen items in Bernard’s hotel room. Bernard is arrested and sent in jail, to Colette’s dismay. Moving to La Salamandre proves a bad idea; the place is cold and far from town, and living there only complicates the relationship. As Hélène starts to warm up to Gilles over time and opens up about her personal life, he becomes increasingly temperamental, possessive and unpredictable, personality traits that threaten to drive them apart just as they are getting closer. He proposes a trip to London but backs down at the last moment. Moody and unstable, Gilles gets drunk and makes a scene by the beach. While Hélène looks after him, he slaps her. Disillusioned, Hélène decides to leave Biarritz behind and return to Paris. Once on the train, she tears up a photo of Gilles, but she is unable to bring herself to throw it out the windows. Gilles has hopes of leaving Biarritz with Bernard, who has been released from jail and also wants to leave. The Hotel de la Gare has been renamed Hôtel des Amériques by its new owner. At the reopening party, Colette ends in tears when Luc tells her that Bernard has left town with some money he gave him after forgiving Bernard for the beating. Elise also meets Rudel at the party; they chat and she gives him a kiss. Gilles learns from Elise that Hélène has returned permanently to Paris. He runs to the train station but has to wait a day to catch the next train. He spends the night rehearsing what he would tell her, tears on his face. Cast ---- * Catherine Deneuve as Hélène * Patrick Dewaere as Gilles * Étienne Chicot as Bernard * Josiane Balasko as Colette * Dominique Lavanant as Jacqueline * Sabine Haudepin as Elise * François Perrot as Rudel * Frédérique Ruchaud as mother * Jean-Louis Vitrac as Luc Analysis -------- *Hotel America* quickly establishes the free-flowing narrative structure that Téchiné has become known for. Hélène and Gilles' relationship does not follow the conventional path of romantic films, instead carrying the unpredictability of real romantic struggles. Téchiné allowed his actors to improvise during shooting, and this lends the scenes spontaneity and a natural sense of awkwardness. DVD release ----------- The film was released on DVD on 22 July 2008 in the United States as part of a box set of Téchiné's films. The film is in French with English subtitles. *Hotel America* is also available in Region 2 DVD. Further reading --------------- * Marshall, Bill (2007). *André Téchiné*. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5831-7.

Internet adage regarding antisemitism The **Goebbels gap** is an Internet adage defined as the amount of time between a negative event in the world and when someone blames it on the Jews. Promulgated by the American writer Yair Rosenberg, then a senior writer at *Tablet* magazine, in 2019, it is seen as a proof point of seemingly every conspiracy theory eventually targeting the Jews. It is named for Nazi chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels, who engineered the deeply virulent antisemitic propaganda of the Third Reich. Usage ----- Rosenberg has cited as examples of the Goebbels gap the 10 day period between the September 11 attacks and when antisemitic conspiracy theories began to emerge of Israel's culpability in the attacks, and Iranian President Hasan Rouhani claiming Israel supported the Islamic State in 2019. It has also been cited in reference to claims, including by white supremacist David Duke, Turkish politician Fatih Erbakan, and academic As'ad AbuKhalil, that Israel or "Zionists" were behind the COVID-19 virus.

For the 2009 pop punk album, see *Off the Deep End* (The Friday Night Boys album). 1992 studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic ***Off the Deep End*** is the seventh studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released in 1992. This album was the first album self-produced by Yankovic, after six albums with Rick Derringer. Recorded between June 1990 and January 1992, the album was a follow-up to the unsuccessful soundtrack to Yankovic's 1989 film *UHF*. *Off the Deep End* and its lead single "Smells Like Nirvana" helped to revitalize Yankovic's career after a lull following his last hit single, "Fat", in 1988. The musical styles on *Off the Deep End* are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the newly arisen grunge movement. Half of the album is made up of parodies of Nirvana, MC Hammer, New Kids on the Block, Gerardo, and Milli Vanilli. The other half of the album is original material, featuring many "style parodies", or musical imitations of existing artists. These style parodies include imitations of specific artists like the Beach Boys, James Taylor and Jan and Dean. *Off the Deep End* was met with mostly positive reviews and peaked at number 17 on the *Billboard* 200. The album also produced one of Yankovic's most famous singles, "Smells Like Nirvana", a parody of Nirvana's major rock hit "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which peaked at number 35 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. This song was Yankovic's second-highest charting single, after "Eat It", which was released in 1984. The cover also parodies the cover of Nirvana's album, *Nevermind*. The original had a naked baby in the water with a dollar bill cast by a fishing rod; Yankovic's replaced the baby with himself, and the dollar bill with a donut. *Off the Deep End* was Yankovic's fourth Gold record, and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the United States. In addition, the album was later nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording in 1993. Production ---------- ### Background In 1989, Yankovic starred in a full-length feature film, co-written by himself and manager Jay Levey, and filmed in Tulsa, Oklahoma, called *UHF*. A satire of the television and film industries, also starring Michael Richards, Fran Drescher, and Victoria Jackson, it brought floundering studio Orion their highest test scores since the movie *RoboCop*. Although the movie made a little over six million domestically – out of a budget of five million – it was considered unsuccessful. Yankovic also released a quasi-soundtrack for the film in late 1989, entitled *UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff*, which featured songs (and commercials) from the movie as well as new unrelated studio material from Yankovic. The album failed to be successful, charting at only 146 on the *Billboard* 200 and quickly falling off. After the release of *UHF*, Yankovic returned to the studio to record his follow-up album. ### Originals On June 6, 1990, recording for *Off the Deep End* officially began at Santa Monica Sound Recorders, in Santa Monica, California. The first recording session started with "Airline Amy". These recording sessions marked the first time Yankovic self-produced his songs, after six albums with Rick Derringer. The producer and musician had parted ways because Derringer found that Yankovic would not listen to his input, and Yankovic came to realize that he could do most of the production work himself. Subsequent studio albums would be produced by Yankovic. In regards to this split, Yankovic said: "We [i.e. Yankovic and his band] had a great run with Rick, he's a terrific guy—but I had become more and more of a control freak over the years, and I'd finally gotten to the point in my recording career where I felt that I could capably hold the reins all by myself." By late 1990 five originals—"Airline Amy", "Trigger Happy", "When I Was Your Age", "You Don't Love Me Anymore", and "Waffle King"—were recorded. | | | --- | | "You Don't Love Me Anymore" (sample) "You Don't Love Me Anymore", from Yankovic's 1992 album *Off the Deep End*. Although the song is, musically, an original composition, the music video is a parody of "More Than Words" by Extreme. --- *Problems playing this file? See media help.* | "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was one of the last original songs recorded during the 1990 sessions. The song is written as a soft acoustic ballad. However, the lyrics are of a—literally—destructive relationship between Yankovic and an unnamed girl. Although they were formerly in love, the "flames died down" and they are no longer passionate—in fact the girl hates Yankovic to such an extent that she repeatedly attempts to kill him. In 1992, when the album was finally released, Yankovic desired to release the song as a single. His record label, Scotti Brothers, allowed it under the stipulation that the music video be a parody of another music video. "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was subsequently released to radio on June 19, 1992. While the song was an original composition, the video was a parody of "More Than Words" by Extreme. Yankovic later explained that when the song was released, many people erroneously believed it was a parody of "More Than Words", and thus, Yankovic crafted the music video to be a parody of the song. The single received moderate radio attention, which surprised Yankovic, because he had always thought that radio stations "usually just go for the parodies". One of the original songs recorded in the 1990 sessions was "Waffle King". However, when Yankovic resumed recording in 1992, he recorded a new original called "I Was Only Kidding". Originally, "Waffle King" was supposed to appear on *Off the Deep End*. However, by the time the recording of the parodies for this album began, Al had written all the original songs that were to appear on his next album, *Alapalooza*. Because he was concerned that one of the jokes from the song "I Was Only Kidding" might be dated by the time his next album would finally be released—a line that references the movie *Wayne's World*: "I really love you... not!"—Yankovic included "I Was Only Kidding" on *Off the Deep End* in place of "Waffle King". "Waffle King" was instead used as the b-side of the "Smells Like Nirvana" single and would later resurface on *Alapalooza*. The album also contains a hidden track at the end called "Bite Me". The "song", which consists of several seconds of loud music and Yankovic screaming, appears after 10 minutes of silence following "You Don't Love Me Anymore". According to Yankovic, the song was supposed to "come on [...] and scare you to death". Later pressings of *Off the Deep End* by Volcano and pressings outside the USA took away the hidden track and silence. The track is a nod to Nirvana: pressings of *Nevermind* featured the hidden track "Endless, Nameless". ### Parodies and polka After recording the first batch of originals in 1990, Yankovic focused his attention on parodies. By early 1991, only three parodies had been recorded. Two of them, the cookie-inspired New Kids on the Block parody "The White Stuff" and the television-centric MC Hammer parody "I Can't Watch This", were slated to be released as singles. In fact, several cartons of promo singles were pressed, but they were deleted from the record company's catalogue at the last minute. These CDs were later discovered by Yankovic and his drummer, Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz, in a trash heap and have since become collector's items. "The Plumbing Song", a double parody of Milli Vanilli's hit singles "Baby Don't Forget My Number" and "Blame It on the Rain" was also recorded. In a 1992 interview with Dr. Demento, Yankovic said that he believed the parody to be "kind of redundant" at that point in time, given the lip-synching scandal that had effectively destroyed the band almost two years prior. In reference to this scandal, Yankovic also jokingly affirmed that he did indeed sing lead vocals on his parody. Yankovic waited for almost two years for the next "big thing" to emerge. "I don't have any really good reason why it took so long other than the fact that I was waiting for Michael Jackson's new album to come out," Yankovic explained. Unfortunately for Yankovic, the new album hit several snags. On November 26, 1991, Michael Jackson's new album, *Dangerous* was released. After hearing the hit single "Black or White", Yankovic approached Jackson about a potential parody entitled "Snack All Night". Although Jackson was a big supporter of Yankovic's work, he felt that a parody might damage the song's message. Jackson told Yankovic that he could, if he wanted to, parody another song off his album, but just not "Black or White". Nirvana felt that they had "made it" when Yankovic parodied "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (1992, P.B. Rage) Yankovic soon turned his attention in another direction. Guns N' Roses had just released a version of Wings's 1970s hit "Live and Let Die". Yankovic approached Paul McCartney, leader of Wings, about a parody idea entitled "Chicken Pot Pie". Although McCartney was a supporter of Yankovic's work and he wanted to give Yankovic the chance to parody one of his songs, he begrudgingly turned him down due to the fact that, as a vegetarian, he could not condone the eating of animal flesh. Yankovic, a fellow vegetarian, has stated that he respects McCartney's decision. | | | --- | | "Smells Like Nirvana" (sample) "Smells Like Nirvana", from Yankovic's 1992 album *Off the Deep End*. The sample illustrates the verse, pre-chorus, and chorus of Yankovic's parody which is a musical re-creation of the original Nirvana song. --- *Problems playing this file? See media help.* | It was around this time that Nirvana's *Nevermind* was making waves in the rock and pop scene. As the popularity of 1980s pop gave way to grunge, Yankovic decided it was time to record a parody of the Seattle-based band's huge hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit". Yankovic later said, "I wanted to make sure that when I came back after that long hiatus, it was with something strong, and it wasn't until Nirvana that I felt I had a real contender." To secure permission for the parody, Yankovic wanted to approve it with Kurt Cobain. After learning that Nirvana was to perform on *Saturday Night Live*, Yankovic called up his *UHF* co-star, Victoria Jackson, who was, at the time, a regular cast member on the show. Jackson got Cobain on the phone so that Yankovic could make his request. Cobain agreed, although he asked if the new parody was "going to be a song about food". Yankovic reassured him that it would actually be about how "no one can understand [the] lyrics" to the original, which Cobain thought was funny. After receiving permission, Yankovic wrote and recorded "Smells Like Nirvana" on January 27, 1992. After "Smells Like Nirvana", Yankovic recorded "Taco Grande", a Mexican food-themed parody of Gerardo's "Rico Suave". The latter features a cameo appearance from comedian Cheech Marin. Originally, Yankovic had wanted Marin to rap in Spanish, but it turned out that Marin knew only some basic Spanish. However, a bilingual secretary translated what Yankovic wanted him to say from English to Spanish and Marin read the resulting rap phonetically. One of the last songs to be recorded was the obligatory polka medley, "Polka Your Eyes Out". Yankovic had already performed the medley at Dr. Demento's 20th Anniversary Special on Comedy Central before the album had been released. Artwork ------- The cover for *Off the Deep End* parodies the famous cover of Nirvana's album *Nevermind*, which depicts an infant in the deep end of a pool chasing after a dollar bill on a fishhook. The *Off the Deep End* cover shows Yankovic in the baby's place apparently swimming to catch a doughnut on a string. While the Nirvana cover has a fully nude baby, Yankovic instead wore a bathing suit in a way that his body position hid it; he later jokingly noted, "I never really anticipated going full-frontal on any of my album covers." The CD, liner notes, and artwork continue the parody of Nirvana's album, borrowing the same blue, wave-light graphics from the printed surface of *Nevermind*. Reception --------- ### Critical reception Professional ratings| Review scores | | --- | | Source | Rating | | AllMusic | | | *The Daily Vault* | B− | | *Entertainment Weekly* | C− | | *Pitchfork* | 6.7/10 | | *Rolling Stone* | | Critical response to *Off the Deep End* was generally positive. Many critics praised not only Yankovic's parodies, but also his originals. Barry Weber, of AllMusic, wrote, "In addition to re-establishing his satirical craftsmanship, Deep End showcases some of Yankovic's best originals ever; "Trigger Happy," "When I Was Your Age," and "You Don't Love Me Anymore" prove to be the album's greatest songs." Christopher Thelen, of the Daily Vault, wrote, "In fact, it's strange to admit, but the originals on Off The Deep End actually are, at times, stronger than the parodies." *In The Rolling Stone Album Guide*, *Off the Deep End* was awarded 3.5 stars out of 5, denoting that the album averaged between good and excellent. Not all reviews were so positive, however. *Entertainment Weekly* reviewer David Browne noted that the video for *Off the Deep End*' lead single "Smells Like Nirvana" was "an old-fashioned laugh riot", but that half of Yankovic's humor was merely visual, meaning that the songs without videos were not as funny. The music video for "Smells Like Nirvana" achieved similar praise. *Spy Magazine* named it the "Video Of The Year" in 1993, *Rolling Stone* ranked it as #68 on their list of the Top 100 Videos of All Time, and it was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Performance in 1992. At the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in 1993, *Off the Deep End* was nominated for the Best Comedy Album. However, the album lost to Peter Schickele's *Music for an Awful Lot of Winds and Percussion*. ### Commercial performance *Off the Deep End* was released April 1992, and was subsequently named the Best Selling Comedy Recording of the year by National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM). *Off the Deep End* was certified gold. On January 25, 2006, the album was certified platinum. The album's lead-off single, "Smells Like Nirvana" was a hit on the Billboard Hot 100, charting at number 35. It also charted on Hot 100 Singles Sales at number 12 and the US *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks chart at number 35. Both the album and hit single helped propel Yankovic into the 1990s. As of 2014, sales in the United States have exceeded 1,057,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Track listing ------------- Original compact disc release| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Parody of | Length | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1. | "Smells Like Nirvana" | Kurt Cobain, David Grohl, Krist Novoselic, Alfred Yankovic | "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana | 3:42 | | 2. | "Trigger Happy" | Yankovic | Style parody of the Beach Boys and Jan & Dean | 3:46 | | 3. | "I Can't Watch This" | Stanley Burrell, Rick James, Alonzo Miller, Yankovic | "U Can't Touch This" by MC Hammer | 3:31 | | 4. | "Polka Your Eyes Out" | Various | A polka medley including: * + "Cradle of Love" by Billy Idol + "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega + "Love Shack" by The B-52's + "Clarinet Polka" (Public domain) + "Pump Up the Jam" by Technotronic + "Losing My Religion" by R.E.M. + "Unbelievable" by EMF + "Do Me!" by Bell Biv DeVoe + "Enter Sandman" by Metallica + "The Humpty Dance" by Digital Underground + "Cherry Pie" by Warrant + "Miss You Much" by Janet Jackson + "I Touch Myself" by Divinyls + "Dr. Feelgood" by Mötley Crüe + "Ice Ice Baby" by Vanilla Ice + "Ear Booker Polka" by "Weird Al" Yankovic | 3:50 | | 5. | "I Was Only Kidding" | Yankovic | Style parody of Tonio K | 3:31 | | 6. | "The White Stuff" | Maurice Starr, Yankovic | "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" by New Kids on the Block | 2:43 | | 7. | "When I Was Your Age" | Yankovic | Original | 4:35 | | 8. | "Taco Grande" | Christian Carlos Warren, Gerardo Mejia, Alberto Slezynger, and Rosa Soy, Yankovic | "Rico Suave" by Gerardo | 3:44 | | 9. | "Airline Amy" | Yankovic | Original composition inspired by the songs of Nick Lowe and Jonathan Richman | 3:50 | | 10. | "The Plumbing Song" | Frank Farian, B. Nail, Diane Warren, Yankovic | "Baby Don't Forget My Number" and "Blame It on the Rain" by Milli Vanilli | 4:08 | | 11. | "You Don't Love Me Anymore" (includes hidden track) | Yankovic | Original | 14:14 | | Total length: | 41:18 | **Note** 1. ↑ After 10 minutes of silence, the hidden track "Bite Me" is "six seconds of primal screaming". The hidden track (and silence) was removed from future pressings and digital versions. Personnel --------- Credits adapted from CD liner notes, except where noted. **Band members** * "Weird" Al Yankovic – lead and background vocals, keyboards, accordion * Jim West – guitars, banjo, background vocals * Steve Jay – bass guitar, background vocals * Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – drums, percussion **Additional musicians** * Brad Buxer – synthesizer * Warren Luening – trumpet * Joel Peskin – clarinet * Tommy Johnson – tuba * Julia Waters – background singer * Maxine Waters – background singer * Oren Waters – background singer (track 5) * Luther Waters – background singer (track 5) * Carmen Twillie – background singer * Jim Haas – background singer (track 2) * Jerry Whitman – background singer (track 2) * Jon Joyce – background singer (track 2) * Gene Morford – background singer (track 2) * Peggy Newman – background singer (track 10) * Natasha Neece – background singer (track 10) * Alisa Curran – background singer (track 10) * Samantha Kaye – background singer (track 10) * Beau Weaver – voiceover announcer (track 3) * Neil Ross – voiceover announcer (track 3) * Marlene Aragon – voiceover announcer (track 3) * Edith Fore – "I've fallen..." voiceover (track 3) * Cheech Marin – Spanish spoken word vocal (track 8) **Technical** * "Weird Al" Yankovic – producer * Tony Papa – engineer, mixing * Jamey Dell – assistant engineer * Colin Sauers – assistant engineer * Kirk Weddle – photographs Charts and certifications ------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Charts | Chart (1992) | Peakposition | | --- | --- | | Australian Albums Chart | 45 | | Canadian *RPM* Albums Chart | 24 | | US *Billboard* 200 | 17 | | Certifications | Country | Certification(sales thresholds) | | --- | --- | | United States | Platinum | | ### Singles | Year | Song | Peak positions | | --- | --- | --- | | US | UK | | 1992 | "Smells Like Nirvana" | 35 | 58 |

Italian politician | Photo of Graziano Cioni **Graziano Cioni** (born Empoli, 17 November 1946) is an Italian politician. Political career ---------------- He was deputy to the House in the 12th legislature of the Italian Senate. As an insurer, he continuously held government affairs in the Florentine public administration since the early 1970s. Already in 1975 he was provincial councillor, from 1980 to 1983 he was a councillor for staff at the Giunta Gabbuggiani and in 1985 he was municipal councillor at Annona in Giunta Bogianckino. In 1987 he became Advisor on transport until 1990 in Giunta Morales, and again appointed Police Councillor Municipal Council in 1999, at the Domenici Charge until 2009. Councillor of the City of Florence ---------------------------------- At the Municipal Council of Florence he held the following assignments: * Public health and socio-sanitary integration * Society of Health * Public hygiene * Social Security * IPAB * Security and Urban Viability * Municipal police * Safe city * Occupation and public land alterations for roadmaps * Coordination of works and demonstrations for roadside profiles * Road maintenance and public areas * Furnishings and urban decor After withdrawal ---------------- After his retirement he started a series of journalistic collaborations with La Nazione and RTV 38. In 2011 he signed an autobiographical book. In July 2016 he became part of the Filippo Turati Onlus Foundation board of directors, standing legal institution in 1968 by the President of Italy Giuseppe Saragat, whose registered office is located in Pistoia and which also operates in Pistoia mountain (Gavinana), Vieste (Foggia, Gargano promontory) and Zagarolo (Rome). Disputes -------- In November 2008, Mr Cioni, as well as a candidate for Mayor of Florence, was indicted with the allegation of corruption together with the entrepreneur Salvatore Ligresti and the urban planning director Gianni Biagi regarding the urban development of 'Castle area north of Florence, owned by the Fondiaria Sai Insurance Group. In March 2013, together with the other suspects, he was acquitted of corruption. He was then sentenced, along with the other defendants, to 1 year and 1 month imprisonment. In May 2016, the Supreme court annulled without delay the convictions imposed by the Court of Appeal of Florence for corruption on the urban transformation of the Castello area.

Fictional character on Shortland Street Soap opera character **Dr. Michael McKenna** is a fictional character on the New Zealand soap opera, *Shortland Street*. He was portrayed by Paul Gittins and was part of the original cast. Creation and casting -------------------- Established actor Paul Gittins was cast, but struggled to keep up with the fast schedule. However, after crew realized Gittins performed better towards the end of the week, all his scenes were filmed late on Fridays. After settling into the role, Gittins highly enjoyed it and learned a lot from his younger co stars. Gittins soon became exhausted by the workload and wanted diversity, he quit and the character made his final appearance as a regular in 1995. Storylines ---------- Michael, the Director of Shortland Street, supported nursing manager, Carrie Burton (Lisa Crittenden) through her accusation of murder and the two got together. However, the power couple dissolved and Michael turned to heavy drinking. He was convinced to seek help and later dated a university student. The arrival of daughter Rachel McKenna (Angela Bloomfield) put an end to the relationship and Michael soon found himself reuniting with estranged wife, Alex (Liddy Holloway). Michael was shocked and disappointed when he learned his son Jonathon (Kieren Hutchison) was gay, but ended up saving him and his boyfriend Jamie (Karl Urban) from a group of homophobes. Suffering anxiety about aging and scared that Michael was having an affair, Alex underwent plastic surgery but reacted to the medication leading to many believing Michael had purposefully tried to kill her. When she finally woke from her coma, this was disproven. Subsequently, in 1995, the marriage ended and Michael suffered a heart attack, leading to him recovering away from Ferndale. Upon his return, he and Alex decided to make another go at things and Michael sold his share of the clinic. The two departed for a lifestyle block in the country side; however, just a year later, Alex returned and announced the marriage was once again over. Several months later she returned to Michael to attempt a reconciliation. Michael returned in 1997 when Nick Harrison (Karl Burnett) called him to help his daughter Rachel with her alcohol issues. Michael returned once again in late 1998 to inform Rachel of Alex's passing while overseas. He guided her on how to stop a takeover of the hospital but suffered several massive heart attacks and died in early 1999. In 2014, Rachel used her large inheritance from Michael to start a charitable surgery company named McKenna House in his honour. Character development --------------------- ### The McKennas *Shortland Street* has a constant thoroughfare of family units to help attract and widen the target demographics. In 1992 Adrian Keeling who portrayed patriarch of the Neilson family unit, Tom, quit his role in the soap. Producers realized there would be a notable gap in demographics and the decision was made to expand on the already established character of hospital CEO, Michael McKenna. The McKenna family arrived to screens in early 1993. A writer of the show, Liddy Holloway, was cast as Michael's estranged wife Alex McKenna and Gittins would often joke that she wrote her character the best lines. Also in the family unit were teenagers, Rachel and Jonathon McKenna. The character of Jonathon was written as gay and the storyline proved both controversial and groundbreaking, with Michael's reluctance to accept his son highly topical. The family unit also saw the introduction of Alex's niece, Waverley Wilson, who stayed on the soap for many years, becoming one of its most iconic characters. The family dynamics that were brought on by the McKennas, were later praised with the show receiving a makeover in 2001 to try and comply with the benchmark set by Michael and his family. The McKenna family disbanded in 1995 when Michael and Alex departed the show. Jonathon appeared in several more stints while Rachel stayed as a central character on the soap for many years. Gittins enjoyed the introduction of the family unit, stating; "I started off as a single character, and then the family was created. I really enjoyed the father-daughter relationship because I have a young daughter. The McKenna family was incredibly dysfunctional. I enjoyed that ... We were the totally '90s dysfunctional family: conflict between the husband and wife, rebellious daughter, gay son, a wife living close to the edge, alcoholism, workaholicism, and stress. It was more exciting – and made for good drama." Reception --------- The homosexuality storyline involving Michael and his son, helped one man accept his own sexuality. Since leaving the show, Michael has left an archetype filled by many characters, being the "suave CEO". In 2017, *stuff.co.nz* journalist Fleur Mealing named Michael as the fifth character she most wanted to return for the show's 25th anniversary, citing the possibility that he survived his death. She believed the return was necessary as he was the "father" of a generation of viewers.

French-American science fiction thriller film ***Oxygen*** (French: *Oxygène*) is a 2021 French-language science fiction thriller film directed and produced by Alexandre Aja, from a screenplay by Christie LeBlanc. An American-French co-production, it stars Mélanie Laurent as a woman who awakens trapped in an airtight medical cryogenic unit, with Mathieu Amalric and Malik Zidi in supporting roles. The film was released by Netflix on May 12, 2021, and received generally positive reviews from critics. Plot ---- A woman awakens in an airtight medical cryogenic unit, and discovers that she is trapped and that the unit's oxygen levels are falling rapidly. Suffering from memory loss, she does not remember who she is or how she got there. She is assisted by an advanced AI named M.I.L.O. (Medical Interface Liaison Officer), but it refuses to open the cryo unit without an administrator code. Using M.I.L.O. she is able to transmit outside the pod and contact emergency services. She provides them with the cryo unit's model and serial number, which are printed on the interior. Upon contacting the manufacturer they are told the unit was destroyed three years prior. Unable to recall her memories, she looks for clues about her past by searching for pictures and articles from M.I.L.O. and finds her name, Elizabeth (Liz) Hansen. She realizes she is a cryogenic doctor. She finds her husband, Léo Ferguson, and his contact number by accessing her social media, but when she calls his number a woman answers. She tells the woman that she is Léo's wife and demands to speak to him. The woman seems confused and hangs up. As the oxygen level continues to fall, Liz begins hallucinating and tries to open the pod, only to receive an electric shock. She then receives a call back from the police but suspects they are hiding something from her, and disconnects. The unknown woman she called earlier rings and tells her that Léo is dead. She also gives her the administrator code to open the pod, but tells her that if she opens the pod, she will die. Liz uses the code to give herself administrator access, but stops short of opening the pod when the unknown woman begs her to listen. Following the woman's instructions, Liz accesses controls for a centrifuge, and turns the centrifuge off. She begins floating weightlessly. After a brief explanation, it is revealed that she was placed into hypersleep 12 years ago, and has just embarked on a 34-year journey to a planet 14 light-years away. The mission is secret and mankind will be extinct in the near future due to a deadly virus – the virus that killed Léo. Heartbroken, she learns that the awakening was due to a processor overheating, and realizes she must divert the functions of the processor to a less sophisticated processor assigned to non-essential functions, but fails since the data exceeds that processor's capacity. As time passes and with the oxygen level fading, she prepares for suicide by attempting to open the pod. Shortly after, she discovers Léo is also in hypersleep in the damaged spaceship together with nearly 10,000 others, but she notices he lacks a scar on his forehead that he had before. Upon further investigation, through a video of a presentation by an elderly version of her, it is revealed that she is a genetic clone with the original Elizabeth Hansen's personality and memories implanted, including memories of Léo. The woman she has been speaking to on earth designed the hypersleep units, but the call disconnects as the spacecraft moves out of communications range. M.I.L.O. activates a euthanasia protocol due to a perceived zero percent chance of survival; however, Liz manages to deactivate the euthanasia processor and successfully reassigns the malfunctioning processor's functions to it. As her oxygen level counts down to zero, Liz manages to reroute oxygen from the pods containing dead colonists, and M.I.L.O. puts her back in hypersleep. The clones of Léo and Elizabeth are then shown on their new home planet, smiling and embracing each other. Cast ---- * Mélanie Laurent as Elizabeth "Liz" Hansen * Mathieu Amalric as M.I.L.O. * Malik Zidi as Léo Ferguson Production ---------- In July 2017, it was announced Anne Hathaway had joined the cast of the film and would serve as a producer on the film, with Echo Lake Entertainment and IM Global attached to produce the film (under the working title *O2*), from a screenplay by Christie LeBlanc. In February 2020, it was announced Noomi Rapace had joined the cast of the film, replacing Hathaway, with Franck Khalfoun directing the film, and Alexandre Aja serving as producer. In July 2020, Mélanie Laurent, Mathieu Amalric, and Malik Zidi joined the cast, replacing Rapace, with Aja serving as director replacing Khalfoun, and Adam Riback and James Engle executive producing through Echo Lake Entertainment. In February 2021, the completed film was reported to have received the new title *Oxygen*. ### Filming Principal photography began in July 2020. Release ------- *Oxygen* was released on Netflix on May 12, 2021. Reception --------- On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 101 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "*Oxygen* gets the white-knuckle maximum out of its claustrophobic setting, with director Alexandre Aja and star Mélanie Laurent making this a must-watch thriller for sci-fi fans." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 67 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.

U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C. The **Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial** is a United States presidential memorial in Washington, D.C. honoring Dwight David Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II and the 34th President of the United States. Located to the south of the National Mall, the national memorial is set in a park-like plaza, with large columns framing a mesh tapestry depicting the site of the Normandy landings, and sculptures and bas-reliefs arrayed in the park. Architect Frank Gehry designed the memorial and Sergey Eylanbekov sculpted the bronze statues of Eisenhower in various settings. The memorial's tapestry artist was Tomas Osinski, and the inscription artist, Nicholas Waite Benson. On October 25, 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, and charged it with creating "...an appropriate permanent memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower...to perpetuate his memory and his contributions to the United States." Originally designed as a "roofless" temple outlined by large columns, and mesh tapestry "walls", the preliminary design proved controversial. After several years of hearings and several design changes by Gehry, including reducing the number of columns and tapestries, final design approvals were given in 2017, and the groundbreaking ceremony was held at the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site on November 3 of that year, which was attended by dignitaries. The dedication ceremony was initially scheduled for May 8, 2020, the 75th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day, but was postponed to September 17, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorizing a memorial and establishing a memorial commission ------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower earlier commanded Allied forces in World War II. Three individuals were behind the successful effort to establish a memorial to President Dwight D. Eisenhower: Rocco Siciliano, Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii), and Senator Ted Stevens (R-Alaska). Siciliano, a Roman Catholic, Italian American born in Utah, was called to active duty as a private in 1943 while a ROTC student. Promoted quickly to first lieutenant in the United States Army, he was awarded a Bronze Star for valor for his actions as part of the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment during the Italian Campaign. A graduate of Georgetown Law School, he worked for the National Labor Relations Board from 1948 to 1950, and was appointed by Eisenhower in 1953 to be the Assistant Secretary of Labor for employment and manpower activities. In 1957, Eisenhower made Siciliano his Special Assistant to the President for Personnel Management. In 1958, he engineered a meeting between Eisenhower and African American leaders of the civil rights movement: Lester Granger, Martin Luther King Jr. A. Philip Randolph, and Roy Wilkins. After decades of public service, Siciliano became head of the Eisenhower Institute in the 1990s. The 50th anniversary of the Normandy landings and the approach of the 50th anniversary of Eisenhower's election as president increased interest in the 34th President. In 1999, his last year as the institute's chairman, Siciliano decided to push for a memorial to Eisenhower. Siciliano knew Senator Stevens, a highly decorated World War II Army Air Forces pilot who had worked in the Department of the Interior during the Eisenhower administration and who had proved critical in winning statehood for Alaska. The Eisenhower Institute had also honored Stevens with its Eisenhower Leadership Prize in 1999. Siciliano broached the idea of a memorial with Stevens. Stevens suggested a bipartisan effort, and brought Senator Inouye into the effort. Inouye had served in Italy with the 442nd Infantry Combat Regiment, losing his right forearm in combat, and later being awarded the Medal of Honor. Siciliano worked with Stevens and Inouye to write the legislation that would authorize a memorial and establish a memorial commission. Senators Stevens and Inouye were both appointed to the conference committee to reconcile the House and Senate versions of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act in 1999. The conferees inserted language (Section 8162) to authorize the memorial and establish the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission into the conference report. The House approved the appropriations act 372-to-55 on October 13, and the Senate followed by a vote of 87-to-11 on October 14. President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law (P.L. 106–79) on October 25, 1999. P.L. 106-79 appropriated $300,000 to fund the commission's initial activities. The law established a 12-member commission, four of whom were to be appointed by the President, four by the Senate (equally split between both political parties), and four by the House (equally split between both political parties). The law provided for a chair and vice chair (they could not be members of the same political party), the appointment of new members in case of vacancy, and a date for the initial meeting (nor more than 45 days after all appointments have been made). Members of the commission would receive no compensation. The commission had the power to spend money appropriated or donated to it, accept donations, hold hearings, and enter into contracts. It was required to make annual reports to the President and Congress, and make a report about the memorial plans as soon as possible. In 2008, Congress enhanced the commission's duties and powers. Section 332 of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 (P.L. 110–229; May 8, 2008) more clearly defined the commission's ability to solicit donations and contract for specialized services, and permitted it to do so outside of existing federal law. The commission was also empowered to seek the assistance of any federal agency (so long as it paid for that assistance), enter into cooperative agreements with the same, and to procure administrative and support services from the General Services Administration. A commission staff was also established. An executive director was required to be employed, and the commission was authorized to hire staff (including an architect, and no more than three senior staff) and accept volunteers. Commissioners (and staff and volunteers) were now reimbursed for their reasonable travel expenses. Most importantly, an unlimited amount of money was authorized (but not actually appropriated) to carry out the commission's duties and to design and construct the memorial. Living vs. inanimate memorial ----------------------------- Susan Eisenhower advocated a "living memorial" rather than a monument. The basic theme of the Eisenhower memorial was outlined at the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's first meeting in June 2000. Senator Stevens said he wanted an out-of-the-box design, and Senator Inouye said the design should be so spectacular that the Eisenhower Memorial would surpass the Lincoln Memorial and Jefferson Memorial as the most-visited memorial in the nation's capital. According to *Washingtonian* magazine, chairman Siciliano early on raised architect Frank Gehry as a potential designer. Siciliano was already friends with Gehry: they both lived in Santa Monica, California, and Siciliano's late wife had introduced them. Siciliano also sat on the board of directors of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, which in 1991 commissioned Gehry to design its acclaimed Walt Disney Concert Hall. Several Eisenhower family members, however, expressed their desire for a "living memorial". Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of Dwight Eisenhower and former president and chairman emeritus of the Eisenhower Institute, was a particular advocate of the concept. The living memorial would not be a monument but rather a program or think tank or some other organization which would help to perpetuate the legacy and values of President Eisenhower. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was raised as a potential model. Siciliano expressed his view that a living memorial would be far too costly to endow and operate, but senators Stevens and Inouye thought the idea had merit. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission gave the Eisenhower Institute either a $200,000 contract or a $400,000 contract (sources differ as to the amount) to study the issue. While the Eisenhower Institute studied the issue, the Commission agreed to also study a physical monument, which meant developing a vision for the memorial and identifying potential sites in Washington, D.C. The outcome of the living memorial study is not clear. *Washingtonian* magazine reported that, at a commission meeting in June 2007, Siciliano said the Eisenhower Institute concluded a "living memorial" would duplicate the work of the institute and other "legacy organizations" (private foundations and nonprofits dedicated to perpetuating the legacy and carrying on the work of President Eisenhower). The Eisenhower Memorial Commission's March 2013 budget report to Congress, however, says that the legacy organizations were unable to agree on what form the living memorial would take. Whatever the reasons, the Commission rejected a living memorial. According to the memorial commission, Susan Eisenhower and representatives from other legacy organizations reached a consensus that the existing legacy groups already formed a "living memorial". Site selection -------------- Site of the proposed Eisenhower Memorial (red boundary) in Washington, D.C. In order to pursue a physical memorial, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission needed the authority to erect a memorial on public lands. Congress immediately gave it that permission in Section 8120 of the Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002 (P.L. 107–117; December 20, 2001). The 2001 act gave the commission the right to erect a memorial on public lands under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior anywhere in the District of Columbia or its environs. The act also placed the memorial under the authority of the Commemorative Works Act. This required the commission to work with the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission in selecting a site, meet certain fundraising requirements, and meet certain deadlines. Twenty-six sites were reviewed by the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. The criteria for choosing a site included: * "Prominence, public access, and availability"; * "Thematic appropriateness to Eisenhower's memory"; * "Feasibility of use and avoidance of undue controversy". Three sites were short-listed by the commission. The first was on the ground floor of the United States Institute of Peace building at 2301 Constitution Avenue NW. The structure's vast atrium, which looks out on Constitution Avenue, was discussed as early as June 2004. But according to a commission report, a member of the Eisenhower family opposed co-locating the memorial there. The commission also considered Freedom Plaza on Pennsylvania Avenue NW and a site on Maryland Avenue SW. An Eisenhower family member requested in September 2004 that the commission also consider the Auditors Building at 14th Street SW and Independence Avenue SW. The commission hired M. Arthur Gensler Jr. & Associates, a design and architectural firm, to assist it in evaluating these three sites. A report was considered by the commission at its March 2005 meeting. Commissioner David Eisenhower successfully moved that the commission limit its focus to Freedom Plaza and the Maryland Avenue site. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission unanimously chose the unnamed plaza bounded by Maryland Avenue SW, 4th Street SW, and 6th Street SW as its preferred site. The plaza is separated from Independence Avenue SW and the National Air and Space Museum by Seaton Section Park, and is adjacent to the north side of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building. The plaza is surrounded by institutions connected to Eisenhower's legacy, including the Department of Education, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Voice of America, and the National Air and Space Museum. The location is also just three blocks from the United States Capitol. The commission requested that the site be named "Eisenhower Square" once the memorial was built. Selection of this site immediately caused controversy. Some urban planning advocates who wanted to restore Maryland Avenue SW to its original alignment through the square were angry because the memorial would preclude it. Nonetheless, on November 8, 2005, the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission approved the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's request that the Eisenhower Memorial be located on Maryland Avenue. The choice of the Maryland Avenue site involved additional congressional action. The Commemorative Works Act barred the erection of any memorials within "Area 1", the National Mall and its immediate environs. Any memorial erected in Area 1 required the approval of Congress. Congress provided that approval in "Approving the location of the commemorative work in the District of Columbia honoring former President Dwight D. Eisenhower" (P.L. 109–220; May 5, 2006), which authorized construction of the memorial within Area 1. Design competition ------------------ Frank Gehry in 2007, about the time he won the memorial design competition. The design process began in 2006. At a commission meeting to consider design principles in March 2006, Siciliano mentioned Gehry for a second time as a possible designer. Susan Eisenhower, who was present as a member of the audience, asked if "the design vocabulary would be modern or traditional". A commission staff member said her question was "premature". Siciliano answered Eisenhower by saying the final memorial would be a "high-quality" one, and then mentioned again that Gehry was interested in designing the monument. The commission moved ahead with pre-planning for the design competition in 2007. It hired the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill to create a document which would outline "what the National Eisenhower Memorial should be, including goals, requirements, constraints, and opportunities." The following year, the commission issued a call for proposals via the General Services Administration's Design Excellence Program. After initially denying a FOIA request filed by the National Civic Art Society, the General Services Administration revealed that it solicited and received design entries from fewer than 50 firms. None of the firms were minority-owned firms, six firms were owned by women, and 11 firms were small businesses. After receiving more details from those on its selected short list, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission selected the proposal submitted by Frank Gehry of Gehry Partners on March 31, 2009. According to *Washingtonian* magazine, Gehry was Commissioner David Eisenhower's second choice. Nonetheless, David Eisenhower was reportedly very pleased with Gehry's selection. In March 2009, David Eisenhower said he could "vouch for the integrity and excellence of the selection process." The design competition has been strongly criticized. An early critic of the competition was Justin Shubow, head of the National Civic Art Society. Shubow characterized the design process as rigged in Gehry's favor, and established a web site, EisenhowerMemorial.net, to attack the Gehry design. Edward A. Feiner, former chief architect of GSA and the creator of the Design Excellence Program. also objected to the memorial competition for being a closed competition. Critics also included Paul D. Spreiregen, architect, professional advisor for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial competition, and former chairman of the American Institute of Architects' Committee on Competitions, who in 2011 called for a design competition open to the public. On February 29, 2012, Representative Darrell Issa, chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, launched an investigation into the competition. Although Issa's primary concern was the memorial's design, Issa requested that Eisenhower Memorial Commission chair Rocco Siciliano provide the committee with copies of all proposed designs submitted during the competition, a detailed description of competition process and the means by which the commission selected the Gehry submission, and documentation on all votes taken by the commission regarding the competition. Issa, in his capacity as an *ex officio* member of the National Capital Planning Commission, also directed the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to preserve all documentation related to the competition and the Gehry design. Issa's investigation went no further than that in 2012. However, on March 20, 2012, the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands of the House Natural Resources Committee held a hearing into the design competition. Subcommittee chairman Representative Rob Bishop (R-Utah) asked how much it would cost to run a second design competition, and *Roll Call* said Bishop "tried to restart the design competition". Although the subcommittee selected mostly witnesses who were critical of the Gehry design, a few defended the design competition process as fair. William J. Guerin, assistant commissioner for the Office of Construction at GSA, said critics mischaracterized the call for proposals as a closed competition. Ned Cramer, editor of *Architect* magazine, wrote nine days after the hearing that the design competition was a "limited request for qualifications" rather than a closed competition. Architectural critic Aaron Betsky decried the general tone of the hearing as "mindless innuendo and vituperative allegations", and Cramer agreed. Lydia DePillis of the *Washington City Paper* described the debate as a disorganized parade of criticism which was reaching "historic proportions". Design development ------------------ On March 25, 2010, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission unanimously selected the preferred design concept created by Frank O. Gehry and the commission and design team completed its first round of meetings with federal review agencies. The setting for the 4-acre (1.6 ha) memorial on Maryland Avenue would be framed by giant welded steel tapestries supported by columns 80 feet (24 m) tall by 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. The largest tapestry would extend nearly the entire city-block length of the Department of Education Building, and would depict an aerial view of Normandy Beach at the present day. Elements of Eisenhower's home in Abilene, Kansas would be included, according to the commission. Gehry's initial tapestry design, which depicted the Kansas landscape, received unanimous concept approval from United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) on September 15, 2011, including affirmation that the scale and artistry were appropriate. The Department of Education originally questioned the tapestries. However, following revisions and meetings including the review of tapestry mock-ups, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan wrote that the U.S. Department of Education supported the current design of the memorial. The National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) also expressed support for the design but had not yet given preliminary approval. The Architect of the Capitol endorsed Gehry's design revision, and "applaud[ed] the decision, courage, and commitment of time" that the design team gave to the Section 106 Consultation Meeting process, noting that there were no negative impacts on the view and vista of the U.S. Capitol. The commission's preferred design concept was approved in March 2010, which included the approval of Commissioner David Eisenhower, Dwight Eisenhower's grandson. It represents Eisenhower as president and general through large stone bas reliefs and text. Although final images and quotations were still under consideration, the leading alternative image representing the general was General Eisenhower with 101st Airborne troops prior to the D-Day invasion in June 1944. Memorials in Washington have historically been controversial. The design was severely criticized by the president's son John Eisenhower and granddaughter Susan Eisenhower, who said her entire family opposed it. Robert Campbell, the *Boston Globe's* architecture critic, said about the design, "It's way too big. It's too cartoony. Someone should scrub the design and start over." Roger L. Lewis, an architect and a professor emeritus at the University of Maryland, criticized and opposed the design in *The Washington Post*: "Building a quasi-fenced precinct makes no sense. The narrative theme relating to Eisenhower's boyhood, so visually dominant in the present design, also makes no sense. Gehry instead could craft a less grandiose yet visually powerful memorial composition..." Columnist Richard Cohen wrote that the Memorial did not accurately capture Eisenhower's life. George F. Will also opposed the design in *The Washington Post*. The design has been criticized in *The New Republic*, *National Review*, *Foreign Policy*, *Metropolis Magazine*, *The American Spectator*, and *The Washington Examiner*. Philip Kennicott, *The Washington Post* culture critic, praised the design: "Gehry has produced a design that inverts several of the sacred hierarchies of the classical memorial, emphasizing ideas of domesticity and interiority rather than masculine power and external display. He has 're-gendered' the vocabulary of memorialization, giving it new life and vitality." Former member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts Witold Rybczynski, whose critique of the memorial appeared in *The New York Times*, praised the concept of the roofless building and defended the size of the tapestries: "Mr. Gehry and his collaborators have developed hand-weaving techniques so that the screens really do resemble tapestries. Having seen full-size mock-ups of the screens on the site, I am convinced that their size will not be out of scale with the surroundings." David Childs, former chair of both the NCPC and U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, wrote to Congress in support of the design. Landscape architects Laurie Olin and William Pedersen called the design a worthy tribute to a great national leader that was "in sympathy with the character of Washington, D.C." *The Washington Post* editorial board also endorsed the project, noting that "Mr. Gehry's proposal promises to be a wonderful addition to the face of the Mall, a vision Washington is lucky to have. Moving forward, Congress should authorize these plans as quickly as possible so the memorial can proceed on schedule. As entertaining as these squabbles have often been, enough is enough already." Television producer Norman Lear expressed praise for Frank Gehry, citing Gehry's original concept of tracing the journey of a young man from Kansas to the pinnacles of success as a warrior and the leader of a great nation as "the very best way to illustrate President Eisenhower's significant achievements..." Pulitzer Prize-winning architectural critic Paul Goldberger lauded Frank Gehry in a *Vanity Fair* article for earnestly attempting to commemorate Eisenhower. ### Further developments In December 2011, David Eisenhower resigned from the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. As the family's representative, Commissioner Eisenhower voted three times in favor of the preferred design concept, including most recently at the July 2011 Commission meeting. In January 2012, the National Civic Art Society published *The Gehry 'Towers' Over Eisenhower: The National Civic Art Society Report on the Eisenhower Memorial,* written by Justin Shubow, the organization's president. Quoted in a front-page *The New York Times* story, the report is a book-length critique of the memorial's competition, design, and agency approval. *The Washington Post* said the report received "a remarkable amount of attention, offering talking points for conservative columnists and critics." Writing in *Better! Cities & Towns*, Philip Langdon called the report "scathing" and said it included "devastating pieces of information." In May 2012, in response to public and congressional criticism Gehry proposed additional modifications to the memorial and the Eisenhower Commission published new mock-ups by his firm on its website. Members of the Commission of Fine Arts in 2013, who initially approved the memorial's concept, then later issued strong critiques of the design. On July 18, 2013, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approved the general concept of the memorial in a 3–1 vote. In August 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Bruce Cole to the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Cole had previously criticized Gehry's design in articles and congressional testimony. Cole served on the board of advisors for the National Civic Art Society. On September 8, 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission cancelled its appearance before the NCPC meeting scheduled for September 12. The Eisenhower Commission explained, "We have decided to forego appearing before NCPC on Sept. 12 in the belief that the next few months would be better spent satisfying the concerns addressed in the [NCPC's Executive Director's Recommendation]." According to *The Washington Post*, the NCPC recommendation "calls the testing of the memorial materials insufficient, takes issue with the scale and placement of the columns and tapestries, and raises questions about whether the design fulfills its aim to be an 'urban park.'" The Continuing Resolution approved by Congress on October 16, 2013, zeroed all construction funding and prohibited starting construction. It also required that all funding necessary to complete construction be in place before construction began. On November 21, 2013, the memorial again went before the Commission of Fine Arts, where commissioners critiqued the design, which did not receive approval. Commissioner Alex Krieger, Professor in Practice of Urban Design at Harvard Graduate School of Design, said the design would fail as a "traditional first-semester architecture exercise." Also in November, a "weary" Gehry told the *Financial Times*, "I don't know whether [the memorial] will get built." *The New York Times* reported that "The project's fate is uncertain." Congress's fiscal year 2014 omnibus bill appropriated only $1 million to the project instead of the requested $51 million, which halved the Eisenhower Commission's annual operating budget. The bill effectively blocked construction until the next round of appropriations. According to *Roll Call* the bill "zeroes out federal funding for construction and asks for a progress report on private fundraising efforts." On April 3, 2014, the National Capital Planning Commission voted 7-to-3 to deny preliminary approval of the memorial. The NCPC said it was supportive of a memorial, but rejected the current design because it failed to preserve the vista along Maryland Avenue SW, failed to preserve the view of the U.S. Capitol building, did not meet the L'Enfant Plan's requirements for preserving open space, and did not "[respect] the building lines of the surrounding rights-of-way". At the request of Representative Darrell Issa, chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, the NCPC asked the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to report back to it every two months on its memorial redesign. ### Design approval In early September 2014, Gehry submitted another revised design to the commission. This design eliminated the east and west tapestries, moved the columns back from Independence Avenue, and made other, smaller changes to the memorial. The following week, Issa sent a letter to the commission, asking it to consider a memorial design that eliminated the tapestries and columns. Gehry threatened to remove his name from the project if the stripped-down version of the design Issa requested was approved and sent to the NCPC. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission met on September 17, 2014, to consider Gehry's design changes. But the commission lacked a quorum to conduct business, as only five members attended (all four presidentially-appointed members, and Rep. Sanford Bishop). In a private vote conducted via email on September 23, the commission approved Gehry's revised design. A motion to delay consideration of the design for several weeks was defeated. The commission forwarded only one design (Gehry's preferred revision) to the NCPC for its consideration, rather than the two alternatives requested by Issa. On October 2, 2014, the NCPC voted 10–1 in to approve Gehry's revised preliminary design. The NCPC-approved design now headed back to the CFA. On October 16, the CFA approved the revised preliminary design. This approval allowed the memorial's designers to begin working on the specifics of the memorial, such as the statuary, the specific quotations to be used, the fonts for these quotations, landscaping, paving, and more. CFA and NCPC approval were needed for all design-specific elements. ### Detailed design approvals Eisenhower Memorial architect Craig Webb met with the Commission of Fine Arts on February 19, 2015, to seek approval of the memorial's lighting design, but the CFA declined to approve his proposal and asked him to return with a more concrete plan (one which included details on the actual ground lights to be used, and the location and height of lighting poles). Webb delivered a presentation on the quotations to be used on the memorial, but CFA members questioned whether the plan to use extracted and combined quotations would create the impression of "authentic text" where none existed. Webb discussed landscaping and signage with the CFA in March 2015. The CFA was positive about the landscaping design, although it suggested some changes and ask for additional study. It was more critical of the signage, and asked for alterations. Webb discussed sculptural elements with the commission in April, and generally praised the improvements. A review of design concepts for the tapestries, columns, and overlook wall occurred in May 2015, and strongly approved of these. As is often the case, the CFA asked for full-scale mock-ups (both day and night) for these elements. On May 8, 2015, the National Park Service issued a final draft of its Determination of Effect, a legally required assessment of the project's negative impact on nearby historic properties. The document affirmed that any impact would be minimal. Prominent local architect Arthur Cotton Moore challenged this finding in a May 22 letter to the District of Columbia's State Historic Preservation Officer, arguing that the memorial would significantly alter the L'Enfant Plan. NPS Facility Division Chief Sean Kennealy replied to issues raised by Moore and others on June 4, concluding that Maryland Avenue SW would be enhanced by the elimination of parking lots and the memorial's alignment of tree plantings. The Commission of Fine Arts gave its unanimous final approval to the memorial's detailed plans on June 17, 2015. The approval meant that the memorial now needed the authorization of the NCPC, which scheduled a vote on for its final approval for July 9. On July 9, 2015, the NCPC voted 9–1 to approve the final design submissions for the Eisenhower Memorial. (At least one industry publication noted that the project was now a joint venture between Gehry Partners and AECOM, which provides technical and management support services.) Although the NCPC was worried about the durability of the tapestry material and welds, the memorial commission's submission assuaged these concerns. ### Additional design changes With the Eisenhower family still unhappy with the memorial design, Congressional funding for the memorial appeared uncertain. James Baker, former U.S. Secretary of State and a member of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission advisory commission, met with members of the family and the design team and brokered a compromise. On September 14, 2016, Susan Eisenhower issued a letter in which she said Gehry Partners had agreed to include images of the D-Day landing sites (as they exist today) on the metal tapestry. A new quote ("The proudest thing I can claim is that I am from Abilene") would be added to the quotes carved into the blocks of stone. With these changes, the Eisenhower family agreed to support the memorial. Additional design changes were made in early December 2016. The metal tapestry was changed to remove all images of Abilene, and now only featured the present-day Normandy coast at Pointe du Hoc. The statue of Eisenhower as a boy was relocated from its central location to a promenade located between the metal tapestry and the Department of Education building, and some text from Eisenhower's June 22, 1945, "Homecoming Speech" will be etched on a nearby wall. The architects felt this would better emphasize Eisenhower's attempts to create a Department of Education and in expanding the federal role in funding primary, secondary, and higher education. Four trees near the center of the memorial were also removed to improve views of the tapestry. The revisions needed to be approved by the NCPC and CFA. At its meeting on January 23, 2017, the CFA approved of the tapestry change, but did not support moving the boyhood statue behind the tapestry nor the removal of the four trees. The agency asked for the architects to revisit and resubmit the design for final approval, and asked that a full-size, on-site mock-up of the Normandy tapestry be provided for commissioners' viewing to ensure the tapestry's legibility. In October 2017, the NCPC approved design changes to the tapestry showing the site of the Normandy landings centered on Pointe du Hoc, and placement of the boyhood statute, with related text. E-memorial ---------- In August 2012, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission announced plans for an "e-memorial" to accompany the physical one. Eisenhower Memorial Commission officials claimed the Eisenhower Memorial would be the first presidential memorial to be augmented with an e-memorial. The e-memorial will be a free mobile app designed by Local Projects, a media design firm which has worked with museums and historic sites to develop similar projects. Seven key episodes in Eisenhower's life—including his entry at United States Military Academy in 1911, D-Day in 1944, Eisenhower's election to the presidency in 1952, the racial desegregation crisis of 1957, and the creation of NASA in 1958—will be augmented with still images, video, and audio to both provide greater insight into how these events were not only important to Eisenhower but also helped change national and world affairs. Some visual components will be superimposed onto the physical memorial, to provide interactivity between the physical and virtual worlds. Some of the materials used by the app will be provided by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Development costs for the app were anticipated to be $2 million, and the National Park Service would be responsible for maintaining and upgrading the e-memorial once the Eisenhower Memorial was dedicated. On June 6, 2013, The Eisenhower Memorial Commission premiered the first of six videos which it said would be part of the e-memorial. The new video focused on D-Day. The film, which put the viewer in the role of Eisenhower as he made critical decisions regarding the Normandy landings, used rarely-seen D-Day footage. The General Services Administration issued a "sources-sought notice" asking scholars and educators to submit their names and availability to help design elementary and secondary school lesson plans for use on the memorial's Web site. Funding ------- As with most previous presidential memorials, the activities of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission and the design and construction of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial were initially intended to be fully funded by the federal government. The commission assured the Eisenhower family that no private fundraising for the memorial would be needed. This was an important issue for the Eisenhowers, who have established or sit on the board of directors of six legacy organizations. The family was concerned that fundraising for the memorial would negatively affect their ability to fundraise for these legacy organizations. In 2008, however, House Appropriations Committee staff informed the commission that Congress was no longer likely to completely fund the design and construction of the memorial due to the economic downturn caused by the Great Recession, and that some private fundraising would be required. The commission consulted with the fundraising consulting firm Odell, Simms & Lynch (OSL) in February 2011 to develop a fundraising strategy. Representatives of the Eisenhower family met with OSL in March 2012, during which time the Eisenhowers expressed their concern with the fundraising campaign. OSL, however, argued that the legacy organizations would benefit from the successful completion of the memorial. OSL crafted a fundraising plan for the commission, and outreach to 200 major donors (defined as those individuals of high net worth) began in 2013. The commission targeted "individuals with a direct link to President Eisenhower and his legacy; organizations and individuals with an interest in the E-Memorial educational component; and friends and admirers of Frank Gehry and his work" in key markets such as California, Georgia, Kansas, New York, Texas, and Washington, D.C. Working with retired Marine Corps General Paul X. Kelley and former Republican National Committee chairman Frank Fahrenkopf, both members of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's advisory board, OSL also reached out to members of the Giving Back Fund, all of whom are capable of donating more than $10 million. As of March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had already raised $1.7 million in donations and pledges. Once the memorial design was approved, the commission said it was ready to move forward on fundraising outreach to corporations, foundations, and international organizations and foreign governments. Congress has appropriated some funds for the memorial's design and construction, however. Congress appropriated $16 million in the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111–88; October 29, 2009), and $30.99 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112–74; December 17, 2011). The 2011 legislation was also important because it allowed the commission to meet a critical fundraising challenge. The Commemorative Works Act requires a memorial foundation to raise 75 percent of the construction costs before the Department of the Interior is permitted to issue a construction permit. Additionally, the CWA requires a memorial foundation to raise an additional amount, equal to 10 percent of the memorial's total construction costs, for deposit in a memorial maintenance trust fund (administered by the National Park Service). The 2011 legislation declared that the funds provided by Congress thus far shall be deemed to be sufficient to meet both fundraising requirements of the CWA. By March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had spent $8.721 million of the $46.99 million in existing design and construction funds. However, in October 2013 Congress suspended the commission's exception to the full funding requirement of the CWA until it had the necessary funds, essentially preventing the commission from building a memorial (even if approved by the Commission of Fine Arts or the NCPC). The cost of constructing the memorial was estimated to be $65 million to $75 million in October 2014. The memorial commission said it had $22 million in appropriated funds to left to begin construction, which the commission said it would use for site preparation (estimated to cost $22 million). However, the CWA requires that the commission have at least 75 percent of construction funds in hand before work could begin. Although the legislation authorizing the memorial originally waived the CWA's requirements, the 2014 legislation barring the commission from expending its remaining funds also withdrew that waiver. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission said it would ask Congress to restore the waiver so that construction could begin immediately. ### Additional funding On December 16, 2014, President Barack Obama signed Public Law 113–235 (128 Stat. 2443), which set aside $1 million for salaries and expenses of commission members and the cost of construction design. But all other funding for the memorial was zeroed out, and Congress eliminated the 2011 CWA funding waiver. But despite the preliminary design approval, Anne and Susan Eisenhower spent the first several months of 2015 lobbying Congress for changes in the memorial. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission asked Congress for a significant budget expenditure in fiscal 2016. In addition to a $2 million operating budget (for salaries and expenses), the commission requested $68.2 million to begin construction. However, the draft appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Committee in June 2015 contained no funding for the memorial, required the commission to limit its operations to "essential" daily functions only, and ordered the commission to comply with the CWA fundraising requirements before construction could begin. A nonbinding clause in the bill asked the commission to consider restarting the design process. "However, the Commission's ongoing indifference to the views of the Eisenhower family, and the resulting lack of consensus on the memorial design, remain an area of significant concern," the bill read. "It is inconceivable and unacceptable to the Committee that a memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower could be designed, approved, and built without the active support of the Eisenhower family." The full House Appropriations Committee approved the draft on June 16. The draft Senate version of the bill funded commission operations at $1 million in fiscal 2016. The Senate bill contained nonbinding language, advising the memorial commission that "Construction should not commence until there is broad support among the public, the Eisenhower family and Congress." By June 2015, the memorial's cost had risen to an estimated $142 million to $150 million. This was the cost still cited in December 2016. On July 13, 2015, the government of Taiwan announced a $1 million donation to the memorial. The Eisenhower family announced their support for the memorial in September 2016. Fundraising had netted about $8 million as of December 1, 2016. In May 2017, a fiscal 2017 spending bill was enacted into law which gave the commission $45 million in construction funds. The commission announced it had received a total of $25 million to build the memorial. Major donations (in the $1 million to $5 million range) had been received from FedEx, Honeywell, Pfizer, and an anonymous donor. Commission officials said that if Congress authorized another $41 million in 2018, the commission would have enough money to build the memorial (a total of $111 million). Eisenhower Memorial Commission members -------------------------------------- Rocco Siciliano was the first chairman of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission consisted of 12 appointed commissioners. Members in December 2020 are listed below. Four members are appointed by the President of the United States: * Bob Dole (Former Senator R-Kansas) * Susan Banes Harris * Alfred Geduldig * Catherine Ann Stevens Four members are appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate: * Pat Roberts (R-Kansas) - Chairman * Joe Manchin (D-West Virginia) * Gary Peters (D-Michigan) * Dan Sullivan (R-Alaska) Four members are appointed by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives: * William (Mac) Thornberry (R-Texas) * Mike Simpson (R-Idaho) * Sanford Bishop, Jr. (D-Georgia) * Mike Thompson (D-California) - Vice Chairman Gallery ------- * Images of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial * Eisenhower Memorial Facing East, December 2020Eisenhower Memorial Facing East, December 2020 * Eisenhower Memorial Washington DC Facing Southeast, December 2020Eisenhower Memorial Washington DC Facing Southeast, December 2020 * Eisenhower Memorial Facing West, December 2020Eisenhower Memorial Facing West, December 2020 * Eisenhower Memorial View from Independence AvenueEisenhower Memorial View from Independence Avenue * Plaque Near Statue of Ike as a Boy at Eisenhower MemorialPlaque Near Statue of Ike as a Boy at Eisenhower Memorial * View of the Eisenhower Memorial Looking Over the Shoulder of the Boyhood StatueView of the Eisenhower Memorial Looking Over the Shoulder of the Boyhood Statue * Rear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower at War at Eisenhower MemorialRear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower at War at Eisenhower Memorial * Plaque on Column at North West Corner of MemorialPlaque on Column at North West Corner of Memorial * Rear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower MemorialRear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower Memorial * Plaque on Column at North East Corner of MemorialPlaque on Column at North East Corner of Memorial * Information on Side of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower MemorialInformation on Side of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower Memorial * Rear View of Tapestry at Eisenhower MemorialRear View of Tapestry at Eisenhower Memorial * Plaque Outside Gift Shop at Eisenhower MemorialPlaque Outside Gift Shop at Eisenhower Memorial * Gift Shop at Eisenhower MemorialGift Shop at Eisenhower Memorial * Site of the memorial under constructionSite of the memorial under construction * The memorial lit up at night.The memorial lit up at night. Bibliography ------------ * Booker, Simeon; Booker, Carol McCabe (2013). *Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter's Account of the Civil Rights Movement*. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781617037894. * Clinton, Bill (2001). Mosley, Raymond A.; Carling, John W. (eds.). *Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton: 2000-2001. Book I, January 1 to June 26, 2000*. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. * Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (June 26, 2007). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. S.Rept. 110-97. 110th Cong. 1st sess (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved October 4, 2014. * Eisenhower Memorial Commission (March 4, 2013). Fiscal Year 2015 Budget Justification: Working with Congressional Partners to Build the Permanent Memorial to General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014. * MacKenzie, G. Calvin (2001). "The State of the Presidential Appointments Process". In MacKenzie, G. Calvin (ed.). *Innocent Until Nominated: The Breakdown of the Presidential Appointments Process*. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815754019.

Video game series Video game series ***Hitman*** is a stealth video game franchise created by IO Interactive. In each installment, players assume the role of a cloned contract killer named Agent 47, who travels around the world to assassinate various targets that are assigned to him by the fictional International Contract Agency (ICA). Gameplay focuses on freedom of approach, with most levels placing the player in a large sandbox location where they have free rein to explore and find different ways to reach and eliminate their targets. Stealth is a major component of the gameplay and players are given various tools to accomplish their objectives, such as suppressed weaponry and the ability to take disguises, which allow 47 to blend in with non-player characters (NPCs) and bypass most restricted areas undetected. The first game in the franchise, *Hitman: Codename 47*, was published by Eidos Interactive for Windows in 2000 and introduced many of the features which would become staples of the series. Eidos would return to publish the next three games, *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin* (2002), *Hitman: Contracts* (2004), and *Hitman: Blood Money* (2006), for Windows and consoles, each building upon *Codename 47*'s foundation and introducing new tools and mechanics to aid the stealth gameplay. After a six-year hiatus, *Hitman: Absolution* (2012) was published by Square Enix (after their 2009 acquisition of Eidos Interactive) and deviated from the *Hitman* formula established by the first four games by featuring a more linear structure, which was met with negative responses from many fans of the series. After another hiatus, the next game, simply titled *Hitman*, was released in 2016. It was a soft-reboot which saw the return to the classic *Hitman* formula, featuring six large sandbox levels that were released episodically throughout the year. The game was the first installment of the *World of Assassination* trilogy, with the second, *Hitman 2*, being published in 2018 by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, after the franchise was dropped by Square Enix. *Hitman 2* dropped the episodic release of its predecessor, opting to release most of its content at once. The final installment of the trilogy, *Hitman 3*, was self-published by IO Interactive in 2021. In 2023, IO rebranded *Hitman 3* as *Hitman: World of Assassination*, importing all content from the previous two titles to the game, free of charge. Mainline games in the *Hitman* series have been generally well-received, with most critics and players praising the unique take on stealth gameplay and freedom of approach. The games have also been commercially successful, and the *Hitman* series has become IO Interactive's trademark franchise. Outside of the eight mainline releases, the franchise also includes three spin-off games, two novels, and a comic book miniseries. Two live-action film adaptations, *Hitman* (2007) and *Hitman: Agent 47* (2015), which share no narrative connections with the games, have also been released. Games ----- Release timelineMain series in **bold**| 2000 | ***Hitman: Codename 47*** | | 2001 | | 2002 | ***Hitman 2: Silent Assassin*** | | 2003 | | 2004 | ***Hitman: Contracts*** | | 2005 | | 2006 | ***Hitman: Blood Money*** | | 2007 | *Hitman Trilogy* | | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | ***Hitman: Absolution*** | | 2013 | *Hitman HD Trilogy* | | 2014 | *Hitman Go* | | 2015 | *Hitman: Sniper* | | 2016 | ***Hitman*** | | 2017 | | 2018 | ***Hitman 2*** | | 2019 | *Hitman HD Enhanced Collection* | | 2020 | | 2021 | ***Hitman 3*** | | 2022 | *Hitman Sniper: The Shadows* | | 2023 | *Hitman: Blood Money - Reprisal* | ### Original series (2000–2012) #### *Hitman: Codename 47* Main article: Hitman: Codename 47 When game developer Zyrinx dissolved in 1998, the remaining team reformed themselves as Reto-Moto. That team went on to create IO Interactive (IO). IO's first intellectual property would be *Hitman* and they created the first game in the series, titled *Hitman: Codename 47*. Originally, IO wanted to create a "simple shooter" titled *Rex-Domonius*, but the idea was scrapped by Reto-Moto. Danish designer Jacob Andersen is responsible for the genesis of *Codename 47* and its depiction of protagonist Agent 47. Andersen is quoted saying, "We decided to do a quick game inspired by Hong Kong action movies... Basically a guy in a suit blasting away in a Chinese restaurant". Soon after the initial idea was proposed, the background for Agent 47 took hold, with the idea of a genetically modified clone assassin. The concept of taking disguises from non-player characters fundamentally changed the way *Hitman* would be played. It became one of the first games to implement ragdoll physics. *Codename 47* was published by Eidos Interactive in 2000 and released for Windows hardware because "it was hard for us to get hold of development kits", Andersen recalls. "On top of that, 3D hardware was beginning to appear for the PC, which made it extremely interesting to develop for". The game sold over 500,000 copies and received mixed reviews due to its controls and difficulty. #### *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin* Main article: Hitman 2 Silent Assassin The first sequel in the series, *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin*, was developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox in October 2002, and GameCube in June 2003. The gameplay of *Silent Assassin* builds upon that of *Codename 47*, focusing more on its stealth mechanics and introducing new features such as the option for a first-person view, the ability to incapacitate enemies instead of killing them, and missions with a plethora of approaches. "Now that the main platform was PS2, we felt more at home", Andersen remembers, though some players of the original were dissatisfied with the introduction of a mid-level save system. The controls were improved and the team tried to fix AI problems, but non-player characters found new ways to misbehave. "Many have tried to fix the AI since and all have failed", Andersen smiles. "It just has to have those odd moments, otherwise it wouldn't be *Hitman*". The story of *Silent Assassin* picks up two years after *Codename 47* and revolves around Agent 47's search for his friend, Father Emilio Vittorio, who has been abducted by unknown assailants. 47, who had abandoned the assassin life in favor of a peaceful life as a gardener at Vittorio's church, reluctantly comes out of retirement and resumes work for the International Contract Agency (ICA) in exchange for their help tracking Vittorio down. #### *Hitman: Contracts* Main article: Hitman: Contracts *Hitman: Contracts* was developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in April 2004. It is both a sequel to *Silent Assassin*, and a remake of *Codename 47*, as it features several levels from the first game that have been remastered with enhanced graphics, improved AI, and gameplay elements introduced in the second game. This stemmed from the fact that only 10% of *Silent Assassin* players had played *Codename 47* due to the latter's Windows exclusivity; Andersen is quoted saying, "We decided to make *Hitman 2.5* with some of the best content from [*Codename 47*]". *Contracts* combines levels from *Codename 47* with new missions depicting some of Agent 47's past contracts not featured in any of the first two games. These contracts are told through flashbacks, which 47 experiences after being hurt during a botched job in Paris, which was meant to connect *Contracts* to the next game in the series.[] #### *Hitman: Blood Money* Main article: Hitman: Blood Money *Hitman: Blood Money* was developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Xbox 360 in May 2006. The game was developed alongside its predecessor and is a direct continuation of its events, explaining why Agent 47 was hurt at the beginning of *Contracts*. The main storyline of *Blood Money* revolves around the conflict between the ICA and a rival contract killing agency known as the Franchise, which seeks to obtain the same cloning technology that created 47, who becomes caught in the crossfire. IO and Eidos both put a lot of resources and time into *Blood Money*, achieving major improvements to the graphics, AI, and level design. The game has been positively received and is considered a cult classic. #### *Hitman: Absolution* Main article: Hitman: Absolution *Hitman: Absolution* was developed by IO Interactive and published by Square Enix, following their acquisition of Eidos Interactive in 2009. It was released on 20 November 2012 worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Before release, the developers stated that *Absolution*, while still a stealth game, would adopt many action game elements such as having a cinematic story-driven narrative and more emphasis on gunplay in order to be accessible to a larger playerbase. The game introduces a new mechanic called 'Instinct', which allows Agent 47 to monitor enemies more easily, and an online mode called "Contracts", where players would create their own missions and share them with others online. The narrative of the game sees 47 betraying the ICA and going on the run to protect a genetically engineered teenage girl that is sought by both the ICA and several criminal syndicates due to her potential as an assassin. Upon release, *Absolution* received mixed-positive review, with many fans of the earlier *Hitman* games criticizing the departure from the classic gameplay formula. Although the game sold over 3.6 million copies, it failed to reach predicted sales targets. On 15 May 2014, *Hitman: Absolution — Elite Edition* was released for OS X by Feral Interactive; it contains all previously released downloadable content, including *Hitman: Sniper Challenge*, a "making of" documentary, and a 72-page artbook.[] ### *World of Assassination* trilogy (2016–2021) #### *Hitman* Main article: Hitman (2016 video game) A soft-reboot of the series was announced in 2015 and was published by Square Enix. Titled *Hitman*, the game was released in March 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One to highly positive reviews. Episodic in nature, *Hitman* features six levels that were released throughout 2016, one month apart from each other, along with additional content, such as "Elusive Targets", "Escalations", and user-created "Contracts" (similar to *Absolution*'s "Contracts" mode). The developers chose the episodic approach to give themselves more time to work on each level, which as a result are larger and more detailed than in any previous *Hitman* game. Following the under-performance of *Absolution*, the next title was conceived as a re-imagining of the franchise as IO Interactive attempted to combine the gameplay elements introduced in *Absolution* with the open-ended nature of older *Hitman* games. As such, each level was made to resemble a large and complex puzzle, where players are given free rein to explore and find different assassination opportunities, many of which are unconventional. The game also introduces a new storyline, as Agent 47 goes on a worldwide adventure to solve a series of seemingly unconnected assassinations. It also explores 47's mysterious past, which would be built upon in the following two games.[] #### *Hitman 2* Main article: Hitman 2 (2018 video game) *Hitman 2* was announced in June 2018 by IO Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, the latter of which published the game following IO's acquisition of the *Hitman* intellectual property from Square Enix. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in November 2018. Like 2016's *Hitman*, it is structured around six large sandbox levels, but unlike its predecessor, the game is not episodic and introduces several new features and multiplayer modes. Players had the option to carry over levels from the first game at an additional cost; if a player already owned the first game, they were able to do so free of charge, while retaining all their original progress. The storyline continues from 2016's *Hitman*, as Agent 47 becomes caught in a conflict between the mysterious 'Shadow Client' and Providence, a secretive organization that controls global affairs and offered to reveal 47's forgotten past in exchange for his help hunting down the Shadow Client.[] #### *Hitman 3* Main article: Hitman 3 *Hitman 3* was revealed at the PlayStation 5 reveal event in 2020, and released in January 2021 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Stadia (originally under the title *Hitman: World of Assassination* before the name was used across all platforms on 26 January 2023, following the service's shutdown on 18 January 2023), and Nintendo Switch (as a cloud version). The game was developed and self- published by IO Interactive, now an independent studio. Similarly to *Hitman 2*, *Hitman 3* is not episodic, and gives players the option to carry over progress from the previous two games. For the first time in the series, the game includes VR support, which extends to levels imported from the first two games. The narrative of the game concludes the story arc started in 2016's *Hitman*, as Agent 47, after allying himself with the Shadow Client, attempts to eliminate Providence once and for all.[] The game was received positively, with many citing it as the best entry in the series to date, and was also the most commercially successful *Hitman* game. IO Interactive supported *Hitman 3* extensively with several releases of downloadable content and free updates that added new features, game modes, and a new map. In January 2023, IO announced that *Hitman* and *Hitman 2* would be merged into *Hitman 3*, which would be renamed *Hitman: World of Assassination*. ### Spin-offs #### *Hitman Go* Main article: Hitman Go *Hitman Go* is a turn based puzzle video game developed by Square Enix Montreal. The game was released for iOS on 17 April 2014, and for Android on 4 June 2014. The Microsoft Windows and the Windows Phones version of the game was released on 27 April 2015. A "Definitive Edition" including improved visuals and all additional content was released for the PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and PC via Steam on 23 February 2016. #### *Hitman: Sniper* Main article: Hitman: Sniper *Hitman: Sniper* is a first-person shooter developed by Square Enix Montreal. It was released for iOS and Android on 4 June 2015. The game does not include any story elements and focuses on Agent 47 executing targets from a static location using a sniper rifle. #### *Hitman Sniper: The Shadows* *Hitman Sniper: The Shadows* is a first-person shooter developed by Square Enix Montreal and the sequel to *Hitman: Sniper*. It was released for iOS and Android on 3 March 2022. It includes the same gameplay as its predecessor, without Agent 47 as a playable character. ### Collections #### *Hitman Trilogy* A box set titled *Hitman Trilogy* (*Hitman: The Triple Hit Pack* in Europe) was released for PlayStation 2 on June 19, 2007, in North America and on June 22, 2007, in Europe by Eidos. It contains *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin*, *Hitman: Contracts* and *Hitman: Blood Money*. The games in the collection are identical to the previously released stand-alone versions. #### *Hitman HD Trilogy* The same set of titles released for the *Hitman* Trilogy were later released as part of a new compilation for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 titled *Hitman HD Trilogy*, and was released on January 29, 2013, in North America, January 31, 2013 in Australia and February 2, 2013, in Europe by Square Enix. This compilation contains newly ported versions of *Silent Assassin* and *Contracts* for both consoles, as well as a new port of *Blood Money* for the PlayStation 3 (the Xbox 360 version was previously released as a stand-alone). A digital bundle was also released for the Xbox 360 titled *Hitman HD Pack*, containing just *Silent Assassin* and *Contracts*, aimed at users who already owned the stand-alone version of *Blood Money* for the same platform. #### *Hitman HD Enhanced Collection* A compilation was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 11 January 2019 worldwide by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment through the PlayStation Store and Xbox Store featuring new ports of *Hitman: Blood Money* and *Hitman: Absolution* for both platforms. This port promised updated graphics, 4K resolution, improved textures and lighting, as well as updated controls for both games. #### *Hitman Trilogy* A digital-only collection of all the games from the *World of Assassination* trilogy was released on 20 January 2022 by IO Interactive. It features *Hitman 3* as well as access passes to play the content from *Hitman* and *Hitman 2* within *Hitman 3*. A *Premium Add-Ons* bundle includes all DLC for the games, excluding the "Seven Deadly Sins" DLC from *Hitman 3*. The *Hitman Trilogy* bundle is available on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, Steam and Epic Games. #### *Hitman: World of Assassination* A collection titled *Hitman: World of Assassination* was released on January 26, 2023. It allows the importation of all content from 2016's *Hitman* and *Hitman 2* into *Hitman 3*. Gameplay -------- Primarily from a third-person perspective, the core objective of each level in the games are to kill an assigned target(s). In most cases, *Hitman* allows the player different options to accomplish this task. Players can perform precise or indiscriminate assassinations in order to achieve the mission goals; the games reward a subtle approach by awarding special weapons or cash bonuses if players earn a favorable rank. In an effort to complete his assassination(s) easier, 47 can wear a variety of disguises (such as repairmen, police officers, waiters, and a plethora more) to fool his enemies and his target(s), gain access to restricted areas and accomplish tasks that would be illegal if not for wearing a disguise. The focus of *Hitman* is not hiding in the shadows from the enemy, but rather blending in amongst them. As such, disguises, even though they are not mandatory, are a very important element to the player in order to make their assassination run smoother.[] ### Disguises Disguises are an integral part of the Hitman experience. They allow Agent 47 to access locations and areas not normally accessible without one. These locations and areas are places that help the player progress throughout the level undetected and may potentially give the player extra gear or intel. With disguises, the player can even setup certain assassinations that, again, would not be available to the player without. Some examples include: * poisoning a target as a waiter * eliminating a target as a trusted guard * eliminating a target while they are on an operating table as a doctor * replacing a World War I replica gun to be used in an opera rehearsal with a real World War I era pistol as an actor Disguises are entirely optional; however, and the player can complete a mission without changing into one, albeit challenging. These disguises are integral to remaining undetected throughout the mission and award the player with a "Silent Assassin" mission rating. ### Silent Assassin Remaining undetected is very important in the series. Some ways players can remain undetected are destroying camera footage/not being recorded, not eliminating non-targets, and avoiding suspicious behavior. A major feature of earlier games is the tension meter or "Suspicion Meter", (later replaced with a suspicion triangle) detailing how much attention or suspicion the player is receiving from the public. Suspicious activities include: * being recorded committing a crime on camera * using a lock pick * holding a weapon with the wrong disguise * being seen in a restricted area with the wrong disguise or without one (*World of Assassination* trilogy) * witnesses of an assassination or a body is discovered that was not an accidental kill ### Instinct Gameplay for the most part has remained relatively unchanged since the genesis of the series. Despite this, one major inclusion to recent games was the introduction of a feature called "instinct". Instinct allows players to see through walls and discover where non-player characters and the targets are, items of interest, and items that can be interacted with. This feature was first implemented in *Absolution* and later revised upon in future titles. Much like disguises, a player can opt out of using this feature if they choose.[] Characters ---------- ### List of cast members | Hitman game | Original series | *World of Assassination* | | --- | --- | --- | | *Codename47*(2000) | *SilentAssassin*(2002) | *Contracts*(2004) | *BloodMoney*(2006) | *Absolution*(2012) | *Hitman*(2016) | *Hitman 2*(2018) | *Hitman 3*(2021) | | Characters | | Agent 47 | David Bateson | | Diana Burnwood |   | Vivienne McKee | Marsha Thomason | Jane Perry | | Agent Carlton Smith | Noah Lazarus | David Andriole | *Non-speaking* | Dave Hill | *Non-speaking* | Sean Power | | Dr. Otto Wolfgang Ort-Meyer | Kerry Shale |   | *Unknown-actor* | *Non-speaking* |   | Richard Treverson | *Non-speaking* | | Lei Ling | *Unknown-actor* | Claire Tsang |   | | Arthur Edwards / The Constant |   | Philip Rosch | | Lucas Grey / Subject 6 / Shadow Client |   | John Hopkins | | Olivia Hall |   | Michelle Asante | Isaura Barbe-Brown | | Reception --------- Aggregate review scores| Game | Metacritic | | --- | --- | | *Hitman: Codename 47* | (PC) 73 | | *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin* | (GC) 83(PC) 87(PS2) 85(Xbox) 84 | | *Hitman: Contracts* | (PC) 74(PS2) 80(Xbox) 78 | | *Hitman: Blood Money* | (PC) 82(PS2) 83(Xbox) 81(X360) 82 | | *Hitman: Absolution* | (PC) 79(PS3) 83(X360) 79 | | *Hitman* | (PC) 83(PS4) 84(XONE) 85 | | *Hitman 2* | (PC) 82(PS4) 82(XONE) 84 | | *Hitman 3* | (PC) 87(PS5) 84(XSX) 87 | The main games in the *Hitman* franchise have received generally positive reviews for their level design and gameplay elements. In particular the level of freedom offered to players and the unique approach to stealth gameplay. The series has received multiple awards and nominations, including several Game of the Year awards. It has also been commercially successful, selling over 15 million copies worldwide as of 2015 with the *World of Assassination* trilogy alone reaching over 50 million players as of November 2021. ### Original series *Hitman: Codename 47* received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Jim Preston reviewed the PC version of the game for *Next Generation*, rating it three stars out of five, and calling it "A deeply flawed masterpiece that will, nonetheless, reward forgiving gamers." *Codename 47* received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In April 2009, Square Enix revealed that *Codename 47* had surpassed half a million sales globally. *Silent Assassin* received generally positive reviews from critics, who considered it to be an improvement over its predecessor in every aspect. The game was also a commercial success, having sold more than 3.7 million copies as of 23 April 2009, which makes it the best-selling *Hitman* game in the original series. *Contracts* was met with generally positive reviews; praise was directed at the improved gameplay elements, graphics, soundtrack, darker tone and atmosphere, while criticism was reserved for the lack of significant improvements and the familiarity with the previous two games. As of April 2009, the game has sold around 2 million copies. *Blood Money* was a critical and commercial success, selling more than 2.1 million copies. It has gained a cult following and is considered by many publications and critics as one of the greatest video games of all time. *Absolution* was met with a polarized reception. Most positive comments were concerning the game's graphics, environments and locations, and the varied gameplay options. However, many critics and many long time fans of the series disliked the game for its linear structure, as opposed to the open ended nature of previous installments. As of March 2013, the game had sold over 3.6 million copies, failing to reach predicted sales targets. ### *World of Assassination* trilogy 2016's *Hitman* received positive reviews; critics praised the game's episodic release format, locations, level design, and its replayability but criticized the always-online requirement and excessive handholding. The game under-performed commercially and caused publisher Square Enix to divest from IO Interactive in May 2017. Despite the slow start, IO Interactive announced the game had attracted seven million players as of November 2017 and more than 13 million players had played the game by May 2018. *Hitman* was nominated for Best Action/Adventure Game at The Game Awards 2016 and Evolving Game at the 13th British Academy Games Awards. Video game publication Giant Bomb named *Hitman* their Game of the Year in 2016. *Hitman 2* was met with generally positive reviews, with most critics considering it to be an improvement over its predecessor. It debuted at tenth place in the UK's all-format sales charts. In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version sold 10,162 copies within its debut week, which made it the fifth best-selling retail game of the week in the country. The game was nominated for "Control Design, 3D" and "Game, Franchise Adventure" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. *Hitman 3* received generally favorable reviews, with most critics regarding it as the best entry in the *World of Assassination* trilogy, and some even calling it the best *Hitman* game to date. The game was nominated for multiple year-end awards, and won several of them, including "PC Game of the Year" at the 2021 Golden Joystick Awards. *Hitman 3* was also the most commercially successful of the franchise, selling 300% better than *Hitman 2* and making back its development costs in only a week. ### Collections Aggregate review scores| Game | GameRankings | Metacritic | | --- | --- | --- | | *Hitman Trilogy* | PS2: 88% | - | | *Hitman HD Enhanced Collection* | PS4: 75%XONE: 73% | PS4: 69/100XONE: 66/100 | This collection was a boxset that was released in 2007 and included three of the original *Hitman* titles. *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin*, *Hitman: Contracts*, and *Hitman: Blood Money* were all sold in this boxset together and it was released on the PS2. Just like the original releases of the games, the bundle was received positively. This HD collection was released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It includes an Xbox 360 port of *Hitman: Blood Money* to both the consoles and an HD remaster of *Hitman: Absolution*. Both games were released on 4K with 60fps, has texture and lighting improvements, and introduces updated controls for a "...more fluid experience". This bundle received a mixed-positive review as noted by *PlayStation Country*, who gave the score a 7/10: "As a remaster, *Hitman HD Enhanced Collection* does deliver the best looking edition of these games to consoles. If either of these titles are missing from your Hitman collection, it's worth a look". ### Spin-offs Aggregate review scores| Game | Metacritic | | --- | --- | | *Hitman Go* | (iOS) 81(PC) 72(PS4) 77(Vita) 80 | | *Hitman: Sniper* | (iOS) 76 | Following its announcement, *Hitman Go* was met with some skepticism from critics. However, the game received a positive reception with praise for the art, aesthetics, simple gameplay mechanics, and translation of *Hitman* to a mobile device. It received several nominations and awards from gaming publications and award organizations. *Hitman: Sniper* was met with generally favorable reviews. Some reviewers praised the cleverness and minimalism of its puzzle design, but wanted more variety from its activity-dense scenarios.[] Other media ----------- ### Films A film adaptation of the game series was released in 2007. The film, titled *Hitman*, is set in a separate continuity from the game series, directed by Xavier Gens and starring Timothy Olyphant as Agent 47. Executive producer Vin Diesel was originally cast to play Agent 47 but was replaced for unknown reasons. The film also stars Dougray Scott, Robert Knepper, Ulrich Thomsen and Michael Offei. In the film, the International Contract Agency is replaced by a similar group called the Organization, which, like the ICA, benefits from ties to various government agencies, is neutral in global matters and morality, and performs missions all over the world. Unlike the game wherein the hitmen are contracted from a range of backgrounds, the Organization instead recruits orphans and trains them from an early age. A reboot was planned but Olyphant stated on the Nerdist podcast that he had no interest in returning for a sequel and only did the original film in order to pay for his new house following the sudden cancellation of *Deadwood*. On 5 February 2013, it was reported that the film series was being rebooted with the title *Hitman: Agent 47*, directed by Aleksander Bach. Screenwriter of the original film, Skip Woods, wrote the screenplay with Mike Finch and starring Rupert Friend as 47 after Paul Walker, who was originally cast, was killed in a car crash on 30 November 2013. The film also stars Zachary Quinto, Hannah Ware, Thomas Kretschmann, Dan Bakkedahl and Ciarán Hinds. In 2015, *Hitman* film producer Adrian Askarieh stated that he hoped to oversee a film universe with *Just Cause*, *Hitman*, *Tomb Raider*, *Deus Ex*, and *Thief*, but admitted that he does not have the rights to *Tomb Raider*. In May 2017, the Game Central reporters at Metro UK suggested that the shared universe was unlikely, pointing out that no progress had been made on any *Just Cause*, *Deus Ex* nor *Thief* films. ### Television series In November 2017, Hulu and Fox 21 Television Studios announced it would produce a television series based on the game. Derek Kolstad, Adrian Askarieh and Chuck Gordon would serve as its executive producers. The pilot episode would be written by Kolstad. Kolstad has stated that his adaption of Agent 47 will differ slightly from that of the vision IO has already made. Despite being announced in 2017, he does not know when the TV series will start filming. ### Literature William C. Dietz wrote the first novel in the *Hitman* book series, titled *Hitman: Enemy Within*. It was released on August 28, 2007, and published by Del Rey Books. Set between the events of *Hitman 2: Silent Assassin* and *Hitman: Blood Money*, the novel centers around Puissance Treize, an organisation rival to ICA.[] The second novel in the *Hitman* book series, *Hitman: Damnation*, was written by Raymond Benson and was published on October 30, 2012. It serves as a tie-in and prequel to *Hitman: Absolution*.[] IO Interactive partnered with Dynamite Entertainment to create *Agent 47: Birth of the Hitman*, a six-issue comic book miniseries that ran from November 2017 to June 2018, and was later released as a graphic novel in 2019. The series ties-in with the *World of Assassination* trilogy and depicts 47's life before the events of the games, including his upbringing at Dr. Ort-Meyer's asylum and his previous career as a brainwashed assassin for Providence alongside his best friend, Lucas Grey / Subject 6. IO Interactive had complete control over the storyline of the comic. Future ------ In various interviews conducted with IO Interactive, they have confirmed that despite *Hitman 3* being the final game in the *World of Assassination* trilogy, it will not be the last game in the franchise.

1971 single by Spectrum "**I'll Be Gone**" or "**Some Day I'll Have Money**" is a song by Australian progressive rock group Spectrum released as their debut single by EMI on Harvest Records in January 1971. It peaked at #1 on the national singles chart, while it reached Top 5 in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. The song was written by guitarist and vocalist Mike Rudd, and produced by Howard Gable. The B-side, "Launching Place Part Two" was written to promote a music festival. Spectrum never repeated the success of "I'll Be Gone". Background ---------- Spectrum was formed in Melbourne in 1969 by Mike Rudd, a New Zealand-born singer, songwriter and guitarist (ex-Chants R&B, The Party Machine, Sons of the Vegetal Mother), together with bassist Bill Putt (Gallery, The Lost Souls), organist Lee Neale (ex-Nineteen 87), and drummer Mark Kennedy. Spectrum played covers of Traffic, Soft Machine and Pink Floyd initially, they then developed their own style and wrote a set of original material. Just prior to being signed up by EMI, Spectrum cut a demo single which they hawked to record companies as a 7" acetate. One side was an early, folky version of "I'll Be Gone", according to rock historian Ian McFarlane, these acetates are now "impossibly rare" and only two or three copies are known to have survived. Once signed to EMI's progressive imprint Harvest Records, Spectrum went into the studio to make their first official recordings under producer Howard Gable, who had worked with The Masters Apprentices. They had a #1 Australian hit with their first single, "I'll Be Gone", which has become one of the most enduring Australian rock songs of that era. The B-side, "Launching Place Part Two" was written to promote a music festival. They released their debut LP *Spectrum Part One* in March 1971 but Rudd would not allow their hit single to appear on the album. Drummer Kennedy left just after it was recorded and was replaced by Ray Arnott (ex-Cam-Pact, Company Caine). Ross Wilson, vocalist and guitarist, had been a founding member of The Party Machine with Rudd, they were later both members of Sons of the Vegetal Mother, Wilson formed Daddy Cool as a side-project while Rudd went on to form Spectrum. During their time in 'Vegetals' Rudd had started working on "I'll Be Gone" and Wilson approved of the song, "That's it, that's the one". Daddy Cool and Spectrum often toured together in their early years. Rudd described the development of the song: > The song didn't actually take very long to write, but it changed over the period of about a year. Initially, I didn't have the harmonica in it, and that was a big transition [...] We went to Bill Armstrong's studios in Albert Park to record a couple of tunes to advertise the *Launching Place Festival* [...] We recorded *Launching Place Parts One and Two* and the producer, Howard Gable, said: 'Have you got any other songs?' Remembering what Ross Wilson had said, I replied, 'Yeah, I've got this other one.' [...] We were in Sydney when it was finally released. We heard it on the radio and it had been edited, so we were slightly shocked. Fortunately, we'd also made a video for the song with Chris Löfvén. I think the video helped tremendously. TV stations were hungry for anything and this was one of the earliest clips. > > — Mike Rudd Although recorded in August 1970 the song was not released until January 1971 due to the 1970 radio ban, which was a dispute between radio stations and major record labels over payments for songs being broadcast. Chris Löfvén went on to direct the video for Daddy Cool's debut single "Eagle Rock" which also peaked at #1 later in 1971. The Launching Place Festival was a minor festival held on 31 December 1970 at Launching Place 60 km east of Melbourne, other acts included Wendy Saddington, Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, Healing Force and King Harvest. Spectrum recorded "Launching Place Part One" and "Launching Place Part Two" to promote the festival. Cover versions -------------- Several cover versions of "I'll Be Gone" have been recorded by artists including Colleen Hewett, Margret RoadKnight and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. The latter was released, along with B-side "Launching Place Part Two", on their 1974 LP *The Good Earth*. In 1984 Australian country music singer John Williamson paid tribute to the song by recording his own version, a version which kept the originality but also suited his own brand of country music. Palladium recorded a version for the film Dirty Deeds. John Schumann and the Vagabond Crew covered the song on their 2008 album Behind the Lines. Legacy ------ In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), as part of its 75th Anniversary celebrations, named "I'll Be Gone" as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time. Since its release in 1971, the song has become an FM radio staple, as shown on the Triple M Essential Countdown for 2006 where "I'll Be Gone" came in at #331. Track listing ------------- All tracks written by Mike Rudd according to APRA. 1. "I'll Be Gone" - 3:28 2. "Launching Place Part Two" - 3:02 Personnel --------- **Spectrum members** * Mark Kennedy – drums * Lee Neale – keyboards * Bill Putt – bass guitar * Mike Rudd – vocals, lead guitar, harmonica **Recording details** * Producer – Howard Gable Sources ------- * The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock And Pop - Ian McFarlane * Who's Who of Australian Rock - Compiled by Chris Spencer,Zbig Nowara and Paul McHenry * Noel McGrath's Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop - Noel McGrath * Top 40 Research: 1956-1977 - Jim Barnes, Fred Dyer & Hank B. Facer * Four Triple M

British racehorse trainer For other people named Alex Scott, see Alex Scott (disambiguation). **Alexander Archibald Scott** (8 February 1960 – 30 September 1994) was a British thoroughbred racehorse trainer. In six seasons as a licence-holder Scott trained 164 winners. His most notable horses were the future Epsom Derby winner Lammtarra and the 1991 Breeders' Cup Sprint winner Sheikh Albadou. In 1994 Scott was shot and killed by a groom at Glebe Farm Stud near Newmarket; he was 34. Family background, education and early life ------------------------------------------- Alex Scott was the third son of Sir James Scott, 2nd Baronet of Rotherfield Park, former Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire, and commanding officer of the Household Cavalry's mounted regiment. His parents bred and raced horses and staged an annual horse-trials event on the family's estate. Scott was educated at Eton and Queens' College, Cambridge, where he studied theology before switching to land economy. In 1981 he began working as assistant trainer to Peter Calver, moving to Harry Thomson Jones at Newmarket a year later and then, in 1985, joining Dick Hern at West Ilsley in Berkshire. Career as a trainer ------------------- ### Success In June 1988 Scott was offered the position of trainer at Sheikh Maktoum Al-Maktoum's Oak Stables in Newmarket. The previous trainer, Olivier Douieb, was had to return to France because of ill-health. Scott had been intending to set up on his own that year, buying Fitzroy House stables in Newmarket for that purpose. Sheikh Maktoum offered him the freedom to work for other owners and the chance to train a number of high-class horses, including Cadeaux Genereux, who finished first in the Prix de l'Abbaye at Longchamp but was disqualified after a stewards' inquiry. Scott quickly established a reputation as one of the leading young Flat trainers in Britain. In his first season, 1989, Cadeaux Genereux won two Group One sprints, the July Cup at Newmarket and the Nunthorpe Stakes at York. Two years later Scott won the Breeders' Cup Sprint on the dirt track at Churchill Downs, Kentucky, with Sheikh Albadou. Victory in that race made Sheikh Albadou one of only two British-trained winners in the history of the Breeders' Cup and the only British winner on a dirt track. Scott had trained his horse on a sand-and-fiber surface for the previous five months to prepare for the race. 1991 was also the year in which Scott won his first Classic race with Possessive Dancer's victory in the Irish Oaks at The Curragh. The following season Sheikh Albadou returned to win the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot and the Haydock Sprint Cup, giving him career winnings of $1.23 million, while there was also success for Fraam in the Golden Mile at Goodwood. ### Lammtarra In June 1995 Lammtarra won The Derby in a then record time. The impeccably bred Lammtarra, by Nijinsky, a Derby winner himself, and out of an Oaks winner, Snow Bride, had been trained for his only run as a two-year-old by Scott, who had been killed in the season preceding the Derby victory. Scott had selected Lammtarra as a yearling from among those at Sheikh Maktoum's Gainsborough Farm, Kentucky, unusually being given a first pick ahead of fellow trainers Sir Michael Stoute and Criquette Head. Scott had placed a £1000 bet on Lammtarra to win the Derby with Ladbrokes at 33–1. When the colt came home in front at Epsom after the trainer's death, the bookmakers paid out to Scott's widow. Trained by Godolphin's trainer Saeed Bin Suroor, Lammtarra went on to win the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp. Glebe Farm stud --------------- In December 1992 Scott bought Glebe House and its stud farm at Cheveley, Newmarket. Scott's wife, Julia, continued to run the stud successfully after the death of her husband, basing the operation around a small number of mares, including Corndavon, whom Scott had bred in partnership with Craig Bandoroff; Palace Street, dam of Sakhee's Secret; and Ferber's Follies, a daughter of Saratoga Six. Death ----- On 30 September 1994 Scott was shot in the chest and killed by a stud groom, William O'Brien, using a single barrel shotgun. O'Brien and Scott had become involved in a dispute that culminated with O'Brien telling the trainer that he could "stuff his job". O'Brien had reportedly disagreed with Scott's working methods since his takeover of the farm in 1992. The following day Scott sent O'Brien a letter asking for confirmation of his resignation. There was then a confrontation in a barn at Glebe Stud Farm in which Scott was killed. The jury in the case rejected the defence's assertion that O'Brien was guilty of manslaughter, rather than murder. The Alex Scott Memorial Fund Assistant Trainers' Scholarship was established in 1996 to provide assistant trainers with the chance to spend a month gaining experience of working outside Britain. Personal life ------------- Scott married Julia Mary Mackenzie in 1986. They had two sons and one daughter.