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District in Switzerland
The district of **Hérens** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It has a population of 10,953 (as of 31 December 2020).
Geography
---------
Except for the municipality of Ayent, which lies on the north bank of the Rhône, the municipalities of Hérens are located in the Val d'Hérens on the south bank of the Rhône.
Municipalities
--------------
It comprises the following municipalities:
| **Municipality** | **Population**(31 December 2020) | **Area km2** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ayent | 4,137 | 55.13 |
| Evolène | 1,647 | 209.94 |
| Hérémence | 1,433 | 107.53 |
| Mont-Noble | 1,102 | 43.0 |
| Saint-Martin | 842 | 37.02 |
| Vex | 1,792 | 12.99 |
| **Total** | 10,953 | **470.73** |
History
-------
After the conquest of Lower Valais by the bishopric of Sion (1476), the Val d’Hérens became subordinate to the reeve of Saint-Maurice. In 1560, it was incorporated into the tithing of Sion, with the exception of
Val d'Hérémence, which remained a bailiwick of the Seven Tithings.
Hérémence district was formed in 1798 (Helvetic Republic), transformed into its own tithing in the Rhodanic Republic of 1802, and into a *canton* within the French département du Simplon in 1810. In 1815, it was restored as a tithing (after 1848 called *district*) within the canton of Valais of the restored Swiss Confederacy, with the addition of Ayent municipality. Arbaz and Savièse were detached from Hérémence
under the revised constitution of 1839.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure, on three mounts Vert a Ram passant Argent horned Or between two Mullets Or in chief.*[*year needed*]
On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Vernamiège, Nax and Mase merged to form the new municipality of Mont-Noble.
The municipality of Les Agettes on 1 January 2017 merged into Sion.
Demographics
------------
Hérens has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 10,953. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (8,582 or 95.0%) as their first language, German is the second most common (203 or 2.2%) and Portuguese is the third (100 or 1.1%). There are 40 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.
As of 2008[update], the gender distribution of the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The population was made up of 4,578 Swiss men (44.7% of the population) and 467 (4.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 4,748 Swiss women (46.4%) and 442 (4.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the district 5,042 or about 55.8% were born in Hérens and lived there in 2000. There were 1,210 or 13.4% who were born in the same canton, while 781 or 8.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 707 or 7.8% were born outside of Switzerland.
As of 2000[update], there were 3,544 people who were single and never married in the district. There were 4,616 married individuals, 625 widows or widowers and 244 individuals who are divorced.
There were 1,031 households that consist of only one person and 265 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,703 households that answered this question, 27.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 80 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 1,014 married couples without children, 1,189 married couples with children There were 161 single parents with a child or children. There were 66 households that were made up of unrelated people and 162 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
--------
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 47.67% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.26%), the SVP (15.57%) and the FDP (11.21%). In the federal election, a total of 5,651 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 71.8%.
In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 5,035 votes were cast, of which 245 or about 4.9% were invalid. The voter participation was 65.0%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 5,571 votes were cast, of which 285 or about 5.1% were invalid. The voter participation was 72.4%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Religion
--------
From the 2000 census[update], 7,939 or 87.9% were Roman Catholic, while 363 or 4.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 23 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.25% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 34 individuals (or about 0.38% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 individuals (or about 0.03% of the population) who were Jewish, and 15 (or about 0.17% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 313 (or about 3.47% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 339 individuals (or about 3.75% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
---------
In Hérens about 2,559 or (28.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 710 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 710 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.3% were Swiss men, 28.0% were Swiss women, 6.8% were non-Swiss men and 6.9% were non-Swiss women. |
American Information systems researcher (born 1959)
For the Indian writer, see Varun Grover (writer).
**Varun Grover** (born 1959) is an American Information systems researcher, who is the George & Boyce Billingsley Endowed Chair and distinguished professor at the Walton School of Business, University of Arkansas. From 2002-17, he was the William S. Lee (Duke Energy) Distinguished Professor of Information Systems at Clemson University, where he taught doctoral seminars on methods and information systems. He is consistently in the top 3 IS researchers in the world (ranked by volume in top journals). He has an h-index of 100, among the top 5 in his field Grover has around 52,000 citations in Google Scholar and over 13,900 citations in Web of Science.
Biography
---------
Grover received his B.Tech. in electrical engineering in 1982 from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, his MBA in 1985 from Southern Illinois University, and his Ph.D. in management information systems in 1990 from the University of Pittsburgh.
After his graduation in New Delhi, Grover started as marketing analyst in 1982–83. Next in the United States he was graduate research assistant at the Southern Illinois University from 1983 to 1985, and at the Katz Graduate School of Business of the University of Pittsburgh from 1985 to 1988. After another year as lecturer at Pitt he moved to the University of South Carolina, where he became assistant professor, in 1994 associate professor, and from 1998 to 2001 full professor (BPF Professor and Distinguished Researcher). From 2002 to 2017 he was the William S. Lee (Duke Energy) Chaired Full Professor at the College of Business & Behavioral Sciences of the Clemson University.
Currently, Grover is the George & Boyce Billingsley Endowed Chair and distinguished professor of IS at the Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas. He is senior editor for *MISQ Executive*, editor of the *Journal of the Association for Information Systems Section on Path Breaking Research*, and has served as senior editor for *MIS Quarterly* (2 terms), the *Journal of the AIS* (2 terms), and *Database*. He is also current or former associate and advisory Editor of 15 other journals, including the *Journal of MIS*, *Decision Sciences*, *Information Systems Research*, and *Information Systems Journal*.
Grover is married. His interests include tennis, world travel, and home electronics. He is a deeply loyal fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers NFL team.
Research
--------
Grover's research interests include IS value, IS strategy, e-business, KM, reengineering, innovation, the effect of IT on the individual in influencing identity and stress, and introspective work on the IS field and its welfare. While his work employs a positivist epistemology, it is not locked into one philosophy or even methodology. He have conducted field surveys, experimental designs, structured interviews, content analysis, secondary data analyses (e.g. strategic group analysis, event studies), field experiments, and modeling. Most of his work has been published in major refereed journals and he recently co-edited three books on IT and process change. He have received a number of research awards and have been consistently recognized as the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd most productive researcher in widely recognized major (A level) IS journals (e.g. MIS Quarterly, Journal of MIS, Information Systems Research) in ten independent published studies and the 2nd most influential researcher based on citation impact in a recent study. Since 1990, he is the 2nd most published researcher in the prestigious AIS "Basket of 6" journals. He have also participated in various prominent roles in national conferences (e.g. ICIS, DSI, AIS) and is involved in leadership roles (e.g. Senior Editorship) in numerous premier journals.
Publications
------------
Grover has integrated information systems and operations management research to produce valuable contributions to both fields. Notable peer-reviewed articles authored/co-authored by Dr. Grover include:
* Grover, Varun; Chiang, Roger H.L.; Liang, Ting-Peng; Zhang, Dongsong (3 April 2018). "Creating Strategic Business Value from Big Data Analytics: A Research Framework". *Journal of Management Information Systems*. **35** (2): 388–423. doi:10.1080/07421222.2018.1451951. S2CID 49677603.
* Lyytinen, Kalle; Grover, Varun (29 March 2017). "Management Misinformation Systems: A Time to Revisit?". *Journal of the Association for Information Systems*. **18** (3): 206–230. doi:10.17705/1jais.00453.
* Gerow, Jennifer E; Thatcher, Jason Bennett; Grover, Varun (September 2015). "Six types of IT-business strategic alignment: an investigation of the constructs and their measurement". *European Journal of Information Systems*. **24** (5): 465–491. doi:10.1057/ejis.2014.6. S2CID 17225679.
* Carter, Michelle; Grover, Varun (4 April 2015). "Me, My Self, and I(T): Conceptualizing Information Technology Identity and its Implications". *MIS Quarterly*. **39** (4): 931–957. doi:10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.4.9.
* Tams, Stefan; Grover, Varun; Thatcher, Jason (1 December 2014). "Modern information technology in an old workforce: Toward a strategic research agenda". *The Journal of Strategic Information Systems*. **23** (4): 284–304. doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2014.10.001.
* Grover, Varun; Kohli, Rajiv (2012). "Cocreating IT Value: New Capabilities and Metrics for Multifirm Environments". *MIS Quarterly*. **36** (1): 225–232. doi:10.2307/41410415. JSTOR 41410415. S2CID 2267088.
* Saeed, Khawaja A.; Malhotra, Manoj K.; Grover, Varun (February 2011). "Interorganizational System Characteristics and Supply Chain Integration: An Empirical Assessment\*: Saeed, Malhotra, and Grover". *Decision Sciences*. **42** (1): 7–42. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2010.00300.x.
* Saeed, Khawaja A.; Grover, Varun; Kettinger, William J.; Guha, Subo (24 May 2011). "The successful implementation of customer relationship management (CRM) system projects". *ACM SIGMIS Database*. **42** (2): 9–31. doi:10.1145/1989098.1989100. S2CID 18519963.
* Kohli, Rajiv; Grover, Varun (1 January 2008). "Business Value of IT: An Essay on Expanding Research Directions to Keep up with the Times". *Journal of the Association for Information Systems*. **9** (1): 23–39. doi:10.17705/1jais.00147.
* Papke-Shields, Karen E.; Malhotra, Manoj K.; Grover, Varun (1 September 2006). "Evolution in the strategic manufacturing planning process of organizations". *Journal of Operations Management*. **24** (5): 421–439. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2005.11.012.
* Saeed, Khawaja A.; Malhotra, Manoj K.; Grover, Varun (August 2005). "Examining the Impact of Interorganizational Systems on Process Efficiency and Sourcing Leverage in Buyer-Supplier Dyads". *Decision Sciences*. **36** (3): 365–396. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5414.2005.00077.x.
* Sambamurthy, V.; Bharadwaj, Anandhi; Grover, Varun (2003). "Shaping Agility through Digital Options: Reconceptualizing the Role of Information Technology in Contemporary Firms". *MIS Quarterly*. **27** (2): 237–263. doi:10.2307/30036530. hdl:10654/41542. JSTOR 30036530. S2CID 5974553.
* "General Perspectives on Knowledge Management: Fostering a Research Agenda". *Journal of Management Information Systems*. **18** (1): 5–21. 31 May 2001. doi:10.1080/07421222.2001.11045672. S2CID 219308314.
* Grover, Varun (May 1993). "An Empirically Derived Model for the Adoption of Customer-based Interorganizational Systems". *Decision Sciences*. **24** (3): 603–640. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb01295.x.
In addition to his numerous research articles and book chapters, he has co-authored three books:
* With M. Lynne Markus, *Business Process Transformation*, Sharpe Publishing Company (Part of the Advances in Management Information Systems Series), Armonk, NY, 2008
* With W.R. Kettinger, *ProcessThink: Winning Perspectives for Business Change in the Information Age*, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA and London, UK, 2000 (399 pages) ISBN 1-878-28968-3
* With W.R. Kettinger, *Business Process Change: Concepts, Methods and Technologies*, IDEA Group Publishing, Harrisburg, USA, 1995 (704 pages) ISBN 1-878289-29-2
Recognition
-----------
Grover's honors include "AIS LEO Awards", which was announced at the International Conference on Information Systems in year 2020. The LEO Award recipients are recognized for their outstanding contribution and global impact within the Information Systems fields and outside the field. He was also awarded Outstanding Faculty Member at the University of Arkansas for "achievement in student engagement, scholarship and research, innovation, and leadership development in 2020. In 2019, he was awarded AIS Distinguished Member Cum Laude at ICIS 2019 in Munich; he was recognized as most published and most cited authors in the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems,; and he was ranked in the top 5 of AIS Scholars in the 2019 update of the University of Arizona's h-index ranking with a h-index of 85.
In 2018, he received "Best Published Paper Award" in the Organizational Communications and Information Systems (OCIS) Division of the Academy of Management for paper (with K. Lyytinen), "Management Misinformation Systems: A Time to Revist," which was published in the Journal of the Association for Information Systems. In 2017, he was recognized in the top 5 of 400 prominent Management Information Systems (MIS) researchers in the 2017 update of the University of Arizona's h-index ranking. In 2013, he was listed among Highly Cited Researchers from Thomson Reuters and received "Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award: from College of Business & Behavioral Sciences, Clemson University (and 2004).
In 2012, he was selected for 2012 Edition of Who's Who in America; he received "Alumni Award for Outstanding Achievement in Research" which is Clemson University's highest honor for research and Clemson University Board of Trustees "Award for Faculty Excellence". In 2010, he received "AIS Fellow Award" for his "outstanding contributions to the information systems discipline in terms of research, teaching and service". He received the Leadership Development Award from the Global Information Technology Management Association in 2008 and 2011. He received Award for Faculty Excellence from Clemson University Board of Trustees in both 2009 and 2010. He was recognized by PricewaterhouseCoopers "Outsourcing World Achievement Award" in 1999 and 2000. In 1998, he was listed in the 1998 Edition of "International Who's Who in Information Technology". He was selected and listed in "Who's Who of International Professionals" in 1997. |
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This is a list of Acts of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2011. Acts of the Scottish Parliament are enacted by the Scottish Parliament, which has legislative authority over devolved matters in relation to Scotland under the authority of the Scotland Act 1998.
Acts are cited by calendar year, in the same fashion as Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Each Act passed in a respective year is numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, following the prefix "asp".
16 Acts of the Scottish Parliament were passed in 2011.
indicates that an Act is available to view at legislation.gov.uk, and indicates the location of the original Act in the Parliamentary Archives.
Acts of the Scottish Parliament
-------------------------------
{{legislationuk|act
|-
| {{|Children's Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|1|06-01-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to restate and amend the law relating to children's hearings; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Forth Crossing Act 2011|asp|2|20-01-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to give the Scottish Ministers power to construct a new bridge over the Firth of Forth and to construct and improve associated roads and structures; to authorise the acquisition, or temporary possession and use, of land for construction and improvement works; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|3|23-02-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision amending certain aspects of the law relating to ancient monuments and listed buildings, including provision in relation to unauthorised works, powers of enforcement in connection with such works, offences and fines, powers of entry to ancient monuments, the control and management of certain ancient monuments, and liability for the expenses of urgent works on listed buildings; to make provision for the creation of inventories of gardens and designed landscapes and of battlefields; to provide for grants and loans in respect of the development and understanding of matters of historic and other interest; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Budget (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|4|16-03-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision, for financial year 2011/12, for the use of resources by the Scottish Administration and certain bodies whose expenditure is payable out of the Scottish Consolidated Fund, for authorising the payment of sums out of the Fund and for the maximum amounts of borrowing by certain statutory bodies; to make provision, for financial year 2012/13, for authorising the payment of sums out of the Fund on a temporary basis; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Patient Rights (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|5|31-03-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make provision about the rights of patients when receiving health care; to make further provision about eligibility under the scheme made under section 28 of the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|6|07-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision in connection with wildlife and the natural environment; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Damages (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|7|07-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make further provision as regards rights to damages in respect of personal injuries and death; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Property Factors (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|8|07-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to establish a register of property factors and require property factors to be registered; to make provision in relation to the resolution of disputes between homeowners and property factors; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Reservoirs (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|9|12-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision about the regulation of the construction, alteration and management of certain reservoirs, in particular in relation to the risk of flooding from such reservoirs, for the repeal and replacement of the Reservoirs Act 1975, about offences to facilitate the achievement of the environmental objectives set out in river basin management plans; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Local Electoral Administration (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|10|20-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to establish an Electoral Management Board for Scotland; to confer functions on the Electoral Commission in relation to local government elections; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Certification of Death (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|11|20-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision about the certification of death and still-birth certificates; to make provision for medical reviewers, the senior medical reviewer and their functions; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Public Records (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|12|20-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision about the management of records by certain authorities; to amend the Public Records (Scotland) Act 1937 (c.43) in relation to the transmission of court records to the Keeper of the Records of Scotland; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|13|20-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to amend the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 by making provision in relation to harassment amounting to domestic abuse; to make breach of an interdict relating to domestic abuse with a power of arrest attached an offence; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Private Rented Housing (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|14|20-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision about private rented housing.}}
|-
| {{|Forced Marriage etc. (Protection and Jurisdiction) (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|15|27-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision for protecting persons from being forced into marriage without their free and full consent and for protecting persons who have been forced into marriage without such consent; for amending the jurisdiction of the sheriff court in relation to actions for declarator of nullity of marriage; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Double Jeopardy (Scotland) Act 2011|asp|16|27-04-2011|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision as to the circumstances in which a person convicted or acquitted of an offence may be prosecuted anew; and for connected purposes.}}
}} |
The **economy of Ecuador** is the eighth largest in Latin America and the 69th largest in the world by total GDP. Ecuador's economy is based on the export of oil, bananas, shrimp, gold, other primary agricultural products and money transfers from Ecuadorian emigrants employed abroad. In 2017, remittances constituted 2.7% of country's GDP. The total trade amounted to 42% of the Ecuador's GDP in 2017.
The country is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources. In 2017, oil accounted for about one-third of public-sector revenue and 32% of export earnings. When Ecuador was part of OPEC, it was one of the smallest members and produced about 531,300 barrels per day of petroleum in 2017. It is the world's largest exporter of bananas ($3.38 billion in 2017) and a major exporter of shrimp ($3.06 billion in 2017). Exports of non-traditional products such as cut flowers ($846 million in 2017) and canned fish ($1.18 billion in 2017) have grown in recent years.
In the past, Ecuador's economy depended largely on primary industries like agriculture, petroleum, and aquaculture. As a result of shifts in global market trends and development of technology, the country has experienced economic development in other sectors, such as textiles, processed food, metallurgy and the service sectors. Between 2006 and 2014, GDP growth averaged 4.3%, driven by high oil prices and external financing. From 2015 until 2018, GDP growth averaged just 0.6%. Ecuador's ex-president, Lenín Moreno, launched a radical transformation of Ecuador's economy after taking office in May 2017. The aim was to increase the private sector's weight, in particular the oil industry.
Agriculture
-----------
Ecuador is one of the 10 largest producers in the world of banana, cocoa and palm oil.
In 2018, the country produced 7.5 million tons of sugarcane, 6.5 million tons of banana (6th largest producer in the world), 2.7 million tons of palm oil (6th largest producer in the world), 1.3 million tons of maize, 1.3 million tons of rice, 269 thousand tons of potato, 235 thousand tons of cocoa (7th largest producer in the world), 149 thousand tons of pineapple, 103 thousand tons of orange, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.
Mining
------
In 2019, the country had an annual production of about 1 ton of antimony (14th largest producer in the world).
In 2006, Ecuador had an annual production of about 5.3 tonnes of gold, being the 34th largest producer in the world at the time. Ecuador produced 8.6 tons of gold in 2013, which was the absolute record between 2006 and 2017. In 2017, production was 7.3 tons.
In terms of silver production, Ecuador produced 1 ton in 2017, which is the country's usual average.
In 2019, in the north of Ecuador, a large deposit of gold, silver and copper was discovered.
Industries
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Oil accounts for 40% of exports and contributes to maintaining a positive trade balance. Since the late '60s, the exploitation of oil increased production and reserves are estimated at 4.036 million barrels
In the agricultural sector, Ecuador is a major exporter of bananas (the largest exporter of bananas in the world), cut flowers, cacao, coffee, shrimp, wood, and fish. It is also significant in shrimp production, sugar cane, rice, cotton, corn, palm and coffee.[] The country's vast resources include large amounts of timber across the country, like eucalyptus and mangroves. Pines and cedars are planted in the region of the Sierra, walnuts and rosemary, and balsa wood, on Guayas River Basin.[]
Ecuador's tobacco is prized in the cigar industry due to the prolonged cloud cover and rich volcanic soil creating ideal growing conditions, especially for shade tobacco and Ecuadorian Sumatra Tobacco cigar wrapper leaves; exports topped $70M in 2018.
The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil, the largest industrial center, and in Quito, where in recent years the industry has grown considerably. This city is also the largest business center of the country. Industrial production is directed primarily to the domestic market.[] Despite this, there is limited export of products produced or processed industrially.[] These include canned foods, liquor, jewelry, furniture, and more.[] Minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca.
The dairy industry is represented by companies such as Tonicorp, which is owned by the Coca Cola Company.
Sciences and research
---------------------
EXA's first satellite, NEE-01 Pegasus
Ecuador was placed in 96th position of innovation in technology in a 2013 World Economic Forum study. Ecuador was ranked 91st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 up from 99th in 2020. The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, born in Riobamba in 1707, and the printer, independence precursor, and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo, born in 1747 in Quito. Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Labandera, a pioneer who built the first submarine in Latin America in 1837; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar (1898–1950), a botanist and biologist of Andean flora; and José Aurelio Dueñas (1880–1961), a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy.
The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields, tropical and infectious diseases treatments, agricultural engineering, pharmaceutical research, and bioengineering. Being a small country and a consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. The antivirus program *Checkprogram*, banking protection system *MdLock*, and Core Banking Software *Cobis* are products of Ecuadorian development.
The scientific production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around physics, statistics, and partial differential equations in mathematics.[] In the case of engineering fields, the majority of scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral – *ESPOL*, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas – *ESPE*, and Escuela Politécnica Nacional *EPN*. The Center for Research and Technology Development in Ecuador is an autonomous center for research and technology development funded by Senecyt.
However, according to *Nature*, the multidisciplinary scientific journal, the top 10 institutions that carry the most outstanding scientific contributions are: Yachay Tech University (*Yachay Tech*), Escuela Politécnica Nacional (*EPN)*, and Universidad San Francisco de Quito *(USFQ)*.
Trade
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See also: China–Ecuador relations
The overall trade balance for August 2012 was a surplus of almost 390 million dollars for the first six months of 2012, a huge figure compared with that of 2007, which reached only $5.7 million; the surplus had risen by about 425 million compared to 2006. This circumstance was due to the fact that imports grew faster than exports. The oil trade balance positive had revenues of $3.295 million in 2008, while non-oil was negative amounting to 2.842 million dollars.[]. The trade balance was positive in 2019 and 2020 with 2.05 billion dollars and 6.4 billion dollars. In 2016, the trade balance was positive (608 million dollars) but negative in 2017 (-723 million dollars) and 2018 (1.41 billion dollars). The trade balance with Argentina, Colombia and Asia is negative.
Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the Andean Community of Nations, and an associate member of Mercosur. It also belongs to the World Trade Organization (WTO), in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) and other multilateral agencies. In April 2007, Ecuador paid off its debt to the IMF thus ending an era of interventionism of the Agency in the country. The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE), the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank, the National Finance Corporation, the Ecuadorian Housing Bank (BEV) and the Ecuadorian Educational Loans and Grants.
Economic history
----------------
Main article: Economic history of Ecuador
Deteriorating economic performance in 1997–98 culminated in a severe financial crisis in 1999. The crisis was precipitated by a number of external shocks, including the El Niño weather phenomenon in 1997, a sharp drop in global oil prices in 1997–98, and international emerging market instability in 1997–98. These factors highlighted the Government of Ecuador's unsustainable economic policy mix of large fiscal deficits and expansionary money policy and resulted in a 7.3% contraction of GDP, annual year-on-year inflation of 52.2%, and a 65% devaluation of the national currency in 1999.
On January 9, 2000, the administration of President Jamil Mahuad announced its intention to adopt the U.S. dollar as the official currency of Ecuador to address the ongoing economic crisis. Subsequent protest led to the 2000 Ecuadorean coup d'état which saw Mahuad's removal from office and the elevation of Vice President Gustavo Noboa to the presidency.
US Dollar has been the only official currency of Ecuador since the year 2000.
The Noboa government confirmed its commitment to convert to the dollar as the centerpiece of its economic recovery strategy, successfully completing the transition from sucres to dollars in 2001. Following the completion of a one-year stand-by program with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in December 2001, Ecuador successfully negotiated a new $205 million stand-by agreement with the IMF in March 2003.
Buoyed by higher oil prices, the Ecuadorian economy experienced a modest recovery in 2000–01, with GDP rising 2.3% in 2000 and 5.4% in 2001. GDP growth leveled off to 2.7% in 2002. Inflation fell from an annual rate of 96.1% in 2000 to an annual rate of 37.7% in 2001; 12.6% for 2002.
The completion of the second Transandean Oil Pipeline (OCP in Spanish) in 2003 enabled Ecuador to expand oil exports. The OCP will double Ecuador's oil transport capacity.
Ecuador's economy is the eighth largest in Latin America and experienced an average growth of 4.6% per year between 2000 and 2006. In January 2009, the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) put the 2010 growth forecast at 6.88%. GDP doubled between 1999 and 2007, reaching 65,490 million dollars according to BCE.
Inflation rate up to January 2008 was located about 1.14%, the highest recorded in the last year, according to Government. The monthly unemployment rate remained at about 6 and 8 percent from December 2007 until September 2008, however, it went up to about 9 percent in October and dropped again in November 2008 to 8 percent.
Between 2006 and 2009, the government increased spending on social welfare and education from 2.6% to 5.2% of its GDP. Starting in 2007, when its economy was surpassed by the economic crisis, Ecuador was subject to a number of economic policy reforms by the government that have helped steer the Ecuadorian economy to a sustained, substantial, and focused achievement of financial stability and consistent social policy. [*vague*] Such policies were expansionary fiscal policies, of access to housing finance, stimulus packs, and limiting the amount of money reserves banks could keep abroad. The Ecuadorian government has made huge investments in education and infrastructure throughout the nation, which have improved the lives of the poor.
On December 12, 2008, President Rafael Correa announced that Ecuador would not pay $30.6m in interest to lenders of a $510m loan, claiming that they were monsters. In addition it claimed that $3.8bn in foreign debt negotiated by previous administrations was illegitimate because it was authorized without executive decree. At the time of the announcement, the country had $5.65bn in cash reserves.
In 2009, economic growth declined to 0.6% during the global recession, accompanied by falling oil prices and a decline in remittances provided by Ecuadorians living and working abroad (a major source of external revenues). Showing signs of recovery in 2010, the economy rebounded and grew by 2.8%. After growth of 7.4% in 2011, Ecuador's growth averaged 4.5% from 2012 to 2014.
Some observers have attributed the high growth to a public investment boom that was fueled by high oil prices and lending from China. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Ecuador was the third largest source of foreign oil to the western United States in 2014. However, in the middle of 2014 after the price of oil declined significantly, Ecuador's oil earnings fell. As a consequence, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) forecast that Ecuador's economy would contract slightly in 2015, although the economy ultimately grew by less than half a percent. President Correa's plans to begin extracting crude oil from the Ishpingo, Tambochoa, and Tiputini field in Yasuní National Park in the Amazon to provide an economic boost did not salvage the economy from going into recession. In 2016, Ecuador's gross domestic product contracted by 1.6%.
Ecuador's economic slowdown in 2016 and the country's need for external finance were exacerbated by a deadly April 2016 earthquake. Ecuador's estimated $3 billion costs for reconstruction and humanitarian assistance for 720,000 people in the affected region remain a burden that the government and private sector have sought to address. In response, the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance provided more than $3 million in assistance, including provisions airlifted in for 50,000 people in the earthquake-prone region and assistance with water and sanitation systems in affected areas. A U.N. appeal by the Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance sought to raise $73 million. However, as of July 2016, only one-fifth of this amount had been received from donor countries, including the United States.
The Correa government increased a value-added tax and implemented a plan to further cut government expenditures after cutting capital expenditures by 30%. Despite President Correa's reluctance to ask for assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the IMF approved a request for $364 million in financial support under its Rapid Financing Instrument in early July 2016 for Ecuador. Additional loans from China and the World Bank to help ease the government's balance-of-payments needs were considered.
Ecuador's access to global financial markets also had been limited by its 2008 default on $3.2 billion in debt to global lenders. Consequently, the Correa government turned to nontraditional allies, such as China, for external finance. From 2005 to 2014, Chinese banks provided almost $11 billion of financing to Ecuador. The Correa government also asked China for an additional $7.5 billion in financing in early 2015 as crude oil prices—the nation's biggest export—weakened further. China agreed to the financing request and began to disburse funding, including nearly $1 billion in May and June 2015. Ecuador successfully returned to the international capital market in June 2014 with a $2 billion bond issue followed by additional smaller bond issues in 2015. President Moreno later discovered loans made by China over the years currently require that Ecuador pay China back with almost 500 barrels of crude oil—or roughly three years of the country's oil production. According to press reports, some private sector analysts question whether Ecuador will be able to meet its debt obligations given two strains on the country's public finances: the slump in oil income due to the commodity's low price and the strong U.S. dollar, which, as a result of Ecuador's dollarized economy, makes the country's exports less globally competitive.
Ecuador withdrew from efforts to develop a regional free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in 2006. The United States subsequently signed bilateral FTAs with Peru and Colombia, but Ecuador showed no interest in pursuing an FTA with the United States. Following Venezuela's acceptance in 2012 to full membership in the South American customs union, Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur or Common Market of the South), the leftist governments in Bolivia and Ecuador applied to move from observer status to full membership in the trade bloc originally composed of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. According to some observers, out of a concern for Ecuador's struggling non-oil exporters, Correa embraced a trade agreement with the European Union (EU) as part of the EU-Andean Community Association agreement that went into effect in January 2017.
The International Monetary Fund approved an agreement with Ecuador in March 2019. This arrangement would provide support ($10 billion) for the Ecuadorian government's economic policies over three years (2018–2021 Prosperity Plan).
Poverty and inequality
----------------------
As of 2012[update], an estimated 9 million Ecuadorians have an economic occupation and about 1.01 million inhabitants are in unemployment condition.
In 1998, 10% of the richest population had 42.5% of income, while 10% of the poor had only 0.6% of income. The rates of poverty were higher for populations of indigenous, afro-descendents, and rural sectors. During the same year, 7.6% of health spending went to the 20% of the poor, while 20% of the rich population received 38.1% of this expenditure. The extreme poverty rate has declined significantly between 1999 and 2010. In 2001 it was estimated at 40% of the population, while by 2011 the figure dropped to 17.4% of the total population. This is explained largely by emigration and economic stability achieved after adopting the U.S. dollar as official means of transaction. Poverty rates were higher for indigenous peoples, Afro-descendants and rural areas, reaching 44% of the Native ancestry population.
Infrastructure development
--------------------------
The industrial sector has had enormous difficulty to emerge significantly. The industrial sector's main problem is the deficit of energy, which the current government has tackled with the improvement of performance on existing hydro plants, and the creation of new ones. Such projects included negotiation of the Coca-Codo hydroplant. Incentives of financing, tributary incentives, tariffs, and others will be implemented, that is intended to benefit areas of tourism, food processing, renewable and alternative energy sources, bioenergies, pharmaceutical and chemical products, biochemical and environmental biomedecine, services, automotive metallurgical industry, footwear, and automotive parts and pieces, among others. A 500 kV transmission line increases national grid strength and electricity trade with Peru and Colombia.
Statistics
----------
### Main economic indicators
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2019 (with IMF staff stimtates in 2020–2025). Inflation below 5% is in green.
| Year | GDP(in Bil. US$PPP) | GDP per capita(in US$ PPP) | GDP(in Bil. US$nominal) | GDP per capita(in US$ nominal) | GDP growth(real) | Inflation rate(in Percent) | Unemployment(in Percent) | Government debt(in % of GDP) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 26.0 | 3,243.3 | 16.8 | 2,097.1 | Increase4.9% | Negative increase13.0% | n/a | n/a |
| 1981 | Increase29.6 | Increase3,585.7 | Increase17.2 | Decrease2,087.4 | Increase3.9% | Negative increase16.4% | n/a | n/a |
| 1982 | Increase31.8 | Increase3,746.6 | Steady17.2 | Decrease2,026.4 | Increase1.2% | Negative increase16.3% | n/a | n/a |
| 1983 | Increase32.1 | Decrease3,681.4 | Decrease15.1 | Decrease1,732.5 | Decrease-2.8% | Negative increase48.4% | n/a | n/a |
| 1984 | Increase34.7 | Increase3,868.7 | Increase16.1 | Increase1,794.7 | Increase4.2% | Negative increase31.2% | n/a | n/a |
| 1985 | Increase37.4 | Increase4,058.3 | Increase18.8 | Increase2,044.3 | Increase4.4% | Negative increase28.0% | n/a | n/a |
| 1986 | Increase39.3 | Increase4,159.7 | Decrease13.8 | Decrease1,461.9 | Increase3.1% | Negative increase23.0% | n/a | n/a |
| 1987 | Decrease37.9 | Decrease3,908.6 | Decrease12.9 | Decrease1,332.1 | Decrease-6.0% | Negative increase29.5% | n/a | n/a |
| 1988 | Increase43.3 | Increase4,357.2 | Decrease12.3 | Decrease1,234.7 | Increase10.5% | Negative increase58.2% | 7.0% | n/a |
| 1989 | Increase45.2 | Increase4,431.5 | Decrease12.0 | Decrease1,182.5 | Increase0.3% | Negative increase75.6% | Negative increase7.9% | n/a |
| 1990 | Increase48.3 | Increase4,626.3 | Increase12.2 | Decrease1,173.1 | Increase3.0% | Negative increase48.5% | Positive decrease6.1% | n/a |
| 1991 | Increase52.4 | Increase4,913.6 | Increase13.7 | Increase1,286.6 | Increase5.1% | Negative increase48.8% | Negative increase8.5% | n/a |
| 1992 | Increase55.6 | Increase5,092.2 | Increase15.0 | Increase1,375.7 | Increase3.6% | Negative increase54.3% | Negative increase8.9% | n/a |
| 1993 | Increase58.0 | Increase5,203.9 | Increase17.5 | Increase1,572.8 | Increase2.0% | Negative increase45.0% | Positive decrease8.3% | n/a |
| 1994 | Increase61.8 | Increase5,429.4 | Increase21.1 | Increase1,858.3 | Increase4.3% | Negative increase27.4% | Positive decrease5.7% | n/a |
| 1995 | Increase64.5 | Increase5,561.6 | Increase23.0 | Increase1,980.4 | Increase2.3% | Negative increase22.9% | Positive decrease5.5% | n/a |
| 1996 | Increase66.8 | Increase5,663.5 | Increase24.0 | Increase2,037.1 | Increase1.7% | Negative increase24.4% | Negative increase9.0% | n/a |
| 1997 | Increase70.9 | Increase5,916.2 | Increase27.0 | Increase2,253.2 | Increase4.3% | Negative increase30.6% | Positive decrease7.8% | n/a |
| 1998 | Increase74.1 | Increase6,086.1 | Increase27.5 | Increase2,257.9 | Increase3.3% | Negative increase36.1% | Negative increase10.2% | n/a |
| 1999 | Decrease71.5 | Decrease5,794.1 | Decrease19.7 | Decrease1,598.8 | Decrease-4.7% | Negative increase52.2% | Negative increase13.1% | n/a |
| 2000 | Increase74.0 | Increase5,902.0 | Decrease18.3 | Decrease1,461.8 | Increase1.1% | Negative increase96.1% | Positive decrease7.6% | n/a |
| 2001 | Increase78.7 | Increase6,138.6 | Increase24.5 | Increase1,909.4 | Increase4.0% | Negative increase37.7% | Negative increase9.6% | 60.3% |
| 2002 | Increase83.2 | Increase6,351.4 | Increase28.5 | Increase2,180.4 | Increase4.1% | Negative increase12.5% | Positive decrease7.8% | Positive decrease52.2% |
| 2003 | Increase87.1 | Increase6,540.2 | Increase32.4 | Increase2,435.0 | Increase2.7% | Negative increase7.9% | Negative increase10.2% | Positive decrease45.1% |
| 2004 | Increase96.8 | Increase7,142.6 | Increase36.6 | Increase2,700.1 | Increase8.2% | Increase2.7% | Positive decrease7.2% | Positive decrease38.7% |
| 2005 | Increase105.1 | Increase7,660.6 | Increase41.5 | Increase3,025.0 | Increase5.3% | Increase2.2% | Positive decrease7.1% | Positive decrease34.7% |
| 2006 | Increase113.1 | Increase8,101.1 | Increase46.8 | Increase3,351.5 | Increase4.4% | Increase3.3% | Positive decrease6.7% | Positive decrease31.1% |
| 2007 | Increase118.7 | Increase8,352.4 | Increase51.0 | Increase3,588.3 | Increase2.2% | Increase2.3% | Negative increase6.9% | Positive decrease28.5% |
| 2008 | Increase128.7 | Increase8,892.4 | Increase61.8 | Increase4,267.5 | Increase6.4% | Negative increase8.4% | Positive decrease6.0% | Positive decrease24.2% |
| 2009 | Increase130.3 | Decrease8,837.9 | Increase62.5 | Decrease4,241.9 | Increase0.6% | Negative increase5.2% | Negative increase6.5% | Positive decrease18.6% |
| 2010 | Increase136.5 | Increase9,090.6 | Increase69.6 | Increase4,633.2 | Increase3.5% | Increase3.6% | Positive decrease5.0% | Positive decrease17.7% |
| 2011 | Increase150.3 | Increase9,843.0 | Increase79.3 | Increase5,192.9 | Increase7.9% | Increase4.5% | Positive decrease4.2% | Positive decrease16.8% |
| 2012 | Increase159.6 | Increase10,280.3 | Increase87.9 | Increase5,664.9 | Increase5.6% | Negative increase5.1% | Positive decrease4.1% | Negative increase17.5% |
| 2013 | Increase175.2 | Increase11,106.1 | Increase95.1 | Increase6,030.5 | Increase4.9% | Increase2.7% | Negative increase4.2% | Negative increase20.0% |
| 2014 | Increase186.8 | Increase11,657.9 | Increase101.7 | Increase6,347.0 | Increase3.8% | Increase3.6% | Positive decrease3.8% | Negative increase27.1% |
| 2015 | Decrease179.3 | Decrease11,014.9 | Decrease99.3 | Decrease6,099.4 | Increase0.1% | Increase4.0% | Negative increase4.8% | Negative increase33.8% |
| 2016 | Increase182.0 | Decrease11,009.2 | Increase99.9 | Decrease6,046.3 | Decrease-1.2% | Increase1.7% | Negative increase5.2% | Negative increase43.2% |
| 2017 | Increase195.0 | Increase11,623.7 | Increase104.3 | Increase6,216.6 | Increase2.4% | Increase0.4% | Positive decrease4.6% | Negative increase44.6% |
| 2018 | Increase202.2 | Increase11,880.3 | Increase107.6 | Increase6,318.5 | Increase1.3% | Increase-0.2% | Positive decrease3.7% | Negative increase49.1% |
| 2019 | Increase205.9 | Increase11,923.0 | Increase108.1 | Decrease6,260.6 | Steady0.0% | Increase0.3% | Negative increase3.8% | Negative increase51.4% |
| 2020 | Decrease192.2 | Decrease10,977.3 | Decrease98.8 | Decrease5,642.7 | Decrease-7.8% | Increase-0.3% | Negative increase5.3% | Negative increase61.2% |
| 2021 | Increase204.7 | Increase11,528.8 | Increase104.5 | Increase5,884.1 | Increase2.8% | Increase0.0% | Positive decrease4.6% | Positive decrease61.0% |
| 2022 | Increase217.7 | Increase12,091.6 | Increase110.0 | Increase6,107.6 | Increase3.5% | Increase2.1% | Positive decrease4.2% | Positive decrease59.9% |
| 2023 | Increase228.5 | Increase12,516.0 | Increase114.1 | Increase6,247.5 | Increase2.5% | Increase1.8% | Positive decrease4.1% | Positive decrease57.9% |
| 2024 | Increase239.8 | Increase12,951.5 | Increase118.5 | Increase6,400.0 | Increase2.6% | Increase1.5% | Positive decrease3.9% | Positive decrease56.2% |
| 2025 | Increase251.8 | Increase13,408.7 | Increase123.2 | Increase6,561.7 | Increase2.8% | Increase1.3% | Positive decrease3.7% | Positive decrease52.9% |
| 2026 | Increase264.1 | Increase13,868.4 | Increase128.1 | Increase6,727.4 | Increase2.8% | Increase1.0% | Positive decrease3.7% | Positive decrease49.6% |
Further reading
---------------
* Krupa, Christopher (2021). *A Feast of Flowers*. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9842-0. |
**In-database processing**, sometimes referred to as **in-database analytics**, refers to the integration of data analytics into data warehousing functionality. Today, many large databases, such as those used for credit card fraud detection and investment bank risk management, use this technology because it provides significant performance improvements over traditional methods.
History
-------
Traditional approaches to data analysis require data to be moved out of the database into a separate analytics environment for processing, and then back to the database. (SPSS from IBM are examples of tools that still do this today). Doing the analysis in the database, where the data resides, eliminates the costs, time and security issues associated with the old approach by doing the processing in the data warehouse itself.
Though in-database capabilities were first commercially offered in the mid-1990s, as object-related database systems from vendors including IBM, Illustra/Informix (now IBM) and Oracle, the technology did not begin to catch on until the mid-2000s. The concept of migrating analytics from the analytical workstation and into the Enterprise Data Warehouse was first introduced by Thomas Tileston in his presentation entitled, "Have Your Cake & Eat It Too! Accelerate Data Mining Combining SAS & Teradata" at the Teradata Partners 2005 "Experience the Possibilities" conference in Orlando, FL, September 18–22, 2005. Mr. Tileston later presented this technique globally in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
At that point, the need for in-database processing had become more pressing as the amount of data available to collect and analyze continues to grow exponentially (due largely to the rise of the Internet), from megabytes to gigabytes, terabytes and petabytes. This "big data" is one of the primary reasons it has become important to collect, process and analyze data efficiently and accurately.
Also, the speed of business has accelerated to the point where a performance gain of nanoseconds can make a difference in some industries. Additionally, as more people and industries use data to answer important questions, the questions they ask become more complex, demanding more sophisticated tools and more precise results.
All of these factors in combination have created the need for in-database processing. The introduction of the column-oriented database, specifically designed for analytics, data warehousing and reporting, has helped make the technology possible.
Types
-----
There are three main types of in-database processing: translating a model into SQL code, loading C or C++ libraries into the database process space as a built-in user-defined function (UDF), and out-of-process libraries typically written in C, C++ or Java and registering them in the database as a built-in UDFs in a SQL statement.
### Translating models into SQL code
In this type of in-database processing, a predictive model is converted from its source language into SQL that can run in the database usually in a stored procedure. Many analytic model-building tools have the ability to export their models in either SQL or PMML (Predictive Modeling Markup Language). Once the SQL is loaded into a stored procedure, values can be passed in through parameters and the model is executed natively in the database. Tools that can use this approach include SAS, SPSS, R and KXEN.
### Loading C or C++ libraries into the database process space
With C or C++ UDF libraries that run in process, the functions are typically registered as built-in functions within the database server and called like any other built-in function in a SQL statement. Running in process allows the function to have full access to the database server's memory, parallelism and processing management capabilities. Because of this, the functions must be well-behaved so as not to negatively impact the database or the engine. This type of UDF gives the highest performance out of any method for OLAP, mathematical, statistical, univariate distributions and data mining algorithms.
### Out-of-process
Out-of-process UDFs are typically written in C, C++ or Java. By running out of process, they do not run the same risk to the database or the engine as they run in their own process space with their own resources. Here, they wouldn't be expected to have the same performance as an in-process UDF. They are still typically registered in the database engine and called through standard SQL, usually in a stored procedure. Out-of-process UDFs are a safe way to extend the capabilities of a database server and are an ideal way to add custom data mining libraries.
Uses
----
In-database processing makes data analysis more accessible and relevant for high-throughput, real-time applications including fraud detection, credit scoring, risk management, transaction processing, pricing and margin analysis, usage-based micro-segmenting, behavioral ad targeting and recommendation engines, such as those used by customer service organizations to determine next-best actions.
Vendors
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In-database processing is performed and promoted as a feature by many of the major data warehousing vendors, including Teradata (and Aster Data Systems, which it acquired), IBM (with its Netezza, PureData Systems, and Db2 Warehouse products), IEMC Greenplum, Sybase, ParAccel, SAS, and EXASOL. Some of the products offered by these vendors, such as CWI's MonetDB or IBM's Db2 Warehouse, offer users the means to write their own functions (UDFs) or extensions (UDXs) to enhance the products' capabilities. Fuzzy Logix offers libraries of in-database models used for mathematical, statistical, data mining, simulation, and classification modelling, as well as financial models for equity, fixed income, interest rate, and portfolio optimization. In-DataBase Pioneers collaborates with marketing and IT teams to institutionalize data mining and analytic processes inside the data warehouse for fast, reliable, and customizable consumer-behavior and predictive analytics.
Related Technologies
--------------------
In-database processing is one of several technologies focused on improving data warehousing performance. Others include parallel computing, shared everything architectures, shared nothing architectures and massive parallel processing. It is an important step towards improving predictive analytics capabilities. |
Musical artist
**Matthew McGurk** (born June 6, 1980) is an American talent manager, music producer, and artist. He is known for the initial discovery of artists such as Asher Roth (Def Jam Records), Jay Watts (Republic Records), Maria K (Stereotypes/Sony Music) and Keshia "KING" Peterson (Polow Da Don/Zone 4).
Early life and education
------------------------
McGurk was born and raised in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, just north of Philadelphia. He attended Notre Dame High School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, received his undergraduate from Kutztown University, and his master's degree from St. Joseph's University. His first real love for music began in 1986, when at the age of six he took his sisters Beastie Boys "Licensed to Ill" tape and listened to it repeatedly. He emulated their style and started to rap as a hobby, which later became his passion and launched his career in music.
Career
------
After graduating college in 2002, McGurk moved from Philadelphia to New Orleans accepting a job offer as a talent scout for Trans Continental Records, a Lou Pearlman company. After about a year of working in New Orleans, he realized his special talents for discovering and developing artists and moved back to Philadelphia. In 2003, he discovered and managed, hip-hop artist Asher Roth, who would later go on to sell over 2 million records of his hit single, "I love college". Asher Roth released 2 CD's while under McGurk. His first E.P. called "Just Listen", and a mix tape called "Believe The Hype". With the success of Asher Roth, McGurk became only the third person in music history to have discovered a solo white rapper who sold a million or more records of their debut hit single, succeeding only Dr. Dre and Eminem. McGurk and Roth later decided to go their separate ways and end their business relationship. Asher Roth went on to sign with talent manager Scooter Braun, who also manages Justin Bieber.
McGurk then went on to discover and produce a pop girl group. After two years of recording and development, he decided to dismantle the group in support of their individual pursuits for solo careers. This led to major record deals for 2 out of the 3 girls. Around this time, McGurk worked with and was mentored by producer Vidal Davis.
In 2009, McGurk decided to take a break from music and became a United States Army Officer. He earned the rank of 1LT and served as an Infantry Platoon Leader in the 172nd Infantry Brigade. During this time he led a platoon mostly compiled of Army Rangers and was the officer in charge of the Battalion and Company Intelligence Support teams. After being injured in the line of duty, he was retired from active duty in 2013. McGurk was awarded the Army Meritorious Service Medal and 3 Army Commendation Medals for his service.
After his retirement from the Army, McGurk moved to Los Angeles. In 2014, his team consisting of Markus Schulz and Daniel Kier, co-wrote seven records with Meghan Trainor. |
1954 science fiction novel by Poul Anderson
***Question and Answer*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Poul Anderson. It originally appeared in the June and July 1954 issues of magazine *Astounding Science Fiction*, and was later reprinted in 1956 as part of Ace Double D-199 under the title *Planet of No Return*, and again as a stand-alone Ace novel in February 1978 under the original title.
Planet Troas
------------
Anderson was approached in 1953 by Twayne Press editor Fletcher Pratt with a story proposal: a scientist would create a world, and then he, Isaac Asimov and James Blish (Asimov thought the third writer might have been Blish's then-wife, Virginia Kidd) would write novellas set in that world. The three novellas would then be published as a book, together with an essay by the scientist who created the scenario. This formula, which Pratt called a Twayne Triplet, had already resulted in the 1952 book *The Petrified Planet*.
The scenario created was that of a binary star system in the Messier 13 globular cluster with an Earthlike planet called Troas (or more informally, Junior) located at one of the system's Lagrangian points. An earlier expedition to Troas had suffered some mysterious disaster, and a second expedition was being mounted to determine if the planet was suitable for colonization, and to find out what happened to the first expedition.
Anderson finished his story, and Asimov finished a story called "Sucker Bait", but Blish (or Kidd) never completed the third story, and the proposed book never saw print. Anderson was able to sell *Question and Answer* to *Astounding* (where it appeared a few months after "Sucker Bait") and later to Ace Books.
Plot summary
------------
John Lorenzen is an astronomer from Lunopolis who is recruited by the Lagrange Institute for the second expedition to Troas. At this time, Earth is still recovering from a two-century-long era of war and chaos that began with the Soviet conquest of North America in World War III and ended with the unification of the Solar System at the conclusion of a war between Mars and Venus. Twenty-two years after the discovery of a faster-than-light drive, Troas is the only Earthlike world to be discovered, and enthusiasm for interstellar travel is waning. If Troas is not opened to colonization, humanity may give up interstellar travel altogether.
The effort to mount a second expedition to Troas is plagued with difficulties. The Lagrange Institute is unable to charter a starship and must build its own, the *Henry Hudson*. The construction of the *Hudson* is hampered by delays, cost overruns, and at least one act of outright sabotage. The voyage of the *Hudson* to Troas is also troubled, as tension rises among the members of the expedition. Edward Avery, the expedition's psychomed, is unable to maintain group harmony aboard the ship, and at least one fight breaks out.
Upon arrival at Troas, the crew of the *Hudson* find no trace of the first expedition. After it is determined that there are no harmful microorganisms on Troas, a base camp is established on the planet. Eighteen days later, a group of aliens appears. Avery is assigned to learn the aliens' language, and he reports that it is extremely difficult to understand. He is eventually able to determine that the aliens are called the Rorvan, and that they are native to Troas. This is bad news for the expedition, since planets with native intelligent species are off limits to colonization. The Rorvan invite a small group of humans, including Avery and Lorenzen, to accompany them to their settlement.
As the group of humans and Rorvan travel, Lorenzen listens to Avery's conversations with the aliens and realizes that their language is not nearly as difficult to understand as the psychomed claims. By the time they reach the Rorvan settlement, Lorenzen has learned through his eavesdropping that Avery and the Rorvan are conspiring to deceive the other humans. When Lorenzen finally confronts Avery, the psychomed admits that he and his clique within Earth's government have been deliberately stifling interstellar travel, since they feel that humanity is not ready for it. The members of the first expedition were interned after returning to the Solar System, and the Rorvan are not native to Troas after all. Avery pleads with Lorenzen to help him maintain the deception, but Lorenzen refuses. He wants humanity to expand into the galaxy.
Psychotechnic League
--------------------
Although "Question and Answer" is similar in background to the stories that make up Anderson's Psychotechnic League future history, Anderson himself did not include "Question and Answer" in a timeline of the Psychotechnic League stories that he created to accompany the novella "The Snows of Ganymede" in the Winter 1955 issue of *Startling Stories*, even though the story had already been published in *Astounding* by then. He also failed to mention any connection in his introduction to the 1978 Ace Books edition of the story.
Further, the outcome of World War III, as well as events in the centuries immediately following the war, is inconsistent between "Question and Answer" and the Psychotechnic League stories. In the book, as noted, the Soviet Union conquered North America and Europe fell into a centuries-long devastation and chaos; conversely, in the Psychotechnic League history, the Soviet Union was totally destroyed, the survivors of its population reduced to the condition of "howling cannibals", while Europe recovered from its war devastation within a single generation.
In "Question and Answer" there is no mention of the Psychotechnic Institute. (In "Marius" it is noted that psychotechnics was started by the Finnish Professor Valti – a staunch opponent of the Soviets, who had a major role in freeing Europe from their occupation; obviously, Valti's life and scientific career would be completely different in a history where the Soviet Union won the war).
In Psychotechnic League stories and books, psychotechnics stands for human peace and prosperity, for unification of Earth and afterwards of the entire Solar System – as against the forces of militarism, nationalism, political and religious extremism, which have caused World War III and might, if not stopped, cause "another war which humanity may not survive" (as described in "Marius"). On these terms, Anderson is obviously on the side of psychotechnics and the characters representing the author's point of view act accordingly.
In "Question and Answer", however, psychotechnics – having succeeded in establishing peace and stability – sets itself squarely against spaceward expansion, seeking to keep humanity within the protecting cocoon of the Solar System and prevent its spread throughout the Galaxy. With this at stake, Anderson (and the character representing his point of view) turns against psychotechnics and for galactic expansion. This is inevitable, given Anderson's staunch support and advocacy of space flight in all periods of his fiction and non-fiction writing.
The basic theme of the book is similar to that of Asimov's *The End of Eternity* – though this similarity becomes evident only towards the respective ends of both books. In both – one dealing with spaceflight and exploration and the other with time-travel - an organization of well-meaning meddlers interferes to "guide" and manipulate the course of human history, with the aim of promoting safety, security and stability, and with the price being to stifle spaceflight and galactic exploration and colonization. And in both, the protagonist finally decides to abort these efforts and opt for galactic expansion, even at the cost of instability and uncertainty.
Sources
-------
* Tuck, Donald H. (1974). *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy*. Chicago: Advent. p. 9. |
Dog breed
The **Gaucho Sheepdog** (Portuguese: *Ovelheiro gaúcho*) is a dog breed that originated in the Pampas, Brazil. The breed is not recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), but it has been recognized by the CBKC, a Brazilian kennel club affiliated with FCI. Dogs of this breed are often characterized as sturdy and agile, which makes them suitable for herding activities. The Gaucho sheepdog is widely used for herding sheep and other livestock, especially in the southern region of Brazil.
History
-------
The Gaucho Sheepdog was discovered in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil by shepherds in search of dogs with better herding abilities.
There are two theories for the origin of the breed. The older and more widespread theory argues that the Gaucho Sheepdog descends from herding dogs (unspecific breed) in Rio Grande do Sul. This theory is based on the physical and behavioral characteristics of the breed, as well as historical context. The breed bears similarities to the Border Collie and Rough Collie breeds that arrived with European settlers in the 19th and 20th century to herd farm animals such as cattle, horses, and sheep. The Border Collie likely arrived in the municipality of Uruguaiana in Rio Grande do Sul in the 1950s, along with a herd of Australian Merino sheep. Subsequently, these dogs were introduced in Pelotas city. The Rough Collies first arrived at the end of the 19th century with European immigrants, then later in the early 20th century. In addition to arriving with their European owners, this breed was also imported by farmers who wanted to modernize herd management techniques on their ranches.
As a result of a recent historical, morphological, and behavioral study of the breed, a second origin theory developed. This hypothesis posits that the Gaucho Sheepdog descended from the herding dogs (unspecific breed) in the region, as well as the Rough Collie, Estrela Mountain Dog, and German Shepherd.
Both theories conclude that the herding breeds, upon arriving in this region, underwent genetic selection. Dogs with sheep herding aptitude were bred selectively to meet demand from gaucho cowboys seeking herding dogs. A new breed emerged in a short time: the Gaucho Sheepdog, with a phenotype more adapted to the climate and geography of the region and a temperament more adapted to the needs of the local cowboys, maintaining an excellent aptitude for sheep herding.
Appearance
----------
Morphologically, Gaucho Sheepdogs are similar to Border Collies, but they move differently when they are shepherding. Their size and height are medium, larger than Border Collies and a little bit smaller than Collies. Their coats are of moderate length, with or without an undercoat, in various colors.
Temperament
-----------
This breed is not known to be aggressive. Gaucho Sheepdogs are seen as good watchdog candidates since they are alert to strange noises, although they seldom attack intruders. They are smart dogs and learn commands quickly, and they are not aggressive with their herds. These dogs are known to co-exist happily with humans, as they are docile and friendly.
Bibliography
------------
* (in Portuguese) Marcos Pennacchi, Revista *Cães & Cia* nº 293, Editora Forix, 2003.
* (in Portuguese) Andrea Calmon, Almanaque *Cães & Raças* 2009, Editora On Line, 2009. |
**The Regent School** is a British-style co-education school established to cater for children of British expatriate working in the city. It is located in Abuja, the federal capital territory of Nigeria. It was established in 2000.
The Regent School is the first British School Overseas (BSO) in Nigeria, and the first to have an outstanding school inspection report as adjudged by PENTA, a DfE-approved directorate of inspections for British Schools Overseas (BSO) and iQTS.
The Regent School, Abuja stands proud to be regarded as the best school in Nigeria as a result of their achievements and standards over the years.
History
-------
The school started with the admission of primary school pupils from ages 2 to 11. Senior school opened in 2007.
Enrollment
----------
The school has 500 pupils in primary and 300 pupils in the secondary school. The secondary school offers a boarding facility with a day option. The school accepts school fees in US dollars.
House system
------------
The house system is a way of facilitating relationships among the pupils and also to enhance their team and leadership spirit. Each house is coordinated by a prefect. The house system operates on unit bases. The maximum points that can be earned are 25 units. Certificates and badges are the rewards for good behaviour. Most houses are named after African countries. The four houses in the school are:
* Red House :Congo
* Blue House :Benue
* Yellow House :Senegal
* Green House :Volta
Curriculum
----------
As a British styled school, it offers the following curriculum:
1. National Curriculum for England and Wales in year 7 and 8.
2. CIE Checkpoint in Year 9
3. CIE IGCSE in Year 10 and 11
Alumni
------
The Regent School established The Alumni as a way of developing relationships among the pupils that have left the school and those that are still in the school.
Parent-teacher association
--------------------------
This is a group of volunteer parents who contribute money towards the community. PTA links the parents and teachers to discuss ways of developing the school. |
Not to be confused with Swift Engineering.
**Swift Cooper** is a British race car constructor. The company was formed in 1986, when Frank Bradley bought the rights to the Swift name from Swift Engineering, and set up the company at Snetterton race course in Norfolk. Swift Cooper builds cars for Formula Ford regulations.
Swift cars won in the British Formula Ford Championship from 1993 to 1995 and the Benelux Formula Ford Championship from 1996 to 1998.
In late 1995, the company was purchased from Brian Holmes by ex-Formula 3 racer Gavin Wills and ex-Reynard Motorsport sales manager, James Linton, who he had originally met fourteen years earlier as a teenager racing karts. The two moved the manufacturing operation and the race team from its Chesterfield, Yorkshire, base to Plymouth, Devon and employed a team of 21 people to design, manufacture and service the Formula Ford single-seater race cars they produced. Over a period of three years (1996, 1997 & 1998) the company manufactured 75 cars for race teams around the world and won 27 championships worldwide.
**1996 Formula Ford Zetec Championship wins**
* Swiss
* Dutch
* Benelux
* Belgium
* Portuguese
* British Class B
**1997 Formula Ford Zetec Championship wins**
* Swiss
* Irish
* Belgian
* British Class B
Clients included Formula One champions Jody Scheckter and Alan Jones who purchased cars for their sons Tomas Scheckter, Toby Scheckter and Christian Jones to compete in South African and Australian Formula Ford Championships respectively.
In 1998 the company moved to its new and present home at the Castle Combe Circuit in Wiltshire and was sold to Alan Cooper to become Swift Cooper.
A Swift car won the Finnish Championship in 1999.
The first car under the new company name, the SC2000Z, was driven by Ollie Kaurala in the 2000 Championship. |
Basic emotion
"Revulsion" and "Disgusting" redirect here. For other uses, see Revulsion (Star Trek: Voyager) and Disgusting (album).
Oscar Gustave Rejlander portraying disgust in plates from Charles Darwin's *The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*
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| Part of a series on |
| Emotions |
| |
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* Affect
* Classification
* In animals
* Emotional intelligence
* Mood
* Regulation
+ Interpersonal
+ Dysregulation
* Valence
|
| Emotions
* Acceptance
* Admiration
* Affection
* Amusement
* Anger
* Angst
* Anguish
* Annoyance
* Anticipation
* Anxiety
* Apathy
* Arousal
* Awe
* Belongingness
* Boredom
* Confidence
* Confusion
* Contempt
* Contentment
* Courage
* Curiosity
* Depression
* Desire
* Determination
* Disappointment
* Disgust
* Distrust
* Doubt
* Ecstasy
* Elevation
* Embarrassment
* Emotional Detachment
* Empathy
* Enthusiasm
* Envy
* Euphoria
* Faith
* Fear
* Frustration
* Gratification
* Gratitude
* Greed
* Grief
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* Panic
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* Regret
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* Relief
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* Resentment
* Sadness
* Saudade
* Schadenfreude
* Self-pity
* Shame
* Shock
* Shyness
* Social connection
* Sorrow
* Suffering
* Surprise
* Suspicion
* Trust
* Wonder
* Worry
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**Disgust** (Middle French: *desgouster*, from Latin *gustus*, 'taste') is an emotional response of rejection or revulsion to something potentially contagious or something considered offensive, distasteful or unpleasant. In *The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*, Charles Darwin wrote that disgust is a sensation that refers to something revolting. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined), and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. Musically sensitive people may even be disgusted by the cacophony of inharmonious sounds. Research has continually proven a relationship between disgust and anxiety disorders such as arachnophobia, blood-injection-injury type phobias, and contamination fear related obsessive–compulsive disorder (also known as OCD).
Disgust is one of the basic emotions of Robert Plutchik's theory of emotions, and has been studied extensively by Paul Rozin. It invokes a characteristic facial expression, one of Paul Ekman's six universal facial expressions of emotion. Unlike the emotions of fear, anger, and sadness, disgust is associated with a decrease in heart rate.
Evolutionary significance
-------------------------
It is believed that the emotion of disgust has evolved as a response to offensive foods that may cause harm to the organism. A common example of this is found in human beings who show disgust reactions to mouldy milk or contaminated meat. Disgust appears to be triggered by objects or people who possess attributes that signify disease.
Self-report and behavioural studies found that disgust elicitors include:
* body products (feces, urine, vomit, sexual fluids, saliva, and mucus);
* foods (spoiled foods);
* animals (rats, fleas, ticks, lice, snakes, cockroaches, worms, flies, spiders, pigeons and frogs);
* hygiene (visible dirt and "inappropriate" acts [e.g. using an unsterilized surgical instrument]);
* body envelope violations (blood, gore, and mutilation);
* death (dead bodies and organic decay), hard diseases and disasters;
* visible signs of infection
"When I turned the corner down there and started coming toward the house, I could smell it down there," said Citrus County Sheriff Mike Pendergast about a house overrun with rats. The owner searched for her house after being released from jail, but it had been razed.
The above-mentioned main disgust stimuli are similar to one another in the sense that they can all potentially transmit infections, and are the most common referenced elicitors of disgust cross-culturally. Because of this, disgust is believed to have evolved as a component of a behavioral immune system in which the body attempts to avoid disease-carrying pathogens in preference to fighting them after they have entered the body. This behavioral immune system has been found to make sweeping generalizations because "it is more costly to perceive a sick person as healthy than to perceive a healthy person as sickly". Researchers have found that sensitivity to disgust is negatively correlated to aggression because feelings of disgust typically bring about a need to withdraw[*clarification needed*] while aggression results in a need to approach. This can be explained in terms of each of the types of disgust. For those especially sensitive to moral disgust, they would want to be less aggressive because they want to avoid hurting others. Those especially sensitive to pathogen disgust might be motivated by a desire to avoid the possibility of an open wound on the victim of the aggression. Those sensitive to sexual disgust must have some sexual object present to be especially avoidant of aggression. Based on these findings, disgust may be used as an emotional tool to decrease aggression in individuals. Disgust may produce specific autonomic responses, such as reduced blood pressure, lowered heart-rate and decreased skin conductance along with changes in respiratory behaviour.
Research has also found that people who are more sensitive to disgust tend to find their own in-group more attractive and tend to have more negative attitudes toward other groups. This may be explained by assuming that people begin to associate outsiders and foreigners with disease and danger while simultaneously associating health, freedom from disease, and safety with people similar to themselves.
Taking a further look into hygiene, disgust was the strongest predictor of negative attitudes toward obese individuals. A disgust reaction to obese individuals was also connected with views of moral values.
### Domains of disgust
See also: Evolution of morality
Tybur, et al. outlines three domains of disgust: *pathogen disgust*, which "motivates the avoidance of infectious microorganisms"; *sexual disgust*, "which motivates the avoidance of [dangerous] sexual partners and behaviors"; and *moral disgust*, which motivates people to avoid breaking social norms. Disgust may have an important role in certain forms of morality.
Pathogen disgust arises from a desire to survive and, ultimately, a fear of death. He compares it to a "behavioral immune system" that is the 'first line of defense' against potentially deadly agents such as dead bodies, rotting food, and vomit.
Sexual disgust arises from a desire to avoid "biologically costly mates" and a consideration of the consequences of certain reproductive choices. The two primary considerations are intrinsic quality (e.g. body symmetry, facial attractiveness, etc.) and genetic compatibility (e.g. avoidance of inbreeding such as the incest taboo).
Moral disgust "pertains to social transgressions" and may include behaviors such as lying, theft, murder, and rape. Unlike the other two domains, moral disgust "motivates avoidance of social relationships with norm-violating individuals" because those relationships threaten group cohesion.
### Gender differences
Women generally report greater disgust than men, especially regarding sexual disgust or general repulsiveness which have been argued to be consistent with women being more selective regarding sex for evolutionary reasons.
Sensitivity to disgust rises during pregnancy, along with levels of the hormone progesterone. Scientists have conjectured that pregnancy requires the mother to "dial down" her immune system so that the developing embryo won't be attacked. To protect the mother, this lowered immune system is then compensated by a heightened sense of disgust.
Because disgust is an emotion with physical responses to undesirable or dirty situations, studies have proven there are cardiovascular and respiratory changes while experiencing the emotion of disgust.
As mentioned earlier, women experience disgust more prominently than men. This is reflected in a study about dental phobia. A dental phobia comes from experiencing disgust when thinking about the dentist and all that entails. 4.6 percent of women compared to 2.7 percent of men find the dentist disgusting.
Non-verbal communication
------------------------
In a series of significant studies by Paul Ekman in the 1970s, it was discovered that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures and thus likely to be biological in origin. The facial expression of disgust was found to be one of these facial expressions. This characteristic facial expression includes slightly narrowed brows, waving the hand back and forth holding the nose although different elicitors may produce different forms of this expression. It was found that the facial expression of disgust is readily recognizable across cultures. This facial expression is also produced in blind individuals and is correctly interpreted by deaf individuals. This evidence indicates an innate biological basis for the expression and recognition of disgust. The recognition of disgust is also important among species as it has been found that when an individual sees a conspecific looking disgusted after tasting a particular food, he or she automatically infers that the food is bad and should not be eaten. This evidence suggests that disgust is experienced and recognized almost universally and strongly implicates its evolutionary significance.
Facial feedback has also been implicated in the expression of disgust. That is, the making of the facial expression of disgust leads to an increased feeling of disgust. This can occur if the person just wrinkles one's nose without awareness that they are making a disgust expression.
The mirror-neuron matching system found in monkeys and humans is a proposed explanation for such recognition, and shows that our internal representation of actions is triggered during the observation of another's actions. It has been demonstrated that a similar mechanism may apply to emotions. Seeing someone else's facial emotional expressions triggers the neural activity that would relate to our own experience of the same emotion. This points to the universality, as well as survival value of the emotion of disgust.
### Children's reactions to a face showing disgust
At a very young age, children are able to identify different, basic facial emotions. If a parent makes a negative face and a positive emotional face toward two different toys, a child as young as five months would avoid the toy associated with a negative face. Young children tend to associate a face showing disgust with anger instead of being able to identify the difference. Adults can make the distinction. The age of understanding seems to be around ten years old.
Cultural differences
--------------------
Because disgust is partially a result of social conditioning, there are differences among different cultures in the objects of disgust. For example, Americans "are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that limit a person's rights or degrade a person's dignity" while Japanese people "are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that frustrate their integration into the social world". Furthermore, practices viewed as acceptable in some cultures may be viewed as disgusting in other cultures. In English the concept disgust can apply to both physical and abstract things, but in Hindi and Malayalam languages, the concept does not apply to both.
Disgust is one of the basic emotions recognizable across multiple cultures and is a response to something revolting typically involving taste or sight. Though different cultures find different things disgusting, the reaction to the grotesque things remains the same throughout each culture; people and their emotional reactions in the realm of disgust remain the same.
Neural basis
------------
The scientific attempts to map specific emotions onto underlying neural substrates dates back to the first half of the 20th century.
Functional MRI experiments have revealed that the anterior insula in the brain is particularly active when experiencing disgust, when being exposed to offensive tastes, and when viewing facial expressions of disgust. The research has supported that there are independent neural systems in the brain, each handling a specific basic emotion. Specifically, f-MRI studies have provided evidence for the activation of the insula in disgust recognition, as well as visceral changes in disgust reactions such as the feeling of nausea. The importance of disgust recognition and the visceral reaction of "feeling disgusted" is evident when considering the survival of organisms, and the evolutionary benefit of avoiding contamination.
### Insula
The insula of the left side, exposed by removing the opercula. From Henry Gray, Warren Harmon Lewis (1918). *Anatomy of the Human Body*. Fig. 731
The **insula** (or insular cortex), is the main neural structure involved in the emotion of disgust. The insula has been shown by several studies to be the main neural correlate of the feeling of disgust both in humans and in macaque monkeys. The insula is activated by unpleasant tastes, smells, and the visual recognition of disgust in conspecific organisms.
The **anterior insula** is an olfactory and gustatory center that controls visceral sensations and the related autonomic responses. It also receives visual information from the anterior portion of the ventral superior temporal cortex, where cells have been found to respond to the sight of faces.
The **posterior insula** is characterized by connections with auditory, somatosensory, and premotor areas, and is not related to the olfactory or gustatory modalities.
The fact that the insula is necessary for our ability to feel and recognize the emotion of disgust is further supported by neuropsychological studies. Both Calder (2000) and Adolphs (2003) showed that lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficits in the experience of disgust and recognizing facial expressions of disgust in others. The patients also reported having reduced sensations of disgust themselves. Furthermore, electrical stimulation of the anterior insula conducted during neurosurgery triggered nausea, the feeling of wanting to throw up and uneasiness in the stomach. Finally, electrically stimulating the anterior insula through implanted electrodes produced sensations in the throat and mouth that were "difficult to stand". These findings demonstrate the role of the insula in transforming unpleasant sensory input into physiological reactions, and the associated feeling of disgust.
Studies have demonstrated that the insula is activated by disgusting stimuli, and that observing someone else's facial expression of disgust seems to automatically retrieve a neural representation of disgust. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the role of the insula in feelings of disgust.
One particular neuropsychological study focused on patient NK who was diagnosed with a left hemisphere infarction involving the insula, internal
capsule, putamen and globus pallidus. NK's neural damage included the insula and putamen and it was found that NK's overall response to disgust-inducing stimuli was significantly lower than that of controls. The patient showed a reduction in disgust-response on eight categories including food, animals, body products, envelope violation and death. Moreover, NK incorrectly categorized disgust facial expressions as anger. The results of this study support the idea that NK had damage to a system involved in recognizing social signals of disgust, due to a damaged insula caused by neurodegeneration.
Disorders
---------
### Huntington's disease
Many patients with Huntington's disease, a genetically transmitted progressive neurodegenerative disease, are unable to recognize expressions of disgust in others and also don't show reactions of disgust to foul odors or tastes. The inability to recognize expressions of disgust appears in carriers of the Huntington gene before other symptoms appear. People with Huntington's disease are impaired at recognition of anger and fear, and experience a notably severe problem with disgust recognition.
### Major depressive disorder
Patients with major depression have been found to display greater brain activation to facial expressions of disgust. Self-disgust, which is disgust directed towards one's own actions, may also contribute to the relationship between dysfunctional thoughts and depression.
### Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The emotion of disgust may have an important role in understanding the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), particularly in those with contamination preoccupations. In a study by Shapira & colleagues (2003), eight OCD subjects with contamination preoccupations and eight healthy volunteers viewed pictures from the International Affective Picture System during f-MRI scans. OCD subjects showed significantly greater neural responses to disgust-invoking images, specifically in the right insula. Furthermore, Sprengelmeyer (1997) found that the brain activation associated with disgust included the insula and part of the gustatory cortex that processes unpleasant tastes and smells. OCD subjects and healthy volunteers showed activation patterns in response to disgust pictures that differed significantly at the right insula. In contrast, the two groups were similar in their response to threat-inducing pictures, with no significant group differences at any site.
Animal research
---------------
With respect to studies using rats, prior research of signs of a conditioned disgust response have been experimentally verified by Grill and Norgren (1978) who developed a systematic test to assess palatability. The Taste Reactivity (TR) test has thus become a standard tool in measuring disgust response. When given a stimulus intraorally which had been previously paired with a nausea-inducing substance, rats will show conditioned disgust reactions. "Gaping" in rats is the most dominant conditioned disgust reaction and the muscles used in this response mimic those used in species capable of vomiting. Studies have shown that treatments that reduced serotonin availability or that activate the endocannabinoid system can interfere with the expression of a conditioned disgust reaction in rats. These researchers showed that as nausea produced conditioned disgust reactions, by administering the rats with an antinausea treatment they could prevent toxin-induced conditioned disgust reactions. Furthermore, in looking at the different disgust and vomiting reactions between rats and shrews the authors showed that these reactions (particularly vomiting) play a crucial role in the associative processes that govern food selection across species.
In discussing specific neural locations of disgust, research has shown that forebrain mechanisms are necessary for rats to acquire conditioned disgust for a specific emetic (vomit-inducing) substance (such as lithium chloride). Other studies have shown that lesions to the area postrema and the parabrachial nucleus of the pons but not the nucleus of the solitary tract prevented conditioned disgust. Moreover, lesions of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei (depleting forebrain serotonin) prevented the establishment of lithium chloride-induced conditioned disgust.
Non-human primates
------------------
Non-human primates display signs of disgust and aversion to biological contaminants. Exposure to bodily excrements that usually elicit disgust reactions in humans, such as feces, semen, or blood, have an impact on primates' feeding preferences. Chimpanzees generally avoid the smells of biological contaminants, but only show a weak tendency to move away from these odors, possibly because olfactory stimuli are not enough to give chimps a high enough threat level to move away. Chimpanzees physically recoil when presented with food items on soft, moist substrates, possibly because in nature, moisture, softness, and warmth are characteristics needed to grow pathogens. These responses are functionally similar to what humans' responses would be to the same kinds of stimuli, indicating that the underlying mechanism for this behavior is similar to ours.
Chimpanzees generally avoid food contaminated with dirt or feces, but most individuals still consume these kinds of contaminated foods. While chimps do show a preference for food items with lower contamination risk, they do not avoid risk altogether, as most humans would. This may be due to a trade-off between the nutritional value of the food items and the risk of infection from the biological contaminants, with the chimps weighing the benefit of the food more heavily than the risk of contamination. In contrast to chimpanzees, Japanese macaques are more sensitive to visual cues of contaminants when there is no accompanying odor. Bonobos are most sensitive to fecal odors and rotten food odors. Overall, primates incorporate various senses in their feeding decisions, with disgust being an adaptive trait that helps them avoid potential parasites and other threats from contaminants.
The most frequently reported disgust-like behavior in non-human primates is expelling bad-tasting food items, but even this behavior is not very common. This might be because primates effectively avoid potentially bad-tasting food items, and food that is avoided cannot be expelled, hence the low observation rate of this behavior. Primates, notably gorillas and chimpanzees, occasionally make facial expressions such as grimacing and tongue protrusions after having bad-tasting food. Individual primate preferences vary widely, some tolerating extremely bitter food, while others are more particular. Taste preferences are more often noticed in high ranking individuals, likely because lower ranked individuals may have to tolerate less-desired foods.
While in humans there is a strong difference in disgust reactions between the two sexes, this difference has not been documented in non-human primates. In humans, women generally report greater disgust than men. In bonobos and chimps, females are not any more avoidant than males of contamination risk. There is some evidence suggesting that juveniles are less contamination-risk avoidant than adults, which is in line with research on the development of the disgust response in humans.
Coprophagy is commonly observed in chimpanzees, possibly suggesting that chimps do not really have a disgust mechanism the way humans do. Coprophagy is usually only done to re-ingest seeds from one's own feces, which is less risky than ingesting others' feces in terms of exposure to new parasites. Additionally, chimps often use leaves and twigs to wipe themselves when they stepped in others' feces instead of removing it with their bare hands. Great apes almost always remove feces from their bodies after accidentally stepping in it, even in instances where it would be beneficial to wait. For example, when grapes are being passed out to chimps and they accidentally step in feces, they almost always take the time to stop and wipe it off even if it means missing out on food.
Unlike in humans, the avoidance of social contamination (ex: staying away from sick conspecifics) is rare in great apes. Instead, great apes often groom sick conspecifics or just treat them with indifference. Additionally, great apes treat products of a sick conspecific such as mucus or blood with interest or indifference. This is in contrast with human disease avoidance, where avoiding those who appear sick is a key feature.
Taken together, studies on the disgust reaction in primates show that disgust is adaptive in primates and that the avoidance of potential sources of pathogens is triggered by the same contaminants as for humans. The adaptive problems that primates faced did not align to the degree that they did for early humans, which is why disgust manifests differently in humans and non-human primates. Differences in disgust responses between humans and non-human primates likely reflects their unique ecological standpoints. Rather than disgust being a unique human emotion, disgust is a continuation of the parasite and infection avoidance behavior found in all animals. One theory explaining the difference is that since primates are largely foragers and never shifted to the hunter-scavenger lifestyle with a diet high in meat, they were never exposed to the new wave of pathogens that humans were exposed to, as well as the selection pressures that would come with this diet. Therefore, the disgust mechanisms in primates remained muted, only strong enough to address the distinct problems primates faced in their evolutionary history. Additionally, disgust-like behavior in great apes should be lower than in humans because they live in less hygienic conditions. Humans' clean habits over generations has reduced how frequently we are exposed to disgust elicitors and has likely expanded the stimuli that would elicit disgust reactions in us. Great apes on the other hand are constantly exposed to disgust elicitors, leading to habituation and a muted form of disgust compared to modern humans.
Morality
--------
See also: Moral emotions and Social intuitionism
Although disgust was first thought to be a motivation for humans to only physical contaminants, it has since been applied to moral and social moral contaminants as well. The similarities between these types of disgust can especially be seen in the way people react to the contaminants. For example, if someone stumbles upon a pool of vomit, they will do whatever possible to place as much distance between themselves and the vomit as possible, which can include pinching the nose, closing the eyes, or running away. Likewise, when a group experiences someone who cheats, rapes, or murders another member of the group, its reaction is to shun or expel that person from the group.
Arguably, there is a completely different construct of the emotion of disgust from the core disgust that can be seen in Ekman's basic emotions. Socio-moral disgust occurs when social or moral boundaries appear to be violated, the socio-moral aspect centers on human violations of the autonomy and dignity of others (e.g. racism, hypocrisy, disloyalty). Socio-moral disgust is different from core disgust. In the 2006 study done by Simpson and colleagues, there was a divergence found in disgust responses between the core elicitors of disgust and the socio-moral elicitors of disgust, suggesting that the makeup of core and socio-moral disgust may be different emotional constructs.
Studies have found that disgust has been known to predict prejudice and discrimination. Through passive viewing tasks and functional magnetic resonance researchers were able to provide direct evidence that the insula is largely involved in racially biased perception of facial disgust through two distinct neural pathways: amygdala and insula, both areas of the brain that deal with emotion processing. It was found that racial prejudice elicited disgusted facial expressions. Disgust can also predict prejudice and discrimination towards individuals with obesity. Vertanian, Trewartha and Vanman (2016) showed participants photos of obese targets and non-obese targets performing everyday activities. They found that, compared to non-obese people, obese targets elicited more disgust, more negative attitudes and stereotypes, and a greater desire for a social distance from participants.
Jones & Fitness (2008) coined the term "moral hypervigilance" to describe the phenomenon that individuals who are prone to physical disgust are also prone to moral disgust. The link between physical disgust and moral disgust can be seen in the United States where criminals are often referred to as "slime" or "scum" and criminal activity as "stinking" or being "fishy". Furthermore, people often try to block out the stimuli of morally repulsive images in much the same way that they would block out the stimuli of a physically repulsive image. When people see an image of abuse, rape, or murder, they often avert their gazes to inhibit the incoming visual stimuli from the photograph just like they would if they saw a decomposing body.
Moral judgments can be traditionally defined or thought of as directed by standards such as impartiality and respect towards others for their well-being. From more recent theoretical and empirical information, it can be suggested that morality may be guided by basic affective processes. Jonathan Haidt proposed that one's instant judgments about morality are experienced as a "flash of intuition" and that these affective perceptions operate rapidly, associatively, and outside of consciousness. From this, moral intuitions are believed to be stimulated prior to conscious moral cognitions which correlates with having a greater influence on moral judgments.
Research suggests that the experience of disgust can alter moral judgments. Many studies have focused on the average change in behavior across participants, with some studies indicating disgust stimuli intensifies the severity of moral judgments. Later studies found the reverse effect, and some studies have suggested that the average effect of disgust on moral judgments is small or absent. Potentially reconciling these effects, one study indicated that the direction and size of the effect of disgust stimuli on moral judgment depends upon an individual's sensitivity to disgust.
The effect also seems to be limited to a certain aspect of morality. Horberg et al. found that disgust plays a role in the development and intensification of moral judgments of purity in particular. In other words, the feeling of disgust is often associated with a feeling that some image of what is pure has been violated. For example, a vegetarian might feel disgust after seeing another person eating meat because he/she has a view of vegetarianism as the pure state-of-being. When this state-of-being is violated, the vegetarian feels disgust. Furthermore, disgust appears to be uniquely associated with purity judgments, not with what is just/unjust or what is harmful/caregiving, while other emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness are "unrelated to moral judgments of purity".
Some other research suggests that an individual's level of disgust sensitivity is due to their particular experience of disgust. One's disgust sensitivity can be either high or low. The higher one's disgust sensitivity is, the greater the tendency to make stricter moral judgments. Disgust sensitivity can also relate to various aspects of moral values, which can have a negative or positive impact. For example, Disgust sensitivity is associated with moral hypervigilance, which means people who have higher disgust sensitivity are more likely to think that other people who are suspects of a crime are more guilty. They also associate them as being morally evil and criminal, thus endorsing them to harsher punishment in the setting of a court.
Disgust is also theorized as an evaluative emotion that can control moral behavior. When one experiences disgust, this emotion might signal that certain behaviors, objects, or people are to be avoided in order to preserve their purity. Research has established that when the idea or concept of cleanliness is made salient then people make less severe moral judgments of others. From this particular finding, it can be suggested that this reduces the experience of disgust and the ensuing threat of psychological impurity diminishes the apparent severity of moral transgressions.
### Political orientation
In one study, people of differing political persuasions were shown disgusting images in a brain scanner. In conservatives, the basal ganglia and amygdala and several other regions showed increased activity, while in liberals other regions of the brain increased in activity. Both groups reported similar conscious reactions to the images. The difference in activity patterns was large: the reaction to a single image could predict a person's political leanings with 95% accuracy. Later, however, such results have been proven to be mixed, with failed replications and questions about what is actually being measured also raising questions about the generalizability of the findings.
### Self-disgust
Although limited research has been done on self-disgust, one study found that self-disgust and severity of moral judgments were negatively correlated. This is in contrast to findings related to disgust, which typically results in harsher judgments of transgressions. This implies that disgust directed towards the self functions very differently from disgust directed towards other people or objects. Self-disgust "may reflect a pervasive condition of self-loathing that makes it difficult to assign deserving punishment to others". In other words, those who feel self-disgust cannot easily condemn others to punishment because they feel that they may also be deserving of punishment. The concept of self-disgust has been implicated in several mental health conditions, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders.
Functions
---------
The emotion of disgust can be described to serve as an effective mechanism following occurrences of negative social value, provoking repulsion, and desire for social distance. The origin of disgust can be defined by motivating the avoidance of offensive things, and in the context of a social environment, it can become an instrument of social avoidance. An example of disgust in action can be found from the Bible in the book of Leviticus (See especially Leviticus chapter 11). Leviticus includes direct commandments from God to avoid disgust causing individuals, which included people who were sexually immoral and those who had leprosy. Disgust is known to promote the avoidance of pathogens and disease.
As an effective instrument for reducing motivations for social interaction, disgust can be anticipated to interfere with dehumanization or the maltreatment of persons as less than human. Research was performed which conducted several functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) in which participants viewed images of individuals from stigmatized groups that were associated with disgust, which were drug addicts and homeless people. What the study found was that people were not inclined in making inferences about the mental conditions of these particular disgust inducing groups. Therefore, examining images of homeless people and drug addicts caused disgust in the response of the people who participated with this study. This study coincides with disgust following the law of contagion, which explains that contact with disgusting material renders one disgusting. Disgust can be applied towards people and can function as maltreatment towards another human being. Disgust can exclude people from being a part of a clique by leading to the view that they are merely less than human. An example of this is if groups were to avoid people from outside of their own particular group. Some researchers have distinguished between two different forms of dehumanization. The first form is the denial of uniquely human traits, examples include: products of culture and modification. The second form is the denial of human nature, examples include: emotionality and personality.
Failure to attribute distinctively human traits to a group leads to animalistic dehumanization, which defines the object group or individual as savage, crude, and similar to animals. These forms of dehumanization have clear connections to disgust. Researchers have proposed that many disgust elicitors are disgusting because they are reminders that humans are not diverse from other creatures. With the aid of disgust, animalistic dehumanization directly reduces one's moral concerns towards excluding members from the outer group. Disgust can be a cause and consequence of dehumanization. Animalistic dehumanization may generate feelings of disgust and revulsion. Feelings of disgust, through rousing social distance, may lead to dehumanization. Therefore, a person or group that is generally connected with disgusting effects and seen as physically unclean may induce moral avoidance. Being deemed disgusting produces a variety of cognitive effects that result in exclusion from the perceived inner group.
Political and legal aspects of disgust
--------------------------------------
The emotion disgust has been noted to feature strongly in the public sphere in relation to issues and debates, among other things, regarding anatomy, sex and bioethics. There is a range of views by different commentators on the role, purpose and effects of disgust on public discourse.
Leon Kass, a bioethicist, has advocated that "in crucial cases...repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it." in relation to bio-ethical issues (See: Wisdom of repugnance).
Martha Nussbaum, a jurist and ethicist, explicitly rejects disgust as an appropriate guide for legislating, arguing the "politics of disgust" is an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, she argues this "politics of disgust" has in the past and present had the effects of supporting bigotry in the forms of sexism, racism and antisemitism and links the emotion of disgust to support for laws against Miscegenation and the oppressive caste system in India. In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the Harm principle from John Stuart Mill as the proper basis for legislating. Nussbaum argues the harm principle supports the legal ideas of consent, the Age of majority and privacy and protects citizens. She contrasts this with the "politics of disgust" which she argues denies citizens humanity and equality before the law on no rational grounds and cause palpable social harm. (See Martha Nussbaum, *From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law*). Nussbaum published *Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law* in 2004; the book examines the relationship of disgust and shame to a society's laws. Nussbaum identifies disgust as a marker that bigoted, and often merely majoritarian, discourse employs to "place", by diminishment and denigration, a despised minority. Removing "disgust" from public discourse constitutes an important step in achieving humane and tolerant democracies.
Leigh Turner (2004) has argued that "reactions of disgust are often built upon prejudices that should be challenged and rebutted." On the other hand, writers, such as Kass, find wisdom in adhering to one's initial feelings of disgust. A number of writers[*who?*] on the theory of disgust find it to be the proto-legal foundation of human law.
Disgust has also figured prominently in the work of several other philosophers. Nietzsche became disgusted with the music and orientation of Richard Wagner, as well as other aspects of 19th century culture and morality. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote widely about experiences involving various negative emotions related to disgust.
*The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust*
-------------------------------------
According to the book *The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust* by Robert Rawdon Wilson, disgust may be further subdivided into physical disgust, associated with physical or metaphorical uncleanliness, and moral disgust, a similar feeling related to courses of action. For example; "I am disgusted by the hurtful things that you are saying." Moral disgust should be understood as culturally determined; physical disgust as more universally grounded. The book also discusses moral disgust as an aspect of the representation of disgust. Wilson does this in two ways. First, he discusses representations of disgust in literature, film and fine art. Since there are characteristic facial expressions (the clenched nostrils, the pursed lips)—as Charles Darwin, Paul Ekman, and others have shown—they may be represented with more or less skill in any set of circumstances imaginable. There may even be "disgust worlds" in which disgust motifs so dominate that it may seem that entire represented world is, in itself, disgusting. Second, since people know what disgust is as a primary, or visceral, emotion (with characteristic gestures and expressions), they may imitate it. Thus, Wilson argues that, for example, contempt is acted out on the basis of the visceral emotion, disgust, but is not identical with disgust. It is a "compound affect" that entails intellectual preparation, or formatting, and theatrical techniques. Wilson argues that there are many such "intellectual" compound affects—such as nostalgia and outrage—but that disgust is a fundamental and unmistakable example. Moral disgust, then, is different from visceral disgust; it is more conscious and more layered in performance.
Wilson links shame and guilt to disgust (now transformed, wholly or partially, into self-disgust) primarily as a consequence rooted in self-consciousness. Referring to a passage in Doris Lessing's *The Golden Notebook*, Wilson writes that "the dance between disgust and shame takes place. A slow choreography unfolds before the mind's-eye."
Wilson examines the claims of several jurists and legal scholars—such as William Ian Miller—that disgust must underlie positive law. "In the absence of disgust", he observes, stating their claim, ".. . there would be either total barbarism or a society ruled solely by force, violence and terror." The moral-legal argument, he remarks, "leaves much out of account." His own argument turns largely upon the human capacity to learn how to control, even to suppress, strong and problematic affects and, over time, for entire populations to abandon specific disgust responses.
Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
----------------------------
Disgust is the opposite of trust on the emotion wheel. A mild form of disgust is boredom, while a more intense version is loathing.
Bibliography
------------
* Cohen, William A. and Ryan Johnson, eds. *Filth: Dirt, Disgust, and Modern Life.* University of Minnesota Press, 2005.
* Douglas, Mary. *Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo.* Praeger, 1966.
* Kelly, Daniel. Yuck! *The Nature and Moral Significance of Disgust.* MIT Press, 2011.
* Korsmeyer, Carolyn (2011) *Savoring Disgust: The Foul and the Fair in Aesthetics* Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199842346.
* McCorkle Jr. William W. *Ritualizing the Disposal of the Deceased: From Corpse to Concept.* Peter Lang, 2010.
* McGinn, Colin. *The Meaning of Disgust.* Oxford University Press, 2011.
* Menninghaus, Winfried. *Disgust: Theory and History of a Strong Sensation.* Tr. Howard Eiland and Joel Golb. SUNY Press, 2003
* Miller, William Ian. *The Anatomy of Disgust.* Harvard University Press, 1997.
* Nussbaum, Martha C. *Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions.* Cambridge University Press, 2001.
* Nussbaum, Martha C. *Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law.* Princeton University Press, 2004.
* Nussbaum, Martha C. *From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law.* Oxford University Press, 2010.
* Rindisbacher, Hans J. *A Cultural History of Disgust.* KulturPoetik. 5: 1. 2005. pp. 119–127.
* Wilson, Robert (2007). "Disgust: A Menippean Interview". *Canadian Review of Comparative Literature*. **34**: 203–213.
* Wilson, Robert Rawdon. *The Hydra’s Tale: Imagining Disgust.* University of Alberta Press, 2002. |
Canadian politician
For the Baptist pastor and newspaper publisher, see Samuel Augustus Hayden. For a fictional character from the Doom video game franchise, see Doom (2016 video game) § Plot.
**Samuel M. Hayden** (October 6, 1858 – October 27, 1934) was a Canadian politician in Manitoba. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1915 to 1920, as a member of the Liberal Party.
Hayden resided in Killarney, Manitoba during his political career. He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1914, and lost to Conservative incumbent George Lawrence by 68 votes in the Killarney constituency. He ran again in the 1915 election, and defeated Lawrence by 123 votes. The Liberals won a landslide majority government in this election, and Hayden served for the next five years as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's government.
He ran for re-election in the 1920 campaign, but lost to Farmer candidate Samuel Fletcher by 396 votes.
Hayden died in the Rural Municipality of Turtle Mountain at the age of 76. |
Naval skirmish between the British and the French
| * v
* t
* e
War of the First Coalition (List) |
| --- |
|
* Porrentruy
* Quiévrain
* Marquain
* Tuileries
* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Lille
* Mainz
* Jemappes
* Sardinia
* Martinique
* Guadeloupe
* Den Helder
* Siegburg
* Altenkirchen
* Wetzlar
* Kircheib
* 1st Kehl
* Malsch
* Neresheim
* Amberg
* Newfoundland
* Würzburg
* Limburg
* 2nd Kehl
* Biberach
* Ireland
* Fishguard
* Neuwied
* Diersheim
---
* Flanders campaign
* Chouannerie
* Mediterranean campaign
* War in the Vendée
* War of the Pyrenees
* Italian campaigns
* East Indies Theatre
* Rhine campaign of 1793–94
* Atlantic campaign
* Rhine campaign of 1795
* Rhine campaign of 1796
* Anglo-Spanish War
|
| * v
* t
* e
Naval battlesof the FrenchRevolutionary Wars |
| --- |
|
* Sardinia
* *Nymphe* vs. *Cléopâtre*
* *Embuscade* vs. *Boston*
* Toulon
* 1st Genoa
* *Crescent* vs. *Réunion*
* Guernsey
* May 1794
* Ushant
* *Alexander*
* Den Helder
* Croisière du Grand Hiver
* Gulf of Roses
* 2nd Genoa
* April 1795
* Cornwallis's Retreat
* Groix
* Hyères
* Levant Convoy
* Saldanha Bay
* Newfoundland
* Ireland
+ *Droits de l'Homme*
* Cape St. Vincent
* Jean-Rabel
* Santa Cruz
* Camperdown
* *Mars* vs. *Hercule*
* Îles Saint-Marcouf
* Ostend
* Dives River
* Nile
* St. George's Caye
* Tory Island
* Texel
* Croisière de Bruix
* Malta Convoy
* Dunkirk
* Malta
* Copenhagen
* Algeciras
+ 1st
+ 2nd
* Boulogne
* Mahé
|
The **action of 14 December 1798** was a naval skirmish between the 32-gun British frigate HMS *Ambuscade* and the French 24-gun corvette *Bayonnaise*. *Bayonnaise* was vastly outgunned and outmanoeuvred, but was able to board and capture *Ambuscade*.
Background
----------
On 14 December, as she sailed about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) off Ré, *Bayonnaise* met the 32-gun frigate *Ambuscade*, cruising off Oléron under Captain Henry Jenkins.
*Ambuscade* was waiting to meet with HMS *Stag* and blockade the Gironde estuary. *Bayonnaise* was a 24-gun corvette with a strong crew augmented by a 40-soldier detachment from the *Régiment d'Alsace*, under Army captain Nicolas Aimé.
At dawn, *Ambuscade* detected *Bayonnaise* and assumed she was *Stag*; *Bayonnaise* also detected *Ambuscade*, and, correctly assuming that she was a superior British warship, turned around to flee. From this manoeuver, *Ambuscade* understood that the sail was French and gave chase. Around noon, *Ambuscade* had closed in to cannon range, and the fight began.
Battle
------
After one hour, the British had gained the upper hand, damaging the hull and rigging of the corvette. As *Ambuscade* came off the stern of *Bayonnaise* in an attempt to rake her, one of the British frigate's starboard 12-pounders burst. The explosion destroyed *Ambuscade*'s boats, left 13 of her sailors dead and wounded, and confused the crew. *Bayonnaise* attempted to take advantage of the confusion to escape south, but *Ambuscade* gave chase again and caught up with the corvette around 3 PM.
As the frigate sailed on the port side of the corvette on a parallel course, overtaking her, *Bayonnaise* backed sail and turned hard to port, ramming *Ambuscade*. The bowsprit of *Bayonnaise* cut down *Ambuscade*'s mizzen, wounding part of the crew standing on the poop deck, and entangling the two ships.
Both ships fired a last broadside and closed their gunports. *Bayonnaise* lost numerous men, and her captain, Richer, had an arm shot off. Nevertheless, French grapeshot and musketry fire cleared the decks of *Ambuscade*. Most of the British officers were wounded and taken below deck, leaving only ailing lieutenant Joseph Briggs in command. Having grappled the corvette to the frigate, the French used *Bayonnaise*'s bowsprit to bridge the gap between the ships and climb onto the taller *Ambuscade*.
The French boarded and seized a light gun loaded with grapeshot, which they used to clear the forecastle of its defenders. The quarterdeck of *Ambuscade* suffered the explosion of a powder box, which destroyed the wheel and the stern boat. After a bloody, 30-minute melee, purser William Beaumont Murray, the last British officer still standing, surrendered *Ambuscade*. During the battle, *Ambuscade* had had 15 killed and 39 wounded, including Jenkins and his two lieutenants, and *Bayonnaise* 25 killed and 30 wounded, including Richer and his lieutenant.
Aftermath
---------
Louis-Philippe Crépin's depiction
*Bayonnaise* had lost almost all of her rigging, was leaking and had her rudder damaged. *Ambuscade* had lost her mizzen mast and sustained damage from explosions on board, but was otherwise intact and sea worthy. *Ambuscade* towed *Bayonnaise* to Pertuis d'Antioche and Rochefort. They arrived the next day. *Ambuscade* was taken into French service as *Embuscade*.
*Lieutenant de vaisseau* Richer was promoted to *capitaine de vaisseau* (jumping three ranks), and the ensigns of *Bayonnaise*, Corbie, Frouin, Guigner, Kinzelbach and Potier de la Houssaye, were promoted to *Lieutenant de vaisseau*. Major Henri Louis Lerch was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur for his action during the boarding. Captain Jenkins was later court-martialled, accused of letting his ship, crewed by young sailors, be boarded by a stronger party, while he had a strong advantage at gunnery and manoeuvre. He was acquitted.
The battle was used as a propaganda effort by the French government. Several paintings of the event were subsequently commissioned, notably a large painting by young Louis-Philippe Crépin which is now one of the main exhibits of the Musée national de la Marine in Paris.
Representations of the battle in art and propaganda* Antoine Roux' depiction of the boardingAntoine Roux' depiction of the boarding
* Jean François Hue's depiction of the boardingJean François Hue's depiction of the boarding
* Detail of Crépin's depictionDetail of Crépin's depiction
* Pierre Ozanne's depiction of Ambuscade towing Bayonnaise back to harbour, with exaggerated proportions between the shipsPierre Ozanne's depiction of *Ambuscade* towing *Bayonnaise* back to harbour, with exaggerated proportions between the ships
* Antoine Morel-Fatio's depiction, apparently inspired by Crépin'sAntoine Morel-Fatio's depiction, apparently inspired by Crépin's
* Antoine Morel-Fatio's depiction of Bayonnaise taking her prize in tow.Antoine Morel-Fatio's depiction of *Bayonnaise* taking her prize in tow.
Citations
---------
1. 1 2 Rouvier, Charles; Bertrand, Arthus. *Histoire des marins français sous la République, de 1789 à 1803* (in French). p. 417.
2. ↑ "Lerch, Henri Louis - LH/1602/56" (in French). Base Léonore. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
3. ↑ Tissot, Pierre François (1818). *Les Fastes de la gloire, ou les braves recommandés à la postérité; monument élevé aux défenseurs de la patrie. par une Société d'hommes de lettres et de militaires (sous la direction de M. Tissot)* (in French). pp. 84–85. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
4. ↑ "Naval History of Great Britain". |
American football player (born 1987)
American football player
**Jerraud Powers** (born July 19, 1987) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football at Auburn and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the third round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He also played for the Arizona Cardinals and Baltimore Ravens.
Early years
-----------
Powers attended Decatur High School and was an all-state player
He was named All-Region his senior year and was rated as a 3-Star prospect and the #13 player in the state of Alabama by scout.com. Rivals.com rated Powers the #8 player in Alabama following his senior season.
College career
--------------
### 2006 season
Powers broke his foot during preseason workouts and it appeared at the time that he would have only a small chance to get on the field, but he was able to play. Powers earned playing time on special teams as a freshman. Powers recovered a critical onside kick in Auburn's 24-17 win over South Carolina. Powers also made a name for himself by blocking Eric Wilbur's third quarter punt in a home game against the eventual national champion Florida Gators. As a sophomore, Powers earned a starting spot at cornerback and played the entire season. He was selected to the Southeastern Conference All-Freshman Team on a pass defense that rated second in the SEC this season.
### 2007 season
Powers had a very successful 2007 season and received the Zeke Smith Award, presented each year to Auburn's Defensive Player of the Year. Jerraud Powers is also remembered as the cornerback covering LSU receiver Demetrius Byrd on his one-handed touchdown grab with one second remaining in the 2007 Auburn-LSU game. Powers also received a lot of attention from ESPN when an Auburn police dog bit his hand after a play in the 2007 Iron Bowl. The incident prompted a review of security procedures at Auburn.
### 2008 season
Powers returned for his junior season with high expectations after an impressive sophomore season. His matchup against Florida's wing right Percy Harvin was considered a key to the big game. Powers was impressive early in the season, leading Auburn to a shutout in the season opener. However, Powers played with an injured hamstring and struggled through much of the season. Powers was just one of many injured players on Auburn's 2008 football team, Auburn finished with a disappointing 5-7 record and missed the postseason for the first time this decade. After the season, Powers decided to forgo his senior season at Auburn and enter the 2009 NFL Draft.
Professional career
-------------------
Powers was projected to be a possible NFL draft pick. Powers was rated 14 out of 239 cornerbacks and 110 out of 2,497 total players evaluated.
### Indianapolis Colts
Powers in 2010 while with the Indianapolis Colts.
Despite being considered a prospect for a lower round, Jerraud was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the third round. He signed with the Colts on July 28, 2009, for a 4-year contract.
Powers began the 2009 season as a starter due to injuries to Marlin Jackson, and went on to start 12 of 16 games for the Colts. Despite injuries to three of the Colts' projected Defensive Backfield starters, Powers (along with fellow rookie Jacob Lacey) played well enough to put the Colts' pass defense at third in the league in Yards/Attempt. Powers recorded 66 tackles and an interception. On December 7, 2010, he was placed on season-ending injury reserve due to an arm injury.
In 2010, Powers played in 10 games, starting all of them. Powers had 53 tackles and 2 interceptions. On November 6, 2011, Powers had a pick six against Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons. This was his first career touchdown. The Colts lost the game 31-7.
### Arizona Cardinals
On March 13, 2013, the Arizona Cardinals signed Powers to a three-year contract, reuniting him with head coach Bruce Arians who was his interim head coach the previous year with the Indianapolis Colts.
### Baltimore Ravens
On May 13, 2016, Powers signed with the Ravens on a one-year, $1.75 million contract.
### Retirement
On April 14, 2017, Powers announced his retirement from the NFL after eight seasons. |
Brazilian bread roll
This article is about the Brazilian bread roll. For other uses, see French bread (disambiguation).
***Pão francês*** (Portuguese: [ˈpɐ̃w̃ fɾɐ̃ˈses] ⓘ; lit. 'French bread') is a short cylindrical bread roll with a soft white crumb and a golden crispy shell that is popular in Brazil. This bread has different names throughout the different states in Brazil such as *pão de sal* (salt bread), *cacetinho*, *carioquinha*, *pão de água* (water bread), *pão Jacó* (Jacó bread), *pão filão* (loaf bread), *pão aguado* (watery bread), and *careca*. Despite its name, *pão francês* is unique to Brazil and is not a bread from France.
*Pão francês* is the most popular bread in Brazil. A 2019 study by Puratos [nl] found that 95.7% of the residents of the city of São Paulo eat *pão francês*. According to Sampapão (the São Paulo Bakery and Confectionery Industry Union and Association), more rolls of *pão francês* are baked every day in the city of São Paulo than there are residents.
March 21 is *Pão Francês* Day in Brazil.
Origin
------
While the exact origin of *pão francês* is unknown, there are several theories of how it was created. One theory is that *pão francês* was invented in the 1900s by wealthy Brazilians who asked French bakers to teach them how to bake the baguettes that they encountered in their visits to France. Despite using the same base ingredients, the shape of *pão francês* differed from the baguettes that they were based on as they were smaller and rounder. A similar theory places the origin of *pão francês* in the kitchens of the wealthy elite of São Paulo near the onset of World War I. The bread was supposedly created by their personal chefs at the request to reproduce the breads made by the French that the children encountered abroad in their travels in Europe.
One final theory places the origin of the bread much earlier in the royal court of Rio de Janeiro during colonial times. Dom João VI and his court encouraged the import of wheat flour to bake bread, as breads in Brazil at this time were heartier and baked with flour made of yuca, corn, or rye. The bread baked with this french wheat flour would be called *pão francês*. It wasn't until the early 1900s when imported wheat flour became more accessible and the Matarazzo [pt] and Santista Mill opened in the state of São Paulo that *pão francês* spread throughout the Brazilian Southeast and eventually the entire country.
Usage
-----
As the most popular bread in Brazil, *pão francês* is eaten at breakfast, lunch, and dinner and can be found in a variety of dishes. *Pão francês* is the base of many sandwiches, such as Brazilian hot dogs, *Bauru*, *Buraco quente*, and *X-caboquinho*. |
American internet personality
**Jennifer Lynette Sterger** (born November 29, 1983) is an American model, television personality, and former online columnist for *Sports Illustrated*. She has worked as the "Gameday Host" for the New York Jets and was a co-host of the Versus sports news show *The Daily Line*. She has worked for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a backstage interviewer.
Career
------
### Discovery
Sterger was born in Miami and attended Gaither High School near Tampa before attending Florida State University (FSU). Sterger and Catherine Perry (who later gained fame in WWE under the ringname Lana) were among a group of friends called the FSU Cowgirls, known for wearing skimpy clothing and cowboy hats to football games. She first came to attention when she was shown during a 2005 Florida State–Miami football game televised on ABC Sports. On seeing the shot, announcer Brent Musburger commented on-air that "1,500 red-blooded Americans just decided to apply to Florida State."
### Modeling
Sterger has posed in *Maxim* and *Playboy* magazines and was a spokesperson for Dr Pepper and Sprint. Sterger was featured on the *E!: Entertainment Television* show *Byte Me: 20 Hottest Women of the Web* that originally aired in March 2008, where she was #19 on their list.
In 2009, Sterger had her breast implants removed, stating that they had served their purpose for her career, and that she was tired of being stereotyped.
### Sports journalism
After contributing two articles to *Sports Illustrated*, Sterger wrote a Wednesday feature on SI.com's "Scorecard Daily." In August 2008, the New York Jets hired her to be the "Gameday Host" for the team.
Sterger was a regular segment host on the ABC show *Race to March Madness*. The nationally televised weekly show highlighted the best teams in NCAA men's basketball and how the season was shaping up prior to the tournament. She hosted a weekly segment where she visited a top school's campus and interviewed players, coaches and fans of the respective teams.[]
After seven months on the air, Versus cancelled *The Daily Line*, a show she co-hosted, as of November 4, 2010. In 2011, Sterger worked as a reporter on specials for Fuel TV. In 2012 she moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.
As of 2019, she has begun working at All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as an on-air personality conducting event updates and pre & post fight interviews with wrestlers.
Allegations against Brett Favre
-------------------------------
In October 2010, reports surfaced on the website *Deadspin* that during the 2008 NFL season, quarterback Brett Favre was alleged to have sent Sterger suggestive text messages and voicemails asking her to come to his hotel room, and explicit photos of himself. At this time, he was the quarterback for the New York Jets while she was a sideline reporter for the team. The league said its sole focus was on whether Favre violated workplace conduct policy, not to "make judgments about the appropriateness of personal relationships." Favre admitted to sending voicemails, but not images to Sterger. He was later fined $50,000 for "failure to cooperate" with the investigation. The NFL stated that it "could not conclude" that Favre had violated the personal conduct policy, and that there was not sufficient evidence to establish if Favre had sent the photos.
Personal life
-------------
On December 23, 2016, Sterger became engaged to baseball player Cody Decker. In March 2018, Sterger married Decker. |
**Hald Manor** (Danish: Hald Hovedgård) is located 7 km south-west of Viborg, Denmark. Now owned by the Danish state, it is used as a venue for meetings and conferences.
Hald Manor is a single storey building with a 3-storey central section, originally built as a gatehouse in 1798. The two pavilions in the park were probably built in 1795.
History
-------
### First and second Hald
The first known reference to Hald is from 1328 when it was owned by *Rigsmarsk* Ludvig Albertsen Eberstein. Then known as Brattingsborg, was located to the east of the current main building.
Niels Bugge acquired Hald in 1346 and built a new main building where he took up residence. He was active in the uprising against King Valdemar IV and was later killed on the way back from failed peace negotiations at Slagelse. Bugge's son-in-law Skarpenberg took over Hald but soon had to sell it to Queen Margaret I who later gave the estate to the Bishop Seat in Viborg in 1383.
Hald depicted by Peder Hansen Resen in the mid-17th century, showing Bishop Friis' castle. The oldest house is seen just below (No. 10) and Niels Bugge's Hald is seen in the lower right corner (No. 13)
### The third Hald
The third Hald was built in 1528 for Jørgen Friis, Bishop of Viborg, on a small peninsula reaching into the lake. Ruins surrounded by tall earthworks can still be seen at the site, although the remains of a tower in masonry are partly a reconstruction.
### Fourth and fifth Hald
Today's Hald seen, c. 1900
The fourth Hald was completed in 1703 for General Gregers Daa. It was a four-winged half-timbered building located a little south of the current building, in the current park, but nothing remains of it today.
The Fifth Hald, was built in 1798 for Ove Høegh-Guldberg, who had served as Prime Minister from 1772 to 1784.
Today
-----
The Danish Centre for Writers and Translators was founded in 2002. It offers writers, translators and illustrators free stays where they can work in a peaceful environment. The centre also hosts and arranges various public literary events.
A barn from the mid-18th century was renovated in 2008 and is now home to an exhibition about the area's geography, nature and history.
The estate covers 973 hectares. Some of the land is farmed organically by the Danish Nature Agency which is attached to the Danish Ministry of Environment, while the rest is forest, part of Fussingø State Forest District.
In his ghost story *Number 13* (1904) M. R. James writes that Hald is "accounted one of the prettiest things in Denmark". |
Peninsula in Southern Ontario, Canada
This article is about a geographical formation. For the Canadian indie rock band, see Bruce Peninsula (band).
Map of Southern Ontario showing Bruce Peninsula (in red) dividing Lake Huron
The northwestern part of the Bruce Peninsula is at the lower right. North is oriented towards the upper left in this photo taken from the International Space Station on April 10, 2022
The **Bruce Peninsula** is a peninsula in Ontario, Canada, that divides Georgian Bay of Lake Huron from the lake's main basin. The peninsula extends roughly northwestwards from the rest of Southwestern Ontario, pointing towards Manitoulin Island, with which it forms the widest strait joining Georgian Bay to the rest of Lake Huron. The Bruce Peninsula contains part of the geological formation known as the Niagara Escarpment.
The peninsula is a popular tourist destination for camping, hiking and fishing, with two national parks (Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park), more than half a dozen nature reserves, and the Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory. The Bruce Trail runs through the region to its northern terminus in the town of Tobermory. Administratively part of Bruce County, it is named after James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (Lord Elgin), Governor General of Canada.
The Bruce Peninsula is a key area for both plant and animal wildlife. Part of the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve, the peninsula has the largest remaining area of forest and natural habitat in Southern Ontario and is home to some of the oldest trees in eastern North America. An important flyway for migrating birds, the peninsula is habitat to a variety of animals, including black bear, massasauga rattlesnake, and barred owl.
History
-------
### History from the 19th century
Until the mid-19th century, the area known as the Bruce Peninsula was territory controlled by the Saugeen Ojibway Nations. The nations included the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation and Saugeen First Nation. Historical and archaeological evidence from the area concludes that at the time of first contact with Europeans, the peninsula was inhabited by the Odawa people, from whom a large number of local native people are descended. Oral history from Saugeen and Nawash suggests their ancestors have been here as early as 7500 years ago. The area of Hope Bay is known to natives as *Nochemoweniing,* or Place of Healing.
In 1836 the Saugeen Ojibway signed a treaty with Sir Francis Bond Head to cede lands south of the peninsula to the Canadian government in exchange for learning agriculture, proper housing, assistance in becoming "civilized," and for permanent protection of the peninsula. In 1854, the Saugeen Ojibway agreed to sign another treaty – this time for the peninsula itself. In 1994, after decades on increasing First Nations activism, the Saugeen Ojibway filed a suit for a land claim for part of their traditional territory; they claimed breach of trust by the Crown in failing to meet its treaty obligations to protect Aboriginal lands. The claim seeks the return of lands still held by the Crown and financial compensation for other lands. This claim is still active.
European settlement began on the peninsula in the mid-19th century, despite its poor potential for agricultural development. Attracted by the rich fisheries and lush forest, settlers found the land known then as the "Indian or Saugeen Peninsula" to be irresistible. In 1881, settlers built the first sawmill on the peninsula in Tobermory. In less than 20 years, most of the valuable timber was gone, and timber industry jobs declined.[] Fuelled by the waste left behind by the rapid logging and land clearances, intense forest fires sprang up around the peninsula in 1908, burning large swaths of land. By the mid-1920s, the formerly abundant forests of the peninsula were nearly barren. When the lamprey eel was accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes in 1932, the devastation on the fish supply made the peninsula a less attractive place to live; many left when fish stocks became depleted.[] The peninsula underwent a steady decline in population until the 1970s. In the late 20th century, the peninsula started to attract a new kind of resident: the cottager. Today, seasonal residents outnumber permanent residents, especially in the summer.
### Natural history of the Bruce Peninsula and the Niagara Escarpment
In its southern Ontario portion, the Niagara Escarpment is a ridge of rock several hundred metres high in some locations, stretching 725 kilometres (450 mi) from Queenston on the Niagara River, to Tobermory at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula. Today, in Ontario, the Escarpment contains more than 100 sites of geological significance, including some of the best exposures of rocks and fossils of the Silurian and Ordovician periods (405 to 500 million years old) to be found anywhere in the world.
The Niagara Escarpment has origins dating to the Silurian age some 430 to 450 million years ago, a time when the area lay under a shallow warm sea. This sea lay in a depression of the Earth's crust, centered in what is now the lower peninsula of the State of Michigan. Known geologically as the Michigan Basin, the outer rim of this massive saucer-shaped feature governs the location of the Niagara Escarpment, which is shaped like a gigantic horseshoe. The Escarpment can be traced from near Rochester, New York, south of Lake Ontario to Hamilton, north to Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula. It is covered by the waters of Lake Huron, appearing as Manitoulin Island, then across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and down the west side of Lake Michigan into the State of Wisconsin.
As occurs with present-day water bodies, such as Hudson Bay or the Gulf of Mexico, rivers flowing into this ancient sea carried sand, silt and clay to be deposited as thick layers of sediment. At the same time, lime-rich organic material from the abundant sea life was also accumulating. Over millions of years these materials became compressed into massive layers of sedimentary rocks and ancient reef structures now visible along the Escarpment. Some rock layers now consist of soft shales and sandstones while others are made up of dolomite (a rock similar to limestone which contains magnesium and is more durable).
Today, fossil remains illustrating the various life forms can be found in many of the rocks as they are slowly exposed by the action of wind, water and ice.
* The Niagara Escarpment in the Bruce Peninsula National ParkThe Niagara Escarpment in the Bruce Peninsula National Park
* Smokey head White Bluffs near Lion's Head, OntarioSmokey head White Bluffs near Lion's Head, Ontario
* Overlook towards the Niagara Escarpment at Dyer's Bay, Bruce PeninsulaOverlook towards the Niagara Escarpment at Dyer's Bay, Bruce Peninsula
* Overhanging Point along the Bruce TrailOverhanging Point along the Bruce Trail
### Indigenous history
Saugeen First Nation is an Ojibwa First Nation located along the Saugeen River and Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, Canada. The original territory included all of the Saugeen River watershed and all of the Bruce Peninsula.
Organized in the mid-1970s, during a period of increased political activism, Saugeen First Nation declared itself the primary 'political successor apparent' to the historic Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory, who had occupied this territory and made treaties with the Crown.[] However, along with the Saugeen First Nation, the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation also claims to be the 'political successor apparent' to the Chippewa of Saugeen Ojibway Territory. Under the Saugeen Tract Agreement, the portion south of Owen Sound was ceded to the Crown, with reserves later established on the Bruce Peninsula.
The claims for land and payment of rent on lands discussed in early treaties are significant. The Saugeen is now determined to establish its claim to the waters of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay and any Crown Land remaining on the peninsula. "The two First Nations are claiming aboriginal title to the lands under the water covering an area of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay from south of Goderich, west to the international border and north to the mid-point between the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island; then east to the mid-point of Georgian Bay and south to the southernmost point of Nottawasaga Bay." A trial to establish the ownership and resolve disputes over the treaties began in 2019.
Parks
-----
10km
6miles
TobermoryTobermory, OntarioBRU
C
E PENINSULAGeo
r
gian BayLak
e
Huron
Lion's
HeadLion's Head, OntarioDyer's Bay
Dyer's BayPike Bay
Pike Bay
Fathom Five
Marine ParkFathom Five National Marine Park
Bruce Peninsula
National ParkBruce Peninsula National Park
Stokes Bay
Stokes Bay
Flowerpot IslandCove Island, Ontario
Map of Bruce County.
There are 2 National Parks, 8 Ontario Parks, and 4 Federation of Ontario Naturalists Parks located within the Bruce Peninsula.
* **Bruce Peninsula National Park** - In the heart of a World Biosphere Reserve, the park contains massive, rugged cliffs inhabited by thousand year old cedar trees. The park is composed of an array of habitats from alvars to dense forests and several small lakes. Together these form a greater ecosystem - the largest remaining chunk of natural habitat in southern Ontario.
* **Fathom Five National Marine Park** - The waters at the mouth of Georgian Bay are home to Fathom Five - Canada's first National Marine Conservation Area. The park preserves 22 shipwrecks and several historic light stations. Fathom Five's freshwater ecosystem contains some of the most pristine waters of the Great Lakes. The park contains rugged lake bed topography that is popular with scuba divers.
**Ontario Parks** - include:
* Black Creek
* Ira Lake
* Johnstons Harbour
* Little Cove
* Cabot Head
* Smoky Head
* Lion's Head
* Hope Bay Forest
**Federation of Ontario Naturalists** - Ontario Nature works to protect and restore the species, spaces and landscapes that represent the full diversity of nature in Ontario.
* The "Grotto" at the Bruce Peninsula National ParkThe "Grotto" at the Bruce Peninsula National Park
* Flowerpot Island, Fathom Five National Marine ParkFlowerpot Island, Fathom Five National Marine Park
Lighthouses
-----------
The Bruce Peninsula's shoreline has several lighthouses, necessary to provide guidance to the many ships that would pass by her shores.
**The Cove Island Light**, located near Tobermory is one of the six famous "Imperial" lighthouses built in the 1850s by John Brown which can be found on the mainland and on nearby islands of the northern Bruce Peninsula.
Cove Island Light in the Bruce Peninsula
Other lighthouses include:
* Lion's Head Lighthouse
* Flowerpot Island
* Big Tub Lighthouse
* Knife & Lyal Island Lighthouse
* Cape Croker Lighthouse
* Cabot Head Lighthouse
Wildlife
--------
There are many varieties of wildlife on the Bruce Peninsula, such as the northern flying squirrel, black bear, chipmunk, fisher, long-eared bats, red squirrel, fox, massasauga rattlesnake, red-shouldered hawk, barred owl, hermit thrush, black-throated blue warbler, scarlet tanager and yellow-spotted salamander.
The Bruce Peninsula is located on a major northern migration route, so many species of birds, such as the bald eagle, have their wintering grounds here.
The highest concentration of nesting birds can be found in the Bruce in May and June each year. About 20 species of warblers breed on "the Bruce," including the black-throated green, yellow, yellow-rumped, and Blackburnian warblers and the ubiquitous American redstart. They make their summer homes in the extensive wooded areas along the Peninsula. The annual Huron Fringe Birding Festival in May observes the spring migration. The endangered piping plover has made a comeback along the northern shores of Sauble Beach as well, and nest in restricted areas of the beach. These are well marked to prevent visitors overrunning the area and to reduce negative human effects. Migrating hawks also follow the Niagara Escarpment. Hawks travel during the day, and can be seen in the vicinity of Cabot Head in the open areas west of Dyers Bay, and near Tobermory, in April.
Wildflowers and orchids
-----------------------
Pink ladies slipper orchid in the Bruce Peninsula
Some of the rarest flowers and ferns in Ontario can be found growing on the Bruce Peninsula. For example: lakeside daisy (*Tetraneuris herbacea var. glabra*), dwarf lake iris (*Iris lacustris*), and northern holly fern (*Polystichum lonchitis*)
### Orchids
Globally, there are more than 30,000 orchid species. Canada is home to 77 of these species. Ontario has 61 varieties of orchids, and of these, 44 can be found in the Bruce Peninsula.
A selection of interesting orchids on the Bruce Peninsula:
* yellow lady's slipper — *Cypripedium parviflorum*
* pink lady's slipper — *Cypripedium acaule*
* nodding ladies' tresses — *Spiranthes cernua*
* eastern prairie fringed orchid — *Platanthera leucophaea*
* ram's-head lady's-slipper — *Cypripedium arietinum*
* European common twayblade — *Neottia ovata*
* helleborine — *Epipactis helleborine*
Communities
-----------
| |
| --- |
| Articles about places in |
| Bruce Peninsula, Ontario |
|
Municipalities of the Bruce Peninsula |
| * Northern Bruce Peninsula, (Bruce County)
* South Bruce Peninsula, (Bruce County)
* Georgian Bluffs (Grey County)
|
|
Settlements on Bruce Peninsula |
| * Lion's Head
* Tobermory
* Sauble Beach
* Wiarton
* Owen Sound
|
|
Coastal landmarks and locations |
| * Bruce Peninsula
* Flowerpot Island
* Little Pike Bay
* Cabot Head
* Cove Island Light
* Lion's Head Light
* Bruce Trail
* Bruce Peninsula Multisport Race
|
|
Protected Areas |
| * Bruce Peninsula National Park
* Fathom Five National Marine Park
* Lion's Head Provincial Park
* Sauble Falls Provincial Park
|
|
Rivers and Lakes |
| * Sauble River
* Rankin River
* Lake Huron
* Georgian Bay
|
| * v
* t
* e
|
The Bruce Peninsula is composed of the Municipalities of Northern Bruce Peninsula and South Bruce Peninsula.
The main villages in these regions are as follows:
* Tobermory is located at the northern end of the Bruce Peninsula. It has a landing for the passenger-car ferry *MS Chi-Cheemaun.* Nearby is Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park. This port village has galleries, tourist shops and a historic lighthouse.
* Lion's Head is located in the centre of the Bruce Peninsula on Georgian Bay. The village has a public marina and sandy beach.
* Wiarton, near the south end of the peninsula, is the home of Wiarton Willie.
* Sauble Beach is more than seven miles (11 km) long. |
American mayor
**Guy V. Padgett III** (born 1977) is a former American municipal politician from Wyoming. A member of the Casper, Wyoming, City Council from 2003 to 2009, he was mayor of Casper from 2005 to 2006. He is a Democrat.
He came out as gay while on the city council in 2003, becoming the state's first openly gay elected official. Despite Wyoming's reputation for being politically conservative and the murder of Casper native Matthew Shepard in nearby Laramie in 1998, Padgett was unanimously elected mayor by the council in 2005. He reportedly enjoyed great popularity among his constituents, including support from prominent Republican Party politicians such as Alan K. Simpson. In addition he was, at 27, Casper's youngest mayor.
He was re-elected to the city council in 2006; he resigned his seat June 30, 2009, upon admission to a master's degree program at the University of Denver's Josef Korbel School of International Studies. His resignation left only one openly gay elected official in Wyoming: state representative Cathy Connolly (D–Laramie). |
Merchant
**Michael Cashmore** (7 March 1815 – 17 October 1886) was a merchant, the first Jewish settler of Melbourne, Victoria, and remembered for his haberdashery business in Melbourne's first brick building, "Cashmore's Corner" at 1 Elizabeth Street.
History
-------
Cashmore was born in England, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1836, working initially for a Mr. Emanuel in George Street, Sydney near The Rocks, then went into business on his own account in the same street.
In June 1840 he left Sydney on the *Bright Planet* for Port Phillip to investigate commercial possibilities in the newly founded town of Melbourne. He returned to Sydney in October on the *Water Lily*.
Cashmore married Elizabeth "Betsy" Solomon (1821–1898) in Sydney on 9 December 1840, and later that month boarded the PS *Clonmel*, bound for Port Phillip. The ship was famously wrecked on 2 January 1841; all survived but their considerable cargo was lost.
He, in partnership with Samuel Emmanuel, opened a shop in the first brick building in Melbourne, owned by Alexander Brunton on Elizabeth Street, on the north-east corner of the Collins intersection. Cashmore called it "Victoria House", but it was better known as "Cashmore's Corner", and there they also lived before establishing a home at Albert Park, Victoria. From 1844 Cashmore ran the business alone.
A newspaper's comment on this advertisement was: "We should explain that Cashmore is a real name. If the syllables were transposed it would, of course, be more appropriate, as, like ail true traders, he is tolerably anxious [for a profit]"
In 1843 Cashmore, Solomon Benjamin and Asher Hymen Hart were, as trustees, allocated an acre (0.40 ha) of land in Melbourne for a Jewish cemetery and the following year, 76 perches (a little under ½ acre or 0.2 ha) for a synagogue. Hart was, in 1841, the founder of the Jewish Congregational Society, with Cashmore its first President.
In 1841 he was elected to the Melbourne City Council (for the Latrobe ward), the first Jew to achieve such a position. He resigned in 1848 for reasons not declared, but apparently distressing for him. He was the first Jewish Justice of the Peace appointed in the colony. He was appointed Justice of the Peace and Police Magistrate, again the first Jew.
He was appointed Inspector of the Elizabeth Street Meat Market for the City Council of Melbourne sometime before May 1874, also associated with the Central Board of Health. He retired from business around the same time, and the building was taken over by William Alston, a tobacconist, who rebuilt the premises, and gradually "Cashmore's Corner" got to be called "Alston's Corner". Alston purchased the adjoining block on Collins Street and enlarged the building yet again, and in 1912 purchased the corner block from the Brunton estate.
He was a leading spokesman for Jewish faith, who felt snubbed when omitted from an 1854 grant to churches. In 1855 he was a member of a committee formed to establish a Jews' seminary. He was president of the Jewish Mutual Aid Society. In February 1886 he was compelled to cease work due to ill health, and was granted leave with full pay for twelve months. He died six months later, leaving a widow and eight grown up children.
Other interests
---------------
He was a director and major shareholder in the Melbourne Gas and Coke Company.
He was also a promoter and director of the National Bank of Australasia.
He was connected with a number of societies and charitable institutions, and a longtime member and past master of the Lodge Of Australia Felix (founded 1839 in Melbourne).
Family
------
Michael Cashmore (7 March 1815 – 17 October 1886) married Elizabeth "Betsy" Solomon (14 June 1821 – 9 February 1898) in Sydney on 9 December 1840. Betsy was a half-sister of Emanuel Solomon MLC (1800–1873) and Vaiben Solomon (1802–1860).
Their family included:
* Alice Cashmore (11 May 1842 – ) married Henry Isaacs ( – ) on 23 March 1859 lived in Castlemaine, then Yarra, later London.
* Joseph Michael Cashmore (7 November 1843 – 16 April 1931) married cousin Esther Solomon (17 April 1852 – 27 September 1930) on 19 June 1877
* Esther Cashmore (14 June 1845 – 7 December 1920) married Henry Cohen (13 November 1840 – 6 March 1918) of New Zealand on 5 February 1868, later of "Newington", Hoddle-street, Richmond, Victoria.
* Samuel Herbert Cashmore (1847 – 9 July 1931) married Deborah Alice Morrell ( – 17 October 1951) on 20 January 1880. He famously operated as a bookmaker, though blind from an early age; his clerk was deaf and dumb.
* Isaac Michael Cashmore (22 April 1849 – 15 April 1890) married Louisa Perrett ( 4 June 1855 – 15 Dec 1890) Marriage 4 May 1882, lived Fitzroy, Victoria
* Henry Cashmore (25 February 1851 – 5 October 1875)
* Rebecca Cashmore (25 September 1853 – 15 February 1918) married cousin Emanuel Solomon (7 October 1855 – 12 May 1938) on 7 June 1882.
* Alfred Cashmore (7 August 1855 – 18 March 1885)
* Sarah Cashmore (July 1857 – 1954)
* Louisa Cashmore (1860 – 28 September 1936) married Julius Magnus (21 December 1858 – 26 February 1944) on 4 February 1885, lived St. Kilda, then Caulfield.
Michael's extraordinary family tree has only continued to grow and branch out of the years. The Cashmores' have effectively remained one of the largest Jewish families in Melbourne throughout time and will only continue to do so.
As of 2023 the family consists of 4 direct descendants of the late "Poppa" Cashmore and his late wife Marie. All 4 of their kids whom are now in their 80s have since branched off and created their own new family trees. |
**Abdoulaye Hissène** (born Akourousoulba, 1 January 1967) is a former Central African warlord, general in the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), minister of youth, sanctioned by international institutions for committing multiple war crimes.
Life
----
He was born on 1 January 1967 in Akourousoulba village near the border with Chad. He is a Muslim and belongs to the Runga ethnic group. His father was an environmental guard responsible for supervising protected areas in the region. When he was young, Hissène's father taught him and his siblings hunting and use of weapons. According to other sources his father was Abba Adoum Kette, influential diamond collector from Bria. Another son was reportedly Mahamet Saleh. In the 1990s and 2000s, Hissène pursued a career in the mineral trade like his uncle. He worked as a trader of diamonds and gold for the Central African company SODIAM. After accumulating multiple debts he fled to Chad in 2009 to avoid paying them back. In his 40s, he started selling luxury cars, during which he formed business connections with the entourage of president of Chad, Idriss Déby, and influential businessmen. Using fake Chadian IDs, he opened two bank accounts that he used between 2009 and 2010, one in Société Générale and the other in the United Bank of Africa (UBA) in the capital of Chad, N'Djamena.[]
### Civil war
In 2009 he joined Central African rebel group Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP). He declared himself president of CPJP in 2011. From 2009 to 2012 he obtained a fortune from diamond trade, with his fighters responsible for multiple war crimes. In August 2012 he received ministerial post as a part of peace deal with the government. From March 2013 to January 2014 he served as a youth and sports minister under the Djotodia presidency. From February to August 2014 he served as a minister and presidential adviser for youth under the Samba-Panza presidency. In June 2014 he was nominated first counselor to the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), new ex-Seleka group.
In September 2015 he ordered his fighters to kill a 17-year old Muslim boy in Bangui and spread rumors that anti-balaka did it to instigate violence in the capital. He ordered his fighters to shoot at people participating in referendum on 17 December 2015, killing at least five of them. On 15 March 2016 he was arrested by police before his fighters forced his release. On 19 June 2016 fighters led by him and Gaye kidnapped five police officers in Bangui.
On 12 August 2016 he decided to escape PK5 district. Together with Haroun Gaye and Hamit Tidjani they painted seven vehicles white in order to resemble UN vehicles. 35 heavily armed ex-Seleka fighter left in total. While passing through the PK12 checkpoint a soldier fired at them killing one fighter. In Damara they again clashed with soldiers. One fighter who fell off vehicle was killed by Anti-balaka. They were stopped by MINUSCA in Sibut. They abandoned their vehicles. MINUSCA arrested 11 fighters, but Gaye and Hissène managed to escape on foot. In early September 2016 he arrived N'Délé together with Gaye. From there the group supposedly travelled to Sikikede in Vakaga prefecture where they met with Noureddine Adam, before going to Bria to attend ex-Séléka General Assembly. In November 2016 during clashes in Bria he ordered groups of militiamen to kill Fula civilians. He stoked ethnic tensions, encouraging Anti-balaka fighters to attack the UPC armed group. In 2019 he married daughter of sultan of Birao.
In 2020 he refused to join the Coalition of Patriots for Change. In February 2021 he blocked a weapon shipment designated for CPC fighters. On 28 April 2023 he announced dissolution of his faction of the FPRC.
On 5 September 2023 he was arrested in Bangui. He was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity and was brought before the Special Criminal Court. |
Slovak bicycle racer
**Patrik Tybor** (born 16 September 1987) is a Slovak cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Dukla Banská Bystrica.
Major results
-------------
2007
4th Puchar Ministra Obrony Narodowej
5th Overall Tour d'Egypte
6th Overall Grand Prix Cycliste de Gemenc
9th GP Palma
10th Memoriał Henryka Łasaka
2008
10th Memoriał Henryka Łasaka
2009
1st Stage 2 Grand Prix Bradlo
2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
2011
2nd GP Betonexpressz 2000
10th Road race, Summer Universiade
2012
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
7th Tour Bohemia
2013
1st Stage 4 Baltic Chain Tour
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
3rd Overall Tour de Serbie
6th Tour Bohemia
9th GP Kranj
2014
Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race
2nd GP Slovakia
5th GP Czech Republic
3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
2015
National Road Championships
3rd Road race
3rd Time trial
3rd Overall Tour of Bulgaria
1st Points classification
1st Stages 1 & 3
4th Overall Tour de Hongrie
6th Rund um Sebnitz
8th Memoriał Andrzeja Trochanowskiego
9th Overall Okolo Slovenska
1st Slovak rider classification
9th Korona Kocich Gór
10th GP Hungary, Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race
2016
1st Stage 6 Tour du Cameroun
2nd Overall Tour du Maroc
1st Stage 5
4th Kerékpárverseny, Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race
7th Overall Sharjah International Cycling Tour
2017
National Road Championships
2nd Time trial
5th Road race
4th Overall Grand Prix Cycliste de Gemenc
4th GP Czech Republic, Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race
5th Overall Tour du Cameroun
7th Overall Okolo Slovenska
8th Overall Tour de Hongrie
2018
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
6th Debrecen–Ibrany, V4 Special Series
2019
2nd Grand Prix Velo Erciyes
2nd Puchar Uzdrowisk Karpackich
National Road Championships
3rd Road race
3rd Time trial
V4 Special Series
5th Vasarosnameny–Nyiregyhaza
6th Debrecen–Ibrany |
Costa Rican scientist, entrepreneur, diplomat, and public servant
**Román Macaya Hayes** is a Costa Rican scientist, entrepreneur, diplomat, and public servant. From 2018-2022 he served as the Executive President and Chairman of the Board of the Costa Rican Social Security [Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS)], the institution that finances and provides universal coverage of public health care services in Costa Rica and manages the largest pension fund of the country. In this role he led the health care delivery response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Macaya spearheaded key priority programs, such as deploying the largest investment in physical and technological infrastructure in the history of the CCSS, promoting innovation throughout the institution, implementing the most ambitious digital transformation agenda, and revamping both the health care delivery and pension system to respond to a rapidly aging population.
Prior to leading the CCSS, Macaya served as Costa Rica's Ambassador to the United States, a post he held from 2014 through 2018. As ambassador, Macaya promoted science diplomacy between both countries in biomedical research, space, water, biodiversity, and technology. He also strengthened cooperation in security, migratory matters, environmental conservation, and the arts, in addition to supporting the attraction of foreign direct investment. Macaya worked with the White House, Department of State, Department of Homeland Security, and Congress to strengthen Costa Rica´s capabilities in drug interdiction, resulting in the largest multi-year appropriations for Costa Rica in over 30 years.
Macaya has held leadership positions in the fields of health care and agriculture. In the healthcare field, in addition to leading Costa Rica´s single payer/single provider of public health care services, he has served as a biomedical scientist in the biotechnology industry, and as a businessman/entrepreneur in clinical research, private equity, and health care consulting. In the field of agriculture he led the growth and development of a crop protection company, served on the Board of Directors of Costa Rica's National Chamber of Agriculture and Agro-industry, and founded and presided over the National (Costa Rican), Latin American, and Global industry associations that engaged with governments and multilateral institutions such as the World Trade Organization (Geneva), World Health Organization (Geneva), and Food and Agriculture Organization (Rome) on regulatory matters.
Early life and education
------------------------
Román Macaya was born on September 19, 1966, in the State of Florida, and grew up in a bicultural household, son of a Bostonian mother and a Costa Rican father. His family moved to the port town of Puntarenas in Costa Rica when he was three years old, and later moved to the town of Guadalupe on the outskirts of San José (Costa Rica), where he grew up until graduating from high school. Macaya attended Middlebury College in Vermont, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry, a minor in modern art, and played varsity tennis. After college, Macaya attended the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where he obtained a Ph.D. in biochemistry. At UCLA, Macaya determined the solution structure of novel triple- and quadruple-stranded DNA structures in the laboratory of Professor Juli Feigon. Macaya later attended the Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with an MBA in health care management. Macaya is first author on numerous scientific publications and lead inventor on several patent applications.
Public service
--------------
On March 4, 2009, Román Macaya announced his intention to run in the first primary election of the Citizen's Action Party to seek the presidency. He ran against Ottón Solís, the founder of the Party, and other well-known party leaders. He was ultimately defeated on May 31, 2009, during the Citizens' Action Party's National Convention. While he never ran again in a primary election, he has served in the administrations of President Luis Guillermo Solís (2014–2018) as ambassador to the United States and of President Carlos Alvarado Quesada (2018–2022) as the executive president and chairman of the board of the Costa Rican Social Security.
Family
------
Roman is married and has four children. |
Mexican author, writer and publisher
**Bibiana Camacho** is a contemporary Mexican author, writer and publisher, best known for her novels: *Tu ropa en mi armario* (*Your clothes in my closet*)*, Tras las huellas de mi olvido (After the traces of my oblivion), La sonámbula (The sleepwalker)*.
Personal life
-------------
Jenni Jiménez, known professionally as Bibiana Camacho, was born in Mexico City in 1974. She considers her grandmother as a fitting literary character. For this reason, she uses her name as a pseudonym. Besides being a writer, Bibiana Camacho is an editor, artisanal notebook maker and former contemporary dancer.
Career
------
She first studied contemporary dancing but after quitting her dancing studies, got involved in the literary world by studying linguistics. She wrote her first work *Tras las huellas de mi olvido* in between 2005 and 2006. This book was published in 2007, one year after she wrote it. Other important works include: *Tras las Huellas de Mi Olvido,* *La Sonámbula* and *Tu Ropa en mi Armario*.
Since then she has collaborated with diverse magazines and publications such as *Generación*, *La Tempestad*, *Replicante* and *Puro Cuento*, and the list goes on. She worked as an intern in the "Fondo Nacional para la cultura y las artes" and she also worked as an editor and translator in "Trusquets editorial".
Bibiana Camacho's novel, *Tras las huellas de mi olvido* was rewarded with an honorific mention in the Juan Rulfo Prize in 2007.
Literary analysis
-----------------
Bibiana Camacho traces a thin line between the reality and fiction in stories in which their characters wander in a supposedly endless monotony. Her stories present symbols through which the physical represents the emotional with a perversive touch and a moral covering. Moreover, she shows a reality with fantastic touches where the human relations are sullied and easily modified. Such an oppression emerged from a moral and powered world
Bibiana presents a reality through a type of fantasy where the human relations are easily modified. She also writes about an oppressed world based in morality and power that would easily trigger into madness with a minute show of change in the human survival.
In *Tu ropa en mi armario*, a collection of nightmares, Erika must fight with the owners of the building, some old creatures that she does not know if they are humans. He hears the noises of his house until he listens one he does not recognize. Claudia looks for a place where she can stay the night and asks for asylum to some decadent elders. In "*La gotera*" (The Leakage) there is an apartment that changes its interior every 24 hours. The stories of *Tu ropa en mi armario* are an exploration to the intruder, the one that comes to deform our reality. In each story of this book there is a stranger whose intentions are not very clear and, in most of the times are not good ones.
*La Sonámbula*, the second book of stories of Bibiana Camacho, runs scenarios where every kind of losses and disencounters happen. Their stories delve into the land of the underworld and the fantastic turns shine the everyday at the time that warn the man about the apocalypse well deserved but mysterious.
With *Tras las huellas de mi olvido*, the conviction of having lost a memory that could have saved the people's lives is explored to its last consequences for Bibiana Camacho. Threatened by a terrible crime, the protagonist decides to travel Mexico City downtown as one who examins its recent memory.
Her stories are included in the anthology Ciudad fantasma & Avisos clasificados, both from 2013.
Works
-----
* Camacho, Bibiana (2010). *Tras las Huellas de mi Olvido* (1 ed.). Mexico: ALMADIA. ISBN 9786074110500.
* Camacho, Bibiana (2010). *TU Ropa en mi Armario* (1 ed.). Mexico: ALMADIA. ISBN 9786074120783.
* Camacho, Bibiana (2013). *La Sonámbula* (1 ed.). Mexico: ALMADIA. ISBN 978-607-411-135-4.
* Gatopardo, Gatopardo. "10 AUTORES MEXICANOS CONTEMPORÁNEOS". *Gatopardo*. Travesías Media. Retrieved 20 October 2016. |
Village in England
**Worplesdon** is a village 3.1 miles (5.0 km) NNW of Guildford in Surrey, England and a large dispersed civil parish that includes the settlements of: Worplesdon itself (including its central church area, **Perry Hill**), Fairlands, Jacobs Well, **Rydeshill** and Wood Street Village, all various-sized smaller settlements, well-connected by footpaths and local roads. Its area includes Whitmoor Common, which can be a collective term for all of its commons.
History
-------
### Early history
South of Broad Street, east of Wood Street Village on a farm in Broad Street Common are ruins of a Roman Villa – for further details see the Guildford article, as it is directly by the major town's western edge however in this parish.
Worplesdon has a Grade I C of E church, St Mary's with a 13th-century chancel and later additions. Worplesdon's single manor appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as *Werpesdune* held by Turald (Thorold) from Roger de Montgomery. Its domesday assets were: 6½ hides; a church, 9 ploughs, a mill worth 2s 6d, 8 acres (3.2 ha) of meadow, wood worth 60 hogs. Its 22 households (of which one was a serf's) rendered £10 sterling per year to its overlords.
Early manorial owners includes (all cited as "de..."): Basseville, Holeye, (13th century) Wykford, Wintershall/Wintershull, Seymour (14th century); Ditton, Hegham, Wykford. Then we see Jasper Tudor (Earl of Pembroke, then created the Duke of Bedford) who was attainted, however following Edward IV's grant to the Duke of Clarence in 1474, it reverted to the last Duke of Bedford of the medieval creation (who died, childless).
Sir Anthony Browne and his son, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, gained a royal lease of the manor in the Tudor period, followed by Lord Annandale in 1625 for three lifetimes. The Harbord family next held it followed by John Payne of Hurtmore and Thomas Newton of Stoke (next Guildford) who owned it in 1670. Its owners until 1911 acquired what remained of the estate as early as in 1681, the Onslow family, historically Earls of Surrey.
The parish was divided into four tithings: Perry Hill, about the hill on which the church stands; Burpham, on the east side; West End; and Wyke. The last, which was separated from the rest of the parish, was added to Ash in 1890.
#### Later Manors
Frenches
The reputed and lost Frenches manor represented the knight's fee held there by Richard le French in 1349. In 1402 John French released the manor of Frenches to Robert Oyldesborough, brewer, of London, having briefly been held by William Hamonde, probably in trust and passed to Robert Russell in 1598. It is probably represented by Russell Place Farm. Anthony Russell was living in Worplesdon when Symmes wrote, about 1676.
Merist Wood
In 1582 the queen, by charter, granted a lease to George More of Loseley of *Merest Wood* described as 82 acres (33 ha) of wood and wooded ground in the Forest of Windsor, in Worplesdon at £3 8s. per annum. In 1742 a related fine (lease premium) for this was sued for among two men of the Grenville family.
Wyke
In 1279 William of Wyke was holding this westerly manor. Divided between descendants Katerina, Joan and Christine in 1353, under the legal principle of female inheritance, "in moieties". Part holders' surnames thereafter included: Logge, Osbaldeston, Harding, Parker, Manory, Vyne, White in 1580 and in 1584 sold outright to William Harding, who thus acquired the whole again. Henceforth it descended with the manor of Claygate in Ash, Surrey.
### Post-Industrial Revolution
Adjacent to the church a London to Portsmouth semaphore tower (now demolished) served in the Napoleonic wars. The east window was embellished with stained glass, collected and arranged in 1802, at the expense of the Rev. W. Roberts and by the 1840s the whole parish's population was 1424 (which then included Burpham and Wyke).
In 1911 the Victoria County History's guide to the area included the agricultural and economic description:
> The village and church stand upon an abrupt hill of Bagshot sand (the Bracklesham Beds), but round it the soil is lower Bagshot sand. To the south the parish is on the London Clay...There are brick and tile works, and cement works in the parish, and nursery gardens. It is otherwise agricultural, and a great part of it is waste land. Whitmoor and Broad Street Commons are extensive wastes.
>
>
This pinpoints the area's sands (and hence its low agricultural natural fertility) as being key to Worpledon's abundance of heath and woodlands. In traditional parish descriptions such unproductive land is described as "waste".
In the 2021 Census, the parish was given an estimated population of 8,500, which is almost identical to the 2011 census figure.
Landmarks and amenities
-----------------------
Whitmoor Common
Whitmoor Common
### Whitmoor Common
Main article: Whitmoor Common
A large common is at the heart of the parish that has mixed landscapes of heather, copses of woodland, grasslands and bracken.
Clustered around the village centre and its lightly developed localities are heavily wooded commons, managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust, including Broadstreet & Backside Commons, Stringer's Common, Littlefield Common, Whitmoor/Whitmore Common, Jordan Hill, Rickford Common, and Chitty's Common.
### Memorial hall and recreational grounds
Worplesdon is served by the Worplesdon Memorial Hall, built in 1922 to recall those who died in World War I; it and the adjacent recreation grounds are managed by trustees representing the donors and the Parish Council. A caretaker lives nearby. Beside the Hall are a playground and tennis and cricket facilities. There are a large events room, a meeting room, and the Sidney Sime Memorial Gallery.
### Hotel and convenience shopping
Worplesdon itself has few shopping facilities; however it has the Worplesdon Place Hotel and the rail station 1.2 miles (1.9 km) north-east of the village centre.
### Wood Street Village and Stoughton amenities
Wood Street Village is, unusually, a larger "village" within the historic parish as well as the 19th-century created, civil parish. Stoughton, Guildford has a diverse parade of shops and is well-situated for access from most of the village and other settlements.
Transport
---------
Worplesdon railway station
Worplesdon railway station has up to three services per hour to London Waterloo, on Mondays to Saturdays on the Portsmouth Direct Line. The station is between Woking and Guildford, in the east of the village. This is separated from parts of the main village by the gently elevated northwestern flank of wooded Whitmoor, Jordan Hill and Rickford Commons, all of which are part of the village.
Economy
-------
Taking the parish as a whole: 213 people at the time of the last census were employed in finance and insurance industries. Despite the heathland covering the parish, only 0.8% of residents in 2011 were employed in quarrying, forestry and agriculture, similarly real estate accounted for 1.2% of residents' occupations. Technical/scientific employers employed 10% of the population, bolstered by the University of Surrey and Institute for Animal Health (with associated major employers in life sciences, space exploration and computing).
Greater than this, education employed 12% of the population (549 people). Wholesale and retail trade, and the sale/repair of motor vehicles was the most important single category with 639 people. Next, just behind education, was health and social work employing 495 people. Accommodation and food service activities, combined with the category of arts, entertainment and recreation, employed a similar figure of 440 people.
Two neighbouring villages to the northwest are Pirbright and Deepcut with significant UK Army presences, although the latter's barracks has been redeveloped into homes. Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Social Security's total of people was 38 fewer than manufacturing, which gave employment to 239 people in 2011.
Demography, Housing and Religion
--------------------------------
|
| |
**2011 Census Homes**| Output area | Detached | Semi-detached | Terraced | Flats and apartments | Caravans/temporary/mobile homes | shared between households |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Civil Parish) | 1,082 | 1,395 | 572 | 346 | 60 | 1 |
The average level of accommodation in the region comprising detached houses was 28%, the average comprising apartments was 22.6%.
|
| |
**2011 Census Key Statistics**| Output area | Population | Households | % Owned outright | % Owned with a loan | hectares |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Civil Parish) | 8,529 | 3,456 | 40.5% | 37.2% | 1,794 |
The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible percentage of households living rent-free).
In the 2021 census, it was found that 88.2% of residents live in a house or bungalow, which is 10.8% higher than the national average; 10% of residents live in a flat or maisonette,12.2% lower than the national average, and 1.7% live in a caravan or mobile home.
83% of residents were born in the UK and 17% were not, which is on a par with the average for England.
The religious make-up of the parish population is as follows:
2021 Census Religion Data| Religion | Christianity | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Judaism | Irreligious | Other Religion | Did Not Answer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Percentage | 53.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 35.8 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
Nearest Settlements
-------------------
| **Nearest Settlements** |
| --- |
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pirbright and Brookwood | Woking (southwest of borough)including Fox Corner, Fisher's Hill and Hook Heath | Mayford |
| | | |
| Normandy | **Worplesdon** | *across woodland, railway, farms, Jacobs Wells, and River Wey*SendBurpham (borders) |
| | | |
| *across Wood Street Village* Puttenham | *across Fairlands*Park Barn, Guildford | Stoughton, GuildfordBellfields, Guildford |
|
Education
---------
Merrist Wood Agricultural College stands on the hill in the west of the village, encompassing:
* A wood and pond
* Plant nursery
* Arboriculture training area
* Equestrian centre
* Golf course
* Mixed farm
The village's Perry Hill School closed in 1976 to be replaced by Worplesdon Primary in Fairlands. Worplesdon Primary School caters for 539 students from the ages of 4–11. The head teacher is Mrs K O'Brien.
### Youth outreach
The Normandy Youth Center serves the area by sponsoring community-based programs targeting youth in the area (especially marginal groups and minorities) for the purpose of increasing exposure to educational opportunities and building a stronger community.
Sports
------
### Cricket
The Worplesdon and Burpham Cricket Club traces its origins to 1890, and Worplesdon & Burpham CC was established in 1999 following the merger of Worplesdon CC and Burpham CC.
There are two teams playing on Saturday in the Fullers Brewery Surrey County League and one team on Sunday playing in The Village League.
A new pavilion was opened in 2008 providing much larger facilities, a brand new bar and kitchen to supply the all-important cricket teas and post-game drinks.
**Directions**
Take the A322 leaving Guildford towards Bagshot. When you enter the village of Worplesdon (signposted and still on the A322) the ground is on the left hand side (with the entrance in the lay-by), 100 yards past the Worplesdon Place Hotel.
### Other Sports
There is also Worplesdon Phoenix FC playing in the Surrey Counties Intermediate League and Guildford and Woking Alliance League and, since 1991, Worplesdon Tennis Club, with a new clubhouse (2005).
Worplesdon Rangers FC is another football club based in and around the parish; the club was founded in 2001 and caters for pre-reception to Under 18 age-groups playing in the Surrey Primary League. Committee meetings are held monthly at Jacobs Well Village Hall.
Notable residents
-----------------
* Thomas Comber, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, rector of Worplesdon (1615–42)
* William Ingalton (1794–1866), painter and builder
* Stephen Smith, early Quaker, gave Friends' Burial Ground (buried there 1672) (sold 1852).
* John Burton, founding trustee for the colony of Georgia, theologian and rector of Worplesdon (1766–71).
* Sir J. L. Walker, CIE of Worplesdon Place (1911);
In the early 20th century, Worplesdon was home to the artist Sidney Sime, best known for magazine illustration and work in the books of the varied, particularly fantasy, author Lord Dunsany.
In his later life Frederick Selous chronicled many of his adventures from his home in Worplesdon. Selous was a British explorer, officer, hunter, and conservationist, famous for his exploits in south and east of Africa. His real-life adventures inspired Sir H. Rider Haggard's Allan Quatermain character.
Local Government
----------------
There is one representative on Surrey County Council, Conservative Keith Witham whose physically large ward extends into Normandy, Surrey. There are three representatives on Guildford Borough Council:
| Last elected | Member | Ward |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | 2023 | Bill Akhtar | Worplesdon |
| | 2023 | Honor Brooker | Worplesdon |
| | 2023 | Philip Brooker | Worplesdon |
Freedom of the Parish
---------------------
The following have received the Freedom of the Parish of Worplesdon.
* Sandra A. Morgan: 28 November 2021. |
Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1958)
**Vilson Dias de Oliveira** D.C. (born 26 November 1958) is a Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Bishop of Limeira from 2007 to 2019.
Biography
---------
Vilson Dias de Oliveira was born in Guaíra in the state of São Paulo. He took vows as a member of the Christian Doctrine Fathers on 2 February 1978. After completing his studies he was ordained a priest on 22 April 1984.
He was named Bishop of Limeira on 13 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI. He received his episcopal consecration from Raymundo Damasceno Assis, Archbishop of Aparecida, on 1 September and was installed on 15 September.
On 17 May 2019, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as bishop and appointed an apostolic administrator to lead the diocese following the launch of a civil investigation on charges of extortion relating to the coverup of several instances of sexual abuse on the part of a priest in the diocese. Archbishop Giovanni d’Aniello, Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil, had arranged for a canonical investigation by Bishop João Inácio Müller of Lorena in February. In April Dias admitted to having stolen from Church funds for his personal use. |
Defunct Dutch shortwave radio station
**PCJJ** (later known as **PCJ**) was a pioneering shortwave radio station in the Netherlands operated by Philips Radio on behalf of Philips Laboratories, a division of Philips Electronics. It was the first shortwave radio station in Europe, and the first dedicated shortwave radio station in the world - previous stations had simulcast AM/medium wave broadcasts.
History
-------
The station officially went on the air on 11 March 1927, broadcasting on 9.93 MHz in a transmission to the Dutch East Indies with the words, "Hello Dutch East Indies, this is PCJJ, the shortwave transmitter of Philips Laboratories in Eindhoven." PCJJ was soon broadcasting in English, Spanish, German and Dutch to a worldwide audience. The station was founded as part of Philips' international marketing campaign to encourage the sale of radio receivers.
On 30 May and 1 June 1927, Queen Wilhelmina and Crown Princess Juliana spoke over PCJJ to their colonial subjects in the Dutch East and West Indies.
PCJJ was likely the first shortwave radio station in the world to provide distinct programming rather than a simulcast of domestic stations.
The multilingual Edward "Eddy" Startz joined PCJJ in 1928 and became its best known announcer. He created the light entertainment *Happy Station* show which became the world's longest running shortwave program and informally rechristened the station name PCJ for Peace, Cheer and Joy.
In July 1927, Philips established PHOHI (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië or Philips Holland-India Broadcasting Station). The new venture originally shared PCJJ's transmitter until December 1928 when PCJJ's sister transmitter PHI was completed for PHOHI programming. PHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and the Dutch West Indies (now the Netherlands Antilles), with its main aim being to provide programming for white Dutch settlers and expatriates, while PCJJ now broadcast in English, Spanish and German to Europe and the rest of the world. In 1929, PCJJ was renamed PCJ. Beginning in February 1929, PCJ broadcast experimental radio programmes on behalf of the League of Nations using the call letters PCLL. The shows were produced in Geneva and sent to PCJ via landline. The service was known as "Radio Nations" and its broadcasts via PCJ continued until the League of Nations' own transmitters, HBL and HBP were inaugurated in 1932.
PHI ceased broadcasting in 1930 due to the government's new regulations regarding Dutch language broadcasting, although PCJ continued to air. PHI was able to resume broadcasting in 1934 and would broadcast Dutch as well as English programming to the Eastern Hemisphere which PCJ broadcast to the Western Hemisphere.
In 1937, the transmitters were relocated to Huizen with studios in nearby Hilversum. The transmitter complex comprised 24 antennas on 65-metre-high (213 ft) wooden antenna towers weighing 18 tons each, which were built on concentric rails to allow them to be rotated so that they could be aimed in any direction. Reception would equal that of a 2000 kilowatt station.
Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. PCJ broadcast the events of the invasion for four days until Eddy Startz was arrested. The staff of PCJ tried to destroy the Huizen transmitters, but they were repaired by the Germans used for black propaganda to India under the name "The Voice of Free India". Transmissions from the occupied facility were also heard as far away as Australia using the call sign DXL15.
PCJ resumed broadcasting in October 1945, as a result of the liberation of the Netherlands. The two shortwave stations were nationalised and became Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service on 15 April 1947 though PCJ programs such as Happy Station continued on the new station and the PCJ call letters were kept by Radio Netherlands for several years.
The Taiwan-based PCJ Radio International, which produced a revived *Happy Station* show from 2009 to 2020, took its name from the original PCJ. |
Italian American author (born 1932)
**Rose Pizzo** (born Easter 1932) is an Italian American author. She wrote the autobiography *Growing Up Deaf* with the help of her friend Judy Jonas, which tells the story of her life as a Deaf woman. This book was self-published through Xlibris. She is a prominent member of the Deaf Community and has won many awards for her efforts including the Fred Schreiber Golden Hands award.
Early life
----------
Rose Pizzo was born in Queens, New York, in 1932 during the Great Depression. She has an older sister by 13 months named Frances and a younger brother named Vincent. After her birth, her family moved from Queens to New Dorp, Staten Island because her parents could no longer afford to live in the city. However, her father had a shoemaking business in Queens and because the commute became too difficult, the family moved back to Queens for a short time. They moved to Corona and eventually settled in East Elmhurst.
She was born to a hearing family and though she did not become Deaf until age three, she has no recollection of hearing. She was sent to a mainstream kindergarten where she had no means of communication and was held back for two years. Then at age 8, she attended a public school for the deaf in Manhattan called P.S. 47. It was there that Pizzo first learned American Sign Language although the curriculum taught at P.S. 47 focused on writing and lip-reading skills and discouraged sign language, she picked it up from her peers. After P.S. 47, she attended Mabel Deaf Vocational High School, which was a mainstream program. No services were provided for Pizzo in the form of an interpreter or note taker so she was forced to lip-read in all her classes. She was able to pass by studying hard but eventually focused her studies in the vocational part of the school and studied sewing and dress-making.
Career
------
Pizzo's first job out of high school was as a sewing machine operator where she worked for two years although she hated the job. She then worked as a data entry operator for many years. In 1978 she was one of the first students to attend the Adult Basic Education Program for the Deaf in Fair Lawn and received her high school equivalency diploma. After she graduated, she became a teacher's aide at the same school and held the position for over twenty years. She has also taught American Sign Language to hearing adults at the Fair Lawn Community School since the mid-1980s. Pizzo has been an active member of the North Jersey Community Center for the Deaf (NJCCD) and served on their Women's Auxiliary Group. She was appointed by the Governor to serve on the NJ Division of the Deaf Advisory Council. Pizzo also became very involved with the Union County College interpreting program and helped many students improve their interpreting skills. As a result, she was present with the Claudia Parson's Award by UCC for involvement in the Deaf community. She is also the recipient of the Fred Schreiber Golden Hands award.
Personal life
-------------
Rose Pizzo first met her husband Vincent Pizzo when she was 7 years old on the bus going to their school for the Deaf P.S. 47. Their first date was not until 1950 when she was 18 and he was 24 and they were married on June 8, 1952. Vincent also was raised by hearing parents but unlike Rose, many of his siblings are also Deaf. They raised 3 children in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. Their oldest child Nancy was born in Barnet Hospital in 1956. Their daughter Karen was born in 1958 and their son Paul was born in 1962. They also have three grandchildren named Michelle, Vinnie, and Dominic.
*Growing Up Deaf* (autobiography)
---------------------------------
Rose Pizzo was encouraged to write a book about her life by her daughter-in-law Linda, who was fascinated with Rose's life as well as Deaf Culture. She originally struggled while writing the book in English because American Sign Language is her native language. To solve this problem, she asked her friend and founder of the Adult Basic Education Program for the Deaf in Fair Lawn, Judy Jonas for help. Rose told her story to Judy who interpreted it onto an audio tape. The tape was them transcribed and Judy edited and translated it into English.
The book begins by talking about Rose's life growing up and childhood memory such as the story her Aunt away told about her birth, vacations her family took, and holidays. The book also describes her education growing up and her lack of language until she attended a school for the Deaf. In fact
Rose did not even know her own name until she attended this school at age 8. When she was attending a hearing kinder garden, Rose describes how she had no communication and was picked on by other students. She goes into detail about the communication issues she faced throughout her entire life. Such as asking a family member question about what was going on and either getting a summary of the information or told nothing at all; like when one of her favorite cousins died. When she began her education at a Deaf school Rose described the experience as "the beginning of my life as a Deaf Person" (Pizzo). American Sign Language was forbidden at this school and hands were slapped for signing but she learned from other students and from the first time had access to real communication. The book also includes several stories of her friend's family's rejections of ASL. Rose's parents never had a problem with ASL although they were ignorant of the Deaf world and she was forced to wear hearing aids. The book also provides cultural information about Deaf people, such as the importance of name signs and how they are chosen as well as explaining the benefits TTY's and captioning had on the Deaf community. |
Flying technique
**Dynamic soaring** is a flying technique used to gain energy by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different velocity. Such zones of wind gradient are generally found close to obstacles and close to the surface, so the technique is mainly of use to birds and operators of radio-controlled gliders, but glider pilots are sometimes able to soar dynamically in meteorological wind shears at higher altitudes.
Dynamic soaring is sometimes confused with slope soaring which is a technique for achieving elevation.
Basic mechanism
---------------
While different flight patterns can be employed in dynamic soaring, the simplest is a closed loop across the shear layer between two airmasses in relative movement, e.g. stationary air in a valley, and a layer of wind above the valley. The gain in speed can be explained in terms of airspeed and groundspeed:
* As the glider begins the loop, say in a stationary airmass, groundspeed and airspeed are the same.
* The glider enters the moving airmass nearly head-on, which increases the glider's airspeed.
* The glider then turns 180°, where it is able to maintain most of its airspeed due to momentum. This must happen immediately, or groundspeed will be lost. The glider's groundspeed, first crosswind, then downwind, as it turns, is now higher, as the tailwind has accelerated the glider.
* The loop continues with the glider re-entering the stationary airmass and turning around, maintaining the now higher airspeed and groundspeed.
* Each cycle results in higher speeds, up to a point where drag prevents additional increase.
The energy is extracted by using the velocity difference between the two airmasses to lift the flying object to a higher altitude (or to reverse the descent respectively) after the transfer between the airmasses.
Dynamic Soaring LoopDynamic Soaring Loop
In practice, there is a turbulent mixing layer between the moving and stationary air mass. In addition, drag forces are continually slowing the plane. Since higher speed gives rise to higher drag forces, there is a maximum speed that can be attained. Typically around 10 times the windspeed for efficient glider designs.
When seabirds perform dynamic soaring, the wind gradients are much less pronounced, so the energy extraction is comparably smaller. Instead of flying in circles as glider pilots do, birds commonly execute a series of half circles in opposite directions, in a zigzag pattern. An initial climb though the gradient while facing into the wind causes it to gain airspeed. It then makes an 180° turn and dives back through the same gradient but in the downwind direction, which again causes it to gain airspeed. It then makes an 180° turn at low altitude, in the other direction, to face back up into the wind... and the cycle repeats. By repeating the manoeuvre over and over it can make progress laterally to the wind while maintaining its airspeed, which enables it to travel in a cross-wind direction indefinitely.
As drag is slowing the bird, dynamic soaring is a tradeoff between speed lost to drag, and speed gained by moving through the wind gradient. At some point, climbing higher carries no additional benefit, as the wind gradient lessens with altitude.
Birds
-----
Waved albatross *Phoebastria irrorata*
Albatrosses are particularly adept at exploiting these techniques and can travel thousands of miles using very little energy. Gulls and terns also exhibit this behaviour in flight. Birds that soar dynamically have a skeletal structure that allows them to lock their wings when they are soaring, to reduce muscle tension and effort.
Lord Rayleigh first described dynamic soaring in 1883 in the British journal *Nature*:
...a bird without working his wings cannot, either in still air or in a uniform horizontal wind, maintain his level indefinitely. For a short time such maintenance is possible at the expense of an initial relative velocity, but this must soon be exhausted. Whenever therefore a bird pursues his course for some time without working his wings, we must conclude either
1. that the course is not horizontal,
2. that the wind is not horizontal, or
3. that the wind is not uniform.
It is probable that the truth is usually represented by (1) or (2); but the question I wish to raise is whether the cause suggested by (3) may not sometimes come into operation.
The first case described above by Rayleigh is simple gliding flight, the second is static soaring (using thermals, lee waves or slope soaring), and the last is dynamic soaring.
Manned aircraft
---------------
In his 1975 book *Streckensegelflug* (published in English in 1978 as *Cross-Country Soaring* by the Soaring Society of America), Helmut Reichmann describes a flight made by Ingo Renner in a Glasflügel H-301 Libelle glider over Tocumwal in Australia on 24 October 1974. On that day there was no wind at the surface, but above an inversion at 300 meters there was a strong wind of about 70 km/h (40 knots). Renner took a tow up to about 350 m from where he dived steeply downwind until he entered the still air; he then pulled a 180-degree turn (with high *g*) and climbed back up again. On passing through the inversion he re-encountered the 70 km/h wind, this time as a head-wind. The additional air-speed that this provided enabled him to recover his original height. By repeating this manoeuvre he successfully maintained his height for around 20 minutes without the existence of ascending air, although he was drifting rapidly downwind. In later flights in a Pik 20 sailplane, he refined the technique so that he was able to eliminate the downwind drift and even make headway into the wind.
Unmanned aircraft
-----------------
The dynamic soaring technique is adapted in unmanned aerial vehicles for enhancing their performance under a thrust-off condition. This improves the endurance and range of the aircraft in austere conditions.[*clarification needed*]
Spacecraft
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Dynamic soaring can be used as a means to exceed the solar wind speed, by exploiting differences in this speed near the sun, the Earth, and/or the heliopause.
Radio-controlled glider
-----------------------
Dynamic soaring with R/C glider near Idaho Falls, Idaho. Wind direction is from right to left.
In the late 1990s, radio-controlled gliding awoke to the idea of dynamic soaring (a "discovery" largely credited to RC soaring luminary Joe Wurts). Radio-controlled glider pilots perform dynamic soaring using the leeward side of ground features such as ridges, saddles, or even rows of trees. If the ridge faces the wind, and has a steep back (leeward) side, it can cause flow separation off the top of the hill, resulting in a layer of fast air moving over the top of a volume of stagnant or reverse-flow air behind the hill. The velocity gradient, or wind shear, can be much greater than those used by birds or full scale sailplanes. The higher gradient allows for correspondingly greater energy extraction, resulting in much higher speeds for the aircraft. Models repeatedly cross the shear layer by flying in a circular path, penetrating a fast-moving headwind after flying up the back side, turning to fly with the wind, diving down through the shear layer into the stagnant air, and turning again to fly back up the back side of the hill. The loads caused by rapid turning at high speed (the fastest models can pull over 100 Gs) require significant structural reinforcement in the fuselage and wing. Because of this, dynamic soaring models are commonly built using composite materials.
As of February 21, 2023, the highest reported ground speed for radio control dynamic soaring was 908kph or 564 mph (490 kn). There is no official sanctioning organization that certifies speeds, so records are listed unofficially based on readings from radar guns, although analysis from video footage and other sources is also used. Lately, some models have begun carrying on-board telemetry and other instruments to record such things as acceleration, air speed, etc. |
German Socinian theologian, Bible translator, mathematician and rector
**Joachim Stegmann** Sr.(Potsdam 1595 - Cluj-Napoca 1633) was a German Socinian theologian, Bible translator, mathematician and rector of the Racovian Academy.
Stegmann was born in Potsdam, and was a Lutheran pastor in Brandenburg, but from 1626 he began to openly profess their ideas of Fausto Paolo Sozzini and moved to Poland, where he began working in the centers of the Polish Brethren. He was a teacher and rector of the Racovian Academy and contributed to the prosperity of the university.
In 1630 he collaborated with Johannes Crellius on the publication of German version of the Racovian New Testament.
He was chosen by the Polish Brethren community to go to Transylvania in 1633 to serve the "Arian" (Socinian) community among the Hungarian-speaking Unitarians there but died shortly after arrival in Cluj-Napoca.
Works
-----
* Textbook for mathematics and geometry.
* Brevis disquisitio an et quo mado vulgo dicti Evangelici Pontificios, ac nominatim Val. Magni de Acatholicorum credendi regula judicium solide atque evidenter refutare queant. Eleutheropoli (Amsterdam) 1633 (English translation London 1653).
* He worked with Andrzej Wiszowaty on the Racovian Catechism of 1605.
Other members of his family
---------------------------
* Joachim Stegmann Jr. (1618–1678), his son, writer
* Krzysztof Stegmann (c.1624-c.1661), Socinian teacher.
* Wawrzyniec Stegmann (c.1610-c.1655), last rector of the Racovian Academy. |
**Tony Sarchet** is a British television and radio writer for alternative comedy shows.
Sarchet studied chemistry at University College, Oxford, where he was a member of the University College Players and wrote a revue called *Gargoyles* at the Oxford Playhouse with John Albery and Graham Wall in 1978.
He started his professional career writing for hit shows including *Three of a Kind* and *Spitting Image*, and for comedians such as Lenny Henry and Jasper Carrott.
In 1984, his Sony Award-winning BBC Radio 4 satire *Delve Special* begun, a comedic parody of Roger Cook's investigative journalism series 'Checkpoint'. This time starring Stephen Fry as investigative journalist David Lander. When Roger Cook moved to television, so did his parody, in the Tony Sarchet written series *This is David Lander* and *This is David Harper* (this last series with Tony Slattery in the main role).
Sarchet went on to write the Screen One TV film *Trust Me* starring Alfred Molina and in 2001 the ITV sitcom *High Stakes* with Richard Wilson.
Tony Sarchet is married to the writer Andrea Solomons.[] |
**The Oneida Community Mansion House** is a historic house and museum that was once the home of the Oneida Community, a religiously-based socialist Utopian group led by John Humphrey Noyes. Noyes and his followers moved to the site in Oneida from Putney, Vermont in 1848. The Community lived in the Mansion House communally until 1880, when they dissolved into a joint-stock company.
United States historic place
The Mansion House has been continually occupied as a residence since its construction in 1862. In the 20th century the Mansion House became a National Historic Landmark. It is currently overseen by a non-profit organization chartered in 1987 by New York State Board of Regents. It also includes residential apartments as well as guest rooms for overnight lodging.
History
-------
The **Oneida Community Mansion House** is located on a 33-acre remnant of the original Community site, which in the 1860s included more than 160 acres of land surrounding Oneida Creek in Madison County, New York and Oneida County, New York. This land was made available for purchase by Euro-American settlers after its acquisition by the State of New York in a series of agreements with the Oneida Indian Nation in 1840 and 1842. The initial farmstead of the Oneida Community was purchased by Jonathan Burt, an early convert to the religious doctrine known as "perfectionism." In 1847, Burt invited John Humphrey Noyes and his associates in Putney, Vermont to come to Oneida and combine in a Perfectionist association.
John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community
Burt wrote to John Humphrey Noyes, extending the offer to establish a community in Oneida. At the time, Noyes and his followers were living in Putney, Vermont in a group known as the Putney Association. The group lived communally, as one family sharing property and work, in a system they called "Bible communism." However, their practice of complex marriage (a form of polyamory) was controversial. After Noyes was charged with committing adultery in Vermont, the group moved to Oneida in March 1848, becoming the Oneida Community.
### First Mansion House
Following the designs of carpenter and self-trained architect Erastus Hamilton, with the collective guidance of the community and its founder Noyes, the first Mansion House was erected in the winter of 1848. The structure provided a larger space for the Oneida family after it quickly outgrew the small farm houses built by Burt and others, and two log cabins left behind by the Oneida Indians. The majority of this first work was done by the Community, which had a saw mill on-site and carpenters in the membership. A Community member recalled that "the building of a *home* was the first enterprise that enlisted the whole Community; and it was one in which all were equally interested. All labored; the women no less than the men."
One of the Mansion House's most prominent features was the tent room, located on the third story. The 35 by 30 foot space consisted of twelve tents that conveniently denied members of isolation and encouraged social interactions. Another important area of social gathering was at the common table that all members were required to eat at during meal times.
Not long after its construction, the first Mansion House became overcrowded and its members acknowledged the pressing need for more space. In its October 25, 1855 issue, the community newspaper, *The Circular*, appreciated that the "smallness of space has served as a compress on excessive individuality, and brought element of Communism;" However, the Community's population had reached one hundred and seventy members, and they had outgrown the space.
New Mansion House
-----------------
In 1861 the Community began construction of a larger, brick dwelling, under the guidance of Community member and architect Erastus Hamilton. The 1862 Brick Mansion House is 45 by 60 feet and three stories high. A south wing was added in 1869 and another addition, design by Lewis W. Leeds was added in 1877–78 to accommodate the growing community, which then numbered close to 300 people.
The architecture of the Mansion House, and the process of designing the home, reflected the communal values prized by the Oneida Community. The ideas for the 1862 house were discussed in evening meetings, with the group eventually settling on a plan for an Italianate Villa-style structure. The first floor housed an office, reception room for visitors, library, and guest bedroom. Individual sleeping rooms were arrayed around communal siting rooms on the first, second and third floors. A five-story Italianate tower was located at the northeast corner of the House, overlooking the site and designed with its own access stair and entry
Communal space was important to the Community, and thus the most prominent interior feature of the 1862 House is a two-story Family Hall with a capacity for several hundred persons and which served as the daily gathering place of the whole Community. Smaller sitting rooms were important and daily social spaces for reading, work activities, and cross-generational socialization. The second floor sitting room is described in Community publications, such as *The Circular*, as one of the "coziest places in all of the house". The second floor sitting room included a third floor gallery that overlooked the sitting area. Since the members eschewed private ownership of property, individual processions were simple and sleeping rooms were almost monastic. Additionally, sleeping room assignments were rotated periodically to preempt member attachment to a specific room. The sleeping rooms still provided some privacy in a communal environment and corresponded to the Community's practice of complex marriage.
### Big Hall
The Big Hall at the Mansion House
The Big, or Family, Hall was designed to be the center of community life. The two-story hall was painted in trompe l'oeil style, with Windsor-styled spindle back benches on the main level, and fixed bench seating for an additional 200 on the balcony level. A raked stage at the east end of the hall was designed for the performing arts. At eight o'clock every evening, members gathered in the Big Hall to receive instruction from Noyes, listen to readings, deliberate on practices within and by the community, and participate in the social bonding practice that they called 'mutual criticism.'
### South Wing
The 1869 South Wing, constructed in Second Empire Style, was added to the Mansion when the Community inaugurated an intentional plan for members to have children. For many years, the Community practiced birth control and kept the birthrate purposefully low. By the late 1860s, Noyes and other Community members developed an interest in selective breeding. They asserted that religious devotion was inheritable, and that they could pass on their own strong sense of spirituality to successive generations by careful breeding. They called their eugenics experiment "stirpiculture." The children born in the experiment were known as "stirpicults."
The South Wing of the Oneida Community Mansion House
Generally, children stayed with their mothers for nine months before moving to the South Wing, where they received daily care from the elder heads of the 'Children's Department' and teachers. Within the South Wing, children were separated by ages. The youngest were together in the Drawing Room, the oldest in the South Room, and children in between were in the East Room. Children had many toys—blocks, marble rollers, rocking horses, and homemade picture books, and received lessons in a variety of subjects. Although it was hoped that the children would be highly spiritual, it turned out that "the children were much like other children of the same age," as one stiripicult later recalled. "The women who cared for us spent much of their time settling differences of opinion over who should have a certain toy."
Post-Community
--------------
Facing criticism from outside the Community and growing internal dissension, the Utopian group voted to disband and became a joint-stock company known as Oneida Community, Ltd. in 1880. Their manufacturing enterprises included canned fruit and vegetables, animal traps, silk sewing thread, and tableware. Known later as Oneida Limited, the company became a top producer of silverware in the twentieth century.
After the Community voted to disband, ex-members and their descendants continued to live in the Mansion House. They turned small, individual rooms into suites to accommodate a less communal lifestyle. A few of the single local public school teachers, teaching in the VVS School District, were allowed to live in the Mansard roof section of the Mansion. These young teachers paid a very low rent and were served four dinners a week, Monday through Thursday, during the school year. The teachers were each given a bedroom and shared bathrooms with other teachers, although one teacher, Mr Al Simmons, lived in one of small apartments located in another part of the Mansion. He was a long–time business teacher at Vernon-Verona-Sherrill Central High School. That was unusual as these apartments were reserved for Community family members.
The non-profit Oneida Community Mansion House acquired the property from Oneida Ltd in 1987. |
London south of the River Thames in England
Place in England
**South London** is the southern part of London, England, south of the River Thames. The region consists of the boroughs, in whole or in part, of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth.
South London originally emerged from Southwark, first recorded as *Suthriganaweorc*, meaning 'fort of the men of Surrey'. From Southwark, London then extended further down into northern Surrey and western Kent.
Emergence and growth
--------------------
Further information: Southwark
South London began at Southwark at the southern end of London Bridge, the first permanent crossing over the river, with early development of the area being a direct result of the existence and location of the bridge.
South of London in 1800. The border between Surrey and Kent is shown running south from Deptford, through Sydenham
The heads of traitors were displayed on spikes, on the southern gatehouse of London Bridge
St Olaf's House, Southwark. Olaf, later St Olaf, helped the English retake London Bridge from his fellow Norsemen.
Southwark was first known as *Suthriganaweorc*, the fortress of the men of Surrey, mentioned in the Burghal Hidage as part of military system created by Alfred the Great to defeat the Great Heathen Army of the Vikings. Southwark was also known as *the Borough* due to be it being an incorporated (nationally represented) Borough from 1295. From 1550 to 1899 it was administered as part of the City of London and referred to as the ward of Bridge Without.
In 1720, John Strype's 'Survey of London' described Southwark as one of the then four distinct areas of London; in it he describes the City of London, Westminster (West London), Southwark (South London), and 'That Part Beyond the Tower' (East London). The area now usually referred to as North London developed later.
As late as the mid 18th century, however, there were no other bridges crossing the river and as a result urban growth was considerably slower in the south than in areas north of the Thames.
The opening of Westminster Bridge and other subsequent bridges to the west encouraged growth in the south-west, but only Tower Bridge was built to the east of London Bridge, so south-east London grew more slowly, at least until the Surrey Commercial Docks were built.
The development of a dense network of railway lines in the mid nineteenth century significantly accelerated growth. The County of London was formed in 1899, which incorporated these boroughs south of the river: Wandsworth, Lambeth, Battersea, Camberwell, Southwark, Bermondsey, Deptford, Lewisham, Greenwich and Woolwich. During the first half of the 20th century, towns in the Home Counties such as Kingston, Croydon and Bromley gradually coalesced with South London, until Greater London was formed in 1965.
Transport
---------
A significant feature of south London's economic geography is that while there are more than thirty bridges linking the area with West London and the City, there is only one, Tower Bridge, linking the area with East London.
Very little of London's underground rail network lies south of the river, largely due to the challenging geology; however, 21st-century technology makes tunnelling much cheaper (though stations are still expensive) and this may lead to an improved underground provision in south London with the Crossrail 2 line proposed alongside extensions to the Northern and Bakerloo Lines.
South London contains an extensive overground rail network and all of London's trams operate within the area.
List of boroughs
----------------
The 12 boroughs included, in whole or part are:
| | London borough | Postcode areas | 2008 sub-region | London Assembly | Historic county | Inner London/Outer London |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Bexley | DA, SE | South East | Bexley and Bromley | Kent | Outer London |
| | Bromley | BR, DA, SE, TN, CR | South East | Bexley and Bromley | Kent | Outer London |
| | Croydon | CR, SE, SW, BR | South West | Croydon and Sutton | Surrey | Outer London |
| | Greenwich | SE, DA, BR | South East | Greenwich and Lewisham | Kent | Inner London
(Outer London for statistics) |
| | Kingston | KT, SW, | South West | South West | Surrey | Outer London |
| | Lambeth | SE, SW | South East | Lambeth and Southwark | Surrey | Inner London |
| | Lewisham | SE, BR | South East | Greenwich and Lewisham | Kent | Inner London |
| | Merton | CR, SM, SW | South West | Merton and Wandsworth | Surrey | Outer London |
| | Richmond (part) | TW,SW | South West | South West | Surrey | Outer London |
| | Southwark | SE | South East | Lambeth and Southwark | Surrey | Inner London |
| | Sutton | SM, KT, | South West | Croydon and Sutton | Surrey | Outer London |
| | Wandsworth | SW | South West | Merton and Wandsworth | Surrey | Inner London |
A small area of land, on which the southern end of Blackfriars Bridge stands, is not part of Southwark. It forms part of the City of London, a sui generis local authority which is mainly located north of the Thames.
Formal use
----------
The term 'south London' has been used for a variety of formal purposes with the boundaries defined according to the purposes of the designation.
### Constituency review, 2017
In 2017 the government asked the Boundary Commission for England to reconsider the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies. The commission's study, was to start with existing regions of England and then group the local authorities within that area into sub-regions for further sub-division. The south London sub-region included the 11 boroughs which lay south of the river, plus the parts of cross-river Richmond upon Thames that did so.
An earlier 2013 study, whose recommendations were not adopted, took a different approach by including all of Richmond in its south London sub-region.
### Sub-region policy
For the purposes of progress reporting on the London Plan, there was a south London sub-region in operation from 2004 to 2008 consisting of Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Richmond and Sutton. In 2001 this area had a population of 1,329,000. This definition is used by organisations such as Connexions.
Between 2008 and 2011 it was replaced with a South East sub-region consisting of Southwark, Lewisham, Greenwich, Bexley and Bromley and a South West sub-region consisting of Croydon, Kingston, Lambeth, Merton, Sutton, Richmond and Wandsworth.
In 2011 a new south London region was created consisting of Bromley, Croydon, the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames, Merton, Sutton, Wandsworth, Bexley, Greenwich and Lewisham.
Climate
-------
South London is, like other parts of London and the UK in general, a temperate maritime climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Three Met Office weather stations currently collect climate data south of the river; Kew, Hampton and Kenley Airfield, on the southern edge of the urban area. Long term climate observations dating back to 1763 are available for Greenwich, although observations ceased here in 2003.
Temperatures increase towards the Thames, firstly because of the urban warming effect of the surrounding area, but secondly due to altitude decreasing towards the river, meaning the southern margins of south London are often a couple of degrees cooler than those areas adjacent to the Thames. Often snow can be seen to lie on the North Downs near Croydon when central London is snow free.
The record high temperature at Greenwich is 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) recorded during August 2003. Sunshine is notably lower than other London area weather stations (by about 50–100 hours a year), suggesting Greenwich may be a fog trap in winter, and that the hillier land to the south may obscure early morning and late evening sunshine.
The highest temperature recorded across south London was 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) on the same occasion at Kew Gardens. Although the Met Office accepts a higher reading from Brogdale in Kent, many have questioned the accuracy of this and regard the Kew reading as the most reliable highest UK temperature reading.
| Climate data for Greenwich 7m asl 1971–2000, |
| --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9(46.2) | 8.2(46.8) | 10.9(51.6) | 13.3(55.9) | 17.2(63.0) | 20.2(68.4) | 22.8(73.0) | 22.6(72.7) | 19.3(66.7) | 15.2(59.4) | 10.9(51.6) | 8.8(47.8) | 14.8(58.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4(36.3) | 2.2(36.0) | 3.8(38.8) | 5.2(41.4) | 8.0(46.4) | 11.1(52.0) | 13.6(56.5) | 13.3(55.9) | 10.9(51.6) | 8.0(46.4) | 4.8(40.6) | 3.3(37.9) | 7.2(45.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.9(2.04) | 34.0(1.34) | 42.0(1.65) | 45.2(1.78) | 47.2(1.86) | 53.0(2.09) | 38.3(1.51) | 47.3(1.86) | 56.9(2.24) | 61.5(2.42) | 52.3(2.06) | 54.0(2.13) | 583.6(22.98) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45.9 | 66.1 | 103.2 | 147.0 | 185.4 | 180.6 | 190.3 | 194.4 | 139.2 | 109.7 | 60.6 | 37.8 | 1,461 |
| Source: MetOffice |
Associated organisations
------------------------
* South London Gallery
* South London Botanical Institute
* South London Press
* South London Radio
* South London Storm
* South London Theatre |
Session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature (1883)
The **12th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly** was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened on January 8, 1883, in Prescott, Arizona Territory.
Background
----------
Lawlessness was rampant across sections of the territory. While the Apache Wars were largely over, "cowboy" troubles in and around Cochise county had resulted in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Arizona War. Added to this issue was banditry along the Mexican border and sporadic Indian uprisings. As a result of these and other issues, President Chester A. Arthur had accepted John C. Frémont's resignation and appointed Frederick Augustus Tritle as Governor of Arizona Territory. To deal with the outlaws, Tritle had requested permission to create a group of Arizona Rangers, modeled upon the Texas Rangers, but been denied authorization from the U.S. Congress.
The other big issue of the day was progress on bringing the railroads to the territory. The Southern Pacific Railroad had completed building across the southern portion of Arizona while the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad was preparing to build across the northern part of the territory.
Legislative session
-------------------
The session began on January 8, 1883.
### Governor's address
Governor Frederick Augustus Tritle gave his address to the session at 7:30 pm on January 9, 1883. In regards to the criminal activity in the southern sections of the territory he said, "The recent feuds in Cochise County make it incumbent upon, not only officials, but all good citizens as well, to take such positive measures as will speedily rid this section of that murderous, thieving element which has made up a reproach before the world, as so seriously retarded the industry and progress of our country." Much of the speech emphasized Arizona's future opportunities and sought ways to develop the territory's natural resources. The governor highlighted the facts that mine production was increasing, transportation infrastructure improving, and an ample supply of timber was available to harvest. To insure adequate future supplies, Tritle asked for restrictions on the export of timber from Arizona. To ensure needed access to water, the governor requested federal funds for construction of artesian wells. He also asked for a survey of mineral springs in the hope that some would be found to have therapeutic value. In other matters, Tritle called for recreation of the territorial attorney general position, revision of voter registration laws, and reapportionment of the territorial legislature. Finally, to end the need of sending mentally ill residents to California, the governor called for building a territorial insane asylum.
### Legislation
Upon the advice of Governor Tritle, the session issued a memorandum thanking President Chester A. Arthur for his assistance dealing with lawless elements in and around Cochise County. They then prohibited carrying a deadly weapon within town boundaries in Apache and Graham counties. The position of territorial attorney general was recreated during the session. Meanwhile, Maricopa and Graham counties were given permission to each build a jail and courthouse.
Dealing with the territory's organization, the section of Yavapai County north of the Colorado River and west of Kanab Creek was transferred to Mohave County. The territorial capital, Prescott, was incorporated. The seat of Graham County was moved to Solomonville.
In other matters, the territorial bullion tax was repealed. Before session all members of the legislature who had expressed an opinion had opposed its repeal. Despite this the legislation made it through both houses without trouble. Finally, the session authorized a US$500 prize for the person who could produce, in 1883, the largest cotton yield on a 5 acres (2.0 ha) parcel with a stipulation that a minimum yield of 200 pounds (91 kg) per acre was required for the prize. The prize was claimed by Felix G. Hardwick of Tempe who had produced 3,390 pounds (1,540 kg) of cotton on his 5-acre plot.
Members
-------
| House of Representatives |
| --- |
| Name | District | | Name | District |
| Alfred Allen | Yavapai | J. P. Holcomb | Maricopa |
| J. W. Anderson | Pinal and Pima | L. J. Lassell | Mohave |
| R. C. Brown | Pima | Nehemiah McCallum | Yavapai |
| Robert Connell | Yavapai | C. A. Randall | Yavapai |
| John W. Dorrington | Yuma | Winthorp A. Rowe *(Speaker)* | Yavapai |
| J. F. Duncan | Cochise | W. H. Savage | Cochise |
| John Ellis | Yavapai | D. Snyder | Pima |
| J. H. Fawcett | Pima | Adolphe Soloman | Graham |
| Charles A. Franklin | Apache | Charles Taylor | Yavapai |
| Tobias McGrath | Pima | D. K. Wardwell | Cochise |
| E. H. Gobin | Yavapai | S. F. Webb | Maricopa |
| William Graves | Gila | Moye Wicks | Pima |
| Council |
| --- |
| Name | District |
| F. K. Ainsworth | Yavapai |
| Peter J. Bolan | Graham and Cochise |
| J. W. Davis | Pinal and Pima |
| Morris Goldwater | Yavapai |
| Fred G. Hughes | Pima |
| J. F. Knapp | Pima |
| H. E. Lacy | Apache |
| A. D. Lemon | Maricopa and Gila |
| Murat Masterson | Yavapai |
| Edmund W. Wells | Yavapai |
| L. S. Welton | Mohave and Yuma |
| Edwin H Wiley *(President)* | Cochise |
Further reading
---------------
* Arizona Territory (1883). *Acts, Resolutions and Memorials Adopted by the Twelfth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Arizona*. Prescott: Arizona Miner. OCLC 17671568.
| * v
* t
* e
Arizona Territorial Legislature |
| --- |
| Session |
* 1st (1864)
* 2nd (1865)
* 3rd (1866)
* 4th (1867)
* 5th (1868)
* 6th (1871)
* 7th (1873)
* 8th (1875)
* 9th (1877)
* 10th (1879)
* 11th (1881)
* 12th (1883)
* 13th (1885)
* 14th (1887)
* 15th (1889)
* 16th (1891)
* 17th (1893)
* 18th (1895)
* 19th (1897)
* 20th (1899)
* 21st (1901)
* 22nd (1903)
* 23rd (1905)
* 24th (1907)
* 25th (1909)
| Arizona Territorial Seal | |
Map of the Volcano Park in Mayen-Koblenz
The **Volcano Park** in **Mayen-Koblenz** (German: *Vulkanpark*) is a geopark in the rural district of Mayen-Koblenz in the eastern Vulkan Eifel, Germany. It was founded in 1996 and wraps around the Laacher See (between Brohl-Lützing, Andernach, Plaidt, Mendig and Mayen). Together with the Volcano Park, Brohltal/Laacher See and the Vulkan Eifel Nature and Geo-Park, it forms part of the national Eifel Volcano Land Geo-Park (*Geopark Vulkanland Eifel*). The three parks are connected by the 280-kilometre-long German Volcano Route.
The Volcano Park illustrates volcanism in the Eifel, how the present-day landscape developed, and the exploitation of basalt, pumice and tuff since Roman times. It incorporates exhibits on volcanology, archaeology and industrial history, with educational trails and information signs. The museum incorporates a total of 25 stations, which can be combined in a single visit using four roads plus hiking and bicycle paths.
On 10 July 2010, the Volcano Park was honoured with the "European Union Cultural Heritage Prize" of the heritage protection organisation Europa Nostra, in the category of "Education, Instruction, Training and Consciousness Building". In 2003, the park's project at the Meurin Roman mine had won the same prize.
In 2010 the park had a record 220,000 visitors.
Stations in the Volcano Park
----------------------------
Meurin Roman mine at Kretz
### Blue Route - Plaidt
* Rauschermühle information centre
Central departure point in Plaidt: information centre and museum with exhibits on the development of the Eifel mountains and the history of quarrying and mining
* Meurin Roman mine, at Kretz
* Kruft valley
Tuff deposits from the Laacher See volcanic eruption
* Karmelenberg (a cinder cone) and St. Mary's Chapel
* Roman grave monument in Ochtendung
Built of tuff from the Meurin mine
Mendig lava cellars
### Red Route - Mendig
* Mendig lava dome
Museum with information on the history of volcanism and the geological history of the region
* Mendig lava cellars
3 square kilometres of chambers hewn out of the volcanic rock 32 metres under the town of Mendig
* Museum *lay* (cliff-face)
Open-air exhibit on the life of mine workers extracting and processing basaltic lava
* Wingert cliff-face
Cliff-face 50 metres high which records volcanological information about the eruption of the Laacher See volcano
Andernach geyser
Roman mound-grave in Nickenich
### Yellow Route - Andernach
* Andernach geyser
Tallest cold-water geyser in the world
* Andernach Town museum
Exhibit of historical products made of basaltic lava and tuff
* Nastberg
Former volcano at the Eich district of Andernach.
* Roman mound-grave in Nickenich
Built of tuff from the Meurin mine
* Pellenz archaeological museum in Nickenich
Contains finds from the prehistoric and historic, including Roman, periods
* Eppelsberg
Erosion has created a unique view of the interior of a 230,000-year-old volcano
* Mauerley near the Veitskopf
Roman quarry in the lava flow from the Veitskopf volcano
* Hohe Buche
Volcano whose basalt was used for construction in the Roman period and the early Middle Ages, for example in the Roman bridge at Trier
Basalt *lay* (cliff-face) at Ettringen
Double maar at Boos
### Green Route - Mayen
* Kottenheim Winfeld
Quarry where Mayen Basalt Lava is extracted from the major lava field of the Bellerberg Volcano
* The Ahl at St. Johann
Bizarre rock formations created by the eruption of the Hochsimmer volcano
* *Lay* (cliff-face) at Ettringen
Former site of basalt and tuff mining operations with remains of cranes, crane platforms, railway lines and buildings
* Ettringen Bellerberg / Kottenheim Büden
West and east flanks of the large Bellerberg Volcano
* Mayen Eifel Museum in Genoveva Castle, with German slate mine
* Mayen quarry
Oldest and most important source of Mayen Basalt Lava
* Katzenberg
Site of the largest late Roman hill fort in the Eifel and Hunsrück
* Boos double maar
Twin maars at Boos
Sources
-------
* Karl-Heinz Schumacher and Wilhelm Meyer. Ed. Karl Peter Wiemer. *Geopark Vulkanland Eifel. Lava-Dome und Lavakeller in Mendig*. Rheinische Landschaften 57. Cologne: Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz, 2006. ISBN 978-3-86526-006-2
* Werner P. d'Hein. *Nationaler Geopark Vulkanland Eifel. Ein Natur- und Kulturführer*. Düsseldorf: Gaasterland, 2006. ISBN 978-3-935873-15-4 |
For other uses, see Oppenheim (disambiguation).
Town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Joannes Janssonius ca. 1682
Oppenheim about 1800
**Oppenheim** (German: [ˈɔpn̩haɪm] ⓘ or [ˈɔpm̩haɪm]) is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The town is a well-known wine center, being the home of the German Winegrowing Museum, and is particularly known for the wines from the Oppenheimer Krötenbrunnen vineyards.
Geography
---------
### Location
The town lies on the Upper Rhine in Rhenish Hesse between Mainz and Worms. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde (special administrative district).
History
-------
In 765, the first documented mention of the Frankish village was recorded in the Lorsch Codex, in connection with an endowment by Charlemagne to the Lorsch Abbey. Further portions of Oppenheim were added to the endowment in 774. In 1008, Oppenheim was granted market rights. In October 1076 Oppenheim gained special importance in the Investiture Controversy. At the princely session of Trebur and Oppenheim, the princes called on King Henry IV to undertake the "Walk to Canossa". After Oppenheim was returned to the Empire in 1147, it became a Free Imperial City in 1225, during the Staufer Emperor Frederick II's. At this time, the town was important for its imperial castle and the Burgmannen who lived there.
In the 14th century, the town was pledged to the Electorate of Mainz and beginning in 1398, it belonged to the territory of the Electoral Palatinate.
In 1621, the Oppenheim town chronicle reports a great fire in which the Oppenheim Town Hall was almost completely destroyed. The Electoral *Oberamt* archive, too, was lost in the fire, and so it was moved to Mainz. [the meaning here is not clear]
On 14 September 1620, Spanish troops overran the town in the Thirty Years' War. The Spaniards occupied Oppenheim until 1632. In 1688, French troops overran the town in the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). On 31 May 1689, Landskrone Castle and the town were utterly destroyed by the French under General Mélac. Until 1797, Oppenheim remained an Electoral Palatinate holding. After being in French hands, Oppenheim passed, in 1816, to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. It remained Hessian until 1945.
In March 1945, troops of the 3rd Army under General George S. Patton managed to build a crossing over the Rhine near Oppenheim and to occupy it.
Politics
--------
### Town partnerships
* France Givry, Saône-et-Loire, France
* Austria Adnet, Salzburg, Austria
* Germany Werder, Potsdam-Mittelmark, Brandenburg
* Spain Calp, Alicante, Spain
* Italy Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella, Province of Verona, Veneto, Italy
### Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Or an eagle displayed sable.
All town seals up until 1925 showed a crowned king's head, but for one, from 1266, that showed the Emperor on his throne. Nevertheless, the town adopted arms with this composition while still using the king's head seal. The arms have not changed since their adoption.
The arms have been borne since 1609.
Wine sponsorship
----------------
In Oppenheim, wine was given considerable publicity by Mayor Dr. Heinz Scheller after he took office in 1935: For Scheller, the only city worthy of sponsoring Oppehneim's wine was none other than the capital, Berlin. The town of Ansbach and the city of Osnabrück were also subsequently chosen. To revive this wine sponsorship and to give thanks for the commitment to the town of Oppenheim, the Governing Mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, was "knighted" on 11 March 2006 by Mayor Marcus Held, earning the title of "Wine Knight" (*Weinritter*).
The sponsorship has found active expression in, among other things, the town's participation in the estate festivals held by the Senate of Berlin in 2007 and 2008. At the invitation of Berlin's governing mayor, Klaus Wowereit, a citizens’ delegation, under Mayor Marcus Held, took part in the festivities at the German Embassy in Paris on German Unity Day, as well as during the jubilee celebrations of the Berlin-Paris city partnership.
Culture and sightseeing
-----------------------
Oppenheim Ossuary
Katharinenkirche
Oppenheim Town Hall
Oppenheim town center.
Worth seeing are:
* Katharinenkirche, with the stained glass (the "Oppenheim Rose"), is the most outstanding Gothic church on the Rhine between the Cologne Cathedral and the Strasbourg Cathedral.
* Landskron Castle's ruins, with a lovely view over the Rhine rift and other church buildings in Oppenheim, also a venue for festival plays and other cultural events.
* The old town with its marketplace, town hall from 1621 (with a column from Landskron Castle's hall in front, which reputedly came from the Ingelheim Imperial Palace), the former town fortifications with the Gautor and Rheintorpforte (gates), clocktower and town wall remnants, and unique museums (German Viticultural Museum, Town Museum).
Quite extraordinary is the *Oppenheimer Kellerlabyrinth* ("Oppenheim Cellar Labyrinth") under the Old Town. Underground passageways, stairways and rooms link the houses and facilities with each other on a number of levels. In the heart of Old Town, near the Town Hall, there are altogether roughly 650 m of cellar passageways open to visitors, which are largely preserved in their original state. It is believed, however, that what has been opened to the public is only about 3% of the total underground passages. The exact extent of the passageways is still not known with any great certainty, despite investigations commissioned by the town, but the length is estimated to be at least 40 km. Guided tours through this unique underground labyrinth are offered all year round by the town's Tourism and Festival Play Bureau. There are also town tours and night watchman tours.
### Theatre
Annually, between August and October, the *Oppenheimer Theaterfestspiele* ("Oppenheim Theatre Festival Plays") take place in the town's *Kulturkeller* ("Culture Cellar") and at Landskron Castle's ruins.
### Museums
Particularly worth visiting, besides Saint Katherine's Church, the Town Museum and the underground labyrinth, is the German Viticultural Museum (*Deutsches Weinbaumuseum*) with the region's oldest wine press from the *Geistermühle*, a centuries-old mill in Flonheim. Everything worth knowing about wine can be found here.
### Music
In the *Kultursommer* ("Cultural Summer"), there are regular concerts in the town's historic marketplace in front of the Town Hall. The Oppenheim Trombone Choir also gives regular performances.
### Sport
There are several sport clubs in Oppenheim, e.g. TC Rot-Weiß Oppenheim (Red-White Tennis Club) (tennis), FSV Oppenheim (Football Sport-Verein) (football), and one founded in 1846 that may well have the most members, TV Oppenheim. TV (Turn-Verein= gymnastics and sports association) Oppenheim is successful well beyond its home region in gymnastics, swimming, cycling sports and above all, basketball.
### Regular events
Each year in the town at Landskron Castle's ruins, Saint Katherine's Church, the *Kulturkeller* under the courthouse square and the marketplace, the *Festspiele Oppenheim* ("Oppenheim Festival Plays") take place.
An Easter Market also takes place annually early in the year and later in the year, the Saint Katherine's Market in the Old Town.
Other regular events in town are:
* The Easter Artists’ Market (*Osterkünstlermarkt*), a fortnight before Easter;
* The well-known and well-loved Oppenheim Wine Festival (*Oppenheimer Weinfest*) during the second weekend of August;
* *Mittelalterspectaculum* ("Mediaeval Spectacle") in early May;
* Rhine Bicycle Ride between Worms and Oppenheim in mid-May;
* Fairytale Christmas Market (*Märchenweihnachtsmarkt*) at the historic Town Hall, Saint Katherine's Church and the marketplace on the third Sunday of Advent.
Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------
### Public institutions
The administration of the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Nierstein-Oppenheim is based in Oppenheim.
The State Office for Environment, Water Management and Trade Control, the Mannheim Water and Shipping Office and Mainz-Bingen District Vehicle Licensing are all located town.
### Education
Besides three kindergarten institutions or kindergartens (of which two are municipal daycare centres), there is the "Am Gautor" primary school.
Oppenheim also has the Gymnasium zu St. Katharinen, the Professional School for Winegrowing and Agrarian Sciences, the Matthäus-Merian-Hauptschule and the Landskronschule, a special school.
Media
-----
Appearing in Oppenheim is the *Allgemeine Zeitung*, with local reporting and its own offices. Furthermore, there is the weekly *Rheinhessisches Wochenblatt*, likewise published by the *Verlagsgruppe Rhein Main*.
### Transport
Oppenheim lies on *Bundesstraße (Highway)* 9, which leads from the Dutch border near Kleve to the French border near Kandel. Locally it serves foremost as a link to the nearby cities of Mainz and Worms and the *Mainzer Autobahnring* in the north and A 6 in the south.
Linking Oppenheim to rail transport is a railway station on the Mainz-Ludwigshafen line. Running on it is the RB 44 Mainz-Worms-Ludwigshafen-Mannheim. Furthermore, ORN regional bus routes run from Dalheim to Wörrstadt by way of Oppenheim and towards Guntersblum and Undenheim.
Famous people
-------------
Kaspar Sturm [de] guided Martin Luther on his way to the Diet of Worms
* Johann von Dalberg (1455–1503), 1480 cathedral provost in Worms and Chancellor of the University of Heidelberg, 1482 Chancellor of Elector Philipp of the Palatinate, 1482 Bishop of Worms, made Heidelberg and Worms into the then centres of humanism.
* Kaspar Sturm [de] (1481–1523), Imperial herald, guided Martin Luther in 1521 on his way to the Diet of Worms and back.
* Johann Paulsackel (1805–1855), champion of democratic freedom rights.
* Paul Wallot (1841–1912), German architect, builder of the Reichstag building in Berlin.
* Johanna Senfter (1879–1961), outstanding composer of the 20th century
* James Benjamin Oppenheim (1979) entrepreneur
* Carl Wilhelm Witterstätter (1884–1964), aviation pioneer.
* Jakob Steffan (1888–1957), Sozial Democratic politician, beginning in 1933 arrested several times, organized the civil anti-Nazi resistance in South Hesse and Rhenish Hesse, (1946–1950) Interior and Social Minister of Rhineland-Palatinate.
* Paul Witterstätter (1892–1966), expressionist (later realist) painter.
* Susanne Völker (b. 1974), German Wine Queen, 1998/1999
### People who have worked here
Friedrich Koch, (1786–1865), apothecary, inventor of industrial quinine manufacture.
* Madern Gerthener (b. about 1360; d. 1430), City master builder of the Free Imperial City of Frankfurt am Main, sculptor and one of the most important artists of the Late Gothic on the Middle Rhine, created the west quire at Saint Catherine's Church, beginning in 1414
* Johannes Pauli (b. 1450/54; d. after 1530), Franciscan friar, *Schwank* poet, trailblazer for the comic, pointed short story (Fazetie) in Early Renaissance Germany (1499 preacher at the Oppenheim Franciscan convent).
* Jakob Köbel (1460–1535), beginning in 1494 active in Oppenheim as town clerk (chancellery chairman), book printer, publisher, important (mathematical) writer, member of the humanistic association Sodalitas litteraria Rhenana and *hospes* of the Oppenheim section.
* Anton Praetorius (1560–1613), clergyman in Oppenheim (1589–1592), fighter against witch trials and torture.
* Johann Theodor de Bry (1561–1623), worked from 1609 to 1619 as publisher and copper engraver in Oppenheim, which was sympathetic to Calvinistic religious refugees. speciality: the richly illustrated scientific book. 1617 Matthäus Merian's father-in-law.
* Hieronymus Galler, printer from Basel, left Frankfurt with Johann Theodor de Bry in 1609 and from 1610 to 1620 ran a highly productive printshop in Oppenheim.
* Albert Molnár (1574–1634), reformed theologian and itinerant academic from Hungary, from 1615 to 1619 cantor and rector of the Latin school in Oppenheim.
* Matthäus Merian (1593–1650), worked from 1616 to 1619 as copper engraver in Oppenheim.
* Friedrich Koch (1786–1865), apothecary, inventor of industrial quinine manufacture.
* Carl Koch (1833–1910), pharmaceutical manufacturer, winery owner, mayor, member of the second chamber of the Hessian *Landstände*, honorary citizen, *Patriarch with social conscience*, Friedrich Koch's son. |
Form of employee benefit
Some employers offer, as an employee benefit, a guarantee that employees may work on their personal projects during some part (usually a percentage) of their time at work. **Side project time** is limited by two stipulations: what the employee works on is the intellectual property of their employer, and if requested, an explanation must be able to be given as to how the project benefits the company in some way, even tangentially.
Google is credited for popularizing the practice that 20 percent of an employee's time may be used for side projects. At Google, this led to the development of products such as AdSense. While Gmail is frequently described as a 20% project, its creator Paul Buchheit states that it was never one. Though the program's continuity has been questioned, Google claims that it remains an active program.
Other major companies that have at one time or another offered some or all of their employees the benefit include the BBC (10 percent of employee time), Apple (a few contiguous weeks yearly), and Atlassian (20 percent of employee time). Some companies, such as LinkedIn, have experimented with more restrictive versions in which employees must first pitch their projects receive approval to work on it during company time.
Side project time has been criticized by some academics, such as Queens College sociology professor Abraham Walker, as "exploitative" because of how it grants employers the intellectual property rights over the personal business ideas of their employees that the employer would never have requested to be worked on otherwise.
History
-------
### 3M and 15% time
The 15% project was an initiative established by 3M. At the time of this program's implementation, the United States' workforce was composed of highly inflexible employment opportunities in rigid business structures. WWII created an existential threat to 3M as Natural rubber was needed for the war effort and scientists at 3M were given the freedom to work on a synthetic rubber. As WWII ended, 3M developed an ethos, "Innovate or die," that inspired the launch of this program. This original project had some successful outcomes; for example, during this side project time, Arthur Fry invented the Post-It Note.
### Google implementation
In 2004, the founders of Google encouraged the system. Within Google, this initiative became known as the "20% Project." Employees were encouraged to spend up to 20 percent of their paid work time pursuing personal projects. The objective of the program was to inspire innovation in participating employees and ultimately increase company potential. Google's 20% Project was influenced by 3M's program. At Google, Gmail and AdSense both arose out of side projects.
As recognition of the benefits of retaining such a scheme grew, schools have replicated this system for their students in the classroom environment. The production of such creatively stimulated, ungraded work allows for students to experiment with ideas without fear of assessment and may increase their involvement in their general studies. Some Google employees claim that the company has discontinued 20 percent time entirely or has it reworked from its original concept. However, the company states that 20 percent time still exists.
The 20% Project is responsible for the development of many Google services. Founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page advised that workers "spend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit Google". Google's email service 'Gmail' was created by the developer Paul Buchheit on his 20% time. In his project "Caribou", Buchheit used his knowledge from university software experience to create the service. The freedom to use his time in such a way allowed him to ultimately develop a fundamental Google service.[*vague*] Buchheit's colleague, Susan Wojcicki, utilised her time to create their product AdSense. Finally, developer Krishna Bharat created Google News as an individual pursuit and hobby.[]
### Other companies
Australian enterprise company Atlassian has been using the 20% project since 2008. Co-founder Mike Cannon-Brookes stated that "innovation slows as the company grows". And as such the scheme was introduced to re-inspire innovation. The induction of the system was a six-month trial, granting $1 million to engineers and allowing them to work on private projects based on personal interests. Part of this 20% time is their annual "Ship It'"day, where employees are challenged with a task to create any product and then ship this item within 24 hours. Workers created products which ranged from refined beer to 'Jira' software updates.
Notable projects
----------------
### AdSense
Main article: Google AdSense
The 20% Project aided in the development of AdSense, a program where publishers can produce media advertisements for a targeted audience. This service allows website publishers to generate revenue on a per-click basis. This service was publicly released on June 18, 2003. This service was envisioned by Gmail's founder Paul Buchheit, who wanted appropriate ads to run throughout the Gmail service, but the project was pursued by Susan Wojcicki, who curated a team of developers who created the platform in their dedicated 20% time.[] After two years of its inception, the service was generating 15 percent of the company's revenue.[] The service can now offer ads in the form of simple text, flash video or rich media.
### Google News
Main article: Google News
The news aggregator Google News is another result of the 20% Project. Google News was released in 2006, though the beta was introduced in September 2002. The creator of this service was Krishna Bharat, who developed this software in his dedicated project time. The service sources from 20,000 different publishers, providing articles in 28 languages. Now, the service has many new features, including Google News Alerts, which emails "alerts" on chosen keyword topics.[]
### Google Dremel
Main article: Dremel (software)
Dremel was conceived at Google in 2006 as a "20 percent" project by Andrey Gubarev.
### Atlassian
Main article: Atlassian
In 2008, Atlassian announced its "20% Time Experiment", a six-month trial that was later extended to a full year. After six months of the project initiating, the company saw major improvements to Jira, Bamboo and Confluence. The Bamboo team introduced Stash 1.0 in May throughout the dedicated project time. Throughout two designated 'Innovation Week' workshops, the company shipped 12 features. At the end of the experiment, surveyed developers expressed that the biggest problem they faced was scheduling time for 20% work on top of the pressure to deliver new features and fix bugs. As a result, based on the number of developers who actually participated, the time allocated was closer to "1.1% Time."
A related initiative is Atlassian's quarterly 24-hour "ShipIt" hackathon, which allows employees to pursue any project. In the past, employees have used this time to refine Jira Service Desk and improve the Jira software for loading screens.[]
Benefits and detriments
-----------------------
The 20% Project is designed to let employees experiment without the pressure of company decline or the threat of unemployment. For companies that thrive from the conception of services and products, innovative and entrepreneurial thought is vital to success.
However, for an operating business, productivity can be negatively affected by the 20% Project. The loss of time previously spent on major company-aligned projects can negatively affect a company's overall performance.
The allocation of this project time is not consistent. Former Google employee and Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer once stated "I've got to tell you the dirty little secret of Google's 20% time. It's really 120% time."
Chris Mims mentioned that the 20% Project was "as good as dead". This is a concern as it suggests that this project is destructive over long-term periods. In Google executive Laszlo Bock's book, *Work Rules!*, he mentions that the concept has "waxed and waned." He states that workers in fact dedicate 10% of their time on personal projects, increasing focus time after the idea begins to "demonstrate impact." He mentions that "the idea of 20 per cent time is more important than the reality of it." Workers should always be driven towards individual innovation, yet it should operate "somewhat outside the lines of formal management."[]
Atlassian can be used as an example of the detriments of 20% time. Atlassian Co-Founder Mike Cannon-Brookes implemented the 20% Project as a test to see if it produced any notable improvements or detriments to the company's output. They funded a six-month trial with one million Australian dollars. During this process, workers tackled inherent structural difficulties within the scheme. An employee mentioned that it was difficult to balance this 20% time "amongst all the pressures to deliver new features and bug fixes."; the program introduced more deadlines for their employees. As a result, the company found that this 20% Project in fact became 1.1% of their working time. Another issue faced was the difficulty in the organisation and team-work involved in the projects. As employees would organise groups to create new software, they would struggle to work with employees who had other commitments and alternate time schedules. The company blogs have included fewer references to the 20% Project over the last decade with references that this scheme loses effect in long-term practices. The company's 'Ship It' day still highlights the prosperity of time dedicated to employee-based innovation. |
1996 Hong Kong film
***Iron Monkey 2*** is a 1996 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Chao Lu-jiang and featuring action choreography by Yuen Woo-ping. This film starred Donnie Yen as "Iron Monkey", a role played by Yu Rongguang in the 1993 film *Iron Monkey*, which also starred Yen, but in a different role. The story in *Iron Monkey 2* is not related to that of *Iron Monkey*.
Plot
----
The film is set in early 20th-century China. A triad boss known as "Jade Faced Tiger" collaborates with foreigners to take over a town and exploit the residents. That night, while Tiger is watching a Chinese opera performance, the actors on stage suddenly attack him. The lead actor is "Iron Monkey", a masked fighter who helps the poor and punishes the wicked. Tiger narrowly survives the attack when his henchmen show up and drive away Iron Monkey.
Jin, a young peasant from the countryside, travels to the town in search of his father. He meets a pair of orphans, Xiaochun and Xiaoqian, who make a living by conning others. After seeing that he is very good in martial arts, they lie to him that they will help him find his father if he impersonates Iron Monkey. The naive Jin agrees and accepts a deal offered by a rich girl to help her avenge her father, who was murdered by Tiger. Jin's father is actually the blind old man who sings and plays songs on an erhu in town.
The following night, Iron Monkey robs a truck full of firearms purchased by Tiger. However, Jin, Xiaochun and Xiaoqian show up, and Jin declares that he is Iron Monkey. While Jin and the real Iron Monkey are fighting with each other, Xiaochun and Xiaoqian escape with the firearms. The fight between Jin and Iron Monkey is interrupted by Tiger's men. They manage to escape but Jin's father, who happens to be nearby, is captured by Tiger's men.
Xiaochun and Xiaoqian visit Tiger and sell him the firearms they have stolen. In return, Tiger employs them to work at his nightclub, but they leave the nightclub later after an unhappy incident. In the meantime, Iron Monkey pretends to be another triad boss and demands that Tiger releases Jin's father. Tiger does not know Iron Monkey's true identity, falls for the ruse, and almost allows Jin's father to leave with him. Just then, one of Tiger's henchmen who had survived the attack on the truck returns to his boss. He recognises Iron Monkey and identifies him as the attacker. A fight breaks out. Jin's father is shot and killed while Iron Monkey escapes.
Iron Monkey reveals his true identity to Jin and tells him about what happened to his father. Meanwhile, Tiger gets his brother, Bear, a formidable fighter, to help him deal with Iron Monkey. One night, Jin, Xiaochun and Xiaoqian go to Tiger's hideout to steal the firearms but are discovered by Tiger's men. Iron Monkey shows up and helps them fend off the thugs, but Xiaoqian is mortally wounded and she dies in Xiaochun's arms later.
Jin and Xiaochun disguise themselves as painters and sneak inside Tiger's nightclub, where they start a fight. Jin is cornered by Tiger and Bear when Iron Monkey appears and helps him deal with Bear. Iron Monkey kills Bear and joins Jin in fighting Tiger. Tiger is eventually trapped in a net and burnt to death by Xiaochun. The movie ends as Iron Monkey, Jin and Xiaochun walk away.
Cast
----
* Donnie Yen as Iron Monkey
* Billy Chow as Bear
* Wu Ma as Jin's father
* Yuan Wenqing as Jin
* Cheung Kin-li as Jade Faced Tiger
* Li Wing
* Han Wan-chong
* Lee Hoi-hing
* Lau Wang
* Ho Chow-yung |
**Julian Prégardien** (born 12 July 1984) is a German lyric tenor in opera and concert.
Life and career
---------------
Julian Prégardien was born to a musical family. His grandfather and his father, tenor Christoph Prégardien, were founding members of the Limburger Domsingknaben; the soprano Julia Kleiter is his cousin.
### Education
Prégardien began his musical training as a member of the Limburger Domsingknaben, the boys' choir at the Limburg Cathedral. He sang in several vocal ensembles already before studying at the Musikhochschule Freiburg from 2005 to 2009, including the Collegium Vocale Gent and the Kammerchor Stuttgart. Prégardien performed the role of Hermenegild in a scenic production of Keiser's opera *Fredegund* in a scnic production of the Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding in 2007.
### Opera
In 2008 Prégardien appeared as Nencio in Haydn's *L’infedeltà delusa* in a touring production of the Festival d’Aix-en-Provence, traveling to the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, the Teatro Arriaga in Bilbao and to the Musikfest Bremen. He performed the role of Varo in Gluck's *Ezio* im November 2008 at the Theater an der Wien, with the ensemble Il complesso barocco conducted by Alan Curtis.
Prégardien was a member of the Oper Frankfurt from the 2009/10 season, where he performed roles such as Tamino in Mozart's *Die Zauberflöte*, Jason in Charpentier's *Médée* and Nathanael/Spalanzani/Franz/Pitichinaccio in Offenbach's *Hoffmanns Erzählungen*. He portrayed the title role of Weber's *Oberon* at the Bavarian State Opera as part of the Münchner Opernfestspiele.
### Concert
Prégardien's repertoire in concert is focused on the role of the Evangelist in Bach's Passions. He has worked with leading ensembles and conductors of historically informed performance.
### Teaching
Prégardien lectured at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München from April 2013 to September 2015. He was appointed professor of voice there. |
**Chorolque** also known as Cerro Chorolque is an extinct volcano in the Potosí Department of the Southern Bolivia. The Santa Bárbara settlement is located at a height of 4800 m on the side of the mountain.
The mining town of Santa Bárbara
Mining
------
Mining has led to drastic changes in the slope on all sides of the mountain. Miners have constructed a road up to 5000 m of the mountain. The village of Santa Bárbara, with its 5000 inhabitants, is the highest village in Bolivia, and is located on the western slope of the mountain. The mines are the highest tin and bismuth mines in the world. Mining in the mountain began with the arrival of Western investors in 1889.
Daughter of Chorolque
---------------------
A 2007 film called *Daughter of Chorolque*, by Mi-Sun Park, details the lives of women working in the Chorolque mines. Most miners working in Chorolque do not live past 45, necessitating the need for women to also work in the mines, unlike in other parts of Bolivia where women are kept away from mines. |
Library in Cook County, Illinois, US
The **Grande Prairie Public Library** serves the communities of Hazel Crest, Illinois, and Country Club Hills, Illinois. It is located at 3479 W. 183rd Street in Hazel Crest, in the south suburbs of Chicago. The library is a member of the Metropolitan Library System.
Early history of the Hazel Crest Library
----------------------------------------
The original Hazel Crest Library was established in 1930 by the Professional Women's Club and housed in a room in the Roosevelt School. The library was staffed by volunteers. When the school was renovated and renamed the Warren Palm School in 1931, the library moved into a portable building on the school grounds. When the Warren Palm School continued its expansion in 1951, the library lost its space and discontinued service. The remaining books were donated to the school.
Early history of the Country Club Hills Library
-----------------------------------------------
The original Country Club Hills Public Library, established in 1960, consisted of donated books and was located in one room of the old city hall building. In 1964, the library moved into the newly built Civic Center and expanded its space in 1966. The first full-time professional librarian was hired in 1973.
History of the Grande Prairie Public Library
--------------------------------------------
In September 1974, the city of Country Club Hills passed a referendum to establish the Country Club Hills Library District. The following year, the city of Hazel Crest was annexed to the district. In 1978, the library moved into a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) temporary space in the Stonebridge Shopping Center in Hazel Crest.
In May 1977, the name of the library district was changed to Grande Prairie Public Library District to better reflect the heritage of both communities.
In September 1979, residents of Hazel Crest and Country Club Hills approved a $1.1 million bond for the construction of a new 16,700-square-foot (1,550 m2) library building. The building at 3479 W. 183rd Street, designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Root (originally Holabird & Roche), opened to the public on April 12, 1982.
Floor plan of the library
-------------------------
The two-story building houses adult materials upstairs, including fiction and non-fiction, periodicals, DVDs, VHS cassettes, CDs, and Audiobooks on CD and cassette. Also located upstairs are ten, public-access internet computers (managed by reservation), three online catalogs, and black/white printing and copying capabilities. Downstairs, the library houses youth materials, including a variety similar to the adult materials. The youth department hosts five filtered internet computers and three online catalogs. Also located downstairs are the library's large meeting and small conference rooms, along with a color copier and an additional black/white copier.
Family restrooms are located on each floor. An elevator is available to serve patrons and staff. |
Municipality in Vaud, Switzerland
**Mauborget** (French pronunciation: [mobɔʁʒɛ] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
-------
Mauborget is first mentioned in 1403 as *Malborget*.
Geography
---------
Mauborget has an area, as of 2009[update], of 5.51 square kilometers (2.13 sq mi). Of this area, 1.4 km2 (0.54 sq mi) or 25.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.89 km2 (1.50 sq mi) or 70.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.23 km2 (0.089 sq mi) or 4.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.5%. Out of the forested land, 67.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for growing crops and 16.2% is pastures and 9.3% is used for alpine pastures.
The municipality was part of the Grandson District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Mauborget became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.
The municipality is located between Chasseron mountain and Mont Aubert, on the road between Grandson to Môtiers. It is the highest village of the Vaudois Jura, with an elevation of 1,170 m (3,840 ft).
Coat of arms
------------
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Pally of Six Argent and Azure, overall a Bend semi-raguly Gules.*
Demographics
------------
Mauborget has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 127. As of 2008[update], 9.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -1.2%. It has changed at a rate of -9.4% due to migration and at a rate of 8.2% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (79 or 92.9%), with German being second most common (4 or 4.7%) and English being third (1 or 1.2%).
Of the population in the municipality 23 or about 27.1% were born in Mauborget and lived there in 2000. There were 32 or 37.6% who were born in the same canton, while 21 or 24.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 8 or 9.4% were born outside of Switzerland.
In 2008[update] there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there was 1 death of a Swiss citizen. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population increased by 1. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population remained the same. This represents a population growth rate of 4.5%.
The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in Mauborget is; 7 children or 8.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 11 teenagers or 13.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2 people or 2.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 8 people or 9.5% are between 30 and 39, 13 people or 15.5% are between 40 and 49, and 12 people or 14.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 18 people or 21.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 11 people or 13.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 2 people or 2.4% who are between 80 and 89.
As of 2000[update], there were 24 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 50 married individuals, 6 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.
As of 2000[update], there were 37 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 14 households that consist of only one person and 3 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 40 households that answered this question, 35.0% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 12 married couples without children, 11 married couples with children
In 2000[update] there were 66 single-family homes (or 79.5% of the total) out of a total of 83 inhabited buildings. There were 4 multi-family buildings (4.8%), along with 12 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.5%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (1.2%). Of the single-family homes 4 were built before 1919, while 7 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (22) were built between 1946 and 1960. The most multi-family homes (2) were built between 1946 and 1960 and the next most (1) were built before 1919.
In 2000[update] there were 88 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 32. There were 2 single-room apartments and 23 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 37 apartments (42.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 45 apartments (51.1%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (6.8%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 2.17%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
--------
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 42.29% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (16.06%), the LPS Party (9.86%) and the FDP (9.7%). In the federal election, a total of 35 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.0%.
Economy
-------
As of 2010[update], Mauborget had an unemployment rate of 9.2%. As of 2008[update], there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 6 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 2 businesses in this sector. There were 46 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.0% of the workforce.
In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 12. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 3, all of which were in a hotel or restaurant.
In 2000[update], there were 25 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 6.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.8% used a private car.
Religion
--------
From the 2000 census[update], 18 or 21.2% were Roman Catholic, while 44 or 51.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there were 2 individuals (or about 2.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church. There were 2 (or about 2.35% of the population) who were Islamic. 16 (or about 18.82% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 2 individuals (or about 2.35% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
---------
In Mauborget about 36 or (42.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13 or (15.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 13 who completed tertiary schooling, 61.5% were Swiss men, 38.5% were Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 11 students in the Mauborget school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 4 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 7 students in those schools.
As of 2000[update], there were 8 students from Mauborget who attended schools outside the municipality.
Roses
-----
Mauborget features in the story of the discovery of the dwarf rose breeding stock. |
Roller coaster at Carowinds
**The Flying Cobras** is a steel boomerang roller coaster manufactured by Vekoma. It is located at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina, in the County Fair section of the park. The Flying Cobras was the first roller coaster addition to Carowinds following the park's purchase by Cedar Fair in 2006. It originally debuted in 1996 at Geauga Lake in Ohio as **The Mind Eraser**, and was later known as **Head Spin** from 2004 to 2007 after Geauga Lake was purchased by Cedar Fair. After Geauga Lake closed in 2007, the coaster was relocated to Carowinds in 2009 and renamed **Carolina Cobra**. Following the 2016 season, the roller coaster was refurbished and renamed again in 2017.
History
-------
In early October 1995, Geauga Lake was allowed to build a roller coaster over 125 feet (38 m) with help from Geauga County community. Officials agreed not to enforce an 80-foot (24 m) height limit and the park had dropped two lawsuits.
At the time, the park had just been sold to Premier Parks. Geauga Lake's new owner would spend $9 million on attractions for the 1996 season. Two rides would open that year, with one being a Vekoma Boomerang coaster named The Mind Eraser and the other being an Intamin river rapids ride named Grizzly Run.
The Mind Eraser originally had a turquoise track and white supports. In 2004, Geauga Lake was sold to Cedar Fair and the coaster was renamed to Head Spin.
After Geauga Lake closed in 2007, Head Spin remained standing but was inactive in 2008. Later that year, an announcement stated that Head Spin would be relocated to Carowinds, where it reopened as Carolina Cobra on March 28, 2009. It was built in an area of the park called "County Fair", which was formerly housed by Flying Super Saturator, a roller coaster that was dismantled after the 2008 season.
On August 18, 2016, Carowinds announced the expansion of County Fair for the 2017 season, which included the refurbishment of Carolina Cobra. It was renamed The Flying Cobras to pay tribute to the classic air shows that were once seen at the Carolina County Fair. It also received a new paint scheme with blue track and white supports.
Ride experience
---------------
The Flying Cobras is one of over 50 Boomerang coasters installed by Vekoma around the world, but it is the first roller coaster to feature the company's re-designed MK-1212 trains. After dispatching, the train is pulled backwards up the 116.5-foot (35.5 m) lift hill. After that, riders are dropped 108 feet (33 m) down, fly back through the station and into a cobra roll element. The riders then are taken through a 360-degree vertical loop and are sent up a second 116.5-foot (35.5 m) hill. The riders pause, and are sent down to do the full circuit again backwards.
Incidents
---------
On October 18, 2009, Carolina Cobra's second lift hill failed to catch, resulting in a rollback that couldn't make it back through the second set of inversions. The passengers were able to exit the ride onto a nearby platform. All of the passengers were taken to first aid. Seven of the riders were released back into the park; the eighth was taken to a local hospital and examined. No serious injuries were reported. |
1941 Music composition by Messiaen
***Quatuor pour la fin du Temps*** (French pronunciation: [kwatɥɔʁ puʁ la fɛ̃ dy tɑ̃]), originally ***Quatuor de la fin du Temps*** ("*Quartet of the End of Time*"), also known by its English title ***Quartet for the End of Time***, is an eight-movement piece of chamber music by the French composer Olivier Messiaen. It was premiered in 1941. The work is scored for clarinet (in B-flat), violin, cello, and piano; a typical performance of the complete work lasts about 50 minutes. Messiaen wrote the piece while a prisoner of war in German captivity and it was first performed by his fellow prisoners. It is generally considered one of his most important works.
Composition and first performance
---------------------------------
Messiaen was 31 years old when France entered World War II. He was captured by the German army in June 1940 and imprisoned in Stalag VIII-A, a prisoner-of-war camp in Görlitz, Germany (now Zgorzelec, Poland). While in transit to the camp, Messiaen showed the clarinetist Henri Akoka, also a prisoner, the sketches for what would become *Abîme des oiseaux*. Two other professional musicians, violinist Jean le Boulaire [fr] and cellist Étienne Pasquier, were among his fellow prisoners, and after he managed to obtain some paper and a small pencil from a sympathetic guard (Carl-Albert Brüll [de], 1902–1989), Messiaen wrote a short trio for them; this piece later became the quartet's Intermède. Later, he decided to write for the same trio with himself at the piano, developing it into its current state. The combination of instruments was unusual at the time, but not without precedent: Walter Rabl had composed for it in 1896, as had Paul Hindemith in 1938.
The quartet was premiered at the camp on 15 January 1941 in front of about 400 prisoners and guards. Messiaen claimed that 5,000 people attended the performance and that the musicians had decrepit instruments, but those claims are now considered "somewhat exaggerated". The cello was bought with donations from camp members. Messiaen later recalled, "Never was I listened to with such rapt attention and comprehension."
Several months later, Messiaen was released (with the help of Brüll) thanks to an entreaty by his former organ teacher and professor at the Paris Conservatoire, Marcel Dupré, as Messiaen scholar Nigel Simeone writes:
> Marcel Dupré’s role in securing Messiaen’s release was a crucial one. He later recalled how he visited Fritz Piersig (at the Propaganda-Staffel in Paris) in early 1941 to plead the case for Messiaen, and was assured that "in ten days’ time, at the latest, he will be in an office". Dupré’s intervention was clearly effective. An emotional letter from Messiaen to Claude Arrieu announcing his newly found freedom allows us to date his return from Silesia (via Nuremberg and Lyon) to Neussargues in the Cantal.
>
>
Messiaen and Etienne Pasquier (cellist at the initial premiere) later recorded the quartet on LP for Club Français du Disc (1956), together with Jean Pasquier (violin) and André Vacellier (clarinet).
Inspiration
-----------
Messiaen wrote in the Preface to the score that the work was inspired by text from the Book of Revelation (Rev 10:1–2, 5–7, King James Version):
> And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire ... and he set his right foot upon the sea, and his left foot on the earth .... And the angel which I saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth lifted up his hand to heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever and ever ... that there should be time no longer: But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished ...
>
>
Structure
---------
The work is in eight movements:
1. "Liturgie de cristal" (Crystal liturgy)
2. "Vocalise, pour l'Ange qui annonce la fin du temps" (Vocalise, for the Angel who announces the end of time)
3. "Abîme des oiseaux" (Abyss of birds)
4. "Intermède" (Interlude)
5. "Louange à l'Éternité de Jésus" (Praise to the eternity of Jesus)
6. "Danse de la fureur, pour les sept trompettes" (Dance of fury, for the seven trumpets)
7. "Fouillis d'arcs-en-ciel, pour l'Ange qui annonce la fin du temps" (Tangle of rainbows, for the Angel who announces the end of time)
8. "Louange à l'Immortalité de Jésus" (Praise to the immortality of Jesus)
Below, quotations are translated from Messiaen's Preface to the score.
### I. "Liturgie de cristal"
In his preface to the score, Messiaen describes the opening of the quartet:
> Between three and four in the morning, the awakening of birds: a solo blackbird or nightingale improvises, surrounded by a shimmer of sound, by a halo of trills lost very high in the trees. Transpose this onto a religious plane and you have the harmonious silence of Heaven.
>
>
Written for the full quartet, the opening movement begins with the solo clarinet imitating a blackbird's song and the violin imitating a nightingale's song. The underlying pulse is provided by the cello and piano: the cello cycles through the same five-note melody (using the pitches C, E, D, F-sharp, and B-flat) and a repeating pattern of 15 durations. The piano part consists of a 17-note rhythmic pattern permuted strictly through 29 chords, as if to give the listener a glimpse of something eternal.
### II. "Vocalise, pour l'Ange qui annonce la fin du temps"
Also for the full quartet, Messiaen writes of this movement:
> The first and third parts (very short) evoke the power of this mighty angel, a rainbow upon his head and clothed with a cloud, who sets one foot on the sea and one foot on the earth. In the middle section are the impalpable harmonies of heaven. In the piano, sweet cascades of blue-orange chords, enclosing in their distant chimes the almost plainchant song of the violin and cello.
>
>
### III. "Abîme des oiseaux"
Messiaen writes:
> The abyss is Time with its sadness, its weariness. The birds are the opposite to Time; they are our desire for light, for stars, for rainbows, and for jubilant songs.
>
>
A solo for the clarinet, this movement is a test for even the most accomplished clarinetist, with an extremely slow tempo marking quaver (eighth note) = 44. It was originally written in Verdun.
### IV. "Intermède"
A trio for violin, cello, and clarinet, Messiaen writes of this movement:
> Scherzo, of a more individual character than the other movements, but linked to them nevertheless by certain melodic recollections.
>
>
### V. "Louange à l'Éternité de Jésus"
Messiaen writes:
> Jesus is considered here as the Word. A broad phrase, "infinitely slow", on the cello, magnifies with love and reverence the eternity of the Word, powerful and gentle, "whose time never runs out". The melody stretches majestically into a kind of gentle, regal distance. "In the beginning was the Word, and Word was with God, and the Word was God." (John 1:1 (King James Version))
>
>
A duet for cello and piano, the music is arranged from an earlier composition, "IV. *L'Eau*" from "Fête des belles eaux" for 6 Ondes Martenots, performed at the Paris International Exposition of 1937. The tempo marking is *infiniment lent, extatique* ("infinitely slow, ecstatic").
### VI. "Danse de la fureur, pour les sept trompettes"
An excerpt from Movement VI ("Danse de la fureur ..."), which is played by all four instruments in unison. It shows Messiaen's use of additive rhythms, in which the underlying quaver beat (eighth notes) is sometimes augmented by a semiquaver (sixteenth note).
Messiaen writes of this movement, which is for full quartet:
> Rhythmically, the most characteristic piece of the series. The four instruments in unison imitate gongs and trumpets (the first six trumpets of the Apocalypse followed by various disasters, the trumpet of the seventh angel announcing consummation of the mystery of God) Use of added values, of augmented or diminished rhythms, of non-retrogradable rhythms. Music of stone, formidable granite sound; irresistible movement of steel, huge blocks of purple rage, icy drunkenness. Listen especially to all the terrible *fortissimo* of the augmentation of the theme and changes of register of its different notes, towards the end of the piece.
>
>
Toward the end of the movement the theme returns, *fortissimo*, in augmentation and with wide changes of register. It is in unison throughout.
### VII. "Fouillis d'arcs-en-ciel, pour l'Ange qui annonce la fin du temps"
Messiaen writes of this quartet movement:
> Recurring here are certain passages from the second movement. The angel appears in full force, especially the rainbow that covers him (the rainbow, symbol of peace, wisdom, and all luminescent and sonorous vibration). – In my dreams, I hear and see ordered chords and melodies, known colors and shapes; then, after this transitional stage, I pass through the unreal and suffer, with ecstasy, a tournament; a roundabout co-penetration of superhuman sounds and colors. These swords of fire, this blue-orange lava, these sudden stars: there is the tangle, there are the rainbows!
>
>
### VIII. "Louange à l'Immortalité de Jésus"
Messiaen writes:
> Large violin solo, counterpart to the violoncello solo of the 5th movement. Why this second eulogy? It is especially aimed at the second aspect of Jesus, Jesus the Man, the Word made flesh, immortally risen for our communication of his life. It is all love. Its slow ascent to the acutely extreme is the ascent of man to his god, the child of God to his Father, the being made divine towards Paradise.
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A duet for violin and piano, the music is an arrangement of the second part of his earlier organ piece "Diptyque" (1930), transposed up a major third from C to E.
Derivative works
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The piece is the inspiration for *Quartet for the End of Time*, a 2014 novel by Johanna Skibsrud that borrows its title and structure from the piece.
Primary sources
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* Olivier Messiaen, *Quatuor pour la fin du temps* (score) (Paris: Durand)
* Anthony Pople, *Messiaen: Quatuor pour la fin du temps*, Cambridge Music Handbooks (Cambridge University Press, 2003) |
American pianist and music teacher
Musical artist
**Caroline Keating Reed** (née, **Keating**; died March 9, 1954) was an American pianist and music teacher. In 1903, she published *Rudiments and technique for the piano*.
Early life and education
------------------------
Caroline (nickname, "Carrie") Morton Keating was born in Nashville, Tennessee, and reared and educated in Memphis, Tennessee where her father, Col. John McLeod Keating, was the half owner and managing editor of the *Appeal*. In 1856, he married Josephine Esselman Smith. They had two children, Caroline, and Neil McLeod Keating.
Early in her childhood, Reed displayed her fondness for music, in which art her mother was proficient, the leading amateur singer in the city, a pianist and harpist. As soon as Reed could comprehend the value of notes and lay hold of the simplest exercises, her mother began to train her. She became the pupil of a local teacher, Emile Levy, and went forward very rapidly. Her parents determined that her earnestness should be seconded by the very best teachers in the U.S. and Reed was sent in 1877 to New York City, where, under Sebastian Bach Mills, she made great progress, but still more under Madame Teresa Carreño. She also took lessons from the pianist, Mrs. Agnes Morgan. She subsequently studied under Richard Hoffman and under Rafael Joseffy. She studied harmony and thorough bass with Mr. Nichols. To those lessons she added later on the study of ensemble music as a preparation for orchestral works, under the guidance of leading members of the New York Philharmonic Club. During the two last years of her stay in New York, she played in several concerts in that city and its vicinity. As an artist, she was recognized by the musicians of New York and the musical critics of the press. In January 1884, she returned home.
Career
------
Before entering upon her successful professional career, she gave several concerts in Memphis and surrounding cities. The following year, she became a regular teacher of the piano-forte and singing, having been fitted for the latter branch of her art by three years of study under Achille Errani.
She was very practical in her philanthropy, and since first forming her class, which always averaged forty pupils, she was never without one or more whom she taught free of charge. For two or three years she gave lessons gratuitously to six pupils, who were unable to pay anything. She has contributed frequently to charitable purposes, either by concerts or with her earnings.
Since her marriage in 1891, she continued to teach. She also prepared a primer on technique for beginners.
Reed was broad and progressive in her views of life, especially those concerning women and women's work. When a mere child, she was wont to declare her determination to earn her living when she grew up. In stepping out from the conventional life of a society belle and conscientiously following the voluntary course she marked out for herself, she was a new departure from the old order of things among the favored young women of the South. Thoroughly devoted to her art and in love with her vocation as a teacher, she stood among the best instructors of music in the country. She had no patience with trifiers, and no money could induce her to waste time on pupils who were not as earnest and willing to work as she was herself.
Personal life
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In 1891, she married William Gordon Reed, Sr. They had one child, a son, William Gordon Reed, Jr.
Caroline Morton Keating Reed died March 9, 1954, and is buried at Forest Hills Cemetery and Crematory, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
Selected works
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* *Rudiments and technique for the piano*, 1903 |
Izumi Garden Tower. Yamada Corporation is headquartered in this building.
**Yamada Corporation** (株式会社山田洋行, *Kabushiki-gaisha Yamada Yōkō*) is a defense trading company based in Tokyo, Japan.
Overview
--------
Subsidiaries:
* Yamada International Corporation (U.S.A.)
* Yamada International GmbH (Europe)
Affiliated companies:
* ALAE Engineering Co. Ltd.
* CKB Corporation
* Nihon U.I.C. Co. Ltd.
Yamada was a representative of Lockheed Martin for the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS), which is capable of reaching North Korea and Liancourt Rocks from Japan's mainland. The ATACMS has been displayed in the exhibition sponsored by the Congressional National Security Research Group (安全保障議員協議会), which is administered by Naoki Akiyama (秋山 直紀), the managing executive for Japan-U.S. Center for Peace and Cultural Exchange (日米平和・文化交流協会 ex Japan-U.S. Cultural Society, 日米文化振興会).
On November 2, 2007, Yomiuri Shimbun reported General Electric's decision to temporarily suspend its agreements with Yamada Corporation, the representative for C-X engine as well as its subsidiary Yamada International Corp. The C-X is the next-generation cargo transport aircraft under development by the Technical Research and Development Institute (TRDI) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. On December 3, 2007, GE terminated its representation contract with the firm.
In 2008, Yamada corp announces that all of its employees will be made redundant at the end of August 2008.
### Corporate Executives
* Members of the Board: Isamu Ohtsu, Toshio Fukumoto and Yoshikazu Narimoto
* Corporate Auditors: Tetsuzo Fujita and Eiji Muramatsu
* Chief Executive Officer: Yoshihiko Yonezu
* Senior Executive Officers: Osamu Kimura and Yuichi Maruyama
* Executive Officers: Takeshi Tanaka, Hiroshi Watanabe, Susumu Moriyama and Hiroyuki Nomura
History of scandals
-------------------
### Document forgery scandal
In 2001, the Japan Defense Agency (JDA) discovered the overbilling by Yamada Corporation for the Chaff and Flare Dispenser System made by BAE Systems.
The then Defense Agency conducted an investigation over the price of equivalent devices which were found to be considerably lower than quoted by Yamada. The Defense Agency contacted the BAE Systems and was informed of overpricing manipulation.
Instead of submitting the BAE Systems' quotation, Yamada forged the British company's document and submitted its own version to the agency.
In 2002, Yamada arranged a meeting in the United States between Japanese defense officials and a man impersonating BAE Systems official during the Agency's investigation into bill padding by Yamada.
Later in the year, the ministry received a letter from BAE Systems stating that Yamada should not be held responsible (which was later revealed to be produced by Yamada without BAE's consent). Yamada amended the contract and refunded 100 million yen to the Defense Agency, but was not penalized for its act. However, companies such as NEC subsidiary and Fuji Industries have conducted similar act in the past and were penalized by the Japan Ministry of Defense. The Public Prosecution Office is currently investigating the case after requesting to the Japan Ministry of Defense to submit documents related to the case.
Regarding the forgery scandal, Yamada released a statement as follows: "To avoid interfering investigations underway, I cannot discuss the issue regarding the existence of such (forging) activities." - the company president & CEO Yoshihiko Yonezu (October 2007).
On November 23, 2007, the Japan Ministry of Defense said it will transactions with scandal-tainted defense equipment trading house. The ministry is investigating the matter and plans to seek a refund of padded bills from Yamada.
Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba said Sunday he is considering filing a criminal complaint against defense trader Yamada Corp. for padding bills for equipment supplied to the Maritime Self-Defense Force.
In reference to the document forgery by the firm, the Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba said "It's fraud rather than padding, as written estimates have been forged to try to defraud the entire Defense Ministry," Ishiba said "If the facts are confirmed, we should file a (criminal) complaint."
The Defense Minister Ishiba spoke in press conference that the ministry is investigating Yamada Corp. under suspicion of inflating bills by at least 30 million yen in 2001 in a deal involving Air Self-Defense Force transport aircraft.
Prosecutors raided the trading house Yamada Corp on November 30, 2007. The move came after prosecutors completed a search of the Defense Ministry headquarters in Tokyo.
The Defense Ministry is conducting further investigation over bills submitted by Yamada. The investigation revealed at least three more incidents in which the firm forged the quotations by non-Japanese manufacturer.
In the case for the US-2, U.S. manufacturer Dynamic Instruments Inc. estimated the cost for the instrument at $43,000. But Yamada, mediating the trade, sold it to the ministry for $68,000, making the ministry pay some ¥3.1 million more than the estimate.
In the second case, in which the ministry has yet to pay the money, Yamada signed a contract worth $31,816 with the ministry for four U.S.-made components for a hydraulic system on SH-60K helicopters. But the actual price of the components made by Autronics Corp. was $26,216.
In the third case, quotation for AWACS maintenance parts manufactured by Farwest Aircraft, Inc. had been forged from the original document.
The Defense Ministry official said the firm is thought to have overcharged drastically for four contracts concluded with German manufacturer Rheinmetall AG. Yamada has been involved in 666 contracts since fiscal 2002 as an agent for foreign defense equipment makers. Of those, 116 were signed with the head office of the Defense Ministry or the former Defense Agency, while the remaining 550 were concluded with their local branch offices and depots.
The ministry is sending copies of Yamada's documentation to 29 foreign manufacturers involved with the head office contracts and asking them if they are legitimate. Eight of the companies replied on a total of 39 contracts. In five of those contracts, the prices submitted were different from those the manufacturers had told Yamada. According to the bills, the four contracts with Germany's Rheinmetall totaled 340 million yen. Yamada is suspected of overcharging by 224.5 million yen, or 66 percent.
Further investigation by the Defense Ministry revealed at least 12 cases in which Yamada had produced fake quotation documents by falsifying letter-head and signature. Public Prosecution Office discovered that the firm used printer company to mimic the format and fonts used by manufacturers in order to modify the numbers of the original document. The investigation is thought to reveal more cases of bill-padding.
### Relationships with politicians and the government
Yamada currently employs Democratic Party of Japan' s Shozo Azuma (東 祥三), an ex-member for the House of Representatives of Japan. It also employs several other retired officials and their family member from the Japan Ministry of Defense (former Japan Defense Agency).
Yoshihiko Yonezu (米津 佳彦), President & C.E.O. of the company, is an executive board member of the aforementioned Congressional National Security Research Group. Other members of the group include the current PM Yasuo Fukuda; current Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba; a former leader of the Democratic Party of Japan Seiji Maehara; Ex-Defense Ministers Fumio Kyuma, Tokuichiro Tamazawa, Fukushiro Nukaga, Tsutomu Kawara and Gen Nakatani; Ex-Agriculture Ministers Tsutomu Takebe and Norihiko Akagi.
The House of Councillors panel decided to summon former Vice Defense Minister Takemasa Moriya as a sworn witness on November 15, 2007 in connection with a series of collusion scandals.
The upper house's committee on foreign affairs and defense has also made its call on a former executive of Yamada Corp who is also at the center of the scandal, as a sworn witness as well as Yamada Corp President Yoshihiko Yonezu as a witness.
#### Yamada's ties with Naoki Akiyama
In 2003, Yamada Corp. has allegedly paid $600,000, to a U.S. group linked to Naoki Akiyama, the executive director of the Japan-U.S. Center for Peace and Cultural Exchange, as an attempt to land work as a subcontractor in a project to remove poison gas shells in Fukuoka Prefecture left over from the war. The payment was made under the title "business cooperation fees."
Prosecutors have searched the office of the Japan-U.S. Center for Peace and Cultural Exchange and Yamada's headquarters in Tokyo over the allegation. Former Defense Minister Fumio Kyuma and other lawmakers close to the defense industry serve as directors of the center.
The Defense Agency commissioned the center to conduct research for the project. Kobe Steel Ltd, was awarded the actual operation. Both contracts were awarded via bidding. Yamada served as a subcontractor for Kobe Steel, assuming such work as procuring equipment.
Public prosecution office found documents that indicate Yamada Corp would pay or has paid a total of $300,000 to an organization linked to a big defense figure as rewards for helping the company secure agency contracts with two U.S. defense makers in 2006.
The documents point to exchanges of money between Yamada and the organization linked to Naoki Akiyama, executive director of the Japan-U.S. Center for Peace and Cultural Exchange, which Tokyo prosecutors suspect has associations with the Yamada payoff scandals involving former Yamada executive Motonobu Miyazaki and former Vice Defense Minister Takemasa Moriya.
#### M-Ship ties involving Ex-Minister Kyuma
In 2006 Yamada transmitted a total of about $100,000 (10 million yen) to Naoki Akiyama, a senior official of a Japan-U.S. Center for Peace and Cultural Exchange, arrested last week on tax evasion charges.
Tokyo Public Prosecutor suspect Yamada sent the cash to Akiyama, for supporting negotiations with M Ship Co. a San Diego-based military equipment manufacturer, over a sales agent contract for its high-speed vessels. M-Ship claims that it has not committed to such contract.
Also revealed was that a former senior U.S. official close to Akiyama called M-Ship in advance to introduce Yamada to the U.S. company. Akiyama visited M-Ship in 2006 with Yamada subsid Yamada International Corp executives, for negotiations over the sale of high-speed vessels M80 Stiletto.
M-Ship admits it had received a call from the former senior U.S. official, who is also a director of Akiyama's Japan-U.S. center.
M-Ship said it has signed a memorandum of understanding with Yamada only for a market research purposes in Japan, but that it has not signed an agent contract with the company.
### Company schism
Yamada's business records have been long time attributed to Motonobu Miyazaki. Media in Japan reported scandals regarding Miyazaki and Masashi Yamada's personal ties to the government and politicians. The media also reported that Special Investigation Department of Public Prosecutors Office are questioning Miyazaki and other Yamada Corporation employees over alleged illegal activities involving Miyazaki and Yamada Corporation. Miyazaki resigned from Yamada Corporation after failing an MBO causing distrust with the Yamada family, the 98% share holder of Yamada Corporation. After Miyazaki left the firm in June 2006, he established a new company, Nihon Mirise Corporation (NMC) in September 2006. Yonezu, the new president & CEO of Yamada, filed a court case to Tokyo District Court in October 2006 alleging loss caused by Miyazaki and his new company, as well as 13 employees of Nihon Mirise, for taking business away from Yamada. The loss claimed by Yamada is 1 billion yen.
Two individuals in charge of General Electric program, more specifically the engines for the next generation military cargo aircraft, leaves Yamada in December 2006 and joins Nihon Mirise. Yamada filed another lawsuit in February 2007 against the two individuals claiming for loss of GE business. The claimed loss is a half billion yen.
In March 2007, GE deleted Yamada distributorship for the C-X program. Yamada had already filed a lawsuit against NMC in February 2007 for taking GE's subject representation, prior to the firm actually losing the business. In Japan, such preempt legal action is exceedingly unusual to take before the claimed act has been conducted.
Later, GE designated Nihon Mirise as its distributor for the C-X engine from July 2007. In July 2007, Nihon Mirise formally became GE's distributor for the C-X program.
There are 7 ongoing lawsuits between Yamada and Nihon Mirise, of which 6 are against Nihon Mirise Corporation.
### Industry response
In November 2007, GE decides to temporarily suspend all dealings with Yamada Corp and its splinter company, Nihon Mirise Corp. GE terminates its representation contract with Yamada on Dec. 3rd, 2007. C Currently GE does not have a representative in Japan, pending open investigation of GE’s direct involvement of the FCPA violation.
Northrop Grumman terminated the representation rights assigned to Yamada Corporation in early November 2007, to stop all dealings with the firm. The US manufacturer assigned Yamada the representation rights for E-2C Airborne Early Warning (AEW) aircraft from Sumitomo Corporation in 1997. The representation rights has been assigned to Sumitomo Corp as of Nov. 2007.
Lockheed Martin, Textron and many other manufacturers have terminated Yamada. Japan Ministry of Defense has halted all deals with Yamada and will not resume until all the wrongdoings are discovered and damages compensated. Arising to Yamada's bill-padding case, the Japan MOD is in the process of reviewing its procurement process.
Argo-tech Corporation has filed a lawsuit at a U.S. district court in Cleveland against Yamada and its U.S. subsidiary Upsilon International, claiming Yamada's involvement in bribery cases violated their contract which prohibits FCPA related conduct, hence the representation rights should be terminated. Argo-tech has also demanded compensation from Yamada and its subsidiary.
In response, Yamada has filed a countersuit against Argo-Tech at a district court in California. Yamada is claiming that the termination of their contract is illegal as FCPA violation has no relations to the representation rights.
Anti-corruption investigators in Britain are currently probing a suspected bribery scandal involving Smiths Detection. It was reported by the Financial Times that Serious Fraud Office has begun its investigation and asked details from Smiths. Smiths claims there are no evidence of wrongdoing. According to the report, the companies have ended their business relationship.
### Series of lawsuits by Yamada
#### In Japan
6 filed against Nihon Mirise Corporation
1 filed from Nihon Mirise Corporation
filed against Japan Ministry of Defense
#### In US
1 filed against Argo-Tech Corporation in California District Court
1 filed from Argo-Tech Corporation in Cleveland District Court
History timeline
----------------
* May 1936 Yamada Corporation founded in Yokohama
* Mar 1969 Yamada Corporation incorporated in Tokyo
* Oct 1970 Nagoya Branch established
* Oct 1972 Yamada International Corp. incorporated in Los Angeles
* Apr 1980 Osaka Branch established
* Dec 1981 New York Branch of Yamada International Corp. established
* Feb 1987 Gifu Office established
* Apr 1990 Washington D.C. Office of Yamada International Corp. established
* May 1996 London Office of Yamada International Corp. UK established (later closed)
* June 1997 GE Office of Yamada International Corp. established in Cincinnati, Ohio
* Apr 2001 Frankfurt Office of Yamada International Corp. Germany established
* Feb 2002 Yamada International GmbH (Europe) incorporated
* Apr 2003 Yamada International Corp. headquarters relocated to Washington D.C.
* Mar 2004 Cincinnati Office of Yamada International Corp. established.
* Jun 2004 Acquired 100% share of Nihon U.I.C. Co. Ltd.
* 2008 Cincinnati Office, GE Office of Yamada International Corp and Gifu Office closed. Washington D.C. Office of Yamada International Corp. relocated.
* (date unknown) Tel-Aviv Branch of Yamada International Corp. established |
The **Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship** is an academic entity for the advancement of social entrepreneurship at Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford. The Centre's goal is to "maximise the impact of social entrepreneurship to transform unjust or unsatisfactory systems or practices around the world and address critical social and environmental challenges."
History
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In November 2003, the Skoll Foundation, a social entrepreneurship foundation founded by Jeff Skoll, donated $7.5 million to the Saïd Business School for the creation of **The Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship** in order to promote the advancement of social entrepreneurship worldwide. The Centre acts as a network hub for social entrepreneurship, linking together key actors in the sector and contributing towards creating new and effective partnerships for sustainable social change. It engages in social innovation and aims to have a decisive influence on policy.
Research and Education
----------------------
The Skoll Centre’s research ranges across three main topic areas identified by practitioners as of key importance: governance; resources; impact. In each area, a variety of scholarly work is being undertaken. This is disseminated in both applied working paper formats and in peer-reviewed academic books and journals.
Noted Alumni
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* Tom Ravenscroft, Founder and CEO, Enabling Enterprise
* Candice Motran, Investment Director, Big Society Capital
* Kingsley Ezeani, Managing Director, Techhive Africa
* Anshu Taneja, Country Director for India, VisionSpring
* Sujeet Kumar, Special Secretary, Government of Odisha and Advisor at Kalinga Kusum Foundation |
**Scar Crags** is a fell in the north western part of the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It is one of the Coledale group of fells situated seven kilometres (4+1⁄4 miles) south west of Keswick and reaches a height of 672 metres (2,205 ft).
Topography
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The fell is part of the long ridge that radiates easterly from Eel Crag and includes the adjoining fells of Sail and Causey Pike before dropping to the Newlands Valley. Scar Crags is characterised by steep craggy flanks on its southern side which fall away steeply to Rigg Beck, while the northern slopes are less steep and grassy as they drop to Stoneycroft Gill.
Geology
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The ridgeline is composed of the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirkstile Formation.
Ascents
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Scar Crags is very rarely climbed directly. The only feasible direct ascent follows an old mine road that starts from Stair and goes up Stoneycroft Gill to finish at Sail Pass, from where it is a short ascent to the fell summit. Scar Crags is more usually approached from the east along the ridge from Causey Pike or from the west from Sail. It is a busy fell as it is part of the Coledale Round, a 17.5-kilometre (11-mile) walk starting and finishing at Braithwaite or Stair in the Newlands valley and including the other nearby fells of Grisedale Pike, Hopegill Head, Eel Crag, Sail, and Causey Pike with over 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) of ascent.
Summit
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The top of the fell is grassy and often muddy with a small cairn and gives a heady view down onto Rigg Beck and a good but not exceptional all round view of the district.
Mining
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The northern slopes of Scar Crags, below Long Crag, contain the remains of the Lake District’s only cobalt mine. It was opened by the Keswick Mining Company in 1846, who invested £7,000 in the project. A road and an inclined tramway were built to convey the ore down to Stoneycroft in the Newlands valley. Four adits were driven into the hillside, the longest being about 60 metres (200 ft) in length. The mine was not a success as it was impossible to extract the mineral from the ore in the expected quantities and it closed in due course. |
Australian road bicycle racer now working for Zwift and completing MBA with University of Queensland
**Wesley Sulzberger** (born 20 October 1986) is an Australian former professional cyclist, who rode professionally from 2009 to 2016.
Career
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Born in Beaconsfield, Tasmania, Sulzberger started cycling with the West Tamar Cycling Club. He began his career with the Australian Continental Team Southaustralia.com–AIS and later joined Française des Jeux. After three years with the team, Sulzberger moved to the GreenEDGE team for the 2012 season. He remained with the team until the end of the 2013 season, when he joined Drapac Professional Cycling for the 2014 season; he joined his brother Bernard Sulzberger, on the squad. Since 2017 working as Sr Country Manager Australian & New Zealand for Zwift, 2022 studying part time as an MBA candidate University of Queensland.
Major results
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2006
1st Overall Tour of Gippsland
1st Stage 7
Tour of Tasmania
1st Stages 6, 10 & 11
1st Stage 1 Tour de Hokkaido
2007
1st Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
1st Stage 2 Herald Sun Tour
2nd Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
2008
1st Stage 2 Tour of Japan
2009
1st Stage 2 Paris–Corrèze
5th Overall Tour Down Under
2010
1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
2011
8th Overall Tour of Turkey
8th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt
2013
4th Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
2014
10th Overall Tour de Taiwan
2016
1st Stage 3 Le Tour de Filipinas
1st Mountains classification Tour de Kumano
### Grand Tour general classification results timeline
| Grand Tour | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A pink jersey Giro d'Italia | — | — | — | — | — |
| A yellow jersey Tour de France | — | 151 | — | — | — |
| A red jersey Vuelta a España | 117 | — | — | 145 | DNF |
Legend| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish | |
Island of the Mississippi River
Some Latsch Island Boathouses, seen here in 2006
**Latsch Island** is an island located on the Mississippi river, and is part of the city of Winona, Minnesota. Latsch Island is best known for its off-the-grid counterculture houseboat ("boathouse") community, who occupy the eastern coastline of the island. During periods of flooding or high water levels, the island sometimes becomes two islands, with the eastern section referred to as **Wolf Spider Island**.
Etymology
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Similarly to nearby John A. Latsch State Park, Latsch Island is named after local 20th century Winona businessman John A. Latsch, who bought much of the area surrounding Winona and donated it so that it could be used as part of the national parks system. During periods of high water levels sometimes the Island is split in two, and some local residents use the name "Wolf Spider Island" to refer to the breakaway eastern portion. It has been suggested the name was derived from the Wolf Spider, to sound frightening and intimating, with the intention of scaring non-residents away from the area. The name Wolf Spider Island has been in use since at least the early 2000s.
History
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### Bridges
Main Channel Bridge, which bridges Winona to Wisconsin over Latsch Island, seen here in 1997
During the 1860s, the island (still not formally named) was used by the Winona and St. Peter Railroad, who constructed a railway bridge spanning the island into Winona. The "swing" bridge was completed in May 1871 but it partially collapsed when the bridge tender failed to secure the swing span on the first day of operation. The bridge was repaired and remained in service until it was abandoned and the swing span removed in 1977.
In 1887 a wooden bridge crossing the Mississippi over Latsch Island was created to join Winona to Wisconsin. In 1890 Congress authorised Winona to construct a new bridge over the Mississippi; the result was that in 1892 the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company created the steel and iron "Wagon Bridge" which spanned over the river and the island into Winona's main street. In 1917 the old wooden bridge was replaced by a concrete bridge.
In 1935, a bridge in nearby La Crosse, Wisconsin similar in design and materials as the "Wagon Bridge" collapsed, resulting in the deaths of two motorists. Seeking to avoid a similar disaster in Winona, a new bridge was authorised in 1938 and in 1941 the Main Channel Bridge was completed. It remains in operation to this day and is the main bridge between Latsch and the mainland, carrying Minnesota State Highway 43 between Wisconsin and Winona. The iron and steel "Wagon Bridge" was torn down and scrapped, as its materials were in high demand due to the outbreak of World War II. The concrete bridge was also due to be scrapped and destroyed, however, this was postponed until after the war. But in 1945 Winona asked the federal government to return control of the concrete bridge to the city, and their request was granted. The concrete bridge remains in operation to this day.
### Boathouse Community
Latsch Island boathouse communityLatsch Island boathouse community
Bike path to the Island
By the 1930s Latsch Island, like many other islands near Winona, was simply being used unofficially as a place to dump waste and little more. It was roughly during this same era, the interwar period and the Great Depression, that squatters also began to take up residence on the island. Following the sinking of a barge on the north side of the island, almost all river traffic travelling past Winona began to choose to pass via the south side of the island. In turn, the squatters began mooring houseboats on the now trafficless north side of the island, safe in the knowledge they would not be disturbed there.
The houseboat settlement saw a resurgence of residents during the 1960s and 1970s, as the Hippie counterculture took an interest in the community. However, in July 1974 the city of Winona passed an ordinance requiring that all boathouses be licensed. Tensions flared between residents of Winona and Latsch, with complaints being made that the Latsch Islanders were taking unfair advantage of the municipal boat harbor's garbage, toilet and parking facilities. By March 1975 it had been decided that no further licenses for boathouses would be issued after 1 July. In 1980, all phone lines to the island were shut down after Winona officials alleged that they had discovered wires slung from trees and running through water on the island. They also suggested that many of the boathouses had hazardous structural issues, such as loose flotation barrels and dangerous wiring. In August 1980 Boathouses were formally sanctioned by the Winona City Council.
By 1979, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and Winona city officials were all seeking to outlaw the building of houseboats along the Mississippi in Minnesota. In response, an island council was created to represent the inhabitants of the island. The right to own and build houseboats in the area was brought to trial in this period, and the Judge, Dennis Challeen, himself a member of the Latsch island council, ruled in favour of the residents.
The 1980s saw increased regulations introduced over boathouses; Standards were set for buoyancy, roofing, external appearance, lavatories and preservation of adjacent property. However, simultaneously, the Department of Natural Resources began to prohibit owners from expanding or renovating their boathouses. This placed owners in a catch 22 where they could not comply with one authority without violating the directive of the other. Being unable to make improvements to their homes meant that owners were now faced with possible eviction.
In response, the frustrated Latsch Islanders created the Winona Boathouses Association in 1981, a non-profit organisation to formally represent the needs of the Latsch Island residents. All licensed owners were automatically made members of the organisation and were given a vote in its decisions. The Boathouses Association was successfully able to prevent city officials from phasing the boathouse community out of existence.
In 1998 Latsch island was officially made a part of the city of Winona. The number of houseboats on the island was strictly limited to 101, and a rule was put in place that houseboats could not be repaired beyond 50% of their original value. The intention of this law was to gradually displace the houseboats on the island, however, the law against the repairing of the houseboats is routinely ignored. Residents pay an annual mooring fee to the city in exchange for their right to dock on the island. As of 2021, this fee was $350 per annum.
Demographics
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Although the law declares that there should be only 101 houseboats on the island, some estimates place the amount higher, as high as 120. The population of the island is not static, as harsh winters can often force many residents off the island for the season. Flooding is another issue that can and has displaced portions of the population in the past.
It has been estimated that roughly 10% to 20% of the residents remain on the island all year long, regardless of climate conditions.
Government
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In 1981 the Island council, which informally worked as the democratic representation of the island, formalized itself by becoming the Winona Boathouse Association, a non-profit organization that works with the city on legal protection for the islanders. It also works to provide dumpsters and portable toilets for waste removal, as well as a boat dock. The Boathouse Association is fully recognized by the local government of Winona.
In line with its policy of discouraging occupation of the island, local authorities have placed no signs on the island denoting the presence of the houseboat settlement.
Community
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Winona, as seen from the southern shore of Latsch Island
The 1960s island community on Latsch Island has been described as a collection of "flower children, impoverished college students and other non-conformists", while some of the 1990s residents were referred to as being made up of "Third-generation boathouse people and 10th-generation boathouse cats". Despite its aura and reputation as a fringe bohemian community, Latsch Island has been home to residents from all walks of life. Former and current residents have included judges, professors, artists, and local politicians in addition to members of the Winona working class and homeless.
In spite of its proximity to Winona, which is connected to the island via a bridge, life on Latsch Island is described as "off-the-grid" and secluded. There is no plumbing on the island, and those who possess electricity typically do so from solar panels or small generators. Houseboats are typically heated by wood-fueled stoves. Freshwater cannot be drawn from the river itself, and instead many residents choose to either collect rainwater or haul water to the island from Winona.
The self describer "river rat" is used by the community to refer to anyone on the Mississippi river who partakes in their houseboat lifestyle. The river rats prefer to use the term "boathouse" rather than "houseboat" for a number of reasons; one reason is due to the legal restraints placed on the use of "houseboats" in the area. Another is the sentiment that because their residences are designed to be houses permanently docked at one location, the term "boathouse" is a better describer than "houseboat", which are usually designed to be boats first and residences second.[] |
**Victor B. Tosi** (March 11, 1936 - December 4, 2017) is a New York politician.
Born to Italian immigrant parents, he studied political science at New York University. He served in the military. He married on June 22, 1957 and has two sons together. He worked for General Motors.
After retiring, he became a long-time member of the Bronx Republican Party. Tosi ran for public office five times, including for Bronx Borough President, and briefly served as the chairman of the Bronx Republican Party from 2004-05.
He worked for such Republicans as State Senators John D. Calandra and Guy Velella, Mayors Giuliani and Bloomberg and as the personnel and Labor Relations director and later deputy chief clerk for Bronx County New York City Board of Elections.
Campaigns
---------
Tosi became active with the Bronx Republican Party in the mid-1960s as a protege of State Senator John D. Calandra, the Bronx Republican leader. Tosi first ran for City Council in 1973 in the 14th district against Anthony J. Mercorella, who was appointed to the seat a few months earlier to fill a vacancy.
Mercorella won 70 percent of the vote. The next year, Tosi sought an open seat in the New York State Assembly in the 86th district. Despite a spirited campaign, Tosi, who won about 44 percent of the vote, lost to Democrat Vincent Marchiselli, a pro-life liberal and funeral director who used a wheelchair.
In 1985 and 1989, Tosi ran as the Republican Party's "sacrificial lamb" against popular Democratic Councilman Jerry L. Crispino, who represented the 14th district.
In 1987, State Senator Guy Velella and the Bronx Republican organization asked Tosi to run in the special election for Bronx Borough President, which was held in November of that year. The incumbent Democrat, Stanley Simon, resigned in March 1987 after being implicated in corruption. Tosi received about eleven percent of the vote against Democratic City Councilman Fernando Ferrer. Tosi's opponent on the Conservative Party was Peggy McKeegan, who was also employed by Velella.[]
Campaign work
-------------
In 1989, Velella asked Tosi to manage the campaign of cosmetics heir Ronald Lauder, who sought the Republican primary for mayor against Rudy Giuliani.
Lauder spent about $13 million in negative television ads against Giuliani. Although Lauder lost the primary, getting about 34 percent of the vote, he damaged Giuliani's image enough in the general election, which he lost to Democrat David N. Dinkins.
Four years later, Velella and Giuliani put aside their differences. Velella assigned Tosi to a key role as manager of Giuliani's Bronx campaign. Giuliani was narrowly elected mayor, ousting Dinkins.[]
Controversy
-----------
In the late 1980s, Tosi began working at the New York City Board of Elections as the personnel director and director of labor relations. His role in restoring two Bronx school board candidates to the ballot in 1993 despite the fact that there was a question of the required number of signatures came under scrutiny.
Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau empaneled a grand jury to investigate charges of fraud in the 1993 school board of election. In 1995, the grand jury drew up a report on its findings, which was leaked to the press.
The grand jury found that Tosi may have "improperly interceded" with Vincent J. Velella, a commissioner at the Board of Elections and the father of State Senator Guy Velella, to consider the validation of two candidates to the ballot. Although the grand jury did not recommend any criminal charges be filed against Tosi and 10 other Board of Elections employees, it allegedly recommended that they be fired. A judge later sealed the grand jury report.
In 1995, Tosi resigned from the board. He then became the job-training director in New York State under Governor George Pataki. In 2000, Tosi, following a quadruple bypass open heart surgery, after his second heart attack in ten years, returned to the New York City Board of Elections as the deputy chief clerk and entered St. Joseph's Seminary and College, Dunwoodie, Yonkers, Westchester County in the New York Archdiocese Diaconate program.
Bronx Republican Chairman
-------------------------
In 2004, Velella resigned as a State Senator and Bronx Republican Chairman after pleading guilty to a corruption charge. Members of the Bronx Republican County Committee first elected Tosi as the "interim" chairman, and several months later unanimously elected him Permanent Chairman. In his capacity, Tosi campaigned for the election of Assemblyman Stephen B. Kaufman to succeed Velella.
Members of the New York State Senate Republican Committee recruited Kaufman, a long-time Democrat, to run for the seat. In previous elections, Kaufman had the endorsement of the Bronx Conservative Party and had the reputation of being a moderate. To increase the chances of his election in a district that was becoming more Democratic, Kaufman sought both the Republican and Democratic nominations. If elected, Kaufman would caucus with the Republicans in the Senate and, in effect, allow them to keep the seat they held since 1966.
However, Assemblyman Jeffrey Klein challenged Kaufman for the Democratic nomination. A Republican challenger, John Fleming, a retired police officer, abandoned plans to run against Congressman Eliot Engel (D-NY) and challenged Kaufman for both the Republican and Conservative nominations.
On primary day, Kaufman lost both the Democratic and Republican primaries. He did win the Conservative nomination and also had the support of the New York State Independence Party. Kaufman stayed in the race as a spoiler, and Assemblyman Klein won the seat in the general election.
In 2005, Tosi coordinated the New York City Republican endorsement for reelection of Michael Bloomberg as Mayor. Tosi resigned as Bronx GOP Chairman as he completed his seminary candidacy and prepared for ordination as a Permanent Deacon in the Roman Catholic Church.
Joseph J. Savino, Velella's former deputy chief of staff, was elected the new chairman. Velella, who had completed his prison term, accused his two former employees, Tosi and Savino, of seizing control of the Bronx GOP illegally.
Other
-----
Tosi retired from the Board of Elections in 2006. He was ordained as a Permanent Deacon in the Roman Catholic Church where he served in his ministry until his death on December 4, 2017, aged 81, from congestive heart failure. |
The **S-Bahn Mittelelbe** ("Central Elbe S-Bahn", called the *S-Bahn Magdeburg* until 2014) is part of the public transport network of the metropolitan area of Magdeburg, the state capital of Saxony-Anhalt. The S-Bahn is operated by the *Elbe Saale Bahn*, a subsidiary of DB Regio Südost, on behalf of the Nahverkehrsservice Sachsen-Anhalt ("public transport service of Saxony-Anhalt", a state government agency that plans, manages and funds public transport services in the state). The S-Bahn currently consists of one line between Schönebeck-Salzelmen, Magdeburg, Stendal and Wittenberge, using the Schönebeck–Güsten, Magdeburg–Leipzig and Magdeburg–Wittenberge lines.
History
-------
The Magdeburg S-Bahn was opened on 29 September 1974 as a 38 kilometre-long line, on the Zielitz–Magdeburg–Schönebeck-Salzelmen route, running north–south. The halts (*Haltepunkte*) of Schönebeck-Frohse, Schönebeck Süd and Zielitz Ort were opened after 1974. The halt of Barleber See is served only between early May and late October as it serves leisure traffic to the lake of the same name, which is located north of Magdeburg. There was an hourly connection between Schönebeck and Haldensleben in GDR times with an S-Bahn set shortened to one carriage and hauled by a DR class 110 or DR class 112 diesel locomotive. Passengers could travel on this train to Magdeburg-Rothensee on an S-Bahn fare.
From 9 December 2007 until 13 December 2014, the S1 service operated only on Mondays to Fridays and only during the day except for a few trains; the stops were served by Regionalbahn services at the weekend. On 14 December 2014, the previous Regionalbahn service to/from Wittenberge, now to/from Stendal, was integrated into S-Bahn line 1, to end the parallel service by two different types of train service between Schönebeck-Salzelmen and Zielitz Ort. The trains changed their designated train class in Stendal station, but passengers did not need to change. This reverted after seven years to the S1 running between Schönebeck-Salzelmen and Zielitz Ort every 30 minutes on weekdays and hourly on the weekend. Due to the extension to the surrounding area, it was renamed from *S-Bahn Magdeburg* to the current name of *S-Bahn Mittelelbe*.
The change in train class in Stendal was abolished at the timetable change on 13 December 2015, so that the trains now run to/from Wittenberge as S-Bahn services. The service between Zielitz and Stendal was extended by two additional train pairs in the morning (Mon–Fri), creating a 30-minute cycle. A few trains run between Stendal and Salzwedel as Regionalbahn 32, changing train class in Stendal. In addition, during the peak, a train runs as the S1X service from Magdeburg to Wittenberge and back; this does not stop at all stops so that it can connect with long-distance services.
S-Bahn fares
------------
The Magdeburg S-Bahn and all regional trains operated parallel to the S-Bahn until the establishment of the *Magdeburger Regionalverkehrsverbund* (Magdeburg Regional Transport, branded as *marego*) on 12 December 2010 used a special S-Bahn fare structure modelled on the former DR S-Bahn fare structure. In contrast to these, a separate fare for the Magdeburg S-Bahn only was not introduced until 1 February 1994. There were separate S-Bahn fares earlier in the cities of Berlin, Dresden, Erfurt, Leipzig/Halle and Rostock. In contrast to Magdeburg, however, these were replaced much earlier by the various transport associations or abolished in the case of Erfurt with the abandonment of the S-Bahn.
The Magdeburg S-Bahn fares were a bit cheaper than the standard nationwide local transport fares. It was not based like the latter on the actual trip distance, but on a zone system. It consisted of three zones:
* northern fare zone (Zielitz and Wolmirstedt)
* urban fare zone (urban Magdeburg)
* southern fare zone (Schönebeck)
The urban fare zone was always counted twice, so there were a total of four price levels. In addition to single tickets the S-Bahn Magdeburg also had multi-trip tickets, weekly tickets and monthly passes, but no day tickets (except the "Wochenend-Familien-Ticket": weekend family ticket) were offered. In addition, the S-Bahn fare was also offered on the Magdeburg-Neustadt–Magdeburg-Herrenkrug route.
For commuters and frequent travellers in Magdeburg between the S-Bahn and the nearby region, there was also the parent MUM (*Magdeburg-Umland*: Magdeburg surrounds) fare, which also covered the area served by *Magdeburger Verkehrsbetriebe* (Magdeburge Transport Company, a municipal utility). The MUM fare, however, was not a true Transport Association fare structure because only periodic cards (but no single tickets) were offered. This meant that for single journeys in the Magdeburg region, a new ticket had to be used with each change from the S-Bahn to another form of public transport.
Rolling stock
-------------
The typical trains operated on the Magdeburg S-Bahn in GDR times were green LOWA-E5 cars (central entrance cars). From 1990, single double-deck carriages were used, although in the early 1990s some four-part DB double-deck sets were also used. Class 425 sets are now used on line S1. In 2015, they were modernised and received new seats, folding tables, electrical outlets and an improved passenger information system.
Prospects
---------
The *ÖPNV-Plan des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 2005* (public transport plan for the state of Saxony-Anhalt 2005) includes scenarios that include the conversion of several RB services into S-Bahn services in 2010–2015 and in 2025. These plans for a regional S-Bahn network were mainly promoted by the Minister of Transport, Karl-Heinz Daehre. The closure of services on the line to Loburg and the implementation of other measures, which are also reflected in the relevant procedures for procuring transport services, has made the original concept superfluous. The connection to Zerbst has been rebranded as part of the *S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland 2* network, which is operated by the Elbe-Saale-Bahn, a subsidiary of DB Regio.
The basic framework for the future S-Bahn network would be lines S1 and RB40 (Brunswick–Magdeburg–Burg). Further connections to Langenweddingen (as a replacement for the RB service to Oschersleben) and Haldensleben might also be integrated in due course. However, the planned operating concepts are for upgrades of the Magdeburg–Oschersleben–Halberstadt and Magdeburg–Haldensleben–Oebisfelde lines and the services would be operated permanently with diesel traction.
A station called 'Stendal Hochschule' is set to open in 2022. |
Salt glaciers (dark grey areas) derived from Hormuz halites, extruding from anticlinal crests in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran
The **Hormuz Formation**, **Hormuz Series**, **Hormuz Evaporites** or **Hormuz Group** is a sequence of evaporites that were deposited during the Ediacaran (Late Neoproterozoic) to Early Cambrian, a period previously referred to as the Infra-Cambrian. Most exposures of this sequence are in the form of emergent salt diapirs within anticlines of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. As a result of their involvement in post-depositional salt tectonics, the internal stratigraphy of the sequence is relatively poorly understood. They are the lateral equivalent of the evaporite-bearing Ara Group in the South Oman Basin.
Distribution
------------
The Hormuz Formation is known from a wide area of the Zagros Mountains and around and beneath the Persian Gulf. Two main depositional basins have been recognised, the North Gulf and South Gulf Basins, separated by the Qatar Arch. The basins were formed as a result of extensional tectonics towards the end of the Pan-African Orogeny. The main structure formed during this period were NW-SE trending dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults and NE-SW trending extensional faults.
Stratigraphy
------------
Most occurrences of the Hormuz Formation are highly disturbed tectonically. However, a broad stratigraphy has been recognised.
Effect on Zagros structure
--------------------------
Halite layers within the Hormuz sequence form the most important decollement level within the Zagros fold and thrust belt. The presence and thickness of the halites has had a major influence on the geometry of the thrust belt and such variations has been used to explain lateral changes in structural style along the belt. |
6th episode of the 3rd season of Angel
"**Billy**" is episode 6 of season 3 in the television show *Angel*. Written by Tim Minear and Jeffrey Bell and directed by David Grossman, it was originally broadcast on October 29, 2001 on the WB television network. In this episode, Angel investigates a wave of violence against women throughout Los Angeles, caused by Billy's ability to infect men with murderous misogyny. Cordelia seeks the aid of Lilah, who is a victim of Billy’s power, while Fred finds herself in danger from an infected Wesley.
Plot
----
Angel teaches Cordelia how to sword fight so that she can defend herself if Angel isn't there to protect her. Lilah finds Billy, the man Angel was forced to rescue from hell, in her office talking with Gavin Park. Lilah tells Gavin to stay away from her clients. Gavin attacks her, smashing her head into a glass case and strangling her.
Cordelia has a vision of a woman being beaten by her husband in a convenience store. Wesley gets surveillance photos from the crime, in which they spot Billy. Wesley, Gunn, and Angel track down Billy; however, the police arrive first to take Billy into custody for phoning in a tip on the location of a murder victim. Lilah reveals that Billy's touch turns men into vicious misogynists. Wesley and Fred examine Billy's blood cells through the microscope and observes that his power is in his blood, saliva, and sweat. They are affected by Billy's power and begin fighting.
Angel tracks Billy's last location to a party at his cousin's house, where he discovers that Billy's entire family is aware of his situation and want him gone. Cordelia finds Billy waiting for a private plane at the airport. He's not interested in talking with her, and she debilitates him with a stun gun to his groin. Angel arrives to help Cordelia and Billy touches Angel's face, but is unaffected, having long since lost the capacity to feel hatred. As Angel and Billy fight, Lilah shoots Billy dead before Cordelia can get a clear shot with her crossbow.
Fred forgives Wesley for the fight. Wesley, consumed with guilt, worries that Billy brought out something that was already inside him deep down, he doesn't know who he is or how to return to life as it was before.
Production
----------
Dylan Blim invokes John F. Kennedy Jr. who was a member of the family himself—but adamantly disliked the conduct of relatives. Dylan is aware that Angel is a vampire with the potential to kill Billy but still invites him into the family compound. Kennedy had also openly criticized relatives engaging in 'bad behavior'.
Reception
---------
Stephanie Romanov says the ending to this episode was one of her "favorite Lilah moments. It was the only time Lilah was a hero."
DVD Verdict called this episode a *The Shining* homage with an "unsubtle metaphor" that "misogyny is BAD."
The Futon Critic named it the 36th best episode of 2001, saying "No show pushes as many buttons at the same time as this one."
In 2021, *Paste* named the episode the most terrifying episode of the Buffyverse, writing "When it comes to horror, things like jumpscares, bodies falling out of closets, or other similar genre staples are the kind that frighten you for a moment, maybe two, and then they're gone. *Billy*'s horror operates from the opposite direction, capitalizing on quiet moments and the slow burn of it all: the haunted look in Lilah's eyes as she steps out of the shadows to reveal her face mottled with bruises, or the cruelty in Wesley's voice as he taunts and terrorizes Fred. It's a kind of unsettling, skin-crawling horror that will sit with you long after the credits have rolled."
Further reading
---------------
* Stacey Abbott. *Angel*, pp. 32–35 (Wayne State University Press; 2009) Project Muse 7897 ISBN 9780814335598
* John Kenneth Muir. *The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television* (2nd edn), p. 64 (McFarland; 2008) ISBN 9780786437559 |
Annual reggae music festival
**Reggae Rising** was an annual reggae festival in Humboldt County, California which took place on the first full weekend of August along the banks of the Eel River. Performers at the 2008 edition of Reggae Rising, which took place August 1–3, 2008 at Dimmick Ranch and French's Camp included Sizzla, Julian Marley, Junior Reid, UB40, Tanya Stephens, and Sly and Robbie. The 2010 festival was canceled due to the financial trouble of the organizer, Tom Dimmick, resulting in his denial of a Conditional Use Permit by the Humboldt County Planning Commission.
The organizer never contacted the Humboldt County Planning Commission for a 2011 permit, and as a result, 2009 Reggae Rising marked the end of the Reggae Rising festival.
History
-------
Reggae Rising's first year was 2007 when it was produced by People Productions and had 12,400 attendees. Performers at the first year of Reggae Rising included Steel Pulse, Damian Marley, Stephen Marley, Anthony B, Heavyweight Dub Champion, and Ziggy Marley. People Productions also organized the 2008 event, while Dimmick Ranch produced in 2009.
Ultimately, no Reggae Rising festival took place after 2009.
### Litigation
The festival's success was due largely to the popularity of Reggae on the River, a festival that had also been produced by People Productions at a nearby location since 1984 as a benefit for the Mateel Community Center of Redway, California. Mateel Community Center is not affiliated with "Reggae Rising". In 2007 the parties were in litigation over the future of both events. A settlement was reached wherein People Productions agreed to make several payments to Mateel Community Center totalling $500,000. Ultimately the payments were made to the Mateel in full by the Dimmick Ranch. |
Norwegian ship-owner, newspaper editor and politician
**Tharald Brøvig Sr.** (3 July 1877 – 22 August 1938) was a Norwegian ship-owner, newspaper editor and politician for the Conservative Party. He is the namesake of the company Th. Brøvig.
Personal life
-------------
He was born in Kristiansand as a son of shipmaster Gunder Christian Brøvig (1850–1921) and Bolette Andrea Davidsen (1852–1927). The family moved to Farsund. In 1906 Tharald married jurist's daughter Cecilie Catharina Hoff (1879–1963). They had several children. Among them were the son Gunnar Christian Brøvig, who took over Tharald's company and was the father of Tharald Brøvig Jr. but died during the Second World War, and the son Harald Nikolai Brøvig, a politician. Their daughter Andrea Brøvig married Olav Selvaag.
Career
------
He finished his secondary education in 1896, and took the cand.jur. degree in 1901. He studied for one year in London, but then returned to Norway and Farsund. He worked as an attorney from 1902, and also edited the conservative newspaper *Farsunds Avis* from 1902 to 1916. He was a vice consul for Sweden in Farsund from 1911, represented the Conservative Party in Farsund city council from 1911, and quit as an attorney and editor after he was elected mayor of Farsund in 1915.
He also became involved in shipping, together with his father. In 1906 the name Th. Brøvig was registered as a shipping company. He took over his father's business in 1915. The sailing ships were gradually replaced with steam ships. By 1938 Th. Brøvig owned ten dry cargo ships, five tankers and was contracted to another tanker, and had become the largest ship-owning company in Southern Norway. He was also a board member of the Norwegian Shipowners' Association from 1913 to 1938, and a supervisory council member of Det Norske Veritas.
He was decorated as a Knight of the Order of Vasa, and in 1937 as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav. He died in August 1938 while visiting Oslo. The company name Th. Brøvig still exists, but the parent company is named Gezina. |
Laws restricting sale and consumption of alcohol in the state of Texas
A person must be at least 15-17 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions
Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 15 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to a minor if they are the minor's adult parent, guardian, or spouse, and is visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage. It is against the law to make alcohol available to a non-family person younger than 17, even in one's own residence and even with that parent's permission.
Texas holds parents/adults civilly liable for damages caused by the intoxication of a minor younger than 17 if they knowingly provided alcohol or allowed alcohol to be served on property owned or leased by them and the minor:
* is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property,
* gets into a fight, falls and hurts themself, or is sexually assaulted,
* damages someone else's property, or
* leaves and is involved in a motor vehicle accident and causes injury to themselves or others.
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered automatically under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening shows a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or greater. If under the age of 17, a driver in Texas is not able to test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) under penalty of DUI charges.
Alcohol sales
-------------
Voter approval is required (either at the county, county precinct, or city level) to approve sales. Separate votes are required for 1) "on premise" (sales at a restaurant or bar for consumption at that location) beer and wine sales, 2) "off premise" (sales for consumption elsewhere, such as home) beer and wine sales, 3) on premise liquor sales, and 4) off premise liquor sales.
Only four Texas counties are completely "dry" counties, where no sales of alcoholic beverages are legal anywhere in the county:
1. Borden
2. Kent
3. Roberts
4. Throckmorton
Many counties are completely "wet" counties, where all alcoholic beverage sales are legal everywhere in the county:
1. Aransas
2. Austin
3. Bexar
4. Brazos
5. Brewster
6. Brooks
7. Burnet
8. Cameron
9. Childress
10. Clay
11. Collingsworth
12. Colorado
13. Comal
14. Cottle
15. Crosby
16. Culberson
17. Dimmit
18. Donley
19. Duval
20. Ector
21. El Paso
22. Fayette
23. Fisher
24. Fort Bend
25. Goliad
26. Gonzales
27. Guadalupe
28. Hidalgo
29. Hudspeth
30. Jim Hogg
31. Kendall
32. Kenedy
33. Kinney
34. Kleberg
35. La Salle
36. Midland
37. Mitchell
38. Nolan
39. Nueces
40. Ochiltree
41. Presidio
42. San Saba
43. Scurry
44. Sherman
45. Starr
46. Sutton
47. Val Verde
48. Victoria
49. Waller
50. Washington
51. Webb
52. Wharton
53. Wilbarger
54. Zapata
55. Zavala
All others are "moist" counties, which are a combination of wet and dry areas.
### Sales of alcohol
Beer and wine can be sold from 7:00 AM until midnight Monday through Friday, from 7:00 AM until 1:00 AM on Saturday, and from 10am until midnight on Sunday. Licensed restaurants, bars, and other establishments can additionally serve for consumption on-premises starting at 10:00 AM on Sunday if served with food, and until 2:00 AM every night if the establishment has a late-hours permit in a city or county that allows late-hours sales.
Alcohol sales are more stringently regulated. Alcohol sales are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's fall on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any other day. Furthermore, Alcohol/ liquor can only be sold in "package stores", which must be closed whenever liquor sales are prohibited (even for sales of otherwise allowable products), and which further must be physically separated from any other business. Moreover, no owner can own more than 250 package stores, and no publicly traded company can own such a store.
Hotel bars can serve alcohol to registered guests at all hours.
Legitimate age
--------------
People must be at least 21 years of age to legally consume alcoholic beverages in Texas with certain exceptions, as in any other state in the United States. However, employment at a company serving alcoholic beverages can be entered into at age 18 provided they get certified by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission.
No specific training is required to serve alcohol; however, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code states that the actions of an employee (such as serving alcohol to a clearly intoxicated patron) will not be imputed to the employer if 1) the employer requires the employee to complete training approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, 2) the employee actually completes the training, and 3) the employer has not directly encouraged the employee to violate the law.
Open container laws
-------------------
All previously opened containers of alcoholic beverages must be stored and transported in a vehicle's trunk (or behind the last row of seats in the case a vehicle does not have a partitioned trunk) or other storage to which the driver and or any passengers do not have access.
Blood alcohol content limits
----------------------------
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening test shows a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent or higher. No other evidence (such as Field Sobriety tests) need be presented to the court to obtain a DUI (driving under the influence) conviction.
A driver testing 0.15 percent or more over the legal limit of 0.08 percent faces more severe penalties for enhanced BAC.
When under the age of 21, a driver in Texas must not test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) and may be charged with DUI even if the amount tested is under 0.08 percent. |
Strategy meeting during World War I
**The Berlin Conference, held from November 2 to 6, 1917**, consisted of a series of meetings between German and Prussian ministers, followed by meetings between German and Austro-Hungarian representatives. The conference was held in Berlin just a few days before the outbreak of the October Revolution. At the same time, the antagonisms between Chancellor Georg Michaelis, supported by State Secretary Richard von Kühlmann, on the one hand, and the military, mainly the Dioscuri, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, on the other, reached a climax, prompting the military to call for the Chancellor's resignation, formalizing their disagreements over the program for internal reform of the Reich. These differences between political and military leaders also had at stake the definition of a new program of war aims for the Reich, and the concessions the Germans would be prepared to make to their allies, principally the Dual Monarchy, exhausted by more than three years of conflict, but hostile to any excessive reinforcement of German control over Central and Eastern Europe.
Context
-------
### Situation of the Central Powers in the fall of 1917
In the fall of 1917, the military situation of the Central Powers was mixed: major successes had been achieved, but these were not enough to decide the outcome of the conflict, since the armies of the Quadruple Alliance were suffering increasing handicaps, leading to an increasingly pronounced weakening as the months went by.
Since the defeats it suffered in 1916 at Verdun and on the Somme, the German army has been facing a manpower crisis, with losses increasing slowly but surely as the months go by. However, this weakening, untenable over the long term, did not prevent partial successes: the armies of the Quadruple Alliance were still capable of halting Allied offensives, calling into question their preparation and depriving the Allies of any offensive capability in Italy. As the months went by, the Quadruple Alliance's losses became more and more difficult to make up, and they were no longer in a position to win. However, backed by the Reich, the Dual Monarchy was able to inflict an almost total defeat on the Italians on the Isonzo, while the tenacity of the German soldiers deprived the British, French and Belgians of a strategic victory in Flanders.
These partial successes enabled the Dual Monarchy to improve the military situation it had to face: the decomposition of the Russian army, amplified by the failure of the Kerensky offensive launched on July 1, in 1917, removing any danger of a Russian offensive return to Austro-Hungarian Galicia; in the Balkans, despite appreciable tactical successes, the Allies did not yet have offensive capabilities likely to threaten the cohesion of the Austro-Bulgarian front in 1917. This military recovery, impossible without the support of the Reich, did not, however, mask the seriousness of the Dual Monarchy's domestic situation, which had already given cause for concern when the report entitled "Austro-Hungarian Military Power on the Way to Disintegration" was submitted to Emperor Charles I on April 13, 1917. Finally, aware of this exhaustion, Austro-Hungarian officials multiplied their initiatives to end the conflict, with Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin proposing bilateral talks with Paul Painlevé, then President of the French Council.
Finally, Austro-Hungarian and German strategic planners prepared multiple offensives to be launched in France and Italy during the spring of 1918; moreover, since October 26, German-Austro-Hungarian units have been engaged in the pursuit of the retreating Italian army on the Isonzo front.
### The Austro-German agreements of Kreuznach
Men in uniformWilhelm II visiting Romania's oil fields in 1917.
On May 17, 1917, at the first official meeting between Wilhelm II and Charles I, a solution had been found to divide the continent into a German and an Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence, allocating Poland, Courland and Lithuania to the Reich and Romania, then occupied by the armies of the Quadruple Alliance, to the Dual Monarchy.
On June 18, 1917, the Austro-Hungarians approved the terms of the final note on the Kreuznach negotiations of the previous May; the Council of Ministers of the Dual Monarchy accepted the Kreuznach program of war aims, defining the regions to be annexed to the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, as well as the zones under the control of independent states, but promised to strict German or Austro-Hungarian control.
However, German officials soon showed an interest in Romania, particularly after a visit to the occupied kingdom by Wilhelm II in September 1917, after which the German emperor was won over by Romania's "billions", essentially its mining and agricultural wealth.
### The German program of October 7, 1917
The Parkhotel in Kreuznach, headquarters of the *Oberste Heeresleitung*, hosted the conference of October 7, 1917.
On October 7, 1917, a conference held in Kreuznach, then headquarters of the *Oberste Heeresleitung* (OHL, German High Command), brought together Reich Chancellor Georg Michaelis and State Secretary Richard von Kühlmann, under the chairmanship of Wilhelm II. During this meeting, the military set out their objectives for the war after three years of conflict, in a 24-point memorandum; they clashed with the civilians, firm supporters of the devolution of the Polish crown to a Habsburg archduke.
This 24-point program defines the new directions that the German military would like to see implemented in pursuit of their war aims. The Dioscuri aspired to place Austria-Hungary under the strict tutelage of the Reich for a period of twenty years, as part of a defensive and offensive military alliance, an extended customs union within the framework of the constitution of Mitteleuropa; furthermore, they wanted the Dual Monarchy to lose interest in Romania, in exchange for Poland. The German military also wanted to force the Habsburg monarchy to make a firm commitment to continue its involvement in the conflict until the Reich had won.
At the end of a heated exchange between civilians and the military, the Chancellor reached a compromise between the positions defended by the Dioscuri and those by the Secretary of State: the differences related more to the form that German preeminence in Europe should adopt than to its validity or geographical extension. Indeed, the participants in the October 7 meeting were in favor of resuming economic negotiations with the Dual Monarchy, with a view to concluding a customs union between the two empires.
### The directives of October 22, 1917
Ottokar Czernin, representing the Dual Monarchy in Berlin, accepted the terms of the Conference of Vienna of October 22, 1917.
During the fall of 1917, German representatives took every opportunity to redefine the terms of the agreements negotiated the previous May at Kreuznach, attempting to exchange Poland, promised to the Reich but divided into German and Austro-Hungarian zones of occupation, for Romania, promised to Austria-Hungary.
On October 22, 1917, Ottokar Czernin accepted, in the name of the Dual Monarchy, the "directives" proposed by Richard von Kühlmann at the end of a ministerial meeting in Vienna. Czernin recognized the validity of the German demands on Belgium, Courland and Lithuania, while committing the German government "not to stand in the way of a peaceful solution in the West"; in exchange, Czernin managed to negotiate the maintenance of some of the Dual Monarchy's political, economic and commercial positions in the Polish regency, which was largely under German control.
In exchange for the strengthening and perpetuation of ties between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, the Germans were prepared to surrender the Polish throne to a Habsburg archduke, Charles Stephen, or even to accept the political integration of the kingdom in the process of being formed into the Dual Monarchy. Nevertheless, this surrender was largely superficial: the agreements between the Kingdom of Poland and the Reich guaranteed a "simple personal union without legal connection" between Poland and the Dual Monarchy, but placed the restored kingdom under strict German political and economic control.
Participants
------------
Main articles: Georg von Hertling, Karl Helfferich, Richard von Kühlmann, Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff, and Ottokar Czernin
portrait of a manGeorg von Hertling, pictured here in 1908, prepares the conference on behalf of the Reich.
The Berlin Conference actually consisted of several governmental meetings chaired by Georg von Hertling, the new Reich Chancellor and Minister-President of the Kingdom of Prussia. Initially attended by members of the governments of the main federal states and the German military, the conference was later opened up to Austro-Hungarian representatives.
### German negotiators
Karl Helfferich, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, pictured here in 1915, took an active part in this meeting.
The conference was prepared by Georg von Hertling, the new Reich Chancellor, and his Vice-Chancellor, Karl Helfferich, under the strict supervision of Richard von Kühlmann and the military Dioscuri, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, who were present in Berlin for the duration of the talks, despite the hostility of the Reichstag deputies.
The head of the German delegation, Hermann Johannes, Director of Economic Affairs of the *Auswärtiges Amt*, was judged to be too timid, and was quickly sidelined by the Vice-Chancellor, Karl Helfferich, and the German Ambassador in Vienna, Botho von Wedel. After some political scheming, Hermann Johannes was replaced by his colleague, the diplomat Paul Koerner, who was fully committed to the Vice-Chancellor's economic plans and had a reputation for great skill in trade negotiations.
Vice-Chancellor Karl Helfferich chaired the meeting with the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, which opened on November 5, but he proved powerless in the face of the wide divergence between the Germans and the Austro-Hungarians on the question of war aims.
Also present at the German Crown Council was Otto von Dandler, the last Minister-President of the Kingdom of Bavaria.
### Austro-Hungarian negotiators
The presence of Ottokar Czernin, Foreign Minister of the Dual Monarchy and announced after October 22, in Berlin on November 5, 1917, prompted Chancellor Georg Michaelis to propose postponing for a few days the German-Austro-Hungarian talks originally scheduled for October 29 and 30, 1917.
Negotiations
------------
### The continuation of the war
The Chancellor, Georg von Hertling, and the military attempted to reinforce for the benefit of the Reich the arrangements previously negotiated with the Dual Monarchy at Kreuznach on October 7, and to obtain Austro-Hungarian agreement to revise the terms of the Kreuznach agreements from May.
Thus, on November 3 and 4, before the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, an agreement was reached among the German participants at the conference: they proposed continuing the conflict "until the German war aims are achieved", which Czernin accepted on his arrival in Berlin on November 5.
### Reaffirmation of war aims
Main articles: Germany's Aims in the First World War, Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918), and General Government of Belgium
PortraitThe devolution of the Polish crown to Archduke Charles Stephen, portrayed here by Wojciech Kossak, did not call into question German control over the restored kingdom.
From November 2 onwards, the Reich's political and military leaders focused their debates on the question of the war aims of the Reich and its allies, both territorial war aims and the economic and commercial conditions for ending the conflict.
Since the end of 1915, the respective places of Belgium and Poland in the structure of Mitteleuropa have been the main focus of Austro-German governmental conferences.
The High Command and the government demanded guarantees which, in exchange for the evacuation of the country by German troops, called into question any real independence for the Belgian kingdom. Negotiations between German officials confirmed the conclusions of the September 1917 talks: Belgium, although independent, was in fact promised strict economic supervision by the Reich. Finally, the integrity of the formally independent kingdom would be guaranteed by the Reich,21 while the Belgian army would be more of a militia than a genuine national army.
Another apple of discord between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy was the devolution of Russian Poland and the borders of the new kingdom. Negotiations focused on the border strip annexed to the Reich and the delineation of the new frontier: the German negotiators demanded a border modification for Prussia such that a third of the Congress Kingdom fo Poland would be annexed to the Reich, calling into question any possibility of real independence for the restored kingdom. On November 4, Prussian ministers set out their demands in Poland: independent and formally vested in the Habsburg-Lorraine family, restored Poland was in reality placed under the strict control of the Reich. The new kingdom had to cede a wide border strip to the Reich, with a total surface area equivalent to a third of the Congress kingdom, while the canals and railroads were placed under Prussian control through the acquisition of a majority shareholding in the companies concerned; similarly, the new kingdom's central bank, which was supposed to issue the Polish marka, was derived from the deposit bank already operating in the territories administered by the Reich. The harsh reality of this control was barely called into question by the devolution of the Polish throne to a cousin of Emperor-King Charles, Archduke Charles Stephen, the Austrian "cherry on top" of the Polish cake.
### Direct or indirect control?
Since the outbreak of the war, different conceptions have shaped the Reich's war aims. Some German officials, mainly members of the Imperial Cabinet, advocated strong economic control over the territories the Reich wished to control; others, close to the military and the nationalist right, advocated straightforward annexation of these territories.
The civilian members of the Reich government tried to force the Dioscuri to implement a strategy based on the indirect control of the European continent. The choice was driven by dual pressure: from Vienna, to get out of the conflict, and from the Reichstag, aware of the impossibility of justifying the continuation of the war by the pursuit of vast annexations.
Faced with this disagreement over the form German hegemony in Europe should take, Wilhelm II did not make his position clear, allowing the crisis to develop until the summer of 1918: indeed, on July 2, 1918, in Spa, he arbitrated between the different positions, showing himself to be in favor of the establishment of an indirect, economic control by the Reich over formally independent states.
Outcome
-------
### German Chimeras
seated portraitThe conclusions of the Berlin conference confirmed the war aims defined by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (shown here in 1914) in September 1914.
On the eve of the October Revolution, the Reich's political and military leaders expanded the war aims they wished to see achieved for their country, even if this program appeared unrealistic at this stage of the conflict. However, the regime change in Russia gave the promoters of this maximalist program hope of its realization.
The German program, based on the 24 points negotiated on October 7 at Kreuznach, was reformulated into thirteen points. This program of the Reich's war aims, presented to the Austro-Hungarians, reiterated and deepened the arrengements enacted by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg on September 9, 1914.
At the talks held on November 2, 3 and 4, 1917, both military and civilian leaders agreed to strengthen German control over Poland, which had been formally handed over to the Dual Monarchy. However, this reinforcement, like the wide border strip promised to be annexed by the Reich, aroused the hostility of the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, who advocated a Polish state integrated into Austrian Galicia.
### Maintenance of the Kreuznach arrangements
Despite attacks from Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, the two Dioscuri, Hertling and his immediate collaborators managed to defend the outcome of the April 23rd agreements, wresting from the military an agreement mentioning a reduced annexation perimeter.
Finally, the formulation of the program of war aims proposed by the Reich's representatives prompted the Austro-Hungarian representative to reject the German proposals, the fruit of a compromise negotiated within the German Crown Council upon his arrival in the Reich's capital on November 5. This categorical refusal enabled him to successfully defend the outcome of the previous spring's negotiations, under the terms of the joint German-Austro-Hungarian memorandum of June 18, 1917: Poland and the Baltic states remained assigned to the Reich, while Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Romania belonged to the dual monarchy. |
Japanese manga series
For video live streaming service, see DLive.
***D-Live!!*** (stylized as ***D-LIVE!!***) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ryōji Minagawa. It was serialized in Shogakukan's *Weekly Shōnen Sunday* magazine from 2002 to 2006. The manga tells the story of Satoru Ikaruga, a high schooler nicknamed "genius driver" who can operate almost any vehicle and works for a multinational specialist company called the Almighty Support Enterprise (ASE). Ikaruga is called whenever ASE is hired to solve a case which involves vehicle driving, most of the time working with other ASE agents to resolve situations assigned to them by various clients.
Plot
----
Satoru Ikaruga is just an ordinary high school student who enjoys eating food. Unknown to most of his classmates and teachers, he is an operative of the Almighty Support Enterprise as a vehicle driving specialist. He is deployed worldwide while being supported by various ASE agents in accomplishing cases assigned to them by their clients.
Characters
----------
Satoru Ikaruga (斑鳩 悟, *Ikaru Satoru*)
A high school boy who does part-time jobs with ASE Japan Branch as a vehicle driver specialist. His father was a friend of Hajime Mozu and also an ASE driver who died in doing his job.
Hatsune Shimizu (清水 初音, *Shimizu Hatsune*)
A high school girl, the mechanic specialist of ASE Japan Branch. Her dream is to make her late father's motorcycle racing team win the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race. She almost made it with Satoru riding her bike, but an accident happened that made Satoru did not finish the race.
Hajime Mozu (百舌鳥 創, *Mozu Hajime*)
Chief of ASE Japan branch. He is an ex-ASE vehicle driver specialist, Satoru was trained by him. He is sometimes cruel to Satoru by cutting his payment if Satoru made any mistake in doing his job.
Clever Owl (クレーバー・オウル, *Kurēbā Ōru*)
He is ASE USA branch's specialist in spying and infiltrating. He is also a playboy and thinks that he is the next James Bond. He always gets sick if traveling in a vehicle, especially if the driver is Satoru. Only Mozu can make him not sick in a vehicle.
Rika Karasuma (烏丸 理香, *Karasuma Rika*)
ASE Japan Branch's specialist of geology. She is lecturer in a university in Japan.
James Hato (ジェームズ・波戸, *Jēmuzu Hato*)
He is ASE USA branch's specialist in detonating bomb and CQB. An ex-SWAT Team member. Joined ASE after Satoru saved him from an exploded building he was trapped.
Vehicles
--------
Many vehicles that are commercially available in the real world appear in the film. Diverse types of vehicles appear, ranging from automobiles, motorcycles, construction equipment, submarines, and airships.
* Personal watercraftPersonal watercraft
* Fire engineFire engine
* Super hitachiSuper hitachi
* Subaru 360Subaru 360
* Mitsubishi A6M ZeroMitsubishi A6M Zero
* Rolls-Royce Phantom VIRolls-Royce Phantom VI
* Komatsu 930EKomatsu 930E
* Bombardier CRJBombardier CRJ
* Honda monkeyHonda monkey
* PowerboatPowerboat
Publication
-----------
*D-Live!!*, written and illustrated by Ryōji Minagawa, was serialized in Shogakukan's *shōnen* manga magazine *Weekly Shōnen Sunday* from October 16, 2002, to April 19, 2006. Shogakukan collected its chapters in fifteen *tankōbon* volumes, released from March 18, 2003, to August 11, 2006.
In France it was published by Editions Kabuto with five volumes published prior to its termination. In Hong Kong, Jonesky published all of its volumes in Chinese. Planet Manga published four volumes of *D-Live!!* in Italian prior to its termination. It is published in South Korea by Samyang Comics. Tong Li published the manga in Taiwan.
Reception
---------
*D-Live!!* had been selected among the most recommended manga to read at the 9th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2005. |
American actor and writer (1831–1891)
Malvina Pray (c. 1830 – 1906), known famously as Mrs. W. J. Florence
**William Jermyn Conlin** (July 26, 1831 – November 19, 1891), better known by his stage name **William J. Florence**, was a US actor, songwriter, and playwright. Florence awarded the ribbon of the French Societe Histoire Dramatique. He was also co-founder with Walter M. Fleming of the Shriners, a Masonic Order.
Biography
---------
Born of Irish parents and raised in New York City, Florence worked at various jobs before becoming a call boy at the Old Bowery Theater. While working to support his widowed mother and her seven younger children, he rehearsed plays at night, and in 1850 he began to do dialect impersonations. In 1853 he married Malvina Pray, and thereafter the two generally appeared together on the stage; he usually as an Irishman and she as a Yankee. Florence gained national prominence with a forty-year career in which he excelled at playing the humorous and poetic Irish character. *Ticket-of-Leave Man* was presented by him more than one thousand times on national tours. In his later years he partnered with actor Joseph Jefferson as half of a comedy duo.
From Malvina's observation of wealthy American on vacation abroad, Florence asked Benjamin Edward Woolf to write *The Mighty Dollar*, that the couple would perform in over 2,500 times during the mid-1870s and well into the 1880s.
Conlin was fond of Florence, Italy, where he had an apartment, and adopted the city for his stage name. At some point after he became famous under this name, he secured the legal right to it.
Florence's first success was in *A Row at the Lyceum* (1851); following this, he established his reputation as Captain Cuttle in *Dombey and Son*, Bob Brierly in *The Ticket-of-Leave Man*, and Sir Lucius O’Trigger in *The Rivals*. His last appearance was as Zekiel Homespun in a production of *Heir-at-Law*.
Florence died in Philadelphia on November 19, 1891. The funeral service took place at St. Agnes Roman Catholic Church in New York City.
He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
According to eyewitness statements, two days before his death Florence received the Sacraments of the Catholic Church, including Holy Communion, from Rev. Father Flanagan of the St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia. To receive these, he must have ceased to be a Mason. He had allegedly renounced Freemasonry in 1876.
Literature
----------
* McKay and Wingate, *Famous American Actors of To-Day* (New York, 1896)
* Matthews and Hutton, *Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States* (New York, 1886)
* Winter, *The Wallet of Time* (New York, 1913) |
Canadian ice hockey playerFor other people named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation).Ice hockey player
**John Matthew Adams** (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 22 games in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and Washington Capitals between 1972 and 1975. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.
Early life
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A native of Port Arthur, Ontario, Adams played junior hockey with his hometown Port Arthur team. He is one of the only players to appear in four consecutive Memorial Cup tournaments.
Career
------
In 1967, Adams signed with the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. Assigned to the minor league Dayton Gems of the International Hockey League, Adams played two seasons with the Gems, winning the leading goaltending award in 1969. In the fall of 1969, he was assigned to the Bruins' leading farm team at the time, the Oklahoma City Blazers of the Central Hockey League, for whom he played for the next two seasons, winning honors as a league first-team all-star in 1972.
During the 1970 playoffs, Adams was recalled to the Bruins as a reserve to back up regular goaltenders Gerry Cheevers and Ed Johnston. He did not play a game, yet the Bruins decided to engrave his name on the Stanley Cup upon winning the championship, making him one of the few players to have his name on the Stanley Cup before playing an NHL game.
Adams would not play his first NHL game for another three seasons. In 1972–73, with Cheevers gone to the World Hockey Association and disruption[*clarification needed*] in the Boston net, he played fourteen games for the defending champion Bruins while splitting his time with the new Bruins' affiliate Boston Braves of the American Hockey League.
Traded to the minor-league San Diego Gulls of the Western Hockey League the following year, Adams won second-team all-star honors before being sold to the Washington Capitals in 1974. He played only eight games with the Capitals, again splitting the season between the NHL and the minor leagues.
Adams was named a player-coach for the Thunder Bay Twins of the Ontario Senior League the following year, before retiring as a player five seasons later, settling in the Thunder Bay area in retirement. His final position in professional hockey was as an assistant coach for the Thunder Bay Thunder Hawks of the Colonial Hockey League in 1991.
Career statistics
-----------------
### Regular season and playoffs
| | | Regular season | | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | GP | W | L | T | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% | GP | W | L | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| 1963–64 | Port Arthur North Stars | TBJHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1963–64 | Port Arthur North Stars | M-Cup | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 3 | 3 | 360 | 25 | 0 | 4.17 | — |
| 1964–65 | Port Arthur North Stars | TBJHL | 22 | 13 | 8 | 1 | 1320 | 88 | 0 | 4.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1964–65 | Port Arthur North Stars | M-Cup | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 1 | 3 | 250 | 25 | 0 | 6.00 | — |
| 1965–66 | Port Arthur North Stars | TBJHL | 26 | 18 | 6 | 2 | 1530 | 93 | 0 | 3.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1965–66 | Fort William Canadiens | M-Cup | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 6 | 4 | 630 | 33 | 0 | 3.14 | — |
| 1966–67 | Port Arthur Marrs | TBJHL | 30 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 1800 | 114 | 3 | 3.80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1966–67 | Port Arthur Marrs | M-Cup | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19 | 11 | 8 | 1160 | 71 | 1 | 3.67 | — |
| 1967–68 | Dayton Gems | IHL | 45 | — | — | — | 2570 | 148 | 2 | 3.46 | — | 4 | — | — | 240 | 21 | 0 | 5.25 | — |
| 1968–69 | Dayton Gems | IHL | 32 | — | — | — | 1900 | 91 | 2 | 2.87 | — | 6 | — | — | 365 | 15 | 1 | 2.47 | — |
| 1969–70 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | 51 | 18 | 26 | 7 | 3027 | 176 | 5 | 3.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1970–71 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | 57 | 25 | 22 | 10 | 3417 | 195 | 3 | 3.42 | — | 5 | 1 | 4 | 280 | 21 | 0 | 4.50 | — |
| 1971–72 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | 43 | 15 | 15 | 3 | 2168 | 129 | 2 | 3.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1972–73 | Boston Bruins | NHL | 14 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 780 | 39 | 1 | 3.00 | .906 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1972–73 | Boston Braves | AHL | 23 | — | — | — | 1179 | 65 | 1 | 3.31 | — | 8 | 4 | 4 | 420 | 34 | 0 | 4.86 | — |
| 1973–74 | San Diego Gulls | WHL | 69 | 38 | 26 | 4 | 4094 | 223 | 1 | 3.27 | .904 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 261 | 19 | 0 | 4.37 | — |
| 1974–75 | Washington Capitals | NHL | 8 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 400 | 46 | 0 | 6.90 | .833 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1974–75 | Richmond Robins | AHL | 28 | 7 | 13 | 3 | 1424 | 105 | 1 | 4.42 | .869 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1975–76 | Thunder Bay Twins | OHA Sr | 12 | — | — | — | 720 | 33 | 3 | 2.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1976–77 | Thunder Bay Twins | TBSHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1977–78 | Thunder Bay Twins | TBSHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1978–79 | Thunder Bay Twins | TBSHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1979–80 | Thunder Bay Twins | TBSHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| NHL totals | 22 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 1180 | 85 | 1 | 4.32 | .877 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Former monument in El Salvador
This article is about the former monument in El Salvador. For other uses, see Reconciliation Monument.
The **Monument to the Reconciliation** (Spanish: *Monumento a la Reconciliación*) was a monument which existed in El Salvador from 2017 until its demolition in 2024. The monument, which was designed by sculptor Napoleón Alberto Escoto, commemorated the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords which ended the Salvadoran Civil War. It was inaugurated by President Salvador Sánchez Cerén in January 2017 and was demolished by the Ministry of Public Works in January 2024.
Description
-----------
The Monument to the Reconciliation was located at the intersection of the Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero Boulevard and Jerusalén Boulevard in San Salvador. It was designed by Salvadoran sculptor Napoleón Alberto Escoto and was constructed by the Inclusive Cities Directorate using thousands of keys donated to the directorate by Salvadoran citizens. Volunteers from the University of El Salvador helped build the monument.
The statues of the guerrilla fighter (left) and the soldier (right)
The monument consisted of three bronze statues, two which were 6 meters (20 ft) tall and one was 12 meters (39 ft) tall. The two 6-meter tall statues depicted one guerrilla fighter and one soldier; both statues had their arms interlocked and were holding out their hands which were setting free a group of pigeons made out of aluminum. The 12-meter tall statue, nicknamed "La Mater Civis", depicted a nude woman, representing the Salvadoran citizens, holding out her arms with a ring on one finger representing peace.
A 300-meter-long (984 ft) path led visitors to the monument, and the path's length represented a long and difficult path to peace. The Jaguar's Footprints Sculpture-Mural was located near the monument; it depicted El Salvador's indigenous culture, the Spanish conquest of El Salvador by Pedro de Alvarado, the "First Cry of Independence" of 1811, the presidencies of notable Salvadoran generals, various Salvadoran authors, and the then-beatified Archbishop Óscar Romero.
History
-------
### Inauguration
The Monument to the Reconciliation was inaugurated on 15 January 2017 by Salvadoran President Salvador Sánchez Cerén. The monument was constructed to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords which ended the 12-year-long Salvadoran Civil War. Amnesty International applauded the opening of the monument, stating that it was an "homage to the civilians murdered or disappeared during the conflict" ("*homenage a los civiles asesinados o desaparecidos durante el conflicto*"); in total, around 75,000 people died during the civil war and 8,000 more disappeared. The Ministry of Public Works described the monument as "a metaphor to democracy, to the sovereignty of the people, to the country's unity, and to the solution's principle" ("*una metáfora a la democracia, a la soberanía del pueblo, a la unidad de país y al principio de la solución*"). Some Salvadorans reportedly questioned the monument's symbolism and objected to its appearance, with Escoto himself stating that the final monument did not entirely resemble the original plans.
### Demolition
The demolition of the monument
On 4 June 2020, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele ordered the Ministry of Public Works to demolish the Monument to the Reconciliation, stating that it was a "horrible monument". He clarified that while the monument would be demolished, the park it was located it would not be. An initial effort to demolish the monument was halted in December 2021 for unspecified reasons. The monument was demolished on 3 January 2024 by the Ministry of Public Works. Romeo Herrera, the minister of public works, stated that a new park would be built at the site the monument stood at.
Bukele posted a video of the monument's demolition on X, saying "the supposed 'monument to the reconciliation' inaugurated by the FMLN government in 2017—which not only was aesthetically horrible, but also glorified the pact between the murderers of our people to share the cake—has been demolished" ("*El supuesto 'monumento a la reconciliación', inaugurado por el gobierno del FMLN en 2017 —que no solo era estéticamente horrible, sino que glorificaba el pacto entre los asesinos de nuestro pueblo para repartirse el pastel— ha sido demolido*"). Herrea claimed that "this space was visited by nobody" ("*este espacio no era visitado por nadie*") and that it was a "monument to corruption" ("*monumento a la corrupción*"). Nidia Díaz, a signatory of the peace accords and former FMLN commander, criticized the monument's demolition, describing it as "anti-historical" ("*antihistóricos*"). |
American judge
**Walter Jay Skinner** (September 12, 1927 – May 8, 2005) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.
Education and career
--------------------
Born in Washington, D.C. Skinner received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Harvard University in 1948 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1952. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1952 to 1957, and in Scituate, Massachusetts from 1957 to 1963, and was also Scituate's town counsel and an assistant district attorney of Plymouth County, Massachusetts from 1957 to 1963. He was an assistant attorney general and chief of the Massachusetts Criminal Division from 1963 to 1965, thereafter returning to private practice in Boston until 1973.
Federal judicial service
------------------------
On October 10, 1973, Skinner was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge Anthony Julian. Skinner was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1973, and received his commission on December 19, 1973. In 1978, the judge refused to hear an after-hours case seeking to permit the New Hampshire governor to fly flags at half staff on Good Friday, to "memorialize the death of Christ".
Skinner returned to public attention in 1986 during the civil trials for contamination of the Woburn wells and water supply, first by imposing a gag order on the plaintiffs, preventing them from making public comment about the case; and then by throwing out the jury's guilty verdict against W. R. Grace on the grounds that he found some of their answers to the questions about the hydrogeological data to be confusing. Skinner was portrayed by John Lithgow in the 1998 film *A Civil Action* about the Woburn case.
In 1988, Skinner notably considered a plan to gradually release certain inmates prior to the completion of their sentences, in an effort to relieve overcrowding in county and city jails.
He assumed senior status on September 14, 1992, serving in that capacity until his death on May 8, 2005, in Concord, Massachusetts.
Sources
-------
* Walter Jay Skinner at the *Biographical Directory of Federal Judges*, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
| Legal offices
|
| --- |
| Preceded byAnthony Julian | **Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts** 1973–1992 | Succeeded byPatti B. Saris | |
American composer and music educator (born 1966)
Composer Dorothy HindmanDorothy Hindman, March 2016
**Dorothy Hindman** (born March 13, 1966) is an American composer and music educator.
Early life and studies
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Born in Miami, Florida on March 13, 1966, Hindman had intense early exposure to classical music from her mother, Dorothy Hindman Lyon, a gifted classical pianist and scientist, and her father, William Murphy Hindman, an actor and manager at that time of WTMI, Miami's classical radio station. Formal music study began late for her, at age 16, when she entered Miami-Dade College as a piano major with the intention to study synthesis. This path led her to avant-garde electronic music and at 19 she began a composition major at the University of Miami, studying with composer Dennis Kam, and graduating magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Music in 1988. Her studies continued at Duke University with Stephen Jaffe and Thomas Oboe Lee, receiving her Master of Arts in the composition in 1989. In 1990, she became a University Fellow at the University of Miami, resuming her studies with Dennis Kam, with whom she shared deep interests in philosophy, musical meaning, individual perception, originality, and profundity. In November–December 1994, she completed additional studies at the Atlantic Center for the Arts with composer Louis Andriessen, reflected in her interests in the formal structures of Bach and Stravinsky as well as her adaptations of social and popular influences in her music.
Career
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Hindman has been commissioned by and worked with prominent American and international ensembles including the Empire City Men's Chorus (NYC), the Caraval Quartet (NYC), the Goliard Ensemble (NYC), Bent Frequency Duo (Atlanta), Pulse Ensemble (Miami), Atlas Saxophone Quartet (Chicago), the Gregg Smith Singers (NYC), the New York Saxophone Quartet (NYC), Duo46, Thamyris (Atlanta), and the Corona Guitar Kvartet (Denmark). She has written solos for virtuosic performers including bassist Robert Black (Bang on a Can), cellist Craig Hultgren, guitarist Paul Bowman, and percussionists Stuart Gerber and Scott Deal. Her works have been performed and read by professional orchestras including the Women's Philharmonic Orchestra (San Francisco), the Alabama Symphony Orchestra, the Kiev Philharmonic, the Brevard Symphony Orchestra, and the North Florida Symphony Orchestra, and by prominent youth orchestras Greater Miami Youth Symphony, South Florida Youth Symphony, and the Etowah Youth Orchestra. Collaborations with visual artists include music for the Italian Dreams video artist/photographer Carrie Mae Weems, and the installation The Wall Calls to Me in collaboration with artist Sally Wood Johnson, exhibited in major museums throughout the Southeast, including the Huntsville Museum of Art, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Mobile Museum of Art, and other galleries.
Her music has been performed at major venues across the world, including Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall; the United Nations; and the Adrienne Arsht Center (Miami); internationally in France; Germany; Italy; Copenhagen, Denmark; Catania, Sicily; Havana, Guantanamo, and Las Tunas, Cuba; Canberra, Australia; Estonia; London, England; and Montreal, Canada; and throughout the United States, including: NYC, Brooklyn, and Harlem, New York; Miami, Wynwood Arts District, Gainesville, Tallahassee, and Brevard, Florida; Connecticut; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; St. Paul, Bloomington, and Ham Lake, Minnesota; Camden, New Jersey; Atlanta, Georgia; Flagstaff, Arizona; Birmingham, Auburn, Tuscaloosa, and Gadsden, Alabama; Chattanooga; Durham, Winston-Salem, Charlotte, and Greensboro, North Carolina; and.
Festival and conference performances of Hindman's music include the 2015 Australian Flute Festival, the 2015 Havana Contemporary Music Festival, the 2015 Birmingham New Music Festival, 2015 New Music Greensboro, Society of Composers National and Region IV Conferences, the Southeastern Composers' League Annual Forum, the Imagine Festival, the SEAMUS'96 National Conference, the MAY IN MIAMI Young Composers Workshop, the JUNE IN BUFFALO Festival, and the Czech-American Summer Music Institute program in Prague.
Hindman's awards, fellowships, grants and recognition include a 2015 Artist Access Grant from the Miami-Dade County Department of Cultural Affairs, 2015 Winner of Audience Favorite and Second Prize, Analog Arts' Iron Composer, a 2015 University of Miami Provost Research Award, 2013 Award of Excellence, and Award of Merit, Global Music Awards for Creativity/Originality for Tapping the Furnace, the Almquist Choral Composition Award, a Nancy Van de Vate International Composition Prize for Opera, Winner of the International Society of Bassists Solo Composition Competition, an Alabama State Council on the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship, and Winner of the NACUSA Young Composers Competition.
Residencies and guest composer appearances include the 2016 Summer Composition Intensive in South Bend, Indiana, 2016 Miami International Piano Festival Academy, 2015 AmiCa Credenze POP Festival in Sicily, 2009 Seaside Escape to Create Fellowship Residency, 2005 Visiting Artist at the American Academy in Rome, 2005 resident composer at the Visby International Centre for Composers, Sweden, 2009 Composer-in-Residence for the Goliard Ensemble, and Resident at Hambidge Center for the Arts. She has given masterclasses at the New World School, the University of Florida, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Fairbanks, Alaska, Baldwin Wallace University, Jacksonville State University, Arkansas State University, the University of Missouri-Columbia, Middle Tennessee State University, and the University of Tennessee-Chattanooga's Contemporary Music Symposium.
In addition to her compositional activities, she promoted new music by: presenting concerts for ten years as a co-founder of the Birmingham Art Music Alliance in 1994; hosted the Po-Mo Show from 2012 to 2014 on wvum.org, a weekly radio show devoted to a post-modern mix of classical music written since 1980; and was a classical and new music critic for the South Florida Classical Review and the Miami Herald from 2011 to 2015. She was Assistant Editor of the LIVING MUSIC journal, and has been published in 20TH CENTURY MUSIC, the College Music Symposium, and The Society of Composers Newsletter. She authored the article on "Composition, profession" appearing in the Encyclopedia of Women in Music, Kristine Burns, ed, Oryx Press.
A native of Miami, Florida, Hindman returned in 2010 and is currently Associate Professor of Composition at the Frost School of Music, University of Miami, after holding a tenured professorship at Birmingham-Southern College.
Her music is published by Subito Music Distribution, dorn/Needham Publications, and NoteNova. Hindman is married to composer Charles Norman Mason.
Music
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### Organization
Hindman's music is unique and multilayered, revealing deep organization on every level. Elements of her personal style include economy of materials; works such as *"drowningXnumbers"* for amplified cello (1994 for Craig Hultgren) show intense extension and development of a single idea to create complex organic structures. She favors symmetrical harmonies and consonance, and uses timbre as a structural element. Recent works employ spectral techniques. Form arises from the material, with juxtaposition, fragmentation, and combination serving to prolong moods throughout a work. Driving, motoric rhythms contribute immediate surface impact to the music.
### Politics and social commentary
Hindman's work usually deals with political themes and the history of places, and how that history is distorted through the lens of contemporary individual perception. Some works, such as Monumenti for violin and cello and centro for violin and piano, both written at the American Academy in Rome in 2005, explore the relationship of the modern individual to the physical and artistic remains of past civilizations. More recent works such as Tapping the Furnace for speaking percussionist (2006) and Nine Churches for guitar quartet and chamber orchestra (2006-7) focus on the cultural, social and economic legacies of industrialization, slavery, and racist policies in the New South.
Hindman's most recent works, R.I.P.T. (2014) for speaking saxophonist and percussionist and Rough Ride (2016) for speaking cello, are part of her Trademarking Trayvon cycle for chamber orchestra Bent Frequency of Atlanta, exploring and musically integrating ideas and emblems of African American expressions of grief and outrage in the wake of the epidemic of gun violence and murder of black men and women, specifically focusing on the ways in which protest became product around the most sensationalized cases.
### Autobiographical works
Her work is often autobiographical, responding in structural ways to events as they unfold and affect her work. Metric schemes correspond to meaningful numeric patterns such as telephone numbers; harmonic structures may be based upon names, dates, places; emotional levels are subtle, complex, and varied within a single work. Needlepoint, Magic City, Seconds, Time Management, Taut, Setting Century, Cascade)
### Phenomenological influences
Her work is usually perceptually based in the individual (Drift, Jerusalem Windows, Monumenti), informed by her own phenomenological investigations of how music functions, based on the writings of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. There is often, as with history, a presentation of incomplete ideas, which are intended to be completed in the mind of the listener. It is a language of connotations; within each piece, a new syntax is fully established to allow the perceptive, active listener to respond to or to complete fragmentary statements, which the composer, in turn, comments upon, verifies or denies later in the work. There is a deliberate engagement of the listener, a demand upon one's attention which is rewarded through correspondence.
Works
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### Orchestral
* Beijing for youth orchestra, 1989
* Magic City for orchestra, 1999
* With Sighs too Deep for Words ... Concerto for Cello and Orchestra, 2000
* Setting Century for orchestra, 2003
* Strata for orchestra, 2004
* Urban Myths for youth orchestra in three movements: The Babysitter, Roswell, and The Hook, 2009
### Large chamber ensemble
* Fury's Chalice for wind octet, 1992
* Chemistry for chamber orchestra, 1993
* Nine Churches for guitar quartet and chamber orchestra, 2006–07
* Cascade for saxophone ensemble, 2012
* Mechanisms for flute ensemble, 2012
* Fission for wind band, 2013
### Small chamber ensemble
* From Censer Smoke ... for soprano, flute, violin, guitar and marimba, 1994
* Setting Century for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano, 1999
* Jerusalem Windows for Violin, Cello and Piano, 2002
* Drift for saxophone quartet 2003
* Taut for guitar quartet, 2003
* Lost in Translation for soprano saxophone and piano, 2005
* Monumenti for Violin and Cello, 2005
* centro for Violin and Piano, 2005
* three small gestures for Violin and Guitar, 2006 (for Duo46)
* The Pillow Book, song cycle for mezzo-soprano, saxophone, violin, cello and piano, 2009
* The Road to Damascus for string quartet, 2010
* Big Fun for baritone saxophone and piano, 2012
* Heroic Measures for clarinet, violin and piano, 2014
* R.I.P.T for saxophone and percussion, 2014
* Entwined for B-flat clarinet and alto saxophone, 2015
### Instrumental solo
* Soliloquy for Clarinet, 1991
* Forward Looking Back, Piano Suite, 1991–92
* Beyond the Cloud of Unknowing for marimba, 1992
* "drowningXnumbers" for amplified cello, 1994–95
* Echo for French horn, 1996
* Trembling for flute, 1998
* Time Management for double bass, 2004
* Needlepoint for classical guitar, 2004
* The Steinway Preludes for piano, 2004
* Swell for organ, 2005
* Tapping the Furnace for speaking percussionist, 2006
* Echoi for French horn, 2011
* I Feel Fine for classical guitar, 2013
* Rough Ride for speaking cellist, 2016
### Choral
* I Have Heard ... for SATB choir, 1993, 1996
* Echo for Horn, 1996
* Resurrection an Easter choral anthem 1998
* Incarnation, a Christmas choral anthem, 1998
* Of the Father's Love Begotten anthem for SATB choir and organ, 2000
* Psalm 121 for a capella SATB choir, 2000
* Sursum Corda for a capella SATB choir, 2008
* Prothalamia for men's chorus and organ, 2010
* You Shall Not Go Down for a cappella men's chorus, 2010
### Vocal
* Three Songs of Reminiscence for tenor and piano, 1997
* Is this then a touch? for baritone and piano, 2006
### Opera
* Pandora's Box, youth opera for children's choir and piano, 1999
* Louise: the Story of a Magdalen, opera, 2002
### Fixed media with or without instruments
* fin de cycle for piano and tape, 1996
* Tonal Music for mobile phones in 2004
* Italian Dreams, soundfile for video of the same name by Carrie Mae Weems, 2006
* Bathtime for soundfile (stereo), 2007
* Seconds for soundfile (5.0 surround, stereo versions), 2005.
* Multiverses for marimba solo with Max/MSP or marimba quartet, 2009
* Fantasia for Karen Alone for violin and soundfile, 2010
* The Wall Calls to Me for soundfile (mp3) and 8 channels, for visual art installation by Sally Wood Johnson, 2010
* Sound/Water for cello and soundfile, 2011
* 1000 Swimmers in the Canals for 2 electric guitars, keyboard, and live processing, 2013
Discography
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* *Tapping the Furnace*: innova Recordings 848, © 2013 including: Drift for saxophone quartet; "drowningXnumbers" for amplified cello; fin de cycle for piano and digital media; Tapping the Furnace for speaking percussion solo; Needlepoint for guitar solo; Magic City for orchestra.
* *60X60 (2006-2007)*: Vox Novus VN 002, © 2008, featuring bathtime for soundfile
* *Musings*: Society of Composers, Inc. Series, no. 22: Capstone Records CPS-8787, 2007, featuring Needlepoint, recorded by Paul Bowman, guitar
* *A Slice of the Scene: 60X60 2005*: Vox Novus VN 001, © 2007, featuring Seconds for soundfile
* *Masterworks of the New Era*: ERMMedia, Vol. 7, © 2005, featuring Magic City, recorded by the Kiev Philharmonic, Robert Ian Winstin conducting
* *Semantemes*: Living Artist Recordings, Vol. 10, © 2002, featuring Trembling, recorded by Donald Ashworth, Jr
* *From Shook Foil*: Living Artist Recordings, Vol. 6, © 2000, featuring I Have Heard…, recorded by the Gregg Smith Singers
* *Winds and Voices*: Living Artist Recordings, Vol. 5, © 2000, featuring Three Songs of Reminiscence
* *Places Not Remote*: Music from the Setting Century, Living Artist Recordings, Vol. 3, © 1998, featuring fin de cycle
* *In Yet Longer Light's Delay*: Music from the Setting Century, Living Music Recordings, Vol. I, © 1996, featuring "drowningXnumbers"
* *University of Miami/Society of Composers, Inc: NEW MUSIC/YOUNG COMPOSERS*, © 1994, featuring Beyond the Cloud of Unknowing |
Collection of video compression filters
The **Combined Community Codec Pack**, more commonly referred to by its acronym **CCCP**, is a collection of codecs (video compression filters) packed for Microsoft Windows, designed originally for the playback of anime fansubs. The CCCP was developed and maintained by members of various fansubbing groups.
The name is a pun on the name of the Soviet Union; namely, the Cyrillic alphabet version of the abbreviation of its full name (Сою́з Сове́тских Социaлисти́ческих Респу́блик). As part of the joke, the project's logo features the hammer and sickle and star from the Flag of the Soviet Union.
The CCCP was last updated on October 18, 2015. There are more up-to-date alternatives.
Purpose
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CCCP was created to fulfill the following:
* Alleviate the major problems caused by conflicting codec packs
* Provide a video media playback standard for the anime community
* Be capable of playing back most common video media files and formats
* Be easy to install and uninstall — even for users with no technical knowledge
The pack is small and compact, containing only what is needed for most videos; it intentionally disables support for many codecs it considers unnecessary. It thus can potentially avoid problems caused by inappropriate combinations of filters by providing an all-inclusive playback solution. To view a CCCP-approved video, one must simply theoretically uninstall all other codec packs and install the CCCP. This philosophy leads to some disadvantages; since many formats are not enabled by default, they have to be manually toggled by the user if needed. Additionally, unlike many competing packs, CCCP is designed around decoding rather than encoding, and as such doesn't include many video encoders that other packs do.
The CCCP is made only for the Microsoft Windows operating system and works with Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10. The last release to support Windows 2000 is 2010-10-10; the last release to support Windows 98/Me is 2007-02-22.
Reception
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In 2006, On2 began recommending the CCCP as a simple decoding solution to feed video and audio to their Flix encoding application. The CCCP staff recommends to not use On2's included registry patch, but rather turn on or off any necessary codecs within the CCCP settings menu.[] In 2009, the German C't magazine recommended CCCP as the only trustworthy codec pack available today.
Technical details
-----------------
### Contents
*Note: Installing all of these separately will not have the same effect as installing the CCCP because the Media Player Classic Home Cinema is customized and so are all of the components' settings.*
* Gabest's FLV Splitter
* Haali Media Splitter
* LAV filters
* Media Player Classic Home Cinema lite (custom build)
* xy-VSFilter
CCCP adds Video for Windows (VFW) codecs and DirectShow filters to the system, so that DirectShow/VFW based players like MPC, Winamp, and Windows Media Player will use them automatically.
### Supported formats
* Container formats: AVI, OGM, MKV, MP4, FLV, 3GP and TS
* Video codecs: H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, Generic MPEG-4 ASP (3ivx, lavc, etc.), DivX, XviD, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, WMV9, FLV1, and Theora
* Audio codecs: MP1, MP2, MP3, AC3, DTS, AAC, Vorbis, LPCM, FLAC, TTA and WavPack
### Notable formats not natively supported
* Nullsoft Streaming Video .nsv
* QuickTime .qt .mov (Can be played back with CCCP's MPC by installing the official QuickTime software or QuickTime Alternative)
* RealMedia .rm .rmvb (Can be played back with CCCP's MPC by installing the official RealPlayer software or Real Alternative) |
State in Venezuela
Tirgua National Park
**Cojedes State** (Spanish: *Estado Cojedes*, IPA: [esˈtaðo koˈxeðes]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Carlos.
Cojedes State covers a total surface area of 14,800 km2 (5,700 sq mi) and, in 2011, had a census population of 323,165.
Etymology
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The name Cojedes, has its origin in the Cariban languages, which means: people of ceramics or people of ceramists. Name that also possesses one of the most important rivers of this federal entity of the plain, (Cojedes River) The same river that is born with the name of Rio Turbio; it passes through Barquisimeto and rises in the northern slope of the Portuguesa mountain range; when it reaches the plain of Barquisimeto it receives the flow of Rio Claro and so goes until it enters the territory of Cojedes, where it is joined by the Tucuragua and the Nirgua.[]
History
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### Spanish colonization of Cojedes
The historical background of the state dates back to the mid-18th century. The city of San Carlos was founded in 1760 by the missionaries Fray Gabriel de San Lucas and Fray Salvador de Cadiz, with the name of San Carlos de Austria. By Royal Decree, dated in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on September 28, 1676, King Charles II of Spain approved the formation of "Towns of Spaniards for the protection of Indians", ordering "that near the populated Missions and that from now on "Towns of Spaniards" be populated and founded up to 30 or 40 neighbours, of good life and example to serve to restrain in their escapes, to hold in their drunkenness and to suppress in their riots the Indians, and to accompany the said Spaniards to the missionaries for the reduction of the Gentile Indians".[]
By that same Royal Decree, the Missionaries of the Province of Caracas were granted the pertinent attributions to found a Spanish village on the banks of the Tirgua River, which would serve as a permanent seat and refuge for the Indians who were gathered in the Missions and nearby towns, with the aim of imposing them in community life.[]
Church of St. John the Baptist in San Carlos, Cojedes
By virtue of this order, the Capuchin friar Pedro de Berja, founded on June 7, 1678, the city of "San Carlos de Austria", on the banks of the Tirgua River, near the Indian village of San Francisco, "with a lot of work to be done because this region was very depopulated, since from Valencia to Barquisimeto it was calculated 60 leagues and 70 from Valencia to Guanare, and the whole territory was deserted".[]
Other important towns founded by that time were El Pao (1661); Nuestra Señora de la Chiquinquirá de El Tinaco, founded by Fray Pablo de Orichuela (1760); Santa Clara de Caramacate, by Fray Cirilo Bautista de Sevilla (1750), which were under the jurisdiction and administration of the Province of Caracas, with the category of Cantons.
### 19th century
The current territory of Cojedes was part of the province of Carabobo until March 3, 1855, when the Legislative Assembly created the province of Cojedes with capital in San Carlos, with the cantons of San Carlos, Tinaco and Pao.[]
The assassination of General Ezequiel Zamora, on January 10, 1860, occurred in front of the San Juan Church, where a stray bullet took his life. Around this fact there is a file of official documents that rest in the Miraflores Historical Archive under the title "The Historical Truth about the death and burial of General Ezequiel Zamora" prepared personally by the then Provisional President of Venezuela, General Cipriano Castro, who dedicated it to the National Academy of History (1904). The story of General Castro is accompanied by a series of testimonies of people who even accompanied General Zamora at the time of his death and later in the various burials.
On March 28, 1864, Cojedes ceased to be a province and became one of the founding states of the United States of Venezuela, to comply with the provisions of the federal Constitution in force for that year.6 In 1866 it merged with Carabobo into a single territorial entity, thus lasting until 1872 when they separated again.
In 1879 it became part of the State of the South, which also included Carabobo, Portuguesa, Zamora and the Nirgua department of the State of Yaracuy.[]
### 20th century
In 1901 it regained its statehood, however this was lost in 1904 when it became part of the state of Zamora, until August 4, 1909, when it acquired its autonomy again.
In 1989 the first direct universal and secret regional elections for governor were held and the then called Cojedes State Legislative Assembly.[]
Geography
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Cojedes State is located in the central-western part of the country and owes its name to the river of the same name, which means "where everything happens". It has a territorial extension of 14,800 square kilometers, which represents 1.62% of the national territory. It is the fifteenth largest in the country. Its climate is warm.
It belongs to the geographical system of the Central Plains together with the state of Guárico.
### Vegetation
It is made up of large extensions of plains populated by forests and savannahs that dominate the landscape, where there are also extensive herds of cattle, one of the main economic resources of the state.
The regional tree is the apamate, which is one of the most beautiful, useful and most cultivated trees of the Venezuelan flora. In some regions of the country it is also known as "roble colorado" (Zulia) and "orumo" (Falcón). This tree can measure up to 30 m and its habitat is the deciduous forest.
The state of Cojedes borders on the following states:
* To the north with the states Yaracuy, Carabobo and Lara.
* To the east with the State of Guarico.
* To the south with the State of Barinas.
* To the west with the states of Portuguesa and Lara
### Flora
It is made up of the relevant natural attractions such as deciduous and semi-deciduous forests. There are clusiaceae, mimosaceae, myrtaceae and tiliaceae in the tree stratum. On the other hand, the palm occupies large extensions of the understory.
### Fauna
Among the mammals that can be found in the territory of the state are the howler and capuchin monkeys, the cunaguaro, the jaguar and the tapir. Snakes such as boa, rattlesnake, and coral, among others, can be found. You can also find birds such as the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), several species of parakeets and parrots, herons, pigeons, doves, and more.
Family of Chigüires or Capybaras in the State of Cojedes
### Hydrography
The state of Cojedes has important water sources, such as the Pao dam, located in the Pao municipality, which has more than 1,500 hectares and supplies water to the states of Aragua and Carabobo. But important rivers also flow in this plain entity.
### Main Rivers
* Cojedes River, with 340 km, tributary of the Portuguesa, and the Pao.
* San Carlos River.
* Tirgua River
* Tinaco River.
* Macapo River.
* Tamanaco River.
* Among others.
### Climate
Average annual temperature 26-28 °C. The region has a tropical climate. Compared to winter, summers have much more rain. According to Köppen and Geiger climate is classified as Aw.
### Precipitations
Like the rest of the country, it does not have four seasons but two periods of rain and drought.
Average annual rainfall: 1 400 mm
* Rainy Period: May to October
* Dry Period: November to April
### Physiography
The state can be subdivided into 4 zones: a) Mountains b) Piedmont c) Middle Plains d) Lowlands
Hato Piñero, Girardot Municipality, Cojedes
Politics and government
-----------------------
This state is autonomous and equal in political terms, it organizes its administration and public powers through a Constitution of the Cojedes State, dictated by the Legislative Council.
### Executive power
It is composed of the Governor of Cojedes State and a group of State Secretaries who are appointed by him to assist him in the management of the government. The Governor is elected by the people by direct and secret vote for a period of four years and with the possibility of being re-elected continuously, being in charge of the state administration. The current governor is Margaud Godoy of the PSUV.
See also: List of Venezuela state legislatures, List of Venezuela state constitutions, and List of Venezuela governors
Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.
### Legislative power
The state legislature is the responsibility of the Legislative Council of the State of Cojedes, a unicameral body, elected by the people through direct and secret vote every four years, and may be re-elected for two consecutive periods, under a system of proportional representation of the population of the state and its municipalities. The state of Cojedes has 9 deputies.
Municipalities and municipal seats
----------------------------------
Map of Cojedes
1. Anzoátegui (Cojedes)
2. Tinaquillo (Tinaquillo)
3. Girardot (El Baúl)
4. Lima Blanco (Macapo)
5. Pao de San Juan Bautista (El Pao)
6. Ricaurte (Libertad)
7. Rómulo Gallegos (Las Vegas)
8. Ezequiel Zamora (San Carlos)
9. Tinaco (Tinaco)
Economy
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The economic base of the entity is oriented to extensive cattle raising. The livestock sector is dominated by cattle and pig farming. One fifth of the territory of Lugo is grazed by herds of different types. For centuries, livestock was the only alternative for occupying the space.
The economy is completed by the production of milk, cheese, rice, tobacco, sesame, cotton, corn, yucca and forestry.
Its wood production is based on the irrational extraction of fine species, ultimately oriented to hard and soft woods. The industry, in constant expansion, produces spare parts for motors, electrical material, textile yarns and furniture among other products.
According to the MAC 89/91 Agricultural Statistical Yearbook, the main products grown in the state are: corn, yam, sorghum, quinchoncho, cassava, mango and other fruits. In the livestock sector, cattle and pig farming dominate with 502,690 and 166,242 units respectively, and 1,358,811 poultry.
Lumber production, initially based on the irrational extraction of fine species, has lately been oriented towards the so-called hard and soft woods, diminishing the productive capacity of the forests.
### Main products
* Agricultural: Cattle, milk, rice, tobacco, sesame, cotton, corn, yucca, wood, Rice, sugar cane, coffee, yam, sorghum and cassava.
* Industrial: Automotive parts, yarn, furniture, electrical materials.
* Breeding: Poultry, cattle, goats and pigs.
* Fishing: Poor white, striped catfish, cajaro, coporo, palometa, sierra, tongo, among others.
Demographics
------------
Historical population| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1873
| 85,678 | — |
| 1881
| 83,792 | −0.28% |
| 1891
| 87,935 | +0.48% |
| 1920
| 81,850 | −0.25% |
| 1926
| 82,152 | +0.06% |
| 1936
| 48,091 | −5.21% |
| 1941
| 49,769 | +0.69% |
| 1950
| 52,111 | +0.51% |
| 1961
| 72,652 | +3.07% |
| 1971
| 94,351 | +2.65% |
| 1981
| 133,991 | +3.57% |
| 1990
| 182,066 | +3.47% |
| 2001
| 253,105 | +3.04% |
| 2011
| 323,165 | +2.47% |
| Source: "XIV CENSO NACIONAL DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA - Resultados por Entidad Federal y Municipio del Estado Cojedes" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. |
### Race and ethnicity
According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:
| Racial composition | Population | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mestizo | — | 59.2 |
| White | 115,437 | 35.6 |
| Black | 13,619 | 4.2 |
| Other race | — | 1.0 |
Tourism
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The colonial architecture and the landscapes of the plains stand out in the region, ideal for observing country animals or local species in their natural habitat
### Outstanding buildings
Lagunazo tourist camp in Tinaquillo, Cojedes
Pozo Azul
* La Blanquera House-Museum.
* Church of the Immaculate Conception (Cathedral of San Carlos).
* Church of Our Lady of Help of Tinaquillo
* Ruins of the Beaterio or El Pao School of Education.
* Monument of the Divine Shepherdess, Patroness of the State in the Redoma de Libertad Municipality Ricaurte.
* Divine Shepherdess Sanctuary in Libertad de Cojedes.
* The San Carlos racetrack.
* Monument to the Mango of San Carlos
* "Paula Correa Rodríguez" National Reference Laboratory located in the municipality of Tinaco, is the first phytosanitary and zoosanitary diagnostic laboratory in South America with national and international reference.
### Natural Heritage
* San Carlos river mouth
* Thermal waters the Aguadita.
* Thermal Waters Las Galeras de El Pao
* Boca Toma Spa.
* Hato Piñero.
* General Manuel Manrique National Park.
San Carlos Cathedral
Culture
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### Traditions
* San Pascual Bailón, who defines himself as the Patron of Cojedes' Freedom. It is celebrated on May 17 every year.
* Patron Saint's Day of the Divine Shepherdess, Patron Saint of Cojedes, with the appearance of the Jobal, town of Libertad de Cojedes. It is celebrated on September 8 every year.
* Toros Coleados: It is a common pastime on Sundays and holidays. The stage is a sleeve of one hundred or more meters long by about ten meters wide, closed by a fence. The riders compete to grab the tail of the bull in order to knock it down or "tail it".
* Mango Fair .
* Cock fights: They take place in a small circular amphitheatre, usually rustic, with a palm or zinc roof. One bets by the roosters and one gives to beginning to the weight of the roosters and the control of the spurs. A fighting judge makes decisions according to the established rules.
* Devil Dancers of Tinaquillo and San Juan in San Carlos. It is celebrated on December 28 every year. It is celebrated in the town of Tinaquillo. Its costume consists of a red monkey and a black cape that reaches the waist, in addition to the mask.
* Locainas, celebrated for the Day of the Holy Innocents, or as they commonly call it, day of the madmen.
* Feast of San Isidro Labrador, patron of the municipality Lima Blanco celebrated on May 15
### Handicrafts
It is characterized by the manufacture of musical instruments: harp, cuatro and maracas, mainly in El Baúl and Tinaquillo. Towards the northern part of the state, in the town of La Sierra, tin violins are made, and hammocks and
From leather you get ropes, straps, saddles. There are espadrille factories.
The peasant also works the wood to produce canoes for navigation, rafts, etc.
The plumages (bracelets and earrings) and Yanomami ornaments, the Arawak group ornaments and the masks and ornaments of the piaroas, are the most difficult pieces to obtain and therefore have a unique value.
### Gastronomy
As it is a plain state, it is common to consume meat from hunting such as: deer, capybara (chigüire), paca (lapa), etc.; as well as river fish such as morocoto, striped catfish, etc. However, the most typical dish of this state is usually the so-called "altered" pabellón criollo, which consists of replacing the traditional white rice in the dish with spaghetti and may or may not be topped with a fried egg.
Cattle in Cojedes
other local dishes include
* Morrocoy cake.
* Boiled river fish.
* Creole grill.
* Guarapita: liquor with fruit juice and sugar.
* Chigüire mechado: a capybara with tapiramo and rice.
* Tostón: cooked green banana.
* Majarete: a base of corn and coconut.
* Buñuelo: yucca dessert accompanied by honey.
* Pan de tunja: wheat flour cake.
* Biscochuelo: flour and egg bread wrapped in sugar.
Sport
-----
Various sports are practiced in the state, in 2003 the Universidad Iberoamericana del Deporte (now called Universidad deportiva del sur) was inaugurated. Among the facilities that can be found in Cojedes are
Football stadium in the Universidad deportiva del Sur, San Carlos, Cojedes
* Tulio Jose Lazo Stadium
* Alfonso Rios Stadium is usually used for baseball and softball practice.
* Gustavo "Patón" Martínez Stadium, Tinaquillo (Baseball)
* Guillermo Barreto Mendez Park
* Sports City Gymnasium (Basketball, Volleyball)
* "José Tadeo Monagas" Gymnasium of the Vencedores de Cojedes Sports Complex (volleyball, soccer among others)
* Manuel Manrique's indoor court, in the municipality of Ezequiel Zamora (indoor soccer) |
The **Conspiracy of the Machetes** (Spanish: ***La Conspiración de los Machetes***) was an unsuccessful rebellion against the Spanish in New Spain in 1799. Although the conspiracy posed no threat to Spanish rule, nevertheless it was a shock to the rulers. Coming only 11 years before the Grito de Dolores, it is considered in modern Mexico to be a precursor of the Mexican War of Independence.[]
Conspiracy
----------
Pedro de la Portilla was a *Criollo* employee in the New Spain tax collectors' office in the Plazuela de Santa Catarina. He was poor, with no important connections. In 1799 he arranged a meeting with about twenty other powerless youths in a house at Alley of the Gachupines No. 7, Mexico City. Some of the men in attendance were guards in the plazas of the city. Others were low officials in the clock-making or silver industries. All of them were relatives or friends of Portilla.
The meeting discussed the situation that *Criollos* found themselves in, in relation to *Peninsulares* (*Criollos* were "Europeans" born in America, and *Peninsulares* were Europeans born in Spain. *Gachupines* became an insulting term for the latter.) Those present agreed to rise in arms to rid the country of *Peninsulares*.
The plan agreed on was to free prisoners, and with them storm the viceroy's palace, thus capturing high officials and funds. The conspirators then intended to proclaim the independence of Mexico, declare war on Spain, and kill or expel the *Peninsulares*. To accomplish this, they were counting on 1,000 pesos of silver, two pistols, and some 50 cutlasses and machetes to initiate a popular uprising under the patronage of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Because of this, the conspiracy became known as the *Conspiracy of the Machetes*.
After the successful outcome of the rebellion, the plan was to appeal to the people to decide what form of government should be established in Mexico. The conspirators apparently favored a Congress based on that recently established in the United States.
At the second meeting, Isidoro Francisco de Aguirre, a cousin of Portilla, became alarmed at the preparations, and went to the authorities to denounce the conspiracy (November 10, 1799). Viceroy Miguel José de Azanza gave orders that they be arrested, but without revealing the motives of their conspiracy in order to avoid excitement among the populace. All the conspirators were apprehended and spent many years in prison. The trial was long, and did not reach a verdict. Some of them died in prison. Portilla himself lived to see the independence of Mexico.
Further reading
---------------
* "Azanza, Miguel José de," *Enciclopedia de México*, v. 2. Mexico City: 1987.(in Spanish)
* "Portilla, Pedro," *Enciclopedia de México*, v. 11. Mexico City: 1987.(in Spanish)
* Orozco L. Fernando, *Fechas Históricas de México*. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1988, ISBN 968-38-0046-7. (in Spanish)
* Orozco Linares, Fernando, *Gobernantes de México*. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5. (in Spanish)
* Sánchez Gómez, Dolores del Mar. "El Virrey Miguel José de Azanza y la conspiración de los machetes¿ primer intento de independencia mexicana?." Una crisis atlántica: España, América, y los acontecimientos de 1808 (1808): 29–38. |
The ***Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War*** was a three volume set of books, based on the wartime work of the Historical Section of the General Staff. The Canadian Army had a dedicated set of officers in the Second World War who studied and recorded various facets of wartime history for posterity.
During the war, Colonel Charles Perry Stacey headed the overseas effort of chronicling the history of the army, and produced a large number of reports. These reports, known as "CMHQ Reports" are largely available in electronic form from the Directorate of History and Heritage.
Some historical information was also compiled in book form during the war, and some introductory volumes were released soon after the war.
*Canada's Battle In Normandy* was released in 1946. Authored by Colonel Stacey, the book was a 159-page look at Canada's experiences in the Battle of Normandy from the perspective of the Canadian Army.
In 1948, *The Canadian Army 1939-1945: A Historical Summary* was published. The book was described in Stacey's own words in his autobiography, *A Date With History*:
> I may as well describe the book. I called it simply *The Canadian Army, 1939-1945*. It amounted to just over 350 printed pages, with a dozen illustrations in colour (reproductions of pictures by our war artists), and numerous maps. In a preliminary work of this sort documentation seemed unnecessary, though I noted in the preface that in many cases "the sources of quotations and statements made are identified in the text." [...] Gerry Nicholson and Murray Hunter drafted portions of the text, Gerry the latter part of the story of the Italian Campaign and Murray part of that dealing with North-West Europe. As we carefully explained to the reader, the book was necessarily an interim report, "a Summary, not a History." My tattered old office copy of it is pockmarked with emendations, additions and corrections, particularly where statistics are concerned. Nevertheless, I think, the book has not worn too badly, and while the person who wants a precise account of the Canadian army in the Second World War should read the three-volume history which we produced later, the old Summary still affords a fairly satisfactory bird's-eye view of the struggle and the achievement.[]
>
>
The first of the three volume Official History did not appear in print until 1955 at the earliest. This was not unusual, in as an Official History of the First World War had also been many years in coming. Though the first of a projected eight volumes by Colonel Duguid first saw print in 1938, 20 years after the Armistice, the remaining 7 volumes were never completed. G. W. L. Nicholson published a one-volume Official History in 1964. The Royal Canadian Air Force's official Second World War history was not published until the 1990s. In Stacey's words:
> ...at least no one can take away from us the fact that we did publish a comprehensive short history of the Canadian army's part in the affair just three years after the last shot in Europe. If more of our wartime stable of well-qualified historians had stayed on after the shooting stopped, we could have achieved our final goal much sooner. As it was, I felt, rightly or wrongly, that, while we had a number of excellent researchers in our postwar team, only Gerry Nicholson and I were equal to the task of writing a volume for publication. The early volumes of the army history proper also ran into political obstruction, and this was one important reason for the delay in publication.[]
>
>
Volume I
--------
*Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume I. Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific* appeared in print in 1955. Written by Colonel Stacey, the book was 629 pages in length, profusely illustrated with charts, photos, map and sketches, with ten appendices, a glossary of abbreviations, 50 pages of referenced footnotes, and a complete index. The title was evocative of the contents; a history of the Canadian Army's organization and training in Canada, in Britain, and in the Pacific was given in simple prose, well researched and balanced.
Volume II
---------
*Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume II. The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945* was first published on 15 Sep 1956 with a second, corrected edition appearing in Feb 1957. The book was written by Lieutenant Colonel G.W.L. Nicholson, deputy director of the Historical Section, General Staff. He had served with the Prince Albert and Battleford Volunteers before the war and with the Prince Albert Volunteers from its mobilization until 1943, when he joined the Historical Section, General Staff as Narrator, Pacific Command. In 1946 he served as Officer in Charge of the Historical Section at Canadian Military Headquarters, in Cockspur Street, London, and was appointed Deputy Director Historical Section, Army Headquarters in 1947. In the autumn of 1948 he travelled to Italy, and traced the path of the Canadians, from south-east Sicily to northern Italy; many of the photos in Volume II were taken by him, and he physically walked the ground of all actions in which Canadian forces in Italy took part.
Volume III
----------
*Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945* appeared in print in 1960. It contained 770 pages, boosting the price on the dust jacket to the sum of $4.00 (up from the $3.50 tariff for Vol. I and Vol. II).
Stacey also wrote some companion volumes, including *Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939-1945*, a history of the political side of Canada's war effort, which finally saw print in 1970. |
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1886
The **1886 Indianola Hurricane** was a powerful tropical cyclone that destroyed the town of Indianola, Texas in August 1886, remarkably impacting the history and economic development of Texas. It was the fifth and strongest hurricane of the 1886 Atlantic hurricane season, and one of the most intense hurricanes to ever hit the United States.
Meteorological history
----------------------
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
**Saffir–Simpson scale**
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
**Storm type**
circle Tropical cyclone
square Subtropical cyclone
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
A tropical storm developed east of Trinidad and Tobago on August 12, and began moving northwestward. Originally it was thought the storm became a Category 1 hurricane the next day but re-analysis now shows it remained as a tropical storm until August 14. On the evening of August 15 it reached the island of Hispaniola. After crossing the south of that island as a Category 1 hurricane, it struck southeastern Cuba on August 16 as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm briefly weakened over land and entered the Gulf of Mexico near Matanzas on August 18 as a Category 1 storm. As the hurricane crossed the Gulf of Mexico it strengthened further, first to a Category 2 then to a Category 3 cyclone. As it approached the coast of Texas, it intensified to a 150 mph (240 km/h) Category 4 hurricane. At the time, it was tied for the strongest hurricane ever recorded (the first reported, and confirmed, Category 5 hurricane would be in 1924). On August 19, winds increased in Indianola, and, on August 20, it made landfall as a catastrophic Category 4 hurricane. Pressure at landfall is estimated to be 925 mbar, which would make it the sixth strongest hurricane known to have hit the United States, and by winds, it is tied for the fifth most powerful hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland. The hurricane moved inland and eventually dissipated on August 21 in northeast Texas.
Impact
------
The total death toll was at least 74, including 28 in Cuba.
| **Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States**Intensity is measured solely by central pressure |
| --- |
| Rank | System | Season | Landfall pressure |
| 1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 892 mbar (hPa) |
| 2 | Camille | 1969 | 900 mbar (hPa) |
| Yutu | 2018 |
| 4 | Michael | 2018 | 919 mbar (hPa) |
| 5 | Katrina | 2005 | 920 mbar (hPa) |
| Maria | 2017 |
| 7 | Andrew | 1992 | 922 mbar (hPa) |
| 8 | "Indianola" | 1886 | 925 mbar (hPa) |
| 9 | "Guam" | 1900 | 926 mbar (hPa) |
| 10 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 927 mbar (hPa) |
| Source: HURDAT, Hurricane Research Division |
The storm made landfall on the coast of Texas on August 20, wreaking property destruction in a number of towns, and resulting in a number of deaths.
In Texas, the hurricane obliterated the town of Indianola that was only just recovering from a powerful 1875 hurricane on the same location. At Indianola a storm surge of 15 feet from Matagorda Bay overwhelmed the town. Every building in the town was either destroyed or left uninhabitable. When the Signal Office was blown down, a fire started which took hold and destroyed several neighboring blocks. The fire destroyed all but two of the town's buildings and killed a large number of citizens. The storm also destroyed two and half miles of railroad track, making communication with Indianola very difficult and complicating rescue efforts. This storm caused fewer fatalities however (46 in Indianola, compared to 400 in the 1875 storm), largely because the storm struck during the day and residents had time to take shelter. The hurricane also ended a severe drought in Texas.
The village of Quintana, at the mouth of the Brazos River, was also destroyed. At Houston, the bayou rose between 5–6 feet on August 19.
The storm reached Victoria, Texas at about 7 AM, destroying or damaging most of the buildings in the city. An estimated 75 houses were destroyed and another 118 were damaged. The town's jail and high school were both damaged while the freight station, Masonic hall, and certain sections of town were "almost literally swept from the earth." No deaths were reported in the town, but the initial damages were estimated at $100,000 (equivalent to $2.9 million in 2022) and the citizens of the town declared the hurricane "the most terrible storm ever known in Victoria."
In Galveston, Texas, the storm capsized a forty-ton schooner, the *Liviona Perkins*, killing three crew members. The storm also damaged roads, railways, and houses, leading to an estimated $200,000 in damage (equivalent to $5.8 million in 2022).
Aftermath
---------
Many of Indianola's residents relocated farther inland after the storm. Five weeks later, in September 1886, another hurricane hit the Texas coast between Brownsville and Corpus Christi. Indianola was again flooded by rainwater and storm surge from Matagorda Bay. The remaining residents were evacuated. Following this storm the post office at Indianola was shut down, marking the official abandonment of the town. The old town's ruins sit just offshore under 15 feet of water in Matagorda Bay.
The storm ended the rivalry between Galveston and Indianola as the chief port of Texas. With the abandonment of Indianola and the unwillingness of the former residents to rebuild close to shore, Galveston became the most important Texan port until the catastrophic damage wrought there by the 1900 Galveston hurricane led to the rise of Houston as a major port on the Texan coast. |
1988 video game
***Lunar Rescue*** is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up Lunar Lander game developed by Practical Computer Applications, Inc. and released for Macintosh in 1988 by XOR Corporation. It was written by Richard Nygord with art and animations by Mike Saenz.
Overview
--------
The game is set in a science fiction future where the moon is populated by 26 domed colonies connected to each other by canyons that function as supply routes. An automated system called ICE (Independent Computerized Ecosystem) controls the living environments, canyon defense system and trade stations for each colony. Raiders have stolen the five ICE controlling crystals, causing the defense system to go haywire. The raiders hid the crystals throughout the canyons before being destroyed by the out-of-control canyon defenses. Anything passing through the canyons is now being attacked, and each settlement is now sealed off from the supply network.
The player travels through the canyons in a side-scrolling shoot 'em up action game, trading supplies between colonies to earn credits and delay the colonies' real-time decay. The player must land in the canyons using Lunar Lander-style controls to search bases and ruins for the stolen ICE crystals.
Reception
---------
*MacUser* gave *Lunar Rescue* four and a half out of five mice, praising the game's controls and uncluttered interface. For *MacUser*, the game separated itself from other arcade games with its strategy game elements: the player can profit by paying attention to the economic situation. To win the game, the player must "develop a pattern of play, alternating between exploring the canyons for valuables and the ICE and returning to the cities for repairs and trading." The player must balance conservative play, which causes the moon's deterioration to accelerate, with adventurous play that risks losing ships and running out of money.
A *Macworld* review commended the game's "humanitarian goals" with killing "limited to machines" and combat secondary to moving essential goods to dying cities. Success depends upon making trading decisions based on changing commodity needs, weighing the challenges in traveling to different destinations, and becoming skilled enough to pilot a craft overloaded with cargo while searching for the missing ICE crystals. |
American politician (born 1974)
This article is about the politician from Colorado. For the politician from California, see Mike Garcia (politician).
**Michael Garcia** (born January 11, 1974) is an American politician who served in the Colorado House of Representatives. Elected as a Democrat in 2000, Garcia was re-elected three times to represent House District 42, which includes central Aurora, Colorado.
Early career
------------
Born in Fort Bragg, North Carolina to a U.S. Army veteran, Garcia's family settled in Aurora, Colorado, where he attended Aurora Public Schools and graduated from Aurora Central High School in 1992. He then earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of Colorado Boulder in 1996 and a Master of Arts from the University of Arizona in 1998. After graduation, Garcia received a fellowship from the Congressional Hispanic Caucus to serve as a legislative assistant to Texas U.S. Representative Solomon P. Ortiz; he worked in Washington, DC until 1999 before returning to Colorado.
From May 2003 to December 2007, he was as Coordinator for the Youth Council for Public Policy at the University of Colorado at Boulder. While working at CU, he taught college courses on American government, including a course titled "Civic Engagement: Using the Electoral Process as a Tool for Social Change. He has also served on the Board of Directors of Spirit of Aurora, the Aurora Education Foundation, and the Aurora Museum Foundation. In 2006, Garcia was named one of the *Denver Business Journal's* "40 under 40" list of young achievers.
In 2012 Garcia received a Juris Doctor degree from Loyola University New Orleans College of Law.
Legislative career
------------------
Garcia returned to Colorado and launched his first legislative campaign in 2000, winning a seat in the Colorado House of Representatives after defeating three other opponents in a contested Democratic party primary. His election at the age of 26 made him the youngest legislator in the state of Colorado. He was subsequently re-elected three times to the state house, winning handily each time in the solidly Democratic district.
In 2004, after Democrats gained control of the state house, Garcia was elected Assistant Majority Leader, a post he held through 2008.
In 2006, Garcia sponsored legislation to create a Denver Broncos specialty license plate.
### 2007 legislative session
In the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions, Garcia sat on the House Appropriations Committee and the House Finance Committee.
During the 2007 legislative session, Garcia sponsored a measure to lower the age of legislative candidacy in Colorado, currently set at 25. The referendum, an amendment to the Colorado Constitution to lower the age limit to 21, (Garcia's original proposal would have set the age at 18) passed the General Assembly and will be on the statewide general election ballot in 2008.
Garcia also sponsored contentious legislation during the 2007 session to amend Colorado's labor laws to ease restrictions on the formation of closed shop unions. Although it passed the legislature, the bill was vetoed by Democratic Gov. Bill Ritter. Following the veto, Garcia stated that he would not seek to overturn the veto or re-introduce the legislation.
Garcia was the House sponsor of a measure introduced in the Colorado State Senate to require that passage of an English competency test be required for high school graduation. The measure died in a Senate committee.
Garcia introduced legislation which revised rules surrounding real estate foreclosures, including forbidding consensual liens on foreclosed properties. Garcia also sponsored revisions to House rules to limit the number and type of introductions that could be given by members on the House floor.
### Interim Committee Chairmanship
Between the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions, Garcia chaired the Interim Committee on Long-term Care Services and Supports for Persons with Developmental Disabilities. As a result of his work with this committee, he proposed a half-cent sales tax increase to fund services for several thousand Colorado residents with developmental disabilities currently on waiting lists, but withdrew the proposal amid criticism.
The Committee was also the catalyst for Amendment 51, an initiative initially written by Garcia, which sought to raise the sales tax and dedicate the revenue for health care services for the developmentally disabled. Amendment 51 was defeated by the Colorado voters in the November 2008 election.
### Honors and awards
Garcia was awarded a "Rising Star" award in 2001 from the Colorado Democratic Party. In 2002, Garcia earned a Colorado Association of Commerce and Industry (CACI) Star Award (formerly the Business Legislator of the Year Award), for support of the business agenda and Colorado's economy. In 2003, Garcia was named one of the Democratic Leadership Council's (DLC) "100 New Democrats to Watch." In 2006, Garcia was named "Legislator of the Year" by the Colorado Public Trustees Association for his work on improving Colorado's foreclosure laws. In 2007, Garcia was recognized by the Denver Business Journal as "Forty Under 40," as one of 40 outstanding local professionals under age 40 for their business success and community contributions. More recently, Garcia was recognized by the Aurora Civitan as their "Man of the Year" and earned the Joe Schippicasse "Do the Right Thing" Award from the ARC of Pikes Peak for his work on behalf of the developmentally disabled community.
### Resignation
Garcia resigned from office on February 1, 2008 amid a scandal in which he was accused of sexual misconduct at a bar with a female lobbyist. Garcia's resignation statement described the incident as "consensual": "The other party and I engaged in consensual conduct that was inappropriate given my position in the legislature and the fact that the other party is a lobbyist." The lobbyist's account of the incident was different.
A Democratic vacancy committee appointed Karen Middleton to serve the remainder of Garcia's term.
Metro Community Provider Network
--------------------------------
After his service in the Colorado General Assembly, Garcia served as the Special Projects Manager at Metro Community Provider Network (MCPN), one of the largest primary health care providers of the uninsured and medically underserved in Colorado. Garcia was responsible for managing the Specialty Referral Network which facilitates affordable access to specialty care services for MCPN patients. Garcia also managed the MCPN Advocacy Network, which educates, empowers, and inspires MCPN Advocates to advocate on behalf of MCPN and its patients to elected officials. |
British interior, product and textile designer
**Sue Timney** (born 1950, Benghazi, Emirate of Cyrenaica) is a British interior, product and textile designer. She has worked in Britain, USA, Europe and Japan and in 1980 co-founded Timney-Fowler, an interior product company.
Timney's work is in the collection of several museums, including the Victoria & Albert Museum in London.
Early life
----------
Sue Timney was born in Benghazi, Emirate of Cyrenaica. Her father, Major Alexander Lockhart Carruthers, was born in British India, and her mother, Jetta Hutton, in Scotland. The family moved to Great Britain in 1965 after Timney had attended 12 schools abroad. She studied Fine Art at Newcastle University, gaining a First Class Honours degree. In 1977, she was awarded a distinction in her Post-Graduate degree at Edinburgh University, and in 1979 she received an M.A. from the Royal College of Art (RCA) London and won an RCA Travelling Scholarship to Japan.[]
Career
------
In 1980, Timney and her husband at that time, Grahame Fowler, co-founded Timney-Fowler, a fabric and design company. Timney took over Timney Fowler and established the Sue\_TIMNEY Design Practice in 2002. She was made a Visiting Professor in 2000 and Honorary Fellow in 2007 at the RCA.
2009 saw the beginning of her appointment as Trustee of The Laura Ashley Foundation[], from which she resigned in 2019, and collaboration with The Rug Company.
In 2010, she was appointed Education Director of the British Institute of Interior Design (BIID) and a retrospective of her work was shown at Fashion and Textile Museum, London. Her design autobiography, *Making Marks*, was also published by Pointed Leaf Press in New York at that time.
The House of Fraser launched the Timney brand for Home and Fashion in 2011 and in the same year her work was exhibited in the "Postmodernism: Style & Subversion 1970–1990" exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A).
Timney was commissioned by the V&A and Random House's Vintage Classics imprint in 2012 to design the cover of a reprint of Graham Greene's *The End of the Affair*. This was one of seven reprints in a series, called Designer Classics, issued to coincide with the museum's "British Design 1948–2012: Innovation in the Modern Age" exhibition of that year, each with a cover created by different prominent designers. Timney's designs also featured in the exhibition and in that titled "175 years at the RCA", held at the Royal College of Art during the same year.[]
Timney was President of the BIID for the period 2012 to 2014 and as of May 2021[update] is a director of it.
In 2021 was elected Chair of Chelsea Arts Club. And in 2022 Chair of Trevelyan Arts Trust.
She was presented with the Merit Award from the BIID Institute in 2022 for excellence in interior design practice; a contribution to the development of the Institute and a commitment to the wider field of design education.
Personal life
-------------
In 2007, Timney married British businessman, manager and photographer, Justin de Villeneuve. Her first marriage, to John Timney, had been when she was aged 18, after which she married Grahame Fowler. She and de Villeneuve divorced after 10 years.
Sue has four children that work in the arts and design industry. |
12th century Chandela ruler of Central India
**Yashovarman** (IAST: Yaśovarman; reigned c. 1164-1165 CE), also called Yashovarman II to distinguish him from the earlier Yashovarman I, was a member of the Chandela dynasty of central India. He is believed to have ruled the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) for a short period.
Yashovarman was a son of the Chandela king Madanavarman. He is mentioned in the Bateshvar inscription of his own son Paramardi-deva, but other Chandela inscriptions do not mention his name in the list of Chandela kings. According to historian S. K. Mitra, the Bateshvar inscription clearly indicates that Yashovarman ascended the Chandela throne, even if for a very short period. It describes Yashovarman as "an ornament of great rulers causing joy to the people". Mitra theorizes that the other inscriptions omit his name because his short reign did not see any notable achievement.
Historian R. K. Dikshit, on the other hand, believes that the epithet "ornament of great rulers" is mere rhetoric. There is hardly any difference between the last known date of Yashovarman's father Madanavarman (1063 CE) and the earliest known date of his son Paramardi-deva (1066 CE). The inscriptions other than the Bateshvar inscription, including those issued by Paramardi, suggest that Paramardi succeeded Madanvarman. It is possible that Yashovarman died while his father Madanvarman was still alive.
According to the medieval legendary text *Paramala Raso*, Paramardi ascended the Chandela throne at the age of 5 years, which suggests that Yashovarman died prematurely. |
Lost account of Mauryan India by Greek writer Megasthenes
Mauryan India, to which Megasthenes was an ambassador
***Indika*** (Greek: Ἰνδικά; Latin: ***Indica***) is an account of Mauryan India by the Greek writer Megasthenes. The original work is now lost, but its fragments have survived in later Greek and Latin works. The earliest of these works are those by Diodorus Siculus, Strabo (*Geographica*), Pliny, and Arrian (*Indica*).
Reconstruction
--------------
Megasthenes' *Indica* can be reconstructed using the portions preserved by later writers as direct quotations or paraphrase. The parts that belonged to the original text can be identified from the later works based on similar content, vocabulary and phrasing, even when the content has not been explicitly attributed to Megasthenes. Felix Jacoby's *Fragmente der griechischen Historiker* contains 36 pages of content traced to Megasthenes.
E. A. Schwanbeck traced several fragments to Megasthenes, and based on his collection, John Watson McCrindle published a reconstructed version of *Indica* in 1887. However, this reconstruction is not universally accepted. Schwanbeck and McCrindle attributed several fragments in the writings of the 1st century BCE writer Diodorus to Megasthenes. However, Diodorus does not mention Megasthenes even once, unlike Strabo, who explicitly mentions Megasthenes as one of his sources. There are several differences between the accounts of Megasthenes and Diodorus: for example, Diodorus describes India as 28,000 stadia (roughly 5,000 km, 3,000 miles) long from east to west; Megasthenes gives this number as 16,000 (3,000 km, 2,000 miles). Diodorus states that the Indus may be the world's largest river after the Nile; Megasthenes (as quoted by Arrian) states that the Ganges is much larger than the Nile. Historian R. C. Majumdar points out that the Fragments I and II attributed to Megasthenes in McCrindle's edition cannot originate from the same source, because Fragment I describes the Nile as larger than the Indus, while Fragment II describes the Indus as longer than the Nile and the Danube combined.
Schwanbeck's Fragment XXVII includes four paragraphs from Strabo, and Schwanbeck attributes these entire paragraphs to Megasthenes. However, Strabo cites Megasthenes as his source only for three isolated statements in three different paragraphs. It is likely that Strabo sourced the rest of the text from sources other than Megasthenes: that's why he attributes only three statements specifically to Megasthenes.
Another example is the earliest confirmed description of Gandaridae, which appears in the writings of Diodorus. McCrindle believed that Diodorus' source for this description was the now-lost book of Megasthenes. However, according to A. B. Bosworth (1996), Diodorus obtained this information from Hieronymus of Cardia: Diodorus described the Ganges as 30 stadia (6 km, 4 miles) wide; it is well-attested by other sources that Megasthenes described the median or minimum width of the Ganges as 100 stadia (20 km, 12 miles).
| Fragments used by John Watson McCrindle to reconstruct Megasthenes' *Indica* |
| --- |
| # | Work | Author / Editor | Section | Topic | Book number in Megasthenes' Indica |
| 1 | *Bibliotheca historica* | Diodorus Siculus | II.35-42 | Summary of India | Summary |
| 2 | *Bibliotheca historica* | Diodorus Siculus | III.63 | Three persons named Dionusos | Summary |
| 3 | *The Anabasis of Alexander* | Arrian | V. 6. 2-11 | Boundaries and rivers | I |
| 4 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | II. 1. 7 | Boundaries | I |
| 5 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.11 | Boundaries and extent | I |
| 6 | *Geographica* | Strabo | II.1.7 | Size of India | I |
| 7 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.12 | Size of India | I |
| 8 | *Geographica* | Strabo | II.1.4 | Size of India | I |
| 9 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | III. 7-8. | Size of India | I |
| 10 | *Geographica* | Strabo | II.1.19 | Ursa Major and shadows | I |
| 11 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VI. 22.6. | Ursa Major | I |
| 12 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.20 | Fertile soil | I |
| 13 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.37 | Wild animals | I |
| 14 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XVII 39. | Indian apes | I |
| 15 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XVI. 41 | Winged scorpions and serpents | I |
| 16 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.56 | Animals of India, and the Reed | I |
| 17 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XVI. 20.21 | Animals of India | I |
| 18 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VIII. 14. 1 | Boa constrictor | I |
| 19 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | VIII.7 | Of the Electric Eel. | I |
| 20 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VI.24.1 | Taprobane | I |
| 21 | Antigon. Caryst. | Antigonus of Carystus | 647 | Marine trees | I |
| 22 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | 4. 2-13. | Indus and Ganges | I |
| 23 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VI. 21.9-22. 1. | Indus and Ganges | I |
| 24 | *Polyhistor* | Gaius Julius Solinus | 52. 6-7. | Indus and Ganges | I |
| 25 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | 6. 2-3. | Silas river | I |
| 26 | *Anecdota Graeca* | Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie | I. p. 419, | Silas river | I |
| 27 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.38 | Silas river | I |
| 28 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | 5. 2 | Number of Indian rivers | I |
| 29 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.35-36 | Pataliputra city | II |
| 30 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | 10 | Pataliputra and Indian manners | II |
| 31 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.53-56 | Indian manners | II |
| 32 | *Varia Historia* | Claudius Aelianus | iv.1. | Indian manners | II |
| 33 | Nicol. Damasc. | Nicolaus of Damascus | 44 | Indian manners | II |
| 34 | *Sermones* | Stobaeus | 42 | Indian manners | II |
| 35 | *Deipnosophistae* | Athenaeus | iv. p. 153. | Indian suppers | II |
| 36 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.57 | Extraordinary tribes | II |
| 37 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VII. ii. 14-22 | Extraordinary races | II |
| 38 | *Polyhistor* | Gaius Julius Solinus | 52. 26-30 | Extraordinary races | II |
| 39 | *On the Face in the Moon* (*de facie in orbe lunae*) in *Moralia* | Plutarch | Opp. ed. Reisk, tom. ix. p. 701. | Race of mouthless humans | II |
| 40 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | Xl.l.-XII.-9 | 7 castes of India | III |
| 41 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.39-41 | 7 castes of India | III |
| 42 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.50-52 | Administration of public affairs; horses and elephants. | III |
| 43 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XIII. 10. | Horses and elephants | III |
| 44 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.41-43 | Elephants | III |
| 45 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | ch. 13-14. | Elephants | III |
| 46 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XII. 44. | Elephants | III |
| 47 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XIII. 7. | Of the diseases of Elephants. | III |
| 48 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.44 | Gold-digging ants | III |
| 49 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | XV.5-7. | Gold-digging ants | III |
| 50 | *Orations* | Dio Chrysostom | Or. 35 | Gold-digging ants | III |
| 51 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.58-60 | Indian philosophers | III |
| 52 | *Stromata* | Clement of Alexandria | I. p. 305 D | Indian philosophers | III |
| 53 | *Praeparatio evangelica* | Eusebius | IX. 6 | Indian philosophers | III |
| 54 | *Contra Julianum* (*Against Julian*) | Cyril of Alexandria | IV | Indian philosophers | III |
| 55 | *Stromata* | Clement of Alexandria | I | Indian philosophers | III |
| 56 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.68 | Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis | III |
| 57 | *The Anabasis of Alexander* | Arrian | VII ii. 3-9 | Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis | III |
| 58 | *Geographica* | Strabo | XV.1.68 | Indians had not attacked anyone or faced external attacks; Dionysos and Herakles | IV |
| 59 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | V. 4-12. | Indians had not attacked anyone or faced external attacks; Dionysos and Herakles | IV |
| 60 | *Contra Apion* | Josephus | I. 20 (T. II p. 451, Havere.) | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 61 | *Antiquitates Judaicae* | Josephus | X. ii. 1 (T. I p. 533, Havere.) | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 62 | Zonar. Annal. Basileae 1557 | | | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 63 | G. Syncell. T. I. | George Syncellus??? | p. 419, ed. Benn. (p. 221 ed. Paris, p. 177 ed. Venet.) | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 64 | Fragments of Abydenus's writings in *Praeparatio evangelica* | Eusebius | I. 41 (ed. Colon. 1688, p. 456 D) | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 65 | *Indica (Arrian)* | Arrian | 7-9. | King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness | IV |
| 66 | *Natural History* | Pliny | IX. 5 | Pearls | IV |
| 67 | *Mirabilia* | Phlegon of Tralles | 33 | Pandaian land | IV |
| 68 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VI. xxi. 4-5. | Ancient history of Indians | IV |
| 69 | *Polyhistor* | Gaius Julius Solinus | 52. 5. | Ancient history of Indians | IV |
| 70 | *The Anabasis of Alexander* | Arrian | VII. ii. 3-9. | Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis | IV |
| 71 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XII. 8. | Elephants | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 72 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | III. 46. | White elephant | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 73 | *De recta in Deum fide* | ?Adamantius (Pseudo-Origen) | vol. I. p. 904. | Brachhmans (Brahmins) and their philosophy | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 74 | *Palladius De gentibus Indiae et Bragmanibus* | Palladius of Galatia | pp. 8, 20 et seq. ed. Londin. 1668. | Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 75 | *De Moribus Brachmanorum* | Ambrose | pp. 62, 68 et seq. ed. Pallad. Londin. 1668. | Calanus and Mandanis | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 76 | *Natural History* | Pliny | VI. 21. 8-23. 11. | Indian races | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 77 | *Polyhistor* | Gaius Julius Solinus | 52. 6-17. | Catalogue of Indian Races. | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 78 | *Stratagems* | Polyaenus | I. 1. 1-3. | Dionysos | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 79 | *Stratagems* | Polyaenus | I. 3. 4. | Hercules and Pandaea | (Doubtful fragments) |
| 80 | *De Natura Animalium* | Claudius Aelianus | XVI. 2-22. | Beasts of India | (Doubtful fragments) |
Indica according to the reconstructed text
------------------------------------------
According to the text reconstructed by J. W. McCrindle (1877) and Richard Stoneman (2022), Megasthenes' *Indica* describes India as follows:
### Geography
India is a quadrilateral-shaped country, bounded by the Great Sea in the east and the south, Indus River in the west, and Emodus mountain in the north ("Emodus" (or "Hemodus") refers to the Hindu Kush, Pamir, and the Himalayas taken as a single mountain range; the word is derived from the Indian term *Haimavata*, meaning "covered with snow".) Beyond the Emodus lies the Sacae-inhabited part of Scythia. Besides Scythia, the countries of Bactria and Ariana border India. India's northern border reaches the extremities of the Tauros. From Ariana to the Eastern Sea, it is bound by mountains that are called the Kaukasos by the Macedonians. The various native names for these mountains include Parapamisos, Hemodus (or Emodus) and Himaos. and the southern extremities of India as the Pandya country "occupying the portion of India which lies southward and extends to the sea".
The area of India is said to span 28,000 stades from west to east, and 32,000 from north to south. Because of its large size, India is "thought to encompass a larger stretch of the sun's course in summer than any other part of the world". In many of the extreme points of India, a gnomon of the sundial casts no shadow, and the Bears (Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) are not visible at night. In the furthest parts, the pole star is not visible, and it is said that the shadows incline to the south.
India has many large and navigable rivers, which rise in the northern mountains, and flow through the plains. Many of these rivers merge into the Ganges, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the southern boundary of Gandaridae (Gangadarai). The country of Gandaridae has the highest number and the largest elephants in India, because of which other nations are afraid of its strength, and no foreign king has been able to conquer it. Even Alexander of Macedon, who subdued all of Asia and defeated all the other Indians, refrained from making war against Gandaridae when he learned that they had 4,000 war elephants.
The Indus also runs from north to south, and empties into the ocean. It has several navigable tributaries, the most notable ones being Hypanis, the Hydaspes, and the Acesines. (According to a passage of Diodorus traced to Megasthenes, Indus is the world's largest river after Nile. However, according to Arrian, Megasthenes as well as other writers wrote that Ganges is much larger than Indus.)
One peculiar river is the Sillas, which originates from a fountain of the same name. Everything cast into this river sinks down to the bottom – nothing floats in it. In addition, there are a large number of other rivers, supplying abundant water for agriculture. According to the native philosophers and natural scientists, this is because the bordering countries (Scythia, Bactria, and Ariana) are more elevated than India, so their waters run down to India.
### History
Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra.
Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra.
In the primitive times, the Indians lived on fruits and wore clothes made of animal skin, just like the Greeks. The most learned Indian scholars say that Dionysus invaded India, and conquered it. When his army was unable to bear the excessive heat, he led his soldiers to the mountains called Meros for recovery; this led to the Greek legend about Dionysus being bred in his father's thigh (*meros* in Greek). Dionysus taught Indians several things including how to grow plants, make wine and worship. He founded several large cities, introduced laws and established courts. For this reason, he was regarded as a deity by the Indians. He ruled entire India for 52 years, before dying of old age. His descendants ruled India for several generations, before being dethroned and replaced by democratic city-states.
The Indians who inhabit the hill country also claim that Herakles was one of them. Like the Greeks, they characterize him with the club and the lion's skin. According to them, Herakles was a powerful man who subjugated evil beasts. He had several sons and one daughter, who became rulers in different parts of his dominion. He founded several cities, the greatest of which was Palibothra (Pataliputra). Herakles built several places in this city, fortified it with water-filled trenches and settled a number of people in the city. His descendants ruled India for several generations, but never launched an expedition beyond India. After several years, the royal rule was replaced by democratic city states, although there existed a few kings when Alexander invaded India.
### Fauna
India has a variety of animals, many of which are exceptionally large and strong. India has the highest number of domesticated elephants, and Indians hunt and trained them for warfare. Because of availability of a great amount of food, the Indian elephants are the largest in the world, and stronger than the Libyan elephants. The gestation period of the elephants ranges from 16 to 18 months, and the oldest of the elephants live up to 200 years.
### Economy
The land of India produces every kind of metal suitable for adornment, military requipment and other use. It has a great amount of silver and gold, a substantial amount of bronze and iron, and also tin and other metals.
India's has several mountains with a variety of fruit trees. It also has many beautiful cultivated plains, which are irrigated by a large number of rivers. Most of the country is well-watered, and is able to produce two crops a year, since rain falls in both summer and winter. The major crops include wheat (crop of Demeter), millet, many great-quality pulses, rice, a crop called *bosporos*, fruits and other plants that are useful as food. At the time of summer solstice, the following crops are sown: rice, *bosporos*, sesame, and millet. During winter, wheat is sown, as in other countries.
No famines have ever occurred in India because of the following reasons:
* The Indians are always assured of at least one of the two seasonal crops; in most years, both crops succeed
* A number of remarkably sweet fruits grow in wild, and roots grow in marshy places
* The food plants grow in abundance in plains because of water from many rivers, the remarkably regular annual rain cycle, and the heat that ripens the roots in the marshes
* The Indian warriors regard those engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry as sacred. Unlike warriors in many other countries, they do not destroy farms or harm farm workers during wars. The warriors do not burn down the enemy lands with fire or cut down their trees.
### Food and clothing
Indian beverage is a liquor composed from rice instead of barley. When the Indians are at supper, a table is placed before each person, this being like a tripod. There is placed upon it golden bowls, into which they first put rice, boiled as one would boil barley, and then they add many dainties prepared according to Indian receipts. Indian never drink wine except in sacrifice.
In contrast to the general simplicity of their style, they love finery and ornament. Their robes are worked in gold, and ornamented with precious stones, and they wear also flowered garments made of the finest muslin. Some have attendants walking behind hold up umbrellas over them: for they have a high regard for beauty, and avail themselves of every device to improve their looks.
### Society
Because of its large size, India is inhabited by many diverse races, all of which are indigenous. India has no foreign colony, and Indians have not established any colonies outside India.
Like its animals, the humans of India are also "exceptional in stature and bulk" because of abundance of crops. They are also technically accomplished, because of pure air and clean water. They are well-skilled in art.
A law, prescribed by ancient Indian philosophers, bans slavery. The law treats everyone equally, but allows the property to be unevenly distributed.
The population of India is divided into 7 endogamous and hereditary castes:
1. **Philosophers**
* Not numerous compared to other castes, but most prominent
* Exempted from all public duties
* Neither masters, nor servants
* "believed to be most dear to the gods, and to be the most conversant with matters pertaining to Hades"
* Engaged by others to offer sacrifices and perform funerary rites, for which they received valuable gifts and privileges
* At the beginning of the year, they make prophecies about droughts, rain storms, propitious winds, diseases and other topics. Based on these prophecies, the citizens and the rulers make adequate preparations. A philosopher whose prophecy fails receives strong criticism and has to observe silence for the rest of his life, but otherwise incurs no penalty.
2. **Farmers**
* Most numerous of all castes
* Live in villages, and avoid visiting towns
* Exempted from fighting and other public duties
* Regarded as public benefactors, and protected from damage during wars, even by enemy warriors
* Pay a land tribute to the ruler, the official land owner
* In addition, they remit 1/4th of their produce to the state treasury
3. **Herders**
* Live in tents, outside villages and towns
* Hunt and trap crop-destroying birds and animals
* involved in animal husbandry
4. **Artisans**
* Create weapons as well as tools for farmers and others
* Exempted from paying taxes, and receive a maintenance from the state exchequer
5. **Military**
* Second most numerous among the castes
* Well-organized and equipped for war
* Indulge in amusements and idleness during peaceful times
* Maintained at state expense, along with war horses and elephants
6. **Overseers**
* Carry out administrative tasks
* Report to the king or (in states not ruled by kings) magistrates
7. **Councillors and Assessors**
* Composed of wise people with good character
* Deliberate on public affairs; included the royal advisers, state treasurers, dispute arbitrators; the army generals and chief magistrates also usually belonged to this class.
* Least numerous, but most respected
### Philosophy
Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds - one of which he calls the Brachmanes, and the other the Sarmanes. Of the Sarmanes he tells us that those who are held in most honour are called the Hylobioi (Gymnosophist). Next in honour to the Hylobioi are the physicians, since they are engaged in the study of the nature of man. Besides these there are diviners and sorcerers. Women pursue philosophy with some of them.
Megasthenes also comments on the presence of pre-Socratic views among the Brahmans in India and Jews in Syria. Five centuries later Clement of Alexandria, in his Stromateis, may have misunderstood Megasthenes to be responding to claims of Greek primacy by admitting Greek views of *physics* were preceded by those of Jews and Indians. Megasthenes, like Numenius of Apamea, was simply comparing the ideas of the different ancient cultures.
### Administration
The foreigners are treated well. Special officers are appointed to ensure that no foreigner is harmed, and judges hand out harsh punishment to those who take unfair advantage of the foreigners. Sick foreigners are attended by physicians and taken care of. Foreigners who die in India are buried, and their property is delivered to their relatives.
Historical reliability
----------------------
Later writers such as Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus, and Pliny refer to *Indika* in their works. Of these writers, Arrian speaks most highly of Megasthenes, while Strabo and Pliny treat him with less respect.
The first century Greek writer Strabo called both Megasthenes and his succeeding ambassador Deimachus liars, and stated that "no faith whatever" could be placed in their writings. The *Indika* contained numerous fantastical stories, such as those about tribes of people with no mouths, unicorns and other mythical animals, and gold-digging ants. Strabo directly contradicted these descriptions, assuring his readers that Megasthenes' stories, along with his recounting of India’s founding by Hercules and Dionysus, were mythical with little to no basis in reality. Despite such shortcomings, some authors believe that *Indika* is creditworthy, and is an important source of information about the contemporary Indian society, administration and other topics.
According to Paul J. Kosmin, *Indica* served a legitimizing purpose for Seleucus I and his actions in India. It depicts contemporary India as an unconquerable territory, arguing that Dionysus was able to conquer India, because before his invasion, India was a primitive rural society. Dionysus' urbanization of India makes India a powerful, impregnable nation. The later ruler — the Indian Herakles — is presented as a native of India, despite similarities with the Greek Heracles. This, according to Kosmin, is because now India is shown as unconquerable. Megasthenes emphasizes that no foreign army had been able to conquer India (since Dionysus) and Indians had not invaded a foreign country either. This representation of India as an isolated, invincible country is an attempt to vindicate Seleucus' peace treaty with the Indian emperor through which he abandoned territories he could never securely hold, stabilized the East, and obtained elephants with which he could turn his attention against his great western rival, Antigonus Monophthalmus.
Megasthenes states that there were no slaves in India, but the *Arthashastra* attests to the existence of slavery in contemporary India; Strabo also counters Megasthenes's claim based on a report from Onesicritus. Historian Shireen Moosvi theorizes that slaves were outcastes, and were not considered members of the society at all. According to historian Romila Thapar, the lack of sharp distinction between slaves and others in the Indian society (unlike the Greek society) may have confused Megasthenes: Indians did not use large-scale slavery as a means of production, and slaves in India could buy back their freedom or be released by their master.
Megasthenes mentions seven castes in India, while the Indian texts mention only four social classes (varnas). According to Thapar, Megasthenes' categorization appears to be based on economic divisions rather than the social divisions; this is understandable because the varnas originated as economic divisions. Thapar also speculates that he wrote his account some years after his visit to India, and at this time, he "arrived at the number seven, forgetting the facts as given to him". Alternatively, it is possible that the later authors misquoted him, trying to find similarities with the Egyptian society, which according to Herodotus was divided into seven social classes.
Megasthenes claims that before Alexander, no foreign power had invaded or conquered Indians, with the exception of the mythical heroes Hercules and Dionysus. However, it is known from earlier sources – such as Herodotus and the inscriptions of Darius the Great – that the Achaemenid Empire included parts of north-western part of India (present-day Pakistan). It is possible that the Achaemenid control did not extend much beyond the Indus River, which Megasthenes considered to be the border of India. Another possibility is that Megasthenes intended to understate the power of the Achaemenid Empire, a rival of the Greeks. |
**Lars Törnman** (born 6 May 1951) is a Swedish mine worker, trade union leader, politician, municipal commissioner, and mayor of Kiruna in 1994–2003 and 2008–2010 (sharing the latter post in 1998–2002 and 2008–2010). Törnman was born in Kiruna, Norrbotten County. He was a devoted Social Democrat until his founding of the Kiruna Party in 1994 and again since 2010. He made a failed attempt to reach the Riksdag of Sweden by running his Kiruna Party jointly with another local party as the Norrbotten Party (falling, with 9.1%, little more than two points short of the 12% threshold which would have allowed for a parliamentary seat for Törnman).
During the 1990s and early 2000s the Kiruna Party was the dominant political force of Kiruna, dropping the Social Democrats with over a fifth of the electorate in its first showing in 1994. Later, successes were mixed, but dwindled after 2003, when the leadership of the town was forced to resign after internal disputes. Törnman was again appointed Municipal commissioner in 2008, two years after a devastating electoral showing, but returned to the Social Democrats in 2010. |
Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to New South Wales, Australia
***Grevillea virgata***, commonly known as **Nerong grevillea**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is an upright shrub with white flowers and is endemic to the Central Coast of New South Wales.
Description
-----------
*Grevillea virgata* is an upright, open shrub that grows to a height of 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in – 6 ft 7 in), with reddish branches when young and sometimes forms a rhizome. The leaves are narrowly elliptic, more or less spreading, usually separated in clusters of three, 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long, 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) wide, upper surface sometimes marked with dots, prominent veins, smooth or with small, round protuberances. The lower surface is visible and loosely to occasional with almost silky flattened hairs. The white flowers are borne at the end of branches, upright or curved downward, broadly on one side in groups of 10-24. The perianth is white with occasional silky flattened hairs, densely on limbs, inside occasionally bearded. The gynoecium 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long, style white, turning pink after the perianth drops, mostly smooth, hooked at the end 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in). Flowering occurs mostly from May to October and the fruit is a narrow ovoid shape 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) long.
Taxonomy and naming
-------------------
*Grevillea virgata* was first formally described in 2000 by Robert Owen Makinson, and the description was published in *Flora of Australia*. The specific epithet (*virgata*) means "long and slender".
Distribution and habitat
------------------------
Nerong grevillea grows in forest and on the edges of swamps near the lower Myall River, and occurs between Bulahdelah and Nerong in New South Wales. |
In Mormonism, being changed into an immortal state without dying
For the general concept of mystical translation in other religions, see Entering heaven alive. For other meanings of this word, see translation (disambiguation).
In Mormonism, **translation** refers to being physically changed by God from a mortal human being to an immortal human being. A person that has been translated is referred to as a **translated being**. According to Mormonism, Enoch, Elijah, Moses, John the Apostle, the Three Nephites, and others were translated.
A translated being is akin to a resurrected person, with the exception that a translated being has never died and has a body with less power than a resurrected being. According to Parley P. Pratt, ordinary human beings are said to have a *telestial body*; people who are translated are said to have a *terrestrial body*; and people who are resurrected are said to have a *celestial body*,[*unreliable source?*] but all the terms also refer to the three degrees of resurrected being, as per 1 Corinthians 15 and Doctrine and Covenants 76.
State of terrestrial body
-------------------------
See also: Degrees of glory
Those who are translated beings are said to be "changed so that they do not experience pain or death until their resurrection to immortality." Both translated and resurrected beings are eternally young and fit, not subject to illness or injury and spend their existences as ministering angels doing things that require physical bodies to perform; for example, where a disembodied spirit can record events as a witness and offer comfort or advice, a physical body is required to perform ordinances such as laying on of hands.
According to Parley P. Pratt, a translated being has a terrestrial body. The terrestrial body would be different from the terrestrial glory of heaven, just as the presentworld is considered "telestial" but is not the telestial glory of heaven. Translated beings with terrestrial bodies can appear or disappear the way the resurrected Jesus did in the 24th chapter of Luke. However, those who have resurrected "celestial" bodies have more power than those with *terrestrial bodies*. A person who has been translated still has to be resurrected after the Second Coming of Christ to attain a celestial body.
Latter-day Saint beliefs
------------------------
Latter-day Saints believe that a select number of individuals have been translated. Some of these individuals have been admitted into heaven to await their formal resurrection, and others have been permitted to remain upon the earth until that time. The following are a list of persons that Latter-day Saints believe were translated; the individuals in bold script are the ones that have presumably been admitted into heaven as a translated being:
* Enoch
* People of Enoch's City of Zion
* Moses
* Elijah
* John the Apostle
* Three Unnamed Nephites
* Alma, son of Alma
Many Latter-day Saints believe that there are also other persons who have been translated, some of whom may also have been taken to heaven; there is some LDS scriptural support for this belief.
Translation in other Christian groups
-------------------------------------
Similar beliefs about "translation" were also held by other religious groups and sects at various times and places, such as the Buchanites in 18th century Scotland.[]
St Clement, a 1st-century bishop of Rome, used the term "translation" in the same context in his first letter, "The Letter of The Church of Rome to The Church of Corinth", as translated by Cyril C. Richardson. It appears in 9:3.
Annalee Skarin
--------------
Annalee Skarin was a woman who had been raised in the LDS Church who claimed to have invented a meditation technique by which anyone could *translate* themselves directly into Heaven. She also claimed in her book to be able to see directly into the Spirit World with what is called in Mormonism the *spiritual eye*. She wrote a book about it called *Ye Are Gods*. Originally a devout Mormon, she was excommunicated from the Church shortly after publication of her first book, *Ye Are Gods*, because it was perceived by high-ranking members that the book's contents seriously blasphemed against Mormon belief. Many proponents of New Age thought that she, along with her husband Reason Skarin, indeed achieved physical immortality (been *translated*) after her clothes were found in her room in 1952 and she totally disappeared, and he disappeared soon afterward.
However, it was later shown that she had faked her "translation" and gone into hiding with her husband in order to increase sales of her books. She hid away from the Mormon corridor by going to southern Oregon and later living in the far north of California. It was later proven that she physically died of natural causes.[*unreliable source?*][*unreliable source?*] |
Nigerian scientist and university administrator
Prof. Ibrahim H. Umar
**Ibrahim Khalil Umar** is a Nigerian scientist and university administrator. He was Vice-Chancellor of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria from 1979 to 1986. He holds a B.Sc. in physics and mathematics from Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, a M.Sc. in physics from Northern Illinois University, USA and a Ph.D. (1974) in physics at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. In 1976 he became the first Nigerian academic in physics to teach at Bayero University. In 1978 he served on the national constitutional assembly that drafted the Constitution of the 2nd Republic.
Between 1994 and 1997, Umar served as Sole Administrator of the Federal University of Technology, Minna.
He represented Nigeria at the Executive Assembly of the World Energy Council from 1990. He was a member of the Nigerian delegation to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference from 1989 and was appointed Director-General of the Energy Commission of Nigeria in 1989. He served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the IAEA for 2000–2001. In 2004 he was the Director of the Centre for Energy Research and Training, where the first Nigerian research nuclear reactor is located.
In 2007, he was on the international advisory committee for the international workshop on *Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Africa*, held at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in Nigeria.
Honour
------
I H UMAR TWIN THEATRE BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO OLD CAMPUS
As one of the former Vice chancellor of Bayero University Kano state a lecture Twin theatre was name after him at the university old campus along Biochemistry department Road.
Death
-----
On the 30th of January 2023 his son Faruk Ibrahim Umar announced his death. |
Extinct genus of flowering plants
***Stonebergia*** is an extinct genus in the rose family, Rosaceae, which contains the single species ***Stonebergia columbiana***. The genus was described from a series of isolated fossil leaves in shale from an early Eocene location in southern British Columbia.
History and classification
--------------------------
*Stonebergia* has only been identified from one location in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, the type locality "One mile Creek" exposure of the Allenby Formation near Princeton, British Columbia. The Allenby Formation is currently considered to be Early Eocene in age, based on potassium–argon radiometric dating of plagioclase and biotite crystals. The Allenby formation sediments are interpreted as preserved river lake and wetlands systems, with a surrounding mountain environment.
The species was described from a type specimen, the holotype specimen UWBM 54110 A,B and group of eight paratypes, five of which are currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections housed at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, in Seattle, Washington. Another one of the paratypes is placed in the princetone Museum and District Archives and the remaining two paratypes are in the University of Alberta collections. The specimens were studied by the paleobotanists Jack A. Wolfe of the United States Geological Survey, Denver office and Wesley C. Wehr of the Burke Museum. They published their 1988 type description for *S. columbiana* in the Journal *Aliso*. In their type description they note the etymology for the generic name *Stonebergia* is in honor of Margaret Stoneberg from the Princeton District Museum for her support and encouragement of Wolfe and Wehr. The specific epithet *columbiana*, is a reference to the type locality in British Columbia.
Description
-----------
The leaves of *Stonebergia* are simple and pinnately veined ranging between 1.7–2.2 centimetres (0.67–0.87 in) long and 1.0–3.0 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) wide. The leaf lamina is notably pinnatifid with some areas almost being a compound leaf structure. The leaves have between four and nine pairs of secondary veins branching from the main vein at angles up to 90° near the base and decreasing to around 45° near the leaf tip. Each side of the secondary veins host up to seven lobes of the lamina and each lobe has up to eight total teeth. The petiole ranges between 0.8–1.0 centimetre (0.31–0.39 in) long and is notably very hairy. It bears a stipule up to half the petiole length which hosts many simple straight hairs in addition to some glandular hairs. |
American bronc rider
**Herman Linder** was a rancher, rodeo competitor, and rodeo promoter.
Linder was born in Darlington, Wisconsin, USA, 5 August 1907 to a circus performer who had emigrated from Switzerland to North America. The family later moved to Cardston, Alberta, Canada, where the young Linder began to ride young steers and unbroken horses for amusement. He and his brother, Warner, soon took to rodeoing. The first time he competed at the Calgary Stampede, Linder won the Canadian championships for both the saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding. He soon began to dominate the sport, becoming known as "King of the Cowboys" in the 1930s, winning the Canadian all-round championship seven times, and the North American championship five times in a row.
In 1936, Linder joined 60 other cowboys in staging a rodeo cowboy strike at the Boston Garden. This action led to the birth of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association. Later, he was involved in the foundation of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association. Following his retirement as a competing cowboy, Linder produced rodeo competitions, including one presented at Expo 67 in Montréal, Quebec.
Linder became a member of the (American) National Cowboy Hall of Fame in 1980. He was inducted into the Rodeo Hall of Fame of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1955 when it opened. He was made an honorary chief of the Blood Indians. In 1982, he was inducted into the Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame.
He died in Cardston, Alberta, on 18 January 2001. |
Liquid-transferring laboratory tool
This article is about the laboratory tool. For the band, see The Pipettes.
A **pipette** (sometimes spelled as **pipet**) is a type of laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry and biology to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the instrument.
History
-------
The first simple pipettes were made in glass, such as Pasteur pipettes. Large pipettes continue to be made in glass; others are made in squeezable plastic for situations where an exact volume is not required.
The first micropipette was patented in 1957 by Dr Heinrich Schnitger (Marburg, Germany). The founder of the company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and started the commercial production of micropipettes in 1961.
The adjustable micropipette is a Wisconsin invention developed through interactions among several people, primarily inventor Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Nomenclature
------------
Although specific names exist for each type of pipette, in practice, any type can be referred to as a "pipette". Pipettes that dispense less than 1000 μl are sometimes distinguished as micropipettes.
The terms "pipette" and "pipet" are used interchangeably despite minor historical differences in their usage.
Common pipettes
---------------
### Air displacement micropipettes
Main article: Air displacement pipette
Single-Channel Pipettes designed to handle 1–5ml and 100–1000µl with locking system
A 5,000 μl (5 ml) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated. 500 means that the amount transferred is 5,000 μl.
A 1,000 μl (1 ml) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated.
A variety of pipette tips
Air displacement micropipettes are a type of adjustable micropipette that deliver a measured volume of liquid; depending on size, it could be between about 0.1 µl to 1,000 µl (1 ml). These pipettes require disposable tips that come in contact with the fluid. The four standard sizes of micropipettes correspond to four different disposable tip colors:
| Pipette type | Volumes (μL) | Tip color |
| --- | --- | --- |
| P10 | 0.5–10 | white |
| P20 | 2–20 | yellow |
| P200 | 20–200 | yellow |
| P1000 | 200–1,000 | blue |
| P5000 | 1,000–5,000 | white |
These pipettes operate by piston-driven air displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. The liquid around the tip moves into this vacuum (along with the air in the tip) and can then be transported and released as necessary. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate. However, since they rely on air displacement, they are subject to inaccuracies caused by the changing environment, particularly temperature and user technique. For these reasons, this equipment must be carefully maintained and calibrated, and users must be trained to exercise correct and consistent technique.
The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr. Heinrich Schnitger in Marburg, Germany. Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs. In 1972, the adjustable micropipette was invented at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by several people, primarily Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy.
Types of air displacement pipettes include:
* adjustable or fixed
* volume handled
* Single-channel, multi-channel or repeater
* conical tips or cylindrical tips
* standard or locking
* manual or electronic
* manufacturer
Irrespective of brand or expense of pipette, every micropipette manufacturer recommends checking the calibration at least every six months, if used regularly. Companies in the drug or food industries are required to calibrate their pipettes quarterly (every three months). Schools which are conducting chemistry classes can have this process annually. Those studying forensics and research where a great deal of testing is commonplace will perform monthly calibrations.
#### Electronic pipette
Main article: Electronic pipettes
To minimize the possible development of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive pipetting, electronic pipettes commonly replace the mechanical version.
Single-Channel Electronic Pipettes designed to handle 0.5–10ml
VIAFLO electronic multichannel pipettes from INTEGRA BiosciencesVIAFLO electronic multichannel pipettes from INTEGRA Biosciences
### Positive displacement pipette
Main article: Positive displacement pipette
These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as DNA. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a capillary and a piston (movable inner part) which directly displaces the liquid.
* Positive displacement pipettePositive displacement pipette
* The chuck which will be used to move the plungerThe chuck which will be used to move the plunger
* An early pipetteAn early pipette
### Volumetric pipettes
Main article: Volumetric pipettes
Several sizes of volumetric pipette.
**Volumetric pipettes** or **bulb pipette** allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 20, 50, and 100 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for titration.
### Graduated pipettes
Main article: Graduated pipette
Graduated pipettes are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a graduated cylinder or burette, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth was used. The safety regulations included the statement: "Never pipette by mouth KCN, NH3, strong acids, bases and mercury salts". Some pipettes were manufactured with two bubbles between the mouth piece and the solution level line, to protect the chemist from accidental swallowing of the solution.
* A person pipetting by mouth, now considered an unsafe practiceA person pipetting by mouth, now considered an unsafe practice
* A manual propipetter adjusted by turning the wheel with the thumbA manual propipetter adjusted by turning the wheel with the thumb
* A manual propipetter adjusted by squeezing the valves marked E and SA manual propipetter adjusted by squeezing the valves marked E and S
* An automatic propipetter adjusted by pressing the button and toggling the switchAn automatic propipetter adjusted by pressing the button and toggling the switch
* An automatic propipetter adjusted by pulling and releasing the triggersAn automatic propipetter adjusted by pulling and releasing the triggers
### Pasteur pipette
Pasteur pipettes with rubber bulbs attached.
**Pasteur pipettes** are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is separate from the pipette body. Pasteur pipettes are also called **teat pipettes**, **droppers**, **eye droppers** and **chemical droppers**.
### Transfer pipettes
A transfer pipette
**Transfer pipettes**, also known as **Beral pipettes**, are similar to Pasteur pipettes but are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.
Specialized pipettes
--------------------
### Pipetting syringe
Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and burettes. They are calibrated to ISO volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and PTFE seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5 mL and 25 mL. This arrangement provides improvements in precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.
### Van Slyke pipette
The Van Slyke pipette, invented by Donald Dexter Van Slyke, is a graduated pipette commonly used in medical technology with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis.
### Ostwald–Folin pipette
The Ostwald–Folin pipette, developed by Wilhelm Ostwald and refined by Otto Folin, is a type of volumetric pipette used to measure viscous fluids such as whole blood or serum.
### Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette
The Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette, developed by Clemens Winkler and refined by Louis Munroe Dennis, is an apparatus for the controlled reaction of liquids under a mild electric current and a supply of oxygen.
### Glass micropipette
Carlsberg pipettes, glass micropipettes, named for the place for their invention and first use, The Carlsberg Laboratory, Physiology Department, Copenhagen, Denmark. Used with a mouthpiece for precision biochemical and physiological labwork. From the top: double constriction pipettes for 1 and 10 microlitre; single constriction pipettes for 200; 2,000; and 10,000 microlitre
Borosilicate **glass micropipette** pulled with a Flaming/Brown micropipette puller P-97
These are used to physically interact with microscopic samples, such as in the procedures of microinjection and patch clamping. Most micropipettes are made of borosilicate, aluminosilicate or quartz with many types and sizes of glass tubing being available. Each of these compositions has unique properties which will determine suitable applications.
Glass micropipettes are fabricated in a micropipette puller and are typically used in a micromanipulator.
### Microfluidic pipette
A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of microfluidics into a freely positionable pipette platform. At the tip of the device a localized flow zone is created, allowing for constant control of the nanoliter environment, directly in front of the pipette. The pipettes are made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which is formed using reactive injection molding. Interfacing of these pipettes using pneumatics enables multiple solutions to be loaded and switched on demand, with solution exchange times of 100ms.
Invented by Alar Ainla, currently situated in the Biophysical Technology Lab at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
### Extremely low volume pipettes
A zeptoliter pipette has been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how crystallization takes place.
### Pipette aids
A variety of devices have been developed for safer, easier, and more efficient pipetting. For example, a motorized pipette controller can aid liquid aspiration or dispensing using volumetric pipettes or graduated pipettes; a tablet can interact in real-time with the pipette and guide a user through a protocol; and a pipette station can help to control the pipette tip immersion depth and improve ergonomics.
### Robots
An example of mechanical pipettes manipulated by an anthropomorphic robot
Pipette robots are capable of manipulating the pipettes as humans would do.
Calibration
-----------
Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with NIST traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.
Posture and injuries
--------------------
A biochemist pipetting
Proper pipetting posture is the most important element in establishing good ergonomic work practices. During repetitive tasks such as pipetting, maintaining body positions that provide a maximum of strength with the least amount of muscular stress is important to minimize the risk of injury. A number of common pipetting techniques have been identified as potentially hazardous due to biomechanical stress factors. Recommendations for corrective pipetting actions, made by various US governmental agencies and ergonomics experts, are presented below.
Winged elbow pipetting
Technique: elevated, "winged elbow". The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body weight. Holding a pipette with the elbow extended (winged elbow) in a static position places the weight of the arm onto the neck and shoulder muscles and reduces blood flow, thereby causing stress and fatigue. Muscle strength is also substantially reduced as arm flexion is increased.
Corrective action: Position elbows as close to the body as possible, with arms and wrists extended in straight, neutral positions (handshake posture). Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should not exceed 12" from the worksurface.
Over rotated arm pipetting
Technique: Over-rotated forearm and wrist. Rotation of the forearm in a supinated position (palm up) and/or wrist flexion increases the fluid pressure in the carpal tunnel. This increased pressure can result in compression of soft tissues like nerves, tendons and blood vessels, causing numbness in the thumb and fingers.
Corrective action: Forearm rotation angle near 45° pronation (palm down) should be maintained to minimize carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive activity.
Clenched fist pipetting
Technique: Tight grip (clenched fist). Hand fatigue results from continuous contact between a hard object and sensitive tissues. This occurs when a firm grip is needed to hold a pipette, such as when jamming on a tip, and results in diminished hand strength.
Corrective action: Use pipettes with hooks or other attributes that allow a relaxed grip and/or alleviate need to constantly grip the pipette. This will reduce tension in the arm, wrist and hand.
Thumb plunger pipetting
Technique: Concentrated area of force (contact stress between a hard object and sensitive tissues). Some devices have plungers and buttons with limited surface areas, requiring a great deal of force to be expended by the thumb or other finger in a concentrated area.
Corrective action: Use pipettes with large contoured or rounded plungers and buttons. This will disperse the pressure used to operate the pipette across the entire surface of the thumb or finger, reducing contact pressure to acceptable levels.
Incorrect posture can have a strong impact on available strength arm strength pipetting
Technique: elevated arm. Muscle strength is substantially reduced when arm flexion is increased.
Corrective action: Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should also not exceed 12" from the worksurface.
Elbow strength pipetting
Technique: Elbow flexion or abduction. Arm strength diminishes as elbow posture is deviated from a 90° position.
Corrective action: Keep forearm and hand elevation within 12" of the worksurface, which will allow the elbow to remain near a 90° position.
Unlike traditional axial pipettes, ergonomic pipetting can affect posture and prevent common pipetting injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis and other musculoskeletal disorders. To be "ergonomically correct" significant changes to traditional pipetting postures are essential, like:
minimizing forearm and wrist rotations, keeping a low arm and elbow height and relaxing the shoulders and upper arms.
A smart pipette stand that can control electronic pipettes
Pipette stand
-------------
Main article: Pipette stand
Typically the pipettes are vertically stored on holder called pipette stands. In case of electronic pipettes, such stands can recharge their batteries. The most advanced pipette stands can directly control electronic pipettes.
Alternatives
------------
An alternative technology, especially for transferring small volumes (micro and nano litre range) is acoustic droplet ejection. |
Public high school in Gilbert, Maricopa, Arizona, United States
**Campo Verde High School** (**CVHS**) is a public high school located in Gilbert, Arizona, United States. It was built in 2009 and is part of the Gilbert Public Schools district. The school accommodates grades 9–12, and in 2018, the school had a student body of 2,091.
Campo Verde's colors are Dark Green and Copper and the teams are collectively called the Coyotes. The school is a member of the Arizona Interscholastic Association's 5A - San Tan Conference and competes in Division I and II sports.
The overarching philosophy of the high school is to promote an environment that sparks creativity, inspires innovation, embraces the principles of citizenship, and fosters an atmosphere of lifelong learning.[] Graduates of CVHS are groomed to be responsible, well-rounded, ethical members of society positioned to succeed in their next level of achievement as employees, students pursuing continued education, employers, or a combination of these outcomes.[] High expectations at all levels, fluid and clear channels of communication, strong parental involvement, and endless possibilities frame the daily operations at Campo Verde High School.[] In addition, evaluation of student learning outcomes, institutional effectiveness, and structured, self-reflection play critical roles in the evolution of the school.[]
History
-------
The school was built by Core Construction and opened in the fall of 2009.[] The school's name is Spanish for "green field," an allusion to Greenfield Elementary School, local arterial Greenfield Road, and to the role of Spanish-speaking people in building Gilbert.
In February 2010, the district installed two 200-kilowatt (270 hp) solar panels on the site to help power a third of the school.
Demographics
------------
Campo Verde High School has a nearly equal enrollment of male (51%) and female (49%) students, with a total population of 2094 in the 2017-2018 school year..[] The population has steadily grown since its opening in 2009 and offers a rich academic experience, diverse course offerings, and a wide variety of activities, clubs, and organizations.[] The campus has hosted an array of events including band competitions, sporting events, community gatherings, and most recently the regional host for the Fiesta Bowl Charities/Be Kind event on 8/29/2017 with over 4000 attendees and ESPN coverage.[] The school's participation in community focused events is a direct reflection of the guiding principles that frame the decisions made, the outcomes experienced, and the passion of the leadership, faculty and staff to provide diverse learning opportunities for all.[]
Extracurricular activities
--------------------------
### Athletics
For the 2010–11 school year, CVHS began fielding varsity sports and also opened its doors to juniors (11th grade students). In the 2011–2012 school year it had its first senior graduating class, and in the 2012–2013 year it had its first four-year graduation.
* Badminton
* Baseball
* Basketball (Boys)
* Basketball (Girls)
* Cheer
* Cross Country
* Football
* Golf (Boys)
* Golf (Girls)
* Soccer (Boys)
* Soccer (Girls))
* Softball
* Swim and Dive
* Tennis (Boys)
* Tennis (Girls)
* Track and field
* Volleyball (Boys)
* Volleyball (Girls)
* Wrestling
### Band
The Coyote Pride Marching Band, directed by Matt Kozacek has tripled in size over the past three years, currently has 97 members, and has become one of Arizona's elite band programs.[] On August 13, 2017 The Coyote Pride Marching Band performed the National Anthem at a televised Diamondbacks vs. Cubs baseball game at Chase Field, in Phoenix, AZ with over 41,000 in attendance.[] The band programs have received numerous awards and state championships under Mr. Kozacek's leadership.[] He believes firmly in music and arts education for all students and his core philosophies include teaching life skills and passion through music.[]
### Clubs and Activities
* Academic Decathlon
* AFJROTC AZ-951
* Anime Club
* Art Club
* Astronomy Club
* Band Council
* Best Buddies
* Biomedical Science (Biomed)
* Book Club
* Chef's Club - FCCLA
* Chess Club
* Culture Club
* Choir
* Concert Band
* Drama Club
* Drum Line
* Drill
* Dungeons & Dragons Club
* Early Childhood - FCCLA
* Environmental Science Club
* Ethnic Student Union
* FBLA/BOSAS
* FBLA/Business Computers
* Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)
* Fellowship of Christian Students (FCS)
* FFA
* French National Honor Society
* Gaming Club
* Girls Who Code
* Green Team
* Hiking Club
* Investment Club
* Japanese Club
* JROTC
* Key Club
* League of Literary Legends (Creative Writing)
* Link Crew
* Marching Band
* Marine Biology Club
* Math Club
* National Honor Society
* No Place for Hate/Radiate
* Orchestra
* Orchestra Council
* Pair A Dice
* Physical Education (PE)
* Robotics
* Spanish Honor Society
* Speech/Debate Club
* Sports Med
* Strings Ensemble
* Student Council (STUCO)
* Theater
* Tri M
* Turning Point
* United Sound
* Wind Ensemble
* Winter Guard
* Yearbook |
German politician (1838–1902)
Ernst Maria Lieber.
**Philipp Ernst Maria Lieber** (16 November 1838, Bad Camberg, Duchy of Nassau – 31 March 1902(1902-03-31) (aged 63) Bad Camberg was a German Centre party politician and member of the Reichstag.
Life
----
Ernst Lieber was the son of the lawyer, politician, and tea merchant Moritz Joseph Josias Lieber. The religious painter Philipp Veit, the Limburg Bishop Peter Joseph Blum and politically influential Bishop of Mainz, Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, were friends of his parents. Lieber earned his *Abitur* in Hadamar. He studied from 1858 law in Würzburg, Munich, and Bonn. Lieber received his doctorate finally in Heidelberg. After the death of his father in 1863, he interrupted work on his habilitation and supported his mother in the education of his youngest sibling and the family tea trading business. In Camberg he founded a trade association and a Catholic social club. Lieber married on 24 September 1873 Josephine Arnold (1853–1932). From the marriage twelve children were born. Lieber was a member of the Catholic Student Association KDStV Bavaria Bonn.
Work
----
At the initiative of Bishop Blum, in 1869 Lieber gave his first speech at a *Katholikentag* (conference of Catholic laity). Later he became one of the founders of the Centre party, which he took over as chair in 1891 after the death of Ludwig Windthorst. He was elected in 1870 to the Prussian House of Representatives and in March 1871 to the first parliament. Both mandates he held until his death. During the *Kulturkampf*, he distinguished himself as an eloquent opponent of Bismarck, particularly in the debates on the National Sunday rest, the restriction of women, and child labor, and the general working time limit. Following the partial withdrawal of the Kulturkampf laws, the party under his leadership struck a decidedly a national course. Lieber supported in particular the naval bills, by which he supported the politics of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Lieber was politically active in his hometown of Camberg. He was a member of the city council and was temporarily City Council Chairman. He also belonged to the district council and district committee, also the local parliament of the governmental district of Wiesbaden, as well as the county council of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau in Kassel. In Camberg, Ernst Lieber build in 1889 the Lieber'schen tower on an old foundations, in the tower room he received visitors.
Lieber was elected President of the *Katholikentag* in Münster in 1885.
Awards
------
Pope Leo XIII gave him the Grand Commander's Cross of the Order of St. George and made him a papal chamberlain.
*This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia article Ernst Lieber*. |
Village in Wisconsin, United States
**Union Grove** is a village in Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,806 at the 2020 census.
History
-------
Governor Henry Dodge named the area that became Union Grove, combining the word "Union" with "Grove" because of the gorgeous grove of burr oak trees on the west side of the land.
Geography
---------
Union Grove is located at 42°41′7″N 88°2′58″W / 42.68528°N 88.04944°W / 42.68528; -88.04944 (42.685287, -88.049390).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.47 square miles (6.40 km2), all of it land.
Demographics
------------
Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 412 | | — |
| 1890 | 432 | | 4.9% |
| 1900 | 520 | | 20.4% |
| 1910 | 616 | | 18.5% |
| 1920 | 729 | | 18.3% |
| 1930 | 755 | | 3.6% |
| 1940 | 971 | | 28.6% |
| 1950 | 1,358 | | 39.9% |
| 1960 | 1,970 | | 45.1% |
| 1970 | 2,703 | | 37.2% |
| 1980 | 3,517 | | 30.1% |
| 1990 | 3,669 | | 4.3% |
| 2000 | 4,322 | | 17.8% |
| 2010 | 4,915 | | 13.7% |
| 2020 | 4,806 | | −2.2% |
### 2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,915 people, 1,881 households, and 1,269 families living in the village. The population density was 1,989.9 inhabitants per square mile (768.3/km2). There were 1,960 housing units at an average density of 793.5 per square mile (306.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.6% European American, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.
There were 1,881 households, of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.5% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.06.
The median age in the village was 37.4 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.
### 2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 4,322 people, 1,631 households and 1,143 families living in the village. The population density was 2,525.0 per square mile (975.9/km2). There were 1,677 housing units at an average density of 979.7 per square mile (378.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.20% White, 0.28% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population.
There were 1,631 households, of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.10.
28.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median household income was $50,636 and the median family income was $57,453. Males had a median income of $38,239 versus $25,263 for females. The per capita income was $20,445. About 4.6% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.
Education
---------
* Union Grove Elementary School
* Union Grove Union High School
* Union Grove Christian School (PreK-12)
* Shepherds College is a post-secondary school for students with intellectual disabilities founded in 2008.
Public safety
-------------
Fire and EMS service are provided by the Union Grove-Yorkville Fire Department. Police services are provided by the Racine County Sheriffs Department.
Transportation
--------------
Union Grove was a stop on the Racine & Southwestern branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, better known as the Milwaukee Road. In its 1980 bankruptcy, the Milwaukee Road disposed of the Southwestern Line. Today the line from Sturtevant through Union Grove to Kansasville is operated by CP Rail.This line has been sold and plans have been made to create a bike path over the old railroad path. However, this has not came to fruition, as of 2020.
Notable people
--------------
* Vilnis Ezerins, NFL player, attended high school in Union Grove.
* Clifford R. Goldsworthy, Wisconsin State Representative, farmer, and businessman, was born in Union Grove.
* James Vint, formerly a Socialist state legislator from Milwaukee, later moved to Union Grove and operated an 80-acre farm here, as well as managing the Farmers' Cooperative Elevator company
* M.A. Heusdens, Author, Grew up, attended Grade School and High School in Union Grove. |
Town in South Dakota, United States
**Rockham** is a town in Faulk County, South Dakota, United States, off U.S. Route 212, and was a stop on the old Chicago and North Western Railway. The population was 22 at the 2020 census.
History
-------
Rockham was platted in 1886. It was named after Rockhampton, in Australia. A post office has been in operation in Rockham since 1887.
The Chicago & North Western Railway constructed a rail line from Redfield to Faulkton in 1886. Rockham was founded as a stop on the railway that year, in 1886 on land originally homesteaded by Anders Opperud, and was incorporated on March 4, 1909. Rockham's first school, the F.M. Brown School, was erected in 1884; the Rockham Public School was built in 1915. Rockham received its first telephone service in 1903 and electrical power was distributed throughout the city in 1919.
In 1925, the Rockham Public School was damaged by a tornado.
In 1970, the Chicago & North Western Railway abandoned its rail line from Redfield to Gettysburg, leaving Rockham without rail service for hauling grain.
The Rockham Public School closed in 1972.
Rockham celebrated its centennial on July 4–6, 1986.
Geography
---------
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.50 square miles (1.29 km2), all land.
Demographics
------------
Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 286 | | — |
| 1920 | 347 | | 21.3% |
| 1930 | 288 | | −17.0% |
| 1940 | 220 | | −23.6% |
| 1950 | 113 | | −48.6% |
| 1960 | 197 | | 74.3% |
| 1970 | 60 | | −69.5% |
| 1980 | 52 | | −13.3% |
| 1990 | 48 | | −7.7% |
| 2000 | 53 | | 10.4% |
| 2010 | 33 | | −37.7% |
| 2020 | 22 | | −33.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census |
### 2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 33 people, 13 households, and 6 families residing in the town. The population density was 66.0 inhabitants per square mile (25.5/km2). There were 28 housing units at an average density of 56.0 per square mile (21.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100.0% White.
There were 13 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, and 53.8% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 4.00.
The median age in the town was 34.5 years. 36.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 21.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 60.6% male and 39.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 53 people, 18 households, and 14 families residing in the town. The population density was 107.2 inhabitants per square mile (41.4/km2). There were 27 housing units at an average density of 54.6 per square mile (21.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.11% White, and 1.89% from two or more races.
There were 18 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.8% were married couples living together, and 22.2% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.43.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.2% under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 15.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $68,750. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $16,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,511. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line. |
Baseball cap model by New Era Cap Company
The **59FIFTY** is a model of baseball cap made by the New Era Cap Company, a headwear company based in Buffalo, New York. The 59Fifty is the official on-field cap of Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball, and the official sideline cap of the National Football League and the National Basketball Association.[] It is also a fashion symbol, with the hip-hop community the first to adopt it in the 1980s and 1990s.
History
-------
The 59FIFTY's wool predecessor debuted in 1934 at a Cleveland Indians game and the 59FIFTY itself came out in 1954. Harold Koch, son of New Era founder Ehrhardt Koch, created the 59FIFTY to make hats more uniform within MLB. Sources vary on the meaning of its name: it might be the cap's original catalogue number, 5950; its model number; or the roll of fabric Koch used while producing the original design. By the 1970s, the 59FIFTY was being worn by 20 of the 24 MLB teams and became available to the public in the mid-1980s. The Cincinnati Reds became the first team to receive memorial caps following their 1990 World Series win. Hats from the losing team are taken apart and recycled following the game. The 59FIFTY became the official on-field cap in 1993.
### Early popularity
During the 1980s, Tom Selleck popularized the 59FIFTY when he wore a Detroit Tigers cap in *Magnum P.I.*. Its first major craze came in 1996, when film director Spike Lee requested a custom red New York Yankees cap to wear to the third game of the World Series. New Era's contract with the team stipulated that only blue caps could be produced, but the owner worked with MLB to make an exception. Lee was photographed at the game and requests for custom orders increased substantially. Several years later, Fred Durst repopularized the red Yankees hat.
Design
------
The first 59FIFTY design had a flat visor, with eight rows of stitching, ventilating eyelet holes, and a high rise crown. Koch added a buckram on the inside of the cap to keep the logo centered and pointed forward. This design only underwent minor tweaks until the 1980s, when lighter wool, sweats, and beading were used to make the logos look cleaner, and the stitching was raised. Teams could also choose different colored fabrics for the under-visor rather than the traditional green, which was used "because it was believed the color helped the reflection of the sun off the turf, meaning there was less stress on a player’s eyes." It wasn't until 1990 that a team made this change, with the Cincinnati Reds changing their under-visor color to gray. The team wound up popularizing the gray under-visor because they won the World Series the same season they made the change. By 1995, all MLB teams were using gray fabric on their under-visors.[] Beginning in the late 1990s, teams began to experiment with black fabric under the visors to help with the sun's glare, and black sweatbands to make them appear less sweat-stained[] and by 2007, black under-visor fabric became the norm along with black sweatbands. In 2016, the New Era flag logo was added to the bottom left side of the cap.
There are two styles of the 59FIFTY: the original, which has a flat visor and a tall profile, and the low-profile, which has a pre-curved visor and a rounded profile. Earlier versions of the 59FIFTY were made with 100% wool but eventually switched to polyester, which includes sweat-wicking fabric and sun protection. 59FIFTYs are fitted and do not have an adjustment strap like many other designs, such as the snapback. In 1992, the MLB logo was added to the back of every cap and in 1996, the World Series logo was added to the right side of the hat.[] Commemorative and special edition side patches appear on some caps and are also sold separately. As of 2017, the caps were still being made partially by hand.
Cultural impact
---------------
Collaborators include BTS, Fear of God, Takashi Murakami, Marc Jacobs, MTV, and Chance the Rapper. New Era recognizes May 9 as 59FIFTY day.
### Fashion
In the 1980s and 1990s, the hip-hop community began wearing the 59FIFTY as a fashion statement. Jay-Z, Eazy-E, Dr. Dre, Beastie Boys, and Aaliyah were among those who popularized it. New Era's CEO credits Spike Lee with bringing the 59FIFTY into the fashion world, which later fed into streetwear. Part of why the cap became a fashion icon is because it represented pride in one's city. The cap is also called Brooklyn style due to New Era's connection to New York and the borough's hip-hop scene. Leaving the gold size sticker on the visor became a fashion trend, enough that New Era added that they do not offer replacement stickers to the FAQ on their website. In 2017, Paola Antonelli included a replica of Spike Lee's red Yankees cap in her "Items: Is Fashion Modern?" exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The exhibit featured 111 cultural icons that majorly impacted the world of fashion. |
**Peter Ernest Tiboris** is an American producer particularly noted for conducting and producing concerts at Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, and other classical music venues around the world, especially in Greece. He has conducted over 50 concerts in Stern Auditorium / Perelman Stage at Carnegie Hall and at Lincoln Center and produced nearly 1300 concerts worldwide through the company he founded in 1983, MidAmerica Productions. Mr. Tiboris' concerts have been hailed by The New York Times as "sizzling and precise," and "vigorous...alert and energetic."
Early life and education
------------------------
Peter Tiboris was born in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, on October 31, 1947, to Ernest Peter Tiboris, a dentist, from Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and Stella Menas, of Waukegan, Illinois, first generation Greek-Americans of the Greek Orthodox faith.
Peter Tiboris’ interests in Greek culture and music began at age five with piano lessons and continued at age nine with organ lessons given by the Reverend Father Peter Murtos of the St. Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church in Sheboygan. At age 10 he became St. Spyridon's organist.
Peter Tiboris studied music education at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, receiving a bachelor's degree (B.M.) in 1970 and a master's degree (M.S.) in 1974. While still an undergraduate, he became Assistant Choir Master at the Assumption Greek Orthodox Church of Madison, under Michael Petrovich.
In 1980, he received a doctorate (Ed.D) in music education from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Between 1972 and 1984, he taught at colleges in Wisconsin, Illinois, New Hampshire, and Louisiana.
MidAmerica Productions
----------------------
While serving as Associate Professor of Music at the University of Southwestern Louisiana in Lafayette (now called University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in 1983, Peter Tiboris was asked to organize a concert in New York to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Archbishop Iakovos as Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of North and South America. The concert, on January 7, 1984, at Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center, brought together soloists, choruses from Louisiana and New York, and the American Symphony Orchestra for a Greek-themed program which included the world premiere of Dinos Constantinides’ Hymn to the Human Spirit and the New York premiere of Constantinides’ Lament of Antigone. The concert also marked the New York conducting debut of Peter Tiboris and the inaugural concert of MidAmerica Productions.
A review of Peter Tiboris’ first concert, written by the critic Tim Page in The New York Times, deemed Mr. Tiboris’ New York conducting debut "vigorous…alert, energetic."
Peter Tiboris has conducted many works in the choral repertoire as well as symphonic works, operas, and ballets, including world, U.S. and New York premieres of works by Beethoven/Mahler, Bruckner, Dinos Constantinides, Dello Joio, Dohnányi, Effinger, Philip Glass, Gregory Magarshak, Mozart, Nielsen, Schnittke, Taneyev, Tchaikovsky, and Mikis Theodorakis.; as well as rarely performed works by Cherubini and Rossini. He has also conducted in more than 20 countries, including Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. In March 2016, he made his Asian conducting debut with the Macau Symphony Orchestra in China.
MidAmerica Productions has presented nearly 1300 concerts worldwide, including 1011 concerts in New York, in such venues as Stern Auditorium, and Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall; and Avery Fisher Hall and Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center. The original choral format has expanded to include Madrigal Festivals, a National Wind Ensemble, Vocal Jazz Festivals, National Festival Youth Orchestra, Sweet Adelines, and solo concerts featuring such musicians as Alan Gilbert and Stanley Drucker. Since 1988, English composer and conductor John Rutter has made over 100 appearances with MidAmerica, including at the world premiere of his Mass of the Children in February 2003.
The company has become a launching pad for Elysium Recordings, Inc. a CD label founded in 1995 that has released 27 recordings to date and is distributed by ArkivMusic which includes significant works by Mascagni and performances by Lukas Foss; the Manhattan Philharmonic, a freelance orchestra in New York; a solo and chamber music series at Weill Recital Hall and Alice Tully Hall; and a music festival in Greece, Festival of the Aegean, which completed its 11th season in 2015 on the Island of Syros and was named "Best Festival in Greater Greece 2011" by the Music Critics of the Union of Greek Music and Theater Critics, Athens, Greece. In 2013 Peter Tiboris founded MidAm International, Inc. a producer of concerts in Europe and Asia. Since then, in addition to the annual Festival of the Aegean, MidAm International, Inc. has presented concerts in Vienna, Austria; and Florence, Italy with proposed concerts through 2017 in Vienna, Austria; Florence, Italy; Syros, Greece; and Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing, China.
Personal life
-------------
Peter Tiboris is married to the soprano Eilana Lappalainen and has two children from a previous marriage, Ernest Peter Tiboris, born in 1979; and Stephanie Susan Tiboris, born in 1982. His brother, Gus, a dentist, was born in 1948 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin.
Discography
-----------
| Title / Work | | Year | | Label | | Number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tchaikovsky: Romeo and Juliet; Taneyev: Symphony No. 4 in C minor, Op. 12 | | 1992 | | Bridge | | 9034 |
| Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral" (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1992 | | Bridge | | 9033 |
| Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67; Symphony No. 7 in A major, Op. 92 (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1993 | | Albany | | 110 |
| Schubert: Symphony No. 9 in C (The Great C Major); Beethoven: Overture "For the Consecration of the House" (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1993 | | Albany | | 089 |
| Verdi: Requiem | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK708 |
| Mascagni: Silvano | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK707 |
| Haydn and Hellenic Antiquity: Symphony No. 43 ("Mercury"), Scena di Berenice, Ariadne Auf Naxos Cantata, Aria from Orfeo, Insertion Aria for Traetta's Iphigenia | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK706 |
| All Beethoven: Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major, Op. 55 ("Eroica"); Coriolan Overture, Op. 62; Leonore Overture No. 2, Op. 72A (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK702 |
| All Dvorak: The Water Goblin, Op. 107; Symphonic Variations, Op. 78; Slavonic Rhapsody, Op. 45, No. 2; Scherzo Capriccioso, Op. 66 | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK701 |
| Dvorak: The Spectre's Bride | | 1995 | | Elysium | | GRK700 |
| Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K.550; Symphony No. 41 in C ("Jupiter"), K.551; Beethoven: Leonore Overture No. 3 (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1996 | | Elysium | | GRK710 |
| Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67; Symphony No. 7 in A, Op. 92 (incorporating Mahler's *Retuschen*) | | 1997 | | Elysium | | GRK712 |
| Music for Doubles: Works by Krommer, Saint-Saens, Martinu | | 1998 | | Elysium | | GRK714 |
| Mascagni: Zanetto; L'amico Fritz—Intermezzo; Cavalleria rusticana—Intermezzo | | 2008 | | Elysium | | GRK726 | |
Auto race held at North Carolina Motor Speedway in 1974
Motor car race
The **1974 American 500** was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was held on October 20, 1974, at North Carolina Motor Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina.
Joe Millikan would make his NASCAR Cup Series debut while Jerry Schild would exit the series in this event. A rare NASCAR Winston Cup appearance by former Champ Car team owner and driver Tony Bettenhausen Jr. would make this race into a landmark event in motorsports history. His first NASCAR appearance was at the 1973 Atlanta 500 while his final appearance at the Cup Series level would be at the 1982 Champion Spark Plug 400.
Background
----------
North Carolina Motor Speedway was the project of Harold Brasington and Bill Land. Brasington, a land developer, also built NASCAR's first superspeedway, Darlington Speedway, in 1950. Land owned the property, which is settled in the sandhills of North Carolina, and together, they set out to find funding. They went to local lawyer Elsie Webb who assembled a group of backers. The duo also sold shares to the locals for $1 per share, and at one time had about 1,000 shareholders.
The speedway was built as a one-mile oval with flat turns. North Carolina Motor Speedway opened on October 31, 1965, holding its first race on the same day. The American 500 was a 500-lap, 500-mile NASCAR Grand National Series race won by Curtis Turner at an average speed of 101.942 miles per hour. Turner dominated the race, which was attended by 35,000 people, leading 239 laps and winning by 11 seconds. The winner's purse was $13,090. The American 500 was the 54th of 55 races in the 1965 season, which included NASCAR legends Cale Yarborough (who finished second), Richard Petty, Ned Jarrett (who would go on to win the championship), Buddy Baker, David Pearson, and Junior Johnson. Only 19 of the 43 cars were running at the end of the race.
The speedway held two Grand National races the next year, the Peach Blossom 500, and The American 500. The Peach Blossom 500 would change names multiple times, usually using the name Carolina 500, before ending as the Subway 400. The American 500 would also change names multiple times as well, ending as the Pop Secret Microwave Popcorn 400. The first race was typically held in early March or late February, and the second race was held in late October. In 1967 and 1968 the Carolina 500 was run in June.
Race report
-----------
There were 36 drivers who competed in this 492-lap racing event. All except for Canadian native Earl Ross were born and bred in the United States of America.
Joe Frasson's difficulties in handling his steering problems on lap 4 caused him to be credited with the last-place finish for this event. Elmo Langley became the lowest-finishing driver to finish the event; while J.D. McDuffie would be the last driver to achieve a DNF due to troubles with his stock car engine on lap 447. G.C. Spencer's vehicle suffered from an engine failure on lap 12 while Buddy Baker noticed that his car's brakes stopped working on lap 18. Transmission issues relegated Neil Castles to the sidelines on lap 21. Harry Jefferson's engine stopped working properly on lap 30 while Dick Brooks did terminal damage to his vehicle on lap 52. Engine failures would force Jody Ridley to leave the race on lap 85 and Dave Marcis to stop racing on lap 157.
A faulty vehicular water pump ended Ed Negre's day on lap 240 while terminal vehicle damage on lap 317 would end Richie Panch's race weekend. David Sisco noticed that his vehicle's suspension was giving him problems on lap 357; forcing him to accept a 26th-place finish.
The model years of the vehicles ranged from 1972 to 1974; with most of the field driving Chevrolet and Dodge vehicles.
After four hours and thirteen minutes of racing, David Pearson would defeat Cale Yarborough by slightly more than two seconds in front of an eager audience of 35,000 NASCAR followers. While Richard Petty, Buddy Baker and David Pearson would dominate the opening laps of this event, the final laps would become a "Cale Yarborough and David Pearson show." The average speed of the vehicles in this racing event was 118.493 miles per hour (190.696 km/h) while Richard Petty would metaphorically scorch the track with his solo qualifying speed of 135.297 miles per hour (217.739 km/h).
Individual earnings for each driver ranged for the winner's share of $16,350 ($97,019 when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's share of $550 ($3,264 when adjusted for inflation). NASCAR officials permitted the handover of $99,465 for all the qualifying drivers of this racing event ($590,213 when adjusted for inflation).
Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day.
### Qualifying
| Grid | No. | Driver | Manufacturer | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 43 | Richard Petty | '74 Dodge | Petty Enterprises |
| 2 | 15 | Buddy Baker | '74 Ford | Bud Moore |
| 3 | 21 | David Pearson | '73 Mercury | Wood Brothers |
| 4 | 11 | Cale Yarborough | '74 Chevrolet | Junior Johnson |
| 5 | 28 | Dick Brooks | '74 Chevrolet | Dick Brooks |
| 6 | 12 | Bobby Allison | '74 AMC Matador | Roger Penske |
| 7 | 52 | Earl Ross | '74 Chevrolet | Junior Johnson |
| 8 | 88 | Donnie Allison | '74 Chevrolet | DiGard Racing |
| 9 | 95 | Darrell Waltrip | '72 Chevrolet | Darrell Waltrip |
| 10 | 72 | Benny Parsons | '74 Chevrolet | L.G. DeWitt |
| 11 | 71 | Dave Marcis | '74 Dodge | Nord Krauskopf |
| 12 | 98 | Richie Panch | '72 Chevrolet | Roy Thornley |
| 13 | 54 | Lennie Pond | '74 Chevrolet | Ronnie Elder |
| 14 | 90 | Jody Ridley | '72 Ford | Junie Donlavey |
| 15 | 97 | Harry Jefferson | '72 Ford | George Jefferson |
| 16 | 24 | Cecil Gordon | '73 Chevrolet | Cecil Gordon |
| 17 | 14 | Coo Coo Marlin | '73 Chevrolet | H.B. Cunningham |
| 18 | 07 | Jerry Schild | '72 Chevrolet | Rush Johnson |
| 19 | 96 | Richard Childress | '73 Chevrolet | Tom Garn |
| 20 | 30 | Walter Ballard | '74 Chevrolet | Vic Ballard |
| 21 | 93 | Jackie Rogers | '74 Chevrolet | Ray Frederick |
| 22 | 05 | David Sisco | '74 Chevrolet | David Sisco |
| 23 | 2 | Dick Trickle | '73 Mercury | Dave Marcis |
| 24 | 19 | Bob Burcham | '73 Chevrolet | Henley Gray |
| 25 | 49 | G.C. Spencer | '74 Dodge | G.C. Spencer |
Top 10 finishers
----------------
| Pos | Grid | No. | Driver | Manufacturer | Laps | Laps led | Time/Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | 21 | David Pearson | Mercury | 492 | 169 | 4:13:21 |
| 2 | 4 | 11 | Cale Yarborough | Chevrolet | 492 | 231 | +2.2 seconds |
| 3 | 1 | 43 | Richard Petty | Dodge | 490 | 79 | +2 laps |
| 4 | 6 | 12 | Bobby Allison | AMC Matador | 487 | 1 | +6 laps |
| 5 | 9 | 95 | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet | 487 | 0 | +6 laps |
| 6 | 8 | 88 | Donnie Allison | Chevrolet | 486 | 0 | +7 laps |
| 7 | 23 | 2 | Dick Trickle | Mercury | 483 | 0 | +10 laps |
| 8 | 7 | 52 | Earl Ross | Chevrolet | 482 | 0 | +11 laps |
| 9 | 10 | 72 | Benny Parsons | Chevrolet | 479 | 0 | +14 laps |
| 10 | 21 | 93 | Jackie Rogers | Chevrolet | 479 | 0 | +14 laps | |
Place in South Carolina, United States
**Lady's Island** is a predominantly residential Sea Island located in Beaufort County, South Carolina. Small portions of the island are within the City of Beaufort, while the majority of the island remains unincorporated. The South Carolina Highway 802, also known locally as Sams Point Road, serves as the principal highway for Lady's Island and provides the only access to Coosaw Island.
History
-------
The Coosaw band of Native Americans lived in the high ground of Coosaw Point on Lady's Island. Decorative pottery shards and oyster shells are part of the history of where they prepared the oysters gathered from the Coosaw river. Lady's Island was named in 1698, in honor of Lady Elizabeth Axtell Blake, wife of Joseph Blake, governor of colonial South Carolina. She and her mother, Lady Rebecca Axtell, owned Newington Plantation in present-day Summerville, South Carolina. The island is sometimes called Combachee, Combee, or Comber Island for the ACE Basin river that flows along its border.
During the American Civil War, Union forces occupied the islands under the direction of General T. W. Sherman. All of the plantations gave way to military occupation. the major post on Lady's Island was "Coosaw" or "Sams' fort on the northeastern point of the Island. At this time there were about 30 plantations on the Ladys' Island.
The island was predominantly rural and agricultural in character for much of its history. In 1927, the first bridge connected downtown Beaufort with Lady's Island. As development of Beaufort and surrounding areas began in the last half of the 20th century, the island began to develop former plantation and timber tracts into residential subdivisions. A second bridge connected Ladys Island with Port Royal in the 1980s.
Economy
-------
The island is home to four public schools (two elementary, one middle, and one high school), Beaufort Academy, a K-12 private school, and Saint Peter's Catholic School, a K3-6 private Catholic school. Commercial development clustered at the intersection of S.C. Highway 802 and U.S. Highway 21 serves Lady's Island, Beaufort, and the surrounding Sea Islands of northern Beaufort County. The island is also the location of the Beaufort County Airport. Faith Communities located on the island include First Scots Presbyterian Church of Beaufort, St. John's Lutheran Church, Sea Island Presbyterian Church, St. Peter's Catholic Church, Meadowbrook Baptist Church, Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Beaufort, Israelite Baptist Church, Grace Chapel AME Church, Lady's Island Baptist Church, Water's Edge New United Methodist Church, and Tidal Creek Fellowship.
Ecosystems
----------
Lady's Island has three ecosystems: the maritime ecosystem of upland forest area, the estuarine ecosystem of deep water didal habitats, and the palustrine ecosystem of fresh water wetlands.
Notable people
--------------
* Lady Elizabeth Axtell Blake, Ladys Island was named in honor of her
* Joseph Blake, governor of colonial South Carolina |
Species of fish
***Epinephelus bleekeri***, the **duskytail grouper**, **Bleeker's grouper** or **Bleeker's rockcod**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region where it is associated with shallow banks.
Description
-----------
*Epinephelus bleekeri* has an elongate body which has a standard length that is 3.0 to 3.5 times as long as it is deep. The preopercle has 2 to 9 enlarged serrations at its angles and, in adults, there is a notch above that angle. The upper edge of the gill cover is straight. The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 16–18 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8–9 soft rays. The caudal fin is truncate or rounded and the pelvic fins are short. The head and body have a background colour which is brownish, reddish brown or purplish grey and it is covered, other than on the underside, with many reddish orange, gold, or yellow spots. The dorsal fin and upper third of the caudal fin are spotted like the body. The remainder of the caudal fin is dusky. In some fish the spots on the body have an indistinct dark margin. The pectoral and pelvic fins, as well as the outer part of the anal fin are dusky. There is a dark streak like a moustache along the maxillary groove. Juveniles, i.e. up to 11 centimetres (4.3 in) standard length, have 7 faint dark bars on the upper body. The first two bars are on the nape and the last is on the caudal peduncle and all 7 bars have small dark spots along their margins. There are no dark spots on the head or fins. The maximum recorded length is 76 centimetres (30 in).
Distribution
------------
*Epinephelus bleekeri* is found in the Indo-Pacific region where it is found from the Persian Gulf to Taiwan through Indonesia to northern Australia. It also occurs in the Solomon Islands, although its presence in Japan is unconfirmed and it is absent from Polynesia and Micronesia. In Australia its range goes from Shark Bay, Western Australia, to the Cobourg Peninsula in the Northern Territory.
Habitat
-------
*Epinephelus bleekeri* is a benthic species which can ben found on shallow banks and nearby areas with soft substrates as well as in silty coastal reefs and estuaries at depths of 30–105 metres (98–344 ft).
Taxonomy
--------
*Epiphenelus bleekeri* was first formally described as *Serranus bleekeri* by the French Léon Vaillant (1834–1914) with the type locality given as Jakarta.
Utilisation
-----------
*Epinephelus bleekeri* is a commercially important species which is fished for using long lines, hook and line and trawls. It is cultured in aquaculture using wild caught fry which are then grown for the live seafood trade. |
American politician (1941–2022)
**Jimmie Lou Fisher** (December 31, 1941 – July 11, 2022) was an American politician who was the longest serving Arkansas State Treasurer in Arkansas history.
Early life and career
---------------------
Fisher was born in Delight, Arkansas on December 31, 1941, the eldest of the five children of Joyce Nutt Cooper and Tollie H. Cooper. Her father was a professional basketball player and school teacher and her mother was a high school basketball coach. During her childhood, the family relocated to five different towns in Greene and Faulkner counties when her father took a job as a school superintendent. She attended school at Delaplaine School in Delaplaine, Arkansas. She graduated from Vilonia High School, and attended Arkansas State College in Jonesboro, Arkansas. She started her public career as a worker for Arkansas Louisiana Gas Company. After working in a department store, an insurance firm and accounting firm she went to politics. Then she became an active member of the local Democratic Party. She was elected Treasurer of Greene County, Arkansas, in 1970, and went on to serve four two-year terms, until in 1979, when newly elected Governor Bill Clinton, appointed her Auditor of State.
Aside from that, she was very active in Democratic politics at the same time. She served as Vice Chairman of the Arkansas Democratic State Committee from 1976 to 1978 and went on to serve as a member of the Democratic National Committee during the same time period, 1976–1978. In 1978, she helped run then Arkansas Attorney General Bill Clinton's ultimately successful run for governor, serving as his 1st Congressional District Coordinator.
Other Democratic activism
-------------------------
Fisher is noted as one of the major women in Arkansas politics, and one of the better known, and high-powered Arkansas Democratic activists. Positions she has held include:
* Vice Chairman of Democratic State Committee, 1976–78, November 1991 – September 1993
* Member of Democratic National Committee, 1976–78, and November 1991 – September 1993
* Past President of the Arkansas Democratic Women's Club
* Delegate to the Democratic National Convention, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000
* Member of the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention 1976
Tenure as state treasurer
-------------------------
Jimmie Lou Fisher served as Auditor of State for one year. In 1980 she ran for state treasurer when Nancy Hall, the first woman ever elected as a statewide constitutional officer in Arkansas, retired after serving 18 years. Fisher easily won the primary due to her powerful connections within the Arkansas Democratic Party. She then went on to win the General Election just as easily, and in doing so, became only the third woman ever to be elected to statewide office in Arkansas (behind Hall and Senator Hattie Caraway). She then went on to win three two-year terms as state treasurer, and four four-year terms, serving a total of 22 years as state treasurer, making her the longest serving state treasurer in the history of Arkansas, and placing her among its longest serving statewide officials.
In 1987 she served as Vice President for the Southern Region of the National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers. Later, in 1990, she served as President of the National Association of State Treasurers.
Fisher was a very active state treasurer. In 1995 she was a delegate to the White House Conference on Aging, and was later appointed to the Rural Telephone Commission by President Bill Clinton.
While Treasurer, Fisher served as a member of the board of Arkansas Development Finance Authority, the Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System Board, the Arkansas Teacher Retirement System Board, and was a member and Secretary of the Arkansas State Board of Finance.
2002 gubernatorial race
-----------------------
See also: 2002 Arkansas gubernatorial election
In 2002 the Arkansas Democratic Party asked Fisher to be its candidate against Mike Huckabee, because they felt that she was the strongest candidate possible. They did not want to allow the highly popular Huckabee to blow past the opposition to another term as he had done in 1998, when he easily defeated the Democratic candidate in what was an embarrassingly large defeat for the Democratic Party. Determined not to let that happen again, the Democratic Party came to Fisher. Fisher was not able to run for another term for state treasurer because of the 1994 term-limits law that voters had passed. Because of this, Fisher reluctantly agreed to take on Huckabee. Despite her reluctance to enter the race originally, Fisher ran an incredibly strong and active campaign. She raised over $1 million, and campaigned hard across the state.
She hit Huckabee hard on Education with her REACH proposal. This came at a time where Huckabee was very vulnerable on that issue due to public frustration about poor education funding for rural schools. Other highlights of her campaign included: ethics accountability, prescription drug relief for seniors, Economic Growth and raising the minimum wage, crime, (during a time when Huckabee was being slammed due to questionable pardons, including one that left two women dead in Missouri), and fiscal responsibility.
Polling showed the race slowly narrowing, but Fisher was unable to cut into Huckabee's lead enough to win. Huckabee was also helped by the positive political wave for Republicans that swept through nation that year, though it did little to save incumbent U.S. Senator Tim Hutchinson, from his loss, by a 54 percent to 46 percent margin, to then Attorney General Mark Pryor. In the end, Huckabee won 53 percent to 47 percent.
2006 Democratic Attorney General primary
----------------------------------------
In 2006 Fisher signed on as Campaign Chairwoman for State Representative Dustin McDaniel of Jonesboro, who recently won an incredibly close race against North Little Rock City Attorney Paul Suskie for the Democratic nomination for Attorney General. This was thought by many political experts to be the biggest boost to McDaniel's campaign, even bigger than the endorsements of dozens of former presidents of the Arkansas State Bar Association, signifying Fisher's prominence among Democrats in the state.
2006 hospitalization
--------------------
Fisher was checked into St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center in Little Rock on the morning of April 12, 2006. She apparently suffered a "mini-stroke" similar to one U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid had a few months before. She first noticed something odd while preparing breakfast that morning. She immediately called her sister, who drove her to a family doctor. He went on to send her straight the emergency room. Later it was determined that it was not progressing, and that she was stable. Those around her have said that she was positive as always, and appeared to be doing just fine. Doctors kept her in the hospital for almost a month and a half to keep her under observation, and perform tests. She was later released after she cleared all the tests, and they noted no further symptoms or complications.
Personal life
-------------
Fisher died at a hospital in Paragould, Arkansas on July 11, 2022, at the age of 80.
Awards
------
Throughout her long career, Fisher has won many distinguished awards and honors, including:
* Arkansas Democratic Party "Gressie Carnes Award" 1979
* Worthen Bank Professional Women's Advisory Board "Arkansas Professional Women of Distinction Award" 1989
* George C. Douthit "Freedom of Information Award" 1989
* National Association of State Treasurers "Jesse Unruh Award" 1991
* National Association of Democratic Women "Outstanding Elected Democratic Women Holding Public Office Award" 1992
* Arkansas Federation of Democratic Women "Nancy J. Hall Award" 1995
* Arkansas Easter Seal
+ "Arkansan of the Year" 1997
+ "Top 100 Women in Arkansas" 1997, 1998, 1999
* UALR "Women of Arkansas – Agent of Change Award", 2000
* Association of Government Accountants "Financial Manager of the Year" 2000
Election history
----------------
**2002 General Election**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| | Mike Huckabee (R) | 427,082 | 53.01 |
| | Jimmie Lou Fisher (D) | 378,250 | 46.95 |
| | Mike Huckabee (R) re-elected to 2nd term | |
Football club
**Hrvatski nogometni klub Segesta Sisak** (English: *Croatian Football Club Segesta Sisak*), commonly referred to as **HNK Segesta Sisak** or simply **Segesta Sisak** is a Croatian professional football club located in the city of Sisak. It is named after the Illyrian settlement Segestika from which the modern town of Sisak developed. Founded in 1906, The Old Lady is the oldest Croatian club that still exists under its original name.
FŠK Segesta Sisak was founded around the end of June 1906, spending most of the Interwar period in the lower divisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. With the arrival of the communist regime in 1945, the club changed its name several times, settling on SD Naprijed Sisak in 1946. However, in the middle of the 1952 season they changed it back to NK Segesta Sisak. Throughout the Cold War Segesta competed in the third Yugoslav division, with short stints in the Second Federal League.
After the Republic of Croatia achieved its independence in 1991, Segesta played five consecutive seasons in the top division and even made it to the final of the 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup. In the 1996/97 First Croatian League season they finished 11th and after losing in the playoffs they were relegated to the Second Croatian League, never again returning to the Croatian top flight. Today they compete in the Third Croatian League, the 4th division of Croatian football.
History
-------
### Origins (1906-1918)
The most important information about the club and people who founded can be found on the occasion of the celebration of its 20th anniversary. That anniversary was marked from the 26th to the 29th of June 1927, when the first club ground was also inaugurated. The event was covered by the local weekly magazine "Hrvatske novine" and some of the original founders were interviewed. The story goes that the club was created in late June or early July of 1906 by a group of school students: 13 year old Ivo Stipčić and about twenty of his friends gathered at Ivo's uncle Ivan Šešek's inn (today's Ivana Kukuljevića-Sakcinskog Street, number 4), and decided to found a football club. The founders agreed that the first president of the club would be the owner of the ball, Ivo Stipčić, and "Segesta" was chosen as the name of the club after the name of the old Celtic-Illyrian settlement in the area of Sisak — Segestika. Since the members of the club were mostly pupils and students who stayed in Sisak only during the summer school holidays, it was named Ferijalni športski klub Segesta Sisak (*Holiday Sports Club "Segesta" Sisak*).
The first written trace of "Segesta" can be found in the weekly "Novi Sisački Glas" from the 15th of August 1909, when Segesta played a match against Concordia Zagreb. In a 1912 edition of the weekly magazine "Sisak" featured a list of Sisak-based football clubs, and Segesta is said to exist only through holidays, and the following year the weekly "Posavac" says of Segesta that it was "the first club in Sisak" and that it "kept somewhat afloat and functioned". The Zagreb-based newspaper Šport mentions Segesta in 1919 as "the first Sisak-based club, the Holiday Sports Club Segesta". Thus the precise and real founding date is not sure, due to a lack of any documentation about the happening.
### Interwar period and WWII (1918-1945)
The name Holiday Sports Club Segesta Sisak hung around until 1920, when at the annual club meeting on the 1st of August it was decided that the club will register in the Yugoslav football association as Športski klub Segesta Sisak (*Sports Club Segesta Sisak*). That decision was finalised on the 14th February 1921 and since then Segesta participated in every season of the Yugoslav Football Championship until 1941, and the Croatian Football League until 1944.
The club's first success came in their inaugural season in the YFA. They placed first in Sisak's local league, but lost to ŠK Krajišnik Banja Luka in the quarter-finals of the provincial playoffs. On the 1st of March 1925 the club changed its name for the second time to Građanski športski klub Segesta Sisak (*Citizens' Sports Club Segesta Sisak*) to gather the following of the citizens of Sisak. They reached the quarter-finals again in the 1926/27 season, but lost to ŠK Proleter Slavonski Brod.
The thirties was the most successful era of the club before WWII. That was the time that the club solidified itself as the biggest club in Sisak, in front of rivals Slavija and Viktorija, but also as the team to beat in the region, as they won three consecutive Provincial Championships of the Zagreb Football Association from 1930/31 to 1932/33, being the only team ever to do so. Being a provincial champion of the ZFA in those times meant Segesta was one of the better teams in Croatia and parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The quality of the team was ripe for a spot in the National League, but that dream never came to fruition. In September of 1939 the club changed its name once again into Hrvatski građanski športski klub Segesta Sisak (*Croatian* *Citizens' Sports Club Segesta Sisak*) as Yugoslavia steered further into nationalism.
### Post-war era (1945-1991)
With the establishment of the communist regime in Yugoslavia, Segesta, as all other sport clubs in the country gets dissolved by the communist authorities, only for Sport Club Naprijed to be established in its place. The club will play as Naprijed between 1946 and 1952, when it is renamed Segesta again and since then it plays in the lower leagues of the Yugoslav competitions. In the 1977/78 season, Segesta achieved great success by winning the title of Croatian champion-region north. With this success, she achieved the right to play in the finals of the Croatian Championship with the champion of the Croatian Football League - Region South, NK Solin. That match was automatically a qualification to enter the 2nd Federal Football League. The first match was played in Sisak on June 18, 1978. There were about eight thousand spectators at the "Bratstvo-jedinstvo" stadium, and Segesta won 2-0 with goals from Josip Cavrić. In the return match in Solin, the hosts won 1-0, which was enough for Segesti to celebrate the club's greatest success since World War II. In 1978, Segesta achieved another notable result, when the club won the title of Croatian amateur champion.
### In independent Croatia (1991-1996)
On the 3rd of March 1992 a meeting of the board was held, where it was decided to change the club name to Hrvatski nogometni klub Segesta Sisak (*Croatian Football Club Segesta Sisak*). They started their time in the Croatian football federation with a season in the Druga HNL — North, Croatia's second division, finishing the season in 4th place. The following season the Prva HNL, Croatia's first divion was expanded to hold 16 teams, including Segesta.
As the siege of Sisak was ongoing in the Croatian war of independence, Segesta's city rival NK Metalac Sisak froze its operations in the CFF for a year because of frequent bombing raids. The "Blue Thunder" from Sisak's southern district Caprag made it possible for Segesta to enter the first division. Their best sports staff, coaches and players that didn't have military duties moved to their rival Segesta as the Old Lady started preparing for their first top flight campaign ever.
The 90s are consideed to be the golden era of Segesta's rich history. In their first Prva HNL season in 1992/93 they managed a solid 10th spot with manager Zlatko Kranjčar at the helm.They improved to 9th in the 1993/94 season as they reached the quarterfinals of the Croatian Football Cup, and in 1994/95 under new manager Milivoj Bračun reached an excellent 8th place, with the help of Alen Peternac's 13 goals.
In the 1995/96 season, the Prva HNL was repurposed again. In the first part of the season Segesta managed an incredible 6th place, with a Prva A HNL joint best 6:0 home win against NK Rijeka, nearly missing out on the championship group but earning themselves a spot in the UEFA Intertoto Cup. After a 2nd place finish in the Prva A HNL playoff (8th altogether) and a successful european run, Segesta finished the best season in club history.
### The 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup
Taking 6th place in the first part of the 1995/96 1. HNL season, Segesta also qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup. On the 29th of June 1996 Segesta played their first official European match. In Sisak, in front of 1,500 spectators they managed a 1:1 draw against Swedish side Örgryte IS Göteborg. After a victorious trip to Israel against Hapoel Tel-Aviv they extended their streak to 3 after wins against Stade Rennais and Luzern. Without losing a single game they finished the group stage in 1st place and qualified for the knockout stage.
Their semi-finals opponent was another Swedish side, Örebro SK. The first leg was a 4:0 win featuring a Hari Vukas hat-trick, and a 1:4 defeat away from home was enough to go through to the finals. With that finals berth Segesta became the first Croatian club to qualify for a final of a UEFA club competition. The first leg of the final was played on the 6th of August in Sisak against danish side Silkeborg IF. 2 quick goals by the Danes were enough as Segesta only managed an 89th minute consolation. The second leg in Denmark on the 20th of August ended with a single goal by Šašivarević, which made the final score 2:2, however Silkeborg took the trophy because of the away goal rule.
### Collapse (1996-2006)
The 1996/97 season spelled trouble for Segesta. The return of Zlatko Kranjčar as manager didn't show results as Segesta ended the first half of the season in 11th. In Group A of the relegation playoffs, Segesta faced off against Cibalia and Slaven. All three games ended as 1:1 draws, so the ties were replayed. In the replay, Segesta once again drew both matches, but Slaven beat Cibalia, and Segesta was relegated from the Prva HNL after five seasons in the top flight.
The following season they won the Druga HNL — Središte title, but lost in the promotion playoffs to familiar foes Cibalia. After a second match against Mladost Suhopolje and a second loss in the playoffs, they solidified their place in the second division for years to come. In the 1998/99 season they once again reached the quarter-finals of the Croatian Football Cup. In 2001/02, they are relegated to the third division for the first time since Croatian independence, but were promoted right back after winning the 2002/03 Treća HNL — Središte title. Two seasons later and another relegation to the third division in 2005/06 was followed by another promotion back to the second division after a playoff win against NK Suhopolje, and for the first time since 1997/98, the club had stability, staying in the second flight for 7 consecutive seasons.
### 100th and 110th anniversary (2006-2016)
The 100 year anniversary of the club was celebrated on the 30th of August 2006 with a match against the Croatian national football team. The national team won 6:2 with goals by Eduardo, Klasnić, Modrić and Balaban. The scorers for the hosts were Deronjić and Šenija. The formal board meeting held on the 26th of September saw Segesta's all time best players, managers and staff receive awards. Among the players were Slavko Draženović, Ivan Sertić, Dubravko Kahler, Željko Plepelić, Milan Radojčić, Branimir Agarević, Zoran Buinac, Nikica Valent, Josip Cavrić, Danijel Kukić and Damir Stefanovič, as well as Rudolf Draženović, the oldest living Segesta player. Managers Stjepan Grgec and Nikola Dobranić also received awards, as well as presidents Vladimir Posavec, Dragan Boižić and Đuro Brodarac.
The 2007/08 hosted a good cup campaign, as the club reached their first quarter-final since the 1998/99 season. In the 2009/10 season Segesta was, after seven seasons once again relegated from Druga HNL. In November of 2011, after a bad season in the third division, recent player and Segesta captain stepped into the manager role. Come 2012/13, Segesta won the Treća HNL — Središte, ten years after their previous success. In the playoffs they beat HNK Val and earned promotion spot. After two successful seasons in the second flight, with respective 6th and 8th finishes, they are once again relegated to the third division in the 2015/16 season.
On the 31st of August 2016, the Croatian national football team was once again welcomed in Sisak to commemorate Segesta's 110th anniversary. The national team won 8:1, with goals by Mario Mandžukić, Andrej Kramarić, Ivan Perišić, Nikola Kalinić and Duje Čop, with the single goal for Segesta scored by Luka Kožić.
### Recent years (2016-present)
In the 2017/18 season Segesta completed their worst season since WWII, as they were relegated from the third division of Croatian football. With that result they became a part of the Četvrta NL — Središte Zagreb, a regional semi-professional division. There they spent two seasons, and won promotion back to the Treća HNL in 2019/20. In the 2021/22 season Segesta finished 17th, and, with the expansion of the third flight into a single unified league, were once again demoted into the fourth division, where they are now playing.
Honours
-------
### Domestic
* **2. HNL:**
+ **Winner (1):** 1997-98 (Center)
* **3. HNL:**
+ **Winner (2):** 2002–03, 2012–13 (Center)
+ **Runner-up (1):** 2006-07 (West)
### International
* **UEFA Intertoto Cup:**
+ **Runner-up (1):** 1996
Crest and colours
-----------------
The colours that marked Segesta's history are red and white. Throughout the club's history, they mostly played in red and white striped kits, symbolising the colours of Pannonian Croatia. Depending on the club's financial situation they've had several different kit manufacturers, with some of the more famous ones being Umbro, Legea and Diadora. One of the more famous main sponsors to feature on the kit is croatian oil giant INA.
Segesta's crest is a shield divided into two parts. The top part features Segesta's red and white stripes and the Croatian chequy, divided by the club name. The bottom part is the city emblem of Sisak, Sisak's old city. This crest has been in use since the early 90s, or rather since the independence of Croatia.
League record
-------------
### Croatian football league 1992 – today
| Season | Division | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts | Pos |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | 2. HNL North | 10 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 4th ↑ |
| 1992–93 | 1. HNL | 30 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 31 | 44 | 25 | 10th |
| 1993–94 | 1. HNL | 34 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 48 | 44 | 34 | 9th |
| 1994–95 | 1. HNL | 30 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 32 | 31 | 38 | 8th |
| 1995–96 | 1. A HNL | 36 | 14 | 7 | 15 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 8th |
| 1996–97 | 1. A HNL | 30 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 35 | 34 | 39 | 11th ↓ |
| 1997–98 | 2. HNL Centre | 32 | 21 | 7 | 4 | 71 | 15 | 70 | 1st |
| 1998–99 | 2. HNL | 36 | 22 | 4 | 10 | 84 | 34 | 70 | 3rd |
| 1999–2000 | 2. HNL | 32 | 15 | 11 | 6 | 58 | 29 | 56 | 6th |
| 2000–01 | 2. HNL | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 38 | 47 | 46 | 11th |
| 2001–02 | 2. HNL South | 30 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 25 | 33 | 35 | 13th ↓ |
| 2002–03 | 3. HNL Centre | 30 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 71 | 25 | 68 | 1st ↑ |
| 2003–04 | 2. HNL South | 32 | 15 | 4 | 13 | 51 | 46 | 49 | 3rd |
| 2004–05 | 2. HNL South | 32 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 51 | 38 | 48 | 5th |
| 2005–06 | 2. HNL South | 32 | 9 | 4 | 19 | 34 | 59 | 31 | 11th ↓ |
| 2006–07 | 3. HNL West | 34 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 72 | 39 | 62 | 2nd ↑ |
| 2007–08 | 2. HNL | 30 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 39 | 37 | 43 | 7th |
| 2008–09 | 2. HNL | 30 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 33 | 47 | 33 | 11th |
| 2009–10 | 2. HNL | 26 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 17 | 46 | 16 | 14th ↓ |
| 2010–11 | 3. HNL West | 30 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 51 | 48 | 50 | 8th |
| 2011–12 | 3. HNL West | 34 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 44 | 47 | 48 | 6th |
| 2012–13 | 3. HNL Center | 30 | 22 | 2 | 6 | 80 | 35 | 68 | 1st ↑ |
| 2013–14 | 2. HNL | 33 | 13 | 7 | 13 | 40 | 39 | 46 | 6th |
| 2014–15 | 2. HNL | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 31 | 42 | 34 | 8th |
| 2015–16 | 2. HNL | 33 | 10 | 8 | 15 | 44 | 54 | 38 | 11th ↓ |
| 2016–17 | 3. HNL West | 30 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 45 | 53 | 36 | 11th |
| 2017–18 | 3. HNL West | 34 | 9 | 4 | 21 | 36 | 76 | 31 | 18th ↓ |
| 2018–19 | 4. HNL - Center | 30 | 17 | 3 | 10 | 55 | 43 | 54 | 5th |
| 2019–20\* | 4. HNL - Center | 16 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 31 | 20 | 27 | 5th ↑ |
| 2020–21 | 3. HNL - Center | 34 | 10 | 8 | 16 | 43 | 59 | 38 | 13th |
* – COVID-19 season
### Key
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | 2nd | ↑ | ↓ |
| Champions | Runners-up | Promoted | Relegated |
Top scorer shown **in bold** when he was also top scorer for the division.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * P = Played
* W = Games won
* D = Games drawn
* L = Games lost
* F = Goals for
* A = Goals against
* Pts = Points
* Pos = Final position
| * 1. HNL = Prva HNL
* 2. HNL = Druga HNL
* 3. HNL = Treća HNL
* 4. HNL = Četvrta HNL
| * GS = Group Stage
* PR = Preliminary round
* R1 = Round 1
* R2 = Round 2
* QF = Quarter-finals
* SF = Semi-finals
* RU = Runners-up
* W = Winners
|
Cup record
----------
### Yugoslav cup
| Season | Round | Opponent | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1947 | 1st preliminary round | NK Rudar Trbovlje | 2:2 (aet.) |
| |
| 1948 | 1st preliminary round | NK Železničar Maribor | 4:2 |
| 2nd preliminary round | FK Spartak Subotica | 1:4 |
| |
| 1949 | Round of 32 | FK Budućnost Titograd | 0:3 |
| |
| 1951 | Round of 64 | NK Borac Zagreb | 1:0 |
| Round of 32 | NK Metalac Zagreb | 1:2 |
| |
| 1981-82 | Round of 32 | GNK Dinamo Zagreb | 0:4 |
### Croatian football cup
| Season | Round | Opponent | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992-93 | Round of 32 | Rijeka | 2:2, 1:2 |
| |
| 1993-94 | Round of 32 | Mladost Cernik | 3:1, 14:0 |
| Round of 16 | Inker Zaprešić | 2:3, 1:0 |
| Quarter-finals | Zagreb | 2:2, 1:3 |
| |
| 1994-95 | Round of 32 | Regeneracija-Mladost Zabok | 7:0, 8:0 |
| Round of 16 | Zadar | 1:0, 1:0 |
| Quarter-finals | Hajduk Split | 1:1, 0:3 |
| |
| 1995-96 | Round of 32 | Karlovac | 2:0, 7:0 |
| Round of 16 | Zagreb | 2:0, 1:4 |
| |
| 1996-97 | Round of 32 | Napredak Velika Mlaka | 3:2 |
| Round of 16 | Osijek | 0:3 |
| |
| 1997-98 | Round of 32 | Jadran Poreč | 1:2 |
| |
| 1998-99 | Round of 32 | Moslavina Kutina | 3:2 |
| Round of 16 | Raštane Zadar | 4:0 |
| Quarter-finals | Slaven Belupo Koprivnica | 1:4, 0:1 |
| |
| 1999-00 | Round of 32 | Mosor Žrnovnica | 5:6 (pen.) |
| |
| 2000-01 | Round of 32 | Sloboda Varaždin | 2:1 |
| Round of 16 | Zagreb | 0:2 |
| |
| 2001-02 | Round of 32 | TŠK Topolovac | 3:5 |
| |
| 2002-03 | Round of 32 | TŠK Topolovac | 0:1 |
| |
| 2003-04 | Round of 32 | Zadar | 1:4 |
| |
| 2005-06 | Preliminary round | Bjelovar | 3:2 |
| Round of 32 | Belišće | 1:0 |
| Round of 16 | Hajduk Split | 1:2 (prod.) |
| |
| 2006-07 | Preliminary round | Vodice | 3:2 |
| Round of 32 | Zadar | 3:1 |
| Round of 16 | Konavljanin Čilipi | 0:2 |
| |
| 2007-08 | Preliminary round | Čakovec | 1:0 |
| Round of 32 | Zadar | 1:0 |
| Round of 16 | Rijeka | 3:0 |
| Quarter-finals | Zagreb | 0:0, 2:3 |
| |
| 2009-10 | Round of 32 | Nehaj Senj | 1:0 (prod.) |
| Round of 16 | Zagreb | 1:3 |
| |
| 2010-11 | Round of 32 | Suhopolje | 1:3 |
| |
| 2011-12 | Round of 32 | Split | 0:5 |
| |
| 2012-13 | Round of 32 | Lokomotiva Zagreb | 2:4 |
| |
| 2013-14 | Round of 32 | Zadar | 0:2 |
| |
| 2014-15 | Preliminary round | Mladost Ždralovi | 3:1 |
| Round of 32 | Split | 0:2 |
| |
| 2015-16 | Preliminary round | Mladost Ždralovi | 0:1 |
| |
| 2018-19 | Preliminary round | Slavija Pleternica | 0:1 |
| |
| 2019-20 | Preliminary round | Hrvace | 1:3 |
| |
| 2020-21 | Preliminary round | Croatia Zmijavci | 3:4 |
European record
---------------
Segesta qualified for the 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup, after placing 8th in the 1. HNL, reaching the final stage before losing over two legs to Silkeborg IF on the away goals rule. To this day Segesta is the only Croatian club to have reached a UEFA European club competition final.
### Summary
| Competition | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | Last season played |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *UEFA Intertoto Cup* | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 9 | 1996 |
| **Total** | **8** | **5** | **1** | **2** | **14** | **9** | **–** |
**Pld** = Matches played; **W** = Matches won; **D** = Matches drawn; **L** = Matches lost; **GF** = Goals for; **GA** = Goals against. Defunct competitions indicated in italics.
### By season
| Season | Competition | Round | Opponent | Home | Away | Agg. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Intertoto Cup | Group6 | Sweden Örgryte | 1–1 | – | – |
| Israel Hapoel Tel Aviv | – | 3–1 | – |
| France Rennes | 2–1 | – | – |
| Switzerland Luzern | – | 1–0 | – |
| Semi-finals | Sweden Örebro | 4–0 | 1–4 | 5–4 |
| Finals | Denmark Silkeborg | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–2 (a) |
Famous managers
---------------
* Croatia Srećko Bogdan
* Croatia Milivoj Bračun
* Croatia Branko Ivanković
* Croatia Mirko Kokotović
* Croatia Zlatko Kranjčar
* Croatia Mladen Munjaković
* Croatia Vjeran Simunić
* Bosnia and Herzegovina Ratko Ninković
* Croatia Ivan Pudar |
For other ships with the same name, see Ocean (East Indiaman) and Ocean (ship).
***Ocean*** was launched in 1802 at Quebec. She made five voyages under charter to the British East India Company (EIC) between 1804 and 1814. Her owners then sold her and she continued to sail between Britain and India under a license issued by the EIC. In 1815–1816 she made one voyage transporting convicts to Australia. She was last listed in 1825.
Career
------
*Ocean* first appears in *Lloyd's Register* for 1804 with J. Walker, owner, M'Taggart, master, and trade London—India. The EIC had *Ocean* repaired by Brent in 1804. Then, for all five of her voyages for the EIC, *Ocean*'s captain was Thomas McTaggart (or MacTaggart).
### EIC Voyage #1 (1804-1805)
Because this voyage took place after the commencement of the Napoleonic Wars, *Ocean* sailed under a letter of marque that was issued to McTaggart on 30 June 1804.
*Ocean* left Portsmouth on 4 September 1804, bound for Madras and Bengal. She reached Madeira on 27 September and Madras on 17 February 1805, before arriving at Calcutta on 17 March. Homeward bound, she was at Culpee on 22 May and Saugor on 11 June. She reached St Helena on 22 October and arrived at the Downs on 22 December.
### EIC Voyage #2 (1806-1807)
*Ocean* left Portsmouth on 10 June 1806, bound for St Helena, Bengal, and Benkulen. She was at St Helena on 27 August, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 22 January 1807. She was at Saugor on 1 March, and Benkulen at 9 April. She reached St Helena on 16 August and arrived at the Downs on 10 November.
The officers and men of the EIC's ships *Lord Keith* and *Dover Castle* received salvage money in October 1810 for the recapture of *Admiral Rainier* on 31 December 1806, as did those of *Ocean*.
### EIC Voyage #3 (1808-1810)
*Ocean* left Portsmouth on 17 September 1808, bound for Madeira, Madras, and Bengal. She reached Madeira on 28 September and Madras on 11 February 1809, before arriving at Calcutta on 28 March. She was a Diamond Harbour on 4 July and Saugor on 17 August. She was back at Calcutta on 13 September and Saugor on 19 October. She reached Madras on 19 December, the Cape on 19 February 1810, and St Helena on 27 April. She arrived at the Downs on 3 July.
### EIC Voyage #4 (1811-1812)
*Ocean* left Torbay on 12 May 1811 bound for Madras and Bengal. She reached Madras on 10 September and arrived at Calcutta on 20 October. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 24 December, reached St Helena on 12 May 1812, and arrived at the Downs on 22 July.
### EIC Voyage #5 (1813-1814)
*Ocean* sailed from Portsmouth on 18 March 1813, bound for Madras and Bengal. She reached Santa Cruz on 11 April, Madras on 17 August, and Saugor on 13 September, before arriving at Calcutta on 23 September. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 7 November, reached the Cape on 1 March 1814 and St Helena on 18 March, and arrived at the Downs on 31 May.
Later career
------------
Her owners sold her on 30 July 1814 at Lloyd's Coffee House for the West Indies trade. However, *Ocean* enters the *Register of Shipping* in 1815 with C. Rait as master, P. Rait as owner, and trade London—India. Apparently, rather than sailing to the West Indies, *Ocean* sailed to the East Indies under a license from the EIC.
In 1813 the EIC had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a licence from the EIC. *Ocean*'s owners applied for a licence to trade with the East Indies on 10 November 1814, and were issue one that same day.
### Convict transport (1815-1816)
*Ocean* underwent a good repair in 1815. Then under the command of Alexander Johnson, she sailed from England in August 1815 and arrived at Port Jackson on 20 January 1816. She transported 220 male convicts, of whom one died on the voyage.
*Ocean* left Port Jackson on 17 March bound for Batavia.
Fate
----
By 1820 *Ocean*'s master and owner was Johnson, and her trade was still London—India.
*Ocean* was last listed in the *Register of Shipping* in 1824. Her master and owner was Johnson, and her trade London–India. She was listed in *Lloyd's Register* in 1825 with A. Johnson, master, Rait & Co. owner, and trade London-India.
Citations
---------
1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 British Library: *Ocean* (6).
2. 1 2 3 Wallace (1929), p. 204.
3. 1 2 Marcil (1995), p. 367.
4. 1 2 3 Hackman (2001), p. 166.
5. 1 2 *Lloyd's Register* (1804), Supplement "O", Seq. №16.
6. 1 2 3 4 "Register of Letters of Marque against France 1793-1815"; p.80 Archived July 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
7. 1 2 House of Commons (1816).
8. ↑ "No. 16409". *The London Gazette*. 29 September 1810. p. 1544.
9. ↑ "No. 16410". *The London Gazette*. 2 October 1810. pp. 1568–1569.
10. ↑ Hackman (2001), p. 247.
11. 1 2 *Register of Shipping* (1824), Seq.№O36.
12. ↑ Bateson (1959), pp. 290–1.
13. ↑ Bateson (1959), p. 327.
14. ↑ "Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure". *Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.17*. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
15. ↑ *Lloyd's Register* (1825), Seq. №O32. |
**Romeo's Daughter** are a British AOR, contemporary and mainstream rock band. Formed in 1985, the band's self-titled debut album was co-produced by Mutt Lange and John Parr. Romeo's Daughter disbanded shortly after releasing their second studio album, *Delectable*, in 1995.
Following a reissue campaign of their first two albums, Romeo's Daughter reformed in 2009 and released subsequent albums *Rapture* (2012), *Spin* (2015) and *Slipstream* (2023). Their lineup currently features Leigh Matty, Craig Joiner, Andy Wells and Steve Drennan. In 2024, *Classic Rock Magazine* listed Matty at 24th in their list of 40 Best AOR Voices of All Time.
History
-------
The original manager of the band was Olga Lange, then the wife of Robert John "Mutt" Lange. Mutt Lange was impressed by their songwriting abilities and agreed to produce (part of) their debut album. Hence, Romeo's Daughter was often seen as protégés of Mutt Lange.
The first album contained the singles "Don't Break My Heart", "I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night", covered by Bonnie Tyler and Chrissy Steele and "Heaven in the Back Seat", the latter from the *A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child* soundtrack. The album was produced by Mutt Lange and John Parr. "Wild Child" (written by Mutt Lange) was later covered by Heart on the *Brigade* album, and "Heaven in the Back Seat" was covered by Eddie Money on his 1991 album, *Right Here*.
The second album, *Delectable* was a more mature affair, although it was released on the smaller Music for Nations label so got less exposure. Mitman went on to work with FM and other bands while the band broke up in the mid 1990s.
On 25 February 2008, Romeo's Daughter's first studio album was reissued by Rock Candy Records on CD with bonus material, a 16-page full colour booklet with original and new artwork, etc. After this reissue Romeo's Daughter reformed and were performing shows. These appearances included a small warm up gig on 13 October 2009, and their main event of 2009 was Firefest VI at Nottingham Rock City on 24 October 2009.
In 2009, the band announced that they would be releasing new material through Riff City Records in the "near future". The band played some dates during 2010 and performed new material. The band's second album, *Delectable*, was reissued in July 2011.
On 22 October 2011, Romeo's Daughter released a three-track live EP available via download sites such as iTunes. In March 2012, the band released their first new album in 19 years, *Rapture* and during 2012 they performed more live tour dates. In 2012, lead singer, Leigh Matty, was voted Number 5 Lady Rock Singer of all time in *Classic Rock* and their single 'Bittersweet' was in their 'Top songs of 2012' chart. During 2013, the band toured the UK and performed at festivals including Fairport's Cropredy Convention and Hard Rock Hell.
A live album and DVD filmed live at Derby Guildhall was released in 2014. In 2015, the band released another album of new music titled *Spin*, which they toured Europe to promote.
Romeo's Daughter released their fifth studio album, *Slipstream*, on 31 August 2023. Simon Bray of *Sea of Tranquility* noted the band's shift towards guitar riff-oriented music compared to their previous albums. Paul Sabin of *Metal Planet Music* described *Slipstream* as a "sparkling piece of work". The band announced the Slipstream Tour in support of the album, which took place between September and November 2023 in the UK, including a performance at WinterStorm festival.
In 2024, the band continued to tour, with upcoming dates at Love Live Festival in Blackpool, UK, and Malmö Melodic in Sweden. Romeo's Daughter will support FM in Birmingham as part of their Old Habits Die Hard Tour in May.
Romeo's Daughter are managed by Juliet Sharman Matthews at JPSM Management who worked with them at Jive Records.
Members
-------
### Current
* Leigh Matty - lead vocals
* Craig Joiner - guitar
* Stephen Drennan - bass
* Andy Wells - drums
### Former
* Paul King - drums
* Anthony "Tony, Slim" Mitman - keyboards
* Jeff Knowler - keyboards
* Ed "Slam" Poole - Bass
Discography
-----------
### Albums
* *Romeo's Daughter* (1988)
* *Delectable* (1993)
* *Rapture* (2012)
* *Spin* (2015)
* *Slipstream* (2023)
### EPs
* *Organik* (2020)
### Singles
* "Don't Break My Heart" (1988) US No. 73
* "I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night" (1988)
* "Heaven in the Back Seat" (1989) UK No. 97
* "Attracted to the Animal" (1993)
* "Bittersweet" (2012)
* "Alive" (2013)
### Live albums
* *Live EP* (2011)
* *Alive* (2014)
### Contributions to soundtracks
* *A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child* soundtrack (1989) |
1933 book by Dr. Carter G. Woodson
***The Mis-Education of the Negro*** is a book originally published in 1933 by Dr. Carter G. Woodson.
Content
-------
The thesis of Woodson's book is that Black people of his day were being culturally indoctrinated, rather than taught, in American schools. This conditioning, he claims, causes Black people to become dependent and to seek out inferior places in the greater society of which they are a part. He challenges his readers to become autodidacts and to "do for themselves", regardless of what they were taught:
> History shows that it does not matter who is in power... those who have not learned to do for themselves and have to depend solely on others never obtain any more rights or privileges in the end than they did in the beginning.
>
>
> —Chapter 14
Woodson elaborated further:
> When you control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his actions. You do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his 'proper place' and will stay in it. You do not need to send him to the back door. He will go without being told. In fact, if there is no back door, he will cut one for his special benefit. His education makes it necessary.
>
>
> —Preface
Chapters
--------
Chapter 1—"The Seat Of The Trouble": In this chapter Woodson explains how African Americans can feel out of place as they are indoctrinated to despise themselves within the educational system. He identifies how African Americans are often influenced to become a "good negro" in order to become successful, and this ideology urges them to downplay their "blackness" to advance socially, but being educated and moving up the social ladder does not eliminate one's blackness. This problem could possibly be avoided if African Americans had equal opportunity to learn about their culture and black history.
Chapter 2—"How We Missed The Mark": Woodson explains how the educational system failed to support African Americans because of how their schools were unable to properly teach them, when compared to predominantly white schools that were fully furnished and had the means to give their students the right education. Woodson believed that African Americans should experience different means of education to develop and show their individual skills rather than to be educated practically.
Chapter 3—"How We Drifted Away From The Truth": Woodson discusses how African Americans are separated from the truth of their actual contributions to history due to it being "white-washed." He analyzed many cases in which this makes white people believe they are superior by taking away the important contributions from black people. He also shows how black teachers are often no help in fixing the problem as they continue to teach white-washed versions of history to the future generations of students.
Chapter 4—"Education Under Outside Control": Woodson speaks on how African Americans are given educationally less valuable opportunities despite whether the institution is historically black or predominately white. Woodson believes that equal education opportunities have an effect on individuals and the life that they create for themselves. He also encourages African Americans to create better opportunities in many aspects for themselves so they can live better lives. "The program for the uplift of the negro in this country must be based upon a scientific study of the negro from within to develop in him the power to do for himself what his oppressors will never do for him."
Chapter 5—"The Failure to Make a Living" highlights a lot of the problems that Black people who attend college face when presented with how to apply that knowledge to the working world, or more specifically owning and operating a business. One of the main problems that Woodson introduces is the lack of support systems that many black Americans don’t have, especially when compared to those of a similar standing who happen to be white.
Chapter 6—"The Educated Negro Leaves the Masses" discusses the estrangement that many educated black people have from the black church and the lack of support the black church receives from the educated as a result. According to Woodson, some of the things educated black people are doing instead of supporting the black church are switching to predominantly white denominations, or not attending church altogether. Woodson emphasizes the importance of the black church as "the only institution that the race controls."
Chapter 7—"Dissension and Weakness," Woodson discusses the lack of tolerance those in rural areas have for dissension and differences in denomination around them. Woodson, once again, refers back to the lack of guidance and presence educated Black people have in the Black church and the effects of it; which includes children becoming more involved with gambling, drinking, and smoking.
Chapter 8—"Professional Education Discouraged" discusses the discouragement many Black Americans face in academic settings. Some of the prime examples Woodson brings to light are how black Americans are told there will be no job opportunities in particular fields should they choose to study them, being told they are not fit for certain fields, and being discredited or ignored despite being well educated in a particular field.
Chapter 9—"Political Education Neglected," begins with some examples as to how African Americans have been previously kept from learning about American politics, one example being when a bill that would print the Constitution of the United States in all schools was turned down because "it would never do to have Negroes study the Constitution of the United States." Woodson also lays out a brief history of other times when African Americans were kept from learning about laws that govern their everyday life and the policies that were keeping them subservient.
Chapter 10—"The Loss of Vision" describes how according to Woodson Black America has lost sight of a common goal. In this chapter he brings up how in what he calls "our so-called democracy, we are accustomed to give the majority what they want rather than educate them to understand what is best for them. We do not show the Negro to overcome segregation, but we teach them how to accept it as final and just." Woodson expresses the need for African Americans to overcome segregation by proving that they are just as good as an asset to society as white Americans.
Chapter 11—"The Need for Service Rather than Leadership" describes the stifling of African Americans’ ambition and roadblocks that keep them from becoming leaders. Woodson also lays out the reasons as to why this is, but mostly shifting the blame to the lack of unity within the African American community; often referring back to points made in "The Educated Negro Leaves the Masses" and how there is too much internal conflict and dissension within the community to allow for upward mobility for the community as a whole.
In Chapter 12—"Hirelings in the Places of Public Servants," Woodson brings up the lack of African Americans in positions of power in the workplace. Woodson brings up many examples of African Americans put in management positions not being given the same respect and attention their white counterparts are given, and why this is.
Chapters "Understanding the Negro," "The New Program," and "Vocational Guidance" address multiple themes. Woodson talks about lack of negro presence throughout the school system and how that not only affects black students but white students as well. A good portion of that comes from black people not being mentioned at all in the school's curriculum. The only time they are mentioned is to be demonized or if something that is negative; because of the false information black students are given about their people they seem to try to assimilate with the white population, then in turn continue to circulate these negative views on their own people. Woodson actually conducted an interview with a professor of a black college who, when asked how he planned to teach black students about their people, said "We do not offer here any course in Negro history, Negro literature, or race relations. "We study the Negro along with other people." When Woodson questions him on his answer he then goes on to say "Why do you emphasize the special study of the Negro?" "Why is it necessary to give the race special attention in the press, on the rostrum, or in the schoolroom?" This is the mindset that most teachers he came across or looked over had towards black studies and how it should be taught to black children.
In Chapter 13—"The New Type of Professional Man Required," Woodson discusses the many hardships black lawyers and doctors encounter in their professional careers. One of the problems he discusses for black lawyers would be how they are often forced to focus on the particular laws that disproportionately affect African Americans. He seems to take issue with many black doctors and their motivations for going into such work: He says, "Too many Negroes go into medicine and dentistry for selfish purposes, hoping thereby to increase their income and spend it on joyous living." He also discusses the exclusion of African Americans from the arts.
Chapter 14—"Higher Strivings In The Service Of The Country". Woodson emphasizes his political views. Woodson believed that African Americans should not just focus on themselves and address only issues that apply to them, but should address issues that apply to everyone
Chapter 15—"Reward the dead for some distant favors from the past" Woodson tries to inform African Americans that because their ancestors were influenced by—and died—for certain rights in the past does not mean those ancestors’ political leanings should be continued in the present. Woodson argued strongly that African Americans should not endorse a particular political party because of this. He strongly felt like this because of some African Americans siding with Republicans only because of Abraham Lincoln. Not only was he strong about politics but he was also strong about having African Americans participating more in the United States economy, because he believed that African Americans playing a role in the US economy would improve their social life and makes others want to contribute to the advancement of society. Woodson stated that African Americans should pursue economic and social change.
In chapter 18, "The Study of the Negro," Woodson emphasizes the importance of again knowing the history and the importance of African American culture. He strongly believed that Blacks need to study their history more. Woodson believed that Blacks have come to hate their history due to slavery and being treated unfairly, but are taught to learn and respect other cultures' history.
Reception
---------
Many praised Woodson and his work as a glimpse into the problems that plague African Americans' social advancement.
Ron Daniels, with the Michigan City said, "Carter G. Woodson, one of our most distinguished historians, and the founder of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, was convinced that the dilemma of racial consciousness and identity was not an accident. [...] Our history, culture and identity should serve as a basic for a group cohesion, and the collective pursuit of an African-American agenda for moral, social, economic and political advancement."
Another had to say, "The result was a caustic and uncompromising litany that seemed to go on forever. Negro education, Woodson charged, clung to a defunct "machine method" based on the misguided assumption that "education is merely a process of imparting information." it failed to inspire black students and "did not bring their minds into harmony with life as they must face it." theories of Negro inferiority were "drilled" into black pupils in virtually every classroom they entered. And the more education blacks received, the more "estranged from the masses" they became."
Linda Strong-Lee, writing in *The Journal of Black Studies*, said of Woodson, "Carter G. Woodson believed that education was much more than the transferal of knowledge from teacher to student: He believed that authentic education would not only teach students to recite information but also enable students to ask difficult epistemological and ontological questions about life, political systems, social and economic inequities, and the very purpose of humankind."
The title of Lauryn Hill's 1998 album *The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill* is a reference to the book.[] |
**Anthony Dias Blue** (January 5, 1941 – December 25, 2023) was an American author, columnist, television and radio personality and the owner of a food and wine event company in Los Angeles, California.
Life and career
---------------
Born in Larchmont, New York on January 5, 1941, Blue had a long-running feature spot on WCBS radio in New York City. The subject of the feature was restaurant reviews and lifestyle subjects, mostly associated with food. Later the program was expanded to include reporting about wine. Now called the Blue Lifestyle Minute, the feature has been on every day for more than 30 years (except for the two weeks following 9/11). Blue received a James Beard Award for the Minute in 2001.
A separate, localized version of The Blue Lifestyle Minute began airing in 1999 on KFWB in Los Angeles. In 2009, this feature moved to KABC along with the addition of a new weekend show called "The Taste Buds" co-hosted with Meridith May and Merrill Schindler. In 2014 Blue left KABC and moved The Blue Lifestyle Minute to KNX (AM) 1070. This brings Blue's listenership to over 200,000. He died in Los Angeles on December 25, 2023, at the age of 82.
### San Francisco Competitions
Blue acquired the San Francisco International Wine Competition, the largest international wine competition in the US (nearly 4,500 wines entered in 2017).
In 2000 Blue launched the San Francisco World Spirits Competition which has become the second largest spirits competition in the world. It is the biggest in the United States with more than 2500 entries in 2017.
### Past publications
In 1978, Blue became West Coast Editor of *Food & Wine* magazine. In 1980, Blue became Wine and Spirits Editor of *Bon Appétit* Magazine, a position he held for 26 years. He also wrote a weekly syndicated wine column that appeared in the Bay Area, first in the *San Francisco Chronicle* and then in the *San Jose Mercury News*.
For 10 years, Blue wrote and edited the Zagat Guide for northern California for his friend Tim Zagat, with whom he attended Riverdale.
### *The Tasting Panel*
In 2007 Blue purchased, in partnership with Publisher Meridith May, *Patterson's Beverage Journal*, a 65-year-old beverage trade publication that was renamed *The Tasting Panel*. It has become the highest circulation beverage industry publication.
### The Sommelier Journal
In December 2013, *The Tasting Panel* acquired *The Sommelier Journal* with Blue as the new Editor-in-Chief along with a team of top wine and hospitality industry writers. The first issue of the refreshed publication was distributed in Spring of 2014.
### Blue Lifestyle
Blue now runs one of the nation’s most successful producers of wine and food events, creating large trade tastings, wine seminars, lunches and dinners for wineries and wine associations around the world.
### Other
In 2001 Blue also served as the color commentator on the short-lived reality television series Iron Chef USA.
Bibliography
------------
Blue wrote nine books including *American Wine*, *The Complete Book of Mixed Drinks*, *The Complete Book of Spirits*, and *Anthony Dias Blue's Pocket Guide to Wine*. With his wife, Kathryn Blue, he has also authored two cookbooks, *Thanksgiving Dinner* and *America's Kitchen*.
Accolades
---------
In 1988, Blue was selected for the James Beard Who's Who in Food Award, in 2000 he was nominated for a James Beard Award as "Wine & Spirits Personality of the Year". He won the 1997 Communicator of the Year Award from the International Wine & Spirits Competition in London. In 2001 he was awarded a James Beard Award for The Blue Lifestyle Minute. |
Type of cells of the immunological system
"White blood cells" redirects here. For the album, see White Blood Cells. "Leucocyte" redirects here. For the album, see Leucocyte (album).
**White blood cells** (scientific name **leukocytes**), also called **immune cells** or **immunocytes**, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. White blood cells include three main subtypes: granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes.
All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. The different white blood cells are usually classified by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). White blood cells are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), and agranulocytes (monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)). Myeloid cells (myelocytes) include neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and monocytes. Monocytes are further subdivided into dendritic cells and macrophages. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are phagocytic. Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) include T cells (subdivided into helper T cells, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells), B cells (subdivided into plasma cells and memory B cells), and natural killer cells. Historically, white blood cells were classified by their physical characteristics (granulocytes and agranulocytes), but this classification system is less frequently used now. Produced in the bone marrow, white blood cells defend the body against infections and disease. An excess of white blood cells is usually due to infection or inflammation. Less commonly, a high white blood cell count could indicate certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders.
The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease, and thus the *white blood cell count* is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 109/L and 1.1 × 1010/L. In the US, this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. White blood cells make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult, making them substantially less numerous than the red blood cells at 40% to 45%. However, this 1% of the blood makes a large difference to health, because immunity depends on it. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis. It is normal when it is part of healthy immune responses, which happen frequently. It is occasionally abnormal, when it is neoplastic or autoimmune in origin. A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. This indicates a weakened immune system.
Etymology
---------
The name "white blood cell" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation. White cells are found in the *buffy coat*, a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. The scientific term *leukocyte* directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek roots *leuk-* meaning "white" and *cyt-* meaning "cell". The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce.[]
Types
-----
### Overview
3D rendering of various types of white blood cells
All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets. Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. A good way to remember the relative proportions of WBCs is "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas". These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic. Further subtypes can be classified.
Granulocytes are distinguished from agranulocytes by their nucleus shape (lobed versus round, that is, polymorphonuclear versus mononuclear) and by their cytoplasm granules (present or absent, or more precisely, visible on light microscopy or not thus visible). The other dichotomy is by lineage: Myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) are distinguished from lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) by hematopoietic lineage (cellular differentiation lineage). Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
| Type | Appearance | Approx. % in adults See also:Blood values | Diameter (μm) | Main targets | Nucleus | Granules | Lifetime |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (micrograph) | (illustration) |
| Neutrophil | | | 62% | 12–15 | * Bacteria
* Fungi
| Multilobed | Fine, faintly pink (H&E stain) | 6 hours – few days(days in spleen and other tissue) |
| Eosinophil | | | 2.3% | 12–15 (slightly bigger than neutrophils) | * Larger parasites
* Modulate allergic inflammatory responses
| Bi-lobed | Full of pink-orange (H&E stain) | 8–12 days (circulate for 4–5 hours) |
| Basophil | | | 0.4% | 12–15 (slightly smaller than neutrophils) | * Release histamine for inflammatory responses
| Bi-lobed or tri-lobed | Large blue | A few hours to a few days |
| Lymphocyte | | | 30% | Small lymphocytes 7–8Large lymphocytes 12–15 | * B cells: releases antibodies and assists activation of T cells
* T cells:
+ CD4+ T helper cells: activate and regulate T and B cells
+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: virus-infected and tumor cells.
+ Gamma delta T cells: bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses; phagocytosis
+ Regulatory T cells: Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection; prevents autoimmunity
* Natural killer cells: virus-infected and tumor cells.
| Deeply staining, eccentric | NK-cells and cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells | Years for memory cells, weeks for all else. |
| Monocyte | | | 5.3% | 15–30 | Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages, Kupffer cells in the liver. | Kidney shaped | None | Hours to days |
|
### Neutrophil
Main article: Neutrophil
Neutrophil engulfing anthrax bacteria
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell, constituting 60-70% of the circulating leukocytes. They defend against bacterial or fungal infection. They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in large numbers form pus. They are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, although, in the technical sense, PMN refers to all granulocytes. They have a multi-lobed nucleus, which consists of three to five lobes connected by slender strands. This gives the neutrophils the appearance of having multiple nuclei, hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac when stained. Neutrophils are active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds. These cells are not able to renew their lysosomes (used in digesting microbes) and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens. Neutrophils are the most common cell type seen in the early stages of acute inflammation. The average lifespan of inactivated human neutrophils in the circulation has been reported by different approaches to be between 5 and 135 hours.
### Eosinophil
Main article: Eosinophil
Eosinophils compose about 2-4% of white blood cells in circulating blood. This count fluctuates throughout the day, seasonally, and during menstruation. It rises in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, and disease of the spleen and central nervous system. They are rare in the blood, but numerous in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts.
They primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives; and parasitic infections. They secrete chemicals that destroy large parasites, such as hookworms and tapeworms, that are too big for any one white blood cell to phagocytize. In general, their nuclei are bi-lobed. The lobes are connected by a thin strand. The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink-orange color with eosin staining.
### Basophil
Main article: Basophil
The movement of leukocytes in the blood, phase-contrast microscopy
Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing the dilation of blood vessels. Because they are the rarest of the white blood cells (less than 0.5% of the total count) and share physicochemical properties with other blood cells, they are difficult to study. They can be recognized by several coarse, dark violet granules, giving them a blue hue. The nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules that hide it.
They secrete two chemicals that aid in the body's defenses: histamine and heparin. Histamine is responsible for widening blood vessels and increasing the flow of blood to injured tissue. It also makes blood vessels more permeable so neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into connective tissue more easily. Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes the movement of white blood cells into an area. Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site.
### Lymphocyte
Main article: Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus that may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. Lymphocytes include:
* B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance pathogen destruction.
* T cells:
+ CD4+ T helper cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD4 are known as CD4+ T cells. These cells have T-cell receptors and CD4 molecules that, in combination, bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response. In HIV infection, these T cells are the main index to identify the individual's immune system integrity.
+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 are known as CD8+ T cells. These cells bind antigens presented on MHC I complex of virus-infected or tumour cells and kill them. Nearly all nucleated cells display MHC I.
+ γδ T cells possess an alternative T cell receptor (different from the αβ TCR found on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells). Found in tissue more commonly than in blood, γδ T cells share characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells.
* Natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that do not display MHC class I molecules, or display stress markers such as MHC class I polypeptide–related sequence A (MIC-A). Decreased expression of MHC class I and up-regulation of MIC-A can happen when cells are infected by a virus or become cancerous.
### Monocyte
Main article: Monocyte
Monocytes, the largest type of white blood cell, share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an extra role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes an antibody response to be mounted. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages, which remove dead cell debris as well as attack microorganisms. Neither dead cell debris nor attacking microorganisms can be dealt with effectively by the neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life. They have the kidney-shaped nucleus and are typically not granulated. They also possess abundant cytoplasm.
Fixed leucocytes
----------------
HSC=Hematopoietic stem cell, Progenitor=Progenitor cell, L-blast=Lymphoblast, Lymphocyte, Mo-blast=Monoblast, Monocyte, Myeloblast, Pro-M=Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Meta-M=Metamyelocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Pro-E=Proerythroblast, Baso-E=Basophilic erythroblast, poly-E=Polychromatic erythroblast, Ortho-E=Orthochromatic erythroblast, Erythrocyte, Promegakaryocyte, Megakaryocyte, Platelet
Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood. Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in, such as fixed macrophages in the liver, which become known as Kupffer cells. These cells still serve a role in the immune system.
* Histiocytes
* Dendritic cells (Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens)
* Mast cells
* Microglia
Disorders
---------
The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers (proliferative disorders) and those causing insufficient numbers (leukopenias). Leukocytosis is usually healthy (e.g. fighting an infection), but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative. Proliferative disorders of white blood cells can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative. Some are autoimmune, but many are neoplastic.
Another way to categorize disorders of white blood cells is qualitatively. There are various disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally.
Neoplasia of white blood cells can be benign but is often malignant. Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph, cancers of white blood cells can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas, although those categories overlap and are often grouped together.
### Leukopenias
Main article: Leukopenia
A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells. This type of white blood cell decreased is usually the neutrophil. In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia. Less commonly, a decrease in lymphocytes (called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia) may be seen.
#### Neutropenia
Main article: Neutropenia
Neutropenia can be acquired or intrinsic. A decrease in levels of neutrophils on lab tests is due to either decreased production of neutrophils or increased removal from the blood. The following list of causes is not complete.
* Medications - chemotherapy, sulfas or other antibiotics, phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, antithyroid medications, anticonvulsants, quinine, quinidine, indometacin, procainamide, thiazides
* Radiation
* Toxins - alcohol, benzenes
* Intrinsic disorders - Fanconi's, Kostmann's, cyclic neutropenia, Chédiak–Higashi
* Immune dysfunction - connective tissue diseases, AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis
* Blood cell dysfunction - megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, marrow failure, marrow replacement, acute leukemia
* Any major infection
* Miscellaneous - starvation, hypersplenism
Symptoms of neutropenia are associated with the underlying cause of the decrease in neutrophils. For example, the most common cause of acquired neutropenia is drug-induced, so an individual may have symptoms of medication overdose or toxicity.
Treatment is also aimed at the underlying cause of the neutropenia. One severe consequence of neutropenia is that it can increase the risk of infection.
#### Lymphocytopenia
Main article: Lymphocytopenia
Defined as total lymphocyte count below 1.0x109/L, the cells most commonly affected are CD4+ T cells. Like neutropenia, lymphocytopenia may be acquired or intrinsic and there are many causes. This is not a complete list.
* Inherited immune deficiency - severe combined immunodeficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, ataxia–telangiectasia, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, immunodeficiency with short-limbed dwarfism, immunodeficiency with thymoma, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, genetic polymorphism
* Blood cell dysfunction - aplastic anemia
* Infectious diseases - viral (AIDS, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, hepatitis, herpes, measles, others), bacterial (TB, typhoid, pneumonia, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, sepsis), parasitic (acute phase of malaria)
* Medications - chemotherapy (antilymphocyte globulin therapy, alemtuzumab, glucocorticoids)
* Radiation
* Major surgery
* Miscellaneous - ECMO, kidney or bone marrow transplant, hemodialysis, kidney failure, severe burns, celiac disease, severe acute pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, protein-losing enteropathy, strenuous exercise, carcinoma
* Immune dysfunction - arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic vasculitis, Behçet's-like syndrome, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis
* Nutritional/Dietary - alcohol use disorder, zinc deficiency
Like neutropenia, symptoms and treatment of lymphocytopenia are directed at the underlying cause of the change in cell counts.
### Proliferative disorders
Main article: Leukocytosis
An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. This increase is most commonly caused by inflammation. There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues. Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis.
#### Neutrophilia
Main article: Neutrophilia
Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in the peripheral circulation. Normal blood values vary by age. Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells (primary disease). It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease (secondary). Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation.
Primary causes
* Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils – hereditary neutrophilia, chronic idiopathic neutrophilia
* Pelger–Huët anomaly
* Down syndrome
* Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
* Familial cold urticaria
* Leukemia (chronic myelogenous (CML)) and other myeloproliferative disorders
* Surgical removal of spleen
Secondary causes
* Infection
* Chronic inflammation – especially juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, granulomatous infections (for example, tuberculosis), and chronic hepatitis
* Cigarette smoking – occurs in 25–50% of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting
* Stress – exercise, surgery, general stress
* Medication induced – corticosteroids (for example, prednisone, β-agonists, lithium)
* Cancer – either by growth factors secreted by the tumor or invasion of bone marrow by the cancer
* Increased destruction of cells in peripheral circulation can stimulate bone marrow. This can occur in hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
#### Eosinophilia
Main article: Eosinophilia
A normal eosinophil count is considered to be less than 0.65×109/L. Eosinophil counts are higher in newborns and vary with age, time (lower in the morning and higher at night), exercise, environment, and exposure to allergens. Eosinophilia is never a normal lab finding. Efforts should always be made to discover the underlying cause, though the cause may not always be found.
Counting and reference ranges
-----------------------------
Main article: White blood cell differential
The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall white blood cell count and differential count, a count of each type of white blood cell. Reference ranges for blood tests specify the typical counts in healthy people.
The normal total leucocyte count in an adult is 4000 to 11,000 per mm3 of blood.
Differential leucocyte count: number/ (%) of different types of leucocytes per cubic mm. of blood. Below are reference ranges for various types leucocytes. |
Twice-daily radio newscast; broadcast continuously over the CBS Radio Network since 1938
The ***CBS World News Roundup*** is the longest-running network radio newscast in the United States. It airs weekday mornings and evenings on the CBS Radio Network.
It first went on-air on March 13, 1938, at 8 p.m. ET as a one-time special in response to growing tensions in Europe—specifically the Anschluss, during which Adolf Hitler invaded Austria.
The early years
---------------
When the show first went on the air it was hosted by veteran radio personality Robert Trout. The first show gave the world the voices of Edward R. Murrow and William L. Shirer. In fact, it was the first time Murrow had ever delivered a news report. During the early years of the war, Murrow's reports from London and Shirer's reports from Berlin were essential listening to anyone trying to keep informed on events unfolding in Europe. War correspondents, including members of the Murrow Boys, broadcast from around Europe throughout the war.
The program was a 35-minute special report from multiple locations around the world as the pre-war crisis mounts. It was the first time that on-the-scene European field correspondents were linked with a central anchor in New York for a national broadcast. A recording of the first episode, as well as some others, is available at the Internet Archive.
Most broadcast references credit either CBS President William S. Paley or News Director Paul White as coming up with the idea for the show, as a way to trump Max Jordan's NBC coverage of the Anschluss. The previous day, Shirer had flown from Vienna to London at the request of Murrow (the CBS European chief) to give the first uncensored eyewitness account of Germany's takeover of Austria.
It was White who relayed the order to Murrow and Shirer for the first *Roundup*. The two, Murrow in Vienna and Shirer in London, then had the responsibility of linking up reporters and circuits that same day...a Sunday, when many of the key people would be mostly unreachable.
The format was so successful that it was repeated the following evening, and then revived later that year during the Sudetenland crisis. Eventually, it evolved into a daily show.
As World War II raged in Europe, the *Roundup* format spawned a weekend edition, *The World Today.* It was just before one 2:30 p.m. Eastern broadcast, on December 7, 1941, that White and *World Today* anchor John Charles Daly received word in New York that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor. Daly's report at the top of the show, among the first on any radio station or network, is the one most often used in audio retrospectives. (For more on that, see John Charles Daly.)
The show today
--------------
The *CBS World News Roundup* remains an active part of the CBS Radio Network lineup, making it America's longest running network newscast on radio or TV. The 10-minute newscast airs every morning on CBS Radio affiliates nationwide at 8 a.m. Eastern and 7 a.m. Pacific. A late edition airs at 7 p.m. Eastern time and runs for 9 minutes. Skyview Networks handles the distribution.
Despite the name of the broadcast, it no longer emphasizes world news and often is devoted to the same national, political and lifestyle stories as the shorter top of the hour news broadcasts.
The morning edition of the *World News Roundup* is anchored by Steve Kathan, and produced by Paul Farry. The full show runs for 10 minutes, although many stations take only the first eight minutes. There is also a local cut-away at four minutes past the hour for the early edition (like the network's other top of the hour newscasts) and five minutes past the hour for the late edition.
The longest tenure of one anchor with the *Roundup* was that of Dallas Townsend, who hosted the morning broadcast for 25 years. Townsend was followed by Reid Collins and then Bill Lynch who anchored from March 25, 1985 until his contract was not renewed in 1999.
Christopher Glenn's long career at CBS was punctuated with a stint on the *Roundup* from 1999 until 2006.
After Glenn's retirement, Nick Young had a short tenure on the *Roundup* until he retired in 2010.
Originally titled *The World Tonight*, the evening show was anchored by Douglas Edwards from 1966 until 1988. After Edwards retired, Glenn settled in as nighttime anchor until 1999, when he moved to the *World News Roundup.*
Around the same time as Glenn's departure to the flagship morning broadcast, *The World Tonight* was rebranded as the *World News Roundup Late Edition.* The late edition was hosted by Bill Whitney and produced by Greg Armstrong. Whitney anchored the program until his departure from CBS in December 2016, a run of 17 years.
From 1966 until 2016, *The World Tonight / World News Roundup Late Edition* had only three anchors. Since Bill Whitney's retirement in 2016, turnover has increased.
Dave Barrett succeeded Whitney until his sudden death on September 19, 2018. Jim Chenevey, the longtime overnight anchor for CBS, moved to daytime and the *Late Edition*, but was let go in June 2020.
Subsequently, Pam Coulter anchored the broadcast until her departure from CBS in September 2020. Peter King replaced her until April 2021 when Jennifer Keiper became the latest anchor of the *World News Roundup Late Edition*.
The *Weekend Roundup*
---------------------
In 2000, CBS Radio developed a weekly show based on the original *Roundup* format. The *CBS News Weekend Roundup*, designed for an hour-long time slot (40 minutes plus slots for commercials and affiliate cut-ins), is produced each Friday and airs on a number of CBS Radio affiliates on Saturdays and Sundays. It includes interviews with CBS News correspondents and other newsmakers. The network's then-news director, Mike Freedman, was the creator and first executive producer of the show.
Bill Lynch, former anchor of the morning *Roundup,* was the first host of the weekend show. It is now anchored by CBS News Corrsepondent Allison Keyes. The longest tenured anchor of the program was Former CBS News National Correspondent Dan Raviv in Washington. Correspondent Howard Arenstein, the Washington radio bureau chief, was also the executive producer. Raviv's last show as host was broadcast on January 20, 2017. After Raviv's departure, the broadcast was anchored by Steve Dorsey until Keyes assumed the role in late 2019. |
Neighborhood in Washington County, Oregon, United States
**Witch Hazel** is a neighborhood of the city of Hillsboro in Washington County, Oregon, United States. Formerly an unincorporated community, and considered a separate populated place by the United States Geological Survey, it is on the Tualatin Valley Highway and the Southern Pacific railroad line a mile (1.6 km) west of Reedville.
History
-------
Street in Witch Hazel in December 2016
A small cemetery for the Stewart family dating to 1856 was discovered in Witch Hazel when the land was cleared for development. According to *An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon* by Harvey K. Hines, the Stewarts lived on "Hazelwitch farm" beginning in 1849. Former Portland mayor Van B. DeLashmutt had a farm there in the 1880s and supposedly named the place for one of his racehorses, however. But according to racehorse authority Governor Oswald West, he had never heard of a racehorse named "Witch Hazel". Mayor DeLashmutt did once own a building at Southwest Front and Madison streets in Portland that he called the "Witch Hazel Building". Apparently he liked the name, although the witch-hazel plant, *Hamamelis virginiana*, is not native to Oregon.
The Portland, Eugene and Eastern Railway had a station at Witch Hazel with the line later becoming part of the Southern Pacific.
DeLashmutt once had the finest string of racehorses in the Pacific Northwest and his racetrack at Witch Hazel was once one of the best racetracks in America. There were two tracks on his Witch Hazel Farm. The main track was a 1 mile (1.6 km) oval used for races. The second, a half-mile (0.80 km) oval was surrounded by sheds.
Witch Hazel post office was established in 1904 and closed in 1905. About 1921, 400 acres (1.6 km2) in Witch Hazel were subdivided for a development called Witch Hazel Little Farms. The property was divided into 24 tracts of up to 10 acres (40,000 m2), and by November 1921 ten tracts had been sold. By May 1922, the number of tracts had increased to 27, and 24 had been sold. By August 1924, however, the developer was reporting that eight tracts had been sold in the preceding week, and 75 acres (300,000 m2) remained unsold. At that time water, gas, and electricity were all available in the development and construction on three homes had begun. In 1927, dog racing began at a track in Witch Hazel featuring whippets.
In 1999 and 2002, Metro brought 318 acres (1.29 km2) in Witch Hazel into the urban growth boundary. The City of Hillsboro passed a community development plan for the area in February 2004. Once the development is completed, it is estimated that it will house 5,000 people.
Schools
-------
In 1859, a school was built in neighboring Reedville and children from the Witch Hazel area attended school at that one-room schoolhouse. The Witch Hazel School District 79 was formed in 1889 and took its 28 students out of the Reedville School District. The one-school Witch Hazel district merged back into the Reedville district in 1966.
The current Witch Hazel Elementary School is located in the community on Davis Street at Brookwood Avenue, and is part of the Hillsboro School District. A new building was built in 2003 to replace the old structure located on Tualatin Valley Highway at Brookwood Avenue prior to the re-alignment of Brookwood Avenue and Witch Hazel Road at the highway. The reconstruction of those intersections came in late 2006. In 2009, South Meadows Middle School opened adjacent to the elementary school. |
Indian racing team
**MRF Racing** is an Indian racing team that competes in car racing and rallies.
Formula Racing
--------------
MRF built is first Formula 3 car in 1997. MRF in collaboration with Maruti established the Formula Maruti racing, a single-seater, open wheel class motorsport racing event for race cars made in India. MRF Challenge is an open-wheel motorsport formula based series organized by Madras Motor Sports Club in association with MRF. The latest season consisted of races organized at Madras Motor Racing Track, Chennai, Bahrain International Circuit, Losail International Circuit, Doha and Buddh International Circuit, Noida. Freddie Hunt, son of 1976 Formula One champion James Hunt, Mathias Lauda, son of 1975, 1977 and 1984 Formula One champion Niki Lauda and Mick Schumacher, son of seven time Formula 1 champion Michael Schumacher competed in the series. MRF has sponsored Indian racing drivers including Narain Karthikeyan, Karun Chandok, Ashwin Sundar, N. Leelakrishnan and Raj Bharath.[]
### Rallying
MRF have also been a long-running sponsor of MRF rally team participating in Asia-Pacific Rally Championship and Indian National Rally Championship. Associating with Czech car manufacturer Škoda, MRF Skoda is the three time reigning champion in Asia-Pacific Rally Championship with Chris Atkinson winning in 2012, Gaurav Gill in 2013 and Jan Kopecký in 2014. MRF also participates in Raid De Himalaya, the world's highest rally. The Indian National Rally Championship Overall winners (2022) Karna Kadur and Nikhil Pai also drive in the MRF colours.
### Others
MRF promotes a national motocross championship, a form of all-terrain two wheeler racing held on enclosed off-road circuits annually across several cities. MRF sponsors major karting championships in India. MRF is the first Indian tyre company to develop FIA approved karting tyres. |
Subsets and Splits