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| | | --- | | Part of a series on | | British law | | | | Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom | Year | | --- | | 1801  1802  1803  1804  1805–1808  1809  1810–1813  1814  1815–1818  1819  1820–1824  1825–1829  1830–1834  1835–1839  1840–1844  1845  1846  1847  1848  1849  1850–1854  1855–1859  1860–1864  1865–1869  1870–1875  1876  1877  1878  1879  1880–1883  1884  1885–1889  1890–1894  1895–1899  1900–1909  1910–1916  1917  1918  1919  1920–1929  1930–1938  1939  1940  1941  1942  1943  1944  1945  1946  1947  1948  1949  1950  1951  1952  1953  1954  1955  1956  1957  1958  1959  1960  1961  1962  1963  1964  1965  1966  1967  1968  1969  1970  1971  1972  1973  1974  1975  1976  1977  1978  1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  2022  2023  | | Parliament (session) | | *42* (1·2·3·4·5)  *43* (1·2)  *44* (1·2·3·4)  *45* (1·2·3·4)  *46*  *47* (1·2·3·4·5)  *48* (1·2·3·4)  *49* (1·2·3·4)  *50* (1·2·3·4·5)  *51* (1·2·3·4·5)  *52* (1·2·3·4)  *53* (1·2·3·4)  *54* (1·2·3·4·5)  *55* (1·2·3·4)  *56* (1·2)  *57* (1·2)  *58* (1·2·3)  | | | Acts and measures by devolved parliaments and assemblies | Scottish Parliament | | --- | | 1999  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  2022  2023  | | Senedd Cymru(Welsh Parliament) | | 2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  2022  2023  | | Northern Ireland Assembly | | 2000  2001  2002  *2003*  *2004*  *2005*  *2006*  2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  *2017*  *2018*  *2019*  2020  2021  2022  2023  | | Northern Ireland Assembly (1973) | | 1973–1974 | | Parliament of Northern Ireland | | 1921–1972 Orders in Council for Northern Ireland | | | Acts of Parliament by states preceding the United Kingdom | Parliament of Great Britain | | --- | | 1707 1708 1709 1710–1714 1715–1719 1720–1724 1725–1729 1730–1734 1735–1739 1740–1744 1745–1749 1750–1754 1755–1759 1760–1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 | | Parliament of England | | *Royal statutes, etc. issued beforethe development of Parliament* Before 1413 1413–1460 1461–1482 1483 1485–1503 1509–1535 1536 1539–1540 1541 1542 1543 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1551 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558–1601 1603–1623 1625 1627 1640 *1642–1660 (Interregnum)* 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1670 1672 1675 1677 1678 1679 1680 1685 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1700 1701 1701 1702 1703 1705 1706 | | Parliament of Scotland | | Up to 1707 | | Parliament of Ireland | | Before 1701 1701–1800 | | | Delegated legislation | United Kingdom statutory instruments | | --- | | 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | | Statutory rules and orders | | United Kingdom 1894–1947 Northern Ireland 1922–1973 | | Regulatory reform orders | | Ministerial orders | | | Devolved delegated legislation | Scottish statutory instruments | | --- | | 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | | Welsh statutory instruments | | 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 | | Statutory rules of Northern Ireland | | 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | | | Church of England | | | --- | | Measures Instruments | | | Retained EU law | | | --- | | Decision Directive Regulation | | | Acts of Parliament relating to the European Union (formerly the European Communities) | | | --- | | 1972–present | | | * v * t * e | This is a list of acts of the 2nd session of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom, which ran from 24 November 1998 until 11 November 1999. Acts passed since 1963 are cited by calendar year, as opposed to the convention used for earlier acts of citing the regnal year(s) in which the relevant parliamentary session was held. Each act passed in a respective year is given a chapter number (abbreviated "c."), denoted by Arabic numerals in the case of public general acts, lowercase Roman numerals in the case of local acts, or italicised Arabic numerals in the case of personal acts. These run as separate series. 39 acts of Parliament were passed by the 52nd Parliament in its 2nd session: 35 public general acts and 4 local acts. indicates that an act is available to view at legislation.gov.uk, and indicates the location of the original act in the Parliamentary Archives. Public general acts ------------------- {{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1998|public|49|17-12-1998|maintained=y|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on 31st March 1999 and 2000.}} |- | {{|European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999|public|1|14-01-1999|maintained=y|An Act to amend the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1978 so as to alter the method used in Great Britain for electing Members of the European Parliament; to make other amendments of enactments relating to the election of Members of the European Parliament; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) Act 1999|public|2|25-02-1999|maintained=y|An Act to transfer from the Secretary of State to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or the Treasury certain functions relating to national insurance contributions, the National Insurance Fund, statutory sick pay, statutory maternity pay or pension schemes and certain associated functions relating to benefits; to enable functions relating to any of those matters in respect of Northern Ireland to be transferred to the Secretary of State, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or the Treasury; to make further provision, in connection with the functions transferred, as to the powers of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, the making of decisions and appeals; to provide that rebates payable in respect of members of money purchase contracted-out pension schemes are to be payable out of the National Insurance Fund; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999|public|3|10-03-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision about the recovery from insurers and certain other persons of charges in connection with the treatment of road traffic casualties in national health service, and certain other, hospitals; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Consolidated Fund Act 1999|public|4|25-03-1999|maintained=y|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on 31st March 1998 and 1999.}} |- | {{|Scottish Enterprise Act 1999|public|5|26-05-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision with respect to the financial limits in section 25(2) of the Enterprise and New Towns (Scotland) Act 1990.}} |- | {{|Rating (Valuation) Act 1999|public|6|26-05-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision about valuation for purposes of non-domestic rates in England and Wales.}} |- | {{|Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Act 1999|public|7|26-05-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision connected with Northern Ireland about locating the remains of persons killed before 10th April 1998 as a result of unlawful acts of violence committed on behalf of, or in connection with, proscribed organisations; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Health Act 1999|public|8|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law about the national health service; make provision in relation to arrangements and payments between health service bodies and local authorities with respect to health and health-related functions; confer power to regulate any professions concerned (wholly or partly) with the physical or mental health of individuals; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Water Industry Act 1999|public|9|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision in relation to England and Wales as to charges in respect of the supply of water and the provision of sewerage services and to make provision in relation to Scotland for the establishment and functions of a Water Industry Commissioner for Scotland; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Tax Credits Act 1999|public|10|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to provide for family credit and disability working allowance to be known, respectively, as working families' tax credit and disabled person's tax credit; and to make further provision with respect to those credits, including provision for the transfer of functions relating to them.}} |- | {{|Breeding and Sale of Dogs (Welfare) Act 1999|public|11|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to amend and extend certain enactments relating to the commercial breeding and sale of dogs; to regulate the welfare of dogs kept in commercial breeding establishments; to extend powers of inspection; to establish records of dogs kept at such establishments; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Road Traffic (Vehicle Testing) Act 1999|public|12|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision about the testing of motor vehicles for the purposes of Part II of the Road Traffic Act 1988; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Appropriation Act 1999|public|13|15-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on 31st March 2000; to appropriate the supplies granted in this Session of Parliament; and to repeal certain Consolidated Fund and Appropriation Acts.}} |- | {{|Protection of Children Act 1999|public|14|15-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to require a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children; to extend the power to make regulations under section 218(6) of the Education Reform Act 1988; to make further provision with respect to that list and the list kept for the purposes of such regulations; to enable the protection afforded to children to be afforded to persons suffering from mental impairment; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Trustee Delegation Act 1999|public|15|15-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law relating to the delegation of trustee functions by power of attorney and the exercise of such functions by the donee of a power of attorney; and to make provision about the authority of the donee of a power of attorney to act in relation to land.}} |- | {{|Finance Act 1999|public|16|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to grant certain duties, to alter other duties, and to amend the law relating to the National Debt and the Public Revenue, and to make further provision in connection with Finance.}} |- | {{|Disability Rights Commission Act 1999|public|17|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to establish a Disability Rights Commission and make provision as to its functions; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999|public|18|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for giving effect to the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect of Intercountry Adoption, concluded at the Hague on 29th May 1993; to make further provision in relation to adoptions with an international element; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Company and Business Names (Chamber of Commerce, Etc.) Act 1999|public|19|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision concerning the approval of company or business names containing the expression "chamber of commerce" or any related expression; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Commonwealth Development Corporation Act 1999|public|20|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision about the Commonwealth Development Corporation.}} |- | {{|Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999|public|21|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision in relation to football-related offences; to make further provision for the purpose of preventing violence or disorder at or in connection with football matches; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Access to Justice Act 1999|public|22|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to establish the Legal Services Commission, the Community Legal Service and the Criminal Defence Service; to amend the law of legal aid in Scotland; to make further provision about legal services; to make provision about appeals, courts, judges and court proceedings; to amend the law about magistrates and magistrates' courts; and to make provision about immunity from action and costs and indemnities for certain officials exercising judicial functions.}} |- | {{|Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999|public|23|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to provide for the referral of offenders under 18 to youth offender panels; to make provision in connection with the giving of evidence or information for the purposes of criminal proceedings; to amend section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994; to make pre-consolidation amendments relating to youth justice; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999|public|24|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for implementing Council Directive 96/61/EC and for otherwise preventing and controlling pollution; to make provision about certain expired or expiring disposal or waste management licences; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Criminal Cases Review (Insanity) Act 1999|public|25|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision enabling verdicts of guilty but insane to be referred to and reviewed by the Court of Appeal.}} |- | {{|Employment Relations Act 1999|public|26|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law relating to employment, to trade unions and to employment agencies and businesses.}} |- | {{|Local Government Act 1999|public|27|27-07-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision imposing on local and certain other authorities requirements relating to economy, efficiency and effectiveness; and to make provision for the regulation of council tax and precepts.}} |- | {{|Food Standards Act 1999|public|28|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to establish the Food Standards Agency and make provision as to its functions; to amend the law relating to food safety and other interests of consumers in relation to food; to enable provision to be made in relation to the notification of tests for food-borne diseases; to enable provision to be made in relation to animal feedingstuffs; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Greater London Authority Act 1999|public|29|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to establish and make provision about the Greater London Authority, the Mayor of London and the London Assembly; to make provision in relation to London borough councils and the Common Council of the City of London with respect to matters consequential on the establishment of the Greater London Authority; to make provision with respect to the functions of other local authorities and statutory bodies exercising functions in Greater London; to make provision about transport and road traffic in and around Greater London; to make provision about policing in Greater London and to make an adjustment of the metropolitan police district; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999|public|30|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision about pensions and social security; to make provision for reducing under-occupation of dwellings by housing benefit claimants; to authorise certain expenditure by the Secretary of State having responsibility for social security; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999|public|31|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for the enforcement of contractual terms by third parties.}} |- | {{|Mental Health (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 1999|public|32|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to authorise hospital managers to continue to hold, expend and dispose of the property of persons to whom section 94(1) of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 no longer applies.}} |- | {{|Immigration and Asylum Act 1999|public|33|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make provision about immigration and asylum; to make provision about procedures in connection with marriage on superintendent registrar's certificate; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|House of Lords Act 1999|public|34|11-11-1999|maintained=y|An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected purposes.}} }} Local acts ---------- {{legislationuk|act |- | {{|City of Westminster Act 1999|local|1|25-03-1999|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision for the control of street trading in the City of Westminster; and for related purposes.}} |- | {{|University College London Act 1999|local|2|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to unite the Eastman Dental Institute with University College London; to transfer all rights, properties and liabilities from the Institute to the College; and for connected and other purposes.}} |- | {{|Imperial College Act 1999|local|3|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to unite Wye College with the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine; to transfer all rights, properties, assets and liabilities from Wye College to the said Imperial College; and for connected purposes.}} |- | {{|HFC Bank Act 1999|local|4|30-06-1999|maintained=y|An Act to provide for the transfer to HFC Bank plc and Household International (U.K.) Limited of the business of Beneficial Bank PLC; and for connected purposes.}} }}
Species of moth ***Phragmatobia fuliginosa***, the **ruby tiger**, is a moth of the family Erebidae. Subspecies ---------- Subspecies include: * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis* (Staudinger, 1871) in Scotland and in northern regions of Eurasia * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa melitensis* (O. Bang-Haas, 1927) (Malta) * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa paghmani* (Lének, 1966) (Transcaucasia: Azerbaijan; Iran; northern Iraq; Afghanistan; Central Asia; southern Kazakhstan; China: western Xinjiang) * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa pulverulenta* (Alphéraky, 1889) (China: eastern Xinjiang, Qinghai, Nei Mongol; southern aimaks of Mongolia; south-eastern Kazakhstan, partly) * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa rubricosa* (Harris, 1841) (North America) * *Phragmatobia fuliginosa taurica* (Daniel, 1970) (Near East: from southern Turkey to Palestina) Distribution ------------ *Phragmatobia fuliginosa* can be found in the Palearctic realm. It is present in most of Europe, in North Africa, Russia, Central Asia, Tibet, and in northern areas of North America. Habitat ------- This species inhabits moist open forest and meadow areas, mixed hardwood forests at low elevations, open meadows or prairies and in agricultural areas at low elevations. It is common on low-growing plants, on high-roads, railway embankments and waste fields. On warm days in the winter the larvae sometimes leave their hiding-places and are then found on fieldpaths and roads, running about quickly. Technical description --------------------- For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms. *Phragmatobia fuliginosa* has a wingspan of 35–45 mm. The ruby tiger has the thorax and forewings dark reddish brown with a blackish comma-shaped spot at the apex of the cell, edged with carmine. Hindwings are carmine, more or less hyaline in the costal area, with more or less confluent black spots before the margin and at the apex of the cell. The name-typical form ''*Phragmatobia fuliginosa* L. has the forewing rather densely scaled and the hindwing bright rose-red with distinct black spots. Underside strongly suffused with purple-pink. The eggs are reddish grey. The larva is light or dark grey with a black brown head. The entire body is covered with foxy red hairs. These hairs are always more black brown in *placida*, and sometimes so in *fuliginosa*. The pupa is black with the abdomen marked with yellow in the segmental incision. Variations ---------- *Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis* has vivid black markings and the red is confined to the sides of the abdomen and the anal part of the hindwing. *Phragmatobia fuliginosa ab. subnigra* Mill. that has very dark forewings, must not be confused with the northern form; it is scarcely darker than true *fuliginosa*, and not so strongly hyaline as *borealis*. In *Phragmatobia fuliginosa* ab. *flavescens* Schultz the abdomen and hindwing are yellow instead of red. The full species *Phragmatobia amurensis* Seitz, 1910 is a form of the same size as *Phragmatobia fervida*, but is in colour it is almost exactly like *fuliginosa*, the forewing however being broader. *Phragmatobia pulverulenta* Alph. is a transition to *fervida*, the forewing being lighter than in *fuliginosa*, more yellowish brown, and the hindwing lighter and clearer, more flesh-colour, and with well-defined marginal spots. *Phragmatobia fuliginosa fervida* Stgr. from Turkestan and northern China, is the largest and lightest form. The forewings are strongly tinged with yellowish red, and therefore almost the same colour as the hindwings, the latter bear strongly reduced dots. *Phragmatobia placida* Friv. from South-East Europe, Asia, Minor and Turkestan, is a very large form, usually regarded as a separate species [*Phragmatobia placida* (Frivaldszky, 1835)], with the forewing more triangular and uniformly dark brown, and the hindwing pure light pink spotted with black. The forewing bears a carmine dot at the upper angle of the cell. Biology ------- The moth flies from May to August depending on the location. It is double-brooded in the south of England, flying in April to June, and again in August and September. In the north it is a univoltine species, with just one generation in June. The caterpillars are polyphagous, feeding on various plants, mainly *Rubus fruticosus*, *Prunus spinosa*, *Filipendula ulmaria*, *Plantago lanceolata*, *Senecio jacobaea*, *Salix repens*, *Salix starkeana*, *Salix phylicifolia*, *Polygonum* spp. *Rumex crispus*, *Potentilla erecta*, *Rubus idaeus*, *Trifolium* spp. *Chamaenerion angustifolium*, *Calluna vulgaris*, *Vaccinium myrtillus*, *Vaccinium uliginosum*, *Andromeda polifolia*, *Plantago major*, *Taraxacum vulgare* and *Taraxacum officinale*. Gallery ------- * Caterpillar Caterpillar * MothMoth * Front viewFront view * Mounted specimenMounted specimen
Not to be confused with parallel transport. Parallel curves of the graph of {\displaystyle y=1.5\sin(x)} for distances {\displaystyle d=0.25,\dots ,1.5} Two definitions of a parallel curve: 1) envelope of a family of congruent circles, 2) by a fixed normal distance The parallel curves of a circle (red) are circles, too A **parallel** of a curve is the envelope of a family of congruent circles centered on the curve. It generalises the concept of *parallel (straight) lines*. It can also be defined as a curve whose points are at a constant *normal distance* from a given curve. These two definitions are not entirely equivalent as the latter assumes smoothness, whereas the former does not. In computer-aided design the preferred term for a parallel curve is **offset curve**. (In other geometric contexts, the term offset can also refer to translation.) Offset curves are important, for example, in numerically controlled machining, where they describe, for example, the shape of the cut made by a round cutting tool of a two-axis machine. The shape of the cut is offset from the trajectory of the cutter by a constant distance in the direction normal to the cutter trajectory at every point. In the area of 2D computer graphics known as vector graphics, the (approximate) computation of parallel curves is involved in one of the fundamental drawing operations, called stroking, which is typically applied to polylines or polybeziers (themselves called paths) in that field. Except in the case of a line or circle, the parallel curves have a more complicated mathematical structure than the progenitor curve. For example, even if the progenitor curve is smooth, its offsets may not be so; this property is illustrated in the top figure, using a sine curve as progenitor curve. In general, even if a curve is rational, its offsets may not be so. For example, the offsets of a parabola are rational curves, but the offsets of an ellipse or of a hyperbola are not rational, even though these progenitor curves themselves are rational. The notion also generalizes to 3D surfaces, where it is called an **offset surface** or **parallel surface**. Increasing a solid volume by a (constant) distance offset is sometimes called *dilation*. The opposite operation is sometimes called *shelling*. Offset surfaces are important in numerically controlled machining, where they describe the shape of the cut made by a ball nose end mill of a three-axis machine. Other shapes of cutting bits can be modelled mathematically by general offset surfaces. Parallel curve of a parametrically given curve ---------------------------------------------- If there is a regular parametric representation {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=(x(t),y(t))} of the given curve available, the second definition of a parallel curve (s. above) leads to the following parametric representation of the parallel curve with distance {\displaystyle |d|}: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)={\vec {x}}(t)+d{\vec {n}}(t)} with the unit normal {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t)}. In cartesian coordinates: {\displaystyle x\_{d}(t)=x(t)+{\frac {d\;y'(t)}{\sqrt {x'(t)^{2}+y'(t)^{2}}}}} {\displaystyle y\_{d}(t)=y(t)-{\frac {d\;x'(t)}{\sqrt {x'(t)^{2}+y'(t)^{2}}}}\ .} The distance parameter {\displaystyle d} may be negative. In this case, one gets a parallel curve on the opposite side of the curve (see diagram on the parallel curves of a circle). One can easily check that a parallel curve of a line is a parallel line in the common sense, and the parallel curve of a circle is a concentric circle. ### Geometric properties: * {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'\_{d}(t)\parallel {\vec {x}}'(t),\quad } that means: the tangent vectors for a fixed parameter are parallel. * {\displaystyle k\_{d}(t)={\frac {k(t)}{1+dk(t)}},\quad } with {\displaystyle k(t)} the curvature of the given curve and {\displaystyle k\_{d}(t)} the curvature of the parallel curve for parameter {\displaystyle t}. * {\displaystyle R\_{d}(t)=R(t)+d,\quad } with {\displaystyle R(t)} the radius of curvature of the given curve and {\displaystyle R\_{d}(t)} the radius of curvature of the parallel curve for parameter {\displaystyle t}. * When they exist, the osculating circles to parallel curves at corresponding points are concentric. * As for parallel lines, a normal line to a curve is also normal to its parallels. * When parallel curves are constructed they will have cusps when the distance from the curve matches the radius of curvature. These are the points where the curve touches the evolute. * If the progenitor curve is a boundary of a planar set and its parallel curve is without self-intersections, then the latter is the boundary of the Minkowski sum of the planar set and the disk of the given radius. If the given curve is polynomial (meaning that {\displaystyle x(t)} and {\displaystyle y(t)} are polynomials), then the parallel curves are usually not polynomial. In CAD area this is a drawback, because CAD systems use polynomials or rational curves. In order to get at least rational curves, the square root of the representation of the parallel curve has to be solvable. Such curves are called *pythagorean hodograph curves* and were investigated by R.T. Farouki. Parallel curves of an implicit curve ------------------------------------ Parallel curves of the implicit curve (red) with equation {\displaystyle x^{4}+y^{4}-1=0} Generally the analytic representation of a parallel curve of an implicit curve is not possible. Only for the simple cases of lines and circles the parallel curves can be described easily. For example: *Line* {\displaystyle \;f(x,y)=x+y-1=0\;} → distance function: {\displaystyle \;h(x,y)={\frac {x+y-1}{\sqrt {2}}}=d\;} (Hesse normalform) *Circle* {\displaystyle \;f(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{2}-1=0\;} → distance function: {\displaystyle \;h(x,y)={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-1=d\;.} In general, presuming certain conditions, one can prove the existence of an oriented distance function {\displaystyle h(x,y)}. In practice one has to treat it numerically. Considering parallel curves the following is true: * The parallel curve for distance d is the level set {\displaystyle h(x,y)=d} of the corresponding oriented distance function {\displaystyle h}. ### Properties of the distance function: * {\displaystyle |\operatorname {grad} h({\vec {x}})|=1\;,} * {\displaystyle h({\vec {x}}+d\operatorname {grad} h({\vec {x}}))=h({\vec {x}})+d\;,} * {\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} h({\vec {x}}+d\operatorname {grad} h({\vec {x}}))=\operatorname {grad} h({\vec {x}})\;.} **Example:** The diagram shows parallel curves of the implicit curve with equation {\displaystyle \;f(x,y)=x^{4}+y^{4}-1=0\;.} *Remark:* The curves {\displaystyle \;f(x,y)=x^{4}+y^{4}-1=d\;} are not parallel curves, because {\displaystyle \;|\operatorname {grad} f(x,y)|=1\;} is not true in the area of interest. Further examples ---------------- Involutes of a circle * The involutes of a given curve are a set of parallel curves. For example: the involutes of a circle are parallel spirals (see diagram). And: * A parabola has as (two-sided) offsets rational curves of degree 6. * A hyperbola or an ellipse has as (two-sided) offsets an algebraic curve of degree 8. * A Bézier curve of degree n has as (two-sided) offsets algebraic curves of degree 4*n* − 2. In particular, a cubic Bezier curve has as (two-sided) offsets algebraic curves of degree 10. Parallel curve to a curve with a corner --------------------------------------- Parallel curves to a curve with a discontinuous normal around a corner When determining the cutting path of part with a sharp corner for machining, you must define the parallel (offset) curve to a given curve that has a discontinuous normal at the corner. Even though the given curve is not smooth at the sharp corner, its parallel curve may be smooth with a continuous normal, or it may have cusps when the distance from the curve matches the radius of curvature at the sharp corner. ### Normal fans As described above, the parametric representation of a parallel curve, {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)}, to a given curver, {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}, with distance {\displaystyle |d|} is: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)={\vec {x}}(t)+d{\vec {n}}(t)} with the unit normal {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t)}. At a sharp corner ({\displaystyle t=t\_{c}}), the normal to {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t\_{c})} given by {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c})} is discontinuous, meaning the one-sided limit of the normal from the left {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{-})} is unequal to the limit from the right {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{+})}. Mathematically, {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{-})=\lim \_{t\to t\_{c}^{-}}{\vec {n}}(t)\neq {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{+})=\lim \_{t\to t\_{c}^{+}}{\vec {n}}(t)}. Normal fan for defining parallel curves around a sharp corner However, we can define a normal fan {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\_{f}(\alpha )} that provides an interpolant between {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{-})} and {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{+})}, and use {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\_{f}(\alpha )} in place of {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t\_{c})} at the sharp corner: {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\_{f}(\alpha )={\frac {(1-\alpha ){\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{-})+\alpha {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{+})}{\lVert (1-\alpha ){\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{-})+\alpha {\vec {n}}(t\_{c}^{+})\rVert }},\quad }where {\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1}. The resulting definition of the parallel curve {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)} provides the desired behavior: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)={\begin{cases}{\vec {x}}(t)+d{\vec {n}}(t),&{\text{if }}t<t\_{c}{\text{ or }}t>t\_{c}\\{\vec {x}}(t\_{c})+d{\vec {n}}\_{f}(\alpha ),&{\text{if }}t=t\_{c}{\text{ where }}0<\alpha <1\end{cases}}} Algorithms ---------- In general, the parallel curve of a Bézier curve is not another Bézier curve, a result proved by Tiller and Hanson in 1984. Thus, in practice, approximation techniques are used. Any desired level of accuracy is possible by repeatedly subdividing the curve, though better techniques require fewer subdivisions to attain the same level of accuracy. A 1997 survey by Elber, Lee and Kim is widely cited, though better techniques have been proposed more recently. A modern technique based on curve fitting, with references and comparisons to other algorithms, as well as open source JavaScript source code, was published in a blog post in September 2022. Another efficient algorithm for offsetting is the level approach described by Kimmel and Bruckstein (1993). Parallel (offset) surfaces -------------------------- Offset surface of a complex irregular shape Offset surfaces are important in numerically controlled machining, where they describe the shape of the cut made by a ball nose end mill of a three-axis mill. If there is a regular parametric representation {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(u,v)=(x(u,v),y(u,v),z(u,v))} of the given surface available, the second definition of a parallel curve (see above) generalizes to the following parametric representation of the parallel surface with distance {\displaystyle |d|}: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(u,v)={\vec {x}}(u,v)+d{\vec {n}}(u,v)} with the unit normal {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\_{d}(u,v)={{{\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial u}\times {\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial v}} \over {|{{\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial u}\times {\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial v}}|}}}. Distance parameter {\displaystyle d} may be negative, too. In this case one gets a parallel surface on the opposite side of the surface (see similar diagram on the parallel curves of a circle). One easily checks: a parallel surface of a plane is a parallel plane in the common sense and the parallel surface of a sphere is a concentric sphere. ### Geometric properties: * {\displaystyle {\partial {\vec {x}}\_{d} \over \partial u}\parallel {\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial u},\quad {\partial {\vec {x}}\_{d} \over \partial v}\parallel {\partial {\vec {x}} \over \partial v},\quad } that means: the tangent vectors for fixed parameters are parallel. * {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\_{d}(u,v)=\pm {\vec {n}}(u,v),\quad } that means: the normal vectors for fixed parameters match direction. * {\displaystyle S\_{d}=(1+dS)^{-1}S,\quad } where {\displaystyle S\_{d}} and {\displaystyle S} are the shape operators for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}} and {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}, respectively. The principal curvatures are the eigenvalues of the shape operator, the principal curvature directions are its eigenvectors, the Gaussian curvature is its determinant, and the mean curvature is half its trace. * {\displaystyle S\_{d}^{-1}=S^{-1}+dI,\quad } where {\displaystyle S\_{d}^{-1}} and {\displaystyle S^{-1}} are the inverses of the shape operators for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}} and {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}, respectively. The principal radii of curvature are the eigenvalues of the inverse of the shape operator, the principal curvature directions are its eigenvectors, the reciprocal of the Gaussian curvature is its determinant, and the mean radius of curvature is half its trace. Note the similarity to the geometric properties of parallel curves. Generalizations --------------- The problem generalizes fairly obviously to higher dimensions e.g. to offset surfaces, and slightly less trivially to pipe surfaces. Note that the terminology for the higher-dimensional versions varies even more widely than in the planar case, e.g. other authors speak of parallel fibers, ribbons, and tubes. For curves embedded in 3D surfaces the offset may be taken along a geodesic. Another way to generalize it is (even in 2D) to consider a variable distance, e.g. parametrized by another curve. One can for example stroke (envelope) with an ellipse instead of circle as it is possible for example in METAFONT. An envelope of ellipses forming two general offset curves above and below a given curve More recently Adobe Illustrator has added somewhat similar facility in version CS5, although the control points for the variable width are visually specified. In contexts where it's important to distinguish between constant and variable distance offsetting the acronyms CDO and VDO are sometimes used. ### General offset curves Assume you have a regular parametric representation of a curve, {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)=(x(t),y(t))}, and you have a second curve that can be parameterized by its unit normal, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, where the normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})={\vec {n}}} (this parameterization by normal exists for curves whose curvature is strictly positive or negative, and thus convex, smooth, and not straight). The parametric representation of the general offset curve of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)} offset by {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})} is: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(t)={\vec {x}}(t)+{\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}(t)),\quad } where {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(t)} is the unit normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}. Note that the trival offset, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})=d{\vec {n}}}, gives you ordinary parallel (aka, offset) curves. #### Geometric properties: * {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'\_{d}(t)\parallel {\vec {x}}'(t),\quad } that means: the tangent vectors for a fixed parameter are parallel. * As for parallel lines, a normal to a curve is also normal to its general offsets. * {\displaystyle k\_{d}(t)={\dfrac {k(t)}{1+{\dfrac {k(t)}{k\_{n}(t)}}}},\quad } with {\displaystyle k\_{d}(t)} the curvature of the general offset curve, {\displaystyle k(t)} the curvature of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}, and {\displaystyle k\_{n}(t)} the curvature of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}(t))} for parameter {\displaystyle t}. * {\displaystyle R\_{d}(t)=R(t)+R\_{n}(t),\quad } with {\displaystyle R\_{d}(t)} the radius of curvature of the general offset curve, {\displaystyle R(t)} the radius of curvature of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}, and {\displaystyle R\_{n}(t)} the radius of curvature of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}(t))} for parameter {\displaystyle t}. * When general offset curves are constructed they will have cusps when the curvature of the curve matches curvature of the offset. These are the points where the curve touches the evolute. ### General offset surfaces General offset surfaces describe the shape of cuts made by a variety of cutting bits used by three-axis end mills in numerically controlled machining. Assume you have a regular parametric representation of a surface, {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(u,v)=(x(u,v),y(u,v),z(u,v))}, and you have a second surface that can be parameterized by its unit normal, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, where the normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})={\vec {n}}} (this parameterization by normal exists for surfaces whose Gaussian curvature is strictly positive, and thus convex, smooth, and not flat). The parametric representation of the general offset surface of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)} offset by {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})} is: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}(u,v)={\vec {x}}(u,v)+{\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}(u,v)),\quad } where {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(u,v)} is the unit normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(u,v)}. Note that the trival offset, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})=d{\vec {n}}}, gives you ordinary parallel (aka, offset) surfaces. #### Geometric properties: * As for parallel lines, the tangent plane of a surface is parallel to the tangent plane of its general offsets. * As for parallel lines, a normal to a surface is also normal to its general offsets. * {\displaystyle S\_{d}=(1+SS\_{n}^{-1})^{-1}S,\quad } where {\displaystyle S\_{d},S,} and {\displaystyle S\_{n}} are the shape operators for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d},{\vec {x}},} and {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, respectively. The principal curvatures are the eigenvalues of the shape operator, the principal curvature directions are its eigenvectors, the Gaussian curvature is its determinant, and the mean curvature is half its trace. * {\displaystyle S\_{d}^{-1}=S^{-1}+S\_{n}^{-1},\quad } where {\displaystyle S\_{d}^{-1},S^{-1}} and {\displaystyle S\_{n}^{-1}} are the inverses of the shape operators for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d},{\vec {x}},} and {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, respectively. The principal radii of curvature are the eigenvalues of the inverse of the shape operator, the principal curvature directions are its eigenvectors, the reciprocal of the Gaussian curvature is its determinant, and the mean radius of curvature is half its trace. Note the similarity to the geometric properties of general offset curves. ### Derivation of geometric properties for general offsets The geometric properties listed above for general offset curves and surfaces can be derived for offsets of arbitrary dimension. Assume you have a regular parametric representation of an n-dimensional surface, {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})}, where the dimension of {\displaystyle {\vec {u}}} is n-1. Also assume you have a second n-dimensional surface that can be parameterized by its unit normal, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, where the normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})={\vec {n}}} (this parameterization by normal exists for surfaces whose Gaussian curvature is strictly positive, and thus convex, smooth, and not flat). The parametric representation of the general offset surface of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})} offset by {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})} is: {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}({\vec {u}})={\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})+{\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}({\vec {u}})),\quad } where {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}({\vec {u}})} is the unit normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})}. (The trival offset, {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})=d{\vec {n}}}, gives you ordinary parallel surfaces.) First, notice that the normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})=} the normal of {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}({\vec {u}}))={\vec {n}}({\vec {u}}),} by definition. Now, we'll apply the differential w.r.t. {\displaystyle {\vec {u}}} to {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}}, which gives us its tangent vectors spanning its tangent plane. {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}({\vec {u}})=\partial {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})+\partial {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}({\vec {u}}))} Notice, the tangent vectors for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}} are the sum of tangent vectors for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})} and its offset {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}})}, which share the same unit normal. Thus, **the general offset surface shares the same tangent plane and normal with** {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})} and {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}({\vec {u}}))}. That aligns with the nature of envelopes. We now consider the Weingarten equations for the shape operator, which can be written as {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {n}}=-\partial {\vec {x}}S}. If {\displaystyle S} is invertable, {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}=-\partial {\vec {n}}S^{-1}}. Recall that the principal curvatures of a surface are the eigenvalues of the shape operator, the principal curvature directions are its eigenvectors, the Gauss curvature is its determinant, and the mean curvature is half its trace. The inverse of the shape operator holds these same values for the radii of curvature. Substituting into the equation for the differential of {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\_{d}}, we get: {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}=\partial {\vec {x}}-\partial {\vec {n}}S\_{n}^{-1},\quad } where {\displaystyle S\_{n}} is the shape operator for {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}({\vec {n}}({\vec {u}}))}. Next, we use the Weingarten equations again to replace {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {n}}}: {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}=\partial {\vec {x}}+\partial {\vec {x}}SS\_{n}^{-1},\quad } where {\displaystyle S} is the shape operator for {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}({\vec {u}})}. Then, we solve for {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}} and multiple both sides by {\displaystyle -S} to get back to the Weingarten equations, this time for {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}}: {\displaystyle \partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}(I+SS\_{n}^{-1})^{-1}=\partial {\vec {x}},} {\displaystyle -\partial {\vec {x}}\_{d}(I+SS\_{n}^{-1})^{-1}S=-\partial {\vec {x}}S=\partial {\vec {n}}.} Thus, {\displaystyle S\_{d}=(I+SS\_{n}^{-1})^{-1}S}, and inverting both sides gives us, {\displaystyle S\_{d}^{-1}=S^{-1}+S\_{n}^{-1}}. Further reading --------------- * Farouki, R. T.; Neff, C. A. (1990). "Analytic properties of plane offset curves". *Computer Aided Geometric Design*. **7** (1–4): 83–99. doi:10.1016/0167-8396(90)90023-K. * Piegl, Les A. (1999). "Computing offsets of NURBS curves and surfaces". *Computer-Aided Design*. **31** (2): 147–156. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.360.2793. doi:10.1016/S0010-4485(98)00066-9. * Porteous, Ian R. (2001). *Geometric Differentiation: For the Intelligence of Curves and Surfaces* (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-521-00264-6. * Patrikalakis, Nicholas M.; Maekawa, Takashi (2010) [2002]. *Shape Interrogation for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing*. Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 11. Offset Curves and Surfaces. ISBN 978-3-642-04074-0. Free online version. * Anton, François; Emiris, Ioannis Z.; Mourrain, Bernard; Teillaud, Monique (May 2005). "The O set to an Algebraic Curve and an Application to Conics". *International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications*. Singapore: Springer Verlag. pp. 683–696. * Farouki, Rida T. (2008). *Pythagorean-Hodograph Curves: Algebra and Geometry Inseparable*. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 141–178. ISBN 978-3-540-73397-3. Pages listed are the general and introductory material. * Au, C. K.; Ma, Y.-S. (2013). "Computation of Offset Curves Using a Distance Function: Addressing a Key Challenge in Cutting Tool Path Generation". In Ma, Y.-S. (ed.). *Semantic Modeling and Interoperability in Product and Process Engineering: A Technology for Engineering Informatics*. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 259–273. ISBN 978-1-4471-5073-2.
Swiss industrial metal band **Apollyon Sun** was a Swiss industrial metal band formed by singer/guitarist Tom Gabriel Fischer and guitarist Erol Unala in early 1995, after the termination of Celtic Frost, Fischer's prior group. The group was unofficially dissolved in 2001 when Fischer invited Erol Unala to contribute to the reformation of Celtic Frost. Their name is taken from the Celtic Frost demo "Under Apollyon's Sun". History ------- The band were first discovered in 1997 by London-based Sanctuary Music Management, on the strength of their *Industry Demonstration* EP. Subsequently managed by Rod Smallwood and Merck Mercuriadis, Apollyon Sun released a five-track debut mini-album - *God Leaves (And Dies)* on London's Mayan Records in summer of 1998 and then contributed "God Leaves" and "Relinquished Body" for the soundtrack of top-rated BBC TV show *City Central*. Work on a full album, *Sub*, began at London's Trident Studios that same year, with producer Roli Mosimann (Björk, Marilyn Manson, Faith No More). Further recording and mixing sessions took place at Manhattan's EastSide Sound, London's Nomis Studios, and at various studio locations in Switzerland. *Sub* features prominent final mixes by Mosimann, John Fryer (HIM, Nine Inch Nails), and Apollyon Sun themselves. *Sub* was released globally through Mayan Records in late summer 2000, after two years of studio work. Fall 2000 saw the band's first international concerts, among them a very radical and uncompromising show attached to the UK's "Kerrang! Awards", in London. In 2001 and 2002, Apollyon Sun made further soundtrack contributions for the BBC, among them music for the high profile TV production *Red Cap* with Tamzin Outwaithe. Unala and Fischer also participated in former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl's (Foo Fighters) *Probot* album project. Co-written by Grohl, Fischer and Unala, the resulting song "Big Sky" features Fischer on vocals and Unala on guitars. Work on Apollyon Sun's third album, tentatively titled *Flesh*, began as early as 2000, this time at the band's own newly expanded studio facilities in Switzerland as well as at Unala's and Fischer's home recording studios. The resurgence of Celtic Frost and the songwriting and recording work for Celtic Frost's first album in 13 years served to temporarily put Apollyon Sun on hiatus and interrupt work on *Flesh* - Celtic Frost had not only required Fischer's services again but also asked Unala to join the re-formed project as the band's guitarist and programmer. Apollyon Sun's activities has remained on hold since Fischer and Unala departed for Celtic Frost. Guitarist Unala has not continued any Apollyon Sun activities since leaving Celtic Frost in 2006. Fischer has since stated he has no intention of contributing to Apollyon Sun again. Chronology ---------- * 1995 - formation of the AS project by Fischer and Unala, out of the remains of avant-garde metal pioneers Celtic Frost (*Vanity/Nemesis*). * 1997 - release of AS five-track *Industry Demonstration* CD to overwhelming media and industry response, and discovery of the band by Rod Smallwood and Merck Mercuriadis (Pet Shop Boys, Crispian Mills, Iron Maiden). * 1998 - international release of AS debut EP *God Leaves (And Dies)* on Sanctuary Records/Mayan Records. * 1998/99 - recording sessions for *Sub* album in London, New York, and Switzerland. Produced by AS and Roli Mosimann (Björk, Marilyn Manson, Faith No More), mixed by Mosimann and John Fryer (Nine Inch Nails, HIM). Soundtrack work for BBC TV, London. * 2000- worldwide release of first full AS album *Sub* on Sanctuary Records. * 2000 - international concert debut in London, England. "I have never seen anything that compares to Apollyon Sun's show" (Valerie Potter, Metal Hammer UK, 2000). * 2001 - invitation to contribute a song to the "Probot" project by Dave Grohl (Nirvana/Foo Fighters). * 2001 - continued songwriting and recording sessions for third album *Flesh*; further soundtrack work for BBC TV, London. Discography ----------- * 1997 - *Industry Demonstration* (demo) * 1998 - *God Leaves (And Dies)* (EP) * 2000 - *Sub* (album) * 2001 - *Flesh* (demo)
British historian, journalist and educator (born 1982) **Miranda Clare Kaufmann** (born 1982) is a British historian, journalist and educator, whose work has focused on Black British history. She is the author of the 2017 book *Black Tudors: The Untold Story*, which was shortlisted for the 2018 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize and the Wolfson History Prize. She is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies (part of the School of Advanced Study at the University of London), where since 2014 she has co-convened the workshop series "What's Happening in Black British History?" with Michael Ohajuru. Biography --------- Miranda Kaufmann was born in 1982 in a Jewish family in London, about which she has said: "I think it gave me an international outlook and curiosity about other people and cultures. It was also a hugely intellectually stimulating place to grow up. I benefited from all the museums, galleries and theatres; and just walking down a London street is often a history lesson in itself. She read history at Christ Church, Oxford, becoming interested in Black history as a research topic during her final undergraduate year, and going on to complete in 2011 her doctoral thesis entitled "Africans in Britain, 1500–1640". Since 2014, Kaufmann has been co-convenor, together with art and cultural historian Michael Ohajuru, of the workshop series "What's Happening in Black British History?" at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. Kaufmann along with Stephen B. Whatley inspired the "John Blanke Project", an art and archive initiative of which Ohajuru is the founder and director; the Project celebrates and is linked to images of John Blanke, the Black trumpeter to the courts of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Kaufmann has written articles for a range of publications, including *The Times Literary Supplement*, *The Times*, *The Guardian*, and *BBC History* magazine, has contributed to features about Black British History on radio, television and video, as well as appearing on Sky News, Al Jazeera and BBC Television. Additionally, Kaufmann has participated in and spoken at many educational institutions, conferences, festivals and seminars internationally. Her first book, *Black Tudors: The Untold Story*, was published in 2017 by Oneworld Publications. As Bidisha observed in *The Guardian*, the book "debunks the idea that slavery was the beginning of Africans’ presence in England, and exploitation and discrimination their only experience. [...] Along with writers such as David Olusoga, Paul Gilroy and Sunny Singh, and institutions such as the University of York, which has launched a project investigating medieval multiculturalism, historians such as Miranda Kaufmann are bringing England to a necessary reckoning with its true history." *Black Tudors* was shortlisted for the 2018 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize for Global Cultural Understanding and for the Wolfson History Prize, and was also nominated as "Book of the Year" by the *Evening Standard* and *The Observer*. Kaufmann is an Honorary Fellow of the University of Liverpool, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and of the Royal Society of Arts.
Highest peak of the Kirthar Mountains **Zardak Peak** is the highest peak of the Kirthar Mountains, which are a far-southern extension of the Hindukush range. It is the most prominent mountain in Balochistan and is 7,438 feet (2,267 m) high. It is bordered to the east by the Indus plains, and to the west by the Iranian plateau. Summits ------- The mountain has never been summited due to its remoteness and inaccessibility. Geography --------- It is in the north of the mountain range, as well as on its eastern fringe, near where it descends quite suddenly to meet the plains covering much of the Indian subcontinent below the 30th parallel north. These plains are actually visible from the summit of the mountain. Tree lines are extremely high around 28 N (nearly 14,000 feet and some of the highest in the world), and Zardak Peak is far below it. The mountain is extremely inaccessible, due to the fact that no proper roads in the area have been built. In order to reach the mountain, a quad must be used. ### Climate The climate of Zardak Peak is a cold desert (*BWk*) with extreme summer highs and extremely scant precipitation (years pass without any). The yearly mean maxima reach 114 °F (46 °C), and the area has never recorded a temperature at or below freezing. Elevation is the primary reason the mountain has a marginal cold-desert climate instead of a hot-desert climate (*BWh*). Although Zardak Peak is below the tree line, trees are rare due to the aridity, and the typical vegetation is thorny shrubland grading to moss and desert-hardy grass at higher altitudes.
Short story by E. W. Hornung "**A Trap to Catch a Cracksman**" is a short story by E. W. Hornung, and features the gentleman thief A. J. Raffles, and his companion and biographer, Bunny Manders. The story was published in July 1905 by *Pall Mall Magazine* in London. The story was also included as the seventh story in the collection *A Thief in the Night*, published by Chatto & Windus in London, and Charles Scribner's Sons in New York, both in 1905. Plot ---- Very early morning, Bunny receives a vague and distressing telephone call from Raffles, telling Bunny that he has fallen into Maguire's trap. Barney Maguire, the heavyweight champion of the United States who is in England to fight a leading British contender, had met Raffles and Bunny at the Imperial Sporting Club a week ago and invited them to his home. Raffles had admired Maguire's many jewels and valuable trophies, and, being further encouraged by Maguire's boast that he had devised a perfect trap to catch any cracksman, had decided to steal Maguire's trophies on the night after Maguire was to fight the British champion, correctly assuming that Maguire would win and go out drinking to celebrate. However, Raffles faints before he can tell Bunny over the phone the nature of the trap was that has indeed caught him. Horrified, Bunny rushes to Maguire's house in Half-moon Street, and rings repeatedly, but to no answer. Then, Maguire, his secretary, and his lady friend arrive in a carriage. Bunny appeases Maguire's suspicions by identifying himself as Raffles's friend, come to visit. They enter the house, and discover a disguised Raffles unconscious on the floor. Maguire, pleased to have caught a thief, reveals the nature of the trap was that caught the burglar: a silver-labelled bottle of whisky, drugged and left out for thieves. The secretary finds Raffles's bag of loot under a table, which holds Maguire's statues, infuriating Maguire. The secretary also notes that the telephone has been used, and suggests that they make inquiries as to who was called. Bunny says that it was he whom the thief called, and that the thief had pretended to be Raffles inviting him to Maguire's house. > > "Bunny!" he yawned, and nothing more until his position came back to him. "So you came to me," he went on, in a tone that thrilled me with its affectionate appreciation, "as I knew you would! Have they turned up yet? They will any minute, you know; there’s not one to lose." > > > — Raffles, before he sees that his pursuers have been drugged The other three drink from a safe whisky bottle and, before Bunny can drink, fall unconscious. Amazed, Bunny wakes Raffles, who is glad to see him, and also delighted that his scheme worked: before fainting, Raffles had moved the silver label from the drugged whisky bottle to the safe one. Though there is still the question of explaining the telephone call, Bunny agrees to maintain his innocence by pretending to be unconscious, and then calling the police, while Raffles escapes with the loot. After fulfilling his grim task, Bunny returns to his own flat, only to find it has been burgled in his absence. Suspecting Raffles, he goes to the Albany for an explanation. Raffles cheerfully tells him that the police will now blame the telephone call on the unknown burglar's scheme of drawing Bunny from his rooms, in order to burgle them. Adaptations ----------- ### Television The story was adapted as the seventh episode of the *Raffles* television series, with Anthony Valentine as A. J. Raffles and Christopher Strauli as Bunny Manders. The episode, titled "A Trap to Catch a Cracksman", first aired on 8 April 1977. ### Radio BBC Radio adapted the story into the tenth episode of its Raffles radio drama, "A Trap to Catch a Cracksman", which first aired on 29 June 1988. The drama features Jeremy Clyde as Raffles and Michael Cochrane as Bunny. The episode largely follows the plot of the original story, with minor changes: * In the drama, Maguire's astute secretary is replaced by two simple-minded lackeys named Cruncher and Hambone, and the unnamed lady friend acquires the name Ruby. * In the original story, Bunny only pretends to have been drugged, whereas in the drama Raffles surreptitiously drugs Bunny's drink. * In the drama only, Inspector Mackenzie is among the police that come to Maguire's house.
Anselm Turmeda's tomb in Tunis **Anselm Turmeda** (Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈsɛlm tuɾˈmɛðə]), later known as **Abd Allah at-Tarjuman** (Arabic: عبد الله الترجمان; 1355–1423), was a Christian priest from Mallorca who converted to Islam and settled in Tunis. He is one of the earliest writers to have written in both Arabic and a Latin language (Catalan). He became a vizier in Hafsid Tunis where he died in 1423 during the reign of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II. Life ---- Turmeda wrote that he studied and lived in Lleida. When approximately 35, he traveled to Sicily and stayed there for five months, after which he sailed to Tunis during the reign of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II (r. 1370—1394), where he stayed with some Christian clergymen and traders for four months, during which time he asked to be connected to a Muslim who knows the "language of the Chrisitians", and was introduced to the court physician Yusuf, and announced to him that the reason he came to this land was because he intended to convert to Islam. Yusuf then introduced him to the Hafsid ruler, who inquired about his motives and authorized him to convert and offered him a salaried position. Works ----- * *Llibre dels bons amonestaments* Turmeda dates it to April 1398, eleven years after his settlement in Tunis. It consists of 428 poems arranged in three rhyming stanzas followed by a rhyme-free one. Its preface says it was "composed in Tunis by monk Anselm Turmeda, also called Abdalà". The work was very popular in Catalonia, being called *franselm* (from "fra [i.e. friar] Anselm"). * *Disputa de l'ase* Written in 1417 in Catalan, no part survived in its original language. Current Catalan editions are available based on a medieval French translation. The Inquisition put it on the Index of prohibited books in 1583, contributing to its disappearance. Both for political and religious reasons, it did not square with the orthodoxy of Catholic Spain in the 16th century. It presents a dispute among a donkey and a friar, arguing about the supremacy of men over animals, each one defending their genre. Finally, men win because Christ was incarnated in a man. The work is, however, very critical towards mankind, in all the aspects: religious, moral, political, etc. * *Llibre de tres* This book wants to instruct in an amusing way. * *Tuhfat al-Arib fi al-Radd 'ala ahl al-Salib* [English: The Gift to the Intelligent for Refuting the Arguments of the Christians] Arabic: تحفة الأريب في الرد على أهل الصليب (1420) The best known of his Arabic books, it is a polemical work against Christianity and affirming the prophethood of Muhammad. It had three editions in Arabic, three in Turkish, and one in Persian in a century (1873 to 1971). (Epalza)
Vice-Admiral **Sir Thomas Herbert**, KCB (February 1793 – 4 August 1861), was a British Royal Navy officer. He served in the Napoleonic Wars, War of 1812, and First Anglo-Chinese War. From 1847 to 1849, he was commodore of the South East Coast of America Station. Herbert served as Member of Parliament for Dartmouth as a Conservative from 1852 to 1857. Early career ------------ Herbert was born in County Kerry, Ireland, in February 1793 as the second son of Richard Townsend Herbert, esquire of Cahirnane, County Kerry (where the Herbert family had been seated since the reign of King Charles II), and his wife Jane, daughter of Anthony Stoughton, esquire of Ballyhorgan. Among his ancestors was Sir Richard Herbert of Coldbrook, who was beheaded with his brother William, Earl of Pembroke at Banbury, the day after the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26 July 1469. Herbert joined the Royal Navy on 23 July 1803 as a first-class volunteer on board HMS *Excellent* under Captain Frank Sotheron. In that ship he went to the Mediterranean and was invested with the rating of midshipman on 1 January 1804. After assisting in the defence of Gaeta and the capture of Capri in 1806, he moved to HMS *Blonde* under Captain Volant Vashon Ballard, whom he accompanied to the West Indies Station, where he witnessed the reduction of the Danish West Indies and contributed to the capture of five privateers carrying 58 guns and 515 men. On 1 August 1809, as a reward for his conduct as prize-master of *L'Alert*, containing 20 guns and 149 men, Herbert was made a lieutenant by Sir Alexander Cochrane in his flagship HMS *Neptune*, on the recommendation of Ballard. He was officially promoted on 10 October. War of 1812 ----------- From March 1810 to June 1814, Herbert served as a lieutenant on board HMS *Pompee* under Captain James Athol Wood in the West Indies, Home, and Mediterranean stations. In 1814, he became first lieutenant under Captain Charles John Napier of the frigate HMS *Euryalus*, in which he served in the War of 1812 against the United States. He was mentioned in the dispatches of Sir James Gordon for his ability and exertions displayed throughout the operations on the Potomac River, including the capture of Fort Washington and Raid on Alexandria. After serving in over twenty engagements and being wounded three times, he was promoted to commander on 19 October 1814. He did not take up his commission until February 1815, and he remained on half-pay until 6 September 1821. West Indies and South America ----------------------------- In September 1821, Herbert commissioned HMS *Icarus* for the Jamaica station, where he transferred to HMS *Carnation*, and was posted to HMS *Tamar* on 25 November. In that ship, he destroyed three pirate vessels on the coasts of Cuba and Yucatán. He served in *Tamar* until he brought her back home, and she was paid off in August 1823. In 1829, he was High Sheriff for County Kerry. He had no further military service until 10 November 1837, when he was appointed to HMS *Calliope* and sent to Brazil. Until the arrival of Commodore Thomas Ball Sulivan, Herbert conducted the duties of Senior Officer. Herbert was directed to assume command of the naval force in the Río de la Plata to protect British interests at Buenos Aires during a blockade by a French squadron, and at Monte Video. While carrying out his duties, he was twice officially assured of the approbation of the Admiralty. In January 1840, he went around Cape Horn, and joined Rear-Admiral Charles Ross at Valparaiso, where he began his expedition to China. China ----- In June 1840, Herbert sailed from Valparaiso to China in the *Calliope* via St. Bernardin's Passage. While en route in the Philippine Islands, the crew encountered a typhoon, which the ship survived through their efforts. After arriving in the Canton River on 10 October, he assumed command of the blockading force until the arrival of Rear-Admiral George Elliot on 20 November. In the Second Battle of Chuenpi on 7 January 1841, Herbert, who was in the *Calliope*, also had HMS *Hyacinth* and HMS *Larne* under his command. The ships fired on the island's lower fort of sixteen guns facing the sea, and silenced the Chinese batteries in less than an hour. Between 23 and 26 February, he participated in the Battle of the Bogue to prevent the Chinese making further defensive preparations in the Bocca Tigris. On 23 February, he sailed to the back passage of Anunghoy Island on board *Nemesis*, with the *Calliope*, HMS *Samarang*, HMS *Herald*, and HMS *Alligator* under his command. After unexpectedly reaching a masked battery of twenty guns that opened fire, the British ships rapidly returned fire and landed the troops, who soon captured the fort. Herbert reported eighty guns captured (twenty mounted and sixty unmounted), and twenty to thirty Chinese dead. In the Battle of First Bar on 27 February, Herbert, while in *Calliope*, also had *Herald*, *Alligator*, HMS *Sulphur*, HMS *Modeste*, and the steamers *Madagascar* and *Nemesis* under his command. The ships cannonaded the Chinese war junks and batteries, which protected their strongly entrenched camp. In an hour, when the Chinese artillery was nearly silenced, he landed with the seamen and marines, and stormed the works, driving before them over 2,000 Chinese troops and killing nearly 300. The forts were under British possession half an hour later. He participated in further campaigns in capturing the forts leading towards Canton. From June to July 1841, he was senior officer in the Canton River, and on the arrival of Sir William Parker, Herbert was moved to HMS *Blenheim*, in which he took part in the capture of Amoy and Chusan, and commanded the naval brigade at the capture of Chinhai. He was appointed a Companion of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath on 29 June, and a Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath on 14 October. Later career ------------ Herbert returned to England by the Cape of Good Hope, thus completing a circumnavigation of the globe, and paid off *Blenheim* in March 1843. On 11 January 1847, he was employed as commodore on the South East Coast of America Station until 1849, with a broad pennant on HMS *Raleigh*. From February to December 1852, he was Third Naval Lord under Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland. He became a rear-admiral on 26 October 1852. He was promoted to vice-admiral on 8 December 1857. He received a good service pension in 1849. From July 1852 to April 1857, Herbert was Member of Parliament for Dartmouth. A Conservative, he opposed "further concessions to the Roman Catholics", and was against re-imposing an import duty on corn. He unsuccessfully contested that borough in 1859. After a protracted illness, he died on 4 August 1861 in Cadogan Place, Chelsea, London.
State in Palau **Ngardmau** is one of Palau's sixteen states and is located on the west side of Babeldaob between the states of Ngaraard and Ngeremlengui. Geography --------- The total area of Ngardmau is 20.5 square miles (53 km2). At the time of the 2015 census, 185 people lived in the state. There were 46 households situated in three hamlets: Ngetbong, Ngerutoi and Urdmau. The hamlets have no visible boundaries, but instead form one settlement. Ngardmau is located on the northwest coast of Babeldaob and includes the long drainage basins of the Diongradid and the Irur Rivers. Ngardmau is bordered on the south by Ngeremlengui and on the east by Ngiwal and Ngaraard. The coast is lined with a thick fringe of mangroves. In the interior, rolling hills rise to the highest ground in Palau. Near the upper reaches of the Diongradid is a large waterfall. Forests cover the upper hillsides, but poor soil and past strip mining allow only scrub vegetation on many of the lower hills. The modern village of Ngardmau lies along the north side of the Diongradid on the lower hillsides upstream from where the river enters the mangroves. The modern village consists of three traditional hamlets: Urdmang, Ngerutoi, and Ngetbong. The hamlets span the low ridge east of Telong Hill between the river and the coast. Traditional boat docks are found along the north coast, and a modern jetty extends west into the lagoon from the west end of Telong Hill. A bladed road along the north side of the river connects the villages, and traditional paths extend outward to Ngaraard, Ngiwal, Melekeok, and Ngeremlengui. Presently, the cultivated land in Ngardmau is mostly confined to gardens surrounding the modern village. Interspersed with these kitchen gardens are stands of agroforest which include coconut, and betelnut, breadfruit, almond trees, and banana plants. In and around many of the uninhabited villages are stands of coconut and betel nut palms, and occasionally patches of irregularly attended taro swamp gardens. Except for occasional forays to hunt pigeon or harvest special plants, little active use occurs for most of the Ngardmau interior. The highest elevation on Palau is in Ngardmau. It is Mount Ngerchelchuus, which is slightly over 700 feet (210 m) tall. At the south base of this mountain is a forest with giant trees that shelter many species of birds. Culture ------- At least six traditional village sites lie within Ngardmau and there may be several more along the west coast between Irur and Ngeremlengui. The traditional villages are important symbols giving identity to families, clans and regions. Within the villages are numerous stone features of historical and traditional importance. Many of the stone platforms (*odesongel* ) found there serve as clan cemeteries, and other stone features serve as shrines. The lagoon is an important resource, providing many species of fish and shellfish, and it was probably intensively exploited in prehistoric times. There are taro swamp gardens near the traditional villages, with garden plots and terraced hillsides surrounding most of the village sites. Demography ---------- The population of the state was 185 in the 2015 census and median age was 31.4 years. The official languages of the state are Palauan and English. Political system ---------------- The state of Ngardmau, with population of less than 200, has an elected chief executive, the governor. The state also has a legislature elected every four years. The state population elects one of the members in the House of Delegates of Palau. Ngerdmau Waterfall, Ngardmau State The traditional Ngardmau political and social system is very strong and is still being used today. The women's association called the "Ngaratumtum" and the men's association called the "Ngara Okelout" are organizations which help the women and men of Ngardmau follow their traditional way of life and values. "Bul" is a form of punishment that dates back a long time, used for those who got into trouble stealing or walking on the road past curfew time. "Bul" punishment fines are paid to chiefs of Ngardmau. Today both "bul" punishment and government laws are both used in Ngardmau to keep the state clean and free of crime. The government of Ngardmau is also run by a governor and a legislative body called Kelulul Ngardmau. However Ngardmau's chiefs and their female counterparts are still in power, preserving their traditional way of life and values. Ngardmau is divided into three hamlets (Urdmang, Ngerutoi, and Ngetbong). These hamlets have chiefs and follow a hierarchical system according to clan. Beouch is a title for the highest chief and Ngirkebai is for the second high chief followed by several other titles. Chieftain --------- High Chief Beouch title is inherited through Ngedengoll ourrot. Tourism ------- Palau Compact Road in Ngardmau State In Ngardmau there are five retail stores, one laundromat, two gas stations, one construction enterprise, and one auto repair shop. Ngardmau has two tourist accommodations, a small apartment rental in the settlement and two bungalows in the woods above a scenic waterfall (Taki Falls), which is the main tourist attraction of Ngardmau. Historic sites dating from the period of Japanese rule can be seen at several locations while driving on the mountainous natural resource of bauxite. Inner village, the cultural décors and monuments can be seen. Cultural sites are located in the town close to rivers such as Ngerurang’s River. Ngardmau has the largest rain-forest in Palau where many creatures live. There are many rivers and waterfalls connected to each other. The tallest water fall is called "Taki" which is commonly visited by tourists.[] Ongimi River is known to be crocodiles hatched. Crocodiles can be seen along the long river of Ngertebechel through the town, Did River, Sebeluu River, Ngerchetang Potato Lakes, and Ongimi River out to the Ocean. Ngerchetang Potato Lakes is known to have many crocodiles and home to many birds which lay eggs by the little ponds. Ngerhetang village also known for popular tree called betel nut or "buuch" in Palauan. At Irur, Ngerdekus, and Ngermasech there are old historic sites which are part of the many Ngardmau’s legends.[] Mount Ngerchelchuus, which is the tallest mountain of Palau, is located in Ngardmau where visitors can see the mountainous scenery including the largest rain forest located below of the Ngerchelchuus’s mountain. Snorkeling is allowed in certain areas. Other areas close two ports of Ngardmau are known to have farm growing clams and native sea lives. Education --------- The Ministry of Education operates public schools. Ngardmau Elementary School opened in 1966 in a South Seas Mandate school building previously for Japanese students. Palau High School in Koror is the country's only public high school, so children from this community go there.
United States Navy admiral (1897–1960) Admiral **John Edward Gingrich** (February 23, 1897 – May 26, 1960) was an officer in the United States Navy who served as the first chief of security for the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1947 to 1949, and as Chief of Naval Material from 1953 to 1954. He retired from the Navy as a four-star admiral. Early career ------------ Born in Dodge City, Kansas, to Edward Grant Gingrich and the former Bertha Allen, he attended the University of Kansas before receiving an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1915. He graduated from the Naval Academy on June 7, 1919, and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. His first assignment was aboard the battleship *Pennsylvania*, flagship of the Atlantic Fleet. From January 1920 to July 1921 he served as assistant communication officer on the staff of Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Jr. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet. In August 1921 he was transferred from *Pennsylvania* to the newly commissioned battleship *Maryland*, where he remained until June 1925, when he returned to the Naval Academy for a two-year tour as an instructor in the Department of Navigation. From May 1927 to July 1930 he served as gunnery officer aboard the armored cruiser *Rochester*, which operated in the Caribbean Sea during interventions in Nicaragua and Haiti. He spent the next two years with the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Unit at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He commanded the fleet tug *Algorma* from June 1932 until April 1934, then served aboard the heavy cruiser *Indianapolis* until June 1935. He next reported to Washington, D.C. for duty in the Navy Department's Hydrographic Office. During this tour, he helped complete a new set of precomputed tables to assist aviators and navigators in calculating their positions. Published in 1936, the new Aerial and Marine Navigation Tables were a vast improvement over the previous Ageton tables in terms of ease of calculation and accuracy, and were used for years afterward. He served as head of the Hydrographic Office's research division until 1937. From June 1937 to June 1939, he served afloat as aide and flag secretary on the staff of Commander Battleship Division 3, Battle Force, aboard the division flagship *Idaho*. He remained with the fleet for a third year as navigator of the battleship *New Mexico*. World War II ------------ ### Naval aide to James V. Forrestal Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal. Returning to Washington, he served as secretary of the General Board of the Navy before being assigned as naval aide to the inaugural Under Secretary of the Navy, James V. Forrestal. Gingrich served as Forrestal's aide from August 1940 to July 1944. The responsibilities of the Under Secretary and his staff had not yet been defined when Gingrich reported to the newly sworn-in Forrestal. Asked what he would like his naval aide to do, Forrestal replied, "Take off your coat and get to work." "Don't you want to check on my qualifications?" "No." Gingrich's first problem was to find the Under Secretary an office in the Main Navy Building; his solution was to evict the Chief of Naval Operations from the suite adjacent to the Secretary of the Navy's office. Unlike the typical naval aide to a civilian secretary, whose duties are normally limited to managing the secretary's social schedule and office logistics, Gingrich quickly became a full-fledged policy assistant for military affairs. After Gingrich left his service, Forrestal wrote to President Harry S. Truman that "He was invaluable to me, being far above the ordinary officer in his understanding of the Navy's relations with the public and with civilians." Gingrich's service as Forrestal's aide made him an enemy of Admiral Ernest J. King, Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations, who resented Gingrich's outsized policy role and perceived Gingrich as being more loyal to Forrestal, a civilian political appointee, than to King, his uniformed superior. Gingrich crossed King more blatantly when Forrestal succeeded Frank Knox as Secretary of the Navy. King and his senior admirals had effectively excluded Knox from major war decisions by only showing him routine communications from the fleet and neglecting to present the important messages, which they handled themselves. Alerted to this practice, Gingrich advised Forrestal to go to the Navy Department communication room and examine all incoming telegrams for himself. Armed with this information, Forrestal was able to exert more influence over Navy Department operations than his predecessor, at King's expense. King eventually came to suspect that Gingrich was the *éminence grise* behind many of the actions taken in Forrestal's name. Whenever the admiral passed the aide in the hallway, King would greet Gingrich with a sarcastic "Good morning, Commander," and a deep, mocking bow. ### USS *Pittsburgh* (CA-72) USS *Pittsburgh*, following typhoon damage. Forrestal finally released Gingrich to fight in the Pacific theater after Gingrich protested that he was being "kept out of the war." Assigned to fit out the new heavy cruiser *Pittsburgh*, he served as *Pittsburgh'*s first commanding officer from that cruiser's commissioning on October 10, 1944, until September 3, 1945. For outstanding service in that role, he was awarded the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, and a Gold Star in lieu of a second Legion of Merit. On March 19, 1945, the aircraft carrier *Franklin* was crippled by a kamikaze attack close to the Japanese mainland. Aflame and dead in the water, *Franklin* was still under attack by kamikaze planes and threatening to explode when Gingrich maneuvered *Pittsburgh* close enough to take the burning carrier under tow, protecting *Franklin* with antiaircraft fire until the carrier was able to work enough speed to proceed to Pearl Harbor under its own power. For helping to rescue *Franklin* at great risk to his own ship, Gingrich was awarded the Silver Star "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity". As captain of *Pittsburgh*, Gingrich became famous for sailing his ship safely to port after 15 percent of the cruiser's length was torn off by a typhoon, an act of seamanship dubbed a "miracle" by contemporary accounts. On June 5, 1945, *Pittsburgh* was returning with the Third Fleet from a carrier strike against Kyūshū when the fleet encountered heavy weather between Okinawa and the Philippine Islands. As winds rose to 70 knots (130 km/h) and waves reached heights of 100 feet (30 m), *Pittsburgh* was buffeted by two enormous waves that ripped off 104 feet (32 m) of the cruiser's bow, which tossed unpredictably in front of the ship. Gingrich immediately ordered the engines into reverse to pull *Pittsburgh* away from the dangerous obstacle, simultaneously trying to prevent the critically damaged ship from capsizing. *Pittsburgh* was saved from sinking by superlative damage control efforts by its crew, notably Gingrich's executive officer, future four-star admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr. Once the storm passed, *Pittsburgh* found itself in calm waters 900 miles from Guam. "There was nothing to it from then on," Gingrich recalled. *Pittsburgh* arrived at Guam five days after the storm and was equipped with a temporary bow, leaving two weeks later for permanent repairs at Puget Sound Navy Yard in Washington. A week after *Pittsburgh* departed, the ship's bow was discovered afloat and towed back to Guam. The 500-mile separation between the cruiser's stern and bow led contemporary news accounts to dub *Pittsburgh* "the longest ship in the Navy." Regaling the press after *Pittsburgh'*s safe arrival in port, Gingrich declared, "I'm sorry I can't give you an immortal phrase to hand down to posterity. But all I said was 'reverse engines'." He did not believe the fracture could be blamed on a structural fault. "It just took two heavy seas. It couldn't possibly have held any longer. She's a fine staunch ship. We'll get the bow fixed and go right back out again." *Pittsburgh* remained under repair at Puget Sound when the war ended in August. ### Director of Naval Reserve Gingrich departed *Pittsburgh* in September 1945 and served briefly as chief of staff and aide to Vice Admiral John H. Towers, Commander, Second Carrier Task Force, Pacific Fleet, before being abruptly reassigned to the much less significant role of chief of personnel in Miami, Florida. The sudden transfer was viewed as a punitive exile imposed by outgoing Chief of Naval Operations King and Chief of Naval Personnel Randall Jacobs to deny Secretary Forrestal an ally in the bureaucratic battle King and Jacobs were waging against Forrestal over the direction of the postwar Navy. Forrestal resolved the conflict by replacing Jacobs with Vice Admiral Louis E. Denfeld and recalling Gingrich to Washington as Denfeld's assistant. Promoted to rear admiral, Gingrich reported to the Bureau of Naval Personnel on October 24, 1945, where he was assigned to create the postwar structure for the Naval Reserve by the incoming chief of naval operations, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Gingrich was designated assistant chief of personnel (reserves) on December 7, 1945, and in August 1946 received the additional title of director of Naval Reserve. His plan for the postwar Naval Reserve was designed to mobilize the active and reserve fleets for an emergency within ten days, using 1,000,000 reservists of whom 200,000 would be drawn from an Organized Reserve and 800,000 from a Volunteer Reserve. Atomic Energy Commission ------------------------ Shield of the Atomic Energy Commission. On August 18, 1947, Gingrich was appointed the first director of the Division of Security and Intelligence at the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). As AEC security chief, he was responsible for the physical security of AEC installations, control of classified information, development and operation of security clearance procedures, and coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Gingrich found the job very frustrating. Shortly after leaving the position, he testified[*when?*] before the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy that he lacked confidence in the AEC security program, complaining that the security organization was too decentralized and its headquarters too powerless for the director to be effective. Gingrich was an early ally of AEC commissioner and security hawk Lewis Strauss. Like Strauss, Gingrich felt that his efforts to tighten security were being unjustly blocked by irresponsibly idealistic AEC leaders. He submitted numerous written protests against the employment of individuals with questionable associations, but found his reports overruled or ignored by superiors who refused to consider political ideologies such as being an "advanced 'liberal'" as disqualifying scientists from work in the atomic energy programs, and who demanded proof of membership in the actual Communist Party for evidence of a poor security risk, not just membership in organizations deemed subversive by the Attorney General. Resentful AEC security officers believed they were being caricatured as military men without a scientific background who were jumping at ghosts by considering atomic workers unsafe if they "did not share antiquated political beliefs," a caricature perhaps grounded in incidents such as the interview of a suspended Oak Ridge National Laboratory chemist during which Gingrich "personally advised [the chemist] against the unfortunate practice of scientists acting outside their own field," and went on to disparage scientists' "attitude toward security and the fuss being raised over the Negro question." It later emerged that Gingrich had only been hired as AEC security chief because of a lack of viable candidates. Testifying[*when?*] before the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy, AEC chairman David E. Lilienthal conceded that Gingrich had no relevant background in security. Asked why the FBI had not been solicited for better qualified candidates, Lilienthal said that it had been hard to find anyone willing to accept the "thorny" task. "So you selected a man who had no experience of background in this work," stated committee chairman Bourke B. Hickenlooper. "We were very pleased with the selection," Lilienthal replied, adding that Gingrich had been "a real patriot in undertaking so difficult a task when he knew other men were unwilling to undertake it." As a high-ranking AEC official, Gingrich was occasionally called upon to explain atomic energy to the public. Addressing the Annapolis Chapter of the Military Order of the World Wars on April 19, 1949, Gingrich assured his audience that there had been no significant violation of security regulations in the past year and a half, and decried "sensational and grossly exaggerated tales" about "spies stealing atomic secrets" and about the hazards of atomic energy. "One prominent university president stated that three atomic bombs could destroy the United States. That is not true. It has been said that radioactivity will kill everyone in a city not killed by the blast of a bomb. That is not true. The effect of atomic radiation need not be fatal at all. It needs care and treatment. There is less mystery about radiation than is realized." ### Forrestal death On March 30, 1949, Chief of Naval Operations Louis E. Denfeld and Vice Chief of Naval Operations Arthur W. Radford received word that former Secretary of Defense James Forrestal was experiencing a nervous breakdown in Hobe Sound, Florida. Gingrich, who had remained close to Forrestal since serving as his wartime aide, was immediately dispatched to Forrestal's side, along with Navy psychiatrist George N. Raines. After their departure, Forrestal's friend Ferdinand Eberstadt asked the Navy not to send anyone, fearing that the arrival of too many people would overexcite Forrestal. Recalled Radford, "I assured Mr. Eberstadt that we could rely on John Gingrich to see that nothing of that kind happened but that it was too late to recall him. In fact, the Secretary seemed to trust Johnny and to be more relaxed with him present, and Dr. Raines stayed in the background. Johnny kept Admiral Denfeld and me informed of the situation." Eberstadt arrived himself on April 1, 1949 with Dr. William C. Menninger, who recommended immediate hospitalization. "Jim Forrestal flew back to Washington with Johnny Gingrich and Dr. Raines; Johnny seemed to be able to exercise more control over him than anyone else." Forrestal was admitted to Bethesda Naval Hospital for psychiatric treatment. Radford left Washington later that month to become Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Command, and Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet. Offered a position as Radford's chief of staff, Gingrich jumped at the opportunity to resume his naval career, submitting his resignation as AEC security chief on April 10, 1949, effective April 30. His letter of resignation stated that "the security division has been completely reorganized, adequately staffed with highly capable personnel whose duties have been properly set forth." Aware of Gingrich's previous discontent, Senator William E. Jenner speculated on the floor of the Senate that Gingrich had actually "quit in disgust." Asked by the press to comment, Gingrich claimed, "I resigned to accept duty as Chief of Staff in the Pacific. I was not disgruntled and I did not leave precipitately." On May 22, 1949, Forrestal committed suicide at Bethesda Naval Hospital. As Forrestal's long-time friend, Gingrich accompanied Forrestal's casket from the Naval Hospital to Arlington National Cemetery and stood with the Forrestal family at the graveside during the official funeral on May 25, 1949. He joined the Pacific Fleet staff as Radford's chief of staff and aide in July 1949. Korean War ---------- ### United Nations Blockade and Escort Force Gingrich was designated Commander Training Command, U.S. Pacific Fleet in October 1951. On May 31, 1952, he became Commander, United Nations Blockade and Escort Force. The Blockade and Escort Force (Task Force 95) was a subordinate command of United States Naval Forces, Far East, under the operational control of the Seventh Fleet. Ships from nine nations comprised the West Coast Blockade Group (Task Group 95.1), the East Coast Blockade Group (Task Group 95.2), the Escort Group (Task Group 95.5), the Minesweeping Group (Task Group 95.6), and the Republic of Korea Navy (Task Group 95.7). In addition to interdicting Korean waters against hostile and unauthorized shipping, Task Force 95 conducted shore bombardment and naval airstrikes on both coasts and maintained a continuous blockade of the North Korean port of Wonsan, the longest naval blockade of modern times. Gingrich stressed efficient use of warfighting resources. When he took over Task Force 95, he discovered that his ships were firing 51,700 rounds of 5-inch ammunition per month, mostly in unobserved fire. Worried about the massive expenditure, Gingrich insisted that targets be observed to evaluate the effect of the bombardment. "I wanted to know specifically what damage was done, not that 'great damage' was done." The resulting improvement in targeting efficiency reduced the monthly firing rate to 15,000 rounds, representing a savings of approximately $40,000,000 over the course of a year. "The cost of a 5-inch shell at the end of the Korean pipeline was approximately $200," he noted, so "unless it did that much damage, we were hurting ourselves more than the enemy." For commanding the Blockade and Escort Force, Gingrich was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and decorations from the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Thailand. He was relieved by Rear Admiral Clarence E. Olsen on February 13, 1953. ### Chief of Naval Material As Chief of Naval Material, 1954. Promoted to vice admiral, he became deputy chief of naval operations for administration in February 1953. On August 1, 1953, he was appointed Chief of Naval Material (CNM), in which role he was responsible for all Navy procurement activities. Gingrich believed that the worst procurement problems stemmed from faulty requirement planning. "No matter how well we place a contract, if there was no need for the material in the first place, our procurement effort and our money have been wasted. Yet an inordinate amount of our procurement effort has been wasted in buying unneeded material and equipment." "Placing a price tag and a material expenditure tag on the bullets we fire may represent a somewhat new concept in our modern thinking," he concluded, "but success in future wars depends greatly upon the economy measures we utilize." Personal life ------------- He retired from the Navy on October 1, 1954, as a full admiral, having been automatically advanced one grade on the retired list on the basis of combat citations. One month later, he was elected a vice president of the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (I.T.&T.). In February 1957, as part of a corporate reorganization, he was appointed president of the Federal Telephone and Radio Company, an I.T.&T. division which produced electronic equipment and components for government, military, and commercial use. He eventually returned to the parent corporation, serving as an I.T.&T. vice president until his death. He died at his home in New York City at the age of 63, after a long illness, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He married Florence Benson in 1925 and they had one son, John Edward, Jr. He remarried to Vanetta Oliphant on July 3, 1939, and they had one daughter, Susan Alice. His decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for commanding the Blockade and Escort Force; the Silver Star, awarded for assisting the damaged aircraft carrier *Franklin*; two awards of the Legion of Merit for commanding the cruiser *Pittsburgh*; and decorations from the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Thailand.
American mathematician (1888-1977) **Fay Farnum** (born August 24, 1888, in Spencer, Iowa; died March 11, 1977, in Tucson, Arizona) was an American mathematician and university professor and one of the few women to earn a PhD in math before World War II. She was a founding member of the Mathematical Association of America. Life and work ------------- Born **Eugenia Fae Farnum**, the second of four children to Josephine and farmer George Edwin Farnum, Fay Farnum received her bachelor's degree in general science from the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now Iowa State University) in 1909. After teaching at various schools in Lyons, Iowa, Le Mars, Iowa, and Ames, Iowa, she moved to Ithaca, New York and received a master's degree from Cornell University in 1915 using the name "Fae Farnum" (but sometime before 1920, she began calling herself Fay Farnum exclusively). Farnum returned as an instructor to Iowa State College between 1915 and 1924. She spent two summer semesters in Chicago before enrolling as a graduate student at Cornell University from 1924 to 1926. Between 1925 and 1926, she taught two classes each semester including solid geometry, advanced algebra and calculus. She received her Ph.D. in 1926 under the supervision of mathematician Virgil Snyder with her dissertation: *On Triadic Cremona Nets of Plane Curves*. Her major subject was geometry with her first minor in mathematical analysis and her second minor in physics. She started teaching at Washington Square College (now New York University) in 1926 and stayed there for several years, first as an instructor and later as an assistant professor. During the 1939–1940 school year, Farnum took a leave of absence from NYU to attend the Physics and Mathematics Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, but in April 1940, troops from Nazi, Germany, invaded Denmark during World War II, requiring her to cut short her studies and return to her position at NYU. In 1943, she moved to Iowa State where she taught until 1949 because the math department needed help meeting the demands of the new Army and Navy students. She was hired as an assistant professor. She retired the first time in 1949, but later, in 1955, she began teaching at the University of Arizona where she remained until 1957. Farnum was a founding member of the Mathematical Association of America and also a member of the American Mathematical Society. She died in Tucson in 1977 at the age of 88 and was buried at Tucson Memorial Park South Lawn.
Principle of digital preservation The **LOCKSS** ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University, is a peer-to-peer network that develops and supports an open source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web. Its main goal is digital preservation. The system attempts to replicate the way libraries do this for material published on paper. It was originally designed for scholarly journals, but is now also used for a range of other materials. Examples include the SOLINET project to preserve theses and dissertations at eight universities, US government documents, and the MetaArchive Cooperative program preserving at-risk digital archival collections, including Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs), newspapers, photograph collections, and audio-visual collections. A similar project called **CLOCKSS** (Controlled LOCKSS) "is a tax-exempt, 501(c)(3), not-for-profit organization, governed by a Board of Directors made up of librarians and publishers." CLOCKSS runs on LOCKSS technology. Problem ------- Traditionally, academic libraries have retained issues of scholarly journals, either individually or collaboratively, providing their readers access to the content received even after the publisher has ceased or the subscription has been canceled. In the digital age, libraries often subscribe to journals that are only available digitally over the Internet. Although convenient for patron access, the model for digital subscriptions does not allow the libraries to retain a copy of the journal. If the publisher ceases to publish, or the library cancels the subscription, or if the publisher's website is down for the day, the content that has been paid for is no longer available. Methods ------- The LOCKSS system allows a library, with permission from the publisher, to collect, preserve and disseminate to its patrons a copy of the materials to which it has subscribed as well as open access material (perhaps published under a Creative Commons license). Each library's system collects a copy using a specialized web crawler that verifies that the publisher has granted suitable permission. The system is format-agnostic, collecting whatever formats the publisher delivers via HTTP. Libraries which have collected the same material cooperate in a peer-to-peer network to ensure its preservation. Peers in the network vote on cryptographic hash functions of preserved content and a nonce; a peer that is outvoted regards its copy as damaged and repairs it from the publisher or other peers. The LOCKSS license used by most publishers allows a library's readers access to its own copy, but does not allow similar access to other libraries or unaffiliated readers; the system does not support file sharing. On request, a library may supply another library with content to effect a repair, but only if the requesting library proved that in the past that it had a good copy by voting with the majority. If the reader's browser no longer supports the format in which the copy was collected, a *format migration process* can convert it to a current format. These limits on the use that may be made of preserved copies of copyright material have been effective in persuading copyright owners to grant the necessary permission. The LOCKSS approach of selective collection with permission from the publisher, distributed storage, and restricted dissemination contrasts with, for example, the Internet Archive's approach of omnivorous collection without permission from the publisher, centralized storage, and unrestricted dissemination. The LOCKSS system is far smaller, but it can preserve subscription materials to which the Internet Archive has no access. Since each library administers its own LOCKSS peer and maintains its own copy of preserved material, and since there are libraries doing so worldwide (see the list of participating libraries below), the system provides a much higher degree of replication than is usual in a fault-tolerant system. The voting process makes use of this high degree of replication to eliminate the need for backups to off-line media, and to provide robust defenses against attacks aimed at corrupting preserved content. Importance ---------- In addition to preserving access, libraries have traditionally made it difficult to rewrite or suppress printed material. The existence of an indeterminate but large number of identical copies on a somewhat tamper-resistant medium under many independent administrations meant that attempts to alter or remove all copies of a published work would likely both fail and be detected. Web publishing, based on a single copy under a single administration, provides none of these safeguards against subversion. Web publishing is, therefore, an amenable tool for rewriting history. By preserving many copies under diverse administration, by automatically auditing the copies at intervals against each other (and, in the future, against the publisher's copy), and by alerting libraries when changes are detected, the LOCKSS system attempts to restore many of these safeguards in the now digital world of publication. Implementation -------------- Prior to implementing a LOCKSS system, some questions need to be considered carefully in order to make sure the content is verified, evaluated, and auditable by users. The user must ask questions such as, "What are your procedures?", "What are your methods?", "How is this system evaluated?", and "What is your disaster preparedness program?". These questions will enable the user to evaluate the system, create a successful maintenance plan for their materials, and enable the system to be reinforced by a carefully evaluated support structure. The source code for the entire LOCKSS system carries BSD-style open-source licenses and is available from GitHub. LOCKSS is a trademark of Stanford University. Further reading --------------- * "LOCKSS, CLOCKSS, and Portico". *Rutgers University Libraries*. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
5th-century BC Greek philosopher For the genus of bats, see Chaerephon (genus). **Chaerephon** (/ˈkɛrəfən, -ˌfɒn/; Greek: Χαιρεφῶν, *Chairephōn*; c. 470/460 – 403/399 BCE), of the Athenian deme Sphettus, was an ancient Greek best remembered as a loyal friend and follower of Socrates. He is known only through brief descriptions by classical writers and was "an unusual man by all accounts", though a man of loyal democratic values. Life ---- Chaerephon is mentioned by three writers of his time, all of whom were probably well acquainted with him: Aristophanes, Xenophon, and Plato. Considered together, these sources suggest that Chaerephon was a well-known, alert, energetic, engaging individual, possibly with a distinctive physical appearance and probably a bit of a "character", who moved easily in the social and intellectual circles of the day. ### In Aristophanes Chaerephon appears in three of Aristophanes' comic plays: *The Clouds*, *The Wasps*, and *The Birds*. *The Clouds*, produced in 423 BCE, portrays Socrates and his assistant Chaerephon as a pair of charlatans operating a pseudo-scientific school in Athens. Chaerephon is represented in *The Clouds* as pale and malnourished, a "living corpse", and it is sometimes inferred that he must have been a thin, unhealthy looking fellow in real life. In *The Wasps* Chaerephon, or some visual caricature of him, has a brief, non-speaking role as an impartial witness. In *The Birds* he is nicknamed "the bat", possibly alluding to nocturnal habits, a bony appearance, or a sudden, excitable nature (as suggested in Plato's works, below). ### In Xenophon In his *Memorabilia* Xenophon includes Chaerephon in his list of the "true companions" of Socrates. Also in the Socratic inner circle, according to Xenophon, were Crito, Hermogenes, Simmias of Thebes, Cebes of Thebes, Phaedondes, and Chaerephon's younger brother Chaerecrates, although Xenophon acknowledges that there were others. Later in the *Memorabilia*, Xenophon recounts an exchange between Socrates and Chaerecrates on the occasion of a falling-out between the brothers. Socrates argues persuasively that Chaerecrates should make every effort to achieve a prompt reconciliation with his older brother Chaerephon. ### In Plato In Plato's *Apology*, an account of the Trial of Socrates in 399 BCE, Socrates calls Chaerephon his longtime friend and the friend of many present. Socrates says that Chaerephon is now deceased but indicates that his brother is in attendance at the trial. Socrates suggests that Chaerephon had a reputation for being impetuous and we learn that it was Chaerephon who journeyed to Delphi to ask the Delphic oracle who was the wisest of men. (The oracle replied that there was none wiser than Socrates.) Socrates also alludes to a period of exile which was endured by Chaerephon and some others present. This is sometimes taken as evidence that Chaerephon, unlike Socrates, was an active supporter of the Athenian Democracy and was persecuted on this account when the democracy was temporarily deposed after the defeat of Athens by Sparta. Chaerephon appears in two other Platonic dialogues: the *Charmides* and the *Gorgias*. At the start of the *Charmides*, Socrates returns to Athens from the military campaign at Potidaea and is greeted with great enthusiasm by Chaerephon who is described as "a wild man". This campaign concluded in 430 BCE (3 years before Plato's birth and 31 years before Socrates' death), but Plato is probably accurate in depicting the association of Chaerephon and Socrates as already well established. At the start of the *Gorgias*, Chaerephon and Socrates arrive late at an Athenian gathering for an evening of conversation with Gorgias, a famed Sophist. Socrates good-naturedly blames their lateness on Chaerephon, who chatted too long in the Agora. Chaerephon then says that Gorgias is a friend of his and, with some coaching by Socrates, he serves satisfactorily as Gorgias' initial interlocutor in the early part of the dialogue. Sources ------- * Guthrie, W. K. C. (1971). *Socrates*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09667-7. * Nails, Debra (2002). *The People of Plato: A prosopography of Plato and other Socratics*. Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87220-564-9. See pp 86–87.
British army officer and mountaineer **John de Vars Hazard** MC (18 August 1888 – 12 June 1968) was a British Army officer and mountaineer who took part in the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, most famous for the disappearance of the mountaineers George Mallory and Andrew "Sandy" Irvine. Biography --------- Born on 18 August 1888, John de Vars Hazard spent much of his childhood in France and was educated at Bedford School before going on to study engineering. In his youth he took part in pioneering climbs in the Lake District, and made the first ascent of Great Gable's Abbey Buttress at Easter 1909. He joined the Royal Artillery and served in the First World War, during which he fought at the Battle of the Somme in 1916, as second in command to Henry Morshead, and was awarded the Military Cross. Morshead took part in the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition and the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition, and recommended that Hazard should be a member of the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition. According to Hazard's obituary in the *Alpine Journal*, he is best remembered for leaving four Sherpas behind on the North Col during the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, whilst he was bringing the men down, resulting in a very risky rescue operation by Howard Somervell, Edward Felix Norton and George Mallory. Later, after most of the expedition had left to return to India, Hazard transgressed a Tibetan rule and went to survey the Yarlung Tsangpo River. As a result, the *Alpine Journal* obituary claims, the Tibetan authorities banned foreign expeditions in Tibet for nine years, between 1924 and 1933. However, this account of events has been disputed and Hazard has been described as a "scapegoat" for the diplomatic debacle later known as the Affair of the Dancing Lamas. John de Vars Hazard died in London on 12 June 1968.
Satellites photos of the 18 tropical cyclones worldwide that reached at least Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale throughout 2022, from Batsirai (upper left) in February to Darian (lower right) in December. Among them, Nanmadol (right most image in the second row) was the most intense with a minimum central pressure of 910 hPa. During 2022, tropical cyclones formed in seven major bodies of water, commonly known as tropical cyclone basins. Tropical cyclones were named by various weather agencies when they attained maximum sustained winds of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). During the year, 133 systems formed, of which 87 were named. The strongest storm to form was Typhoon Nanmadol, with minimum pressure of 910 hPa (26.87 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone was Tropical Storm Megi, which caused 214 fatalities in the Philippines (excluding 132 others rendered missing), while the costliest was Hurricane Ian, which had an estimated damage total of at least $113.1 billion (2022 USD) after affecting Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, the western part of the Greater Antilles and Southeast United States. This year featured an average amount of tropical cyclones globally. The most active basin of the year was the West Pacific, which had yet another below average season, with 25 named systems forming. The East Pacific was above average with 19 named storms forming, while the North Atlantic was average with 14 named storms, the fewest number since 2015. The North Indian basin produced 7 named storms, which constituted above average activity, however only one strengthened to cyclone strength. The Southern Hemisphere also featured average activity, with Cyclone Batsirai causing heavy damage and killing many people in Madagascar. Throughout the year, 18 major tropical cyclones formed, which included three Category 5 tropical cyclones, both figures being below the 1991-2020 global averages. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for 2022 (seven basins combined), as calculated by Colorado State University (CSU) was 559.6 units overall, which was the fewest amount of units seen since 2010. Tropical cyclones are primarily monitored by ten warning centers across the world, which are designated as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) or a Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC) by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These ten centers are the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Météo-France (MFR), Indonesia's Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service (PNGNWS), the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), and New Zealand's MetService. Unofficial, but still notable, warning centres include the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA; albeit official within the Philippines), the United States's Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), and the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions ---------------------------------------------- The La Niña that started in the fourth quarter of 2021 is expected to continue into at least the first quarter of 2022, with an 87% chance of it persisting between the period of December 2021 to February 2022. On March 10, NOAA released an update on the ENSO conditions in the Pacific, in the update the La Niña is favored to continue into the Northern Hemisphere's summer with a 53% chance of it persisting during June – August 2022 period, and with a 40 to 50% chance of La Niña or ENSO-neutral during the Northern Hemisphere's autumn. Summary ------- ### North Atlantic Ocean Further information: 2022 Atlantic hurricane season and Timeline of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season 2022 Atlantic hurricane season summary map The season started on May 31, when a low pressure area formed near the Yucatán Peninsula, partially related to the Pacific basin as the remnants of Agatha. Two days later, the NHC issued tropical storm watches for Cuba and parts of Florida and also designated the system as *Potential Tropical Cyclone 01L*. As it moved away from Florida, the system intensified into a tropical storm east of the state and was named *Alex*, becoming the first named storm in the Atlantic basin. The precursor of Alex killed 4 people in Cuba due to flooding. Alex also caused minor damages in Florida and Bermuda. On June 6, Alex transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone due to cooler waters and the loss of tropical characteristics. Alex's remnants later traveled across the North Atlantic towards Northern Europe, bringing heavy gale-force winds. Alex's formation on June 5 also made it the first season since 2014 to not have a pre-season named storm. On June 23, a tropical wave that originated from the coast of Africa producing a large but disorganized area of showers and thunderstorms and the NHC classified the system as *Invest 94L*. Two day later, the disturbance moved along a west to west-northwesterly track toward the southernmost Windward Islands. On June 27, the NHC designated the system as *Potential Tropical Cyclone 02L* due to the threat the system posed to the Lesser Antilles and the northern area of Venezuela. As the disturbance moved towards off the coast of Central America on the morning of July 1, it became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm and was given the name *Bonnie*. Bonnie made landfall near the Costa Rica–Nicaragua border before it crossed into the Eastern Pacific basin, marking the first time a tropical cyclone survived the crossover from the Atlantic to the Pacific since Hurricane Otto in 2016. Tropical Storm Earl (bottom left) and Hurricane Danielle (top right) both active simultaneously on September 5, 2022. On the same day, an area of low pressure formed offshore of Savannah, Georgia which made the NHC to classify the system as *Invest 96L*. On the next day, the system was designated as a tropical storm and given the name *Colin* as it approached North Carolina. Most of Colin's heavy rains and strong winds remained out over the Atlantic due to its proximity to the coast and northwesterly shear of around 25 mph (35 km/h). Colin then weakened into a tropical depression before it dissipated on July 3 over eastern North Carolina. Four tropical cyclones active simultaneously on September 23, Fiona (left), Gaston (center top right), Hermine (bottom right), and a depression that would later become Ian (bottom left). The tropical wave that would later become Tropical Depression Eleven can be seen left of Hermine. For the first time since 1997, no tropical cyclones formed in the basin during the month of August. This quiet period ended on September 1, when a tropical depression formed west of the Azores. The depression eventually organized into a tropical storm and was named *Danielle* by the NHC on the same day. Danielle later strengthened into the basin's first Atlantic hurricane of the season the following day. After Danielle's formation, another tropical depression formed east of the Leeward Islands on September 2. The depression organized into a tropical storm on the next day and was named *Earl* by the NHC. Earl further intensified into the basin's second hurricane. Earl reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane and became extratropical near the island of Newfoundland. Earl killed two people in Puerto Rico and caused minor flooding along the Canadian coast. Danielle on the other hand, stayed over the North Atlantic and did not affect any landmass. On September 12, the NHC began monitoring a tropical low in the central Atlantic for potential development. Two days later, the low became better organized and was designated as *Tropical Depression Seven* by the NHC. The depression further organized and was named *Fiona*. Fiona further intensified into the basin's third hurricane by September 18 and made landfall on Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Fiona then headed north and later reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane, becoming the first major hurricane of the season. Fiona then became a post-tropical cyclone and later made landfall on Nova Scotia. Altogether, at least 19 deaths have been attributed to Fiona. In Puerto Rico, which was still recovering from the effects of Hurricane Maria in 2017. 16 deaths were reported. In Guadeloupe, Dominican Republic and Canada, one death in each country was also reported. Fiona was also notable for having the lowest central pressure of 932 mbars at such a northerly latitude since 1979. On September 16, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave over the central tropical Atlantic for potential development. The low gradually organized over the next few days and was later designated as *Tropical Depression Eight* on September 20. It further intensified into a tropical storm and was later named *Gaston* on the same day. Additionally, the NHC began tracking another tropical wave which was located east of the Windward Islands. By September 23, the low was able to form a well-defined circulation which resulted the NHC to classify the system as *Tropical Depression Nine*. The depression was then named *Ian* on the next day. On September 27, Ian began rapidly intensifying and made landfall on western Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane. Ian then emerged off the coast of Cuba and entered the Gulf of Mexico before strengthening further into a Category 5 hurricane. Ian then made landfall on Florida as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, tying as the 5th-strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous United States. After making its second landfall in Southwest Florida, Ian rapidly weakened into a tropical storm before moving back out into Atlantic, where the storm reintensified back into a hurricane and made landfall in South Carolina. Ian caused catastrophic damage across Southwest Florida, mostly from flooding due to extreme storm surge and rainfall. The hurricane killed at least 140 people across the Southeast United States mostly in Florida and The Carolinas and Cuba. On September 22, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave off the coast of Africa. The low quickly organized and was named *Hermine* by the NHC. Hermine was rather short-lived and dissipated on September 25 due to wind shear. Despite its short duration, Hermine was known for reaching tropical storm strength as it was located between the Cabo Verde Islands and the coast of Africa. On September 21, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands for possible development. The depression was classified as *Tropical Depression Eleven* after showing some signs of organization on September 28. However, the depression remained poorly organized and dissipated in the open Atlantic on the next day. Nearing the end of September, the NHC began to monitor another tropical wave which emerged off the west coast of Africa for potential development. It was then classified as *Tropical Depression Twelve* after its structure became slightly organized on October 4. However, the depression was also short lived and dissipated three days later due to the influence of strong wind shear. Tropical Storm Lisa (bottom left) and Hurricane Martin (top right) both active simultaneously on November 1, 2022. On October 2, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave located in the central Atlantic. As the wave began to approach the southern Windward Islands, the NHC initiated advisories on it as *Potential Tropical Cyclone Thirteen* on October 6. As the depression moved across the Guajira Peninsula on the next day, the system intensified into a tropical storm was named *Julia*. Julia then intensified further into a hurricane on October 8, and reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane with a minimum central pressure of 982 mbars. It then made landfall over Nicaragua, at the same intensity. Julia then left the Atlantic basin and entered the Eastern Pacific as a tropical storm before becoming a remnant low offshore of Guatemala on October 10. Julia was a rather deadly hurricane as it killed at least 91 people, mostly in Venezuela and Central America. Additionally, Julia was the second storm of the season to survive the crossover between the Atlantic–Pacific basin, after Bonnie in July. On October 10, the NHC began to monitor an area of disturbed weather located north of dissipating Tropical Storm Julia. The low later moved over the Bay of Campeche, where the system rapidly organized into Tropical Storm Karl on the next day. Karl's lifespan was rather short-lived as the system stalled in the Gulf of Mexico before rapidly weakening back into a tropical depression and dissipating on October 15 over Southern Mexico. Karl caused moderate flooding in Mexico, which damaged multiple infrastructures in the region. The storm also killed at least three people. On October 28, the NHC began monitoring a low pressure area developed over the southeastern Caribbean. Three days later, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm, which was then named *Lisa*. Lisa further strengthened into a hurricane on November 2, before it made landfall over Belize. Lisa then rapidly weakened inland before emerging into the Bay of Campeche. Lisa's remnants dissipated on November 5 without intensifying further. Lisa caused moderate damage along its path, although no fatalities were reported from the hurricane. On the last day of October, the NHC began monitoring a low pressure located in the Atlantic for possible development. On November 1, deep convection developed near the center of the system, which resulted in the formation of *Martin*. Martin later strengthened into a hurricane while heading northeast. It then transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone while maintaining its strength on November 3, over the North Atlantic. Martin then approached Ireland as a European windstorm before dissipating. On November 4, the NHC began to monitor an area in the northeastern Caribbean Sea where a large non-tropical low pressure system was expected to develop within a few days. On the next day, a low pressure area formed north of Puerto Rico, which was producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms. On November 7, the disturbance was classified as subtropical storm and was named *Nicole*. Nicole's structure further improved and was classified as a tropical storm on the next day. It then passed the Bahamas before strengthening into a hurricane and later making landfall over Florida while maintaining its strength. Nicole then headed north towards Georgia before dissipating over West Virginia. Despite Nicole being relatively weak, its large size caused heavy damage across its path including parts of Florida which was already devastated by Hurricane Ian six weeks earlier. 11 deaths were also reported from the hurricane. ### Eastern & Central Pacific Ocean Further information: 2022 Pacific hurricane season and Timeline of the 2022 Pacific hurricane season 2022 Pacific hurricane season summary map On May 22, The NHC monitored a low-pressure area located several miles off the coast of Mexico for potential development. On May 28, the system eventually developed into a tropical depression which became the first storm in the basin and was designated as *One-E* by the NHC. Later, the system strengthened into a tropical storm and was named *Agatha*. Agatha furthermore intensified into the basin's first hurricane. Agatha reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane and made landfall near Puerto Angel in Mexico with winds up to 105 mph. This made Agatha the strongest hurricane to make landfall during the month of May in the basin. Earth on June 21 featuring Tropical Storm Celia (*center left*) and a degenerating Blas (*left*) south of the Baja California peninsula and a low pressure area which later became Bonnie (*far right*) off the coast of Africa. On the first week of June, the NHC first noted a low pressure area that formed off the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and designated the system as *Invest 92E*. On June 11, the disturbance became more organized and the system was reclassified as *Tropical Depression Two-E* three days later by the NHC. Later, the depression intensified to a tropical storm and was named *Blas* which became the second named storm in the Eastern Pacific basin. Blas further intensified into the basin's second hurricane. Blas's structure continued to improve, developing a mid-level eye on the western portions of the cyclone. On June 18, Blas weakened into a tropical storm due to unfavorable conditions causing Blas's structure to deteriorate along with its deep convection. Two days later, Blas transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone and dissipated on June 24. Blas caused four deaths, two in Guerrero and two in Puebla in Mexico. Additionally, six people died in El Salvador due to heavy rain related to Blas's precursor disturbance and other weather systems. No coastal watches or warnings were put into effect for Blas. As a precaution, ports in Southern Mexico, an area still recovering from the impacts of Hurricane Agatha 19 days prior closed on June 16. On June 11, another low pressure area formed off the coast of Central America which prompted the NHC to designated the system as *Invest 93E*. Two days later, a trough of low pressure formed a couple of hundred miles southwest of the coast of Nicaragua. On June 16, the system intensified into a tropical depression which was then classified as *Three-E* by the NHC, while heading north. Later, the system received the name *Celia* after it became a tropical storm. A day later, Celia weakened back into a tropical depression due to its easterly winds, which resulted in moderate wind shear as it moved west-southwestward over the following few days due to the steering flow of a mid-level ridge to its north. On June 21, Celia re-strengthened into a tropical storm. After paralleling the Mexican coast, Celia once again weakened back into a tropical depression where it lost most of its significant convection. Tropical Storm Frank (*right*) and Tropical Storm Georgette (*left*) both active consecutively on July 28, 2022. On July 2, *Bonnie* entered the Pacific basin from the Atlantic basin as a tropical storm. Bonnie became the first tropical cyclone to survive the crossover from the Atlantic to the Pacific since Hurricane Otto in 2016. Bonnie later strengthened into the basin's third hurricane and later became the first major hurricane in the basin. Bonnie reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane as it paralleled the coast of Mexico. It then weakened into a post-tropical storm on July 9 near the Central Pacific basin. On July 5, another low pressure area formed south of the Central American coast where the NHC classified the system as *Invest 95E*. The low became better organized on July 9, along with a burgeoning central dense overcast forming near the center. Later that day, it further concluded that the disturbance had likely developed a closed circulation, and was designated as *05E*. Soon, the system intensified into a Tropical Storm and was named *Darby*. Two days later, Darby intensified into the basin's fourth hurricane and furthermore into the second major hurricane in the basin. Darby reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane while acquiring annular hurricane characteristics at the same time. Darby then entered the Central Pacific basin on July 14 and passed south of the Big Island of Hawaii before dissipating on July 17. On July 7, the NHC began monitoring a low pressure area south of the coast of Central America for potential development. The NHC classified the low as *Invest 96E*. Eight days later, the disturbance became better organized and was classified as *Tropical Depression 06-E* by the NHC. On July 16, the system strengthened into a tropical storm where it was named *Estelle*. A day later, Estelle strengthened into the basin's fifth hurricane. However, due to unfavorable conditions and severe wind shear, Estelle failed to strengthened any further and reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane. On July 19, Estelle was downgraded into a tropical storm where its center was located north of Clarion Island. Two days later, Estelle dissipated as it moved away from the Mexican coast. On July 21, a low pressure area developed off the southern coasts of El Salvador and Guatemala, and the NHC classified the low as *Invest 97E*. Five days later, after deep convection developed at the center of the disturbance and become better organized, it was designated as a *Tropical Depression 07-E* by the NHC. Later, the system gradually became better organized and was named *Frank* by the NHC. The storm later intensified into the basin's sixth hurricane four days later. Frank failed to strengthen further (as a major hurricane) due to wind shear and cooler waters, which caused the system to weaken. Instead, Frank reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane. Slowly continued to decreasing sea temperatures and Frank began to weaken until it was downgraded as a tropical storm on August 1. Frank continues to weakening further as a post-tropical cyclone a day later, before it disspated on August 5. Followed by Invest 97E, the NHC began monitoring another low pressure area which was located southwest of the coast of southwestern Mexico for possible tropical development on July 25. The NHC classified the low as *Invest 98E*. On July 27, the system intensified into a tropical depression and was designated as *Tropical Depression 08-E* by the NHC. Later, the depression strengthened into a compact tropical storm, which received the name *Georgette*. Georgette stayed as a tropical storm during its lifespan and failed to strengthen any further due to heavy wind shear generated by the outflow from the circulation of nearby Hurricane Frank. On August 2, Georgette degenerated into a remnant low over the open ocean, until it disspated on August 6. On August 2, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave producing widespread showers and thunderstorms over Central America and the adjacent waters in anticipation that an area of low pressure would form once it moved over the eastern Pacific. The NHC classified the low as *Invest 99E*. Four days later, the disturbance had become sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression, which was designated as *Tropical Depression 09-E* by the NHC. On August 7, the depression strengthened into a Tropical Storm which was assigned the name *Howard*. Howard reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane before its convection started to collapse. Howard degenerated into a post-tropical low on August 11. On August 7, the NHC began forecasting an area of low pressure off the southwestern coast of Mexico. The low eventually became better organized to be classified as a tropical depression. Despite being over warm waters, the depression struggled to intensify due to moderate wind shear. Later, an unexpected burst of convection resulted the depression briefly strengthening into a tropical storm which was then named *Ivette* by the NHC. Ivette's structure once again collapsed which resulted the system weakening back into a tropical depression. Ivette later degenerated into a remnant low on August 16. Earth on September 22 featuring Newton (*center left*) and Madeline weakening west of Newton in the Pacific basin. Additionally with Hurricane Fiona and Gaston (*top right*) in the Atlantic basin. On the first of September, a tropical depression formed off the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. The system later strengthened into a tropical storm on the next day and was named *Javier* by the NHC. Javier's lifespan was rather short and dissipated on September 4 as it entered cooler waters. On the same day, another tropical depression organized off the coast of Mexico. The system was later named *Kay* by the NHC as it reached tropical storm status. Kay later strengthened into a hurricane on September 5. Kay reached its peak intensity a Category 2 hurricane as it was located off the Baja California peninsula. Kay later weakened back into a Category 1 hurricane and made landfall along the Baja California peninsula on September 8. The storm further weakened into a tropical storm and degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone southwest of San Diego. Kay killed three people along Mexico and caused minor damages along the Baja California peninsula. Additionally, Kay's outer bands struck Southern California which brought heavy winds and record rainfall mostly in San Diego County. On September 11, a disorganized low pressure area formed off the southern coast of Mexico. Four days later, the NHC classified the low as *Tropical Depression Thirteen-E* after it became better defined with a curved band of convection forming. On September 16, it was then named *Lester*. Lester however weakened back into a tropical depression and made landfall along the coast of southwestern Mexico on the afternoon of September 17, and rapidly dissipated. Earlier that same day, *Madeline* formed off the coast of Mexico. Madeline first approached the Mexican coast before curving away from the mainland without making landfall. Madeline weakened into a remnant low on September 20. On the next day, *Newton* also formed off the coast of Mexico. Newton headed east of Mexico and weakened three days later without affecting and landmass. However, the NHC continued monitoring Newton's remnants for possible regeneration as it was located in the open Pacific. The low slightly organized before its structure deteriorated further and dissipated completely on September 28. Nearing the end of September on the 29th, the NHC began to monitor another depression off the coast of Mexico for potential development. The depression developed a well-defined center late that day, becoming a tropical depression. It further developed into a tropical storm, which was then named *Orlene* on the next day. Orlene then continued to intensify further into a hurricane and reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on October 2. As the hurricane approached Mexico, Orlene encountered severe wind shear which resulted in the hurricane to rapidly weaken. Orlene then made landfall in Escuinapa Municipality, Sinaloa, as a Category 1 hurricane before rapidly weakening overland on October 4. Despite Orlene causing widespread flooding and several mudslides to the area, no casualties were reported. On October 3, *Paine* formed southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Paine was rather short lived and dissipated two days later without affecting any landmass. On October 9, Hurricane Julia from the Atlantic basin entered the Eastern Pacific basin as a tropical storm after making landfall over Nicaragua. Julia however stayed overland and never emerged into the Pacific Ocean before it degenerated into a remnant low offshore of Guatemala. On October 16, the NHC began monitoring the southern coast of Mexico where a low-pressure area was expected to form within a few weeks. The low eventually formed producing a large area of showers and thunderstorms. Four days later, the system organized into a tropical depression, which was then classified as *Nineteen-E* by the NHC. On the same day, the depression reached tropical storm status which was later named *Roslyn*. Roslyn then reached hurricane status on the next day. As the hurricane began turning towards the Mexican coast, Roslyn reached its peak as a strong Category 4 hurricane with winds up to 130 mph (215 km/h). Roslyn then made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane before rapidly weakening overland. Roslyn killed at least 4 people and caused moderate damage. ### Western Pacific Ocean Further information: 2022 Pacific typhoon season 2022 Pacific typhoon season summary map The Western Pacific Ocean typhoon season began on March 29, with the formation of a tropical depression southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. The JTWC designated the system as *01W* the next day. The system later struck mainland Vietnam and dissipated shortly afterwards. 01W killed at least 6 people and caused minor flooding in the country. Animation of two tropical cyclones present in the Western Pacific Ocean between April 9 to 10: Megi (left) affecting the Philippines and Malakas (right) intensifying east of Yap. On April 6, a tropical depression formed near the Caroline Islands and slowly intensified into Tropical Depression *02W*. Two days later, another tropical depression formed northwest of Palau which was then named *Agaton* by the PAGASA. On April 10, the system briefly intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Megi* by the JMA. *02W* on the other hand, also strengthened into a tropical storm on April 8 and was named *Malakas* by the JMA, becoming the first named storm in the basin. Moreover, Malakas entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was given the name *Basyang* from the PAGASA. As Malakas intensified into a severe tropical storm and later into the basin's first typhoon, Megi made its first landfall on Calicoan Island. Megi then stalled over Leyte Gulf allowing it to drop tremendous amounts of rainfall over the Visayas region. It then made its second landfall on Basey and Samar while it was slowly moving. Megi also affected much of the location where Typhoon Rai struck the same region four months prior, worsening its condition even further. As of April 29, Megi killed at least 214 and left 132 people missing in the Philippines mostly from numerous landslides and severe flooding. This made Megi the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the month of April in the Philippines. Megi then got assimilated into the outflow of the much larger Malakas, which then intensified to a Category-4 equivalent typhoon shy of super typhoon strength. Malakas then headed northeast towards Japan and struck the Bonin Islands before passing east of the country. It then transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by April 15. Its remnants later affected parts of Alaska. Typhoon Chaba (left) intensifying in the South China Sea, while Tropical Storm Aere (right) forms in the Philippine Sea on July 1. After nearly a month of inactivity, a tropical depression formed northeast of Mindanao on May 30, but dissipated on the same day. Then on June 28, after another month of inactivity, a tropical depression formed west of Luzon where the PAGASA named the system as *Caloy*, followed by the JTWC which assigned the system as *Invest 97W*. Two days later, the system was designated as *04W* by JTWC as it became a tropical depression. The JMA later named the system *Chaba* which intensified into a tropical storm in the South China Sea on June 30. Chaba continued to intensify in the South China Sea, later being upgraded into a severe tropical storm east of Hainan. Chaba's outer rainbands spawned at least three tornadoes, which impacted Shantou, Chaozhou, and Foshan. A day later, Chaba intensified into a Category 1 typhoon before it made landfall on Maoming. Shortly after landfall, Chaba lost its typhoon status and was downgrading into a severe tropical storm and to a tropical storm respectively by the JMA and the JTWC. Chaba then dissipated on July 4 as it approached Central China. Chaba killed at least 12 people when a crane vessel sunk off the coast of Hong Kong. Chaba's remnants continued travelling across the Chinese mainland and later entered the Bohai Sea where it dissipated off the coast of North Korea. By the end on the month, another tropical depression formed northeast of Northern Luzon in the Philippine Sea south of Okinawa, where the PAGASA classified the depression as *Domeng* upon formation. Later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Aere* by the JMA. On late July 2, Aere made landfall in Okinawa, and weakened into a tropical depression as it headed towards Japan. The depression made landfall on Kyushu and continued traveling across the country. However, 3 days later, the JTWC reclassified Aere as a subtropical storm while it was located east of Japan. The storm then dissipated south of Hokkaido. On July 24, a tropical depression formed south of Japan. The depression was short lived and dissipated the next day. On July 26, another tropical depression formed northwest of the Mariana Islands where the JTWC assigned the system as *Invest 94W*. As the separation of two disturbances (93W & 94W), the system was given a high chance for potential development. Three days later, the system intensified into a tropical storm which was then named *Songda*. The JTWC followed suit, and the storm was also classified as *06W* six hours later. Songda headed northwestwards, passing over the waters of Kagoshima Prefecture on July 30. Songda dissipated on August 1 as its remnants made landfall in North Korea. Songda brought heavy rainfall over Kyushu and Shikoku regions of Japan as well as Jeju Island in South Korea. Followed by Songda, another tropical depression formed southeast of the Ryukyu Islands on July 29. The JTWC classified the new system as *Invest 95W*. A few days later, the PAGASA upgraded the system into a tropical depression, which was then named *Ester*. The JMA later named the system *Trases* as it was located north of Okinawa. Trases replaced *Sarika* after its retirement in the 2016 season, which means *woodpecker*. The JTWC followed suit, and the storm was also classified as *07W*. As it passed over Okinawa, Trases made landfall on Jeju Island before weakening into a tropical depression until it dissipated on August 1. In early August, a low pressure area formed southwest of Taiwan on August 1. The JTWC classified the low as *Invest 96W*. Two days later, the disturbance strengthened into a tropical depression according to the JMA, and the JTWC designated the depression as *Tropical Depression 08W*. 08W dissipated on August 4, as it made landfall on Huidong County in Guangdong. On August 8, a tropical depression formed east of Vietnam. The JMA classified the system as a tropical storm and was given the name *Mulan*. Mulan replaced Haima after being retired in the 2016 season, which is a type of flower *(Magnolia)*. Mulan passed the Qiongzhou Strait before making landfall on Northern Vietnam and dissipating on August 11. On August 10, another low pressure area formed northwest of Iwo Jima. The JMA named the system as *Meari* as it reached tropical storm status. Meari made landfall near Shizuoka Prefecture before it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by August 14. The storm disturbed multiple events held in Japan and caused some transportation in the country to be suspended and minor damages to houses. On August 14, the JMA began tracking a weak tropical depression that formed west of the International Date Line. The depression only lasted until the next day. On August 19, the JMA began tracking a low pressure area north of Palau. The system was then named *Ma-on* by the JMA as it reached tropical storm status on August 22. The storm further strengthened into a severe tropical storm on the same day. Ma-on first made landfall over Maconacon in the province of Isabela before exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility on August 24. Ma-on then made its second landfall near Yangjiang, China the next day and its final landfall in Northern Vietnam before it was last noted on August 26. Ma-on killed at seven people in the Philippines and Vietnam and caused moderate damages to infrastructures in both countries. On August 21 after Ma-on formed, another tropical depression formed northeast of Guam. Due to favoritable conditions, the depression rapidly intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Tokage* by the JMA. Three days later, the JTWC upgraded Tokage into a typhoon, with the JMA following suit 3 hours later. Tokage reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 before entering hostile environments east of Japan. Tokage became an extratropical storm on August 25 before it was last noted south of Alaska. Additionally, on August 22, a tropical depression formed north of Typhoon Tokage. However, it dissipated on the same day. Nearing the end of August on the 28th, a tropical depression formed southeast of Japan. The depression was then named *Hinnamnor* by the JMA 6 hours later upon formation. The storm rapidly intensified due to warm waters and strengthened into the basin's first Category 5 super typhoon. Hinnamnor headed west towards the Ryuku Islands and stalled south of the prefecture while partly maintaining its strength. At that time on August 30, another tropical depression formed south of Typhoon Hinnamnor. The depression was later named *Gardo* by the PAGASA upon formation. Gardo was short lived and its structure was absorbed by Typhoon Hinnamnor. Hinnamnor later headed north in the East China Sea and restrengthened into a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. The storm then made landfall near Busan in South Korea and the JMA declared Hinnamnor as an extratropical low as it was located in the Sea of Japan. Hinnamnor caused widespread damage across East Asia mostly in South Korea and Japan. Additionally, the typhoon killed at least 3 people and left 10 people missing. Three tropical cyclones active on September 13: Typhoon Muifa (left), Tropical Storm Nanmadol (center), and Typhoon Merbok (right) On September 5, a tropical depression formed near Iwo-To. The JTWC designated the system as *Invest 91W* upon formation. The depression later intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Muifa* by the JMA. Muifa then intensified further into a Category 1 typhoon as it was located south of Okinawa. The typhoon reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 typhoon and passed the Yaeyama Islands on September 12 as it headed north slowly. Mufia then slightly regained its strength in the East China Sea and made landfall near Shanghai two days later. The typhoon suspended several flights and port activities in Shanghai. Mufia also became the strongest typhoon to strike Shanghai, beating the previous record set by Typhoon Gloria in 1949. On September 9, a tropical depression formed west of Wake Island. The JTWC followed suit and designated the depression as *15W*. The depression was then named *Merbok* as it reached tropical storm status. Merbok then further intensified into a Category 1 typhoon before it headed north and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by September 15. Merbok's remnants later brought hurricane-force winds along Alaska. It then entered the Bering Sea, generating a dangerous storm surge which inundated several coastal villages and towns. Despite the impact, no injuries were reported. On September 11, another tropical depression formed near east of Iwo-To. The JTWC followed suit and designated the system as *16W* on the next day. The depression later strengthened into a tropical storm and was named *Nanmadol* by the JMA. Nanmadol then intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the same day. It further reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 typhoon as it approached Japan. The approaching typhoon prompted the JMA to issue a special warning which advised at least 4 million people to evacuate. Nanmadol then made landfall on the island of Kyushu. The typhoon then turned east before weakening further on September 19. Nanmadol killed at least 2 people and left more than 70 people injured. Additionally, the typhoon left more than 200,000 people without electricity. On September 20, a tropical disturbance turned into a tropical depression according to the JMA. On the next day, JTWC classified the system as *17W*. Two days later, the depression was named *Talas* upon reaching tropical storm status. However, Talas weakened back into a tropical depression and dissipated as it approached southern Japan. Despite its short duration, Talas killed at least three people and caused a power outage across Japan's Shizuoka Prefecture. On September 21, the JMA began tracking another tropical depression which formed in the Philippine Sea. The depression was in a favorable environment for development and made the JTWC to classify the system as *18W* on the next day. As the system formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), it was given the name *Karding* by the agency. On September 23, the depression was named *Noru*. Noru then entered a period of rapid intensification and briefly intensified into a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon as it approached the Philippines. Noru made its first landfall over the Polillo Islands in the municipality of Burdeos, Quezon. Shortly after, Noru slightly weakened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon shortly before its second landfall over Dingalan, Aurora. Noru then rapidly weakened to a Category 1-equivalent typhoon while traversing Luzon before entering the South China Sea, where the typhoon re-intensified back into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. Noru then weakened again to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon before making a final landfall in Vietnam on September 27, near Da Nang. After landfall, Noru rapidly weakened before dissipating in central Thailand on September 30. Shortly after Noru's formation the JMA began tracking another tropical depression southeast of Japan. The depression was then named *Kulap*. It achieved severe tropical storm status and the JTWC went further, classifying it as a Category 1 typhoon shortly after. Without reaching any habitable area, the cyclone was downgraded to an extratropical cyclone. Days later, the JTWC classified another disturbance as *Invest 98W* which formed in the Philippine Sea. This disturbance turned into a tropical depression and as it entered the PAGASA area, the storm was named *Luis*. Luis left the Philippine territory shortly after without affecting the archipelago. Outside the PAR, the cyclone gained strength and was classified as a tropical storm which was then named *Roke* by the JMA. It quickly reached Category 1 strength and hours later on September 29, as a Category 2 typhoon. The intensification didn't last long and like Kulap, it didn't impact any areas. Roke was downgraded to an extratropical cyclone. But on October 3, what was left of Roke turned into a subtropical storm. On October 11, a depression named *Maymay* by the PAGASA, formed off the coast of the Philippines and dissipated the next day. Despite the depression being short-lived, two people were killed from the storm and caused infrastructure and agricultural damage. On the next day, another tropical depression classified as *21W* formed east of the Mariana Islands. 21W was also short lived and never made landfall. On October 13, another tropical depression formed west of the Philippines in the South China Sea. The depression reached tropical storm status and was named *Sonca* by the JMA. Sonca made landfall in Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam and dissipated shortly after. Sonca killed at least 10 people in the region due to the heavy precipitation. On the same day, another tropical depression formed in the Philippine Sea. The storm was named *Nesat* on October 15, as the storm passed just north of the island of Luzon. Nesat then entered the South China Sea where it intensified further into a typhoon. Nesat reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon and began losing its strength as it approached Vietnam. Nesat dissipated on October 20, off the coast of Hainan Island. During its lifespan, Nesat caused minor damage across the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. However, no fatalities were reported. On October 18, Tropical Storm Haitang formed after interacting with a non-tropical low and degenerating Tropical Depression 21W since October 14. Haitang was also short lived and became extratropical the next day. On the same day Haitang formed, another tropical depression formed south of Okinawa. The depression was classified as *25W* as it headed west before it dissipated in the South China Sea without intensifying further. There were two reported deaths due to 25W in the Philippines. On October 26, a tropical depression formed in the Philippine Sea. As the system approached the Philippines, the JMA declared the low as a tropical storm where it named it *Nalgae*. Nalgae then headed northwest making multiple landfalls in the Philippines. It then emerged over the West Philippine Sea and entered the South China Sea where it strengthened into a Category 1 typhoon. As the typhoon approached the coast of China, Nalgae weakened back into a tropical storm and made its final landfall over Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai. Nalgae became the first tropical cyclone to make landfall over the country since Nepartak in 2003. Nalgae also caused heavy damage and flooding across the Philippines and killed at least 154 people in the country alone. On October 28, a tropical depression formed southeast of the Philippines. On November 1, the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm and named it *Banyan*. Banyan however weakened back into a tropical depression the next day and dissipated before reaching the Philippines.On November 11, a tropical depression formed near Wake Island. The JMA later named the system *Yamaneko* as it reached tropical storm status. Yamaneko was a short lived system and dissipated three days later. Yamaneko was an out to sea storm, harming no land area near it, and a relatively weak system in terms of intensity. On December 9, a tropical depression formed east of the Philippines. The system continued to drift towards the Philippines and began to turn eastwards, where the system was named *Pakhar* by the JMA and *Rosal* by the PAGASA, as it reached tropical storm status. Pakhar's close approach to the Bicol Region and Polillo, Quezon prompted the PAGASA to raise Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) #1 in some areas in Southern Luzon. Pakhar killed 8 people indirectly from a flood that swept away a jeep in Rizal as it was making its close approach to the archipelago. Pakhar then intensified further, but later rapidly weakening and dissipating by December 12 from high vertical wind shear and dry air sent by the northeast monsoon, making its circulation exposed. ### North Indian Ocean Further information: 2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map The Northern Indian Ocean cyclone season commenced on March 3 by the formation of Depression BOB 01 in the Southwest Bay of Bengal. It was a rare depression and only the ninth such system to form in the month of March since reliable records began in 1891. It was also the first system to form in the northern hemisphere. The depression peaked as a deep depression and dissipated on 6 March near the Indian coast. On March 20, another depression classified as *BOB 02* formed in the Andaman Sea. It made landfall on Myanmar before dissipating. The season became the first season in the Indian Ocean basin to witness two systems forming during the month of March. After more than 1 month of inactivity, a westerly wind burst occurred which resulted in the formation of a depression, which eventually became Cyclone Karim to its south and another depression which formed off the coast of Andaman and Nicobar Islands which was classified as *BOB 03* by the IMD. On the morning of May 8, BOB 03 strengthened into the basin's first cyclonic storm and received the name *Asani* by the IMD, which means "wrath" in Sinhala. Nine hours later, the JTWC upgraded the system to a Category 1 tropical cyclone. Soon, the IMD upgraded Asani into a severe cyclonic storm. As Asani approached the Indian coast, the system began to weaken due to severe wind shear and dry air. Moreover, causing Asani to stall. Asani eventually made landfall in Andhra Pradesh on May 11 as a weak cyclonic storm killing at least 3 people. The system eventually dissipated the next day. On May 19, a depression classified as *BOB 04* formed over the Gulf of Martaban. The system made landfall over the Southern Burmese coast and dissipated the next day. After nearly two months of inactivity, a disorganized low pressure area formed off the coast of Saurashtra in Gujarat on July 16. The JTWC designated the system as *Invest 96A*. On the next day, the systems intensified into a monsoon depression, where it was classified as *ARB 01* by the IMD. The depression was very weak and failed to intensify due to unfavorable conditions until it dissipated on July 18. On August 9, a monsoon low formed over the northwestern region of the Bay of Bengal. The IMD classified the system as *BOB 05* upon formation. BOB 05 made landfall on Odisha before weakening into a remnant low. A few days later, a sudden surge of equatorial Rossby waves and Kelvin waves formed with the two waves forming a low pressure area in the Arabian Sea. The JTWC classified the low as *Invest 98A*. The depression was then classified as a tropical storm by the JTWC but remained as a depression per the IMD. The system eventually dissipated on August 13 off the Indian coastline. On the next day, another low pressure area formed north of the Bay of Bengal. The system was then classified as *BOB 06*. BOB 06 made landfall near Digha shortly after its designation. However, due to the brown ocean effect, low wind shear and moisture, the system maintained its depression status over land for three days. On August 17, the depression finally weakened into a well-marked low pressure over southwestern Rajasthan. The storm caused widespread flooding across many states in India. On August 18, another low pressure area formed near the coast of India. The system at that time had tropical storm winds and was classified as *04B* by the JTWC. The IMD followed suit and classified the system as *BOB 07*. The depression made landfall near Digha and also maintained its structure for another two days until it became a low pressure area. Its remnants later moved into Pakistan and have influenced in worsening the ongoing flooding in the country. On September 11, a depression classified as *Land Depression 02* formed over Odisha. However, it was short lived and dissipated the next day. On October 17, the IMD began monitoring an area of low-pressure which was located in the Bay of Bengal. The IMD classified the system as *BOB 09* On October 23, as the system began heading north, BOB 09 strengthened into a cyclonic storm which was then named *Sitrang* by the IMD; being the second named storm in the basin since Asani in May. Sitrang was contributed by Thailand which means *leaf* in Thai language. Sitrang then made landfall over Bangladesh on October 25 before weakening back into a deep depression. Sitrang then dissipated over Northeast India on the same day. Sitrang caused heavy damage across Bangladesh. At least 56 fatalities were reported with over 8 million customers left without power. On November 20, a depression classified as *BOB 08* by the IMD formed in the Bay of Bengal. The depression struggled to intensify and made landfall over India before dissipating. On December 6, the IMD stated that a tropical depression formed in the Bay of Bengal and designated the system as *BOB 09*. The JTWC followed suit and began to monitor the system. On the next day the IMD classified the system as a cyclonic storm and named it *Mandous*. As it continued heading west, Mandous further strengthened into a Severe Cyclonic Storm. The storm later made landfall near Chennai, India as a Deep Depression before dissipating inland. Four deaths were reported from the cyclone. The remnants of Mandous transferred across southern India and into the Arabian Sea. The system quickly developed and was designated as *Deep Depression ARB 03* by IMD. The storm unexpectedly rapidly developed and the JTWC designated it as *Cyclone 07A*, peaking with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), according to the JTWC, and a 3-minute mean of 35 mph. ### South-West Indian Ocean #### January - June 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map Further information: 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season On January 20, A zone of disturbed weather formed northeast of Madagascar making it the first system of the season. The storm then made landfall over Madagascar while it struggled to develop. After entering the Mozambique Channel, the system developed into Tropical Storm Ana which became the latest first named storm in the basin since the 1997–98 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Ana then made landfall over Mozambique and rapidly weakened. The storm killed 142 people and caused severe damage. Shortly after Ana, Cyclone Batsirai formed northwest of Mauritius. It intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone but was downgraded back to a tropical storm status due to its eye collapsing. As Batsirai approached Réunion and Mauritius, the storm rapidly intensified into a high-end Category 4 cyclone which became the first major cyclone of the year. Batsirai then made severe landfall on Madagascar, destroying many buildings and disrupting power and communication services on the island. After landfall, Batsirai weakened as it travelled across Madagascar. The storm, in total killed at least 123 people. On February 7 at 06:00 UTC, Batsirai dissipated, but, later in the day, at 18:00 UTC, Batsirai reformed. However, it transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone the next day. During the beginning of February, Tropical Storm Cliff formed, however it dissipated two days later without affecting any landmass, with the closest being Diego Garcia. Later in the month, Tropical Storm Dumako formed. Dumako intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm before making landfall over Madagascar which was already devastated by Cyclone Batsirai weeks prior. On February 15, Cyclone Emnati formed and made landfall on Southern Madagascar. A day later, Tropical Storm Fezile formed, which first originated from the Australian basin, however it struggled to maintain its structure and dissipated 2 days later. Meanwhile, Cyclone Vernon entered the MFR's area of responsibility, and Tropical Depression 08 formed. Due to the Fujiwara interaction with Vernon, 08 dissipated on February 27, and Vernon stayed away from any landmass and dissipated on March 3 due to the loss of subtropical characteristics at the time. During the month of March, a tropical depression formed northwards of Mauritius on March 5, and intensified to Cyclone Gombe as a Moderate Tropical Storm two days later. It made its first landfall on Northern Madagascar, and weakened into a tropical depression. The next day, Gombe intensified again as a Moderate Tropical Storm and further into an Intense Tropical Cyclone. It made its second landfall over Nampula Province before its final landfall in Mozambique and was downgraded as an Overland Depression two days later. On March 17, Gombe briefly reorganized itself as a tropical depression in the Mozambique Channel but dissipated thereafter. On March 20, Cyclone Halima formed and reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 tropical cyclone or an Intense tropical cyclone. It dissipated on April 1 without affecting any landmass. During the month of April, a low pressure area formed off the southeast coast of South Africa on April 11. The next day, it intensified into an unofficially subtropical depression and was named *Issa* by the MFR. Issa looped around the coast of South Africa before dissipated the next day weakening further. In doing so, it exacerbated catastrophic flooding in KwaZulu-Natal that overall killed at least 435 people. On April 21, a tropical disturbance formed near the Comoros and was designated as *12* by the MFR. The system first made landfall in Nampula and Zambezia Province off the coast of Mozambique before it intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Jasmine* three days later. On April 24, Jasmine reached its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm, before it weakened into a tropical storm. The storm made landfall in Southern Madagascar before it was downgraded into an overland depression two days later, and killed at least 3 people. Jasmine's remnants continued travelling across Madagascar before dissipating on April 28. During the first week of May, an off-season system classified as *36U* entered the SWIO basin from the Australian basin, and the MFR designated the system as *13* on the same day. A few days later, it intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm which was then named *Karim*. Karim later exited the basin and reentered the Australian basin on May 7 which made it the last system of the season. #### July - December 2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map Further information: 2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season The season began on September 23 with the formation of *Ashley*. Ashley formed after the near-equatorial trough produced a weak tropical low in the Indian Ocean. Ashley reached its peak, with 10-minute sustained winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). It then weakened back into a low due to the combination of severe wind shear and dry air. The MFR stopped advisories on the system on September 28, however it continued to track Ashley's remnants until it was last noted on September 30. On October 2, the MFR began monitoring a disturbance associated with the convergence of the westerly wind burst. The system was later named *Balita* after convection increased arounff the system. Balita dissipated on October 13 after its structure collapsed due to wind shear. On November 5, Tropical Low 02U which was being tracked by the MFR entered the South-West Indian Ocean basin from the Australian region. The MFR reclassified the low as *Tropical Depression 03*. The low continued heading west before it degenerated into a remnant low. During December 21, Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian moved into the South-West Indian Ocean, where it was classified as a Very Intense Tropical Cyclone by MFR, with 10-minute sustained winds of 225 kmph(140 mph) and minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar. On December 30, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone (heading poleward) without impacted land. ### Australian Region #### January - June 2021–22 Australian region cyclone season summary map Further information: 2021–22 Australian region cyclone season A satellite image of Cyclone Cody (right) and Cyclone Tiffany (left) active on 9 January 2022. The season began with Cyclone Seth and a tropical low from the Australian region, which persisted into 2022. The low dissipated on January 3, while Seth remained active until January 6. On January 9, Tropical Cyclone Tiffany formed, as a Category 1 tropical cyclone, becoming the first named storm in the basin. Tiffany first originated in the Gulf of Carpentaria before curving in the Coral Sea. Tiffany then struck Northern Queensland as a Category 1 tropical cyclone before traveling across Northern Australia where it dissipated. On January 13, *11U* formed but dissipated the next day. On January 22, two more tropical lows formed where one dissipated a few days later, while the other low entered the South-West Indian Ocean basin where it intensified into Cyclone Batsirai. Additionally, four more tropical lows classified as *16U*, *14U*, *17U*, and *18U* formed. 14U dissipated on February 6, and 16U and 18U entered the South Pacific Basin. Later, on February 12, 17U dissipated. The next day, a new tropical low formed, and the BoM designated it as *19U* and exited the basin. On February 23, Tropical Low 22U quickly developed and was named *Vernon* by the BoM. Afterward, the system underwent rapid intensification and peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone before interacting with another disturbance to the northwest. A day later, tropical low *20U* was designated and *23U* was monitored in the Timor Sea, which later became Tropical Cyclone Anika. Anika made landfall northeast of Kalumburu before the second landfall on Kimberley, and the third landfall east of Pardoo. Due to the brown ocean effect, Anika briefly developed an inner cone and dissipated on March 3. A satellite image of Cyclone Vernon (bottom) and Tropical Storm 08 (top) undergoing a Fujiwhara interaction on 26 February 2022. By the end of February, Tropical Depression 08 from the South-West Indian Ocean basin briefly moved westward while undergoing a Fujiwara interaction with Vernon. It was classified as *25U*. A day later, 26U formed east of Christmas Island and attained tropical storm winds, but high easterly wind shear caused the system to disintegrate and dissipated south of Java in March 4. On March 11, Tropical Cyclone Billy formed south of Java, but stayed away from any landmass and dissipated northwest of Australia. A few days later a tropical low developed over Indonesia and was named *Charlotte*. Charlotte reached its peak as a Category 4 tropical storm on the Australian scale before weakening. On April 16, a tropical low formed near the Top End in the Gulf of Carpentaria. However it was short lived and dissipated three days later. Two days later, another tropical low formed east of Christmas Island and was designated as *34U* by the BoM. 34U mostly stayed at sea during its lifespan and dissipated on April 29. By the start of May, an off-season tropical low formed west of the Cocos Islands on May 6 and was designated as *36U* by the BoM. 36U later entered the South-West Indian Ocean basin and was named *Karim* by the MFR. Karim however, reentered the Australian basin the next day. Karim reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 cyclone without affecting any landmass. On May 11, Karim's structure started to disintegrate as it entered cooler waters and entered high wind shear. On May 28, another off-season tropical low formed near Christmas Island. The low was short lived and dissipated three days later ending the Australian cyclone season. #### July - December 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season summary map Further information: 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season The season had an exceptionally early start with a tropical low developing on July 27, situated in the northwest corner of the region. The JTWC designated the system as *Invest 95S*. The next day, the system intensified into a tropical cyclone, which was then designated as *01U* by the BoM. 01U lasted until July 31. On November 1, the BoM began tracking a tropical low that was located off the coast of Indonesia. The BoM classified the system as *Tropical Low 02U* two days later. The JTWC called it *Tropical Cyclone 04S*. The low continued heading east before entering the South-West Indian Ocean basin, where the BoM stopped tracking the system. On November 15, the BoM detected a very weak tropical low that was located south of Indonesia. It was a long lived system, and paralleled the Indonesian coast before it dissipated north of Australia without intensifying on November 26. There was also another tropical low that formed in the Gulf of Carpentaria, but did not develop further. On December 13, *Tropical Low 05U* formed, and was given the name *Darian* after intensifying into a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone. On December 18, it became the first Severe Tropical Cyclone (Australian Scale) of the 2022-23 Australian Region Cyclone Season. Favorable environment led to rapid intensification, causing it to reach Category 4 Strength (SSHWS Scale), and Category 5 (Australian Scale). Soon after, it exited the BoM's area of responsibility, and entered into the Southwest Indian Ocean Basin. On December 20, a tropical low formed over the Timor Sea, which later intensified into Category 1 Tropical Cyclone, therefore being assigned the name *Ellie*. After Ellie made landfall in northwestern Australia, its circulation remained intact, and headed southward over Australia, then north-west-westward, and then began curving northeastward. ### South Pacific Ocean #### January - June 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season summary map Further information: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season On January 5, a tropical disturbance which was designated as *03F* formed and was named Cyclone Cody, making it the first system of 2022. Until the end of the month, three depressions classified as 04F, 05F, 06F formed. However, they were all short lived. During the start of February, a tropical low from the Australian basin which was classified as 16U was reclassified as 07F after it entered the basin. The low then dissipated near New Caledonia. A few days later, another low from the Australian basin entered the basin which was then reclassified as 08F. The low then intensified into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale which was then named *Dovi* by the FMS. Dovi then intensified into its peak strength as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, before making landfall on New Zealand, causing minor flooding. Dovi also caused widespread flooding in the countries of Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Two weeks later, a tropical disturbance formed west of Vanuatu and designated as *09F* by FMS, and intensified as a Tropical Depression and made landfall in New Caledonia. On March 3, it was intensified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone and named it *Eva*. A day later, Eva weakened into a Subtropical Depression and dissipated on March 5 due to the cooler waters and loss of subtropical characteristics. Almost a month later, a tropical disturbance formed northwest of Port Vila in Vanuatu near the Australian basin. It was classified as *10F* per FMS and *31U* by the BoM. The system then intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Fili* by the FMS. Fili made a very close approach to the island of New Caledonia, but never made landfall. It reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 cyclone on the Australian scale before weakening southeast of New Caledonia. Fili dissipated on April 29. On May 16, an off-season tropical disturbance formed northeast of Vanuatu and was designated as *11F* by the FMS. 11F then intensified into a tropical cyclone and was named *Gina*. Gina reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 cyclone on the Australian scale before weakening due to high wind shear which deteriorated its structure. Gina dissipated on May 21 which made it the final storm in the basin. The storm caused minor flooding in Vanuatu along with its airport which caused flights to be cancelled. #### July - December 2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season summary map Further information: 2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season On December 7, the FMS began to monitor a weak low pressure area that was located south of Suva, Fiji. The system began to organize and was classified as *01F*. It later moved into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility, where it was reclassified as a deepening non-tropical low. It was last noted on December 13, near New Zealand. Late on December 29, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 02F had developed to the south of Vanuatu. The JTWC dubbed it as *Invest 91P*, and gave it a low chance for development, although in a favorable environment, due to the system having a fully obscured LLC, although the JTWC saw new convection forming, as well as expecting the system to deepen in the next 2 days. The JTWC estimated surface winds of 23-27 knots (26-31 mph). It transitioned into a subtropical storm at around 03:00 UTC on December 30, however the agency gave the system a low chance to develop into tropical cyclone due to persistent unfavorable environment. The system then moved into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility on the next day, where it was reclassified as a non-tropical low. ### South Atlantic Ocean Further information: South Atlantic tropical cyclone and Subtropical Storm Yakecan On May 17, an extratropical cyclone made a retrograde movement, obtained subtropical characteristics and turned into a subtropical storm, named *Yakecan* by the Brazilian Navy. Yakecan struck the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina and became the sixteenth storm to hit the area since Cyclone Catarina in 2004. Yakecan also killed two people, with the first death being reported in Uruguay and the other being in Brazil before reaching the mainland. It was also the last name to use regular names since 2011. Systems ------- ### January Cyclone Batsirai January was very active, featuring eleven systems with four of them being named. Two systems from 2021, Cyclone Seth and a tropical low from the Australian region persisted into 2022. The first storm of the year started off with Cyclone Cody, which formed northwest of Fiji. The Australian basin saw the formation of Cyclone Tiffany, which affected much of Northern Queensland during the first week of the month. In the South-West Indian Ocean, Tropical Storm Ana became the latest first named storm in the basin, being officially named on January 23. It impacted Madagascar and a number of other Southern African countries with heavy rain. Ana was responsible for a total of 142 deaths. Following Ana, Cyclone Batsirai later formed becoming the second named storm in the basin. Batsirai then intensified into a high-end Intense Tropical Cyclone, or on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, a Category 4 tropical cyclone, becoming the first major tropical cyclone of the year as it passed Mauritius and Réunion. It then made landfall on Madagascar bringing heavy effects and disturbing power on the country and became the strongest storm for the month of January. The Southern Hemisphere also saw the formation of seven tropical lows, however most of them never affected any landmass. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in January 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Cody | January 5–13 | 130 (80) | 971 | Fiji | $25 million | 1 | | | Tiffany | January 8–17 | 100 (65) | 988 | Queensland, Northern Territory | $36,000 | None | | | Humberto | January 12–14 | 100 (65) | 1000 | None | None | None | | | 11U | January 13–14 | Un­known | 1008 | None | None | None | | | 04F | January 15–18 | Un­known | 999 | Cook Islands | None | None | | | 05F | January 19–22 | Un­known | 999 | None | None | None | | | Ana | January 20–25 | 85 (50) | 990 | Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia | $25 million | 142 | | | TL | January 22–25 | Un­known | 1005 | None | None | None | | | Batsirai | January 24 – February 8 | 205 (125) | 923 | Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar | $190 million | 121 | | | 06F | January 28–30 | Un­known | 1001 | New Caledonia | None | None | | | 07F | January 29 – February 7 | 65 (40) | 995 | New Caledonia | None | None | | | 14U | January 30 – February 6 | Un­known | 1003 | Western Australia | None | None | | | ### February Cyclone Emnati February was very active, featuring fifteen systems, with eight of them being named. The month started off with Tropical Storm Cliff which formed in the South-West Indian Ocean. Moreover, in the basin, Tropical Storm Dumako and Cyclone Emnati both made landfall on Madagascar, which was already devastated by Cyclone Batsirai a month prior. Additionally, Fezile entered the basin from the Australian basin. However, Fezile struggled to keep its structure due to wind shear and dissipated a few days later. The South Pacific basin saw the formation of Severe Tropical Cyclone Dovi along with a tropical disturbance classified as 07F, and Eva. Dovi intensified into a Category 4 cyclone on the Australian scale before making landfall on New Zealand as an extratropical storm. Dovi caused minor damage on the country along with Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Eva formed west of Vanuatu. The system made landfall in New Caledonia before it intensified into a Category 1 cyclone. Eva began to weaken on March 4 as a Subtropical Depression and dissipated in a day later. Both Cyclones Dovi and Emnati became the strongest storm for the month of February. In the Australian region, Cyclones Vernon and Anika developed near the end of the month. Anika made landfall in Kimberley, while Vernon stayed away from any landmass. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in February 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Cliff | February 3–5 | 75 (45) | 994 | None | None | None | | | 17U | February 5–14 | Un­known | Un­known | None | None | None | | | Dovi | February 6–12 | 175 (110) | 940 | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand | $80 million | None | | | Dumako | February 10–18 | 85 (50) | 993 | Madagascar, Mozambique | $1 million | 14 | | | Fezile | February 13–18 | 75 (45) | 980 | None | None | None | | | Emnati | February 15–24 | 175 (110) | 935 | Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar | $1 million | 15 | [] | | 20U | February 17–19 | Un­known | Un­known | None | None | None | | | Vernon | February 23 – March 3 | 195 (120) | 950 | None | None | None | | | 08 | February 23–27 | 75 (45) | 992 | None | None | None | | | 21U | February 24 – March 1 | Un­known | Un­known | Northern Queensland | None | None | | | Anika | February 24 – March 3 | 95 (60) | 987 | Northern Territory, Western Australia | None | None | | | Eva | February 26 – March 5 | 65 (40) | 995 | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | None | None | | | 26U | February 27 – March 4 | 65 (40) | Un­known | None | None | None | | | ### March Cyclone Halima March was slightly below-average, featuring eight systems, with four of them being named. On March 3, Depression BOB 01 started off the 2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season unusually early when it formed in the Bay of Bengal and is only the ninth such system to form in the month of March since reliable records began in 1891. BOB 01 was also the first tropical cyclone to form in the Northern Hemisphere in 2022. Similarly, BOB 02 also formed on March 20, becoming the only season in the Indian Ocean basin to witness two systems in the month of March. In the Australian region, Tropical Cyclone Billy formed on March 11, but remained out to sea and dissipated on March 17, as well as Cyclone Charlotte form on March 15, which rapidly intensified into a Category 2-equivalent cyclone before weakening and dissipating eleven days later. A tropical low formed near Christmas Island at the end of the month. In the South-West Indian Ocean, Cyclone Gombe formed on March 5 and impacted Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi and dissipated on March 17, killing 72 people in those nations. The South-West Indian Ocean saw its fifth Intense Tropical Cyclone of the year when Cyclone Halima also rapidly intensified into a Category 4-equivalent storm. Halima became the strongest storm for the month of March. The Western Pacific Ocean typhoon season began on March 29, with the formation of a tropical depression southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam which received the designation 01W by the JTWC. The system made landfall in Vietnam before it dissipated the next day. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in March 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | BOB 01 | March 3–6 | 55 (35) | 1002 | Sri Lanka | None | None | | | Gombe | March 5–17 | 165 (105) | 960 | Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi | $95 million | 72 | | | Billy | March 12–17 | 95 (60) | 988 | None | None | None | | | Charlotte | March 15–26 | 165 (105) | 956 | Lesser Sunda Islands | None | None | | | BOB 02 | March 20–23 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar | None | None | | | Halima | March 20 – April 1 | 195 (120) | 939 | None | None | None | | | 01W | March 29–31 | 55 (35) | 1006 | Vietnam | Minimal | 6 | | | 30U | March 30 – April 1 | Un­known | Un­known | None | None | None | | | ### April Typhoon Malakas April was above-average, featured nine systems, with five of them being named. On April 3, Tropical Cyclone Fili formed in the Coral Sea. It approached the island of New Caledonia before weakening. The Western Pacific Ocean basin saw the formation of Typhoon Malakas which made it the first named storm in the basin. Malakas formed near the Caroline Islands before slowly strengthening into typhoon three days later. On the same day, Malakas entered the PAR, which was then named Basyang by the PAGASA. Malakas reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 typhoon and became the strongest storm for the month of April. Malakas affected the Bonin Islands before accelerating north-eastward towards Japan and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by April 15. A few days later, a tropical depression formed near Palau. The storm was named Megi by the JMA and classified as Agaton by the PAGASA. Despite its short duration, Megi devastated much of the Eastern Visayas Region which was already struck by Typhoon Rai four months prior. Megi moved very slowly during most of its lifespan and dissipated on April 12 due to its interaction with Malakas. In the Australian region, two short lived tropical lows (32U and 33U) formed but dissipated without reaching any landmass. Additionally, 34U formed near Christmas Island on April 23. However, it did not pose a threat to any habitable areas so far and dissipated six days later. In the South-West Indian Ocean, an unusual subtropical depression formed off the coast of South Africa on April 12, which was named Issa by the MFR. The storm exacerbated ongoing flooding in KwaZulu-Natal. Eight days later, Severe Tropical Storm Jasmine formed near the Comoros. Jasmine first affected the Mozambique coast before it eventually made landfall in Toliara before weakening. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in April 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Fili | April 3–9 | 110 (70) | 977 | New Caledonia | None | None | | | Malakas (Basyang) | April 6–15 | 165 (105) | 945 | Guam, Caroline Islands, Bonin Islands | Minor | None | | | Megi (Agaton) | April 8–12 | 75 (45) | 996 | Philippines | $90.8 million | 214 | | | 32U | April 8–9 | Un­known | Un­known | None | None | None | | | Issa | April 12–13 | 95 (60) | 994 | South Africa | Unknown | Unknown | | | 33U | April 16–19 | 45 (30) | 1005 | Northern Territory | None | None | | | Jasmine | April 21–27 | 110 (70) | 982 | Comoros, Mozambique, Madagascar | Unknown | 10 | | | 34U | April 25–29 | 65 (40) | 998 | None | None | None | | | 37U | April 25–26 | 65 (40) | 996 | None | None | None | | | ### May Hurricane Agatha May was well above average, featuring eight systems, with five of them being named. The month started off with a westerly wind burst occurring in the Indian Ocean which resulted in the formation of Karim in the Australian region and Asani in the Northern Indian Ocean basin. Karim reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 cyclone before dissipating without affecting any landmass. Asani on the other hand, rapidly formed off the coast of Andaman and Nicobar Islands before intensifying into the basin's first cyclone. As it approached the coast of India, Asani began to stall and started losing its strength due to severe wind shear and dry air. Asani eventually made landfall near Machilipatnam as a weak tropical storm and dissipated the next day. It became the first pre-monsoon cyclone to affect Southern India since 2010. Moreover, another depression classified as BOB 04 formed over the Gulf of Martaban. The system made landfall over the southern Burmese coast and dissipated on the same day. In the South Pacific, an off-season cyclone named Gina formed northeast of Vanuatu. Gina reached its peak as a Category 1 cyclone before dissipating. Gina caused minor flooding and damage to Vanuatu. In the South Atlantic, a subtropical storm named Yakecan formed off the coast of southern Brazil. Yakecan killed two people in total and was the last name used by the Brazilian Navy. On May 28, Agatha which became the first storm in the Eastern Pacific basin, formed southwest of Mexico and made landfall on Oaxaca, Mexico on May 30 as a Category 2 hurricane. Agatha became the strongest storm during the month. In the Australian region, another off-season tropical low formed near Christmas Island according to the BoM. In the Western Pacific basin, a tropical depression formed northeast of Mindanao after a month of inactivity. The depression dissipated on the same day. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in May 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Karim | May 5–11 | 110 (70) | 982 | None | None | None | | | Asani | May 7–12 | 100 (65) | 982 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha | Unknown | 3 | | | Gina | May 16–21 | 75 (45) | 998 | Vanuatu | None | None | | | Yakecan | May 17–19 | 95 (60) | 990 | Brazil, Uruguay | $50 million | 2 | | | BOB 04 | May 20–21 | 45 (30) | 996 | Myanmar, Thailand | None | None | | | Agatha | May 28–31 | 175 (110) | 964 | Southern Mexico | $50 million | 9 | | | TL | May 28–31 | Un­known | 1004 | Christmas Island, Western Australia | None | None | | | TD | May 30 | Un­known | 1006 | Philippines | None | None | | | ### June Typhoon Chaba June was fairly inactive featuring only five systems, with all of them being named. The month started off with a tropical storm named Alex which formed in the Atlantic near Florida and The Bahamas, becoming the first storm in the basin this year. The precursor of Alex killed four people in Cuba due to flooding. In the Eastern Pacific Ocean, Blas formed off the coast of southwestern Mexico. Blas intensified into the basin's second hurricane where it was responsible for four deaths in Mexico. Two days later, Celia formed off the coast of Central America. Celia reached its peak intensity as a tropical storm and struggled to intensify further due to a mid-level ridge. One death has been attributed to Celia in Oaxaca where a man drowned. In the Western Pacific basin after a month of inactivity, Chaba formed west of Luzon and reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 typhoon, later becoming the strongest storm for the month of June. Chaba then made landfall on Maoming in South China and dissipated over Central China. Chaba killed at least 12 people when a crane vessel sunk off the coast of Hong Kong. Additionally by the end of the month, Aere formed in the Philippine Sea south of Okinawa. Aere then made landfall on Okinawa before weakening into a tropical depression as it headed towards Japan. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in June 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Alex | June 5–6 | 110 (70) | 984 | Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Florida, The Bahamas, Bermuda | $104,000 | 4 | | | Blas | June 14–19 | 140 (85) | 978 | Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands | Minimal | 4 | | | Celia | June 16–28 | 95 (60) | 997 | Central America, Revillagigedo Islands | Minimal | 1 | | | Chaba (Caloy) | June 28 – July 5 | 130 (80) | 965 | China, Vietnam | $464 million | 12 | | | Aere (Domeng) | June 30 – July 4 | 85 (50) | 994 | Japan | Unknown | None | | | ### July Hurricane Darby July was average, featuring eleven tropical storms, with eight of them being named. The Atlantic basin featured, Bonnie which formed off the Caribbean coast of Central America on July 1 and made landfall near the Costa Rica–Nicaragua border on the next day. Bonnie then crossed over into the Eastern Pacific basin and intensified into a Category 3 hurricane which became the basin's first major hurricane. Bonnie dissipated on July 9 near the Central Pacific basin. On the next day, Colin formed unexpectedly inland over coastal South Carolina on July 2 and dissipated on the next day over North Carolina. In the Eastern Pacific, Tropical Storm Georgette as well as Hurricanes Darby, Estelle, and Frank formed. Darby reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane southeast of the Hawaiian Islands and became the strongest storm of the month. Georgette, Estelle, and Frank stayed at sea and weren't a major threat to land. The Western Pacific basin featured a short lived tropical depression and Tropical Storms Songda and Trases. Songda formed northwest of the Mariana Islands and passed south of Japan, while Trases formed north of Okinawa. The North Indian Ocean featured a short lived depression classified as *ARB 01* which become the first monsoon depression in the basin. Additionally, a tropical cyclone classified as *01U* formed in the Australian region, starting the 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season unusually early. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in July 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Bonnie | July 1–9 | 185 (115) | 964 | Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Venezuela, ABC Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands | $25 million | 5 | | | Colin | July 2–3 | 65 (40) | 1011 | The Carolinas | Minimal | 1 | | | Darby | July 9–17 | 220 (140) | 953 | Hawaii | None | None | | | Estelle | July 15–21 | 140 (85) | 985 | Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands | None | None | | | ARB 01 | July 16–18 | 45 (30) | 992 | Gujarat | None | None | | | TD | July 24–25 | 55 (35) | 1006 | None | None | None | | | Frank | July 26 – August 2 | 150 (90) | 976 | None | None | None | | | Songda | July 26 – August 1 | 75 (45) | 996 | Japan, South Korea, North Korea | None | None | | | Georgette | July 27 – August 3 | 95 (60) | 997 | None | None | None | | | 01U | July 26–31 | 85 (50) | 994 | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | None | None | | | Trases (Ester) | July 29 – August 1 | 65 (40) | 998 | Ryukyu Islands, South Korea | None | None | | | ### August Typhoon Hinnamnor August was near-average, featuring fifteen tropical storms, with seven of them being named. No cyclones formed in the Atlantic basin during the month. The Eastern Pacific basin featured two named systems, Howard and Ivette. Howard formed southwest off the Mexican coast and reached its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane before dissipating. Ivette formed soon thereafter and struggled to intensify despite being over warm waters, only briefly intensifying into a tropical storm as a result of an unexpected burst of convection. The Western Pacific basin featured four depressions with one being classified as 08W and the other as Gardo. Additionally, Tropical Storms Mulan, Meari, and Ma-on, as well as Typhoons Tokage and Hinnamnor formed. Hinnamnor was the strongest system during the month, peaking as the first Category 5 tropical cyclone of the year globally on August 30. Hinnamnor caused widespread damage across South Korea and Japan during its lifespan. Mulan and Ma-on both affected the Philippines and parts of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Meari also made landfall on Japan disturbing events held in the country. Tokage on the other hand, passed east of Japan without causing any damage. The Northern Indian Ocean featured four depressions with one forming in the Arabian Sea and the rest in the Bay of Bengal. Notably, BOB 06 and BOB 07 both maintained its structure over India due to the brown ocean effect. BOB 07's remnants later entered Pakistan worsening the ongoing flooding in the country. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in August 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 08W | August 3–4 | Un­known | 1002 | South China, Vietnam | Unknown | None | | | Howard | August 6–11 | 140 (85) | 983 | Revillagigedo Islands | None | None | | | Mulan | August 8–11 | 65 (40) | 996 | South China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar | $106,850 | 7 | | | LAND 01 | August 9–10 | 45 (30) | 992 | Central India, Odisha | None | None | | | Meari | August 10–14 | 75 (45) | 996 | Japan | Unknown | None | | | ARB 02 | August 12–13 | 45 (30) | 992 | Gujarat, Oman | None | None | | | Ivette | August 13–16 | 65 (40) | 1005 | Revillagigedo Islands | None | None | | | BOB 05 | August 14–17 | 45 (30) | 993 | Central India, Rajasthan, Odisha, West Bengal | None | None | | | TD | August 14–15 | Un­known | 1012 | None | None | None | | | BOB 06 | August 18–23 | 55 (35) | 988 | Bangladesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Central India, Uttar Pradesh | Unknown | 32 | | | Ma-on (Florita) | August 20–26 | 100 (65) | 985 | Philippines, South China, Vietnam | $9.13 million | 7 | | | Tokage | August 21–25 | 140 (85) | 970 | None | None | None | | | TD | August 22 | 55 (35) | 1008 | None | None | None | | | Hinnamnor (Henry) | August 27 – September 6 | 195 (120) | 920 | Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Eastern China, South Korea, North Korea, Russian Far East | $1.21 billion | 12 | | | 13W (Gardo) | August 30 – September 1 | 55 (35) | 998 | None | None | None | | | ### September Typhoon Nanmadol September was very active—becoming a generally-above average month, featuring twenty-three systems, with twenty of them being named. In the North Atlantic, Tropical Storms Gaston and Hermine as well as Hurricanes Danielle, Earl, Fiona, and Ian and a depression classified as Eleven formed after a 60-day lull in activity within the basin. Danielle became the latest first Atlantic hurricane to develop since 2013. Fiona and Ian were also the most notable hurricanes with Fiona being the most powerful cyclone to strike Canada after causing severe damage across the Caribbean. Ian on the other hand, also caused heavy damage across Cuba and later made landfall in Florida as a Category 4 hurricane. The Eastern Pacific basin featured Tropical Storms Javier, Lester, Madeline, Newton, as well as Hurricanes Kay and Orlene. Javier and Kay followed a generally northwestward path offshore from southwestern Mexico and the Baja California peninsula while Lester made landfall along the coast of Mexico. The Western Pacific basin saw the formations of Tropical Storms Talas and Kulap, Typhoons Muifa, Merbok, Nanmadol, Noru, and Roke and a short lived depression. Muifa peaked as a Category 4 typhoon before it made landfall near Shanghai in China, becoming the strongest typhoon to strike the city on record. Nanmadol, which was the strongest storm of the month and so far worldwide also peaked as a near-Category 5 equivalent typhoon and struck Japan. Merbok, on the other hand, stayed at sea while tropical; however, its remnants later brought hurricane-force winds to several parts of Alaska. The Northern Indian Ocean basin featured a short lived depression classified as BOB 08. The South-West Indian Ocean basin also began with the formation of Ashley on September 25. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in September 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Danielle | September 1–8 | 150 (90) | 972 | Azores, Portugal, Spain | Unknown | None | | | Javier | September 1–4 | 85 (50) | 999 | Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Sur | None | None | | | Earl | September 3–10 | 175 (110) | 948 | Northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Newfoundland | Minimal | 2 | | | Kay | September 4–10 | 165 (105) | 967 | Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California peninsula, Southern California, Arizona | $3.6 million | 3 | | | Muifa (Inday) | September 5–16 | 155 (100) | 950 | Philippines, Taiwan, Yaeyama Islands, East China | $437 million | 3 | | | Merbok | September 9–15 | 130 (80) | 965 | Alaska | None | None | | | Nanmadol (Josie) | September 9–19 | 195 (120) | 910 | Japan, Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East | $1.2 billion | 4 | | | LAND 02 | September 11–12 | 45 (30) | 998 | Chhattisgarh, Odisha | None | None | | | Fiona | September 14–24 | 220 (140) | 931 | Northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Eastern Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada | $6.3 billion | 31 | | | Lester | September 15–17 | 65 (40) | 1005 | Southwestern Mexico | Unknown | 5 | | | Madeline | September 16–20 | 100 (65) | 992 | Southwestern Mexico | None | 3 | | | Gaston | September 20–26 | 100 (65) | 994 | Azores | None | None | | | Talas | September 20–23 | 65 (40) | 1000 | Japan | None | 3 | | | Noru (Karding) | September 21–30 | 175 (110) | 940 | Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia | $110 million | 40 | | | Newton | September 21–25 | 100 (65) | 996 | None | None | None | | | Ian | September 23–30 | 260 (160) | 937 | Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, ABC islands, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas | $113.1 billion | 161 | | | Hermine | September 23–26 | 65 (40) | 1003 | Senegal, Mauritania, Canary Islands | $9.8 million | None | | | Kulap | September 25–29 | 110 (70) | 970 | None | None | None | | | TD | September 25–26 | Un­known | 1012 | None | None | None | | | Ashley | September 26–28 | 75 (45) | 1000 | None | None | None | | | Roke (Luis) | September 27 – October 1 | 130 (80) | 975 | None | None | None | | | Eleven | September 28–29 | 55 (35) | 1008 | None | None | None | | | Orlene | September 29 – October 4 | 215 (130) | 954 | Islas Marías, Western Mexico | $600,000 | None | | | ### October Hurricane Roslyn October was above average, featuring sixteen tropical storms, with twelve of them being named. The North Atlantic basin featured Tropical Storm, Karl, Hurricanes Lisa, Julia, and a depression classified as Twelve. Julia killed at least 91 people across Central America and Venezuela before emerging into the Pacific Ocean; becoming the second storm of the season to survive the crossover, after Bonnie in July. Karl on the other hand, stalled in the Bay of Campeche during its lifespan before dissipating near the Mexican coast. The Eastern Pacific basin featured Tropical Storm Paine and Hurricane Roslyn. Roslyn, which became the strongest storm during the month peaked as a Category 4 hurricane before making landfall on Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane. Roslyn caused moderate damage across the country and became the strongest storm to strike Mexico since Patricia in 2015. Paine on the other hand, never affected any landmass. In the Western Pacific basin, Tropical Storms Sonca, Haitang, Nalgae, Banyan, Typhoon Nesat, along with three short lived depressions formed. Sonca made landfall in Vietnam while Nalgae made multiple landfalls in the Philippines causing heavy flooding. Nesat travelled across the South China Sea, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon before dissipating between Vietnam and Hainan Island. Haitang on the other hand, stayed at sea. The North Indian Ocean basin featured its second named storm since May, Cyclone Sitrang. Sitrang developed in the Bay of Bengal before making landfall on Bangladesh, killing at least 35 people. The South-West Indian Ocean featured Balita, the second named storm in the basin on October 3. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in October 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Paine | October 3–5 | 75 (45) | 1004 | Revillagigedo Islands | None | None | | | Balita | October 3–9 | 65 (40) | 996 | None | None | None | | | Twelve | October 4–7 | 55 (35) | 1006 | None | None | None | | | Julia | October 7–10 | 140 (85) | 982 | Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, ABC islands, Colombia, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, Mexico | $406 million | 91 | | | Maymay | October 11–12 | Un­known | 1002 | Philippines | $9.16 million | 2 | | | Karl | October 11–15 | 95 (60) | 997 | Southern Mexico | Unknown | 3 | | | 21W | October 12–14 | 55 (35) | 1002 | None | None | None | | | Sonca | October 13–15 | 65 (40) | 996 | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia | $73.4 million | 10 | | | Nesat (Neneng) | October 13–20 | 140 (85) | 965 | Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos | $8.15 million | None | | | Haitang | October 18–19 | 65 (40) | 1002 | None | None | None | | | 25W (Obet) | October 18–23 | 55 (35) | 1006 | Philippines | Unknown | 2 | | | Roslyn | October 20–24 | 215 (130) | 954 | Islas Marías, Western Mexico | $40.1 million | 4 | | | Sitrang | October 22–26 | 85 (50) | 995 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh | $34.4 million | >35 | | | Nalgae (Paeng) | October 26 – November 3 | 110 (70) | 975 | Philippines | $237 million | 160 | | | Banyan (Queenie) | October 28 – November 1 | 65 (40) | 1002 | Caroline Islands, Palau | None | None | | | Lisa | October 31 – November 5 | 150 (90) | 985 | Jamaica, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico | $100 million | None | | | ### November Hurricane Martin November was an inactive month, featuring only six storms, with three of them being named. The North Atlantic basin featured two hurricanes named Martin and Nicole. Martin, which became the strongest storm during the month peaked as a Category 1 hurricane in the open Atlantic before it transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone. The storm later approached Ireland as a European windstorm before dissipating. Nicole on the other hand also peaked as a Category 1 hurricane before making a rare landfall over the Bahamas and the eastern coast of Florida. Despite Nicole being relatively weak, its large size inflicted severe damage to many areas including Florida, which was already devastated by Ian six weeks earlier. Additionally, 11 deaths were reported from the hurricane. The Western Pacific basin featured only one system named Yamaneko, which was short-lived and never affected any landmass. The Northern Indian Ocean basin also featured only one depression classified as BOB 08, which made landfall over Southern India before dissipating. In the Southern Hemisphere, two tropical lows classified as 02U and 03U formed in the Australian region with 02U crossing over to the South-West Indian Ocean basin where it was re-classified as 03 before dissipating. 03U paralleled the Indonesian coast before it dissipated north of Australia. | | | Tropical cyclones formed in November 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Martin | November 1–3 | 140 (85) | 965 | None | None | None | | | 02U (03) | November 1–6 | 55 (35) | 1004 | None | None | None | | | Nicole | November 7–11 | 120 (75) | 980 | Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $1 billion | 11 | | | Yamaneko | November 11–14 | 65 (40) | 1004 | None | None | None | | | 03U | November 15–26 | Un­known | 1005 | Christmas Island | None | None | | | BOB 08 | November 20–24 | 45 (30) | 1005 | None | None | None | | | ### December Cyclone Darian December was fairly inactive, featuring seven storms, with four of them being named. The month started off with the formation of Cyclone Mandous, which formed in the North Indian Ocean. Mandous formed in the Bay of Bengal before making landfall over Southern India. Mandous's remnants later regenerated in the Arabian Sea, where it was reclassified as ARB 03. The depression however failed to strengthen due to wind shear and dissipated south of the Arabian Peninsula. The Western Pacific basin featured only Tropical Storm Pakhar, which passed east of the Philippines and dissipated. Despite the storm not making landfall, the storm dumped heavy rain across the country which killed 8 people in the province of Tanay, Rizal. Back in the Northern Indian Ocean basin, another depression classified as BOB 10 formed in the Bay of Bengal. The depression traveled in many directions during its lifespan and dissipated west of Sri Lanka. In the Southern Hemisphere, Cyclone Darian formed and traveled across the Australian and South Indian Ocean basin as a major cyclone, becoming the first major cyclone of the season for both basins. Additionally, Darian was also the strongest storm during the month. In the Australian basin, Cyclone Ellie formed in the Timor Sea before making landfall over the Northern Territory in Australia. In the Southern Pacific basin, two depressions classified as 01F and 02F formed with none of them causing severe damage. Tropical cyclones formed in December 2022| Storm name | Dates active | Max windkm/h (mph) | Pressure(hPa) | Areas affected | Damage(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Mandous | December 6–10 | 95 (60) | 990 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu | $550.000 | 9 | | | Pakhar (Rosal) | December 10–12 | 75 (45) | 998 | Philippines | Unknown | 8 | | | 01F | December 10–12 | Un­known | 1005 | Fiji | None | None | | | Darian | December 13–30 | 230 (145) | 915 | Cocos Islands | None | None | | | ARB 03 | December 14–17 | 55 (35) | 1000 | None | None | None | | | Ellie | December 20, 2022 – January 8, 2023 | 75 (45) | 986 | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | None | [] | | BOB 10 | December 22–27 | 45 (30) | 1004 | Sri Lanka | None | None | | | 02F | December 29–31 | Un­known | 999 | New Caledonia | None | None | | | Global effects -------------- Here are a total of eight tropical cyclone basins, seven are seasonal and one is non-seasonal, thus all seven basins except the South Atlantic are active. In this table, data from all these basins are added. | **Season name** | **Areas affected** | **Systems formed** | **Named storms** | **HurricanesTyphoonsCyclones** | **Damage(USD)** | **Deaths** | **Ref** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | North Atlantic Ocean | ABC Islands, Atlantic Canada, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Nicaragua, Newfoundland, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, South Atlantic United States, Venezuela, Yucatán Peninsula | 16 | 14 | 8 | $120.425 billion | 337 | | | Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean | Arizona, Baja California peninsula, Central America, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, Southern Mexico, Nicaragua, Revillagigedo Islands, Southern California | 17 | 17 | 10 | $54.2 million | 26 | | | Western Pacific Ocean | Alaska, Bonin Islands, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, China, Daito Islands, Guam, Japan, Laos, Myanmar North Korea, Philippines, Russian Far East, Ryukyu Islands, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yaeyama Islands | 36 | 25 | 10 | >$3.3 billion | 482 | | | North Indian Ocean | India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Oman, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Central India, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Meghalaya Assam, Tripura | 15 | 7 | 3 | Unknown | 79 | | | South-West Indian Ocean | January – June | Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe | 13 | 12 | 5 | $312 million | 376 | [] | | July – December | None | 4 | 3 | 1 | Unknown | Unknown | [] | | Australian region | January – June | Christmas Island, Northern Territory, Queensland, Solomon Islands, Western Australia | 20 | 5 | 3 | $75 million | 2 | [] | | July – December | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 6 | 3 | 1 | Unknown | Unknown | [] | | South Pacific Ocean | January – June | Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Vanuatu | 8 | 5 | 1 | $105 million | 2 | [] | | July – December | Fiji | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [] | | South Atlantic Ocean | Brazil, Uruguay | 1 | 1 | 0 | Unknown | 2 | | | Worldwide | (See above) | 132 | 86 | 38 | >$128.28 billion | 1,301 | | 1. 1 2 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the Saffir Simpson Scale which uses 1-minute sustained winds. 2. 1 2 According to the NHC, two tropical storms—Bonnie and Julia—entered into the Eastern Pacific from North Atlantic. 3. 1 2 3 Only systems that formed either **before or on December 31, 2022** are counted in the seasonal totals. 4. ↑ The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the IMD Scale which uses 3-minute sustained winds. 5. 1 2 3 4 Only systems that formed either **on or after January 1, 2022** are counted in the seasonal totals. 6. ↑ The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on Météo-France, which uses wind gusts. 7. 1 2 According to the BoM, Tropical Cyclone Vernon entered into the South-west Indian Ocean from the Australian region on February 26. 8. 1 2 3 According to the BoM, Severe Tropical Cyclon Darian entered into the South-west Indian Ocean form the Australian region. 9. ↑ The sum of the number of systems in each basin will not equal the number shown as the total. This is because when systems move between basins, it creates a discrepancy in the actual number of systems.
Cargo ship of the United States Navy **USS *Stokes* (AKA-68)** was a *Tolland*-class attack cargo ship in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service and scrapped in 1971. History ------- *Stokes* was named after Stokes County, North Carolina. She was laid down as a Type C2-S-AJ3 ship on 26 June 1944 by the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina; launched on 31 August 1944, sponsored by Mrs. W. D. Woodall; acquired by the Navy from the Maritime Commission on a loan-charter basis; and commissioned on 12 October 1944. ### World War II, 1944–1945 After a brief shakedown and yard availability period, *Stokes* loaded general cargo at Norfolk and sailed for the Pacific on 11 December. She transited the Panama Canal on 21 December 1944 and arrived at Pearl Harbor early in January 1945. The attack cargo ship was then assigned to Transport Division 48 which was preparing to participate in the assault against Iwo Jima. She moved to Hilo, Hawaii; loaded troops and equipment; and sailed with the division to the staging area in the Marianas. The ships stood out of Saipan on 16 February for Iwo Jima. *Stokes* arrived off Iwo Jima on 19 February as the assault waves of U.S. Marines landed on the beaches and, for the next two weeks, supplied them with rockets, ammunition, and gasoline. She then loaded combat casualties for evacuation to the base hospital at Saipan. After disembarking the wounded there, the ship moved to Guam to replace many of her small boats that had been lost or disabled at Iwo Jima. *Stokes* then sailed to Espiritu Santo and loaded troops and equipment for the upcoming assault on the Ryūkyūs. Since her passengers were part of the floating reserve, the ship did not arrive at Okinawa until 10 April. On the 19th *Stokes* proceeded, via Ulithi, Guam, and Pearl Harbor, to the West Coast of the United States. She called at San Francisco before moving up the coast to Seattle for loading. *Stokes* sailed for Iwo Jima and on to Okinawa. ### Post-war activities, 1945–1946 After the war ended, the ship then operated between the Philippine Islands, Guam, and Japan until routed back to the West Coast. She returned to Seattle in January 1946 and was routed to the East Coast for inactivation and disposal. ### Decommissioning and civilian service She arrived at Norfolk on 29 May and was decommissioned on 9 July. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 19 July 1946 and she was returned to the War Shipping Administration. Ex-*USS Stokes* had a tumultuous civilian career, being sold, re-sold, and re-possessed numerous times over the next 25 years. Initially purchased from the Maritime Commission by the Oceanic Steamship Company, she was renamed SS *Sierra* on 9 May 1947. She operated under that name until 3 March 1961 when Oceanic sold the vessel to Matson Navigation Co, who renamed her SS *Hawaiian Banker*. The 1961 date may be in error, as the ship appears in the background in a 1951 movie called 'The Mob' starring Broderick Crawford, bearing the 'Hawaiian Banker' name. Later that year (8 September) Matson renamed the ship SS *Fanwood*. Matson sold the ship to Sea-Land Services, Inc. on 15 September 1961. Sea-Land Sold her to Georgelis Mid-America Lines, Inc. on 20 April 1964 where she served under the name SS *A&J Doctor Max* until being repossessed by Sea-Land on 10 July 1964 and named back to SS *Fanwood*. On 13 May 1965 Sea-Land transferred the title on the ship to the Maritime Administration under the exchange program; MARAD promptly leased the ship back to Sea-Land the same day. The lease expired about a year later (22 April 1966) and the ship was returned to MARAD who sold her to Waterman Industries Corp the same day. Waterman sold the vessel to Gatx/Boothe Corp on 15 May 1969. Gatx/Boothe maintained the ship for a little over two years until selling her one last time to Kenematsu-Gosho, Ltd. of Japan on 4 September 1971. The old ship was broken up in Taiwan shortly thereafter. Awards ------ *Stokes* received two battle stars for her service in World War II.
American Catholic sister **Barbara "Mary Lucy" Dosh** (September 15, 1839 – December 29, 1861) was a Catholic sister in the order of the Sisters of Nazareth. She was a volunteer nurse in Western Kentucky during the American Civil War, caring for both Union troops and Confederate prisoners of war, and died in the course of duty from typhoid fever. In 2012, the United States Congress passed a resolution honoring Dosh's nursing care given to both Union and Confederate soldiers. Early life and education ------------------------ Barbara Dosh was born in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, on September 15, 1839. She was orphaned at age 11 and she and her sister went to live in Louisville, Kentucky, with the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. Dosh's talent for music was recognized by Mother Catherine Spalding of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth and she went to St. Vincent in Union County, Kentucky, to study music. Dosh decided to join the order of the Sisters of Nazareth and took the name Sister Mary Lucy Dosh. She went to Paducah, Kentucky, to teach music at St Mary's Academy in McCracken County. . American Civil War ------------------ In 1861 Dosh volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War in Western Kentucky. She cared for both Union troops and Confederate prisoners of war at the Paducah Baptist Church. Death and legacy ---------------- While serving as a nurse, Dosh died of typhoid fever on December 29, 1861, a few months into the Civil War. Her casket was carried on the U.S. gunboat *Peacock* up the Ohio River to Uniontown, Kentucky, under an order of truce with an escort of six Union soldiers and six Confederate soldiers. She was buried in the St. Vincent Academy cemetery. In December, 2012 the United States Congress passed a resolution honoring Dosh's nursing care given to both Union and Confederate soldiers.
Autocannon The **HS.820** was a 20 mm caliber autocannon developed by Hispano-Suiza primarily for aircraft use, but more widely used in a series of ground-based anti-aircraft guns. After Oerlikon purchased Hispano's armaments division in 1970, the HS.820 became the **Oerlikon KAD**, supplanting Oerlikon's own KAA and KAB weapons in the process. A US-built model, the **M139**, saw some use on vehicles. Development ----------- An armored vehicle Schützenpanzer SPz 11-2 Kurz equipped with a gun HS.820 Developed in the post-World War II era, the HS.820 fired a 20×139 mm round developed from the Swiss 20×139 FMK (and FK 38) as a replacement for their earlier 20×110 mm design of the widely used HS.404. The new round was one of two post-WWII European 20 mm designs, the other being the 20×128 developed by Oerlikon for a similar role. The HS.820's high 1100 m/s muzzle velocity and equally high 1000 round per minute firing rate made it a formidable weapon. Nevertheless, the rapid introduction of even higher performance revolver cannons meant the HS.820 was never as popular in aircraft role as the HS.404 had been. The weapon was more widely used in a variety of mounts for the anti-aircraft role, especially in naval use. Hispano introduced a number of mountings with a variety of sighting systems, feeds and power traverse. The **HS.639-B3** (later known as the **GAI-CO1**) was a single-gun mounting fed from a 75-round drum, a fairly serious limitation for a gun with such a high rate of fire. Variants included the **HS.639-B4** (**GAI-CO3**) with a 50-round drum mounted on top of the weapon, and the **HS.639-B5** (**GAI-CO6**) that used dual 75-round magazines for longer firing times. The **HS 665** was a triple-mount variety using the same drum feeds. The **HS.666A** (**GAI-DO1**), developed in the mid-70s, featured two HS.820 with new 120-round box magazines mounted on a shared hydraulically powered platform which could be tied into an associated radar-guided fire-control system. After Oerlikon purchased Hispano-Suiza, they undertook a renaming exercise for all of their weapons. The HS.820 was then known as the KAD, meaning *Kanone*, A for 20 mm and D as the fourth model. Oerlikon's own 20×128 mm became the KAA in the electrically-fired version, and the KAB in the gas-operated version. The United States produced a slightly modified version of the HS.820 as the **M139**. It saw use on a number of vehicles, including the US Army's M114 and the Marine Corps Amphibious Assault Vehicle and the ill-fated MICV-65 series of armored vehicles, including on a palletised mount in the cabin of a Bell UH-1 helicopter. The 20×139 mm round was also widely used in a variety of other weapons, including the Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 and 20 mm modèle F2 gun. Original Hispano-Suiza ammunition --------------------------------- * UIA (HEI): Projectile weight 120 g, explosive filler 10 g * RIA (APHEI): Projectile weight 120 g, explosive filler 4.5 g * RINT (APHC): Projectile weight 111 g, tungsten carbide core weight 70 g
Croatian physician **Kornelija Sertić** (1897 – 1988) was the first woman to graduate from the School of Medicine in Zagreb, in 1923. The school opened in 1917. Early life ---------- Sertić was born in the Croatian town of Sveti Ivan Zelina (at that time a part of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy). In addition to her studies in Zagred, she also studied at the Medical Faculty in Graz, Austria. When she graduated in Zagreb on 30 November 1923, she was the first women to do so. ### Career Sertić specialized in pediatrics and became a specialist in tuberculosis and lung diseases. From 1924 to 1928, she worked at the Epidemiological Institute for Dr. Berislav Borčićand and from there went to a children's dispensary in Zagreb as a pediatrician. By winning a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation she was able to work at the Paris Clinic for Prevention of Children's Tuberculosis. Beginning in 1928, she served as a specialist in lung diseases (especially tuberculosis) at a state hospital as well as at a dispensary in Zagreb. She also worked in the Zagreb school polyclinic as deputy chief. From 1930 to 1943, she organized the National Health Center in Sušak and health centers in the Croatian Littoral. During World War II she was imprisoned for some time by the Gestapo but was released after intervention by a general, which allowed her to support her family as a physician for members of the Croatian Chamber of Crafts. She also saw private patients in her office at 17 Hatzova Street where she administered pneumothorax to patients with tuberculosis. She treated some patients for free. After the war's end, Sertić became director of the Trešnjevka Health Center in Zagreb. In 1948, she travelled to Copenhagen, Denmark on scholarship to study vaccinations and tuberculosis control. She received many awards for her work and was named president of the TB section of the Croatian Red Cross. ### Personal life In 1932, Sertić married her colleague, pulmonologist and tuberculosis specialist, Stanko Ibler. She died in 1988 in Zagreb.
The insignia of the Cleveland Indians, the franchise that owns the Academia de Prospecto Complex. **The Academia de Prospecto Complex** is a stadium complex in San Antonio de Guerra, Dominican Republic. It is the home of the Dominican Summer League Indians and the Dominican Summer League Indians/Brewers. It is also where the Cleveland Indians organization conducts all of its Latin American operations. History ------- The stadium officially opened in May 2011, and since then it has been used to train the Dominican Summer League Indians. It is where the team plays its home games. As of the 2017 DSL season, the DSL Indians/Brewers cooperative team also plays its home games at the Academia de Prospecto Complex. Facilities ---------- Chris Antonetti, current President of the Cleveland Indians, described the academy as "state-of-the-art". The academy was designed to prepare young Dominican players for a future career with the Indians in Major League Baseball. It has multiple fields for the players to practice on, as well as training mounds, batting tunnels, a classroom where the players can learn English, and other indoor training facilities and recreational areas. Staff ----- Jose Mejia is currently serving as the manager and field coordinator of the DSL Indians. He is aided by Carlos Fermin, who is working as the infield coach. In addition to the coaches, the Cleveland Indians' scouting staff, which is led by Koby Perez, will operate through the academy.
American writer and filmmaker (born 1969) **Kim Wood** (born June 23, 1969 in Hollywood, California) is an American writer and filmmaker. Works ----- Her work, based upon the histories of relatively unknown adventurers and eccentrics, includes the Sundance Film Festival premiered *Advice to Adventurous Girls*, and *On My Knees*, starring Melora Creager, based on the diaries of Hannah Cullwick. Awards ------ Wood has received the Silver Hugo from the Chicago International Film Festival and the Director's Citation from Thomas Edison's Black Maria Film Festival She is a recipient of grants from the Film Arts Foundation and the Jerome Foundation, and is a MacDowell Colony fellow. Festivals --------- Her work has screened internationally in festivals and museum exhibits, including the Guggenheim Museum's The Art of the Motorcycle, where she shared the bill with an episode of CHiPs. Filmography ----------- * *Wanderlust* (1995) * *Advice to Adventurous Girls* (1998) * *On My Knees* (2003)
Painting by the Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece Crucifixion from Nové Sady, Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece, National Gallery in Prague **Crucifixion from Nové Sady**, (also referred to as the *Crucifixion of the Rajhrad Altarpiece*, the *Crucifixion of the Olomouc*, *Altar of the Holy Cross*, or the *Novosady panel*) is part of a larger altar polyptych called the *Rajhrad Altarpiece* (around 1440). Its author is the last important personality of Czech panel painting of the pre-Hussite period, known as the Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece. The painting is on display in the permanent exhibition of the National Gallery in Prague. History of the painting ----------------------- The Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece probably had a workshop in Prague and retreated to Moravia after the outbreak of the Hussite Wars in 1420-1440, only to return to Prague during the reign of Sigismund. The altar with the theme of the *Adoration of the Holy Cross*, together with another Gothic altar, was intended for the church of St Maurice in Olomouc, as confirmed by written records from 1424 and 1440. From there, five panels of the altar were transferred to the picture gallery of the Benedictine monastery in Rajhrad during the reconstruction of the church in 1784 and are now in the possession of the Moravian Gallery in Brno. The two-sided painted wings of the altar were cut lengthwise and separated, but only the face of the altar was preserved. The central panel with the Crucifixion was donated to the newly built church of St Philip in Nové Sady near Olomouc. There, the panel was discovered by Albert Kutal in 1935, and in 1935-1936 the *Crucifixion* was exhibited in Brno and in 1937 it was purchased for the State Collection of Old Art (now the National Gallery Prague). As many as ten panels from the original altar were destroyed in Nové Sady at an unspecified time in the late 19th century. Description and classification ------------------------------ The painting is done in tempera on a fir wood panel covered with linen (height 102 cm, width 142 cm). There is no consensus on the date of the work. Older literature places the painting in 1420, or before 1427, when the three-part *winged altarpiece with the Crucifixion* (now in Keresztény Múzeum, Esztergom) by Master Thomas De Coloswar was created, allegedly influenced by the Nové Sady painting. Other scholars dispute the much later dating of around 1452, proposed by Bartlová. According to more recent literature, the painting dates from around 1440 and may have been commissioned by Sigismund's chaplain Heinrich Seuftleben. The panel with the *Crucifixion* formed the central part of the altar, together with the scene of the *Carrying of the Cross*; the wings had three Passion scenes: the *Last Supper*, *Christ on the Mount of Olives* (or Prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane), and the *Resurrection of Christ* and as the fourth: *The finding and testing of the true Holy Cross by St Helena and Constantine*. Older expert opinions have described the paintings of the Rajhrad altarpiece as works based on the beautiful style and affected by Franco-flemish influences, manifested by an attempt to deepen the pictorial space or naturalistic details. The Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece continued the tradition established by the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece, especially in the composition of the image of *Christ on the Mount of Olives*, in the detail of the landscape or in the use of chiaroscuro. Otherwise, his work follows the late beautiful style of the first two decades of the 15th century, which combines traditional typification of figures and draperies with new tendencies that abandon the earlier formalism. It emphasizes the plot and narrative component, complements the main scene with a multitude of figures and genre scenes, and gives the characters individual, sometimes even caricatured expressions. His paintings are not intended for worship, but for personal contemplation. In the second panel with the *Christ Carrying the Cross*, which formed the lower part of the central part of the altarpiece, the painter attempted a two-plane arrangement of space and a graduated scale of figures. The compositional scheme of the *Crucifixion* painting is close to the miniature in the Hasenburg-Missale and the *Crucifixion from St Barbara chapel* (workshop of the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece); some specific motifs, such as the figures of robbers dressed in long flowing robes, are also found in the *Crucifixion from Zátoň*, *Crucifixion from Skalice* and *Reininghaus altar*. A drawing book may have served as a model for figures, while Western influences were probably mediated by book illuminations (Master of the Gerona Martyrology). The work, which depicts a scene of the Great Calvary, uses a less common landscape format and populates the scene with a number of assistant figures. The composition of the two main groups on either side is in the form of triangles with the tops pointing towards the arms of the cross. On the left is Mary and St John and the group of women from the Gospels, with Longinus and his spear behind them, piercing Christ's side. St Mary Magdalene, embracing the Cross of Christ, is the central figure and represents a contemporary departure from the Marian cult. On the right side, led by centurion, is a group of soldiers in red robes who converted to the faith after Christ's death. There are figures in the painting that are difficult to identify - a hooded old man at the foot of the cross on the right, a woman and child dressed as an altar boy on the left (donors or spectators?). If, as M. Bartlová suggests, Ladislaus the Posthumous (the young fair-haired man on the right) and King George of Poděbrady (the face on the left) were depicted, then the dating of the painting would have to be much later. The depiction of a drastic scene with scoundrels cutting the legs of robbers is more common in Italian painting (Barna da Siena, Jacopo di Cione, Giusto de' Menabuoi), but it is not commonly found in Central Europe. The background of the painting is gilded and the deepening of the space is only suggested by the slant of the crosses or the leaning ladder. Analysis of the painting reveals underdrawings guided by one hand, but workshop assistants were probably involved in completing the painting. ### Works attributed to the Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece * around 1425 (?) Double-sided painted panel from the castle in Náměšt' nad Oslavou with scenes of the Passion of St. Katherina, the Passion of St. Apolena * around 1430-36 St. James Altar (Minorite Church of St. James in Prague or Church of St. James in Brno) * Crucifixion from the Chapel of St. Barbara, Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece - workshop (around 1385), National Gallery PragueCrucifixion from the Chapel of St. Barbara, Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece - workshop (around 1385), National Gallery Prague * Altar from Zátoň, Anonym - Bohemia (after 1440), National Gallery PragueAltar from Zátoň, Anonym - Bohemia (after 1440), National Gallery Prague * Reininghaus altar, Anonym - Bohemia (around 1440), National Gallery PragueReininghaus altar, Anonym - Bohemia (around 1440), National Gallery Prague Sources ------- * Fajt Jiří, Chlumská Štěpánka, Bohemia and Central Europe 1200-1550, National Gallery in Prague 2014, pp. 62-63 ISBN 978-80-7035-569-5 * Špinková Tereza, Rajhrad Altarpiece, Bachelor thesis, Catholic Theological Faculty of Charles University in Prague, 2008 * Bartlová Milena, Honest Images. Plate Painting in Bohemia and Moravia 1400-1460, Argo Prague 2001 ISBN 80-7203-365-4 * Bartlová, Milena. Czech panel painting 1400-1470 and the so-called Rajhrad Altar. [Bohemian Panel Painting 1400-1470 and the 'Rajhrad Altarpiece]. Brno, Masaryk University, Faculty of Philosophy, 2000 * Albert Kutal, Czech Gothic Art, Artia/Obelisk Prague 1972, p. 130 * Jaroslav Pešina, Panel Painting in: Czech Gothic Art 1350-1420, Academia Prague 1970, pp. 241-243 * Antonín Matějček, Jaroslav Pešina, Czech Gothic Painting, Melantrich, Prague 1950, pp.131-140
"**The Eyes Have It**" is a fantasy short story by Randall Garrett, the first to feature his alternate history detective Lord Darcy. It was first published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact in 1964 and included in the collection Murder and Magic in 1979. The story is set in an alternate world whose history diverged from our own during the reign of King Richard the Lionheart, in which most of western Europe and the Americas are united in an Angevin Empire and ruled under a feudal system. In this world, a magic-based technology has developed, largely replacing the science of our own world. Plot summary ------------ Detective Lord Darcy is called upon to investigate the apparent murder of Count D'Evreux, who was found shot in his bedroom. A gun is found hidden nearby, and Darcy's assistant, sorcerer Sean O'Lochlainn, determines by magic that it was used to kill the Count. Further investigation reveals that the late Count had had frequent liaisons with young women of the area, whom he would invite to visit via a hidden entrance, making it difficult to discover who might have visited on the night he died. Laird and Lady Duncan are visiting the area from Scotland. Lady Duncan has previously had an affair with the Count, and visited him before his death. The gun appears to belong to her. Her husband is found to have been practicing unlicensed sorcery so, although the actual killing did not appear to have involved magic, both are suspected. Darcy and O'Lochlainn decide to try using optography to extract an image of the killer from the dead Count's eyes. It is explained that such an image can be extracted in certain rare circumstances, but the images are unreliable and cannot be used in court. The process provides a clear image of an unusually beautiful woman in the act of shooting a gun at the Count, but her face is not recognized. Lord Darcy interviews the Count's sister, who stands to inherit his position. She tries to tell him something about the case but Darcy stops her and lays out the evidence he has collected. On the night of his death, the Count had a heated argument with Lady Duncan in which she pulled out a gun and he threw her out of the room, leaving the gun on a table. Laird Duncan, misunderstanding the situation, tried to kill the Count by sorcery but found he was already dead. The killer was the unknown woman in the picture, who Darcy says will be found. Privately, Darcy tells his employer, Duke Richard of Normandy, that he has in fact identified the killer. The Count had had an obsessive attraction to his own sister for years, but had kept it secret. After the argument with Lady Duncan he invited his sister to his suite and assaulted her, and she shot him in self-defense with the gun. The picture that had been extracted from the Count's eyes did not match the Countess' appearance because it had been based on his internal, idealized image of her. Such pictures are always affected by the victim's mind, which is why they are inadmissible in court. These details are kept secret to protect the family's reputation. The Duke comments that the way the Countess defended herself and then hid her involvement shows her judgement and ability to act under pressure, which will aid her in her new role. Critical reception ------------------ As of August 2022, "The Eyes Have It" has a rating of 3.87/5 on Goodreads, based on 67 user ratings. Garret won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History Special Achievement Award in 1999 for the Lord Darcy series, specifically including *Murder and Magic*.
Tram system in Mulhouse, France Mulhouse Alstom Citadis 302 tram Map of the network The **Mulhouse tramway** (French: *Tramway de Mulhouse*; Alsatian: *D'Strossabàhn Milhüsa*) is a tram network in the French city of Mulhouse in Alsace, France. It commenced service in 2006, and now comprises three purely tram lines, plus one hybrid tram-train line. Tram services ------------- The three pure tram lines intersect at Porte Jeune stop in central Mulhouse, and comprise: * Line Mulhouse tramway Line 1 from Gare Centrale to Châtaignier * Line Mulhouse tramway Line 2 from Nouveau Bassin to Coteaux * Line Mulhouse tramway Line 3 from Gare Central to Lutterbach Lines 1 and 2 were put into service in 2006, whilst line 3 is a short working of the tram-train line and opened in December 2010 with that line. Extensions are planned for line 1, from Châtaignier to Bosquets du Roy, and for line 2, from Nouveau Bassin to Jonquilles. The network is electrified at 750 V DC using overhead power collection. Services are provided by a fleet of twenty-two 32 m (105 ft) long Alstom Citadis 302 trams. Both the network and the trams are operated by Soléa, who also operate the city's bus network, on behalf of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (MAA). Tram-train services ------------------- The tram-train line runs from Gare Central to Thann, with a proposed extension to Kruth. The line follows the existing tracks of lines 1 from Gare Central to Porte Jeune, and line 2 from there to Daguerre. Here it diverges onto a 4.2 kilometres (2.6 mi) section of new tram track built parallel to the Paris–Mulhouse main line railway as far as Lutterbach. This line, which is a mixture of single and double track, and electrified at 750 V DC, is used by both the tram-train service and the purely tram line 3. At Lutterbach, a connection is made to the existing railway line to Thann and Kruth. This line is electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC between Lutterbach and Thann St Jacques (the former Thann Nord), and is single track with passing loops. It carries both the tram-train service and an SNCF diesel railcar service to Kruth, which uses the main railway line between Lutterbach and Gare Central. Freight trains also run at night. A second phase of the line will involve extending the electrification as far as Kruth, allowing tram-trains to run through to there, and also allowing the SNCF to replace the diesel railcar service with an electric unit. However no timescales are in place for this. The tram-train service uses 12 36.68 m (120 ft 4 in) long Siemens Avanto tram-trains. These units were financed, and are owned, jointly by the Alsace region and the MAA. The drivers come from SNCF (75%) and Soléa (25%). The line as far as Lutterbach is Soléa's responsibility, with the SNCF taking responsibility from there to Thann and Kruth.
Municipality in Dzūkija, Lithuania **Šalčininkai District Municipality** (Lithuanian: *Šalčininkų rajono savivaldybė*) is one of 60 district municipalities in Lithuania. The municipality is part of the Vilnius County and is located in southeastern Lithuania, next to the Belarus–Lithuania border. The south-eastern border of the municipality with Belarus includes a distinctive salient of Lithuanian territory, known as the Dieveniškės appendix, almost completely surrounded by Belarus. Šalčininkai is the largest town and the administrative center of the district with its newly built quarters, while the second largest town is Eišiškės, a more historical town, which was the center of the district and the largest town before 1972. It has a Polish majority population, with three-quarters of the population claiming Polish ethnicity. History ------- ### Soviet occupation Šalčininkai district was formed in 1950, during the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, from 34 *apylinkės* of the abolished Vilnius county. The district's area was 957 km². In 1950–53, the Šalčininkai district was part of the Vilnius region. In 1962, Šalčininkai and Eišiškės districts were merged into one and named Eišiškės district, while five neighborhoods were transferred to the Varėna district. In 1972, Eišiškės district was renamed to Šalčininkai district. There were two towns (Eišiškės, Šalčininkai) in the district in 1974. | Years | Number of *apylinkės* in the district | Source | | --- | --- | --- | | 1954–1972 | 17 | | | 1976 | 16 | | | 1979 | 14 | | | 1986 | 13 | | | 1989 | 12 | | The Šalčininkai district's official Communist newspaper was called Lenin's Precepts (Russian: Заветы Ленина, romanized: *Zavety Lenina*; Polish: *Przykazania Lenina*; Lithuanian: *Lenino priesakai*) and published in three languages: Russian, Polish and Lithuanian. Although officially, the absolute majority of the district's residents were Poles, as many as 8,000 of the inhabitants were subscribed to the Russian-language newspaper, while only one and a half thousand - to the Lithuanian and Polish language versions. The newspaper spread hostile misinformation towards the re-emerging independent Lithuanian state of Lithuania in all language versions of its issues. ### 1990s On 11 March 1990, when the Supreme Council of Lithuania declared the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, some non-Lithuanians in the Vilnius Region, mostly members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, began actively creating a separatist territorial entity under Moscow's inspiration and guidance. From 1988 to 21 August 1991, the autonomists of the Šalčininkai and Vilnius districts organized three congresses of the Poles of the Vilnius region. In order to disrupt the Lithuanian state at that time, both aforementioned district councils adopted dozens of anti-state resolutions. For example, by the decision of the Šalčininkai district council, as many as 384 of the district's young men were taken into the Soviet army during one and a half years and the work of the Lithuanian border guards was sabotaged in various ways. During this period, all Lithuanian government decisions were blocked in Vilnius and Šalčininkai districts. The autonomists acted brazenly, because of Moscow's direct support and because they were aided by the Soviet army, which was still stationed on Lithuanian soil. The attempts to create a Polish autonomy in the Vilnius Region collapsed when the Moscow-led Soviet leadership, which was the project's main supporter, collapsed in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. In 1995, the Šalčininkai district municipality was established instead of the Šalčininkai district. Geography --------- Geographically, the eastern part of the district is in the Ashmyany Highlands [lt; be], the western part is in the Southeast Plain [lt], while the southwestern part is in the Eišiškės Plateau [lt]. The highest place (265 m (869 ft 5 in)) is near Katkuškės [lt], the lowest (121 m (397 ft 0 in)) is near Šalčia, near the boundary between the Šalčininkai and the Varėna district municipalities. Through the district flows the river Merkys and its tributaries Šalčia and Verseka [lt], as well as the Nemunas tributary Gauja. In the Šalčininkai district, there are 3 lakes [lt] and 13 ponds. The Poškonys Reservoir (Poškonių tvenkinys) with an area of 0.3 km2 on the Gauja River is located in the district. Forest coverage is 48%, with pine forests prevailing. The biggest forest is the Rūdninkai forest. The most important mineral deposits are gravel (Jašiūnai, Pabarė [lt], Navakonys [lt], Mantviliškės [lt], Mikališkės [lt]), sand (Pabarė). Lithuanian Route 104 passes through the district. ### Climate The average temperature in January is -4.5 °C, while in July it is 17 °C. Annual rainfall is 650 mm. Demographics ------------ ### Ethnicity Ethnic groups in the Šalčininkai District Municipality (2001–2021)| Ethnic group | 2021 | 2011 | 2001 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | | Poles | 22,933 | 76.3 | 26,858 | 77.75 | 31,223 | 79.48 | | Lithuanians | 3,789 | 12.6 | 3,746 | 10.84 | 4,086 | 10.4 | | Russians | 1,517 | 5.05 | 1,858 | 5.38 | 1,948 | 4.96 | | Belarusians | 857 | 2.85 | 1,162 | 3.36 | 1,139 | 2.9 | | Ukrainians | 174 | 0.58 | 226 | 0.65 | 253 | 0.64 | | Romani/Gypsies | / | / | 82 | 0.24 | 105 | 0.27 | | Tatars | / | / | 28 | 0.08 | 33 | 0.08 | | Germans | / | / | 13 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.02 | | Latvians | / | / | 10 | 0.02 | 13 | 0.03 | | Others | 161 | 0.54 | 53 | 0.15 | 75 | 1.34 | | Not indicated | 621 | 2.07 | 487 | 1.41 | 398 | 1.01 | | Total | 30,052 | 100 | 34,544 | 100 | 39,282 | 100 | Bibliography ------------ * Bartoševičienė, Valė (2018-12-14). "Šalčininkų rajono savivaldybė". *vle.lt* (in Lithuanian). * Skaržinskas, Česlovas (2016-12-01). "Šaltoje Šalčios žemėje" [In the cold land of Šalčia]. *Bernardinai* (in Lithuanian). | * v * t * e Municipalities of Lithuania | | --- | | District municipalities | * Akmenė * Alytus * Anykščiai * Biržai * Ignalina * Jonava * Joniškis * Jurbarkas * Kaišiadorys * Kaunas * Kėdainiai * Kelmė * Klaipėda * Kretinga * Kupiškis * Lazdijai * Mažeikiai * Molėtai * Pakruojis * Panevėžys * Pasvalys * Plungė * Prienai * Radviliškis * Raseiniai * Rokiškis * Skuodas * Šakiai * Šalčininkai * Šiauliai * Šilalė * Šilutė * Širvintos * Švenčionys * Tauragė * Telšiai * Trakai * Ukmergė * Utena * Varėna * Vilkaviškis * Vilnius * Zarasai | * flagLithuania portal | | City municipalities | * Alytus * Kaunas * Klaipėda * Palanga * Panevėžys * Šiauliai * Vilnius | | Municipalities | * Birštonas * Druskininkai * Elektrėnai * Kalvarija * Kazlų Rūda * Marijampolė * Neringa * Pagėgiai * Rietavas * Visaginas | | * v * t * e Vilnius County | | --- | | Municipalities | * Elektrėnai * Šalčininkai * Širvintos * Švenčionys * Trakai * Ukmergė * Vilnius City * Vilnius District | | | Cities | * Baltoji Vokė * Eišiškės * Elektrėnai * Grigiškės * Lentvaris * Nemenčinė * Pabradė * Rūdiškės * Šalčininkai * Širvintos * Švenčionėliai * Švenčionys * Trakai * Ukmergė * Vievis * Vilnius | | Towns | * Adutiškis * Aukštadvaris * Bagaslaviškis * Bezdonys * Deltuva * Dieveniškės * Gelvonai * Jašiūnai * Kaltanėnai * Kernavė * Labanoras * Lyduokiai * Maišiagala * Mickūnai * Musninkai * Onuškis * Pabaiskas * Semeliškės * Šešuoliai * Siesikai * Šumskas * Taujėnai * Vepriai * Vidiškiai * Želva * Žemaitkiemis * Zibalai | | Villages | * Avižieniai * Baltoji Vokė * Belazariškiai * Buivydiškės * Buivydžiai * Didžioji Riešė * Didžiosios Kabiškės * Glitiškės * Galgiai * Jauniūnai * Kaniūkai * Karmazinai * Kena * Krakūnai * Kunigiškė * Mačiuliškės * Mateikonys * Medininkai * Miežionys * Naujas Strūnaitis * Nemėžis * Norviliškės * Papelekis * Pociškė * Poškonys * Rokantiškės * Rudamina * Rykantai * Raišiai * Saugūniškės * Semeniškiai * Senieji Trakai * Skaidiškės * Užulėnis * Vaigeliškės * Valtūnai * Vaigeliškės * Vėliučionys * Saugūniškės * Skaidiškės * Valtūnai * Varnikai * Vasiuliškė * Zalavas * Zujūnai | | | | | --- | --- | | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | * ISNI | 54°20′13″N 25°22′52″E / 54.33694°N 25.38111°E / 54.33694; 25.38111
American film director **R. J. Cutler** (born 1962) is an American filmmaker, documentarian, television producer and theater director. His work includes the documentary films *The War Room*, *A Perfect Candidate*, *Thin*, *The September Issue*, *The World According to Dick Cheney* and *Listen to Me Marlon*; the non-fiction television series *Black. White.*, *American High*, *Freshman Diaries* and *30 Days*; the prime time drama series *Nashville*; the scripted podcast, *The Oval Office Tapes*; and the feature film *If I Stay*. Cutler's first film, *The War Room*, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and he is the recipient of numerous awards including an Emmy, two Peabody Awards, a GLAAD Award, two Cinema Eye Awards, and two Television Academy Honor Awards. In 2009, the Museum of Television and Radio held a five-day retrospective of his work. Early life ---------- Born in 1962, R. J. Cutler grew up in a Jewish home in Great Neck, New York. He attended Great Neck North Senior High School and graduated in 1979. Cutler graduated from Harvard University in 1984. He received his AB degree magna cum laude with a Special Concentration in Dramatic Theory and Literature. He was the recipient of the prestigious Hoopes Prize. In 1991, Cutler became a faculty member of the University of Southern California School of Theatre and a student at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Cutler has been producing and directing documentary films since 1992. Early career ------------ Cutler began his career as a theater director and was the first director selected to participate in the New York Drama League's Director's Apprenticeship Program. He worked as a director and producer at the American Repertory Theater and was director James Lapine’s assistant on the original Broadway production of the Sondheim/Lapine musical *Into the Woods*. He also served as Resident Director at New Dramatists. In 1988, Cutler directed the workshop production of Jonathan Larson's musical *Superbia* at Playwrights Horizons. That workshop became one of the subjects of Larson's next musical *Tick, Tick, Boom...*. Productions directed by Cutler between 1988 and 1990 include the world premiere of *Right Behind the Flag* by Kevin Heelan at Playwrights Horizons (starring Kevin Spacey), the American premiere of *Emerald City* by David Williamson at the New York Theatre Workshop, and the world premiere of *The Secret Garden* by Marsha Norman and Lucy Simon at the Virginia Stage Company. *The Secret Garden* went on to run on Broadway for 709 performances. In 1990, Cutler produced the National Public Radio show *Heat* with John Hockenberry. Other producers included future *This American Life* creator Ira Glass and future Radio Diaries creator Joe Richman. The show aired live five nights a week on NPR stations across the country and received a Peabody Award. In 1991, Cutler became a faculty member of the University of Southern California School of Theatre and a student at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Cutler has been producing and directing documentary films since 1992. Documentary career ------------------ In 1992, Cutler and his producing partner Wendy Ettinger approached filmmakers DA Pennebaker and Chris Hegedus with the idea to produce a film about the Bill Clinton’s first presidential campaign. Filmed in classic cinema verite style, *The War Room* premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in September 1993 and went on to be screened at the New York Film Festival that same year and the Berlin Film Festival the following February. It was released theatrically by October Films on November 3, 1993. It received a 95% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. *The War Room* was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary while in the same year, the film won the National Board of Review Award for Best Documentary Film. In 2008, the filmmaking team behind *The War Room* reunited to catch up with their subjects 16 years later. The resulting film was called *The Return of the War Room* and it aired on Sundance Channel. It is also included as a special feature of the Criterion Collection edition of *The War Room*. In 2013, The Cinema Eye Honors awarded *The War Room* with its Legacy Award, "Intended to honor classic films that inspire a new generation of filmmakers." In 1994, Cutler and co-director/producer David Van Taylor spent eleven months following the U.S. Senate campaign of Lt. Col. Oliver North who was running as a Republican to take the seat occupied by Democrat Charles S. Robb. North had risen to prominence as the key figure in the Reagan-era Iran-Contra scandal. The cinema verite film they made, *A Perfect Candidate*, featured access to both the North and Robb campaigns and told stories about non-candidates as well, including North strategist Mark Goodin, Washington Post reporters Don Baker and Peter Baker and Richmond Times-Dispatch reporter Mike Allen. *A Perfect Candidate* premiered at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival in April 1996 and was released theatrically by Seventh Art Releasing on June 19, 1996. In 2010, *The Washington Post* included *A Perfect Candidate* and *The War Room* on its list of Best Political Movies Ever. In 1996, Cutler became the Supervising Producer of a weekly television show on then-nascent MSNBC called, *Edgewise*. Hosted by John Hockenberry, the show featured interviews, essays, and short documentary films produced by Cutler. In July 1997, the Nantucket Film Festival screened a program of ten of Cutler's *Edgewise* shorts. The following January, the *Edgewise* short *Monte Hellman: American Auteur* (directed by George Hickenlooper) was screened in competition at the Sundance Film Festival. In 1999, Cutler set out to create the first network "nonfiction drama," a form of documentary serial storytelling that was new to American commercial prime time television. Cutler conceived of, developed and sold a television series called *American High* to Fox Television's drama division. Then he and two cinema verite crews spent an entire school year filming 14 students at Highland Park High School, a public high school 25 miles north of Chicago. Over the course of the year, they collected more than 2800 hours of footage, 70 percent of which was shot by Cutler's crews, and the rest of which was filmed by the students themselves with digital cameras provided by the filmmakers. This footage was then edited into 14 half-hour episodes. *American High* premiered on Fox Television on August 2, 2000. *American High* was cancelled by Fox after four episodes. The series was picked up by PBS which aired all fourteen episodes in their entirety. In 2001, *American High* received the first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program. It was nominated for the same award in 2002. As a follow-up to *American High*, Showtime commissioned Cutler to spend the 2002–2003 school year with a group of freshmen at the University of Texas in Austin. As with *American High* Cutler and his team assembled a group of students, filmed them cinema verite style for the full school year and provided them with digital cameras so that they could contribute their own footage to the project as well. When *Freshman Diaries* premiered on Showtime in August, 2003, Steve Johnson wrote in *The Chicago Tribune*, "Yes, the new 'reality' genre has dominated television, too often with simple-minded tributes to hormones and humiliation. But it has also made room for some compelling new documentary work that networks likely would have never had the courage to put on TV. Case in point: Sunday's new *Freshman Diaries*". David Zurawik of *The Baltimore Sun* wrote, "This is the place where the immediacy, and edge, of reality TV meets the power of the documentary film to show us the world as seen through the eyes of others". In 2003, as he was filming *Freshman Diaries*, Cutler created and directed the third in his trilogy of video diaries-driven documentary series, *The Residents*. Set among young physicians at UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, it told the stories of what it was like to make the transition from medical student to full-blown physician. *The Residents* premiered on Discovery Health Channel on October 12, 2003 and subsequently aired on The Learning Channel. In 2005, Cutler joined forces with director/producer Kahane Corn and served as the Executive Producer of the AMC documentary *Making ‘Dazed’* which told the story of the making of Richard Linklater's seminal 1993 film *Dazed and Confused*. The film premiered on AMC on September 18, 2005. Also in 2005, Cutler was invited by executive producer Joe Berlinger to contribute a film to the History Channel's documentary series, *Ten Days That Unexpectedly Changed America*. Cutler produced and directed *Shays Rebellion: The First American Civil War*, which he conceived of as an animated documentary to be illustrated by Academy Award-winning animator Bill Plympton. Ten Days That Unexpectedly Changed America received the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Nonfiction Series. In 2007, Cutler spent seven months filming legendary Vogue editor Anna Wintour and her staff as they produced what was at the time the single largest single issue of a magazine that had ever been published: the September, 2007 Vogue, which weighed in at 840 pages and 4.1 pounds. The film that resulted was *The September Issue*, directed and produced by Cutler, and financed by A&E IndieFilms. While *The September Issue* features a host of Vogue personalities, designers, models, photographers, and others, its principal subject is the conflict-laden but deeply symbiotic relationship between the powerful, influential and notoriously frosty Wintour and her passionate fire-haired Creative Director Grace Coddington. *The September Issue* received its World Premiere at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, where it screened in competition and won the Grand Jury Prize for Cinematography. Roadside Attractions acquired the film shortly after Sundance and released it theatrically on August 28, 2009. *The September Issue* received the 2010 Cinema Eye Honors Audience Choice Award. After completing *The September Issue*, Cutler returned to outtakes from the footage he shot with Wintour and edited a short film called The Met Ball, which told the story of the 2007 Metropolitan Museum Costume Institute Ball. In 2009, Cutler produced the feature documentary *Hick Town*, directed by George Hickenlooper. It was their second collaboration, after 1997's *American Auteur*. *Hick Town* tells the story of then-Denver Mayor (later Colorado Governor) John Hickenlooper, who was the director's cousin, as the city of Denver was gearing up to host the 2008 Democratic National Convention. The film received its World Premiere at the 2009 Starz Denver Film Festival. Hickenlooper's intention was to turn the film into a non-fiction series, but the director died while shooting additional footage in 2010. In 2010, Cutler made *rag & bone*, a short documentary that told the story of Marcus Wainwright and David Neville, the designers behind the design house rag & bone, as they prepared for 2010 Fall Fashion Week in New York City. The cinema verite film was funded by Starbucks. In 2011, Cutler directed and produced *Fish* a twenty-minute film that told the story of Los Angeles chef Jon Shook, who with his partner Vinnie Dotolo had recently opened the Los Angeles-based restaurant Son of A Gun. The film was made as part of the USA Character Project and was presented by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott. In *Fish*, Cutler follows Shook as he goes fishing for a day and then turns the day's catch into a dish at Son of a Gun. In 2012 Cutler signed a deal to make documentary films for Showtime. The first film in their partnership was 2013's *The World According to Dick Cheney*, which Cutler produced and co-directed with Greg Finton. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013. On April 26, 2013 Showtime announced that they had renewed their deal with Cutler to make documentary films for the pay cable network. The next film under the agreement was Listen to Me Marlon, about legendary actor Marlon Brando, co-written and directed by Stevan Riley (*Fire in Babylon*) and co-produced with John Battsek (*Searching for Sugarman*.) On May 18, 2022, Disney Original Documentary and Disney+ announced that Cutler would co-direct a documentary with filmmaker David Furnish about Elton John's November 2022 shows at Dodger Stadium titled *Goodbye Yellow Brick Road: The Final Elton John Performances And the Years That Made His Legend.* Scripted filmmaking career -------------------------- In 2009 Cutler decided to focus exclusively on creative producing and directing. "For me, the real satisfaction of the work is in the creative," he told Variety reporter Cynthia Littleton. Cutler made a deal to merge his production company's projects with Evolution Film and Tape, effectively shutting down Actual Reality Pictures. In 2010, HBO ordered a pilot of *Spring/Fall*, a show set in the fashion industry and executive produced by Cutler, Jimmy Miller, and writer Kate Robin. The pilot was directed by Jake Kasdan and starred Tea Leoni and Hope Davis. It was not ordered to series. In 2011, ABC ordered a pilot for *Nashville*, executive produced by Cutler, Callie Khouri and Steve Buchanan, president of Gaylord Entertainment (owner of the Grand Ole Opry.) Cutler and Khouri had developed the show together over several months under a deal at Lionsgate Studios. Nashville was ordered to series on May 11, 2012. *Nashville* premiered on ABC on October 9, 2012. Reviewing it in Entertainment Weekly, critic Ken Tucker wrote, "Rarely does a pilot present a world as completely as *Nashville* does in its first hour… One of the great pleasures of *Nashville* is that it arrived fully formed, with a sure sense of what it wants to accomplish dramatically, and with a masterful command of atmosphere and setting. No other new show this season projects such effortless assurance, hits so many notes of emotion." On May 10, 2013 *Nashville* was renewed for a second season by ABC. On May 9, 2014 *Nashville* was renewed for a third season by ABC. In 2012 Lionsgate Television announced that it had entered into a two-year first-look television deal with Cutler to develop and produce scripted programming for broadcast and cable TV. In 2013, CBS signed Cutler to direct the pilot of *The Ordained*, executive produced by Frank Marshall and written by Lisa Takeuchi Cullen. The show about a Kennedy-like political family starred Charlie Cox, Sam Neill, Audra McDonald, Jorge Garcia and Hope Davis. It was not ordered to series. In 2013, MGM announced that it would finance Cutler's feature film directing debut, *If I Stay*. Warner Bros. New Line and MGM released *If I Stay* in theaters on August 22, 2014. In 2014, CBS announced that it had entered into a two-year first-look television deal with Cutler to develop, produce and direct scripted projects. In 2016, his production company Cutler Productions signed a deal with Fox 21 Television Studios. Style and influences -------------------- Cutler has cited Jim Bouton’s book *Ball Four* as an early influence on his story-telling and interest in non-fiction. He listed his Best Movies Ever for Newsweek as Oliver Stone’s *Wall Street*, Elia Kazan’s *On the Waterfront*, Woody Allen’s *Crimes and Misdemeanors*, Preston Sturges’ *The Lady Eve*, Bob Fosse’s *All That Jazz*, Terrence Malick’s *Badlands*, Barbara Kopple’s *Harlan County, USA* and Sidney Lumet’s *Dog Day Afternoon*. While making *The September Issue* Cutler was influenced by Robert Drew’s *Crisis*, the Maysles Brothers’ *Gimme Shelter*, George Cukor’s *Philadelphia Story* and Preston Sturges’ *The Lady Eve*. Filmography ----------- ### Films * *The War Room* (1993), producer * *A Perfect Candidate* (1996), director, producer * *Thin* (2006), producer, executive producer * *The September Issue* (2009), director, producer, executive producer * *The World According To Dick Cheney* (2013), director, producer, executive producer * *If I Stay* (2014), director * *Listen to Me Marlon* (2015), producer * *Belushi* (2020), director, writer, producer * *Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry* (2021), director ### Television * *American High* (2000), director, executive producer * *Military Diaries* (2002), executive producer * *The Residents* (2003), director, executive producer * *Freshman Diaries* (2003), director, executive producer * *American Candidate* (2004), executive producer * *Bound For Glory* (2005), executive producer * *30 Days* (2005-2008), executive producer * *Black.White.* (2006), executive producer * *Nashville* (2012), director, executive producer * *Dear...* (2020), executive producer ### Podcasts * *The Oval Office Tapes* (2018), creator, director, executive producer Bibliography ------------ * Gladstone, Brooke and Bob Garfield (2004-07-30). "American Candidate". *On the Media*.
The **USS *Weasel*** was a three-gun schooner in the United States Navy. The *Weasel* was built at Baltimore and was initially intended to serve as a merchant vessel that would operate the area of Chesapeake Bay. However, the build of her keel favored the strategic approach of the West Indies Squadron, which became notorious for using smaller vessels to pursue escaping pirates into shallow waters, so it was acquired by the Navy in 1822 and outfitted for military use. The process took place at Norfolk, with the ship being commissioned in 1823. Service history --------------- Lieutenant Beverley Kennon was placed in charge of the vessel, serving under squadron leader commodore David Porter. On February 15, 1823, she sailed off Hampton Roads along other members of the anti-piracy operations. By the following month, the Weasel was monitoring the waters in the eastern Caribbean. Porter to assigned it to the Mona Passage along the brigantine USS *Spark* following orders from United States Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard as the area had become the operation center of Roberto Cofresí and other pirates. By the year's end, an outbreak of yellow fever forced the *Weasel* to withdraw from the region in order to recruit a new crew. Returning to the West Indies in 1824, captain Charles Boarman was commanded to monitor the western waters of Puerto Rico as part of an international force. There, the *Weasel* located a sloop commanded by Cofresí off Culebra, but it fled to Vieques and ran inland into dense vegetation; Boarman could only recover the abandoned vessel. A second outbreak forced another return to the United States, returning in fall. However, the capture of Cofresí in early 1825 resulted in a sharp decline of piracy in the Caribbean. Consequently, the United States Navy sold the schooners that belonged to the West Indies Squadron. The *Weasel* itself was sold to an unknown buyer within a year of Cofresí's capture.
Program for converting decommissioned offshore oil and petroleum rigs into artificial reefs A diver inspects coral growing on an oil platform leg, Gulf of Mexico (US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) Fish at an oil platform, Gulf of Mexico (US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) Rigs-to-reef locations in the Gulf of Mexico (Dauterive, 2000) **Rigs-to-Reefs** (**RTR**) is the practice of converting decommissioned offshore oil and petroleum rigs into artificial reefs. Such biotic reefs have been created from oil rigs in the United States, Brunei and Malaysia. In the United States, where the practice started and is most common, Rigs-to-Reefs is a nationwide program developed by the former Minerals Management Service (MMS), now Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The program has been generally popular with fishers, the oil industry, and government regulators in the Gulf of Mexico, where offshore platforms develop into coral reefs, and as of September 2012, 420 former oil platforms, about 10 percent of decommissioned platforms, have been converted to permanent reefs. Opposition in California has prevented a rigs-to-reefs program on the West Coast of the US. Similarly, environmental opposition has prevented implementation of Rigs-to-Reefs in the North Sea. Overview -------- Inevitably, marine organisms attach themselves to the underwater portions of oil production platforms, transforming them into artificial reefs. These platforms continue to function as long as the reservoirs underneath them provide oil at a profitable rate. At the end of their productive lives they must be decommissioned and removed (in the US within one year). An alternative to removal is to turn the rig into a reef through the Rigs-to-Reef (RTR) program. All coastal states in the US have such artificial reef programs in the interest of increasing ocean fisheries but not all participate in RTR. The rig's steel structures are stable and durable. They create shelter for marine life in open waters where there was none. Note that production platforms are often called "rigs"; that terminology is used occasionally in this article—and indeed in the term Rigs-to-Reefs. Within the industry, "rig" refers to an apparatus with a derrick that can drill and service wells. (Most production platforms do not have such equipment installed.) Process ------- Once a rig stops producing at economic rates, the site is usually abandoned. In the United States, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) requires the operator to remove the rig within a year of abandonment (stopped production) and lease end. MMS supports and encourages RTR as an alternative to total removal. RTR recognizes that during a rig's productive years, significant marine life comes to live on and around its structure. RTR preserves much of that marine life and encourages further growth. The operator benefits by avoiding the substantial cost of removal. Cumulative costs of removal had reached an estimated $1 billion by the year 2000. The shape and complexity of the structure may lead to significant species diversity. ### Decommissioning a platform Officially, decommissioning an oil rig is the act of removal according to regulatory requirements and includes flushing, plugging and cementing wells to make them safe. Decommissioning is complicated by factors such as cost, safety, operational duration, environmental issues, risk, experience, and historical relationship between operator and state. As part of decommissioning, the operator must deal with the shell mound that collects on the bottom surrounding the rig. The mound forms on the pile of cuttings discharged from the original drilling operations, shells that have fallen from the platform's underwater structure, and material that has fallen and/or leaked from the platform, occasionally mixed with well seepage. Mounds can contain significant levels of toxic metals including, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, PCBs, lead, zinc, and poly-nuclear hydrocarbons. Removing the rig structure does not eliminate the need to address the mound. The method of decommissioning depends on water depth and structure type and is a three-step process that includes planning, permitting, and implementation. A party other than the operator usually administers the process. In Louisiana, costs as well as the risk involved are the primary factors in determining how to decommission rigs. If the savings are large enough, the operator typically chooses reefing and donates 1/2 the savings to maintain the reef. Decommissioning a shallow water rig typically costs $10–15 million so the amounts can be substantial. The Louisiana Artificial Reef program from its inception through 1998 received roughly $9.7 million in donations and has not taken taxpayer money. ### Methods of reefing Method of rig-to-reef conversion by tow and place. Method of rig-to-reef decommissioning by partial removal Method of rig-to-reef decommissioning by toppling in place. Severing the rig from the bottom using explosives is the easiest approach, but has the potential to harm marine life. This potential is greatly reduced if the explosives are all placed deep below the seafloor. Current requirements place the explosives a minimum of 5 metres (16 ft) below the seafloor which eliminates the threat to all but the closest sea turtles. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) marine observers and helicopter surveys hours preceding the event keep most sea turtles away from the area. Alternatively, commercial divers can use mechanical and abrasive cutters, which preserves marine life, but places the divers at considerable risk. Reefing involves one of three methods.: * Tow and Place: Sever the structure from the sea floor and tow it to a state-approved location. * Partial Removal: Remove the top portion of the submerged platform and either remove to the shore for salvage or place it on the sea floor nearby or at another site. Partial removal can result in a loss of the shell mound community and fish that live in the top section but the rest (the majority) of the habitat remains intact. * Toppling: Toppling involves uses explosives to sever the base of the structure below the mud line in a matter such that it simply falls over. Toppling eliminates shallow and mid-ocean habitats. These portions of the rig are quickly occupied by other creatures. * Augmentation and Integration: Augmentation and Integration involves adding additional structure to the reef site to enhance its value as a habitat and deliver additional ecosystem services. United States ------------- Offshore drilling began in California in the late 1800s from piers built out over the ocean. The United States began extracting oil offshore in the early 20th century and the first offshore oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico was built in 1947 off the Louisiana coast. "Today over 4,500 offshore oil and gas platforms have been installed supplying 25% of the United States' production of natural gas and 10% of its oil." The US Congress passed the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) in 1953, to control leasing of exploration rights in the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The OCSLA did not contain any real environmental provisions associated with drilling and the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill triggered the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which required that every major federal action (i.e.: oil exploration on the OCS) required an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). In 1982, The U.S. Department of the Interior created the Minerals Management Service (MMS) to monitor development on the Outer Continental Shelf. The MMS leases submerged federal lands and assesses the environmental effects of exploration and drilling (by issuing an EIS). In 1984 Congress passed the National Fishing Enhancement Act (NFEA) which provided the basis for artificial reef programs. The NFEA spawned the National Artificial Reef Plan of 1985. This plan cleared the way for government-endorsed artificial reef projects and subsequently the Minerals Management Services' Rigs-to-Reef program. Following a number of hurricanes from 2004 to 2008, including Katrina, Ike, Ivan, and Rita, that damaged oil production platforms, offshore oil operators filed numerous applications to abandon unused platforms in place. The federal government responded by placing a moratorium on Rigs-to-Reefs, and requiring unused platforms to be speedily decommissioned by removal. In June 2013, the BSEE lifted its moratorium on Rigs-to-Reefs, subject to Coast Guard determination that the structure would not pose a threat to navigation, and acceptance of ownership and liability by the state government. If the Rigs-to-Reefs option is expected to be less expensive than removal, the platform owner pays half the estimated savings to the state agency receiving the former platform. ### Gulf of Mexico NOAA map of the 3,858 oil and gas platforms extant in US federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico in 2006 The more than 4,500 oil production platforms in the US portion of the Gulf of Mexico are the largest concentration of offshore platforms in the world, having more offshore platforms than the rest of the world combined. The oil production platforms in the Gulf have also been called the largest artificial reef complex in the world. In 1979, Exxon relocated their experimental subsea production system from offshore Louisiana to a permitted artificial reef site off Apalachicola, Florida. The first platform jacket was donated by Tenneco and towed from Louisiana to Pensacola, Florida. By 2000, 151 platforms had been converted to permanent reefs. Of these, 90 were towed to new locations and 61 were abandoned in place. Louisiana had 94 of the platforms-turned reefs, Texas 50, Alabama 4, and Florida 3. Florida, which has a long-standing ban on offshore oil production, has requested and received a number of decommissioned oil platforms for creation of artificial reefs in Florida state waters. ### Offshore California absence No oil platforms have been converted to artificial reefs in offshore California, the only other offshore oil-producing area in the contiguous 48 states. The California legislature passed a bill allowing conditional partial removal of oil platforms in 2010, and the measure was signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. A.B. 2503 "allows a platform owner or operator to design a ‘partial removal’ plan for a platform and to apply for permission to implement it". The plan requires the approval of three agencies: The Department of Fish and Game (DFG), The Department of Ocean Protection Council (OPC), and the California State Lands Commission. As of 2013, no oil platforms have been converted to permanent reefs. A number of reasons have been cited for this, primarily the strength of the environmental movement in California, its antagonistic relationship with the oil industry, and its reluctance to support any measure that would financially benefit the offshore oil industry. Other differences include the smaller number of offshore platforms (27 off California, versus approximately 4,500 in the Gulf of Mexico), and the smaller portion of the California economy made up by oil and fishing. Brunei ------ Brunei has had a rigs-to-reefs policy since 1988. Offshore operator Shell Brunei Petroleum has towed numerous old platforms and jackets to two designated artificial reef areas located away from shipping lanes. Malaysia -------- The Baram-8 platform was damaged in a storm and collapsed to the seabed in 1975. It was made into an artificial reef. As of 2013, Malaysia has no rigs-to-reefs program, but was studying the Baram-8 reef as an example. In 2017, Dana and D30 Platform was laid out for rigs-to-reef in offshore Sarawak. North Sea absence ----------------- Studies have concluded that oil platforms in the North Sea attract fish, and that a rigs-to-reefs policy there would benefit fishers. The highly publicized occupation of the Brent Spar North Sea oil platform by Greenpeace in 1995 has been highly influential in Europe. Despite scientific findings of the potential value of rigs-to-reefs in the North Sea, the Oslo-Paris Commission (OSPAR), which has jurisdiction over North Sea oil development, has blocked rigs-to-reefs. Debates ------- Opposition to, and also support for, Rigs-to-Reefs comes from environmentalists, fishers, oil companies, marine scientists and others. California and the North Sea are each debating RTR. In California, legislation was proposed during the 2010 session to clear legal hurdles for RTR; the Coastal Commission held hearings, but then the legislation was tabled. Even with the RTR successes in the Gulf of Mexico and Philippines, differences in terrain, government entities, and concerned citizens generated conflict. ### Fisheries Some point out that the title "Rigs-to-Reefs" is somewhat of a misnomer. As Milton Love, a biologist with the UC Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute noted, the oil production platforms are not just potential artificial reefs: "They are in fact artificial reefs right now." The question to Rigs-to-Reef supporters is whether it is good public policy to remove established artificial reefs. A 2000 MMS report lists research that shows fish densities 20 to 50 times higher around oil and gas platforms than in nearby open water. Divers assess fish populations surrounding platforms. The report encourages recreational fisherman, divers and others who benefit from the increased density. Opponents claim that the greater density comes from an influx of nearby fish rather than increased total population. Research on rockfish populations on oil rigs offshore California supports both theories. In the North Sea, lumpsuckers have been found to use platforms for reproduction, brooding eggs directly on the structure itself. The high fish populations make both active and inactive oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore California popular destinations for sport fishers and the charter fishing industry. The diversity of aquatic life on and near the platforms attracts recreational divers. These groups tend to support Rigs-to-Reefs, and fear the loss of coral and fish habitat if the oil platforms are removed. Commercial fishing for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico is seen as highly dependent on oil platform habitat, which provides a hard substrate for aquatic life that is otherwise scarce in much of the Gulf. Dr. Bob Shipp, chairman of the University of South Alabama Department of Marine Sciences, and director of the Alabama Center for Estuarine Studies, would like to see 100 percent participation in Rigs-to-Reefs, and said of removing unused oil rigs from the Gulf: "As a fisheries scientist, I think it’s a very big mistake," He elaborated: "(The rigs) are all essential habitat really, from the mouth of the (Mississippi) River to (South) Padre Island, snapper are totally reliant upon artificial structure. Before the 1940s, when those rigs started going in, there was practically no snapper in the northwest Gulf. Now, more than half of the catch is from that area." Those commercial fisherman who trawl generally oppose Rigs-to-Reefs because their nets may snag a rig, creating a hazardous situation. This is particularly the case in offshore California with bottom trawling commercial fishers, who can foul their nets on the shell mounds that build up on the sea floor near the rig. Several fisherman have reported tangling their nets on submerged rigs. ### Liability Navigational mishaps and diving accidents may also occur around an artificial reef. Gulf of Mexico Rigs-to-Reefs participants have not yet reported any liability problems. Rigs-to-Reefs was first explored in 1979 when the first oil rig was transported from Louisiana to a Florida site. This rig was the first of 5 Rigs-to-Reefs towed to Florida's coast. Louisiana was the first state to develop a program that allowed transfer of liability and ownership from the operator to the state. Texas later followed this example. Rigs-to-Reef is now the core of both Louisiana and Texas' artificial reef programs. Under the original guidelines, the Minerals Management Service would not release an operator from liability unless another entity accepts ongoing liability for the rig. If the reef is in state waters, the state typically accepts liability. In federal waters, liability typically goes to a private entity or to another MMS-approved agency. Critics claim that the primary reason that operators support RTR is their desire to offload decommissioning costs and liability. In 2001, the California legislature passed, although the governor then vetoed, a bill that would allow operators to transfer liability to another entity, while retaining liability for any pollution from the underlying well. Under the new policy issued June 2013, oil platforms in the Rigs-to-Reefs program must be deeded, and liability accepted by, the state government. ### Environmental groups As with cap-and-trade and ecotourism, RTR attempts to enlist the private sector in helping the environment. To many environmentalists, any program which benefits the oil industry, by lower decommissioning costs, is suspect. Some charge that rigs-to-reefs is an excuse for ocean dumping. Environmental groups have long opposed oil companies and frame their critique around distrust of the industry, particularly with regard to Rigs-to-Reefs in offshore California. "No other industry is allowed to leave a toxic mess for the state to manage and maintain at taxpayer expense" said Linda Krop, Chief council for the Santa Barbara-based Environmental Defense Center. The Environmental Defense Fund supports Rigs-to-Reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, as a way to preserve the existing reef habitat of the oil platforms.
For another book, see Gerald Seymour. ***At Close Quarters*** is a 2007 novel by Spanish author Eugenio Fuentes. Martin Schifino's English translation appeared in 2009 under Arcadia Books' imprint *Euro Crime*. Plot ---- The unexpected death of a highly disciplined and successful army member of *Camp San Marcial* is officially explained as suicide. Major Olmedo had always followed the letter of the law and never questioned orders through the army hierarchy. He only broke the law in one respect and that was to carry an unauthorized pistol, since his name had appeared on a terrorist organization's hit-list. Major Olmedo had recently completed a report which was commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in Madrid. In it, he recommended the closure of Camp San Marcial as an efficiency measure. This highlighted the growing cleavage between his own generation and style of troop which were dedicated to peace-keeping and winning wars with technology; vis-a-vis the older, Francoists, who still believed in numbers and yearned for a reinstatement of the recently abolished compulsory military service. When he gets shot there is an internal inquiry which results in a verdict of suicide. Marina, the Major's daughter, is not satisfied with this outcome and hires a private detective, Ricardo Cupido. Cupido sets about investigating the "crime" scene with rigour and a professional manner. The scene itself simply is the pistol and a note in hurried handwriting saying two words, *Forgive me* scrawled on one of the Major's business cards. Cupido questions each of the suspects and mulls over this problem even where Marina gives up on learning the truth because of the strain it is putting on her and dismisses him. Cupido does get to the bottom of the mystery. Main characters --------------- **Samuel** is a young man who has come through a divorce and lives by himself. He has a corner-house with a suntrap balcony and many plants and flowers that he tends to as his main hobby. He also does some photography. His business is in paper collection and recycling which he developed from his father's business as rag-and-bone man. Samuel gets infatuated with a beautiful young woman, Marina, who has two children one of whom she drops off at the school bus-stop each morning outside Samuel's house. Samuel one morning sets up his digital camera to take a picture of the lady, and programmes it to take a snap every 60 seconds. He comes home after work to find rather more than just pictures of *her*. He seizes his opportunity to get to know her by observing a dropped gold bracelet and then the next day rushing out to go and return it to her. He reaches her as she is getting to the steps to her own apartment and is surprised to learn she only lived nearby all along. Samuel and Marina get chatting and she is equally surprised to learn the plants she had been admiring belonged to his house because she is also a keen gardener. They become an item. **Marina Olmedo** is the daughter of the dead soldier. She has two children but has divorced from their father, Jaime. Jaime kept the business whilst she kept the house. Marina is beautiful and sensuous and after seven months is ready to move in with Samuel. **Major Camilo Olmedo** is a long-serving soldier with an impeccable record and fully disciplined and respectful of the military hierarchy. However very few of his colleagues actually like him, because he recognizes that times have changed and that modern armies are fighting the terrorist within rather than the enemy nation without. Major Olmedo's one misdemeanour is to always carry the type of pistol for which he has not been authorized, and he does so because he trusts no-one. He will sit with his back to a wall in any public place and is always on the lookout; this is why it was necessary for the army to reach a verdict of suicide where they investigated because it was so unexpected that he should be murdered. Olmedo's wife, Marina's mother, had died under anaesthetic when she had been in for cosmetic surgery. **Captain Bramante** is one of the Camp Marcial colleagues who was upset at Olmedo's report. Both he and Captain Ucha were absent from an informal meeting scheduled right after Olmedo delivered his damning report, to determine what their stance should be. Bramante falsely claimed to have been at the gym working out. His marriage is actually in danger and this lie ended up proving a red-herring because really he has been trying to hide things from a wife who is no longer proud of him, and he would love to go to Afghanistan and die what he considers a hero's death. **Captain Ucha** is the other Camp Marcial colleague who was under suspicion as a potential enemy of the Major's but without an immediate alibi. He is elderly and that three grown up daughters. He claimed to have been driving around at the time the death must have taken place. **Ricardo Cupido**: the private detective who does not give up on the case. He has an uncertain past but what is certain is that he has plenty of sympathy for thosefor whom out of grief badly require his services. He is persistent in retrieving the information he wants and often catches suspects out by thinking ahead of them. He discovers who committed the crime but feels oddly let down at the end because it is not a happy ending for all. **Alkalino** is Cupido's side-kick. He is described as not being particularly well turned-out and who has excessive amounts of facial hair. His main contribution is to hunt out a sixteen-year-old girl named Violeta who may have some useful information. **Gabriela** is a major suspect and at the centre of the main relationships. She is the mother of a 15-year-old boy who is savagely killed by a pit-bull terrier. She is single and the boy Manuel is all she had. She starts a relationship with Major Olmedo after her son was attacked and she becomes somewhat close to Marina. She has pictures of Manuel all over her apartment. **Jaime** is the former husband of Marina's and he is very good-looking and plays a lot with different women. He owns a business where he is hired to do jobs involving high-rise buildings. He did not get along with Olmedo and so was also a suspect not least because he was trying to claim some assets which were not in his name and he had not been keeping up with his alimony. **Doctor Lesmes Beltrán** is the anaesthetist who had given too much drugs to Olmedo's wife that killed her. He had been suspended from practice for four years and yet when he came back he continued to be highly successful. He was not disappointed to learn that Major Olmedo had been killed, only anxious that he did not want his career to be further jeopardized with suspicion and allegations. Reviews ------- According to blogger Maxine Clarke, the book is excellent in its characterization, which gets easily into the minds and feelings of any kind of character and makes each person as readily accessible as the protagonist.
American interior designer and furniture designer For the American football player, see Davis Allen (American football). **Davis Allen** (July 13, 1916 – May 13, 1999) was an American interior designer and furniture designer. He was noted as a pioneer in the design of interior corporate environments and had a forty-year tenure at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Life and career --------------- Allen was born in Ames, Iowa and then lived in Illinois. He was educated at Brown University, the National Swedish Institute for Building Research, in Stockholm, and then the Yale School of Architecture. He served in the US Army during World War II. After first working with the architectural firm of Harrison & Abramovitz, he moved to Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) in 1950. He became a partner in 1965, and remained at SOM until his retirement in 1990. In 1983 he designed the "Andover" chair for Stendig International. After Stendig went out of business, his design was reintroduced in 1993 as the "Exeter" chair by the Knoll furniture company. He also designed furniture for Steelcase, GF, Stow Davis, Bernhardt, and Hickory Business Furniture. David Rowland, the designer of the 40/4 chair, gives credit to Allen, who "liked the design and immediately" and "put me in touch with GF", the chair's eventual manufacturer. In 1985, Allen was inducted into the Interior Design Magazine Hall Of Fame. Publications ------------ * Slavin, Maeve (1990). *Davis Allen: 40 Years of Interior Design at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill*. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 9780847812554.
French architect (1852–1922) **Denis Marius Toudoire** (Toulon, November 15, 1852 - Paris, March 11, 1922) was a French architect. In particular, he built stations for the Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM), including the main stations: Paris Lyon to Paris, Bordeaux-Saint-Jean and Toulouse-Matabiau. He also realized the Grande Poste d'Alger. Biography --------- Restaurant Le Train bleu, Paris, Gare de Lyon. Marius Toudoire was the son of Augustin Martin Toudoire and Chritine Élisabeth Joye. He enrolled at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris where he studied with Charles-Auguste Questel (1807-1888), he came second at the Prix de Rome, and with his student Jean-Louis Pascal (1837-1920) he came first at the Prix de Rome in 1866. He graduated in 1879. He was entrusted by the board of directors of the Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM), chaired by Stéphane Adolphe Dervillé, with the construction of the Gare de Lyon in Paris and to have a keen eye on the decoration of this building, particularly in the choice of artists and the execution of the works according to the prescriptions of the Board. He had his offices in 1895 at 88, rue Saint-Lazare. He was the inspector of Civil Construction for the ministry of defence, he was the architect of the Palace of the National Manufactures at the 1900 World's Fair. He died on March 11, 1922, at his home at 4, rue Sainte-Anne in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. A religious service was held on March 14 at the church of Saint-Roch, followed by a burial in the Garches cemetery. Works ----- * 1889 to 1898: Bordeaux Station of Bordeaux-Saint-Jean. * 1895: Construction for Higarède at 172, rue Marcadet in Paris. * 1895-1902: Gare de Lyon in Paris (including the restaurant Le Train bleu). * from 1903 to 1905: Toulouse-Matabiau station. * 1905 to 1908: Some thirty buildings for the 1908 Franco-British exhibition at Shepherd's Bush near London, in collaboration with Imre Kiralfy. * 1910-1913: * The Grande Poste d'Alger in collaboration with Jules Voinot; * Town hall at Bône in Algeria; * Prefecture of Constantine in Algeria. * 1910: Station of Cusset (Allier). * 1912: Station of Châtel-Guyon (Puy-de-Dôme). * Railway stations * Bordeaux-Saint-Jean stationBordeaux-Saint-Jean station * Gare de LyonGare de Lyon * Toulouse-Matabiau stationToulouse-Matabiau station Acknowledgments --------------- On August 14, 1900, he was named Knight of the Legion of Honor for his participation in the 1900 World's Fair in Paris as architect of the Palace of the National Manufactures. * The Palace of National Manufacturers * * * Bibliography ------------ * "Denis Marius Toudoire". *Base Léonore*. Archives nationales. Related articles ---------------- * Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
**The School of Economics and Business (UL SEB)** (Slovene: Ekonomska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani), part of the University of Ljubljana, has been a pioneer in business education since its establishment in 1946. It was one of the first faculties in the country to establish new internationally comparable Bologna 3+2 programs in 2005. UL SEB is an internationally recognized academic and research institution in business and economics, distinguished as the first and only school in Slovenia and the broader region to achieve Triple Crown accreditation - EQUIS, AACSB, and AMBA. This achievement ranks the UL SEB among the top 1% of business and economic schools worldwide. International accreditations ---------------------------- UL SEB is one of Europe's 95 best business schools based on the Financial Times European Business School Rankings 2023. Financial Times ranked it five places higher in 2023 than in 2022, and in the last two years, the school has improved its position on the list by twenty places. Two of the study programmes have been recognized among the best business programs in Europe: International Master in Business and Organisation (IMB), which has consistently been ranked among the best Master in Management programs in the world, and the programme Ljubljana MBA, which is among the top Executive MBA programs in Europe. In the International Eduniversal Ranking for 2022, UL SEB's master programs excelled, with nine programs achieving top rankings in Eastern Europe. Notable mentions include Business Informatics, Accounting and Auditing, and Ljubljana MBA. At the Eduniversal World Convention 2023, UL SEB was honoured as the third-best school in Eastern Europe, reflecting its commitment to academic excellence. In the International Eduniversal Ranking for 2022 nine Master programs achieved top rankings in Eastern Europe: * Business Informatics, 1st place in the Systems Management category, * Accounting and Auditing, 2nd place in the Accounting category, * Bank and Financial Management, 2nd place in the Corporate Finance category, * Public Sector and Environmental Economics, 2nd place in the Public Administration / Management category, * Marketing, 3rd place in the Marketing category, * Management, 3rd place in the General Management category, * Ljubljana MBA, 3rd place in the Executive MBA category, * International Business, 5th place in the International Management category, * Economics, 5th place in category Economics category. In addition, the Eduniversal 2022 Global ranking also ranked Sport Management, Tourism, Tourism Management (EMTM), Quantitative Finance and Actuarial Sciences, Money and Finance, Management and Economics in Healthcare, Supply Chain and Logistics and Entrepreneurship as one of the best programmes in Eastern Europe in their respective expertise areas. The UL SEB’s tourism programmes hold the UNWTO’s prestigious TedQual international accreditation. Program offerings ----------------- UL SEB offers a diverse range of programs at all education levels, including undergraduate, master's, doctoral, executive, and lifelong learning. It offers Bologna-type programs in all three cycles (3+2+4 structure). With an emphasis on internationalization, the school provides numerous English tracks across its programs. ### Undergraduate programs in English The UL SEB has two undergraduate Bologna 3+ programmes where students can choose from among 12 specialisations in the University Degree Programme in Business and Economics, of which 3 are offered in English: * Marketing * International Business * Tourism Students enrolling in the programme, specialisation Marketing or International Business can participate in a Double-Degree programme and spend a part of their studies at a foreign, partner university. ### Master's programs in English On the graduate level, a student can choose from 18 Bologna 2+ programmes, of which 14 programmes are in the English language and one conducted abroad: * Bank and Financial management * Economics * European Master in Tourism Management - EMTM * Business Informatics (Double Degree Information Management ) * Supply Chain and Logistics * International Full-Time Master Programme in Business - IMB (Business and Organization) * International Business * Marketing * Money and Finance * Quantitative Finance and Actuarial Sciences * Tourism **Part-time programmes offered in English** * Master in Business Administration - MBA * Sport management * Business and Organization (Macedonia) ### Doctoral programs The school also offers a Doctoral Programme in Economics and Business in English. UL SEB offers 7 graduate Double Degree Programmes as well as a joint degree programme – European Master in Tourism Management (EMTM). MBA programme, accredited by AMBA, offers an upgrade of practical knowledge in economics and business to leading staff with several years of work experience. Research -------- Researchers and activities are organized within the Research Centre at the School of Economics and Business and fifteen applied research institutes. The strategic orientation of the School of Economics and Business (UL SEB) is to contribute to the progress and sustainable development of the wider community through influential research activities. The Research Centre of the School of Economics and Business (RCEF) brings together researchers of various profiles who participate in projects supported by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, the European Union and public and private institutions. UL SEB researchers regularly participate in scientific and professional conferences, produce monographs and publish in international scientific and professional journals such as the Journal of Business Finance & Accounting,the Academy of Management Review and Interactive Learning Environments. ### Fundamental research projects (TRP) and targeted research programs (CRP) TRPs include original experimental or theoretical work aimed at developing new knowledge about basic phenomena. CRPs support government and the public sector in decision-making by providing expert insights into specific areas of public interest. ### Bilateral research projects UL SEB participates in bilateral research collaborations funded by ARRS, they promote international exchanges between researchers and strengthen research activities. ### Infrastructure projects The School of Economics and Business hosts the SEB Infrastructure Centre (ICEF), which is part of the Network of Research Infrastructure Centres of the University of Ljubljana. ICEF provides research support, primarily through its financial and behavioural laboratories, enabling research in cognitive science and interdisciplinary studies of human behaviour. ### International projects International research collaboration is key for UL SEB, with increasing involvement in various EU-funded and global projects over the past decade, reflecting the institution's commitment to global research initiatives. Internationalisation -------------------- The School of Economics and Business (UL SEB) at the University of Ljubljana maintains an international network with over 200 agreements with partner institutions from 50 countries. UL SEB offers 16 programmes at all three levels - undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral - fully taught in English. Exchange students can choose among 120 courses conducted in English. The school is internationally oriented– UL SEB hosts over 1,000 international students (Full-time and Exchange), with over 70 nationalities represented across campus: * 891 foreign full-time undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students; * 380 exchange students per year (incoming and outgoing); * over 450 foreign students annually in other programmes (summer schools, short intensive programmes etc.). ### Short programmes The UL SEB’'s Summer School – Take the Best from East & West– is one of the biggest and most popular in the economic and business sciences in Europe. The program is aimed at Bachelor and Master students, recent graduates and young professionals worldwide, who wish to acquire new knowledge in specific areas. Doctoral winter and summer schools are intended for doctoral students and young professionals worldwide who want to acquire new knowledge in certain fields.
19th-century English actor For his father of the same name, see William Macready the elder. **William Charles Macready** (3 March 1793 – 27 April 1873) was an English stage actor. The son of Irish actor-manager William Macready the Elder he emerged as a leading West End performer during the Regency era. Career ------ He was born in London the son of William Macready the Elder, and actress Christina Ann Birch. Educated at Rugby School where he became headboy, and where now the theatre is named after him, it was his initial intention to go to University of Oxford, but, in 1809, financial problems experienced by his father, the lessee of several provincial theatres, called him to share the responsibilities of theatrical management. On 7 June 1810, he made a successful first appearance as Romeo at Birmingham. Other Shakespearian parts followed, but a serious rupture between father and son resulted in the young man's departure for Bath in 1814. Here he remained for two years, with occasional professional visits to other provincial towns. On 16 September 1816, Macready made his first London appearance at Covent Garden as Orestes in *The Distressed Mother*, a translation of Racine's *Andromaque* by Ambrose Philips. Macready's choice of characters was at first confined chiefly to the romantic drama. In 1818, he won a permanent success in Isaac Pocock's (1782–1835) adaptation of Scott's *Rob Roy*. He showed his capacity for the highest tragedy when he played *Richard III* at Covent Garden on 25 October 1819. In 1820, he played the title role in the tragedy *Virginius* by James Sheridan Knowles. Transferring his services to Drury Lane, he gradually rose in public favour, his most conspicuous success being in the title role of Sheridan Knowles's *William Tell* (11 May 1825). In 1826, he completed a successful engagement in the United States, and, in 1828, his performances met with a very flattering reception in Paris. In 1829, he appeared as Othello in Warwick. On 15 December 1830 he appeared at Drury Lane as Werner, one of his most powerful impersonations. In 1833, he played in *Antony and Cleopatra*, in Byron's *Sardanapalus*, and in *King Lear*. He was responsible, in 1834, and more fully in 1838, for returning the text of *King Lear* to Shakespeare's text (although in a shortened version), after it had been replaced for more than a hundred and fifty years by Nahum Tate's happy-ending adaptation, *The History of King Lear*. He performed at the Georgian Wisbech theatre (now Angles Theatre) and other theatres of the Lincoln theatre circuit run by Fanny Robertson.[] Already, Macready had done something to encourage the creation of a modern English drama, and after entering on the management of Covent Garden in 1837 he introduced Robert Browning's *Strafford*, and in the following year Bulwer-Lytton's *The Lady of Lyons* and *Richelieu*, the principal characters in which were among his most effective parts. On 10 June 1838, he gave a memorable performance of *Henry V*, for which Stanfield prepared sketches, and the mounting was superintended by Bulwer-Lytton, Dickens, Forster, Maclise, W. J. Fox and other friends. Dickens wrote to him in 1847: "The multitude of tokens by which I know you for a great man, the swelling within me of my love for you, the pride I have in you, the majestic reflection I see in you of the passions and affections that make up our mystery, throw me into a strange kind of transport that has no expression but in a mute sense of an attachment which in truth and fervency is worthy of its subject." Macready playing 'Macbeth' The first production of Bulwer-Lytton's *Money* took place under the artistic direction of Count d'Orsay on 8 December 1840, Macready winning unmistakable success in the character of Alfred Evelyn. Both in his management of Covent Garden, which he resigned in 1839, and of Drury Lane, which he held from 1841 to 1843, he found his designs for the elevation of the stage frustrated by the absence of adequate public support. In 1843, he staged *Cymbeline*. In 1843–44, he made a successful tour in the United States, but his last visit to that country, in 1849, was marred by the Astor Place Riot, in which between 22 and 31 rioters were dead, and more than 120 people injured. Judge Charles Patrick Daly later presided at the trial. Both Forrest and Macready were playing Macbeth in concurrent, competing productions at the time of the riot, a fact which added to the ominous reputation of that play. Playwright Richard Nelson dramatized the events surrounding the riot in his 1990 play, *Two Shakespearean Actors*. Macready took leave of the stage in a farewell performance of Macbeth at Drury Lane on 26 February 1851. The remainder of his life was spent in happy retirement, and he died at Cheltenham on 27 April 1873.[] Personal life ------------- He married twice, firstly in 1823 to Catherine Frances Atkins (died 1852). Of a numerous family of children only one son and one daughter survived. In 1860, aged 67, he married the 23 year old Cecile Louise Frederica Spencer (1827–1908), by whom he had a son, Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready, known as "Nevil", who would become a General in the British Army, and a baronet. Macready's son from his second marriage was General Sir Nevil Macready, a distinguished British Army officer as was his brother, Major Edward Nevil Macready, who commanded the Light Company of the 30th Regiment of Foot in the closing stages of the Battle of Waterloo. His daughter, Catherine Frances Macready, was a minor Victorian poet. Her book, *Leaves From the Olive Mount*, published by Chapman & Hall in 1860, began with a one-page dedication poem, 'To My Father'. Writer Rowena Farre (Daphne Lois Macready) was a great-granddaughter of William Macready. [] Upon his death, William Macready's remains were deposited in the catacomb below the Anglican Chapel at Kensal Green Cemetery. Evaluation and legacy --------------------- According to the *Encyclopædia Britannica* Eleventh Edition: > Macready's performances always displayed fine artistic perceptions developed to a high degree of perfection by very comprehensive culture, and even his least successful personations had the interest resulting from thorough intellectual study. He belonged to the school of Kean rather than of Kemble; but, if his tastes were better disciplined and in some respects more refined than those of Kean, his natural temperament did not permit him to give proper effect to the great tragic parts of Shakespeare, *King Lear* perhaps excepted, which afforded scope for his pathos and tenderness, the qualities in which he specially excelled. With the exception of a voice of good compass and capable of very varied expression, Macready had no especial physical gifts for acting, but the defects of his face and figure cannot be said to have materially affected his success. > > When Macready retired, Alfred Tennyson dedicated the following verse to him: | | | --- | | "Farewell, Macready, since to-night we part:  Full-handed thunders often have confessed  Thy power, well used to move the public breast.We thank thee with one voice, and from the heart.Farewell, Macready, since this night we part.  Go take thine honours home; rank with the best;  Garrick, and statelier Kemble, and the rest,Who made a nation purer through their art.Thine is it that the drama did not die.  Nor flicker down to brainless pantomime.  And those gilt gauds men-children swarm to see.Farewell, Macready; moral, grave, sublime,Our Shakespeare's bland and universal eye  Dwells pleased, through twice a hundred years on thee." | In 1927, the Cheltenham Local Tablets Committee placed a bronze tablet at No. 6 Wellington Square recording Macready's residence there from 1860 to 1873. The London County Council affixed a blue plaque to Macready's birthplace, 45 Stanhope Street, Regent's Park on 25 June 1928. The house was subsequently demolished, the plaque being donated to the Theatre Museum c1965, the object passing to the V&A in 2007. Actor Frank Barrie wrote and performed the one-man play *Macready!*, which was first performed in 1979 and eventually staged in 65 countries. A television adaptation of the play was broadcast on Channel 4 in 1983 as a one-hour special, again starring Frank Barrie. Selected roles -------------- * Emperor of Byzantium in *Adelgitha* by Matthew Lewis (1817) * Valencia in *The Conquest of Taranto* by William Dimond (1817) * Pescara in *The Apostate* by Richard Sheil (1817) * Chosroo in *Retribution* by John Dillon (1818) * Amurath in *Bellamira* by Richard Sheil (1818) * Winterland in *A Word to the Ladies* by James Kenney (1818) * Ludovico in *Evadne* by Richard Sheil (1819) * Wallenberg in *Fredolfo* by Charles Maturin (1819) * Virginius in *Virginius* by James Sheridan Knowles (1820) * Wallace in *Wallace* by Charles Edward Walker (1820) * Damon in *Damon and Pythias* by John Banim and Richard Sheil (1821) * Duke of Mirandola in *Mirandola* by Barry Cornwall (1821) * Caius Gracchus in *Caius Gracchus* by James Sheridan Knowles (1823) * Julian in *Julian* by Mary Russell Mitford (1823) * William Tell in *William Tell* by James Sheridan Knowles (1825) * Henry in *Don Pedro, King of Castile* by Lord Porchester (1828) * Don Leon in *The Pledge* by James Kenney (1831) * Alfred the Great in *Alfred the Great* by James Sheridan Knowles (1831) * Scroope in *The Merchant of London* by Thomas Serle (1832) * Colberg in *The House of Colberg* by Thomas Serle (1832) * Sardanapalus in *Sardanapalus* by Lord Byron (1834) * Ion in *Ion* by Thomas Talfourd (1836) * Bertulphe in *The Provost of Bruges* by George William Lovell (1836) * Melantius in *The Bridal* by James Sheridan Knowles (1837) * Strafford in *Strafford* by Robert Browning (1837) * Marquis De Bragelone in *The Duchess de la Vallière* by Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1837) * Thoas in *The Athenian Captive* by Thomas Talfourd (1838) * Walsingham in *Woman's Wit* by James Sheridan Knowles (1838) * Richelieu in *Richelieu* by Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1839) * Richard Cromwell in *Master Clarke* by Thomas Serle (1840) * Halbert MacDonald in *Glencoe* by Thomas Talfourd (1840) * Earl of Ruthven in *Mary Stuart* by James Haynes (1840) * Gisippus in *Gisippus* by Gerald Griffin (1842) * Mordaunt in *The Patrician's Daughter* by John Westland Marston (1842) * Colonel Green in *The Secretary* by James Sheridan Knowles (1843) Further reading --------------- Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Charles Macready. Wikisource has original text related to this article: **William Macready** * Nigel Cliff, *The Shakespeare Riots: Revenge, Drama, and Death in Nineteenth-Century America* (New York, 2007) * Lady Pollock, *Macready as I Knew him* (London, 1884) * Baker, *English Actors from Shakespeare to Macready* (New York, 1879) * George Henry Lewes, *On Actors and the Art of Acting* (London, 1875; New York, 1878) * Marston, *Our Recent Actors* (London, 1890) * Richard Nelson, *Two Shakespearean Actors* (London, 1849) * Bristol theatre archives at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol * Building History: The former theatre in Warwick where Macready played in 1829 * Pollock, Sir Frederick, ed. (1875). *Macready's reminiscences*. New York: Harper & Brothers. * Archer, William (1890). *William Charles Macready*. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Scottish nobleman **Lewis Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Huntly** (c. 1626–1653), also known as **Lord** **Ludovick Gordon**, was a Scottish nobleman. He was the third son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly. Biography --------- Born when his father was commander of the Garde Écossaise, he was named after Louis XIII of France, and brought up until the age of ten by his grandfather, George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly. From an early age, he showed himself to be a reckless romantic – while still a child, he stole some jewels and attempted to take ship to Holland, presumably to join the army. When he was thirteen, the First Bishops' War broke out, and the young nobleman sneaked out of Gordon Castle (one account says he climbed over the wall) and hurried to the Highlands, where he raised a brigade of clansmen from his father's estates to fight the Covenanters. His first experience of war was at Megray Hill, where his Highlanders scattered in the face of enemy cannon fire. Following the peace, Lord Lewis travelled to France, where he enlisted as an ordinary pikeman in an infantry regiment, in order to learn his soldiering from the ground up. After three years, he traveled to England, working his way north by serving on both sides in the English Civil War, first in the royalist army and then in the Scottish Covenanter forces of his uncle, the Earl of Argyll, the same army he had fought against in 1639. Eventually returning home, the sixteen-year-old nobleman seduced and married the fiancée of his absent elder brother, Viscount Aboyne. He served on both sides in the Scottish Civil War, playing an important role in his father's occupation of Aberdeen in 1646, where he engaged an enemy cavalry commander in single combat and then storming the town. Going into exile after the defeat of the royalists, he traveled again to France; in rapid succession, he succeeded his brother and father as Earl of Enzie and Marquess of Huntly, and by 1651, he was allowed to return to Scotland, even though he refused to conform to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (he was probably a Roman Catholic). In 1645 Lord Lewis attacked Brodie Castle in Moray and setting it afire destroyed important archives and documents detailing the origins of the illustrious Clan Brodie. This despicable act secured Clan Brodie's place among the great mysteries of Scotland. He died aged 26 or 27, leaving a young widow (whom he had apparently converted to Catholicism), three daughters, and a four-year-old son who would eventually become the 1st Duke of Gordon. Miles Gourdon, a cavalry commander in the French army known as the chevalier or count of "Crolis", was perhaps an illegitimate son, as he is said to have been a brother of the duke. His reputation among historians has varied; he is the clearest hero in the Civil War narrative of his kinsman Patrick Gordon of Ruthven, while John Buchan regarded him as wild and headstrong to the point of insanity. Bibliography ------------ * "Gordon, George (d.1649)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. * "Gordon, Marquis of Huntly", in *The Scots Peerage*, ed. Sir James Balfour Paul (9 vols, 1904–1914), vol. iv. p. 548 * Buchan, John, *Montrose – A History* (1928) * Gordon, Patrick, *A Short Abridgement of Britane's Distemper* (1844) | Peerage of Scotland | | --- | | | Preceded byGeorge Gordon | **Marquess of Huntly** 1649 – 1653 | Succeeded byGeorge Gordon | | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * VIAF | | National | * United States |
American economist and government official (born 1985) **Geoffrey William Seiji Okamoto** (born January 18, 1985) is an American economist and government official who served as first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund. Okamoto previously served as the acting assistant secretary for international finance and development in the United States Department of the Treasury. He was nominated for this position on January 1, 2019, by the White House and was never confirmed by the United States Congress. He previously served as acting assistant secretary for international markets and investment, for which he was also not confirmed. Okamoto left the global lender in early 2022, and was replaced by Gita Gopinath. Early life and education ------------------------ Okamoto was born in Torrance, California, and raised in Irvine, California, where he attended Woodbridge High School. While in high school, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He attended the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona and earned a Bachelor of Science in computer information systems in 2008. He earned a Master of Public Policy from the McCourt School of Public Policy in 2011. Okamoto completed his graduate research on the effect bank reserve requirements have historically had on the pricing and availability of bank loans. While in graduate school, he studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 2019, Georgetown University awarded Okamoto the 1820 Graduate Award for "outstanding leadership and service to the university." Career ------ ### Consulting Okamoto began his career as a consultant for KPMG in 2008. He worked with clients in the financial services, asset management, technology, and healthcare sectors on matters related to regulatory compliance, risk management, and operational efficiency. ### Congressional aide While completing graduate studies at Georgetown University, Okamoto was hired by John Campbell in 2011 to serve as his advisor on financial services and other economic-related matters. In 2013, he was appointed policy director for monetary policy and trade for the House Financial Services Committee. While policy director, he worked to force conditions on additional funds the Obama administration sought for the International Monetary Fund. This included a restoration of key rules governing very large loans which had been removed to allow IMF lending to Greece. Ultimately, the IMF amended its rules and Congress allowed the funding provision to pass. In 2014, he was hired by Pat Toomey to serve as his chief advisor for the Senate Banking Committee. When Republicans regained the majority in the Senate in 2016, Okamoto became the majority staff director for the Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions. ### U.S. Department of the Treasury In November 2016, Okamoto was recruited onto the transition team for Donald Trump working on the Treasury Department's landing team, focussing on international economics and domestic finance. In 2017, the President appointed him deputy assistant secretary of the Treasury within the Office of International Affairs, with responsibilities over international financial institutions and sovereign debt matters. He launched the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative, a key priority Ivanka Trump, and currently serves as chairman of its Governing Committee. Upon the administration withdrawing its initial nominee for assistant secretary, Okamoto was elevated to serve, on an acting basis, as assistant secretary for international finance and development. Okamoto was responsible for several divisions with responsibilities for regional and bilateral economic engagement, international economic coordination through the G7 and G20, international monetary affairs, and executing U.S. participation in international financial institutions. He was never confirmed by the United States Congress. Okamoto represented the United States on the board of the World Bank's Global Environment Facility. He has been active in assisting governments with economic reform, including Argentina, Haiti, Jordan, Latvia, Somalia, and Ukraine. Okamoto also held concurrent appointments by President Trump to be Acting Governor of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the African Development Bank, and the African Development Fund. * Okamoto (center), in his capacity as acting Assistant Secretary for International Finance and Development, at a board meeting of the Millennium Challenge Corporation in 2019Okamoto (center), in his capacity as acting Assistant Secretary for International Finance and Development, at a board meeting of the Millennium Challenge Corporation in 2019 ### IMF IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva nominated Okamoto to serve as her Deputy on March 12, 2020. Ms. Georgieva came to know Mr. Okamoto during his time at Treasury through his engagement with the IMF and World Bank. In her endorsement, Ms. Georgieva cited Okamoto's role to help bolster and preserve the IMF's lending envelope during the previous two IMF resource reviews. At the IMF, Okamoto has called for debt relief for poorer countries suffering the economic harm resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. On April 12, 2021, Okamoto set a goal of distributing a $650 billion allocation of Special Drawing Rights monetary reserves to member countries by the summer of 2021. Blog ---- In 2019 it was reported that Okamoto had run the blog TheOka(DOT)Net in 2004 and 2005. The blog highlights a number of fringe opinions including advocacy for torture in the War on terror and bombing Al-Jazeera transmitters. External references ------------------- * TheOka(DOT)Net
American film maker Image (unused) was taken to accompany an article for the April/May 2013 issue of The Advocate. **Jason Paul Collum** (July 15, 1973) is an American film maker. Collum has written and directed multiple films in the horror film genre, and has earned a reputation as the "gay horror guy". He has written articles for several horror magazines, and made a documentary on the *Slumber Party Massacre* franchise by Roger Corman. He has worked on several projects with B-movie filmmakers David DeCoteau and J. R. Bookwalter. Collum is also the author of the books, *Assault of the Killer Bs: Interviews With 20 Cult Film Actresses*, *They Made How Many?! (Mostly) American Horror Franchises of the 20th Century*, the children's self-esteem book *Heads Up (so you can see the world)*, and *Basements: A Short Tale of Terror*. Early life and education ------------------------ Collum was born in Brookfield, Wisconsin, and raised in Racine, Wisconsin. Collum claims he was a lonely child growing up and entertained himself by watching TV; at age 12 he began watching horror films and became obsessed with them. When he was a junior in high school, he used a camcorder and made his first short film called *Dead Women Don’t Wear Shoes* (1990). He graduated from the private Roman Catholic St. Catherine's High School in 1991, and graduated with a major in English from the University of Wisconsin–Parkside in 1996. He earned a post-baccalaureate degree in Early Childhood Education in 2014 from the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee. Career ------ After graduating from college, he moved to California, where he started writing full-length scripts. He developed contacts in the film industry after meeting Brinke Stevens, which led him to being introduced to J. R. Bookwalter and David DeCoteau. He worked with director David DeCoteau on the movies *The Brotherhood I and II* and *Final Stab*, and producer/writer J. R. Bookwalter on the film *Hell Asylum* and the TV show *Bad Movie Police*. His stay in California was short-lived, and he eventually moved back to Wisconsin, where he continued making movies. > > Horror allows you to suspend reality. You get to tackle true subjects in otherworldly ways. Underlying psychological themes. I find it to be so much more creative. It’s also just how my brain is wired. > > > Jason Paul Collum His 2005 film *October Moon* was based on actual events in his life, and was filmed in Racine and Kenosha counties. Every character in the film is based on someone he knew, and the lead character was based on his father, who had come out as gay, despite being married to his mother. The film was developed from several people’s fact-based experiences. Film critic Louis Fowler described the film as "Gaytal Attraction". His movie *October Moon* and its sequel, *October Moon 2: November Son* was the first gay-themed horror franchise in history. In 2010, Collum co-wrote and directed the documentary *Sleepless Nights: Revisiting the Slumber Party Massacres*, about the *Slumber Party Massacre* movie trilogy by Roger Corman. Collum talked with directors, actors, and various crew members of the three movies to discuss what it was like filming the scenes that required nudity, sex and violence, and what they thought about working for Corman. Collum has written for *Femme Fatales*, *Fangoria*, *Instinct*, *Exploitation Nation* and *Cinefantastique* magazines, and is author of the books *Assault of the Killer Bs: Interviews With 20 Cult Film Actresses*, and *Basements: A Short Tale of Terror*. The April/May 2013 issue of *The Advocate* listed him as one of their "40 under 40" most intriguing artists to watch. In 2019, Amazon Prime pulled all of Collum's movies from their service with no advance notice, and with no path to re-examine their decision, according to filmmaker Derrick Carey. "These are movies that consistently had many views and to this day get him fan mail, as they are touchstones of the gay horror scene", said Carey. Released on July 28, 2023, Collum's film guide *They Made How Many?! (Mostly) American Horror Franchises of the 20th Century* is a culmination of every horror sequel from the year 1900 to 1999. However, Collum states on page 2 "I truly tried to include every franchise I could...[but] after two years of research, I am still coming across sequels I never knew existed. So I cannot claim this book to be a complete guide - just as accurate as I know." The 654-page book also includes interviews with over 30 actors and crew of several of the sequels listed. By its third day of release, July 31, 2023, the title had climbed on Amazon's list of book sales from #109,927 up to #40,262.[*better source needed*] It was the #1 New release in Amazon's Historical Studies section[*better source needed*] and rose to #8 on its Best-Selling Horror Movies section.[*better source needed*] The book's cover is created by artist John Konecny and features hand-drawn villainous characters from popular sequels like "Ricky" from *Silent Night, Deadly Night 3: Better Watch Out!*, Mary Lou Maloney from *Hello Mary Lou: Prom Night II*, the Driller Killer from *Slumber Party Massacre II*, Eleanor from *Howling IV: The Original Nightmare*, Julie Walker from *Return of the Living Dead 3*, Blade from the *Puppet Master* franchise, and the lead Ghoulie from *Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College*. The rest of the cover features a grid with the titles of popular franchises and a roman numeral of their most recent sequel. Based on his own childhood, Collum wrote his first children's book *Heads Up (so you can see the world)*, released purposefully on February 29, 2024. The idea germinated when Collum took a walk along the beach in 2023 and realized that 45 minutes into his journey he had not seen any of it - he'd kept his head down for the entire walk. It was a trait he'd begun in elementary school to avoid eye-contact with school bullies and anyone else he feared might make fun of him. He unintentionally continues this trait to present day simply from habit. The story focuses on the conflicts and fears of childhood and expresses to readers ways to lift their heads and self-confidence up. Select filmography ------------------ | Year | Title | Notes | Refs | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1990 | *Dead Women Don't Wear Shoes* | Short: Written and directed by Collum | | | 1995 | *Mark of the Devil 666: The Moralist* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 1996 | *5 Dark Souls* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 1998 | *5 Dark Souls, Part II: Roots of Evil* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 2000 | *Julia Wept* | Written and directed by CollumThe title character is named after his sister Julia | | | 2003 | *5 Dark Souls, Part III: Retribution* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 2003 | *Something to Scream About* | Documentary: Written and directed by Collum | | | 2005 | *October Moon* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 2005 | *Well Isn't That Queer?: The Making of October Moon* | Short: Documentary written and directed by Collum | | | 2008 | *October Moon 2: November Son* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 2010 | *Sleepless Nights: Revisiting the Slumber Party Massacres* | Documentary about *The Slumber Party Massacre* horror film franchise. | | | 2011 | *Shy of Normal: Tales of New Life Experiences* | Directed by Collum | | | 2011 | *Screaming in High Heels: The Rise & Fall of the Scream Queen Era* | Documentary: Written and directed by Collum | | | 2017 | *I Collum as I See 'Em: My Camcorder to Digital Career* | Short: Biography, directed by Andrew Gibbs | | | 2017 | *Safe Inside* | Written and directed by Collum | | | 2019 | *Inside the Red Room* | TV series | | | 2020 | *Screaming in High Heels: The Reunion* | Documentary: Written and directed by Collum | | | 2022 | *Mark of the Devil 777: The Moralist, Part 2* | Written and directed by Collum | | |
Indian revolutionary and politician Tarun Ram Phukan on a 1977 stamp of India **Tarun Ram Phukan** (also **Phookun**, Assamese: তৰুণ ৰাম ফুকন; 22 January 1877 – 28 July 1939) was a prominent leader of Assam. He was popularly known as *Deshbhakta*. Early life and education ------------------------ Tarun Ram Phukan was born in 1877 in a reputed family of Assam. He was educated in Cotton Collegiate School, Guwahati and Presidency College, Calcutta. Later, he moved to the Bar from Inner Temple in London. He educated as a lawyer but also served as lecturer in Earle Law College in Guwahati. Involvement in movement against British rule -------------------------------------------- He was a prominent member of a political organization then named Assam Association till 1920. Phookan played an important part in forming the Assam Branch of the Indian National Congress in 1921. He was elected its first President. When the Non-Cooperation Movement was started, Phookan took a leading part in it and he toured various parts of Assam carrying the message of Mahatma Gandhi. In connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement, he was sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1921. Phookan became the Chairman of the Reception Committee, Pandu Session of the Indian National Congress in 1926. He also served as Chairman of the Municipal Board and Local Board of Guwahati and undertook several programmes for the upliftment of the under-privileged sections of society. He established a Leper Asylum in Guwahati. He was a great orator and also a prominent writer. He served as the President of the Asam Sahitya Sabha, a premier literary organisation in Assam at its Goalpara Session in 1927. He also served as President of the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in 1928. He also bought the first bicycle and the first motor car in Guwahati. In 1921, Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president. Phookan became the president. The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan, Gopinath Bordoloi, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Chandranath Sarmah, Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC. This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co-operation amongst the masses. Mahatma Gandhi's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi. All India Congress Committee session was hosted by the APCC in 1926, at Pandu, Guwahati which was presided over by S. Srinivasa Iyengar and national leaders like Motilal Nehru, Sardar Ballav Bhai Patel, Dr.Rajendra Prasad, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Sarojini Naidu, S. Satyamurti, Abul Kalam Azad and others attended the session. Honour and legacy ----------------- The Government of Assam, in 2021, decided Phukan's death date to be observed as **Desh Bhakti Divas** every year.
Dutch road bicycle racer **Moreno Hofland** (born 31 August 1991) is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2010 and 2021 for the Rabobank Continental Team, LottoNL–Jumbo, Lotto–Soudal and EF Education–Nippo teams. Career ------ In 2014 he took a stage win in Paris–Nice. In May 2015, Hofland gave his LottoNL–Jumbo team its first victory of the season by winning a bunch sprint on the second stage of the Tour de Yorkshire, taking off some pressure on the organization by media outlets. That season he also won a stage of the Ster ZLM Toer. He then joined Lotto–Soudal in 2017, staying with the team for two seasons and winning the Famenne Ardenne Classic in his first season with the Belgian squad. Hofland then joined EF Education First in 2019. After only starting three races in 2021, he announced his retirement from competition in September of that year, disclosing that he had been suffering from intestinal ischemia, which had disrupted his ability to train and race. Major results ------------- 2010 7th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der U23 2011 1st Stage 1 Tour de l'Avenir 1st Stage 3 (TTT) Vuelta Ciclista a León 2nd Overall Kreiz Breizh Elites 1st Stages 2 & 4 2nd Dorpenomloop Rucphen 8th Grand Prix de la Somme 2012 1st Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships 1st Stage 2 Tour de l'Avenir 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Thüringen Rundfahrt der U23 2nd Ster van Zwolle 4th Münsterland Giro 5th Overall Kreiz Breizh Elites 1st Stage 4 6th Paris–Roubaix Espoirs 7th Grand Prix Pino Cerami 10th Val d'Ille Classic 2013 1st Overall Tour of Hainan 1st Points classification 1st Stages 1, 6 & 8 8th Münsterland Giro 10th Grand Prix Impanis-Van Petegem 2014 1st Volta Limburg Classic 1st Stage 2 Paris–Nice 1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Andalucía 1st Stage 1 Tour of Hainan Tour of Utah 1st Stages 1 & 3 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne 6th Münsterland Giro 2015 1st Stage 2 Tour de Yorkshire 3rd Overall Ster ZLM Toer 1st Stage 3 9th RideLondon–Surrey Classic 2016 3rd Nationale Sluitingsprijs 2017 1st Famenne Ardenne Classic 3rd Road race, UEC European Road Championships 3rd Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic 4th Tacx Pro Classic 2018 8th Great War Remembrance Race 9th Handzame Classic 2019 2nd Road race, National Road Championships ### Grand Tour general classification results timeline | Grand Tour | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | A pink jersey Giro d'Italia | — | 136 | DNF | 139 | | A yellow jersey Tour de France | — | — | — | — | | A red jersey Vuelta a España | DNF | — | — | — | Legend| — | Did not compete | | DNF | Did not finish |
Sri Lankan cricketer **Balapuwaduge Ajantha Winslow Mendis** (Sinhala: අජන්ත මෙන්ඩිස්; born 11 March 1985) better known as **Ajantha Mendis** is a Sri Lankan former international cricketer who played for Sri Lankan national cricket team in all three formats. He is also known as the "mystery spinner" due to the unusual bowling action variations. In August 2019, he retired from all forms of cricket. Mendis was a member of the Sri Lankan team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. Mendis made his One Day International debut against the West Indies at Port of Spain in 2008 and took 3 for 39. He also played for the Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League. He holds the record for the fastest 50 wickets in ODIs with 19 matches. His first Test Match was against India at Colombo on 23 July 2008 in which he returned match figures of 8–132, thereby becoming the first Sri Lankan bowler to get an eight-wicket haul on Test debut. Mendis won the Emerging Player of the Year award at the ICC Awards ceremony held in Dubai in September 2008. Until February 2017, he was the only bowler to have taken six wickets in a Twenty20 International, and he has achieved the feat twice, claiming the world record figures of 6 wickets for 8 runs for Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe on 18 September 2012 which was later broken by Deepak Chahar in 2019 in a T20I against Bangladesh. On 26 October 2012, Ajantha Mendis received the Sri Lankan order of Bantu, the highest civilian honour in Sri Lanka. Early years and personal life ----------------------------- Born on 11 March 1985, Mendis hails from a hamlet in Moratuwa. He is the third child in a family of five with an elder brother and a sister. He was raised Catholic. He has had his basic education at St Anthony's College at Kadalana in his village where there were no facilities at all for sports. He subsequently entered Moratuwa Maha Vidyalaya in the year of 2000. During a cricket coaching class, Mendis' talents were initially identified by the school coach named Mr Lucky Rogers back in the year 1998 when he was just 13 years of age. In the year 2000 he represented the school under 15 cricket team and he was selected to the first eleven team. He also deputised for the school team captain. This slow medium bowler with a variation of leg spin was adjudged the Best Bowler at the big-matches twice in 2001 and 2002. Military career --------------- Sri Lanka Artillery Cricket Committee noticed his talents when he played a cricket match against the Army under 23 Division 11 during 2003/2004 tournaments. Following this he was invited to enlist in the regular force of the Sri Lanka Army, this was particularly due to the low number of cricketers from Colombo schools joining the Army in the recent years. He enlisted, partly due to the reason that his father, the bread-winner for the family had died the week before due to a heart attack. Following basic training he played for the army team and saw active military service as a Gunner in the Sri Lanka Artillery, a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army. Following the Asia Cup final, he has been promoted to the rank of Sergeant on 7 July 2008 and the next day commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. Domestic and franchise cricket ------------------------------ Mendis has represented the Army in 23 limited over matches and 59 two/three-day matches, in which he has 38 wickets and 244 wickets respectively to his credit. Mendis bowls off spin as his stock delivery and he has few more variations in his armoury-leg spin, top spin and faster bowl. All this was developed during 2006/2007 domestic seasons on his own. He also extended his purple patch in the domestic season 2007/2008 under 23 division 1 tournament and was later selected to the pool of "Academy Squad" organised by Sri Lanka Cricket. There he was able to polish his cricketing skills further. He had the opportunity of touring neighbouring India on an eight-day tour in June 2007 where he was given the opportunity to play two, two-day matches. In the meantime, Sri Lanka Cricket selectors could not ignore his performance in the Premier Limited Over Tournament 2007/2008 and got him selected to play in the "Provincial Tournament 2008" representing "Wayamba Province" under the National Captain. In that tournament he performed exceptionally well with the ball. Local TV commentators predicted him as the ideal replacement for senior spinner Muttiah Muralitharan in time to come and nicknamed him as "Mysterious Bowler". His performance in the said tournament got the National Selectors to observe him further closely, after he became the most successful bowler by taking 68 wickets in nine matches which is also a record in any form of domestic cricket. In the 2010 County Championship Mendis was to play for Hampshire as their overseas player for the season as a replacement for Imran Tahir, but he was unable to fulfill his contract and never appeared for the county. On 18 May 2008, Kolkata Knight Riders signed Mendis, until the end of the 2008 season. At the 2013 Indian Premier League Auctions held in Chennai, India on 3 February 2013, Mendis proved to be one of the most expensive players sold, purchased by the Pune Warriors India for $725,000. Mendis played for Lahore Qalandars in Pakistan Super League held at U.A.E in February 2016. 2009 Lahore Attack ------------------ On 3 March 2009, the bus that carried the Sri Lankan cricketers to the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore, for the third day's play of the second Test match between Sri Lanka and Pakistan, was fired at by masked gunmen. Mendis was among seven Sri Lankan cricketers who were injured in the attack, which killed five policemen who guarded the bus. International career -------------------- ### Golden debut years After becoming the leading wicket-taker in the 2007-08 Premier League with 54 wickets at an average of ten, Mendis was picked in the ODI squad for the series against West Indies. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut on 10 April 2008 in first ODI against West Indies. He announced his arrival on the international stage with three for 39 off 10 overs in this game, and dumbfounded the West Indian batsmen with his range of variations without a perceptible change in his action. Rob Steen summed up the impact of this initial performance by stating "I have just seen the future of spin bowling – and his name is Ajantha Mendis." However, West Indies won the match by one wicket. In the second ODI, he bowled four wicketless overs for 21 runs and West Indies won the match and sealed the series 2–0. During 2008 Asia Cup, Mendis made his mark with match winning bowling performance, which took him to won the player of the series of award as well. Against Pakistan on 29 June 2008, he took 4 for 47 and Sri Lanka won the match by 64 runs. On 6 July 2009, in the Asia cup final against India, Mendis delivered a match winning spell of astonishing figures of 6 for 13. Sri Lanka won their fourth Asia cup title by 100 runs. Mendis made his Test debut in Test cricket against India in at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo, on 23 July 2008. He claimed his first wicket in his fifth over, bowling Rahul Dravid out with a delivery now christened the carrom ball, that turned from middle and hit off stump. He went on to claim the wickets of Anil Kumble, Zaheer Khan and VVS Laxman to finish with figures of 4 for 72. He followed this up with 4 for 60 in India's second innings. His match figures of 8 for 132 are the best by any Sri Lankan bowler on Test debut, bettering Kosala Kuruppuarachchi's 7 for 85 against Pakistan in 1985–86. After the game Muttiah Muralitharan stated that "When I started playing Test cricket, I was not as good as Mendis. He is exceptional. He is the future of Sri Lankan cricket". Mendis collected his first ten-wicket haul in the very next match, which Sri Lanka went on to lose. With 26 wickets (ave.18.38) in the series, Mendis broke Alec Bedser's world record for most wickets by a bowler on his debut in a three-Test series. He was named player of the series award for his efforts. On 10 October 2008 during first match in Quadrangular Twenty20 Series, Mendis made his Twenty20 debut against Zimbabwe in King City, Canada as the 22nd T20I cap for Sri Lanka. He claimed four for 15 in four overs and won the man of the match award. In the next game he took four wickets for 17 against Canada and went on to take three wickets for 23 in the four-nation series final against Pakistan, helping his side to a five-wicket win. For his remarkable performance of 11 wickets for 55 in just three games, Ajantha Mendis was adjudged the player of the series. ### Test cricket On 6 August 2010 during the series against India, Mendis scored his highest Test score of 78. For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World Test XI by ESPNcricinfo. ### One Day Internationals Ajantha Mendis, playing his eighth ODI, picked up the first six-wicket haul in the Asia Cup final against India in July 2008. His 6 for 13 is the third-best bowling performance in a tournament final, and the third-best for a spinner in ODIs. His 17 wickets is the best for an edition of the Asia Cup, and he bagged those wickets at an astounding average of 8.52. Ajantha Mendis won the man of the match award in the finals as well as the player of the tournament award for his efforts. He has also broken fastest 50 wicket record in ODI, previously held by Ajit Agarkar of India for 23 matches. He broke the record by snatching 50 wickets in just 19 matches. For his performances in 2009 and 2014, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[*circular reference*] For his performances in 2008, he was also named in the World ODI XI by ESPNcricinfo. Mendis played Compaq cup in 2009 but unfortunately he didn't play well as India won the series. Mendis was not included to the 2015 Cricket World Cup team and he did not play in the other bilateral series in late 2014 to late 2015. He was included to the ODI and T20I series against West indies in October 2015. He took 2 wickets in the first ODI at R Premadasa Stadium and with these two wickets, he reached 150 ODI wickets, becoming the 8th Sri Lankan to reach that milestone. In the batting, Sri Lanka was in good position to win the game, but with the magical bowling by Sunil Narine, Sri Lanka lost 9 wickets with 21 more runs to win the game. Mendis came on to bat and scored a magnificent 21 runs, guided the team to win the match by 1 wicket. He smashed a huge six to Johnson Charles for a free hit, through long-on to reach his highest ODI score of unbeaten 21 runs. ### Twenty20 cricket In the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England, Mendis was the third highest wicket taker, behind Pakistan's Saeed Ajmal and Umar Gul. He was a contender for Man of the Tournament, but came third behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup. Mendis has twice set the record for best figures in a Twenty20 International. On 8 August 2011, he took six wickets for 16 runs in the second Twenty20 international against Australia, becoming the first bowler to take six wickets in a Twenty20 international, and surpassing Umar Gul's five wickets for six runs recorded against New Zealand in 2009. The following year, on 18 September 2012 in the opening match of the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 against Zimbabwe, Mendis bettered this record by taking six wickets for eight runs. Up to date, Mendis is the **only bowler to take six wicket hauls in Two Twenty20 internationals.** He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2012 T20 World Cup by the ICC. ### Back injury Mendis faced a severe back injury in second half of 2014. It was like a disc fracture in the back. He has not been able to bowl at all during this period. Now slowly with rest and rehab, he has started to do a bit of running and bowling. Bowling style ------------- Mendis, although classified as slow-medium, bowls a mixture of deliveries, including googlies, off-breaks, top-spinners, flippers and leg-breaks, as well as the carrom ball, released with a flick of his middle finger. For Sri Lanka Army in 2007–08 he averaged a mere 10.56 and took 46 wickets in six games, his strike rate a startling 31. This gained him a call-up to the full Sri Lanka squad for the Caribbean tour in April 2008. Mendis bowlingThe veteran West Indies cricket writer Tony Becca wrote in the *Jamaica Gleaner*: "Mendis bowls everything. With a smile on his face as he caresses the ball before delivering it, he bowls the offbreak, he bowls the legbreak, he bowls the googly, he bowls the flipper, he bowls a straight delivery, he bowls them with different grips and different actions, he bowls them with a different trajectory and at a different pace, and he disguises them brilliantly. The result is that he mesmerises, or bamboozles, batsmen. Jerome Jayaratne, the Sri Lanka Cricket Academy coach, said: "Mendis is unusual, freaky and has developed a ball which he releases with a snap of his fingers (carrom ball), which is very unusual compared to other orthodox spin bowlers." That ball is reminiscent of the former Australia spinner Johnny Gleeson, who had a similar delivery. Although the ball can be made to either turn away or into a right-handed batsman, Mendis uses it to turn away from a right-handed batsman, to contrast it with his off-breaks and googlies. The Australian Test cricketer and coach Peter Philpott actually predicted the rise of a bowler such as Mendis in a book written in 1973. > > "...Eventually I see the Iverson method being best employed by an > orthodox off-spinner. Instead of a basic Iverson attack with occasional > orthodox off-spin, there is a great future for an accurate off-spinner who > produces a difficult to detect leg spinner every now and then. I could > visualise such a bowler causing great concern amongst batsmen, and young > off-spinners might be well rewarded for experimentation in this field..." > > > ICC Awards ---------- On 10 September 2008, Ajantha Mendis has won the "Emerging Player of the Year" award at the ICC Awards ceremony in Dubai. Mendis was the top choice of the 25-person Voting Academy, coming in ahead of England's up-and-coming Stuart Broad, South Africa fast bowler Morne Morkel and fast bowler Ishant Sharma of India. The Emerging Player of the Year Award was one of eight individual prizes given at the 2008, ICC Awards. Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period (9 August 2007) and have played no more than five Test matches and/or 10 ODIs before the start of the voting period.
RDML Ali S. Khan **Ali S. Khan** is an American practicing physician and former Director of the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response (PHPR) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since July 2014, he has served as Dean of the College of Public Health and Retired Assistant Surgeon General at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. Education --------- Ali Khan received his Doctor of Medicine from the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, NY, and completed a joint residency in internal medicine and pediatrics at the University of Michigan. He later went on to pursue a Masters of Public Health (MPH) from Emory University. Career ------ Khan’s federal career began in 1991 when he joined CDC and the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer. Dr. Khan has focused his career on bioterrorism, global health, and emerging infectious diseases. While serving as the interim Director for CDC’s global infectious disease activities, he designed CDC’s joint global field epidemiology and laboratory training program. Dr. Khan helped design and implement the President's Malaria Initiative, a $1.2 billion, five-year project to reduce the burden of malaria and relieve poverty in Africa. He has also been engaged in polio and guinea worm eradication. Additionally, Khan proposed the BioPHusion program as a new public health initiative to improve knowledge exchange for all public health practitioners. BioPHusion was used during the H1N1 pandemic to identify emerging cases and plan response actions. Khan’s initial work in emergency preparedness started in 1999 when he helped establish CDC’s bioterrorism program, which upgraded local, state, and national public health systems to detect and rapidly respond to bioterrorism. As deputy director of the bioterrorism program, Khan created the Critical Agent list, which has remained the basis for all biological terrorism preparedness. Dr. Khan also published the first national public health preparedness plan, initiated syndrome based surveillance, and designed key focus areas to improve local and State capacities to respond to emergencies. Khan used these preparedness efforts during the first anthrax attack in 2001, during which he directed the CDC operational response in Washington, D.C. Prior to becoming Director of PHPR in August 2010, Dr. Khan served as Deputy Director of CDC’s National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). He has responded to and led numerous domestic and international public health emergencies, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, monkeypox, Rift Valley fever, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the Asian tsunami, and the initial public health response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. In 2016 Khan published *The Next Pandemic: On the Front Lines Against Humankind’s Gravest Dangers* (with William Patrick). In it he recounts some of his experiences responding to outbreaks all over the world, including many of those mentioned above. Besides his personal experiences, he also provides a great deal of background information for readers interested in public health and emerging diseases.
1957 British film by John Guillermin ***Town on Trial*** is a 1957 British mystery film directed by John Guillermin and starring John Mills, Charles Coburn, Barbara Bates and Derek Farr. A whole town comes under suspicion when two grisly murders are carried out—particularly members of the local sports club. Plot ---- While playing tennis at a posh club in a town near London called Oakley Park, young and flirty Molly Stevens attracts considerable interest. The men ogle her and the women detest her. She is later found dead, strangled with a stocking. The local police chief requests the help of Scotland Yard, so Detective Superintendent Mike Halloran is sent to investigate. The locals, however, resent having an outsider poking into their affairs. A book of love poems, including an inscription from a Peter Crowley, is found in the victim's flat. There is also a photo of a group of men together with Molly and Fiona Dixon, a young woman from the prominent Dixon family. Her father, although shocked to learn that his daughter knew the "trashy" Molly, will not let Halloran question her. Halloran eventually learns that Molly left Peter Crowley for a married man, Mark Roper, who is the club's secretary. Roper denies any involvement, and also claims that he was giving nurse Elizabeth Fenner a lift to her hospital at the time of the murder. The coroner reveals Molly was two months pregnant. Dr. John Fenner, the local Canadian expat physician who certified the death, is asked by Halloran why he neglected to report that fact. Fenner claims he was trying to avoid a scandal for Roper and the club. Elizabeth turns out to be the doctor's niece and also a Canadian expat. She confirms that Roper gave her a lift, but this later turns out to be a lie - a result of her attempts to protect the reputation of her uncle, who left his practice in Toronto after a misdiagnosis led to a patient's death. This is something the locals are unaware of, but Roper knows and is using this secret to blackmail the doctor. Roper, always bragging about his wartime heroics as a RAF fighter pilot who achieved the rank of Wing Commander, is revealed by Halloran to have been nothing but a lowly ground crew member, who was dishonourably discharged after theft and is currently heavily in debt. The club demands Roper's resignation. He turns up at a party, gets drunk and starts a fight. Leaving the party and going for a walk, Fiona is ambushed and strangled to death. Her body is placed in the boot of Dr. Fenner's car. Halloran finds out that Peter Crowley has been treated for schizophrenia. Peter flees to a church, climbs to the top of the steeple and threats to jump. Halloran ascends the steeple to prevent the suicide, risking his own life in the process, and manages to convince Peter not to kill himself. A fire brigade turntable ladder rescues the two just as they are about to fall. Main cast --------- * John Mills as Superintendent Mike Halloran * Charles Coburn as Dr John Fenner * Barbara Bates as Elizabeth Fenner * Derek Farr as Mark Roper * Alec McCowen as Peter Crowley * Fay Compton as Mrs Crowley * Elizabeth Seal as Fiona Dixon * Geoffrey Keen as Charles Dixon * Margaretta Scott as Helen Dixon * Meredith Edwards as Sergeant Rogers * Harry Locke as Sergeant Beale * Raymond Huntley as Dr Reese (pathologist) * Harry Fowler as bandleader * Maureen Connell as Mary Roper * Magda Miller as Molly Stevens * Newton Blick as Assistant Commissioner Beckett * Oscar Quitak as David * Totti Truman Taylor * Grace Arnold * Dandy Nichols as Mrs Wilson (uncredited) Production ---------- The film was based on an original script by Robert Westerby called *The Nylon Web*. In May 1956 it was announced the film would be a co-production between Marksman (Maxwell Setton's company) and Todon (a company owned by Donna Reed and her husband). John Guillermin would direct. In July it was reported that Michael Rennie would star. However the lead roles went to John Mills and Charles Coburn. Filming began 8 August 1956. That month the title was changed to *Town on Trial*. Ella Raines was to play a key role, but had to drop out because her mother fell ill. She was replaced by Barbara Bates, then under contract to the Rank Organisation. Critical reception ------------------ *The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "Despite sharp and efficient handling and a skilful choice of locations, this is a fundamentally artificial murder mystery with a predictable dénouement. Episodes designed to explain the reasons for Halloran's bullying tactics appear merely otiose and slacken the film's tempo considerably. John Mills, in an otherwise competent cast, seems ill at ease as the ruthless Scotland Yard superintendent. *Town on Trial*, though, has more drive than most thrillers of its type, even if this is mainly rather spurious and superficial." The *Los Angeles Times* said Guillermin "directs this picture at a furious pace." According to the BFI, "Detractors have too often accused Guillermin of being merely a journeyman, lacking any real style of his own. The defence would do worse than to offer *Town on Trial* as its Exhibit A, drawing particular attention to its breathtaking PoV shot of the killer stalking a second victim that anticipates the camera gymnastics of Dario Argento." A profile on John Guillermin called the film "a police procedural in which the lead investigator, in true Guillermin fashion, tears a community to pieces to expose every last lie. Imagine an English Mike Hammer, finding corruption wherever he goes, but too serious and proper to mix it up with the dames and too civic-minded to go ahead and torch the whole town." Ken Hughes wrote the script. *Filmink* said "men driven by lust was a recurring theme of Hughes movies". A piece in the same magazine on Guillermin called the film "a little gem, a good, tough British crime film with no cosiness, a lot of pace, plenty of flourishes and energy in the direction."
Public charter school in Ohio, United States **Toledo School for the Arts** is a public charter school in downtown Toledo, Ohio founded by former director Martin Porter. It was first sponsored by the Toledo Board of Education. In 2008 the school was chartered by Bowling Green State University. TSA serves over 700 students from any school district in Ohio in Junior Division (6th, 7th and 8th grades), and Senior Division (9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grades). TSA's college preparatory curriculum integrates the visual, language, and performing arts. In addition to core academic subjects, classes are offered in dance, music, theatre, English language, humanities, and visual arts and include training and career development for students interested in pursuing professions in the arts. TSA students have been accepted to many of the nation's best colleges and universities. First Friday ------------ First Friday is a monthly event for the public with performances, demonstrations and exhibits of student work. The highlight of each year is **Kaleidoscope**, a performance and art exhibit that features student works from each department as well as student soloists. Students collectively participate in an average of 180 performances and exhibitions each year. Community --------- Toledo School for the Arts at the Old West End Festival in 2010. TSA has "ARTnerships" with Toledo's major cultural institutions, including the Toledo Symphony Orchestra, the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo, the Toledo Museum of Art, the Toledo Ballet Association, Toledo Repertoire Theatre, and Ballet Theatre of Toledo. ARTnerships are community organizations that share TSA's vision. History ------- The Toledo School for the Arts began operating in 1999. In 2004, TSA moved to 333 14th Street, the former Willys Overland building located in uptown Toledo. In 2009 the school opened its own gallery to allow them the ability to hold art shows and sell student art throughout the year.[] In 2008 TSA was awarded a No School Left Behind Blue Ribbon from the US Department of Education. In 2007 TSA was identified as one of the leading charter schools in the nation, and featured in the US Department of Education publication, Innovations in Education Reform.[] TSA has twice been designated a Bronze Medal School by U.S. News & World Report.[] In 2016 TSA was named the number one charter school in Ohio by the website Niche, a website that ranks schools based on data and reviews. They were also named the 25th best school in Ohio by Niche.[] In 2019 TSA unveiled an Ohio Historic Marker on the corner of 14th and Adams detailing the history of the building which was constructed in the early 1900s by the Willys Overland Company. During the unveiling the school announced plans to expand the historic building with an addition and increase student enrollment. This marker was then, in 2021, knocked down in a motor vehicle accident and has not since been replaced. In 2022 the Toledo School for the Arts began groundbreaking on a major expansion. Notable alumni -------------- * Crystal Bowersox – American singer-songwriter and actress (born 1985) * Britain Feeny - Radio City Rockette - dancer and choreographer
**Thomas Sutcliffe** (c. 1790 – 22 April 1849) was an English soldier of fortune. After periods in the Royal Navy and then as an army officer involved in the Battle of Waterloo, he became an army officer in the service of Colombia and then Chile. In later years he was a writer. Life ---- Thomas Sutcliffe was a son of John Sutcliffe of Stansfield, near Halifax, Yorkshire, and great-grandson of John Kay, the inventor of the flying shuttle. He entered the Royal Navy, and was on board HMS *Kingfisher* in the blockade of Corfu in 1809; he was captured by the enemy, but managed to escape to Albania. He afterwards held a commission in the Royal Horse Guards, and was with his regiment at the battle of Waterloo, where he was severely wounded. In 1817 he formed one of a band of adventurous Englishmen who went out to Colombia to aid those fighting for independence from Spain, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of cavalry in the army of the republic. Here again he was made a prisoner of war, and was detained at Havana. He returned to England in 1821. He set out again for South America in August of the following year, and offered his services to the republic of Chile; he received the appointment of captain of cavalry. For sixteen years Sutcliffe remained in the military service of the republic, and took part in the operations of the liberating army in Peru. In 1834 he was appointed political and military governor of the island of Juan Fernandez, then used as a convict station by Chile. He witnessed the destructive earthquake there in February 1835, when he lost most of his possessions. Shortly afterwards an insurrection took place on the island, and Sutcliffe was recalled. Eventually, through a change of administration, he was cashiered in March 1838, and he returned to England in January 1839. He had slender means, since heavy claims for arrears of pay remained unsettled. He tried to improve his circumstances by writing. After living in the neighbourhood of Manchester, Sutcliffe moved to London in about 1846, and died in poverty in lodgings on 22 April 1849, aged 59. Publications ------------ * *The Earthquake at Juan Fernandez, as it occurred in the year 1835* (Manchester, 1839) * *Foreign Loans, or Information to all connected with the Republic of Chili, comprising the Epoch from 1822 to 1839* (Manchester, 1840) * *Sixteen Years in Chile and Peru, from 1822 to 1839* (London, 1841) * *Crusoniana; or Truth versus Fiction, elucidated in a History of the Islands of Juan Fernandez* (Manchester, 1843) * *An Exposition of Facts relating to the Rise and Progress of the Woollen, Linen, and Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain* (Manchester, 1843) * *A Testimonial in behalf of Merit neglected and Genius unrewarded, and Record of the Services of one of England's greatest Benefactors, by a desendant of John Kay of Bury* (London, 1847) The last two works were published in order to obtain public support for the descendants of John Kay, for which he worked unsuccessfully for several years.
**Murat Erkan** is a Turkish businessman who on 15 March 2019 became Turkcell's fifth CEO. Education --------- Erkan did his undergraduate degree at Yıldız Technical University between 1986 and 1992, with the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. In 2010, he attended the Strategic Marketing Management program at the Harvard Business School. Career ------ Murat Erkan, born in 1969, joined Turkcell Group in June 2008 as the General Manager of Turkcell Superonline and in December 2015 he was appointed as the Executive Vice President of Sales. Mr. Erkan is the acting chief executive officer effective March 15, 2019. Mr. Erkan, who started his professional life at Toshiba, worked as an Application Engineer at Biltam Muhendislik and then served as the first "System Engineer" of Turkey at Cisco Turkey. He served as Chief Officer at Cisco Systems in charge of Technology, Sales, Business Development and Channel Management. As from 2006, Mr. Erkan served as the Business Unit Manager at Aneltech responsible for solutions related to telecommunications, mobile, ICT, defense industry and industrial products sectors. Murat Erkan graduated from the Yildiz Technical University Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department. He completed the Strategic Marketing Program at Harvard Business School in 2010.
6th episode of the 5th season of The Americans "**Crossbreed**" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the American period spy drama television series *The Americans*. It is the 58th overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Stephen Schiff, and directed by Roxann Dawson. It was released on FX on April 11, 2017. The series is set during the Cold War and follows Elizabeth and Philip Jennings, two Soviet KGB intelligence officers posing as an American married couple living in Falls Church, a Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C. with their American-born children Paige and Henry. It also explores the conflict between Washington's FBI office and the KGB *Rezidentura* there, from the perspectives of agents on both sides, including the Jennings' neighbor Stan Beeman, an FBI agent working in counterintelligence. In the episode, Gabriel announces his retirement, surprising Philip and Elizabeth. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.71 million household viewers and gained a 0.2 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, praising the performances and character development. For the episode, Matthew Rhys received a nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards. Plot ---- Elizabeth (Keri Russell) tells Gabriel (Frank Langella) about her discovery on the pest-resistant strain of wheat. He assigns her to get a sample of the wheat, while Elizabeth claims that Philip (Matthew Rhys) is committed to the mission. Gabriel tells Claudia (Margo Martindale) that Mischa (Alex Ozerov) has returned to the USSR, although he still feels conflicted on his actions. After visiting the Lincoln Memorial, Gabriel informs Philip and Elizabeth that he is officially retiring and will return to the USSR, as he feels tired. He also warns Philip that Centre may believe he is not suitable for their operations. Elizabeth is visited by a Mary Kay salesman, making her remember about Young Hee. She later visits a psychiatrist in charge of the samples, in order to get access to files. In Moscow, Oleg (Costa Ronin) and Ruslan (Ravil Isyanov) continue interrogating Dmitri (Leonid A. Mandel). While Dmitri feels guilt over his actions, he still refuses to name his contacts, forcing them to arrest him. Later, when the CIA agents fail to show up, Oleg decides to burn the incriminating tape with his confession. Before Gabriel leaves, Philip asks him about his father, as he is recently haunted by flashbacks to his childhood. Gabriel reveals that Philip's perception of his father as a logger is actually untrue; his father was a guard at a Siberian lumber/labor camp and he is not sure how he behaved during his job. Philip expresses his concerns with Elizabeth, as he failed to see the real nature of his father. They decide that they need Paige (Holly Taylor) to meet Gabriel before he leaves. They take her to his apartment, where they exchange looks for the first time. Production ---------- ### Development In March 2017, FX confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be titled "Crossbreed", and that it would be written by executive producer Stephen Schiff, and directed by Roxann Dawson. This was Schiff's seventh writing credit, and Dawson's first directing credit. ### Filming Filming for the episode wrapped by January 4, 2017. Reception --------- ### Viewers In its original American broadcast, "Crossbreed" was seen by an estimated 0.71 million household viewers with a 0.2 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.2 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a slight increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.70 million household viewers with a 0.2 in the 18-49 demographics. ### Critical reviews "Crossbreed" received extremely positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 100% approval rating for the episode, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus states: "'Crossbreed' quietly heightens the stakes in *The Americans*' fifth season while opening the door to a beloved character's departure - and an unexpected meeting." Erik Adams of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an "A–" grade and wrote, "The quiet, confident work that Frank Langella has done on The Americans could go unnoticed. Consistency often is. But there’s nothing like the line 'I'm just tired. And old,' to make you realize you've been taking the Tony winner for granted. Without ever raising his voice above that reassuring purr, Langella stirs so many feelings in 'Crossbreed.' There's heartbreak at his reluctance to leave Elizabeth and Philip." Alan Sepinwall of *Uproxx* wrote, "A very heavy episode overall, but several dryly amusing moments, from Philip assuming all psychiatrists ask about dreams to the look on Elizabeth's face when she realizes Paige is making the same argument Philip has about how long it’s been since they saw what the Soviet Union was like in person." Anthony Breznican of *Entertainment Weekly* wrote, "As the show ends, Paige reaches out and shakes the hand of a kindly old man. Just as Gabriel is ready to say goodbye, he gets one last hello." Mike Hale of *The New York Times* wrote, "'Crossbreed' extended the season's atypically peaceful vibe — tension, without real danger. But the emotional stakes were high. Written by Stephen Schiff and directed by Roxann Dawson, the episode was ambitious, weaving religion, psychoanalysis, Marxism and martial arts into a late-20th-century thematic tapestry. And it played nimble, complex variations on the idea of fathers and sons (and daughters) and the secrets they keep." Scott Tobias of *Vulture* gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "'Crossbreed' gives Gabriel — and Langella's performance — some long overdue acknowledgement. As Gabriel abruptly announces his retirement, it's a clarifying moment for his character and for Langella's value to the show." Caroline Framke of *Vox* wrote, "It's a pretty sedate hour, all things considered, but it's intimate and revealing in a way I've been waiting for all season. From Elizabeth trying to find Young Hee to Gabriel telling Philip the truth about his father, everyone's attempts to reconcile with their past failed big time." Ed Gonzalez of *Slant Magazine* wrote, "*The Americans* isn't a very political series, or rather, it isn't an explicitly political one. Certainly, 'Crossbreed' feels the closest that the series has come to offering up a commentary on the fundamental idea of communism, and yet, given the rather pointed reference that Paige makes to her communion in the process of telling her mother that she's getting something valuable out of the Marx that she's reading, it's also more accurate to say that the series is generally about people’s struggle to abide by the tenets of any belief system that's been essentially forced on them." Alec Bojalad of *Den of Geek* gave the episode a 3.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "this remains an excellent episode of TV and and[sic] episode show. Each passing episode of season 5 feels like it's building to something radical and special. It's widening gyre time and no amount of psychiatrist side quests or Mischa setbacks can distract from this moral center and its inability to hold." Matt Brennan of *Paste* gave the episode a 7.6 out of 10 and wrote, "For all its flaws, 'Crossbreed' depicts characters on the precipice of change they can neither predict nor prevent, and in this context, Gabriel's reflection gathers to it the power of a premonition." ### Accolades At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Matthew Rhys submitted the episode to support his nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. He would lose to Sterling K. Brown for *This Is Us*.
**David C. Edelman** (born 1961) was Chief Marketing Officer at Aetna from 2016 to 2020, leaving after the merger with CVS. Since July, 2021, he has been a Senior Lecturer at the Harvard Business School. Education --------- He graduated from Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York in 1978. Edelman attended Harvard University from 1978 to 1982.[] He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics in 1982, and after 18 months at Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, subsequently earned his MBA degree, with an emphasis in marketing, from Harvard Business School in 1986. Career ------ Edelman began his career at The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) from 1986 until 1999. He served as a Partner and Vice President and was instrumental in building their e-commerce practice and "Segment of One Marketing" strategy service line. He ran the marketing for their East Coast operations, coordinating publishing and conferences. In 1999, Edelman joined Digitas, becoming the leader of their strategy and analysis practice.[] In 2002, Edelman was promoted to the role of Chief Marketing Officer, which was a new role created by chairman and CEO David Kenny to scale Digitas’ business and increase brand awareness. In 2008, Edelman joined McKinsey & Company as a partner, where he co-led the Global Digital Marketing and Sales Practice and served as Chief Marketing Officer for the Marketing and Sales Practice. During his 8-year tenure at McKinsey, Edelman worked with CMOs and senior executives across industries, advising client organizations on implementing digital transformation strategies and developing new digital capabilities. In 2016, Edelman joined Aetna as its first Chief Marketing Officer, and led the launch of Aetna’s rebranding with a campaign focused on "you don’t join us, we join you." He built an "Office of the Consumer" to guide design of new member experiences, and centralized marketing technology. In addition to his current role at Aetna, Edelman is also on the Board of Trustees of The Walnut Hill School for the Arts, in Natick, Massachusetts. Speaking, contributed writing and awards ---------------------------------------- Edelman speaks frequently at industry conferences around the world, and has published numerous articles in leading business publications such as the Harvard Business Review and Forbes on topics ranging from branding in the digital age, to mastering digital marketing, and improving CMO/COO collaboration. He has also written extensively about digital strategies, consumer behavior, using data to make better decisions, and the Customer Decision Journey. Edelman has participated in webinars and podcasts discussing the digital customer journey, marketing technology, and digital transformation in healthcare. He also periodically guest teaches classes at Harvard Business School. Edelman has been listed among Twitter’s most influential CMOs and smartest marketers on Twitter by publications like Forbes, Business Insider, and Inc. for multiple consecutive years and has contributed to a book on social media marketing. Personal life ------------- Edelman married Miriam Elizabeth Adams in September 1987. Adams is a psychotherapist in private practice with a PhD from the Harvard School of Public Health and a Master of Social Work from Simmons College. They have three adult children, Claire, Matthew, and Andrew. They currently live in Massachusetts with their two Labradoodles.
UK music concert listings website and ticket aggregator **Livemusic** is a UK music concert listings website and ticket aggregator. It enables users to compare ticket prices between ticket agents (including Ticketmaster and Seatwave), follow artists to receive email alerts with information on gigs, connect with fellow gig-attendees, and post their own reviews. Livemusic has over 40,000 pages of band and artist profiles, and hosts a catalogue of exclusive interviews and videos for popular artists. History ------- Livemusic was founded in 2007 by Mick Newton (CEO) and his son Ben Newton (COO). Prior to the foundation of Livemusic, Mick worked alongside Tom Watkins, co-managing 80s pop band Bros. Mick then went on to manage Grammy Award winner Steve Winwood, until 2008, his final project being to arrange for Winwood to perform with Eric Clapton at three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden. The company's head office is based within the Silicon Roundabout area of Shoreditch, East London. In 2011, Livemusic announced the appointment to its board of Nick Gatfield (Chairman & CEO of Sony Music UK & Ireland), Giles Thorley (former CEO of Punch Taverns plc), and Peter Bond (Chairman, Bond Aviation Group, founder investor in Soho House Group). Services -------- Livemusic allows users to compare and purchase tickets for over 25,000 forthcoming gigs across the UK. Livemusic also offers a self-promotion service for unsigned bands called Live&Loud. Live&Loud --------- In October 2011, Livemusic launched Live&Loud, an online self-promotion tool and gig-booking service for unsigned bands that functions by matching them to available performance slots at small to medium-sized live music venues across the UK, promoting and selling tickets to the gigs, and rewarding bands with the fastest-growing social media profiles and most active fanbases, by offering them the chance to support a major signed band at a future sold-out Livemusic Student Union event. As of October 2011, 2000 UK bands have signed up to the service. Livemusic Student Union Tour ---------------------------- Livemusic stages tours at various Student Unions within UK Universities. The first event, which took place at King's College London in September 2011, was headlined by Miles Kane.
Scottish footballer For the Australian footballer, see Norm MacKay. **Norman Mackay** (26 May 1902 – after 1935) was a Scottish professional footballer who played in the Football League for Aston Villa, Plymouth Argyle and Southend United. He played as a right half or inside right. Mackay was born in Edinburgh. He played for Edinburgh Royal and Broxburn United, and was on the books of Blackburn Rovers (without playing in the League) and Hibernian, before signing for Aston Villa in 1923. He made his Football League debut for Villa in the 1923–24 season, but appeared only twice for the club before moving on to Western League club Lovells Athletic. He returned to his native Scotland where he played for Junior club Yoker Athletic and had a trial with Scottish League club Clydebank, then came back to England where he joined Plymouth Argyle. He went on to make 241 appearances for the club in all competitions, and was a regular choice for the first team for six seasons from 1928–29 onwards. His last appearance for the first team came in May 1934, after which he spent a season with Southend United before returning to Scotland where he joined Clydebank Juniors.
New Zealand doctor **Peter Grahame Snow** (11 November 1934 – 28 February 2006) was a New Zealand general practitioner. He served the rural community of Tapanui for over 30 years. He was president of the Royal New Zealand College of GPs from 1998–99 and received their highest honour, Distinguished Fellowship, in 2001. He was a member of the Otago Hospital Board and its successor, the Otago District Health Board. Education --------- As a boy, Snow attended Auckland Grammar School, graduating with the class of 1948. While training in medicine he expressed an interest in general practice, so when a position became available he took up general practice in Tapanui. Practice -------- In 1984 he was presented with a number of patients with a prolonged exertional 'flu-like illness, but presenting no diagnosable condition. While some people thought they were no different from commonly found "tired all the time" cases, Dr Snow was convinced that they were indeed sick and proceeded to investigate. Many were sheep farmers who previously had a perfect record of health. Observing a similarity between the symptoms of stock suffering from selenium deficiency and these patients, he was the first doctor in New Zealand to identify the disease which turned out to be an outbreak of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Owing to, often disparaging, publicity surrounding these discoveries and a study into them by Snow, Marion Poore, and Charlotte Paul, the illness came to be known in New Zealand as "Tapanui flu" after the town of the same name in West Otago. Snow also became concerned at the number of farmers injured in farm accidents, particularly those involving motorcycles, and made recommendations for improving farm safety. He campaigned unsuccessfully to prevent the closure of the Tapanui hospital, at which he was on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Retirement, death and legacy ---------------------------- After more than 30 years in Tapanui, Snow and his wife retired to Lake Hayes. Peter Snow died on 28 February 2006. A memorial to Snow, comprising a Moon rock and plaque, was unveiled in the main street of Tapanui on 8 August 2009. The Moon rock was chosen because of Snow's belief that a meteor had collided with the Moon in 1766 and dispersed debris across West Otago.
Watch brand **H. Moser & Cie.** is a trademark of **Moser Schaffhausen AG***,* a Swiss luxury watch manufacturer. The original H. Moser & Cie. was founded by the independent Swiss watchmaker Heinrich Moser in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1828. Notable early clients of H. Moser & Cie. included Russian princes and members of the Russian Imperial Court; Vladimir Lenin also owned a Moser watch. After Moser died in 1874, the company was split up between its Managing Directors. One of the Swiss parts in Le Locle went to the family of Paul Girard, the business in Russia was expropriated in 1918 due to the October Revolution. In 1953, H. Moser & Cie. continued its business in Le Locle, Switzerland where it shifted its focus from pocket watches to wristwatches. Due to the quartz crisis, H. Moser & Cie. became a part of the Dixi Mechanique Group and the original brand name was dropped. In 2002, *Moser Schaffhausen AG* was founded by Dr. Jürgen Lange together with Heinrich Moser's great-grandson Roger Nicholas Balsiger, and the brand *H. Moser & Cie.* was formally re-launched in 2005. Since 2012, Moser Schaffhausen AG has been a subsidiary of the MELB Holding Group of the Meylan family in Switzerland. History ------- H. Moser & Cie. pocket watch owned by Vladimir Lenin. ### Early history **Heinrich Moser** was born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland on 12 December 1805. He learned the basic watchmaking craftsmanship from his father, and continued his studies in Le Locle, Switzerland after 1824. In 1828, he founded the original H. Moser & Cie. in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1848, Heinrich Moser returned to his hometown of Schaffhausen and established a watch factory there to supply his business. Notable clients of H. Moser & Cie. at the time included Russian princes and members of the Russian Imperial Court. In particular, Vladimir Lenin also owned a Moser watch. Heinrich Moser died on 23 October 1874 and the company was sold since none of his heirs was willing to lead the business. In 1953, H. Moser & Cie. continued its business in Le Locle where it produced its first wristwatches. But due to the quartz crisis, H. Moser & Cie. became a part of the Dixi Mechanique Group and the original brand name was dropped, becoming "Hy Moser & Cie". ### Recent development In 2002, *Moser Schaffhausen AG* was founded by Dr. Jürgen Lange, together with Heinrich Moser's great-grandson Roger Nicholas Balsiger. In 2005, the company established a new Manufacture in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, and *H. Moser & Cie.* was formally re-launched as a trademark of the company. Since 2012, H. Moser & Cie. has been owned by the MELB Holding Group of the Meylan family in Switzerland. As of 2023, H. Moser & Cie. produces around 3,000 watches a year and employs more than 100 staff members. Watch manufacturing ------------------- A H. Moser & Cie. pocket watch (1917). H. Moser & Cie. manufactures its own watch components. It launched the first three watches in 2005 after the brand was revived. In 2006, the Perpetual Calendar from H. Moser & Cie. won the Geneva Watchmaking Grand Prix. At Baselworld 2007, H. Moser & Cie. introduced the *Straumann Hairspring*. The hairspring was developed jointly with H. Moser & Cie.'s associate company Precision Engineering AG in Schaffhausen. It contains a formula updated from *Nivarox*, an alloy composition originally invented by Dr. h.c. Reinhard Straumann in 1931. In 2009, H. Moser & Cie. introduced their tonneau-shaped watch, the Henry. It featured a "Straumann Double Hairspring," which had two hairsprings that counter rotates as opposed to only one hairspring. The Henry was later discontinued in favor of the Swiss Alps line. In 2022 the Pioneer Cylindrical Tourbillon Skeleton reference 3811-1200 won the tourbillion of the year at the Grand Prix d’Horlogerie de Genève. SIHH special watch ------------------ Since 2016, H. Moser & Cie. has unveiled a special watch every year at the annual *Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie (SIHH)* to raise public awareness on different topics. * 2016, the *Swiss Alps Watch Zzzz*, a parody of Apple Watch * 2017, the *Swiss Mad Watch*, with the case made of real Swiss cheese * 2018, the *Swiss Icons Watch*, mixing notable features from various Swiss watch manufacturers * 2019, the *Moser Nature Watch,* covered with live Swiss plants
Social philosopher, sociologist and academic of German origin **Peter Herrmann** is a social philosopher, sociologist and academic of German origin. Between 1995 and 2013 he worked in Ireland where he occupied at the end the position of a senior research fellow at University College Cork, School of Applied Social Studies. 2013 he moved to Rome, Italy, where he worked independently, but in close connection with the Italian research institute EURISPES. From 2015 to 2017 he worked as Professor for Economics at Bangor College of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, PRC, and as Senior Foreign Expert. School of Public Affairs, Dept. of Social Security and Risk Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China. In September 2017 he commenced a one-year research position at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy in Munich, Bavaria, from where he changed in October 2018 to the Faculty of Economics and Sociology at the University of Lodz in Poland. Since October 2019 he is research fellow at the Human Rights Centre. Law School at Central South University, Changsha, PRC. Additionally, he is associate professor at the Department of Social Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland [www.uef.fi], and he holds a permanent visiting professorship as honorary associate professor at the Corvinus University (Faculty of Social Sciences and International Relations, Institute of World Economy) in Budapest, Hungary. Since November 2013 he is also visiting scholar at the Department of Chinese Studies at NUI Maynooth , Ireland. Until 2013 he had been director of the independent research institute ESOSC (European Social, Organisational and Science Consultancy) with its headquarters in Aghabullogue, Ireland.[] After Herrmann moved to Italy, the work of the institute was discontinued.[] Personal life ------------- Herrmann was born into a bourgeois family[] and had been brought up in a Protestant milieu,[*clarification needed*] though without being embedded in a strictly religious environment.[] During his youth he had been politically engaged in different ways,[*vague*] distancing himself increasingly from his family background.[] At the end of his studies he married. He has one daughter who lives in Germany. He later divorced.[] Academic career --------------- Herrmann studied sociology (Bielefeld), political science (Leipzig) and economics (Hamburg). 1981 he obtained the diploma in sociology from the university in Bielefeld and his doctorate in philosophy in 1992 from the university in Bremen . At the institute for local social policy and non-profit organisations in Bremen, Herrmann analysed in close cooperation with Rudolph Bauer and Jürgen Blandow the politics and policies of non-governmental organisations. He focused on the meaning of the process of European integration for national social policy and the impact on the third sector. Research -------- While studying sociology, Herrmann concentrated on sociology of organisations – this had been also the subject of his PhD-dissertation, titled "Society and organisation. An analysis of modern society" (Rheinfelden/Berlin: Schäuble, 1994). This work integrated topics of social policy, civil society, theory of modernisation and general philosophy. His methodological thinking had been and still is influenced by historical and dialectical materialism, systems theory and the theory of civilisation. Against this background he undertook several studies, especially in the area of European integration. Based on Herrmann’s experience gained from the work at the Platform of Social NGOs and the European Social Action Network (ESAN), he took an increasingly critical position towards the subtle mechanisms of the process of European integration. At a very early stage Herrmann discussed and theorised processes he saw as "politics bypassing the nation state" (see European Integration between Institution Building and Social Process. Contributions to a Theory of Modernisation and NGOs in the Context of the Development of the EU; New York: Nova Science, 1998 ) and which became later known under the term "multilevel governance". The close cooperation with the European Foundation on Social Quality and later International Association for Social Quality, namely with Laurent van der Maesen, pushed his analytical interest towards the search for alternatives. His thorough research, geared against political voluntarism and based in a systematic analysis of forms of government and the respective social policy gave important impulses for the debates on social quality thinking. Research visits in – amongst others – Australia (at the Cairns Institute ), Austria, France, Germany, Hungary (there at the ELTE - Eötvös Loránd university in connection with Zsuzsa Ferge), Sweden, Taiwan (on invitation of the Institute of Humanities and Social Science) and Turkey (at ODTÜ - Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi , supported by TÜBİTAK - Türkiye bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma) strengthened his critical attitude towards traditional approaches of social policy. Increasingly important had been his orientation on a critique of political economy. Beyond the contacts mentioned before, further cooperation is important and three references are crucial. Together with the Austrian political scientist and one of the founders of quantitative world systems research, Arno Tausch, Herrmann elaborated some publications. This acquainted Herrmann more with world-systems theory. It also meant strengthening his orientation on a critique of political economy. With Herrmann’s cooperation with the French Marxist economist Paul Boccara he linked his work closely with the question of the general role of the state. The common work contributed not least to Herrmann’s orientation on the work of the French regulationist approach. Based on this work he had been able to strengthen the attempts of locating the work on social quality within the framework of world systems theory. Currently his work focuses on establishing a political economic perspective as essential part of the social quality approach. Of special importance is the regulationist theory which is at the same time developed further by being applied within a different framework. Moreover, Herrmann had been until 2021 correspondent to the Max Planck Institute for Social Policy and Social Law (previously Max-Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law) in Munich, Germany. This allowed him to study more closely the ambiguity of social and human rights law – issues he discussed in particular in his collaboration with Hans F. Zacher. Especially with reference to Zacher he worked on the consideration of the "pre-legal" determination of law, thus allowing not least an integration with political economy. His academic work is not least expressed in his engagement as member of the scientific council of the German branch of attac (until its dissolution in 2021 and in the EuroMemo Group – a network of economists that is looking for alternative policies - he discontinued this enegagement in 2020 due to health reasons, but also as critique of the lacking vigor of an open, radical alternative. The different connections, Herrmann established over time, based on the wide range of topics, linked him since 2011 also to the work of the Eurasian Center for Big History and System Forecasting at the Moscow State University, in particular collaborating with Andrey Korotayev and Leonid Grinin, Russia, the All-Russian Centre of Living Standard Moscow, and the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics , Moscow. Current activities ------------------ After his move to Rome, Italy, Herrmann developed independently, but also as member of the scientific council of EURISPES [www.eurispes.eu] (Istituto di Studi Politici, Economici e Sociali), his research. Important contacts for further developments could be established to the University La Sapienza , Rome, the university Pontificia Università San Tommaso d’Aquino – Angelicum of the Vatican www.vatican.va, the Hungarian academy of science , namely Ferenc Bodi. Furthermore he developed working relations to the research unit Centro de Investigaciones de Política Internacional (CIPI) at the foreign ministry in Cuba as well as to the School of Public Affairs, Department of Social Security and Risk Management at Zhejiang University and the Bangor College at CSUFT Central South University of Forestry and Technology in the People's Republic of China and the Human Rights Centre at the Law School, Central South University. According to his entries on researchgate, his work is currently focusing on issues of digitisation. While he sees it in part as challenge around social security and employment law, his main interest aims on clarifying the meaning of ongoing processes for the existing mode of production. He sees increasingly the need to revisit not least in this context the question of Human Rights against the background of changing global constellations. In 2015 he donated his books (as far as they had not been lost during the various moves) to EURIPSES [www.eurispes.it], hoping that they will be in this way available for the wider public for research.
**The Soustelle Plan** was a reform program envisioned by Jacques Soustelle, then governor general of Algeria, for the improvement of several administrative, political, social and economic works which emphasized the integration of Muslim Algerians within the French system. The plan was proposed to the French government in June 1955 but was never fully implemented. The proposal ------------ Soustelle’s first concern for the implementation of his plan was to inject funds into the Algerian economy for small improvement projects designed to have an immediate effect. After a short struggle with the finance ministry in Paris, an allocation of 4,300 million francs was obtained. Thereafter, Soustelle engaged in social-political reforms by sending out a circular, making it compulsory on all persons in authority to pursue a "policy of consideration and confidence". His intention was to eradicate the superiority complex which the European population had adopted in terms of discrimination and condescension towards the Arab-Algerian populace. Third, Soustelle took into consideration the agricultural situation of Algeria as this was the primary source of revenue for the country. However, there were several obstacles; erosion had claimed 100,000 acres (400 km2) per year. To meet the challenge of the countryside, Soustelle administered an agency with wide powers to acquire public and private land for redistribution to Muslim peasants and to secure land beneficiaries with the technical and financial assistance which could improve these new holdings. He also expanded the existing facilities such as the Provident Societies and Rural Improvement Sectors and also abolished the cultural phenomenon of *khammessat*, a sharecropping system under which the tenant got one fifth of the crop and the landowner four-fifths. As the cost of power in Algeria was 60% higher than in metropolitan France; Soustelle advocated lower costs of power which increased industrialization. He sought to amalgamate the Algerian Gas and Power Company with the nationalized Electricité de France or through a system of tax relief. Soustelle also had concerns about the social structure of the country. Only 29% of civil jobs were held by Muslims, while the rest were occupied by Europeans. To amend this anomaly, Soustelle instituted an Administration Training Center in Algiers, as a means of finding qualified Muslim candidates for suitable jobs. He also attempted, without success, to implement a system whereby qualified Muslims would be exempted from completing any competitive entry examination. Likewise, Soustelle was passionate about schools. He fought for funding to build 1,200 schools instead of the originally planned 600 schools. Faced with an overwhelming number of requests from teachers that wanted to leave the unsettled areas of Algeria, he hired supplementary teachers to keep the schools open. Likewise, he proposed to make the study of Arabic compulsory or at least optional in all schools. He also planned to envelop the country with social centers which would combat illiteracy, promote hygiene and encourage small crafts. He also had a goal to reduce the large territory division into more manageable units and to bring administration closer to the people. He intended to create several departments to aid him. Soustelle proposed to divide the previous administrative townships into smaller rural townships each corresponding with their own natural community. Soustelle envisaged that the rural townships would remain under the subtle tutelage of the administration until they were ready to self-govern themselves. Finally to fill in the vacuum between the civil administrator and the dispersed inhabitants Soustelle set up 400 Specialized Administration Sections (S.A.S) to be manned by a new corps of Algerian Affairs officer. Amongst their many duties were to create a protective web for populations that might be subject to rebels or trammeled by the army or both. The Soustelle Plan was submitted to the French government in June 1955; however it was never fully carried out in all the planned prospects.
Indian business journalist **Tamal Bandyopadhyay** is an Indian business journalist, known for his weekly column on banking and finance Banker's Trust published in *Business Standard*, a leading Indian business daily. He had started this column in *Mint*, an Indian business daily by HT Media Ltd. He has authored seven books namely *HDFC Bank 2.0: From Dawn to Digital**, From Lehman to Demonetization: A Decade of Disruptions, Reforms and Misadventures*, *Bandhan: The Making of a Bank*, *Sahara: The Untold Story* and *A Bank for the Buck,* Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy, Roller Coaster: An Affair with Banking. *Bandhan: The Making of a Bank* has been translated into Bengali. Life and career --------------- A student of English literature (a postgraduate from Calcutta University), Tamal Bandyopadhyay began his career in journalism as a trainee journalist with *Times of India*, in Mumbai in 1985. Subsequently, he has worked with four national financial dailies: *The Economic Times*, *Financial Express*, *Business Standard*, and as a member of the founding team of *Mint* in February 2007, going on to serve as its deputy managing editor and later as a consulting editor till September 2018. Currently he is a consulting editor of *Business Standard*, a business daily where he served as deputy resident editor in Mumbai before joining *Mint*. He is also a senior adviser to Jana Small Finance Bank Before this stint, he was an adviser at Bandhan Bank from August 2014. Bandyopadhyay has been writing his weekly column *Banker's Trust* since February 2007. Between April and November 2011, he ran a 32-episode series on Bloomberg India TV, also called Banker's Trust, where senior central bankers, commercial bankers, and economists were interviewed every week.[] Bibliography ------------ * *A Bank for the Buck*. Jaico Publishing House. 2013. ISBN 9788184953961. OCLC 823821380. * *Anupam Meenrashi* (2014) * *Sahara The Untold Story*. Ahmedabad: Jaico Publishing House. 2014. ISBN 9788184955460. OCLC 883179164. * )*Bandhan The Making of a Bank*. Penguin Books Limited. 9 June 2016. ISBN 9789386057204. * *From Lehman to Demonetization*. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 23 November 2017. ISBN 9789387326392. * *HDFC Bank 2.0*. Jaico Publishing House. 2019. ISBN 9789388423359. * *Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy*. Roli Books. 9 November 2020. ISBN 9788194643364. * *Roller Coaster*. Jaico Publishing House. 10 January 2023. ISBN 9789393559586. (2023) Bandyopadhyay's second book, *Sahara: The Untold Story*, details the beginnings and the current day working of the secretive Sahara India Parivar. In December 2013, the Sahara India Pariwar, moved Calcutta High Court, got a stay on the publication of the book and filed a ₹2 billion defamation suit against the author and its publisher, Jaico Publishing House. In April 2014, the parties reached an out of court settlement, following which the book carries a disclaimer by Sahara which says, among other things, the book has "defamatory content". Tamal Bandyopadhyay is also a contributor to *The Oxford Companion to Economics in India* and *Making of New India: Transformation Under Modi Government.* Awards and recognition ---------------------- LinkedIn nominated Tamal Bandyopadhyay for three successive years (2015, 2016 and 2017) as one of the top voices in finance. In 2018, he was nominated as one of the top 25 voices in India across sectors. He is a recipient of Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award for commentary and interpretative writing for the year 2016. In 2021, his book Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy won the Tata Literature Live! Business Book of the Year Award. It also won the Best Business Book Award at the Kalinga Literary Festival and was acknowledged at the Skoch Literature Award 2021.
The **Maine Marine Patrol** is a maritime police service in the United States State of Maine. It claims to be the oldest law enforcement agency in Maine. History ------- In 1867 Maine first employed "commissioners of fisheries", law enforcement officers charged with enforcement of fishing regulations in the state. By 1870 the title of this office had been changed to "fisheries warden"; over the next 60 years the number of fisheries wardens employed by Maine increased to more than 30. Following World War II the title of the office was again changed, to "coastal warden". Coastal wardens were organized into the Coastal Warden Service. In 1978 the force was reconstituted under its current name of Maine Marine Patrol. The Maine Marine Patrol is responsible for enforcement of state and federal fishing regulations in coastal and tidal areas of Maine, providing maritime security inside Maine territorial waters, and coordinating maritime search and rescue operations. It also supports the Maine State Police in "tactical boardings of vessels at sea or in port". Through an agreement with the United States Customs and Border Protection, the Maine Marine Patrol assists in border protection in the "grey zone", an area including Machias Seal Island which is the object of a two-century old territorial dispute between the United States and Canada. Since 2015 it has quadrupled the number of officers assigned to the grey zone due to a perceived increase in the potential for violence in the area. Organization and training ------------------------- As of 2019, the Maine Marine Patrol is Commanded by the Colonel. His command staff is made up of, 1 Major who supervises the operations of the law enforcement bureau, and 1 Captain who supervises special services for the Bureau. Operationally, the Maine Marine Patrol is divided into six geographic sections that comprise two separate divisions. Division 1 covers the coast and inland areas from Kittery to Belfast Maine. Division 2 covers the coast and inland areas from Belfast to Calais/Lubec Maine areas. The divisions are commanded by a Lieutenant with three Sergeants that supervise a section staffed by one specialist (large boat operator) and seven marine patrol officers. Maine Marine Patrol Officers go through a stringent selection and hiring process. Once hired, a new officer must attend the Maine Criminal Justice Academy for 18 weeks of the Basic Law Enforcement Training Program. Upon graduation from the Academy, the officers first year on the job is spent completing his or her field and advanced training. Rank Structure of the Maine Marine Patrol Title: Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Sergeant Specialist Officer Resources --------- The Maine Marine Patrol deploys a number of different types of equipment for patrol functions. These are 1 fixed wing aircraft for patrol and search and rescue functions. The aircraft is piloted by a licensed pilot who is a Marine Patrol Sergeant. Six large patrol Vessels made up of 2 46' high powered diesel patrol boats, 2 42' high powered diesel patrol boats, and 1 38' high powered diesel patrol boat as well as 1 35' high powered diesel patrol boat. These large patrol vessels, are operated by Specialists. This is a marine patrol officer that has been promoted to this position and has completed boat operators training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. Upon successful completion of this training the specialist has become a US Coast Guard licensed Boat Captain. Each Marine Patrol Officer is issued a marked extended cab 4 wheel drive pickup for patrol as well as a 21' high speed patrol boat for use with in their individual assigned patrol areas.
Australian synchronized swimmer **Tamika Domrow** (born 6 September 1989) is an Australian synchronized swimmer. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where her team finished seventh and the 2012 Summer Olympics, where Australia finished in eighth. Personal -------- Domrow was born on 6 September 1989 in Brisbane and is from Camp Mountain. She attended Samford State School and St Paul's School, Bald Hills. She has a Certificate in Companion Animal Services. As of 2012[update], she lives in Brisbane and works for Samford Pet Resort as an apprentice kennel technician. Her employer accommodated her training schedule. Domrow is 165 centimetres (5 ft 5 in) tall, weighs 56 kilograms (123 lb) and is right handed. Tamika is married to Mathew Glover. Synchronized swimming --------------------- Domrow is a synchronized swimmer, taking up the sport at the Valley Pool in Brisbane when she was ten years old. In 2008, she was a member of Neptunes Synchronised Swimming Club. As of 2012[update] a member of the Gold Coast Mermaids. She was coached by Mike Burgess. Her former coach died in July 2008, not long before the 2008 Games. She has been coached by Marina Kholod since 2005. Domrow broke into Australia's senior national team when she was fifteen years old. In 2007, she competed at the FINA world championships in the team event. The ten person team was the first Australian one to make it in the finals for the synchronised swimming free combination routine. Domrow competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics as an eighteen-year-old. Her team came in seventh. Prior to going to Beijing, she participated in a ten-day training camp at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre. Following the Beijing Games, she retired from the sport for eighteen months. Domrow and Jenny-Lyn Anderson competed in the Open Free Duet at the 2011 National Championships, coming away with a fourth-place finish. In 2012, she competed with the national team at events in Perth, Spain and New Caledonia. Domrow was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in synchronized swimming. She qualified for the Olympics as a member of the national team at the 2011 World Championships in Shanghai. At her second Games, she will be twenty-two years old. In preparation for the Games, she spent up to nine hours a day in the pool.
English cricketer **Edward Lee Ede** (22 February 1834 – 7 July 1908) was an English first-class cricketer and horse racing trainer. Early life and education ------------------------ The son of Job Ede and his wife, Catherine, he was born alongside his twin brother, George, at Southampton in February 1834. He was educated and boarded at Abingdon School in 1851, with his brother George. His older brother Frederic boarded at Abingdon in 1840. Edward was also educated at Eton College, but did not play cricket for the college eleven. He did, however, learn to bowl while at Eton by watching William Clarke coaching the college cricket team. Cricket career -------------- He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire in 1861 against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's. Two years later, he was a founding member Hampshire County Cricket Club, alongside his twin brother. The following year, he played in the club's inaugural first-class match against Sussex at Southampton in 1864, with the Hampshire side captained by his twin brother. Ede played first-class cricket for Hampshire until 1870, making sixteen appearances for the county club. Described by *Wisden* as "a good all-round cricketer", he scored 265 runs in his seventeen first-class matches, at an average of 9.46, with a highest score of 49. With his right-arm underarm bowling, he took 15 wickets at a bowling average of 25.46, with best figurs of 4 for 79. His association with Hampshire continued long after the end of his first-class career, with him being their honorary scorer for nearly a quarter of a century from 1882, in addition to being the editor of the *Hampshire County Cricket Guide*. His twin-brother was a successful horse racing jockey of his day, with Ede being well known as a horse racing trainer. He had previously served in the Hampshire Regiment of Militia Artillery, being commissioned as an ensign in December 1854. Ede died suddenly at Southampton in July 1908. His son, Edward junior, was also a first-class cricketer.
Soviet komkor (corps commander) **Georgy Dmitrievich Bazilevich** (26 January 1889 – 3 March 1939) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander). He fought for the Imperial Russian Army during World War I before going over to the Bolsheviks in the subsequent Civil War. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1924) and the Order of the Red Star (1938). During the Great Purge, he was arrested on 23 November 1938 and later executed. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was rehabilitated in 1955. Early years ----------- Georgy Dmitrievich Bazilevich was born on 26 January 1889 in the village of Kriski, Novgorod-Seversky district, Chernigov Governorate into a peasant family. Later the family moved to Novgorod-Seversky. After graduating from high school in 1908, he entered the Kiev Military School, from which he graduated in 1910. He was promoted to officer and sent to the Pernovsky 3rd Grenadier Regiment, stationed in Moscow. In addition to his official duties, Bazilevich served as a regimental librarian. In 1913 he entered the military department of the Moscow Air School. At the final exam in aerobatics, his plane crashed. After treatment in the hospital, he returned to his unit. During the First World War, he fought as part of the 211th Nikolsky Infantry Regiment on the South-Western Front, where he commanded a company and a battalion. During the fighting he received six wounds. For the skillful leadership of units, personal courage and courage, Bazilevich was awarded eight military awards. After the February Revolution, Lieutenant Colonel Bazilevich was elected to the post of deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Special Army. In the autumn of 1917, he was seriously wounded during a German air raid. Soviet career ------------- In October 1917 he joined the Bolshevik fraction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ("RSDLP(b)"), and from March 1918 he served in the ranks of the Red Army. In 1918, he was successively appointed to the positions of battalion commander of the Exemplary Soviet detachment of the Southern Front, assistant regiment commander and member of the Higher Military Inspectorate, and at the end of August 1918 to the post of commander of the Balashovo-Kamyshinskaya group of troops. From October 1918 to May 1919 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 8th Army. In 1919, after a serious injury and illness, Bazilevich was appointed to the post of head of the 2nd Moscow Infantry Courses. In August 1919, he formed a reserve army, with which he joined the Special Group under the command of Shorin. Bazilevich commanded the combat sectors of the South-Eastern Front. In January 1920 he was appointed to the post of commander of the troops of the Don region, and in April 1920 - to the post of commander of the troops of the North Caucasian Military District. While in this position, Bazilevich led the liquidation of the expeditionary force under the command of General Wrangel near the village of Kushchevskaya. From the end of August 1920 he commanded the Reserve Army of the Caucasian Front, and from September of the same year the Ukrainian Reserve Army. The military formations led by Bazilevich took part in the fight against banditry, the organization of food detachments, the provision of assistance to railway transport, and the organization of supplies to the regions of Donbas. From the end of 1920 to 1921, Bazilevich served as Chief Supply Officer of the Red Army - Chairman of the RVSR Stock Commission. From 1922 to 1923, Bazilevich was at the disposal of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the Headquarters of the Red Army. At this time, he served as head of the Gokhran and chairman of the Russian Gems trust. He led the work to find funds within the country, during which royal treasures were discovered. In 1923 he was appointed to the post of commander of a demonstration training squadron of the Workers and Peasants' Red Fleet, and in June 1924 to the post of assistant commander of the Moscow Military District. From July 1925 he was at the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR for especially important assignments. In November 1925, Bazilevich was appointed to the post of commander of the Moscow Military District, in May 1927 he was named to the post of commander of the Volga Military District. Under his leadership, the district every year occupied higher and higher places in terms of the level of combat training throughout the Red Army. In April 1931 he was appointed to the post of Secretary of the Defense Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, transformed in 1937 into the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Bazilevich was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Execution and rehabilitation ---------------------------- Bazilevich was arrested on 23 November 1938. During the investigation, he did not admit guilt and did not testify against other persons, despite the "use of methods of physical influence". On 3 March 1939 the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death on charges of participating in a military conspiracy. The sentence was carried out on the same day. He was rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 27 July 1955.
**WXP**, the Weather Processor, is a weather data manipulation and visualization package developed at Purdue University in the 1980s. In 1989, WXP was adopted by Unidata as the Unix-based weather analysis tool and was distributed to over 40 universities. WXP became a showcase venture for Unidata which at the time was promoting many of the new standards of software development and user interaction. In 1992, WXP was copyrighted and sold commercially through the Purdue Research Foundation. WXP version 4 became widely used in the university community to develop weather web site. The primary developer of WXP Dan Vietor developed the wxp.eas.purdue.edu web site which became one of the first weather web sites on the World Wide Web. With the move of the developer to Unisys in 1998, the rights to WXP were transferred to the Unisys corporation. As of 2020, Unisys no longer supports WXP but the developer continues to maintain and support it. Although many developers have played a role in WXP over the years, Dan Vietor is generally regarded as the main contributor. His work in developing WXP was honored at the 2005 American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, where he was presented the DeSouza Award by Unidata. WXP is a commercially licensed product. WXP is still used by many web sites for data visualization including College of DuPage and Plymouth State University.
Resounding inquiry by Juan Carlos I to Hugo Chavez Ibero-American Summit, 2007: Juan Carlos, Zapatero and Chávez are seated on the right side of the chamber. (Chávez is seated at the table in the bottom-right corner clapping.) ***¿Por qué no te callas?*** (Spanish: [poɾˈke no te ˈkaʎas]; English: "Why don't you shut up?") is a phrase that was uttered by King Juan Carlos I of Spain to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, at the 2007 Ibero-American Summit in Santiago, Chile, when Chávez was repeatedly interrupting Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's speech. Following international attention, the phrase became an overnight sensation, gaining cult and meme status as a mobile-phone ringtone, spawning a domain name, a contest, T-shirt sales, a television program and YouTube videos. Incident -------- At the meeting on 10 November 2007, Chávez repeatedly interrupted Zapatero to call Zapatero's predecessor, José María Aznar, a "fascist" and "less human than snakes", and accuse Aznar of having supported a failed coup d'état aimed at removing Chávez from power. Zapatero had earlier irritated Chávez by suggesting that Latin America needed to attract more foreign capital to combat its "chronic, deepening poverty", and claimed that Chávez's policies scared investors out of Latin America. Chávez's attacks became so strong that Zapatero rose to Aznar's defence, even though he had been severely critical of Aznar in the past. Zapatero pointed out that Aznar had been democratically elected and was "a legitimate representative of the Spanish people". Although organizers switched off Chávez's microphone, he continued to interrupt as Zapatero defended Aznar. Juan Carlos leaned forward, turned towards Chávez, and said, "*¿Por qué no te callas?*" The King's rebuke received applause from the general audience. He addressed Chávez using the familiar form of "you" (in Latin American Spanish, *tú* and *te* are usually used in informal chat, among young people or when addressing close friends, family, or children, and can be perceived as insulting when used in other circumstances. However, in European Spanish the use of "*tú*" is more extended and considered the standard). Shortly thereafter, he left the hall, as Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega accused Spain of intervention in his country's elections and complained about the presence of Spanish energy companies in Nicaragua. The incident was unprecedented, as never before had the King displayed such anger in public. For the King, the incident was part of an *annus horribilis* for the royal image, according to the Chilean newspaper *La Nación*. *The New York Times* argued that the incident exposed "the unendingly complicated relations between Spain and its former colonies". Reaction -------- After the events at the summit, Hugo Chávez made statements against King Juan Carlos I, questioning his democratic legitimacy, and whether he knew about and endorsed the attempted coup d'état in Venezuela in 2002. Chávez defended his accusations against Aznar, arguing that prohibiting criticism of an elected official such as Aznar would be similar to prohibiting criticism of Adolf Hitler. He stated that he would revise Venezuela's position towards Spain and increase surveillance of the activities of Spanish companies in Venezuela, where Spain had been the main investor and trade partner in the last decade. The Spanish government showed appreciation for the reaction of the King and for Zapatero's defense of the dignity of Spanish elected representatives like Aznar. Several days after the event, Chávez demanded an apology from King Juan Carlos and warned Spain that he would review diplomatic ties and take action against Spanish companies, such as Banco Santander and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, in Venezuela. He accused the King of displaying the kind of Spanish arrogance that led to Spain's ejection from South America at the hands of Venezuela's hero, Simón Bolívar. Spanish diplomats were concerned that Chávez would replace his socialism and attacks on "American Imperialism" with attacks on what he called "Spanish imperialism". Speaking about Venezuela's indigenous peoples, Chávez said of the Spanish, "They slit our people's throats and chopped them into little bits and left them on the outskirts of towns and villages – that was what the Spanish empire did here." The Spanish foreign ministry denied that the "*¿Por qué no te callas?*" incident was indicative of Spanish–Latin American relations. Some analysts say Chávez used such incidents to "fire up his support base among the majority poor at home with blunt language that played on their misgivings of rich countries' investments in Latin America". According to the *Los Angeles Times*, it is uncertain which of the two men came out of the incident looking worse: "Chávez for his boorish lack of etiquette", or the King for insulting another leader. The King's words raised questions as the "200th anniversary of independence for the former Spanish colonies" approached. Several days after the incident, Venezuela's state-run television ran footage of Juan Carlos with Francisco Franco. The King was depicted as the dictator's lackey; but the fact that the Spanish Constitution of 1978, which preserved the monarchy, had been approved by a referendum, and the key role played by the King in putting down an attempted military coup in 1981, were not mentioned. The King's outburst received divided reactions from other leaders. Brazil's President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva defended Chávez, while Peru's and El Salvador's presidents Alan García and Antonio Saca supported the King. Popularity of phrase -------------------- Zapatero said he did not realize what an influential moment it had been until he returned home and his eldest daughter greeted him with "*¿Por qué no te callas?*", which made them both laugh. The King's phrase gained cult slogan status, ringing from mobile phones; appearing on T-shirts; and being used as a greeting. The domain, porquenotecallas.com, had reached US$4,600 on eBay as of 16 November 2007. The phrase became a YouTube sensation overnight and a song was written to a traditional tune. The phrase spawned countless media articles, jokes, songs and video clips, and in Spain an estimated 500,000 people downloaded the phrase as a ringtone, generating €1.5 million (US$2 million) in sales as of November 2007. As of 14 November 2007, Google generated 665,000 webhits on the phrase and YouTube had 610 videos. Entrepreneurs in Florida and Texas put the slogan on T-shirts, and marketed them on eBay and elsewhere; the phrase became a greeting among Venezuelan expats in Miami and Spain and a slogan for Chávez opponents. Less than 24 hours after the event, the king's words were used by sports commentators during the radio transmission of Spanish language football games to describe controversial events. A contest for the best audiovisual depiction of the event was announced in Spain. *The Cincinnati Enquirer* editorial page suggested that the phrase would have the power to change the course of history, as has been credited to Ronald Reagan's, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" The *Los Angeles Times* said "the Spanish-speaking world can hardly stop talking about [the incident]", which provided "fodder for satirists from Mexico City to Madrid". An editor for the *Washington Post* noted the "Spanish-speaking world has been abuzz about [this] verbal slapdown" and suggested that King Juan Carlos "should have asked the assembled heads of state: 'Why don't you speak up?'" The reaction was apparent "in newspaper headlines, cable television and on YouTube. His phrase was reproduced on T-shirts, and cellphone ring tones. In Mexico City, the dust-up became a satirical skit, "El Chabo del 8". In El Salvador's capital, the phrase became a playful greeting." In Australia *The Sydney Morning Herald* reported the King could earn a multimillion-euro business if he claimed rights over the phrase, which generated a *Benny Hill Show*-style skit and a Nike ad, "Juan do it. Just shut up", with the Brazilian football star, Ronaldinho. Canada's *CBC News* said an actor's voice was used to mimic the king's voice in the ringtone to avoid legal problems over the use of the phrase, which also generated sales of coffee mugs. Protesters against the Chávez government adopted the phrase as their slogan; T-shirts in Venezuela had the slogan with the "*no*" in capital letters, representing a call to vote against amendments in the December 2007 constitutional referendum and the phrase was used as a taunt when more than 100,000 marched in protest against Chávez's proposed constitutional changes. Aftermath --------- ### Immediate One week after the event, *The Wall Street Journal* wrote that King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia delivered Chávez's second rebuke from a king in one week, when he reminded Chávez that oil should not be used as a tool for conflict. The remarks came minutes after Chávez called for OPEC to "assert itself as an active political agent" at the OPEC summit in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh. In a followup at the OPEC summit, *Reuters* wrote that "Spain's king cannot shut Chavez up but bladder can", and that Chávez said to a throng of reporters at the OPEC summit, "For a while now, I have needed to go to the bathroom and I am going to pee ... Do you want me to pee on you?" Two weeks after the event, Chile's President Michelle Bachelet revealed that she had politely requested that Chávez abstain from making some statements at the summit, indicating frankly that she felt "let down" by the subsequent discussions at the OPEC meeting, considering the effect that the price of oil has on countries like Chile. Also just weeks after the incident, Chávez was "accused of breaking a protocol accord" with Colombia's President Álvaro Uribe and "exhaust[ing] his Colombian counterpart's patience by speaking out of turn once too often", formally ending Chávez's mediation in hostage negotiations with the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group. In Argentina, a television program called *Por qué no te callas* began broadcasting on 6 December 2007. ### Enduring The phrase was seen at the 2010 FIFA World Cup when a Spanish fan raised a scarf bearing the slogan. In 2013, Infobae named the incident among those most noted to have captured public attention in the history of the Ibero-American Summit. *Entorno Inteligente* invoked the phrase in 2014, paying homage to Spain for the "immortal lexicon", and referring to Venezuelan politician Nicolás Maduro as in-maduro (a play on the Spanish word *immature*). A 2020 Spanish newspaper characterized the incident as one of the 20 most memorable televised moments of Juan Carlos. A 2017 journal paper used the incident as an example of the definition of intensification as a "pragmatic strategy that contributes to the rhetorico–argumentative aspect reinforcing what has been said or the speaker's or somebody else's point of view". A study published in 2019 in the journal *Normas* about the expression of courtesy in language remarked that neither party had measured the impact their words would have during the summit. Alternative forms ----------------- According to *Fundéu BBVA*, the Urgent Spanish Foundation, and the director of the Chilean Academy of the Spanish language, the phrase uttered by the King, given the situation under which it was said, should be written with exclamation marks instead of question marks: *¡Por qué no te callas!* Alternatively, it could be written using a combination of both exclamation and question marks (the interrobang): *¡¿Por qué no te callas?!* or *¿¡Por qué no te callas!?*
British Army general General **Flower Mocher** (c. 1729 – 18 July 1801), was a British army officer who served 50 years in the cavalry. He initially obtained a commission with Hawley's Dragoons then, following 12 years service with the Horse Grenadier Guards, he served 17 years with the Dragoon Guards as their Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel. Two years before his appointment as a general officer he was made Colonel of the 9th Regiment of Dragoons in Ireland. After some years service as deputy to the commander-in-chief Ireland he retired in 1794 shortly before his appointment to the rank of full General. Family ------ Various inscriptions record earlier generations of his family in the Edmonton, Middlesex and coastal Dorset localities. These people may be his parents: from a tomb in Edmonton churchyard, "Mary relict of Daniel Mocher, 1759". On 21 July 1801 *The Times* reported under Deaths: "At his seat on Enfield Chase after a short illness General Flower Mocher, Colonel of the 9th regiment of Dragoons." St Andrew's Enfield contains the monumental inscription "General Flower Mocher, died 18th July 1801 aged 72 years. Jane Mocher his widow died 29th April 1811 aged 78 years." Though his wife had a son, also an army officer, from a previous marriage there is no record of surviving children of Mocher. Army career ----------- Trooper 2nd Horse Grenadiers c. 1750 Mocher rose progressively up the ranks during his 50-year career from his start as a 15-year-old sub-lieutenant. Less than 3 years later on 4 June 1747 he followed his fellow officers to kiss the King's hand on his appointment as a captain. Made colonel of his own regiment of dragoons at age 45 he retired aged 65 with the rank of Lieutenant General being promoted to full General shortly after his retirement. Appointments gazetted in London: colonel major general lieutenant general general ### War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War Mocher served at the battle of Fontenoy in 1745 and there his ability was recognised. He was present at the battle of Minden on 1 August 1759 and in command of his cavalry regiment but he and his regiment, his rank was Lieutenant-Colonel, were not permitted to take part in the battle by Lord George Sackville for which Sackville was later court-martialled and cashiered. Mocher continued to command the third regiment of dragoon-guards (Sir Charles Howard's Dragoon Guards) in Germany until the peace of 1763. ### Ireland "In 1778 he was on the staff in Ireland and had the command in the province of Munster until the peace of 1783." "During part of that time he had 12,000 men under his orders and so well were those orders executed that the 'whiteboys', so called because they wore white smocks or shirts, who were then in formidable force and had been guilty of great depredations and enormous cruelties were kept in total subjection and the country relieved from the fears of internal commotion." "He was again on the staff there in 1792 as lieutenant general and second officer in the course of which year the sole command devolved on him by the absence of the commander-in-chief for the space of several months when the country was seriously alarmed and under apprehension of insurrection on which occasion the General's conduct was such as entitled him to the honour of the Lord-lieutenant's highest approbation and to universal applause." His retirement was signalled by the report from Dublin Castle dated 17 June 1794: "His Majesty has appointed Lieutenant General the Earl of Carhampton to be Lieutenant General upon the staff of Ireland in the room of Lieutenant General Mocher resigned."
10th-century Latin manuscript of the Old and New Testament Codex Toletanus The ***Codex Toletanus***, designated by **T**, also called ***Biblia hispalense*** or **Seville Bible**, is a 10th-century Latin manuscript of the Old and New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the Latin Vulgate Bible, which contains the entire Bible, including the trinity reference Comma Johanneum. Description ----------- The text is written in three columns, 63-65 lines in a single column, in Visigothic characters, on 375 parchment leaves (43,8 by 33 cm). The Latin text of the four Gospels is a representative of the Spanish type of the Vulgate. It is the second important manuscript of the Spanish type (after Codex Cavensis). It contains the controverted text of the Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7) in the same location as the Codex Cavensis (after v. 8). And it also contains the Prologue to the Canonical Epistles affirming the verse. History ------- According to the note, Servandus of Seville gave the manuscript to his friend John, Bishop of Cordova, who in turn offered it in 988 CE to the see of Servandus. The note was examined by A. Lowe, L. F. Smith, and A. C. Millares. The year 988 is usually regarded by scholars as a date of the completion of the codex. The manuscript was collated by Chr. Palomares for the Sixtine Vulgate, whose work written in 1569 is now presented in the Vatican Library (Lat. 9508). It was not used in the Vulgata Clementina, as the manuscript was reached by Cardinal Antonio Carafa too late. The text was published by Giuseppe Bianchini in 1740. It was collated by John Wordsworth for his edition of the New Testament of Vulgate. Wordsworth designated the manuscript by siglum T. Currently the manuscript is housed in the National Library of Spain in Madrid (MS. Tol. 2. 1). Further reading --------------- * Giuseppe Bianchini (1740). *Vindiciae Canonicarum Scripturarum, Vulgatae Latinae editiones*. Rome. pp. XLVII–CCVI. reprinted by Migne, PL XXIX, cols. 915-1152.
Curator **Lisa Marie Stevens** is the former senior curator for mammals, and managed both the giant panda program and the primate program at the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoo. She worked at the National Zoo from 1978 to her retirement in 2011. She managed the National Zoo's panda breeding program as early as 1987, but rose to national prominence following the birth of panda cub Tai Shan (giant panda) in 2005. Internationally known as "the Panda Lady," her responsibilities as a curator at the National Zoo included overseeing the budget, exhibit design, construction, and supervising personnel. She was also responsible for the zoo's primates, including gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and macaques. She is included in the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Spotlight on African American Scientists. Early life and education ------------------------ Stevens' father was in the United States Army, so she moved around during her childhood. She lived in Okinawa, Japan, and Bangkok, Thailand where she came in contact with various animals. Stevens said, "I was that kid who, at age 3 and 4, was picking up caterpillars and holding snakes." When she was ten years old, Stevens began taking horseback riding lessons. Of horseback riding, Stevens said, "I think that was my earliest interest in veterinarian medicine, just by watching the vet work on the horses at the polo club there in Bangkok." Stevens attended high school in Washington DC and earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology/Pre-Veterinary Medicine in 1977 from Michigan State University. She also completed the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Professional Management Development for Zoo and Aquarium Personnel in 1986. Career ------ After graduating from university, Stevens moved to Washington, D.C. in 1978 and began working as an animal keeper at the National Zoo. In 1981, she was promoted to management. She began managing the primate program in 1981 and the giant panda program in 1987. Part of her responsibilities included "daily operations, personnel, budget, long-range planning, record keeping, research, education, exhibit design, and construction." In 2005, Lisa Stevens was the Assistant Curator overseeing the giant panda program when Tai Shan (giant panda) was born; Tai Shan was the first surviving panda born at the National Zoo and the third panda cub born in the US. She was the primary spokeswoman for interviews about Tai Shan's birth and her colloquial descriptions of his early adventures made her a popular interviewee. She was profiled in the Chicago Tribune and featured in the Animal Planet documentaries "A Panda Is Born" (2005) and "Baby Panda's First Year" (2006), which were packaged together in a 2008 re-release. Stevens participates in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Species Survival Plan for several species. She also co-founded and is on the Board of Directors of Beads for Education, Inc. which funds the education of more than 300 girls in Kenya.
Military unit The **Bering Sea Squadron** was a combined American and British naval station formed and disbanded in 1891 to suppress seal poaching in the Bering Sea. Eleven vessels were assigned to the squadron including eight United States Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ships plus three from the Royal Navy. Anti-Poaching Operations ------------------------ Main article: Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations The United States and United Kingdom government banned sealing in the Bering Sea in 1891 due to the near extinction of the animals so that year Commander Charles S. Cotton of the American navy was ordered to lead a force of two sloops, USS *Mohican* and USS *Marion*, two steamers, USS *Thetis* and SS *Al-Ki*, plus the gunboats USS *Alert* and USS *Ranger* to operate against poachers. The revenue cutters USRC *Rush* and USRC *Corwin* were also placed under Cotton's command. British forces sent the cruiser HMS *Porpoise*, the screw sloop HMS *Nymphe* and the steamer HMS *Pheasant*. From the beginning of the operation on June 22, 1891 to its end on October 5, American and British marines boarded and expelled dozens of merchant vessels mainly around the Aleutian Islands though only four schooners were found to be hunting seals illegally. Two of these vessels were taken over by marines and towed over 1,200 miles by the *Al-Ki* to Sitka, the other two were taken into British custody and sent to Asia. Ships of the Squadron --------------------- | Ship | Type | Branch | | --- | --- | --- | | *Mohican* | screw sloop-of-war | USN | | *Marion* | sloop-of-war | USN | | *Alert* | gunboat | USN | | *Ranger* | gunboat | USN | | *Thetis* | steamer | USN | | *Al-Ki* | steamer | USN | | *Rush* | cutter | USRCS | | *Corwin* | cutter | USRCS | | *Porpoise* | cruiser | RN | | *Nymphe* | screw sloop-of-war | RN | | *Pheasant* | steamer | RN |
**MartianCraft** is an American-based software company. The company has launched mobile and Mac apps such as Briefs and TouchPad. Rob Rhyne and Jeff LaMarche founded the company in 2009. History ------- MartianCraft's Briefs app was first discussed in 2010, following its development and submission to the Apple iOS App Store. The app was quickly compared to other apps, such as Google Voice that have had their app under review for a number of months by Apple's review team. The app left MartianCraft's app in limbo for the foreseeable future. In 2013, MartianCraft launched their Briefs app. Briefs was initially launched as an iOS app in May 2013, and the tool was created for prototyping iOS apps. Macworld featured the app explaining that while the app wasn't for programming apps, explaining that it was therefore not a direct competitor to Apple's Xcode. At the time of release, Briefs was said to cost $199 and allowed the user to develop a working prototype of their app. Gizmodo featured MartianCraft writing on their blog about Apple's design changes when they launched OS X Yosemite. The analysis predominantly covered the icon changes Apple had made to their operating system. In February 2014, it was stated on Storify that the consultancy firm, Empirical Development were to merge. Following the announcement, one of the founders of Empirical Development featured in *Fast Company*, discussing the legacy app updates for iOS7. Later that month, MartianCraft acquired BitBQ, who were in control of the TouchPad and NumPad apps. TouchPad was then redesigned for iOS7 in 2014. The redesign came on the popular app, which was acquired by MartianCraft years earlier. Later in 2014, MartianCraft acquired the Denver-based software developer, Dragon Forged Software, which was founded in 2004. The software company had primarily focused on developing Apple-based software before their acquisition. MartianCraft therefore took over the control of Slender, Resolve, and Trivium. The final acquisition of 2014, came when Zarra Studios was acquired by MartianCraft. MartianCraft was named to the Inc. 5000 list as a fastest growing private company in 2015, 2016, and again in 2017. Briefs ------ Following its release, Briefs was analysed by Fast Company. Briefs was put on hold by MartianCraft for nearly 3 years. After working on other projects, the app was accepted by Apple in 2013. While the project was delayed for a number of years, the creator stated that the delay had made the app better. It was stated that when Briefs was designed, it didn't want to affect the existing workflow, it would rather add to it. Briefs would be able to sit alongside tools designers and developers already use. The app was said to have taken influences from Final Cut Pro, Adobe Photoshop and also Adobe Illustrator. Briefs had an overall positive reception when it was released. The app was rated by Macworld 4 out of 5 in their official review. Publications ------------ Many members of staff of MartianCraft have written or been quoted in numerous publications. These have included Jeff LaMarche, Alan Bradburne, Kyle Richter, Joe Keeley, Dave Wood, Matt Henderson, Cory Bohon, Marcus Zarra, Kirby Turner, Michael Hay and Eric Blair. The majority of their publication coverage has been as authors, co-authors or technical reviewers.
Para-athletics classification This article is about the disability sport classification. For other uses, see F55. **F55** is a disability sport classification for disability athletics for people who compete in field events from a seated position. Sportspeople in this class have full arm function, partial trunk function and no lower limb function. Different disability groups compete in this class, including people with spinal cord injuries. The classification was previously known as lower 3, upper 4. Sport ----- International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016, "Athletes have full function of the arms and partial to full trunk muscle power. There is no movement in the lower limbs. Athletes with bilateral hip disarticulations are appropriately placed in this class." The Spectator Guide for the Rio Paralympics defines the class as, "wheelchair athletes (effects of polio, spinal cord injuries and amputations)" People competing in the seated position in this class generally have good balance, good trunk rotations and can move their upper body backwards and forwards. Disability groups ----------------- ### Amputees See also: Amputee sports classificationPeople who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A9. In general, track athletes with amputations in should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks. #### Upper and lower limb amputees See also: A9 (classification) Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson. Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58. The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class. A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put. The nature of an A9 athlete's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance. Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg). Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment. ### Les Autres See also: Les Autres sport classificationPeople who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF3 classified athletes. In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis. #### LAF3 See also: LAF3 (classification)In athletics, LAF3 competitors compete in F54, F55, F56, F57 and F58 events. These are wheelchair athletics classes. Athletes in this class have normal functioning in their throwing arm. While throwing, they can generally maintain good balance. Competitors in this class may also compete in T44. This is a standing class for people with weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions. At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF1, LAF2 and LAF3 track athletes had the 60 meters and 400 meter distances on the program. There was a large range of sportspeople with different disabilities in this class at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. LAF3 is an Les Autres sports classification. Sportspeople in this class use wheelchairs on a regular basis as a result of reduced muscle function. They have normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs. Medically, this class includes people with hemiparsis, and hip and knee stiffness with deformation in one arm. It means they have limited function in at least two limbs. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson uses a wheelchair, has good sitting balance and has good arm function. For the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF3 was defined by the Games organizers as, "Wheelchair bound with normal arm function and good sitting balance." ### Spinal cord injuries See also: Wheelchair sport classificationPeople with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F5 sportspeople. #### F5 See also: F5 (classification) Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F5 class. Comparing key muscle innervations for spinal cord levels compared to cycling and athletics classifications. This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level T8 - L1. In the past, this class was known as Lower 3, or Upper 4. Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, "Normal upper limb function. Have abdominal muscles and spinal extensors (upper or more commonly upper and lower). May have non-functional hip flexors (grade 1). Have no abductor function." People in this class have good sitting balance. People with lesions located between T9 and T12 have some loss of abdominal muscle control. Disabled Sports USA defined the functional definition of this class in 2003 as, "Three trunk movements may be seen in this class: 1) Off the back of a chair (in an upwards direction). 2) Movement in the backwards and forwards plane. 3) Some trunk rotation. They have fair to good sitting balance. They cannot have functional hip flexors, i.e. ability to lift the thigh upwards in the sitting position. They may have stiffness of the spine that improves balance but reduces the ability to rotate the spine." Field events open to this class have included shot put, discus and javelin. In pentathlon, the events for this class have included Shot, Javelin, 200m, Discus, 1500m. F5 athletes throw from a seated position, and use a javelin that weighs .6 kilograms (1.3 lb). The shot put used by women in this class weighs less than the traditional one at 3 kilograms (6.6 lb). Athletes in this class who good trunk control and mobility have an advantage over athletes in the same class who have less functional trunk control and mobility. This functional difference can cause different performance results within the same class, with discus throwers with more control in a class able to throw the discus further. There are performance differences and similarities between this class and other wheelchair classes. A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F5 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F3 to F9 throwers. A 1999 study of discus throwers found that for F5 to F8 discus throwers, the upper arm tends to be near horizontal at the moment of release of the discus. F5 to F7 discus throwers have greater angular speed of the shoulder girdle during release of the discus than the lower number classes of F2 to F4. F5 and F8 discus throwers have less average angular forearm speed than F2 and F4 throwers. F2 and F4 speed is caused by use of the elbow flexion to compensate for the shoulder flexion advantage of F5 to F8 throwers. A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 1C (SP3, SP4), 2 (SP4) and 3 (SP4, SP5) in the javelin. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 1C (SP3, SP4), 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 200 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 400 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the slalom. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the javelin. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 100 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 200 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 2 (SP4) and 3 in the 400 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 2 (SP4), 3 and 4 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 2 (SP4), 3 and 4 in the 100 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 2 (SP4), 3, 4,5 and 6 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 3, 4,5 and 6 in the 200 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 3, 4 and 5 in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 3 and 4 in the javelin. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 3 and 4 in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the javelin. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the 800 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the 1,500 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between women in 4, 5 and 6 in the slalom. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the 100 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the 800 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the 1,500 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in time between men in 4, 5 and 6 in the slalom. Performance and rules --------------------- Athletes in this class used secure frames for throwing events. The frame can be only one of two shapes: A rectangle or square. The sides must be at least 30 centimetres (12 in) long. The seat needs to be lower at the back or level, and it cannot be taller than 75 centimetres (30 in). This height includes any cushioning or padding. Throwers can have footplates on their frames, but the footplate can only be used for stability. It cannot be used to push off from. Rests can be used on the frame but they need to be present only for safety reasons and to aide in athlete stability. They need to be manufactured from rigid materials that do not move. These materials may include steel or aluminum. The backrest can have cushioning but it cannot be thicker than 5 centimetres (2.0 in). It cannot have any movable parts. The frame can also have a holding bar. The holding bar needs to be round or square, and needs to be a single straight piece. Athletes are not required to use a holding bar during their throw, and they can hold on to any part of the frame during their throw. Throwing frames should be inspected prior to the event. This should be done either in the call room or in the competition area. In general, people in this class should be allocated around 2 minutes to set up their chair. Athletes need to throw from a seated position. They cannot throw from an inclined or other position. Doing so could increase the contribution of their legs and benefit their performance. Their legs must be in contact with the seat during the throw. If an athlete throws from a non-seated position, this is counted as a foul. People in this class cannot put tape on their hands. All straps used to hold the athlete to the frame must be non-elastic. While in the process of throwing, an athlete cannot touch a tie-down for the frame. Because of visibility issues for officials, athletes cannot wear lose clothing and they can ask athletes to tuck in clothing if they feel there is any issue with visibility. In throwing events at the Paralympic Games and World Championships, athletes get three trial throws. After that, the top 8 throwers get an additional three throws. For other events, organizers generally have the option to use that formula to give all throwers six consecutive throws. The total number of warm-up throws is at the discretion of the meet director. Events ------ Competitors in this class participate in javelin, shot put and discus. Because of functionality issues, in the shot put, athletes tend to use rotary movements. In the javelin and discus, they tend to use backwards and forwards movement. History ------- In older classification systems that predated the current system, F56 competitors were classified as lower 3, upper 4. For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games. Becoming classified ------------------- For this class, classification generally has four phase. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine. During the observation phase involving training or practice, all athletes in this class may be asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition. While some people in this class may be ambulatory, they generally go through the classification process while using a wheelchair. This is because they often compete from a seated position. Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory class competitor. For people in this class with amputations, classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation. The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These include which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing. Competitors ----------- Sportspeople competing in this class include Bulgaria's Ruzhdi Ruzhdi, and Poland's Karol Kozun.
Flemish painter and engraver In this painting by Bernardo Germán de Llórente, an engraving signed by Pedro de Campolargo is reproduced on the wall **Pedro de Campolargo** (c. 1605–1687) was a Flemish painter and engraver, who was active during the Baroque period and formed part of a large group of Flemish artists mostly from Antwerp who were active in Seville in the second half of the 17th century. Life ---- There is little information about Campolargo's early life and training. Even his Flemish name is not known with certainty. He is believed to have been a native of Antwerp who trained as a painter and engraver in his hometown. The first record on Campolargo in Seville is 17 November 1640 when he is recorded with his wife, Angela Adriaensens, at the baptism of their son in the parish of the Blessed Sacrament in Seville Cathedral. Years later, in October 1651, he was again recorded when taking an examination in the "art of painter of images on plates" with Sebastián de Llanos y Valdés. Campolargo, declared in an official document that he was "of the Flemish nation and age 46 or so." In 1660 there is a record of Campolargo receiving an apprentice. In Seville, Campolargo formed part of a group of Flemish artists, principally from Antwerp, such as Cornelis Schut III, Jan (Juan) van Mol and Sebastián Faix. Some of them such as Schut and Campolargo were also involved in the establishment and promotion of the Academy of Fine Arts of Seville founded in 1660. Until 1663 Campolargo was one of the academy members who promoted the drawing style of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Campolargo is again documented in 1671 while working on the Triumph elevation in the cathedral on the occasion of the celebrations for the canonization of San Fernando, charging for the prints 1800 reales. He dictated his will on 25 May 1675. He was buried on 23 January 1687. He left a son of the same name who in historical documents is also referred to as a painter. Campolargo is documented as having worked in the so-called 'minor' genres such as landscape and portrait painting and worked also as a stage decorator. Further reading --------------- * Cean Bermudez, John Augustine, Historical Dictionary of the most distinguished teachers of the fine arts in Spain, Madrid, 1800, vol. I, p. 206. * Kinkead, T. Duncan, "Flemish Painters from Seville Murillo" File Seville, No. 195 (Seville, 1982), p. 52. * Kinkead, T. Duncan, painters and gilders in Seville: 1650–1699. Documents, Bloomington, Indiana, 2006, ISBN 1-4259-7205-5, p. 81-84. * Garcia Quiles, Fernando, "Pedro de Campolargo, Flemish painter," Art Laboratory, Journal of the History of Art Department, University of Seville, No. 3 (1990), p. 265-270.
**Hatvan– Fiľakovo railway** is a non-electrified railway connecting Hatvan, Hungary with Fiľakovo, Slovakia. Once a major connecting railway, the line currently sees only local Regionalbahn service and local goods traffic. It is double tracked from Hatvan to Selyp, then single tracked for the remainder of the distance to Fiľakovo. It is a class III passenger and goods line from Somoskőújfalu to Selyp, then becomes a class II line from there to Hatvan. The line has utilized clock-face scheduling operation since 2008, when direct express train connecting service with Budapest ended. The Hungarian portion is designated as line 81 and the Slovakian portion is line 164. History of the line ------------------- ### The plans The idea for the line arose when coal mines were opened in Nógrád County. János Bellich, an engineer of the state-owned railway company made a proposal for a horsecar route between Salgótarján and Balassagyarmat. He worked together with Winsteig Gerog, an owner of a stone-pit from Wien. At the same time Brelleich proposed the creation of a steam railway line as well. At the end the idea was modified, as Brellich wanted to build the line to Hatvan. ### Beginning of the construction On 19 January 1863 license was issued for the building of the railway line between Pest and Besztercebánya. Construction was made with the involvement of the Hungarian Northern Railways. The railway was planned to have 14 stations and 65 sentry boxes. Primary plans included a 700 m long tunnel on the line between Salgótarján and Somoskőújfalu, but the tunnel proposal was dropped when work began on this portion in 1871. There were some prestigious people working on the line, for example Lajos Tolnai, first chief officer of the MÁV. ### Handover First part of the line (from Pest to Salgótarján-József station) was handed over on 19 May 1867. First railway used the line on the same day through the 126 km long rail from Losoncz Railway Station. Hungarian Northern Railway went bankrupt in 1868, and the line was transferred to the newly founded MÁV. The second part of the line between Salgótarján and Losonc was opened by MÁV on 4 May 1871 as a single-track line. There has not been station in Salgótrján. The nearest one was in Pálfalván. The station of the city was opened in this year.[*when?*] ### Around World War II The railway was mostly used during the 1930s as a consequence of the rising demand for the mining. Most of the stations (for example Selyp) had industrial lines or there was coal sorter there. World War II was the end of the prosperous line, because Germany destroyed the two-track line. Soviet army arriving to Hungary made the line fully renovated by the local citizens. ### From the end of the war There was heavy traffic on the line during the 1980s. Several international trains used the line. Most well-known was the *Polonia Express* between Warsaw and Beograd via Budapest. The train operated up to the beginning of 1990. It used the line from Hatvan to reach and cross the border between Hungary and Slovakia. During this period there were some direct trains to and from the capital and there were direct connection through wagons to Debrecen as well. In this period there was direct rail connection between Salgótarján and Kál Kápolna, and Mátranovák. There was less frequent traffic during the 1990s, but there were numerous international expresses on the line yet. Some of these were Salgó, Bem or Ulpin. There were domestic express trains and direct connection between Hatvan and Losonc. The timetable was thinned during the 2000s as well. Some express trains were left in the timetable, e.g. Sajó and Urpin. Last of them, the Urpin was cancelled in 2008. There were for example 2 international express trains, 13 pairs of express trains and direct connections with express trains between Hatvan and Salgótarján and direct regional trains between Hatvan and Losonc in the early morning and late afternoon or early evening hours. Engineering facts ----------------- ### Vehicles The Belgian Cockerill’s stocks were the first on the railway. They ran as long as the 1920s. It was changed to MÁV Class 424 and later to MÁV Class 411 series. In the 1980s there came the first diesel engine locomotives, such as MÁV Class M40 and MÁV Class M62 series. They were used for passenger and freight trains respectively. There was a time when there ran some MÁV Class M41 trains as well. Since the change of the timetable in 2008, there run MÁV Class 6341 units on the line, which belong to the Engineering Office of Szentes. MÁV Class M62 locomotives are used for freight transport, and MÁV Class M41s were moved to the Southern Great Plain. ### Signalling control There are several types of signalling controls at the line. Domino55, a production of Telephone Factorz of Budapest based on the license of Integra and Siemens is in use between Selyp and Hatvan, but it may be found at Salgótarján-külső and Somoskőújfalu as well. Here guards are changed automatically, and traffic lights are guarded ones. At Apc-Zagyvaszántó, Pásztó, Nagybátony and Kisterenye station guards are Siemens & Halske type. Railroad switches are turned through a pulling line traffic lights are insured signers. At stations of Szurdokpüspöki, Tar and Zagyvapálfalva railroad switch positions are changed at the place. Attractions near the line ------------------------- * There was a roundhouse from 1911, the period of steam locomotives. It was one of the buildings demolished in December 2008. Other ones were at Mátraszőlős-Hasznos, Mátraverebély and Vizslás. * Castle of Somoskő and Salgó * Old part of Hollókő, part of World Heritage Sites is near to the station at Pásztó. * Water storage at Hasznos is located between Mátraszőlős-Hasznos and Pásztó. * Gyürky-Solymossy Castle is not so far from the station of Kisternye. * Castle of SomoskőCastle of Somoskő * Gyürky-Solymossy CastleGyürky-Solymossy Castle Images ------ * Railway station at HatvanRailway station at Hatvan * Diesel locomotive from the MÁV M40series (Púpos) during the 1980s between Pásztó and Mátraszőlős-Hasznos.Diesel locomotive from the MÁV M40series (Púpos) during the 1980s between Pásztó and Mátraszőlős-Hasznos. * Building of railway station at Kisterenye on the line 84 with a black flag for the memorial of the passenger transportation on the line.Building of railway station at Kisterenye on the line 84 with a black flag for the memorial of the passenger transportation on the line. * Station of Power Station of MátravidékStation of Power Station of Mátravidék
Italian fencer **Salvator Fabris** (1544-1618) was an Italian fencing master from Padua. During his life he taught in various European countries, most notably in Denmark where he was the fencing instructor of King Christian IV. It was during his time in Copenhagen that he published his treatise on rapier fencing, ***Lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme***, in 1606. The treatise became a fencing bestseller around Europe, and was reprinted until 1713 and translated into several languages, notably into German, and again in 2005, into English. His treatise, first published by Henrico Waltkirch, is also regarded as one of the finest examples of baroque printing, with its 191 copperplate engravings by Jan van Haelbeck, Francesco Valeggio and possibly other artists. This book is also important to bibliophiles because it is the first Danish book to feature copperplate engravings. Fabris was also the Supreme Knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, a chivalrous order of which we do not yet know much today. The order's insignia, consisting of seven hearts arranged in a cross pattern surmounted by a phoenix bird, are visible on the left breast of Fabris' only extant portrait (see illustration). The wording "Supreme Knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts" is coupled with the author's name in all editions of Fabris' work, indicating that it must have been a point of importance. Life ---- Salvator Fabris was born in 1544 in or around Padua, and his youth coincided with the flowering of the Italian school of swordsmanship, with early Italian masters like Achille Marozzo, Angelo Viggiani and Giacomo di Grassi still teaching. Although it is not known from whom he learned fencing, his statement of "having had considerable experience" may suggest his having studied under more than one master. He worked as a fencing master in Italy as well as in Northern Europe. The French master Henry de Sainct-Didier in 1573 mentions a meeting with a young fencer by the name of "Fabrice" while he was in the process of writing his own treatise, though there is nothing to prove that Fabris and Fabrice are the same man. But we are on sure footing when we find Fabris in the service in Johan Frederik of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, archbishop of Bremen and cousin to the King of Denmark, in the 1590s. It was during his years with the Archbishop that Fabris composed his treatise *Scienza e Prattica d'Arme* (of knowledge and practice of arms), although the book would be first published under the title *Lo Schermo, overo Scienza D'Arme* (on fencing, or martial knowledge). The book was first presented to the Archbishop in handwritten form, with drawings of fencing positions and actions. This precious manuscript now resides at the Library of Copenhagen. After employment with the Archbishop, Salvator entered the service of the king of Denmark, Christian IV from 1601 to 1606. It was the King himself who sponsored the publication of the treatise, putting his Flemish court artist, Jan van Haelbeck, as well as others like Valeggio (whose signature also appears in the book's plates) at Fabris' disposal to refine the drawings of the book's handwritten edition. Fabris left the King's employment in 1606, and after traveling across Europe, returned to Italy, teaching at the University of Padua. His renown at its peak, young noblemen from all over Europe came to Padua to be taught by him. He died in 1618 after fighting against malignant fever for about 10 days. He was 74. According to Hynitzsch, the editor of the 1676 German-Italian parallel edition of Fabris' treatise, on his deathbed, he bestowed his salle to senior student Herman, a German, who was later assassinated by a jealous colleague by the name of Heinrich. Jacopo Gelli, a 19th-century fencing historian, states that a monument was erected in honor of the Master in his native town. This monument was shown by Hynitzsch in 1676 as being under construction. Modern Fabris researchers have so far been unable to find other references to it. Fabris' Fencing Treatise: the *Scienza D'Arme* ---------------------------------------------- Page from *De lo Schermo overo Scienza d'Arme*, engraving by Jan van Haelbeck In his treatise, *Lo Schermo, overo Scienza D'Arme* (1606) Fabris deals with sword alone, sword and dagger, sword and cape as well as bare-handed fighting against a man armed with a dagger. Fabris also includes a Book II consisting on ways to defeat an opponent without stopping in guard, a unique occurrence among 17th-century Italian extant fencing treatises. In raw number of pages and illustrations, Fabris is the 17th century fencing master who, after thoroughly describing the use of the single sword, devotes the longest sections to sword and dagger and sword and cape. The *Scienza D'Arme* is structured as follows: **BOOK I** **Sword Alone** * Fencing theory: dealing with the four guards, the sword and its parts, how to close the line, thrusting and cutting attacks, defences, voiding actions, engagements and disengagements, feints, invitations, measure, tempo and contratempo, arm and body posture. * Fencing tactics: dealing with how a tall man should face a short man and vice versa, or a strong a weak, or a cool-tempered a rash one. * Illustrations of the main guards, the main invitations, the thrusts and the voids. * Illustrations of the main actions using the theory presented before: progressive instruction starting on how to take the tempo, going through how to parry and riposte in a single motion, touching on the four hand-parries and the voids, and ending on how to defeat these. **Sword and Dagger** * Theory on the use of the sword and dagger (building on sword alone): how to properly close the line, how to engage the opponent's weapon, how to deal with opponents who stand in guard with a different foot forward, how to practice parrying with the dagger. * Illustrations of the main guards of sword and dagger, the main invitations, the thrusts and the voids. * Illustrations of the main actions using the sword and dagger, in a similar progression as that presented in the theory section. **Sword and Cape** * Theory on the use of the sword and cape: how to hold the cape, what the cape's strengths and weaknesses are, how to parry, etc. * Illustrations of the main guards of sword and cape, the main invitations, the thrusts, the defenses and the voids. * Illustrations of the main actions using the sword and cape, in a similar progression as that presented in the theory section. **BOOK II** **On Proceeding Against the Opponent Without Stopping in Guard** * Theory and benefits. **Part 1: Sword Alone** * Six techniques on how to proceed against the opponent without stopping in guard with sword alone. Each technique consists of a theory section followed by the depiction of a body-posture to be used in the technique, and ending with illustrations of the most likely actions. **Part 2: Sword and Dagger** * Four techniques on how to proceed against the opponent without stopping in guard with the sword and dagger. Here, Fabris follows the same template as for the sword alone above. The section ends in the depiction of an opponent receiving a simultaneous thrust from his adversary's sword and dagger. **Grapples, Disarms and Cape Throws** Fabris adds a section on these techniques. **Part 3: How To Use a Dagger and How to Defeat a Dagger-Wielding Assailant while Bare-Handed** Fabris states that he had included this brief compendium only at the request of some friends. Here, he gives some advice on how to adapt his fencing theory to the use of a single dagger, and he then shows several ways in which to disarm a dagger-wielding assailant while bare-handed. The section ends on the depiction of a swordsman against a half-pikeman, and with the assurance that "if you have understood the theory, you will figure out how to proceed even against the man armed with the polearm." What other 17th century fencing masters said of Fabris ------------------------------------------------------ Throughout the 17th century, other masters such as Francesco Alfieri (1640), Giuseppe Morsicato Pallavicini (1670) and Francesco Antonio Marcelli (1686) commented on Fabris being a "great master" and "a man of the greatest name in our profession" and the author who best described the use of the guards. In his celebrated 1622 *L'Academie De L'Espee,* The Flemish master Girard Thibault added a chapter commenting on the excellence of Fabris' students, praising the quickness of their feints and suggesting ways to defeat them. But it is the German author Hynitzsch who in 1676 gives us the fullest idea of the fame that Fabris had achieved in Europe: his book was plagiarized by other fencing masters (Hynitczch accuses the Venetian Nicoletto Giganti in particular), while his style was adopted by several official fencing institutions such as the University of Jena. Anecdotes on Fabris ------------------- The legendary stature achieved by Fabris in his lifetime accounts for the many anecdotes about him still circulating today. According to Italian fencing master and historian Luigi Barbasetti, Fabris was summoned to England to help Shakespeare choreograph the sword actions in the premier of Hamlet. There is also an interesting, yet uncorroborated story about a *Salvator Fabritz* (sic) coming to Sweden in 1594 as an assassin hired by king Sigismund III Vasa, according to the *Exegesis historica*, written by Duke Charles and his Chancellor Nicolaus Chesnecopherus and printed in Stockholm in 1610 based on a Swedish version published in 1609. According to this account, Sigismund intended to assassinate his uncle Charles, during a banquet at Uppsala on February 12, following the royal funeral of John III on 1 February. After the meal a number of costumed Italians, including an actor and playwright by the name of Salvator Fabritz, took part in a stage-performance with drawn swords. Fabritz was supposed to kill Charles during the performance, but Charles had been warned by a certain Hieronymus Strozzi and stayed away from the banquet. However, given that *Fabris* is a very common Italian surname (akin to *Smith* in English), it seems highly unlikely that these are both the same person. Also, there is no record of the Master ever being in Sweden. In 1676, Hynitzsch states that Nicoletto Giganti plagiarized Fabris' Book II in a German and French parallel edition in 1624. The German translator of Fabris is so incensed that he likens Giganti's offence to "the kidnapping of a child", and wishes for the immediate recall of the work. Today, Fabris' style is one of the most studied in the revival of historical European martial arts. This master's name and last name are found (historically) in different spellings such as Salvator, Salvatore, Salvador and Fabris, Fabbri plus other non-Italian spellings. Editions -------- * 1606 *De lo schermo overo scienza d’arme di Salvator Fabris Capo dell’ordine dei sette cori* * 1615, German translation, *New Künstlich Fechtbuch: darinnen etliche vorneme Kunststück dess weitberümbten Fecht: und Lehrmeisters Sig. Salvator Fabri da Padoa* * 1615, German translation, *Neu künstlich Fechtbuch Darinen 500 Stück im ainfachen Rapier, wie auch ettliche im Rapier und Dolch dess witberümberten Fecht und Lehrmeisters Sig. Salvator Fabri da Padoa* * 1617, German translation, *Neu künstliches Fechtbuch darinen etliche hunder Stück im einfachen wie auch in Dolchen und Rappier auß dem Fundament der Fechtkunst* * 1619, German translation, *Des Kunstreichen Italiänische Fechtkunst. Das ist: gründeliche und außfürliche Unterrichtung von dem Fechten* * 1624 *Della vera pratica et scienza d’armi, libri due, pera di Salvatore Fabris* * 1676 Italian-German parallel text edition, without sword and dagger and sword and cape, with ample preface by Hynitzsch. * 1677 *Sienza e pratica d’arme* * 1713, German translation, *Scienza e practica d'armed'arme di Salvatore Fabris. Das ist: Herrn Salvatore Fabris Italiänische Fecht Kunst, zu welchen noch kommen ist das dritte Buch welches einen Tractat vom Ringen, dessgleichen, wie man sich mit blossen Fäusten wider einen beschirmen solle, in sich hält, in das Teutsche übersetzet und heraus gegeben von Johann Joachim Hynitzschen* * 2005, Tommaso Leoni (trans.), *Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606*, Highland Village, TX: The Chivalry Bookshelf (2005), ISBN 1-891448-23-4. Complete English translation with illustrations. Out of print, but reprint of the illustrated translation (without Leoni's introduction) available through Lulu.com
Province of Armenia Province in Armenia **Vayots Dzor** (Armenian: Վայոց Ձոր, Armenian pronunciation: [vɑjˌɔt͡sʰ ˈd͡zɔɾ] ⓘ) is a province (*marz*) of Armenia. It lies at the southeastern end of the country, bordering the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan to the west and the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan to the east. It covers an area of 2,308 km2 (891 sq mi). With a population of only 52,324 (2011 census), it is the most sparsely populated province in the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Yeghegnadzor. The province is home to many ancient landmarks and tourist attractions in Armenia including the Areni-1 cave complex and Areni-1 winery of the Chalcolithic period, the 8th-century Tanahat Monastery, the 10th-century fortress of Smbataberd, and the 13th-century monastery of Noravank. Vayots Dzor is also home to the spa-town of Jermuk. The village of Gladzor in Vayots Dzor was home to the 13th and 14th-century University of Gladzor. Etymology --------- | | | --- | | Part of a series on | | **Armenia**Հայաստան | | Armenia Coat of arms of Armenia | | Culture | | * Art * Cinema * Music * Media * Sport * Vardavar | | History | | Demographics | | Administrative divisions | | * Aragatsotn * Ararat * Armavir * Gegharkunik * Kotayk * Lori * Shirak * Syunik * Tavush * Vayots Dzor | | * Yerevan (city with special status) | | * v * t * e | The province is named after the Vayots Dzor canton of historic Syunik, the ninth province of Ancient Armenia. The exact etymology of the name Vayots Dzor is unknown, although it is popularly understood to mean *valley* or *canyon of sorrows* (*vay* is an exclamation of sorrow or pain in Armenian, a cognate of the word "woe"). According to folk tradition, the region received this name after a powerful earthquake struck the area. Historian Grigor Ghapantsyan considers it more likely that the name Vayots Dzor derives from the name of an ancient tribe or ethnic group with the name *Vay*, perhaps connected with *Biaini*, the endonym of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. Geography --------- View from the Jermuk Hydrological Sanctuary Situated at the southeastern end of modern-day Armenia, Vayots Dzor covers an area of 2,308 km2 (7.8% of total area of Armenia). It the most sparsely populated province in the country. It borders the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan from the west and the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan from the east (administered as the Shahumyan Region of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic between 1993 and 2020). Domestically, it is bordered by the Gegharkunik Province from the north, Ararat Province from the northwest and Syunik Province from the southeast. Historically, the current territory of the province occupies most of the *Vayots Dzor* canton of the historic Syunik province of Ancient Armenia. Arpa river Vayots Dzor is a mountainous region. It is mainly divided into 3 mountain ranges: the Vardenis mountain range at the north, the Arpa range in the middle and the Vayk range at the south. At a height of 3522 meters, the Vardenis volcano in the north is the highest point in the province, while the Areni valley, at a height of 850 meters, is the lowest point. The 2586 meters-high *Vayots Sar* volcanic cone is located almost at the centre of the province. Vayots dzor has many rivers, mountains springs and mineral water, with the Arpa River being the most significant of them.[] It flows 92 km in the territory of Vayots Dzor, through the settlements of Jermuk, Vayk, Yeghegnadzor, and Areni, among others. It originates in Vayots Dzor from the northwest part of the Syunik plateau at a height of 3260 meters, and flows into the Araks river. It has a number of tributaries that form waterfalls such as the Jermuk and the Herher. Yeghegis river is the main tributary of Arpa. It flows into a valley that is protected by the government as a wildlife sanctuary. Most of the rivers in Vayots Dzor are characterized by swift flow, deep fall and inclination. A large project was completed during the Soviet period to transfer the water of Arpa river to Lake Sevan. Thus, an underground water tunnel was opened in 1981 that starts from the basin of the Kechut reservoir to transfer the flow of the Arpa river into Kake Sevan. A number of small lakes are also found in the valley of the Herher river. Vayk mountain range History ------- The Areni-1 cave complex Vayots Dzor is first mentioned in the *History of Armenia* by Movses Khorenatsi. The region has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. Archaeological investigations have uncovered many sites and objects dating back to the Paleolithic Era and the Bronze Age, including carvings on cliffs depicting scenes of hunting and animals. The Areni-1 cave complex—including the 6,100-year-old Areni-1 winery—discovered in archaeological excavations conducted between 2007 and 2011, revealed that the region was settled during the 5th millennium BC (Late Chalcolithic Age). The winery consists of fermentation vats, a wine press, storage jars, pottery sherds, and is believed to be the earliest known winery in history. A 5500-year-old leather shoe, the oldest known piece of leather footwear, has also been found in Areni-1. As early as the 8th century BC, the area of modern-day Vayots Dzor was part of the Kingdom of Urartu. Later, it became part of the Kingdom of Armenia forming the *Vayots Dzor* canton of the Syunik Province. Tanahat Monastery, founded in the 8th century, rebuilt during the 13th century Many churches, monastic complexes, bridges and caravanserais were built between the 10th and 13th centuries, when Vayots Dzor was part of the Kingdom of Syunik under the rule of the Siunia dynasty. During the Middle Ages, the Silk Road passed through the area of Vayots Dzor, particularly the road that currently links the town of Martuni with Yeghegnadzor. Vayots Dzor was home to one of the earliest higher educational centres of medieval Armenia, the University of Gladzor; founded around 1280 by Nerses of Mush. Jermuk canyon and forest The period between the 15th and 17th centuries is considered to be the darkest period in the history of Vayots Dzor.[] The region became a frequent battlefield between the invading troops of the Turkic and Iranian tribes. As a result, many monuments and villages were destroyed and the population was displaced. It later became part of the Khanate of Nakhchivan and was known as *Daralagez* (also spelled Daralagyaz, Daralayaz). During the first half of the 19th century, following the Russo-Persian War of 1826-28 and the resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay signed in 1828, Vayots Dzor passed from Iranian to Russian rule. In the same year that the territory came under Russian rule, it was incorporated into the newly established Armenian Oblast. In 1849, the Erivan Governorate was founded including Vayots Dzor, while in 1870, the governorate was further divided into uyezds. Consequently, Vayots Dzor became part of the Sharur-Daralagezsky Uyezd of the Erivan Governorate. Between 1918 and 1920, the region was included within the short-lived Republic of Armenia. After the Sovietization of Armenia, Vayots Dzor became one of the regions that resisted Soviet Communist rule and formed the unrecognized Republic of Mountainous Armenia under the leadership of Garegin Nzhdeh. However, after falling to the Bolsheviks in July 1921, Vayots Dzor became part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, modern-day Vayots Dzor was divided into the raions of Yeghegnadzor and Azizbekov. After the independence of Armenia, the 2 raions were merged during the 1995 administrative reform to form the Vayots Dzor Province. Demographics ------------ ### Population According to the 1989 Soviet census, the Vayots Dzor Province (then part of the Vayk and Yeghegnadzor districts in 1930–1995) had a population of 60,357. 10,234 or 16.96% of which was urban, distributed in the city of Jermuk, and 50,123 or 83.04% were rural, distributed in the districts of Vayk (13,680) and Yeghegnadzor (36,443). Malishka village The population and density in Vayots Dzor is the least among the provinces of Armenia. According to the 2011 official census, Vayots Dzor has a population of 52,324 (25,740 men and 26,584 women), forming around 1.7% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 18,449 (35.26%) and the rural is 33,875 (64.74%). The province has 3 urban and 41 rural communities. The largest urban community is the provincial centre of Yeghegnadzor, with a population of 7,944. The other urban centres of Vayk and Jermuk have a population of 5,877 and 4,628 respectively. With a population of 4,460, the village of Malishka is the largest rural municipality of Vayots Dzor. ### Ethnic groups and religion Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Yeghegnadzor, 12th century The majority of the Vayots Dzor Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The regulating body of the church is the Diocese of Vayots Dzor, headed by Archbishop Abraham Mkrtchyan. The Holy Mother of God Cathedral (known also as Surp Sarkis) in Yeghegnadzor is the seat of the diocese. A percentage of the population in Vayots Dzor have their ancestors migrated from the Iranian towns of Salmas and Khoy in 1829 and 1830. Administrative divisions ------------------------ As a result of the administrative reforms concluded by June 17, 2016, October 8, 2016, and June 9, 2017, Vayots Dzor is currently divided into 8 municipal communities (*hamaynkner*) * *A cross denotes a town (urban settlement), otherwise, the settlements are villages (rural settlements).* | Municipality | Area (km2) | Population(2011 census) | Centre | Settlements | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Areni Community | 438 | 10,410 | Areni | Agarakadzor, Aghavnadzor, Arpi, Chiva, Gnishik, Khachik, Mozrov, Rind, Yelpin. (Abandoned: Amaghu) | | Jermuk Community | 497 | 7,359 | Jermuk† | Gndevaz, Herher, Karmrashen | | Vayk Community | 184 | 7,064 | Vayk† | Arin, Azatek, Por, Zedea | | Yeghegis Community | 477 | 5,961 | Shatin | Aghnjadzor, Artabuynk, Goghtanik, Hermon, Horbategh, Hors, Karaglukh, Salli, Sevazhayr, Taratumb, Vardahovit, Yeghegis. (Abandoned: Arates, Getikvank, Kalasar) | | Yeghegnadzor Community | 27 | 7,944 | Yeghegnadzor† | | * JermukJermuk * VaykVayk * YeghegnadzorYeghegnadzor * AreniAreni * GladzorGladzor * MalishkaMalishka * YeghegisYeghegis Culture ------- The archaeological museum in Yeghegnadzor The people of Vayots Dzor are mainly conservative.[] They celebrate the religious and traditional feasts, including Trndez and Vardavar. A key celebration is the harvest festival, that is celebrated every year in Yeghegnadzor on the second Sunday of October. Locals from all villages take part in the parade on cars decorated with flowers, bringing their own crops, berries typical to their territories. Theatrical shows and concerts are being held during the festival. Another popular celebration in the province is the wine festival, which is celebrated annually during the month of October, in the village of Areni. The traditional Armenian lavash and gata are still baked in traditional tandoors at the villages of Vayots Dzor. Local dishes include sour banjar, kyalaglosh, shorva with ghavurma, rabbit kofta, portridge shorva, rosted quail and kid barbecue. Yeghegnadzor is the cultural centre of Vayots Dzor Province. It has a cultural palace, a public library and an archaeological museum. The town's public park is home to a vishapakar (dragon stone) dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. ### Fortresses and archaeological sites Smbataberd fortress of the 10th century * Areni-1 cave complex and the Winery of the Chalcolithic age, * Smbataberd fortress of the 10th century, * Proshaberd fortress of the 13th century, * Ertij Fort of the 13th century, * Agarakadzor bridge of the 13th century, * Orbelian's Caravanserai of 1332. ### Churches and monasteries Spitakavor Monastery of 1321 * Tanahat Monastery of 735, * Saint Sion Monastery of the 8th century, * Shativank monastery of the 10th century, * Khotakerats Monastery of the 10th century, * Tsakhats Kar Monastery, 10th-11th centuries, * Noravank monastery, 10th-13th centuries, * Gndevank monastery, 10th-13th centuries, * Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Yeghegnadzor, 12th century, * Noravank monastery of 1205, * Spitakavor Monastery of 1321, * Areni Church of 1321. ### Media *Vardadzor* monthly is the regional newspaper of Vayots Dzor. It has been published in Yeghegnadzor since 15 November 2002. It covers political, economical and regional news. It also has a literary supplement. Transportation -------------- The M-2 Motorway that connects Armenia from north to south, passes through the province. On the other hand, the towns of Yeghegnadzor are domestically connected through a number of well-developed roads. The Jermuk airstrip is located near Jermuk, adjacent to the Kechut Reservoir. Economy ------- ### Agriculture and viticulture Orchards in Vayots Dzor Vayots Dzor has the poorest agricultural index among the Armenian provinces, forming 2.2% of the annual total agricultural product of Armenia. Around 82.5% (1,903 km2) of the total area of the total area of the province arable lands, out of which only 8.5% (162 km2) are ploughed. However, agriculture -including farming and cattle-breeding- is the most common activity in the province. Agricultural crops include apricot, cherry, pear, peach, apple, quince, plum, melon, walnut, grapes and berries. Cattle-breeding includes wool-bearing, goat farming, poultry farming and bee-keeping. Vayots Dzor is among the leading provinces of Armenia in wine production in terms of grape cultivation and wine export (along with the provinces of Ararat and Armavir). Internationally renowned winemaker Paul Hobbs and the Yacoubian family journey to the Birthplace of Wine to craft modern, world-class wines from the indigenous varieties found in the high-altitude, mineral-rich soils of Vayots Dzor. Among the Yacoubian-Hobbs portfolio are a Dry White Wine predominantly made of Voskehat, and two different Areni. Their vineyards grow a stone's throw away from the Areni-1 cave, the oldest known winery dating from over 6000 years ago. With their local team, Paul and the Yacoubians are growing and crafting wines that confirm Armenia's part, not only in the ancient history of winemaking, but in its very relevant present and future amongst the great wine regions of the world. ### Industry The industry of Vayots Dzor contributes 1% of the annual total industrial product of Armenia. Industry is mainly based on water bottling, alcoholic drinks production (mainly wine), food-processing and dairy products. The discovery of the 6100 year-old Areni-1 winery has provided increased awareness of the ancient tradition of wine-making in Armenia and particularly in the region of ancient Syunik. Zorah Wines Vineyards Hin Areni Winery * Wine production: Vayots Dzor has a large number of wine producers (mainly producing under the category of "Areni wine"), including: + "Yacoubian-Hobbs" (wine), first vintage 2014 + "Getap Wine Factory" (Vedi Alco Winery branch), opened in 1938 in Getap. + "Maran Winery", opened in 1992 in Yeghegnadzor. + "Areni Wine Factory", opened in 1994 in Areni. + "Old Bridge Winery", opened in 1998 in Yeghegnadzor. + "Getnatoun Winery" (wine, brandy), opened in 1999 in Yeghegnadzor. + "Vayk Group Winery" (wine, vodka), opened in 2000 in Vayk. + "Ginekar Winery", opened in 2000 in Aghavnadzor. + "Mets Syunik Winery" ("Matevosyan Wine"), opened in 2001 in Aghavnadzor. + "Zorah Wines", opened in 2001 in Rind. The company's "2010 Zorah Karasi Areni Noir" was ranked in the 2012 Bloomberg's top 10 list. + "Areni Wine Winery", opened in 2003 in Areni. + "Hin Areni Vineyards", opened in 2007 in Areni. + "Trinity Canyon Vineyards", opened in 2009 in Aghavnadzor. * Yeghegnadzor has many plants for cheese and other dairy products. The town is famous for its goat cheese produced by the "Golden Goat" factory founded in 2000. It is also home to the "Selim LLC" for dairy products founded in 2002. Other industrial firms of the town include the "Rafelgrig" for electrical products founded in 1968, the "Izoton" company for oak-wood made barrels for wine and brandy aging founded in 2003, and the Yeghegnadzor Cannery operating since 2015. * Vayk is home to the "WCW of Vaik" building materials factory founded in 1968, the "Arpi Mineral Waters Factory" founded in 1973, and the "Meg Ararat" factory for tea production founded in 2008. * Jermuk is known for its mineral water production. The town is home to the "Jermuk Group" CJSC, currently the main producer of Jermuk mineral water. Founded in 1999, Jermuk Group acquired the original water producing factory known as "Jermuk Mayr Gortsaran" operating since 1951. Another water bottling factory known as "Jermuk Service Enterprise" was founded in 2014. There are many small plants for building materials production in the villages of Areni, Agarakadzor and Yeghegis, while the village of Malishka is home to a jewelry plant. ### Tourism Jermuk spa town Jermuk ropeway The cultural heritage and the natural monuments of the region attract a number of tourists. Jermuk and the surrounding forests are a tourist attraction with many sanatoriums, spa resorts and its ropeway. It is considered one of the centres of medical tourism in Armenia. Some areas of the province are listed as protected wildlife sanctuaries, including the Herher Open Woodland Sanctuary, the Jermuk Forest Sanctuary, the Jermuk Hydrological Sanctuary, and the Yeghegnadzor Sanctuary. The Mozrov Cave was found in 1980 near the village of Arpi. It is protected as a natural and cultural monument of Armenia. Education --------- An Armenian manuscript of the Gladzor University, 13-14th centuries Vayots Dzor was home to the medieval Armenian University of Gladzor that was established around 1280 by Nerses of Mush and operated until 1340 and "left behind a rich intellectual heritage". Currently, the Yeghegnadzor branch of the Armenian State University of Economics is operating in the province since 2008. As of the 2015–16 academic year, Vayots Dzor was home to 50 public schools as well as 17 pre-school kindergartens: The number of the students was around 6,300, while the academic staff included around 1,100 teachers. Around 1,000 children attended the kindergartens. Sport ----- Arevik Stadium in Vayk Arpa FC of Yeghegnadzor -founded as Momik FC in 1992- used to represent the town in the Armenian Premier League football competition. Like many other Armenian football clubs, Arpa FC was dissolved in early 2003 and is currently inactive from professional football. The towns of Vayk and Yeghegnadzor have a football stadium each with minor capacities. Every year, during the month of August, Jermuk hosts the **FIDE Grand Prix Jermuk** chess tournament. Notable natives --------------- * Ara Abramyan, Armenian businessman based in Russia. * Narek Sargsyan, Armenian architect and politician. * Kamsar (Kamo Sahakyan), renowned Armenian painter. * Narine Dovlatyan, Armenian singer and actress. Gallery ------- * Vayots Dzor * Noravank, 1205 ADNoravank, 1205 AD * Areni Church, 1321 ADAreni Church, 1321 AD * Jermuk Forest SanctuaryJermuk Forest Sanctuary * Kechut reservoirKechut reservoir * Jermuk WaterfallJermuk Waterfall
**KC Accidental** was a Canadian post-rock band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The band released two albums of mostly instrumental music. It later evolved into Broken Social Scene. History ------- KC Accidental was formed in 1998, and started out as a two-person recording project consisting of Kevin Drew and Charles Spearin. The "KC" in the band's name was taken from the initials of their first names. The pair began recording in a home studio; their debut album *Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub* was sold by Drew and Spearin exclusively through one shop in 1998 and quickly sold out. The group released a second album in 2000 entitled *Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills* on Noise Factory Records. It included contributions from Jason Collett, Evan Cranley, Emily Haines, Jason McKenzie, Jessica Moss, James Payment, Bill Priddle, James Shaw and Justin Small. Many of these musicians went on to work with Drew and Spearin in Broken Social Scene, who released their debut album, *Feel Good Lost* on Noise Factory in 2001. As a reference to the earlier group, Broken Social Scene included a song titled "KC Accidental" on its Juno Award-winning album *You Forgot It in People*. The two albums by KC Accidental, long time out of print and out of reach, were reissued by Arts & Crafts on 2CD/2LP format and digitally in 2010. On June 21, 2013, KC Accidental performed a new 15-minute song entitled "Summer Withdrawal" live at Jason Collett's Courtyard Revue in Toronto. It was the first time the band had performed in 13 years. A year later on June 20, 2014, KC Accidental reconvened for a full live show at the North by Northeast festival. As of 2016, Broken Social Scene continues to perform the song "KC Accidental" in their live shows. Members ------- * Kevin Drew (1998–2000) * Charles Spearin (1998–2000) Discography ----------- ### Albums * *Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub* - (1998/2003) * *Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills* - (2000)
Chinese Shu Han military officer (died 222) In this Chinese name, the family name is *Cheng*. **Cheng Ji** (died 222), courtesy name **Jiran**, was a military officer of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Liu Zhang during the late Eastern Han dynasty. Service under Liu Zhang ----------------------- Cheng Ji was from Langzhong County (閬中縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is in present-day Langzhong, Sichuan. He served as the Chief of Hanchang County (漢昌縣; in present-day Bazhong, Sichuan) under the warlord Liu Zhang, who controlled Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) during the late Eastern Han dynasty. An ethnic minority group, the Cong (賨), lived in Hanchang County. They were known for being fierce and warlike; Emperor Gao, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty, recruited Cong warriors to serve in his army when he conquered the Three Qins in 206–205 BCE. Cheng Ji's immediate superior was Pang Xi, the Administrator of Baxi Commandery, because Hanchang County was under Baxi Commandery's jurisdiction, and Baxi Commandery was administered by Yi Province. As chaos broke out throughout China towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Pang Xi wanted to improve security within Baxi Commandery, so he recruited more men to serve as soldiers. Around the time, Liu Zhang heard rumours that Pang Xi was planning to rebel against him and became more suspicious of Pang Xi. When Pang Xi heard about it, he became fearful and started making preparations to increase the strength of his military forces. He also sent Cheng Yu (程郁), Cheng Ji's son, who was serving in the commandery office, to persuade Cheng Ji to support him in rebelling against Liu Zhang. Cheng Ji wrote to Pang Xi: "Your original intention in recruiting more soldiers was not to start a rebellion. There might have been some misunderstanding, but what is more important is you are performing your duties. If you are fearful and start thinking of rebelling, I will not listen to you." He also wrote to Cheng Yu: "I received grace from the provincial government, so I am obliged to do my best to serve the Governor. You are serving in the commandery office, so you should do your best to serve the Administrator. You should not be thinking of rebelling." Pang Xi sent a message to Cheng Ji: "Your son is serving in the commandery office. Your family will be in trouble if you do not obey the Administrator!" Cheng Ji replied: "Yue Yang (樂羊) ate his son's flesh not because he did not love his son, but because he was doing so for the sake of upholding righteousness. If you were to make me do the same thing, I will do it." Pang Xi realised that Cheng Ji would never support him, so he abandoned the idea of rebelling against Liu Zhang; instead, he apologised to Liu Zhang and was pardoned. When Liu Zhang heard about Cheng Ji's loyalty towards him, he promoted Cheng Ji to serve as the Administrator of Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Luzhou, Sichuan). Service under Liu Bei --------------------- See also: Battle of Xiaoting § Heroics of Fu Rong and Cheng Ji Cheng Ji came to serve under the warlord Liu Bei in around 215 after Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei appointed him as an Assistant Officer and Libationer (從事祭酒). In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han. In the same year, he launched a military campaign against the warlord Sun Quan, his former ally, and started the Battle of Xiaoting. After about six months of stalemate since the beginning of 222, Sun Quan's forces, led by Lu Xun, suddenly launched a counterattack, burnt down several Shu camps in a fire attack, and forced the remaining Shu forces to retreat. Cheng Ji remained behind to cover the retreat. As the enemy approached, someone urged him to abandon his boat and escape, but he replied: "I have never fled from battle throughout my career. Besides, the Emperor is currently in a dangerous situation." When the enemy showed up, Cheng Ji wielded a *ji*, fought fiercely and managed to sink some enemy boats before he was eventually overwhelmed by the enemy and killed. Family ------ Apart from Cheng Yu (程郁), Cheng Ji had another son, Cheng Qi (程祁), whose courtesy name was Gonghong (公弘). Cheng Qi was noted for his brilliance, but he died at the age of 19. Appraisal --------- In his *Ji Han Fuchen Zan*, the Shu official Yang Xi praised Cheng Ji for displaying steadfast loyalty and exemplary courage during the Battle of Xiaoting.
Hungarian politician and businessman The native form of this personal name is *Mesterházy Ernő*. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Biography --------- **Ernő Mesterházy** (not to be mistaken with Attila Mesterházy of the Hungarian Socialist Party) has been a chief counsellor to Gábor Demszky, mayor of Budapest. Mesterházy is an influential and powerful businessman, a film producer, and owns a record company too, Bahia Music. Ernő Mesterházy has been working not only as a counsellor to Demszky but also he had an authorization, a contract to represent Demszky in financial matters of Budapest including Metro building and BKV (Budapest's public transport company). Although he's been doing this for several years his contract was signed only in summer 2009. Film production career ---------------------- Mesterházy has been involved in the film industry since the early 1990s. Between 1993 and 2002 he produced a documentary series in South-East Asia called *Indiék* with Gábor Rohonyi, Nimród Antal and István Szaladják as the directors and István Szatmáry and Péter Vajda as cameramen. Since 2007 together with his wife Mónika Mécs, he has actively participated in producing feature films. The first significant success was 2007 film's week surprise, where they won the audience's vote with their film called *The End*. After this time period they received more Hungarian and International recognition and acknowledgement. One of the most significant national prizes Mesterházy won was with the Hungarian film called *Just the Wind*, which was directed by Benedek Fliegauf. The film competed at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Jury Grand Prix. In 2017 at the Berlin International Film Festival they won the Golden Bear in the main competition section with their film called *On Body and Soul* directed by Ildikó Enyedi. Furthermore, the Sydney Film Festival wrapped up their 64th fest by naming *On Body and Soul* the winner of that year's Sydney Film Prize.
South Korean writer (1920–1968) This article is about a poet. For the footballer, see Cho Ji-hun. For the Go player, see Cho Chikun. In this Korean name, the family name is *Cho*. **Cho Chi-hun** (Korean: 조지훈; December 3, 1920 – May 17, 1968) was a Korean poet, critic, and activist. Biography --------- Cho Chi-hun was born on December 3, 1920, in Yeongyang, Keishōhoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan. His birthname was Cho Dong-tak. He graduated from Hyehwa College in 1941 with a degree in Liberal Arts. He taught at Odaesan Buddhist College and in 1946, after Korean Liberation, founded the Association of Young Writers (Cheongnyeon munhakga hyeophoe). Cho also served as president of the Society of Korean Poets (Hanguk Siin hyeophoe) and from 1947 served as a professor at Korea University. Cho Chi-hun was also the first head of the Korea University National Culture Research Institute. He died on May 17, 1968. Cho Chi-hun's birthplace is preserved in Irwol-myeon in Yeongyang. A memorial to him stands on Namsan in Seoul. Work ---- Of Cho Chi-hun's writing, the Korea Literature Translation Institute writes: > :Fine classical beauty of Korea expressed in this work evokes within the reader a feeling of peace and tranquility. "The Grief of Phoenix" (Bonghwangsu), while keenly describing several secrets of the architectural beauty of the palace, contrasts those who held sovereign power in the Joseon era with the intellectuals of the colonial period, exposing the pain and tragic feelings of governed classes. These first poems of Cho Jihun, capturing the lyrical expression of Korea's traditional and national consciousness, are contained in 'The Blue Deer Anthology' (Cheongrokjip), a joint collection shared with two others, Pak Tu-jin and Pak Mog-wol. > > > :Directly after Liberation, contemporary Cho Jihun emphasized that only those who guarded a purely poetic aesthetic could be considered poets, and asserted that the protection of individual freedom and the quest for the liberation of human nature was the essence of poetry. This literary purity and nationalistic fervor are proclaimed in the poet’s patriotic voice in his anthology, 'Standing Before History' (Yeoksa apeseo). The work criticizes, with a lucid historical consciousness, the political corruption and social irrationality engendered by the national division and internal strife of the day. In particular, "Dabuwoneseo" is one of the finest examples of war poetry that keenly depicts the tragic state of internal strife based on a personal experience. > > The Nun's Dance --------------- Cho Chi-hun's early love of Korean tradition is expressed in his poem "The Nun's Dance" (승무(僧舞). The beginning of the dance, the nun bows at her shrine > > 얇은 사(紗) 하이얀 고깔은 고이 접어서 나빌레라. > > > Folded delicately to shape > The fine gauze white cowl > Wavers gently. > 파르라니 깎은 머리 박사(薄紗) 고깔에 감추오고, > > > The bluish head shaved close > Is veiled under the tenuous cowl. > 두 볼에 흐르는 빛이 정작으로 고와서 서러워라. > > > The glow in the cheeks > Graces her in her sorrow. > 빈 대(臺)에 황촉(黃燭)불이 말없이 녹는 밤에 오동(梧桐)잎 잎새마다 달이 지는데, > > > The wax candle quietly burns in an empty hall, > And the moon sinks into every paulownia leaf. > 소매는 길어서 하늘은 넓고, > > > 돌아설 듯 날아가며 사뿐히 접어 올린 외씨보선이여. > > > Her long sleeves against the vast heaven > Billow up as if on the wing. > O how shapely her white socks match her movement! > 까만 눈동자 살포시 들어 먼 하늘 한 개 별빛에 모두오고, > > > She raises her dark eyes to gaze > On a star in the far off sky. > 복사꽃 고운 뺨에 아롱질 듯 두 방울이야 세사(世事)에 시달려도 번뇌(煩惱)는 별빛이라. > > > Her cheeks fair as peach blossoms > Are stained with a tear-drop or two. > In the face of worldly cares > Her suffering shines like a star. > 휘어져 감기우고 다시 접어 뻗는 손이 깊은 마음 속 거룩한 합장(合掌)인 양하고, > > > Her arms swaying and turning, > Folding and unfolding, tell > Of her devout prayer at heart. > 이 밤사 귀또리도 지새우는 삼경(三更)인데, 얇은 사(紗) 하이얀 고깔은 고이 접어서 나빌레라. > > > When the very crickets cry through the midnight > The fine gauze white cowl wavers > Gently, delicately folded into shape. The origin of the dance antedates the introduction of Buddhism into Korea and expresses the traditional Korean philosophy of the harmony of heaven and earth. Popularly, however, it is taken to represent the inner conflict of an apostate nun, or the sorrow of a beautiful woman's renunciation of her erotic past, which the poet references. The dancer Han Yong-Suk used to claim that it was her performance which inspired the poet, after he had watched it many times. Works in Translation -------------------- * *Brother Enemy* (한국전쟁 시선집) Works in Korean (partial) ------------------------- **Criticism** * A Theory on History of Korean Culture **Anthologies** * The Blue Deer * Short Lines over Grasses:풀잎 단장(斷章) * Selected Poems of Cho Chi-hun * Stand Before History * Lingering Resonance * Stylish Antique Costumes:고풍의상(古風依裳) **Essays** * Leaning against the Window * Poetry and Life * Theory of Integrity * Aesthetics of Rocks. Awards ------ * Literature Prize of the Free Writers' Association, 1956
Musical artist **Justin Pearson** (born August 20, 1975) is an American musician and record label owner, known for being the vocalist and bassist in a number of San Diego-based noise rock, punk and grindcore bands, as well as running his record label Three One G Records. Starting off in the punk outfit Struggle in 1994, ensuing projects such as Swing Kids, The Locust, Dead Cross and Retox. He has collaborated with Kool Keith, Gabe Serbian, Karen O, Nick Zinner, Adam Gnade, Invisibl Skratch Piklz, Asia Argento, The Bloody Beetroots, Silent, among many others. Pearson has been cited as an influence for his work in Swing Kids and The Locust on the genres of noise rock and powerviolence. Early life ---------- Justin Pearson was born on August 20, 1975, and initially raised in Phoenix, Arizona by his parents. He was an only child and went by the nickname J.P. Pearson has stated he liked music and the aesthetics of rock music since he was little. Around ten his mother's cousin let him borrow a guitar, and he eventually moved onto bass. He also began skateboarding and listening to the *Thrasher* skate/rock compilation tapes with bands like Septic Death, the Sex Pistols, The Misfits, and Suicidal Tendencies. He has stated he was especially drawn towards the music that touched on social politics. Pearson also got into break dancing and early rap like Run DMC and the Beastie Boys, as well as developing an interest in metal. In Phoenix he lived a couple blocks away from some of the members of Slayer. When Pearson was twelve years old his father was murdered. Later that year in 1987, Pearson and his mother moved to San Diego, California, specifically Clairemont. His mother's new boyfriend moved with them, and Pearson has stated that the man was physically and emotionally abusive towards both of them. At his new middle school he also faced death threats and attacks from skinhead students. Pearson continued to play guitar, taking a few lessons before teaching himself how to play the instrument with friends. At age 13 he met future collaborator Eric Allen. He met and befriended Matt Anderson of End of the Line at the age of 14. Pearson was soon exposed to the distinctive San Diego hardcore punk scene and began attending all the all-ages shows he could, discovering influential local bands such as Amenity, Heroin, Forced Down, Drive Like Jehu, and Crash Worship. Pearson also attended metal shows at house parties, eventually discovering Che Café, an all-ages venue on the campus of UC San Diego. The Che frequently hosted underground metal and punk bands. At the venue he saw shows by Blast, Chain of Strength, Carcass, Chumbawamba, Crossed Out, Inside Out, Filth, and Sleep. Pearson befriended a number of the musicians, stating "I'd go [to the Che] and talk to all the bands. They were really down-to-earth people, but they had this art that was just mind-blowing. When they played they would turn into ax murderers on instruments." At the age of 16, his home situation escalated to Pearson having to fight back against his mother's boyfriend, and he was kicked out of the house. He stayed in school and graduated, living off social security checks from his father's death. When not in school he also continued to tour with Struggle, and while touring they met bands such as Filth and Rorschach, and Blatz. Music career ------------ ### Early musical projects Struggle was formed when Pearson was only 15. Pearson played bass alongside vocalist Dylan Scharf, drummer Jose Palafox and guitarists Eric Allen, Tobias Nathaniel and Cliff Cunningham. Struggle was a San Diego punk band, during their three-year span, the band released a self-titled 7", 12" and a split with hardcore punk band Undertow. Despite being only high school-aged, the band had opportunities to share musical space with other significant bands with similar ideological perspectives such as Born Against, Downcast, Bikini Kill, and Econochrist. The band went on its first tour that year in 1991, and Pearson has since described how he saw his bandmates as his adopted family. When not in school Pearson continued to tour with Struggle, and while touring they met bands such as Filth and Rorschach, and Blatz. Struggle released recordings on Undertow Records, Ebullition Records, and Bloodlink Records, and disbanded in 1994. ### Swing Kids Main article: Swing Kids (band) After the dissolution of Struggle in 1994, Pearson founded the band Swing Kids, an early San Diego hardcore punk band. He formed the band along with Eric Allen, Jimmy LaValle, Jose Palafox, and John Brady. Pearson served as vocalist and sole lyricist, and has described the themes as largely influenced by social political issues. Their music was characterized by Pearson's spoken/screamed vocals and their melodic/chaotic rhythms and song structures. The group disbanded in 1997. Swing Kids are also credited with the unintentional creation of the fad "Spock Rock" during the mid-1990s; largely due to many of their fans emulating Pearson's fashion sense and hair style. Pearson has expressed dislike of the term. ### The Locust Main article: The LocustThe Locust was formed in 1994 by Bobby Bray, Justin Pearson, Dylan Scharf, Dave Warshaw, and Dave Astor. After a number of personnel changes, they arrived at the current four-piece lineup in 2001, consisting of Bray, Pearson, Joey Karam and Gabe Serbian. The Locust was initially a powerviolence project whose first release was a split with genre pioneers Man Is the Bastard. Later releases incorporated synthesizers and became increasingly theatrical. The band regularly played shows in all-ages punk clubs in Los Angeles and San Diego, usually donning insect costumes. ### Some Girls Main article: Some GirlsSome Girls began in early 2002 when singer Wesley Eisold and guitarist Rob Moran spoke of putting together a hardcore band that would "fuck people up." The very next day, drummer Sal Gallegos was called in to assist Eisold and Moran and, within a few hours, the first Some Girls songs were created. After being impressed by the band's demos Deathwish Inc offered to put out the band's first 7-inch, *The Rains* after some remixing and remastering. After the release the band wanted to play live shows, however the band did not yet have a bass player. The band's original idea was to get a different bass player for each show, however the band got in touch with bassist Justin Pearson and after a two shows the band asked Pearson to join. In the months that followed, Some Girls added a second guitar player Christopher Sprague and recorded another EP, *The Blues*. The band's EPs would later be collected on the band's 2003 compilation album *All My Friends Are Going Death.* ### Retox Main article: RetoxRetox formed in 2011, originally out of founding members Justin Pearson's and Gabe Serbian's disappointment that their previous band Head Wound City was too short-lived and wanted to rehash that sound, though this sound evolved over time and with the addition of Thor Dickey and Michael Crain. The band released a self-titled EP and their debut album *Ugly Animals* that year through Ipecac Recordings, a California-based record label co-founded by Mike Patton and Greg Werckman. *Ugly Animals* was self-funded by the band members and recorded on analog tape to capture the aesthetic of the band that couldn't be captured digitally, a decision made by engineer Manny Nieto. ### Other bands and side-projects Founded in 1998, The Crimson Curse was Pearson's first group to include keyboards and elements of deathrock. According to Pearson the band was an attempt to return a sense of lunacy and excitement to the hardcore punk scene, which had begun to appear dry and pedantic to Pearson. Pearson says he modeled the group on the Dead Boys. The band also included Jimmy LaValle and Jesse F Keeler of Death from Above 1979/MSTRKRFT. Pearson has stated "we got all these fucked up kids together. Made some punk music. That was it. But as a band we didn't get very far." A review of the band's first demo stated "The recording was horrible, but was enough for me to realize that they sounded godlike." In 2001, Pearson alongside vocalist Mark McCoy (under the stage name Mark McMolar), guitarist Gabe Serbian of The Locust, drummer Maxamillion Avila and keyboardist Bobby Bray formed Holy Molar. The band dressed in white lab coats, medical masks, and sometimes appeared spattered with blood. In 2005, Pearson joined the supergroup Head Wound City alongside, Jordan Blilie and Cody Votolato both of The Blood Brothers, Nick Zinner of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, and Gabe Serbian. Pearson was part of the short lived band Ground Unicorn Horn. In the band released 2006 single "Damn I Wish I Was Fat". From 2008 he has also been a member of Leg Lifters, which consisted of Pearson and Nathan Joyner. Leg Lifters is considered a production team. They produced a radio show with Vestal Radio, web video episodes, and remixes. They also released original musical material, including a collaboration with Travis Ryan of Cattle Decapitation. All Leather was founded in 2008. It consists of Pearson on vocals, Nathan Joyner on guitar, Jung Sing on drums, and Eric Livingston on synthesizers. They released their debut EP *Hung Like A Horse* on Dim Mak Records. In August 2009 they released a remix album entitled *Hung Like a Donut*, also on Dim Mak, which featured a remix by Bloody Beetroots. On September 12, 2010, All Leather won the San Diego Music Awards "Best Hard Rock Album" category for their album *When I Grow Up, I Wanna Fuck Like a Girl*. On September 20, 2014, Head Wound City reunited and played their first show in nearly eight years at BedRocktoberfest in Bedrock in Los Angeles, it is also their second show ever as a band. The band reportedly performed two new songs, which were dubbed "nu 1" and "nu 2" on the band's setlist. In January 2015, the band announced that their self-titled 2005 EP will be remastered and reissued on March 10 via Three One G. The EP's press release notes state that the "members are optimistic about creating new material in the future". In February 2016, Head Wound City announced they were releasing a new album titled, *A New Wave of Violence*. Also in February 2016 the band released the single "Scraper". In March 2016 the band released the single "Born To Burn". The album was released on May 13, 2016, through Vice Records. The album was produced by Ross Robinson and was written over the course of a week in January 2015. The album is named after a 1982 Raymond Pettibon magazine. In 2014, the band Planet B was formed by Pearson and Luke Henshaw who were later joined by Gabe Serbian. Planet B made contributions to the *Incompresa* soundtrack, their live debut at the San Diego Public Library in conjunction with a screening of the film. Since, they have also collaborated with Kool Keith, Adam Gnade, and Invisibl Skratch Piklz. Pearson and Dave Lombardo had both individually previously worked with producer Ross Robinson, who asked Pearson to play on Poppy Jean Crawford's demo as a session bassist. Pearson later found out that Lombardo was also playing on the demo; Crain also took part in these sessions. Lombardo noted that he had to fill some tour dates and was lacking a band, so Lombardo, Pearson and Crain formed a live band in about 12 days; this project became Dead Cross. Dead Cross was officially formed on November 30, 2015, by Crain, Pearson, Lombardo and vocalist Gabe Serbian. The band made their live debut that December. Gabe Serbian left the band and later the year Mike Patton joined the band. In 2021, Pearson teamed up with Lombardo and Henshaw once more, and created Satanic Planet which also features Lucien Greaves of The Satanic Temple. They released the self-titled album on Three One G which featured guests such as Travis Ryan (Cattle Decapitation), Jung Sing (Silent), Shiva Honey, and Steve-O amongst others. Three One G ----------- Main article: Three One G In 1994, Pearson founded the independent label Three One G, or 31G Records. The first record released on the new label was the 1994 single "And / Fall On Proverb" by San Diego metalcore band Unbroken. The second release was a reissue of the recent debut ep from Swing Kids. He funded the label with the financial aid he was receiving from the community college he was attending, and has stated he was partly inspired to start 31G by Vinyl Communications and Gravity Records. The label is currently run by Pearson and Sal Gallegos. Author ------ Pearson has written three books. The first is entitled *From the Graveyard of the Arousal Industry*, and chronicles his life from childhood leading up to its release in 2010. The second is *How to Lose Friends and Irritate People* (2011), which describes his experiences in the world of EDM. His third book is a collection of his lyrics (and some writings) published in 2018 called *The Race To Zero* and is published by Three One G and Pioneers Press. Actor ----- While widely known for his performance on an episode of *The Jerry Springer Show* in the late 1990s, Justin has more recently taken part in numerous other acting roles. In 2014, he played the character Ricky in Asia Argento's film, *Incompresa*. He has also done cartoon voice work on an episode of Cartoon Network's *Uncle Grandpa*, entitled *Odd-yssey*.[] In 2017, he played himself in Joe Cardamone's *The Icarus Line Must Die.* Additionally, he has been interviewed in documentaries *Records Collecting Dust* and *Parallel Planes.* The documentary filmmaker Jon Nix is producing a feature length documentary on Pearson entitled "Don't Fall In Love With Yourself". Personal life ------------- Justin Pearson is a vegan and has participated in campaigns for PETA on behalf of animal rights. He only uses secondhand leather and for the most part eats non-genetically modified, organic food. Pearson became a vegetarian in his early teens for ethical reasons, inspired by aspects of the punk community, especially the group Downcast and reading *No Answers* fanzine. Justin has been in a relationship with photographer Becky DiGiglio since 2015. He had a female Cocker Spaniel named Gee Gee that appeared in some of his videos. Pearson dedicated himself to her "well-being and longevity" and made local campaigns for some of her health problems. She died in early 2016. Today, he has a male Cocker Spaniel named Captain. Podcasts -------- Since 2015 Pearson has been presenting the podcast series *Cult and Culture* alongside Luke Henshaw. Over the years, guests have included John Waters, Michael Malarkey, members of Napalm Death, Lucien Greaves, and many others. The episodes are available to stream via all major streaming platforms and are often premiered via BrooklynVegan. Discography ----------- Main article: Justin Pearson discography**Struggle** * *One Settler, One Bullet: An Anthology* (1994) (compilation album) **Swing Kids** * *Discography* (1996) (compilation album) * *Anthology* (2020) (compilation album) **The Locust** * *The Locust* (1998) * *Plague Soundscapes* (2003) * *Safety Second, Body Last* (2005) * *New Erections* (2007) **The Crimson Curse** * *Greatest Hits* (2001) (compilation album) **Holy Molar** * *The Whole Tooth and Nothing but the Tooth* (2003) (compilation album) **Some Girls** * *All My Friends Are Going Death* (2003) (compilation album) * *Heaven's Pregnant Teens* (2006) **Head Wound City** * *A New Wave of Violence* (2016) **All Leather** * *When I Grow Up, I Wanna Fuck Like a Girl* (2010) **Retox** * *Ugly Animals* (2011) * *YPLL* (2013) * *Beneath California* (2015) **Dead Cross** * *Dead Cross* (2017) * *II* (2022) **Planet B** * *Wrong Utopia* (2015) * *Planet B* (2018) **Satanic Planet** * *Satanic Planet* (2021) **Deaf Club** * *Contemporary Sickness* (2019) * *Productive Disruption* (2021) * *Bad Songs Forever* (2022) Further reading --------------- * "Justin Pearson interview". *Skatepunk*. (March 2000) * "An Interview With Justin Pearson". *San Diego Punk*.(October 2005) * "The Locust: Interview with Justin Pearson". *Truth Explosion*. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. (February 2007) * "Interview with Justin Pearson". *A Coat of Red Paint in Hell*. (August 2007) * "Interview with Justin Pearson of The Locust". *Last Blog on Earth*. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2011. (January 2009)
**Fulda University of Applied Sciences** (officially named *Hochschule Fulda – University of Applied Sciences*) is located in the city of Fulda, within the Fulda district of Hesse, southwest Germany. Formerly known as Fachhochschule Fulda, it was founded as the fifth state University of Applied Sciences in Hesse in 1974. Today, Fulda University of Applied Sciences is the first German University of Applied Sciences to have been conferred the right to award PhD degrees. History ------- Library & dining hall on the campus. Established in 1971, the college was part of the University of Applied Sciences Gießen, until the location became an independent institution in 1974. In 2006, the university was renamed *Hochschule Fulda - University of Applied Sciences* due to the restructuring of German and European higher education under the Bologna process. Students at the university can now obtain state-accredited Bachelor, Master, and, as of 2016, also Doctoral degrees. Faculties and study paths ------------------------- * Applied Computer Science * Business Administration * Electrical Engineering & Information Technology * Food Technology * Nursing & Health Sciences * Nutritional Science * Social & Cultural Science * Social Work * Social Sciences (PhD) * Public Health (PhD)
Philosophy Book Written by John Gray ***Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals*** is a 2002 book by the philosopher John Gray. In the book, Gray attacks humanism and traces its origins back to Christianity. The book is divided into six chapters, which in turn are subdivided into short essays on different topics. Summary ------- Gray attacks humanism as a worldview in conflict with the view of humanity as part of the evolution of life on the planet. He sees humanism as a secular version of the Christian view of humans as differentiated from the natural world. Gray blames humanism, and its central view of humanity, for much of the destruction of the natural world, and sees technology as just a tool by which humans will continue destroying the planet and each other. He advocates James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis, whereby the natural world self-regulates to maintain the conditions of life in the planet, without any special place for humanity in it. Reception --------- ### Praise *Straw Dogs* has received particular praise from English author J. G. Ballard, who wrote that the book "challenges most of our assumptions about what it means to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions" and described it "a powerful and brilliant book", "an essential guide to the new millennium" and "the most exhilarating book I have read since Richard Dawkins's *The Selfish Gene*." Another English author, Will Self called the book "a contemporary work of philosophy devoid of jargon, wholly accessible, and profoundly relevant to the rapidly evolving world we live in" and wrote "I read it once, I read it twice and took notes. I arranged to meet its author so I could publicize the book – I thought it that good." In 2002 *Straw Dogs* was named a book of the year by J. G. Ballard in *The Daily Telegraph*; by George Walden in *The Sunday Telegraph*; by Will Self, Joan Bakewell, Jason Cowley and David Marquand in the *New Statesman*; by Andrew Marr in *The Observer*; by Jim Crace in *The Times*; by Hugh Lawson Tancred in *The Spectator*; by Richard Holloway in the *Glasgow Herald*; and by Sue Cook in *The Sunday Express*.[] ### Criticism The book has also been criticised by Terry Eagleton, who has written: "mixing nihilism and New Ageism in equal measure, Gray scoffs at the notion of progress for 150 pages before conceding that there is something to be said for anaesthetics. The enemy in his sights is not so much a straw dog as a straw man: the kind of starry-eyed rationalist who passed away with John Stuart Mill, but who he has to pretend still rules the world". The academic and author Danny Postel of the University of Denver also took issue with *Straw Dogs*. Postel stated that Gray's claim that environmental destruction was the result of humanity's flawed nature would be "welcome news to the captains of industry and the architects of the global economy; the ecological devastation they leave in their wake, according to Gray, has nothing to do with their exploits." Postel also claimed that too much of *Straw Dogs* rested on "blanket assertion", and criticised Gray's use of the term "plague of people" as an outdated "neo-Malthusian persiflage about overpopulation". Postel strongly condemned Gray for outlining "complete political passivity. There is no point whatsoever in our attempting to make the world a less cruel or more livable place."
Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences **Molecular phylogenetics** (/məˈlɛkjʊlər ˌfaɪloʊdʒəˈnɛtɪks, mɒ-, moʊ-/) is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of **molecular systematics**, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History ------- Further information: History of molecular evolution The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of Emile Zuckerkandl, Emanuel Margoliash, Linus Pauling, and Walter M. Fitch. Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by Charles G. Sibley (birds), Herbert C. Dessauer (herpetology), and Morris Goodman (primates), followed by Allan C. Wilson, Robert K. Selander, and John C. Avise (who studied various groups). Work with protein electrophoresis began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of birds, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, DNA-DNA hybridization was the dominant technique used to measure genetic difference. Theoretical background ---------------------- Early attempts at molecular systematics were also termed chemotaxonomy and made use of proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other molecules that were separated and characterized using techniques such as chromatography. These have been replaced in recent times largely by DNA sequencing, which produces the exact sequences of nucleotides or *bases* in either DNA or RNA segments extracted using different techniques. In general, these are considered superior for evolutionary studies, since the actions of evolution are ultimately reflected in the genetic sequences. At present, it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome). However, it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the sequencing of around 1000 base pairs. At any location within such a sequence, the bases found in a given position may vary between organisms. The particular sequence found in a given organism is referred to as its haplotype. In principle, since there are four base types, with 1000 base pairs, we could have 41000 distinct haplotypes. However, for organisms within a particular species or in a group of related species, it has been found empirically that only a minority of sites show any variation at all, and most of the variations that are found are correlated, so that the number of distinct haplotypes that are found is relatively small. In a phylogenetic tree, numerous groupings (clades) exist. A clade may be defined as a group of organisms having a common ancestor throughout evolution. This figure illustrates how a clade in a phylogenetic tree may be expressed. In a molecular systematic analysis, the haplotypes are determined for a defined area of genetic material; a substantial sample of individuals of the target species or other taxon is used; however, many current studies are based on single individuals. Haplotypes of individuals of closely related, yet different, taxa are also determined. Finally, haplotypes from a smaller number of individuals from a definitely different taxon are determined: these are referred to as an outgroup. The base sequences for the haplotypes are then compared. In the simplest case, the difference between two haplotypes is assessed by counting the number of locations where they have different bases: this is referred to as the number of *substitutions* (other kinds of differences between haplotypes can also occur, for example, the *insertion* of a section of nucleic acid in one haplotype that is not present in another). The difference between organisms is usually re-expressed as a *percentage divergence*, by dividing the number of substitutions by the number of base pairs analysed: the hope is that this measure will be independent of the location and length of the section of DNA that is sequenced. An older and superseded approach was to determine the divergences between the genotypes of individuals by DNA-DNA hybridization. The advantage claimed for using hybridization rather than gene sequencing was that it was based on the entire genotype, rather than on particular sections of DNA. Modern sequence comparison techniques overcome this objection by the use of multiple sequences. Once the divergences between all pairs of samples have been determined, the resulting triangular matrix of differences is submitted to some form of statistical cluster analysis, and the resulting dendrogram is examined in order to see whether the samples cluster in the way that would be expected from current ideas about the taxonomy of the group. Any group of haplotypes that are all more similar to one another than any of them is to any other haplotype may be said to constitute a clade, which may be visually represented as the figure displayed on the right demonstrates. Statistical techniques such as bootstrapping and jackknifing help in providing reliability estimates for the positions of haplotypes within the evolutionary trees. Techniques and applications --------------------------- Every living organism contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins. In general, closely related organisms have a high degree of similarity in the molecular structure of these substances, while the molecules of organisms distantly related often show a pattern of dissimilarity. Conserved sequences, such as mitochondrial DNA, are expected to accumulate mutations over time, and assuming a constant rate of mutation, provide a molecular clock for dating divergence. Molecular phylogeny uses such data to build a "relationship tree" that shows the probable evolution of various organisms. With the invention of Sanger sequencing in 1977, it became possible to isolate and identify these molecular structures. High-throughput sequencing may also be used to obtain the transcriptome of an organism, allowing inference of phylogenetic relationships using transcriptomic data. The most common approach is the comparison of homologous sequences for genes using sequence alignment techniques to identify similarity. Another application of molecular phylogeny is in DNA barcoding, wherein the species of an individual organism is identified using small sections of mitochondrial DNA or chloroplast DNA. Another application of the techniques that make this possible can be seen in the very limited field of human genetics, such as the ever-more-popular use of genetic testing to determine a child's paternity, as well as the emergence of a new branch of criminal forensics focused on evidence known as genetic fingerprinting. Molecular phylogenetic analysis ------------------------------- There are several methods available for performing a molecular phylogenetic analysis. One method, including a comprehensive step-by-step protocol on constructing a phylogenetic tree, including DNA/Amino Acid contiguous sequence assembly, multiple sequence alignment, model-test (testing best-fitting substitution models), and phylogeny reconstruction using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, is available at Nature Protocol. Another molecular phylogenetic analysis technique has been described by Pevsner and shall be summarized in the sentences to follow (Pevsner, 2015). A phylogenetic analysis typically consists of five major steps. The first stage comprises sequence acquisition. The following step consists of performing a multiple sequence alignment, which is the fundamental basis of constructing a phylogenetic tree. The third stage includes different models of DNA and amino acid substitution. Several models of substitution exist. A few examples include Hamming distance, the Jukes and Cantor one-parameter model, and the Kimura two-parameter model (see Models of DNA evolution). The fourth stage consists of various methods of tree building, including distance-based and character-based methods. The normalized Hamming distance and the Jukes-Cantor correction formulas provide the degree of divergence and the probability that a nucleotide changes to another, respectively. Common tree-building methods include unweighted pair group method using arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Neighbor joining, which are distance-based methods, Maximum parsimony, which is a character-based method, and Maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian inference, which are character-based/model-based methods. UPGMA is a simple method; however, it is less accurate than the neighbor-joining approach. Finally, the last step comprises evaluating the trees. This assessment of accuracy is composed of consistency, efficiency, and robustness. Five Stages of Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis MEGA (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis) is an analysis software that is user-friendly and free to download and use. This software is capable of analyzing both distance-based and character-based tree methodologies. MEGA also contains several options one may choose to utilize, such as heuristic approaches and bootstrapping. Bootstrapping is an approach that is commonly used to measure the robustness of topology in a phylogenetic tree, which demonstrates the percentage each clade is supported after numerous replicates. In general, a value greater than 70% is considered significant. The flow chart displayed on the right visually demonstrates the order of the five stages of Pevsner's molecular phylogenetic analysis technique that have been described. Limitations ----------- Molecular systematics is an essentially cladistic approach: it assumes that classification must correspond to phylogenetic descent, and that all valid taxa must be monophyletic. This is a limitation when attempting to determine the optimal tree(s), which often involves bisecting and reconnecting portions of the phylogenetic tree(s). The recent discovery of extensive horizontal gene transfer among organisms provides a significant complication to molecular systematics, indicating that different genes within the same organism can have different phylogenies. HGTs can be detected and excluded using a number of phylogenetic methods (see Inferring horizontal gene transfer § Explicit phylogenetic methods). Indeed, ignored genetic recombination can bias phylogenetic tree and ancestral sequence reconstructions. In addition, molecular phylogenies are sensitive to the assumptions and models that go into making them. Firstly, sequences must be aligned; then, issues such as long-branch attraction, saturation, and taxon sampling problems must be addressed. This means that strikingly different results can be obtained by applying different models to the same dataset. The tree-building method also brings with it specific assumptions about tree topology, evolution speeds, and sampling. The simplistic UPGMA assumes a rooted tree and a uniform molecular clock, both of which can be incorrect. Substitution models with poor fitting with the study data can also affect phylogenetic tree reconstruction, ancestral sequence reconstruction and parameters estimation. Thus, one should apply as realistic as possible substitution models. For example, at the protein level, models that consider constraints from the protein structure. Notes and references -------------------- 1. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), *English Pronouncing Dictionary*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 2. ↑ "Phylogenetic". *Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary*. 3. ↑ Felsenstein, J. 2004. *Inferring phylogenies*. Sinauer Associates Incorporated. ISBN 0-87893-177-5. 4. ↑ Soltis, P.S. Soltis, D.E. and Doyle, J.J. (1992) *Molecular systematics of plants*. Chapman & Hall, New York. ISBN 0-41202-231-1. 5. ↑ Soltis, P.S. Soltis, D.E. and Doyle, J.J. (1998) *Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing*. Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, Dordrecht, London. ISBN 0-41211-131-4. 6. ↑ Hillis, D. M. & Moritz, C. 1996. *Molecular systematics*. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates Incorporated. ISBN 0-87893-282-8. 7. ↑ Suárez-Díaz, Edna & Anaya-Muñoz, Victor H. (2008). "History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies". *Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci*. **39** (4): 451–468. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.002. PMID 19026976. 8. ↑ Ahlquist, Jon E. (1999). "Charles G. Sibley: A commentary on 30 years of collaboration". *The Auk*. **116** (3): 856–860. doi:10.2307/4089352. JSTOR 4089352. 9. ↑ Page, Roderic D. M.; Holmes, Edward C. (1998). *Molecular evolution : a phylogenetic approach*. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 9780865428898. OCLC 47011609. 10. ↑ Sanger F, Coulson AR (May 1975). "A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase". *J. Mol. Biol*. **94** (3): 441–8. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2. PMID 1100841. 11. ↑ Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (December 1977). "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **74** (12): 5463–7. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5463S. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. PMC 431765. PMID 271968. 12. ↑ Bast, F. (2013). "Sequence Similarity Search, Multiple Sequence Alignment, Model Selection, Distance Matrix and Phylogeny Reconstruction". *Protoc. Exch*. doi:10.1038/protex.2013.065. 13. 1 2 3 Pevsner, J. (2015). "Chapter 7: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution". *Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics* (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 245–295. ISBN 978-1-118-58178-0. 14. ↑ Schierup, Mikkel H; Hein, Jotun (1 October 2000). "Consequences of Recombination on Traditional Phylogenetic Analysis". *Genetics*. **156** (2): 879–891. doi:10.1093/genetics/156.2.879. PMC 1461297. PMID 11014833. 15. ↑ Arenas, Miguel; Posada, David (1 April 2010). "The Effect of Recombination on the Reconstruction of Ancestral Sequences". *Genetics*. **184** (4): 1133–1139. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.113423. PMID 20124027. 16. ↑ Cabra-García, Jimmy; Hormiga, Gustavo (2020). "Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: A case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae)". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **188** (4): 976–1151. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz088. 17. ↑ Philippe, H.; Brinkmann, H.; Lavrov, D. V.; Littlewood, D. T. J.; Manuel, M.; Wörheide, G.; Baurain, D. (2011). Penny, David (ed.). "Resolving Difficult Phylogenetic Questions: Why More Sequences Are Not Enough". *PLOS Biology*. **9** (3): e1000602. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000602. PMC 3057953. PMID 21423652. 18. ↑ Del Amparo, Roberto; Arenas, Miguel (May 2023). "Influence of substitution model selection on protein phylogenetic tree reconstruction". *Gene*. **865**: 147336. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147336. PMID 36871672. 19. ↑ Del Amparo, Roberto; Arenas, Miguel (2 July 2022). "Consequences of Substitution Model Selection on Protein Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **39** (7). doi:10.1093/molbev/msac144. PMC 9254009. PMID 35789388. 20. ↑ Arenas, Miguel; Posada, David (2014). "Simulation of Genome-Wide Evolution under Heterogeneous Substitution Models and Complex Multispecies Coalescent Histories". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **31** (5): 1295–1301. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu078. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 3995339. PMID 24557445. 21. ↑ Arenas, Miguel; Dos Santos, Helena G.; Posada, David; Bastolla, Ugo (1 December 2013). "Protein evolution along phylogenetic histories under structurally constrained substitution models". *Bioinformatics*. **29** (23): 3020–3028. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt530. PMID 24037213. 22. ↑ Bordner, Andrew J.; Mittelmann, Hans D. (March 2014). "A New Formulation of Protein Evolutionary Models that Account for Structural Constraints". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **31** (3): 736–749. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst240. 23. ↑ Arenas, Miguel; Sánchez-Cobos, Agustin; Bastolla, Ugo (August 2015). "Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenetic Inference with Selection on Protein Folding Stability". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **32** (8): 2195–2207. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv085. PMC 4833071. PMID 25837579. 24. ↑ Arenas, Miguel; Weber, Claudia C.; Liberles, David A.; Bastolla, Ugo (5 January 2017). "ProtASR: An Evolutionary Framework for Ancestral Protein Reconstruction with Selection on Folding Stability". *Systematic Biology*. **66** (6): 1054–1064. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw121. PMID 28057858. Further reading --------------- * San Mauro, D.; Agorreta, A. (2010). "Molecular systematics: a synthesis of the common methods and the state of knowledge". *Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters*. **15** (2): 311–341. doi:10.2478/s11658-010-0010-8. PMC 6275913. PMID 20213503. * Blaxter, M. L. (2004). "The promise of a DNA taxonomy". *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences*. **359** (1444): 669–679. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1447. PMC 1693355. PMID 15253352.
The **Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation** **(PAAF)** was the governing body of sports in the Philippines and the predecessor of the Philippine Olympic Committee. History ------- The Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation was organized in a permanent basis in 1911 as a result of the gaining of foothold of athletics in the Philippine Islands which was caused by American influence since 1899. The early proponents of the PAAF meant not only to promote athletics in the whole archipelago but in the whole Far East. The PAAF formed a committee in 1912, composed of Frank L. Crone, Elwood Stanley Brown and William Tutherly, for this purpose. The PAAF was instrumental to the organization of the Far Eastern Athletic Association (FEAA) and launched the inaugural edition of the Far Eastern Championship Games in 1913. Succeeding editions of the Games would be hosted by the Philippines, China and Japan until 1934. The first Filipino Olympian was David Nepomuceno who participated in Athletics in the 100m and 200m sprints events at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. However it was only in 1929 when the International Olympic Committee recognized the PAAF as the Philippines' National Olympic Committee. The recognition was a year after swimmer Teofilo Yldefonso won the Philippines' first Olympic medal—a bronze in the 200 meters breaststroke event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. With the approval of the Republic Act No. 3135 which revised the Charter of the PAAF on June 17, 1961, the PAAF became a public corporation. In 1975 the PAAF was renamed to Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) after the establishment of the Department of Youth and Sports Development which effectively abolished the former. Leadership ---------- William Cameron Forbes, the first president of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation. The founding president of the PAAF was Governor-General William Cameron Forbes. The first elected Filipino president of the sports body was then Senator Manuel L. Quezon who succeeded Forbes and served from 1916 to 1935. The last president of the PAAF was Ambrosio Padilla who served as PAAF president until 1975 when PAAF was renamed as the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC). Padilla served as the first president of the POC from 1975 until 1976. | List of presidents | | --- | | | President | Term | | From | To | | 1 | William Cameron Forbes | 1911 | 1916 | | 2 | Manuel L. Quezon | 1916 | 1935 | | 3 | Jorge B. Vargas | 1936 | 1955 | | 4 | Antonio de las Alas | 1956 | 1968 | | 5 | Felipe Monserrat | 1969 | 1970 | | 6 | Ambrosio Padilla | 1970 | 1975 | |
Venezuelan boxer **Enrique Chaffardet** (December 5, 1907 – April 24, 1980) was a Venezuelan professional boxer during the Roaring Twenties who became the Venezuelan featherweight champion on August 17, 1930, after beating Sixto Escobar. Also known as '*Henry Chaff*' and '*El Indio de Irapa*' he was the first Venezuelan boxer to ever achieve international success and was eventually inducted into a Boxing Hall of Fame [*which?*] with an official record of 58–20–7. Born in Güiria, Venezuela, he is one of the nation's most legendary athletes. He is also the great-grandfather of Venezuelan footballer Andres De Abreu. Later on Enrique Chaffardets family fled Venezuela for political reasons and they settled in New York City. In New York he was known as "Henry Chaff." Chaffardet (sometimes spelled "Chafferdet" by the papers) fought as an amateur in New York City around 1924–1925. In 1924 he worked as a sparring partner for Pancho Villa in New York. As an amateur boxer for the Ascension Parish House, he scored three kayo victories in one night. He turned pro around 1925, and was trained by former champion Mike McTigue and Clonie Tait. He was the most sought-after boxer in Brooklyn in 1926. His professional debut was on October 7, 1926, against Ernie Lind in New Jersey. Chaffardet moved to Puerto Rico, and reportedly appeared on the first legal boxing card there. He then returned to Venezuela and continued training boxers, including future rival Simon Chavez. Venezuelan sources report Chaffardet had over 100 wins as a pro, with about 18 losses. He ended his career in 1944. Chaffardet died on April 24, 1980, in Caracas, Venezuela.
The **Glen Springs Sanitarium** (also known as **The Glen Springs**) was a hotel and sanatorium located high above Seneca Lake on the western hillsides of the village of Watkins Glen, in Schuyler County, New York. Known in the early 1900s as the "Nauheim of America", it remained a noted landmark of the area until it was demolished in 1996. The Glen -------- The main building of this institution was built in 1872 by Judge George G. Freer, who was born in Marbletown, New York, in January 1809. A lawyer in nearby Ithaca, New York at the time, he first became involved with the history of the area when he came to Watkins in 1851 to defend the Last Will of Dr. Samuel Watkins, the founder of the village. After having successfully proved that Dr. Watkins' widow, Cynthia Ann Cass Watkins, was the legal heir, he soon married the widow, who died shortly after, in October 1853, leaving Freer the sole owner of the vast estate. He quickly opened the first bank in the village and published the first newspaper. Freer went on to hold several civic offices: Village Trustee, President of the Village Board, Supervisor of the Town of Dix in 1863, and became a Judge and Surrogate of Schuyler County in 1869. Judge Freer died April 17, 1878. One of Freer's greatest ambitions was to open up the beautiful areas of the local Glen to the public. Under his ownership, the Glen at the southern end of the village began operation as a tourist attraction, called Freer's Glen. It was later sold to Mordalven Ells, who opened it to the public in 1863. Ells, born in Fairfield County, Connecticut, in 1823, had moved to Watkins in the 1850s. In 1906, the State of New York acquired the Glen and opened it as the first State Park with free admission. In 1924, it became one of the Finger Lakes State Parks, now under the control of the New York State Parks Department. The Sanitarium -------------- Glen State Park adjoined the site where Freer had built the "Lake View Hotel" to accommodate the tourists he had hoped to attract. This beautiful structure, built in the style of the Second Empire, was to be the nucleus of the Glen Springs Resort and Sanitarium. Freer's venture, however, had never succeeded. A search for oil on the property, however, led to a whole new future for the village, and led to the opening of the Glen Springs. When the drillers went down to a depth of 1,600 feet, what they struck was black, briny water, not oil. The drillers were disappointed, but, under scientific analysis, the water proved to have greater curative powers than those found at the Nauheim Springs in Germany, the leading spa of the day. Apparently there were several springs on that site which had been known for their medicinal properties as far back as when the Seneca people occupied the land. Newspaper accounts of the find drew the attention of William Elderkin Leffingwell, who, with his cousin, Dr. James A. Jackson, ran the Jackson Health Resort in Dansville, New York. They had been searching for two years for a more suitable site for a new sanitarium. Leffingwell went to Watkins in 1890 to investigate the property. He was quickly convinced of the suitability of the site for a health resort, and formed a company to purchase it. In March 1890, the Glen Springs opened as a hotel and sanitarium. It quickly developed an international reputation and became a mecca for tourists seeking its curative waters. Different springs were found to have different properties, and some provided running water throughout the hotel, while others were used for bathing. A two-story bath house was built with tiled floors and marble walls, which was attached directly to the hotel. In it the guests could enjoy a variety of bathing styles and water properties for different ailments. As soon as he had purchased the estate, Leffingwell made plans to expand the hotel, for which he hired several architectural firms in the region. He slowly expanded the property, till it grew from its original 20 acres to comprise 270 acres. On the grounds, gas wells provided heat for the buildings and food was grown to feed the guests and staff. Leffingwell died in October 1927. His family continued to manage the resort, but Glen Springs gradually faded in prominence. Finally the events of World War II caused the resort to lose many of its remaining clientele and it closed its doors on January 1, 1942. Later uses ---------- After the War had ended, Cornell University used the former resort as housing for its burgeoning enrollment of returning veterans. In 1949, the property was sold to the Polish-American Province of the Order of Friars Minor, which founded there St. Anthony of Padua Minor Seminary and Prep School, which educated potential high school age students to join the Order. Padua, as it was known, closed in 1970, and, after years of neglect, the friars were able to sell the property for development in 1983. The building was demolished in March 1996 although the gymnasium remained. It was used for several years, as recently as 1990 when The Arc of Schuyler used the gymnasium as a day habilitation program. Eventually the Arc moved on but the building remains, immortalized by time and photographs.
**Nodo50** is a non-profit internet service provider. It is an autonomous telematic alternative information project aimed at social movements. It provides computer and communication services to individuals, collectives and left-wing, anti-capitalist and anti-fascist organisations in Spain and Latin America. The project is managed by the association "Nodo50: Altavoz por la Libertad de Expresión y Comunicación". History ------- It began as a communication tool for the "Foro 50 años bastan", a meeting against the IMF and World Bank celebration in Madrid in 1994, which was promoted by the NGO Sodepaz. The tool received technical support from Alberto J. Jiménez of BBS Revolware and Russell Gasser. At the time, Nodo50 was running the Waffle software on the DESQview multitasking platform. It exchanged emails with the GreenNet server in London using the UUCP protocol via a hacked Telnet connection. At the same time, the IPANEX association was the co-ordinator of similar projects on the continent. In 1996, with European funding from the EPITELIO project, it made the leap to the Internet through InfoVía. Since then, it has been working on a variety of campaigns, actions, projects and congresses, together with a variety of social movements and political organisations. Members ------- Nodo50's members include a wide range of left-wing movements such as environmentalism (Ecologistas en Acción), anti-militarism (Grupo Antimilitarista Tortuga), pacifism, feminism (Mujeres en Red), trade unionism (sections of the CGT, CNT or CCOO), free and community radio (Radio Vallekas), liberation theology, social centres, defence of public services and social welfare; in general, sites advocating socialism or anti-globalisation. It also provides services to some political parties, such as Corriente Roja, Izquierda Anticapitalista, Izquierda Comunera and Izquierda Unida, and some NGOs, such as Amnesty International (local group in Cordoba, Spain). In 2012, the list of organisations hosted by Node50 includes around 1,170. Servers ------- They have been in Sweden since 2011 for further security guarantees.
"About This Computer" Mac OS 9.1 window showing the memory consumption of each open application and the system software itself Historically, the classic Mac OS used a form of memory management that has fallen out of favor in modern systems. Criticism of this approach was one of the key areas addressed by the change to Mac OS X. The original problem for the engineers of the Macintosh was how to make optimum use of the 128 KB of RAM with which the machine was equipped, on Motorola 68000-based computer hardware that does not support virtual memory. Since at that time the machine could only run one application program at a time, and there was no fixed secondary storage, the engineers implemented a simple scheme which worked well with those particular constraints. That design choice did not scale well with the development of the machine, creating various difficulties for both programmers and users. Fragmentation ------------- The primary concern of the original engineers appears to have been fragmentation – that is, the repeated allocation and deallocation of memory through pointers leading to many small isolated areas of memory which cannot be used because they are too small, even though the total free memory may be sufficient to satisfy a particular request for memory. To solve this, Apple engineers used the concept of a relocatable handle, a reference to memory which allowed the actual data referred to be moved without invalidating the handle. Apple's scheme was simple – a handle was simply a pointer into a (non-relocatable) table of further pointers, which in turn pointed to the data. If a memory request required compaction of memory, this was done and the table, called the master pointer block, was updated. The machine itself implemented two areas in memory available for this scheme – the system heap (used for the OS), and the application heap. As long as only one application at a time was run, the system worked well. Since the entire application heap was dissolved when the application quit, fragmentation was minimized. The memory management system had weaknesses; the system heap was not protected from errant applications, as would have been possible if the system architecture had supported memory protection, and this was frequently the cause of system problems and crashes. In addition, the handle-based approach also opened up a source of programming errors, where pointers to data within such relocatable blocks could not be guaranteed to remain valid across calls that might cause memory to move. This was a real problem for almost every system API that existed. Because of the transparency of system-owned data structures at the time, the APIs could do little to solve this. Thus the onus was on the programmer not to create such pointers, or at least manage them very carefully by dereferencing all handles after every such API call. Since many programmers were not generally familiar with this approach, early Mac programs suffered frequently from faults arising from this. Palm OS and 16-bit Windows use a similar scheme for memory management, but the Palm and Windows versions make programmer error more difficult. For instance, in Mac OS, to convert a handle to a pointer, a program just de-references the handle directly, but if the handle is not locked, the pointer can become invalid quickly. Calls to lock and unlock handles are not balanced; ten calls to `HLock` are undone by a single call to `HUnlock`. In Palm OS and Windows, handles are an opaque type and must be de-referenced with `MemHandleLock` on Palm OS or `Global/LocalLock` on Windows. When a Palm or Windows application is finished with a handle, it calls `MemHandleUnlock` or `Global/LocalUnlock`. Palm OS and Windows keep a lock count for blocks; after three calls to `MemHandleLock`, a block will only become unlocked after three calls to `MemHandleUnlock`. Addressing the problem of nested locks and unlocks can be straightforward (although tedious) by employing various methods, but these intrude upon the readability of the associated code block and require awareness and discipline on the part of the coder. Memory leaks and stale references --------------------------------- Awareness and discipline are also necessary to avoid memory "leaks" (failure to deallocate within the scope of the allocation) and to avoid references to stale handles after release (which usually resulted in a hard crash—annoying on a single-tasking system, potentially disastrous if other programs are running). Switcher -------- The situation worsened with the advent of Switcher, which was a way for a Mac with 512 KB or more of memory to run multiple applications at once. This was a necessary step forward for users, who found the one-app-at-a-time approach very limiting. Because Apple was now committed to its memory management model, as well as compatibility with existing applications, it was forced to adopt a scheme where each application was allocated its own heap from the available RAM. The amount of actual RAM allocated to each heap was set by a value coded into the metadata of each application, set by the programmer. Sometimes this value wasn't enough for particular kinds of work, so the value setting had to be exposed to the user to allow them to tweak the heap size to suit their own requirements. While popular among "power users", this exposure of a technical implementation detail was against the grain of the Mac user philosophy. Apart from exposing users to esoteric technicalities, it was inefficient, since an application would be made to grab all of its allotted RAM, even if it left most of it subsequently unused. Another application might be memory starved, but would be unable to utilize the free memory "owned" by another application. While an application could not beneficially utilize a sister application's heap, it could certainly destroy it, typically by inadvertently writing to a nonsense address. An application accidentally treating a fragment of text or image, or an unassigned location as a pointer could easily overwrite the code or data of other applications or even the OS, leaving "lurkers" even after the program was exited. Such problems could be extremely difficult to analyze and correct. Switcher evolved into MultiFinder in System 4.2, which became the Process Manager in System 7, and by then the scheme was long entrenched. Apple made some attempts to work around the obvious limitations – temporary memory was one, where an application could "borrow" free RAM that lay outside of its heap for short periods, but this was unpopular with programmers so it largely failed to solve the problems. Apple's System 7 Tune-up addon added a "minimum" memory size and a "preferred" size—if the preferred amount of memory was not available, the program could launch in the minimum space, possibly with reduced functionality. This was incorporated into the standard OS starting with System 7.1, but still did not address the root problem. Virtual memory schemes, which made more memory available by paging unused portions of memory to disk, were made available by third-party utilities like Connectix Virtual, and then by Apple in System 7. This increased Macintosh memory capacity at a performance cost, but did not add protected memory or prevent the memory manager's heap compaction that would invalidate some pointers. 32-bit clean ------------ Originally the Macintosh had 128 KB of RAM, with a true limit of 4 MB, despite being soldered. This limit would first be reached with the Macintosh Plus and its user upgradable memory. These first few Macintosh computers use the 68000 CPU, a 32-bit processor, which has only 24 physical address lines. The 24 lines allow the processor to address up to 16 MB of memory (224 bytes), which was seen as a sufficient amount at the time. The RAM limit in the Macintosh design was 4 MB of RAM and 4 MB of ROM with the remaining 8 MB addresses split between the SCC, IWM and VIA chips, because of the structure of the memory map. This was fixed by changing the memory map with the Macintosh II, allowing up to 8 MB of RAM, by shrinking ROM and I/O addresses to 1 MB each and allocating the remaining 6 MB addresses to the NuBus slots. Connectix products MAXIMA, RAM Doubler, and Virtual allowed accessing and reallocating the 6 MB addresses allocated to the NuBus cards for a total of 14 MB, minus 1 MB per slot occupied. Because memory was a scarce resource, the authors of Classic Mac OS decided to take advantage of the unused byte in each address. The original Memory Manager (up until the advent of System 7) placed flags in the high 8 bits of each 32-bit pointer and handle. Each address contained flags such as "locked", "purgeable", or "resource", which were stored in the master pointer table. When used as an actual address, these flags were masked off and ignored by the CPU. While a good use of very limited RAM space, this design caused problems when Apple introduced the Macintosh II, which used the 32-bit Motorola 68020 CPU. The 68020 had 32 physical address lines which could address up to 4 GB of memory. The flags that the Memory Manager stored in the high byte of each pointer and handle were significant now, and could lead to addressing errors. On the Macintosh IIci and later machines, `HLock()` and other APIs were rewritten to implement handle locking in a way other than flagging the high bits of handles. But many Macintosh application programmers and a great deal of the Macintosh system software code itself accessed the flags directly rather than using the APIs, such as `HLock()`, which had been provided to manipulate them. By doing this they rendered their applications incompatible with true 32-bit addressing, and this became known as not being "32-bit clean". In order to stop continual system crashes caused by this issue, System 6 and earlier running on a 68020 or a 68030 would force the machine into 24-bit mode, and would only recognize and address the first 8 megabytes of RAM, an obvious flaw in machines whose hardware was wired to accept up to 128 MB RAM – and whose product literature advertised this capability. With System 7, the Mac system software was finally made 32-bit clean, but there were still the problem of dirty ROMs. The problem was that the decision to use 24-bit or 32-bit addressing has to be made very early in the boot process, when the ROM routines initialized the Memory Manager to set up a basic Mac environment where NuBus ROMs and disk drivers are loaded and executed. Older ROMs did not have any 32-bit Memory Manager support and so was not possible to boot into 32-bit mode. Surprisingly, the first solution to this flaw was published by software utility company Connectix, whose System 6 extension, OPTIMA, reinitialized the Memory Manager and repeated early parts of the Mac boot process, allowing the system to boot into 32-bit mode and enabling the use of all the RAM in the machine. OPTIMA would later evolve into the more familiar 1991 product, MODE32, for System 7. Apple licensed the software from Connectix later in 1991 and distributed it for free. The Macintosh IIci and later Motorola based Macintosh computers had 32-bit clean ROMs. It was quite a while before applications were updated to remove all 24-bit dependencies, and System 7 provided a way to switch back to 24-bit mode if application incompatibilities were found. By the time of migration to the PowerPC and System 7.1.2, 32-bit cleanliness was mandatory for creating native applications and even later Motorola 68040 based Macs could not support 24-bit mode. Object orientation ------------------ The rise of object-oriented languages for programming the Mac – first Object Pascal, then later C++ – also caused problems for the memory model adopted. At first, it would seem natural that objects would be implemented via handles, to gain the advantage of being relocatable. These languages, as they were originally designed, used pointers for objects, which would lead to fragmentation issues. A solution, implemented by the THINK (later Symantec) compilers, was to use Handles internally for objects, but use a pointer syntax to access them. This seemed a good idea at first, but soon deep problems emerged, since programmers could not tell whether they were dealing with a relocatable or fixed block, and so had no way to know whether to take on the task of locking objects or not. Needless to say this led to huge numbers of bugs and problems with these early object implementations. Later compilers did not attempt to do this, but used real pointers, often implementing their own memory allocation schemes to work around the Mac OS memory model. While the Mac OS memory model, with all its inherent problems, remained this way right through to Mac OS 9, due to severe application compatibility constraints, the increasing availability of cheap RAM meant that by and large most users could upgrade their way out of a corner. The memory was not used efficiently, but it was abundant enough that the issue never became critical. This is ironic given that the purpose of the original design was to maximise the use of very limited amounts of memory. Mac OS X finally did away with the whole scheme, implementing a modern paged virtual memory scheme. A subset of the older memory model APIs still exists for compatibility as part of Carbon, but maps to the modern memory manager (a thread-safe `malloc` implementation) underneath. Apple recommends that Mac OS X code use `malloc` and `free` "almost exclusively".
20th and 21st-century Romanian Greek-Catholic priest **Father Alexander Ratiu** (Romanian: *Rațiu*; 4 May 1916 - 25 July 2002) was a Romanian-American priest of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church. While serving in his family's country of origin, he became a political prisoner, and later, after his release, an author. Ratiu served as a pastor in both Giurtelecu Șimleului, Romania, and in Plainfield, Illinois, in the United States. Early life ---------- Ratiu was born on 4 May 1916, in Scalp Level, Pennsylvania, in the United States, one of the four sons of Elisabeta Chindriș and Grigore Rațiu, immigrants from Romania. His brothers were named Grigore, Ioan and Emilian. In 1921, his family moved back to Romania where he was raised in Moftinu Mic, Sălaj County (now Satu Mare County). In Carei, Ratiu attended "Vasile Lucaciu" State High School. Then he studied philosophy at Oradea, where he was a schoolmate with Coriolan Tămâian, who later became a noted prelate of the diocese. Following his university studies, in preparation for the priesthood, he studied theology at the seminary in Blaj. Ratiu then went to Rome, where he attended the Pio Romano Seminary and the Pontifical Urbaniana University, where he received a doctorate in theology. Ratiu was a classmate for seven years with Virgil Maxim (1923–1997), who was also a noted prisoner of the Romanian communist government for his religious beliefs. Ministry in Romania ------------------- Ratiu was ordained a priest of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church in Rome on 20 July 1941, by Bishop Alexander Evreinov, for the Greek Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare in the region of Transylvania in Romania. Ratiu worked as a volunteer for the National Peasants' Party, for which, in 1946, he worked to organize the country's general election. In May 1947, he served as a priest in Giurtelecu Șimleului. Between May 1947 and July 1948, Ratiu was arrested and imprisoned for his political activity against the Romanian Communist Party. After his release, Ratiu taught at the Greek-Catholic seminary in Oradea. A few months later, in October 1948, the Romanian government dissolved the Greek-Catholic Church in the country, declaring that the will of the people was to join the Romanian Orthodox Church. They seized all its churches and institutions and gave them to the Orthodox Church. The government then arrested the six bishops of the Church, along with many priests and lay leaders, and attempted to convince them to declare publicly their allegiance to the Orthodox Church. Refusal led to torture and often death. Ratiu refused, however, to renounce his faith. Political prisoner ------------------ | | | --- | | "In prison one either goes mad or becomes a saint." | | Alexander Rațiu | Consequently, Ratiu was arrested again on 19 October 1948, by the Communist government and remained imprisoned for the next sixteen years, of which eighteen months were passed in solitary confinement at the Sighet Prison. Between 1948 and 1964, Rațiu was imprisoned at a succession of prisons: Căldărușani [ro], Sighet (May 1950 – July 1955), Gherla (1955–1959), Jilava, Bătești, followed by being sent to labor camps at Strâmba, Stoienești, and Great Brăila Island. Ratiu was subsequently placed under house arrest for another two years (1962–1964), during which time he was confined in Lățești, Ialomița County. Return to the United States --------------------------- In 1964, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party, declared a general amnesty for political prisoners, which set Ratiu free. The Communist authorities allowed him to leave Romania in 1970, and he returned to the United States in 1971, staying with his brother Grigore and his family. Rațiu met with Pope John Paul II in Rome and presented the situation of Greek-Catholic Church in Romania. He served in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Joliet in Illinois from 1974 until his retirement. Ratiu was an assistant priest at St. Mary Immaculate Church in Plainfield, Illinois (1975–1982). Rațiu became a member of the Cardinal József Mindszenty Foundation in 1977, and for 25 years served on the Board of Directors, participating in the foundation's conferences in St. Louis, Kankakee, and Chicago, where he gave many talks. An abridged edition of his book, *Stolen Church*, was a Christmas gift by the Foundation to its members. Ratiu was generous in his friendship and financial support for countless persons in Romania seeking to emigrate to the United States. He helped establish a Romanian Greek-Catholic Mission of Saints Peter and Paul in Chicago in December 1994. Ratiu spoke eight languages fluently, and this aptitude for languages led him to learn Spanish to celebrate Mass for Mexican migrant workers. In 1996, following the collapse of Communist rule in Romania, Rațiu returned for a visit to witness the rebirth of the Greek Catholic Church. He preached to large crowds of the faithful as parishes reopened, and attended the consecration of several new bishops for the Byzantine Rite. Awards ------ In 1983, the Polish Freedom Fighters bestowed upon Alexander Ratiu the Solidarity Freedom Award. Death ----- Rațiu died on 25 July 2002, at his home in Plainfield, Illinois, at the age of 86. On his deathbed Rațiu said, "Spiritual freedom gives us courage, the courage to preach. So I preached freely and defended the faith when the persecution began, and I rejoiced when I was arrested." His funeral took place at the Romanian Greek Catholic Church "Sf. Gheorghe", in Aurora, Illinois, on the morning of 27 July 2002. Ratiu was interred in Plainfield, Illinois. Legacy ------ Alexander Rațiu remarked that prison had an unexpected effect on priests and other believers, as well as former atheists: "In prison one either goes mad or becomes a saint." For many who suffered imprisonment, it was the first time in their lives that they were led to pray and to look for God's support: > We were never so happy. We never felt the presence of God so intimately; and we never prayed more seriously, confidently, and successfully than in those prison barracks. > > Works ----- * Alexander Ratiu and William Virtue, *Stolen Church: Martyrdom in Communist Romania* (Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. 1979). * Alexandru Rațiu, *Biserica Furată* (Cluj-Napoca: Ed. Argus, 1990). * Alexandru Rațiu, *Persecuția Bisericii Române Unite* [The Persecution of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church] (Oradea: Imprimeria de Vest Publishing House, 1994). * Alexandru Rațiu, *Memoria închisorii Sighet*, Editor Romulus Rusan (București, Ed. Fundației Academia Civică, 1999). ISBN 978-973-98437-5-1. External sources ---------------- * Who's who in Romanian America: Serban C. Andronescu, Compiler ; American Institute for Writing Research Corp. Editor; By Șerban Andronescu, American Institute for Writing Research, American Institute for Writing Research, Published by Andronescu-Wyndill, 1976, 188 pages * Radu Ciuceanu — Regimul penitenciar din România 1940–1962, Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, București, 2001. * Max Bănuș — Cei care m-au ucis, Ed. Tinerama, București, 1991 (Stoeneşti, Salcia). * Alexandru Mihalcea — Jurnal de ocnă, Ed. Albatros, 1994 (Salcia, Luciu-Giurgeni, Grădina, Stoeneşti). * Ion Ioanid — Închisoarea noastră cea de toate zilele, vol. I-V, Ed. Albatros, București, 1991–1996 (Salcia, Stoenești). * Doru Novacovici — În România după gratii, Fundaţia pentru tineret Buzău, f.a. (Luciu-Giurgeni, Grădina, Stoenești). * Aurel Maxim — Amintiri din temnițele comuniste, Ed. Hermann Sibiu, 1996 (Luciu-Giurgeni, Strâmba).
American judge **Arthur MacArthur Sr.** (January 26, 1815 – August 26, 1896) was a Scottish-American immigrant, lawyer, and judge. He was the fourth Governor of Wisconsin and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. He was the father of General Arthur MacArthur Jr. and paternal grandfather of General Douglas MacArthur. **MacArthur** is the modern spelling used by his descendants, but in documents from his own time his name was spelled **McArthur**. Education and career -------------------- Arthur MacArthur was born on January 26, 1815, in Glasgow, Scotland. His parents were both MacArthurs from the western Scottish Highlands, but his father died before his birth. His mother, Sarah, remarried to Alexander Meggett, and, in 1828, the family migrated to the United States, settling near Uxbridge, Massachusetts. MacArthur attended Uxbridge and Amherst, but left school to help the family during the depression of 1837. He eventually graduated from Wesleyan University, in Connecticut, in 1840. He studied law in New York, and was admitted to the New York Bar in 1841. He also became interested in politics while in New York, joining the Democratic Party. While in New York, he met and fell in love with Aurelia Belcher, who convinced him to move to Massachusetts. He entered private practice in Springfield, Massachusetts, and, in 1843, was a public administrator in Hampden County. Around 1844, he married Aurelia, and, with financial assistance from her father, expanded his law practice. He successfully practiced law in New York and Massachusetts for several years, and, in 1849, moved with his wife and son to Milwaukee, in the new state of Wisconsin. Wisconsin public offices ------------------------ In Wisconsin, MacArthur continued practicing law from 1849 to 1851, and resumed his interest in politics with the Democratic Party in the city. In 1851, he became City Attorney for Milwaukee. In the 1855 election, MacArthur was the Democratic Party nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, running alongside incumbent Governor William A. Barstow. He defeated Republican Charles Sholes, of Kenosha, to become the 5th Lieutenant Governor of the state. ### 1855 election dispute The 1855 election, however, also produced a controversy with the apparent re-election of Barstow by a mere 157 votes. Barstow's Republican opponent, Wisconsin state senator Coles Bashford, claimed fraud and challenged the results. On January 7, 1856, both Bashford and Barstow were sworn in as Governor of Wisconsin in separate ceremonies. The outgoing Attorney General, George Baldwin Smith, filed quo warranto proceedings to have Barstow removed, and the case *Atty. Gen. ex rel. Bashford v. Barstow* soon reached the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Barstow initially attempted to challenge the jurisdiction of the court over election results, but eventually relented, and, on March 21, 1856, sent his resignation to the Wisconsin Legislature. MacArthur, therefore, became the acting Governor of Wisconsin. Four days later, the Wisconsin Supreme Court unanimously decided in favor of Bashford, ruling that the results from several precincts from remote northern counties appeared fraudulent. MacArthur, though he had at first decided to hold the governor's office regardless of the court's decision, reconsidered and relinquished the governorship to Bashford. He resumed his duties as Lieutenant Governor, and officially remained in this position until the end of his term, January 1858. ### Wisconsin circuit court In 1856, Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge Levi Hubbell had resigned his seat on the 2nd Circuit, covering Milwaukee and Waukesha counties. Alexander Randall had been appointed to temporarily fill the seat, but a new election was scheduled for April 1857 to fill the remainder of the term. Randall did not run in the election for a full term; MacArthur, while serving as Lieutenant Governor, ran for and was elected to the position without opposition, taking office the following year. He was re-elected in 1863 and resigned in the fall of 1869. Washington, D.C. ---------------- ### Federal judicial service MacArthur was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant on July 15, 1870, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia), to a new Associate Justice seat authorized by 16 Stat. 160. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 15, 1870, and received his commission the same day. He served on the court for 17 years, and retired on April 1, 1887. ### Later life MacArthur remained a prominent member of Washington, D.C. society in his later years. He was a strong supporter of the National University, and served as a trustee, president of the Board of Regents, and Chancellor of the university. He was also President of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Children. Family ------ Around 1844, MacArthur married Aurelia Belcher (1819–1864), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. They had two sons, Arthur Jr. born in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, in 1845, and Frank, born in Wisconsin in 1853. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Arthur Jr. then sixteen, became passionate about the Union cause. MacArthur appealed directly to President Abraham Lincoln to secure an appointment for Arthur Jr. to the United States Military Academy, but the boy was so eager to join the Union cause, he deferred the academy to volunteer for service. MacArthur assisted his then-seventeen-year-old son in obtaining a commission as an adjutant and first lieutenant in the 24th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee. Arthur Jr. went on to earn the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Civil War, and pursued a career in the Army, eventually rising to the rank of Lieutenant General (three star), and serving as American Governor-General of the Philippines. Arthur Jr. was also the father of American five-star General and World War II hero Douglas MacArthur. After the death of his wife, Aurelia, MacArthur married Mary E. (Willcut) Hopkins (1824–1899), the widow of Benjamin F. Hopkins. Death ----- MacArthur died on August 26, 1896, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Electoral history ----------------- ### Wisconsin Lieutenant Governor (1855) Wisconsin Lieutenant Gubernatorial Election, 1855| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **General Election, November 6, 1855** | | | **Democratic** | **Arthur MacArthur** | **38,040** | **51.97%** | **-5.67%** | | | | Republican | Charles Sholes | 35,160 | 48.03% | | | | **Plurality** | 2,880 | 3.93% | -11.83% | | Total votes | **73,200** | **100.0%** | +31.13% | | | Democratic **hold** | | Further reading --------------- * Beaton, D (2002). "Douglas MacArthur's Ancestors — a new Perspective". *Journal of the Clan Campbell Society (North America)*. **29** (4): 48.
| * v * t * e Mass killings during the Vietnam War | | --- | | * Châu Đốc * Huế Phật Đản * Xá Lợi Pagoda * U.S. Embassy bombing * Saigon bombing * Bình An/Tây Vinh * Bình Tai * Bình Hòa * Thủy Bồ * Đắk Sơn * Huế * Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất * Hà My * Mỹ Lai * Sơn Trà * Thanh Phong * Sơn Thắng * Thạnh Mỹ * Đức Dục * Highway 1 * Cai Lậy schoolyard | | * Tiger Force * Viet Cong and PAVN terror * Vietnam War Crimes Working Group * Winter Soldier Investigation | The **Thạnh Mỹ Massacre** was a massacre of South Vietnamese civilians committed by the Viet Cong (VC) during the Vietnam War, in Thạnh Mỹ hamlet, Phú Thạnh commune, (now Bà Rén village, Quế Xuân 1 commune) Quế Sơn District, Quảng Nam Province, South Vietnam on 11 June 1970. The hamlet, which was pro-government and defended by US Marines and South Vietnamese militia, was attacked by the VC in the early morning of 11 June. Under cover of a mortar barrage VC sappers set fire to houses and killed civilians either by shooting to throwing explosives into their shelters. The Marines and South Vietnamese forces engaged with the VC and called in artillery support. By 03:15 the VC began to withdraw and the Marines reoccupied the village and began evacuating the wounded. In all 156 houses were destroyed and 35 damaged during the attack. Four militiamen were killed and two wounded, ten U.S. Marines were wounded. Civilian casualties were 74 dead, many of them women and children; 60 severely injured; and over 100 lightly wounded. Four VC dead were found, one prisoner was taken and one of the VC defected. The VC later claimed that they had been attempting to capture the bridge in the village and that the civilians had merely been caught in the crossfire. Background ---------- Phu Thanh village, a complex of several hamlets, straddled Highway 1 about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Landing Zone Baldy. Just to the north of the village, the Highway crossed the Ba Ren Bridge, one of the vital links on the land lines of communication between LZ Baldy and Da Nang. Phu Thanh was a pro South Vietnamese government village and contained the homes of many Regional Force (RF) and Popular Force (PF) soldiers and government officials, and its people were a reliable source of information about the VC in their area. Because of its proximity to the bridge, Phu Thanh had strong security forces in and around it. CUPP Team 9, a squad from the 1st Platoon of Company A, 7th Marines, was stationed in the village with PF Platoons 144 and 171. Phu Thanh also contained a 22-man Revolutionary Development team and a People's Self-Defense Force unit of 31 members, eight of whom had weapons. Near the south end of the bridge lay the compound of the 323rd RF Company, which had as its main mission protection of the span. The command post of the 1st Platoon of Company A, which controlled several CUPPs along the highway north of LZ Baldy, was located near the RF compound. For several weeks, rumors had circulated in the village that the VC were planning to attack the Ba Ren Bridge, but neither Marines nor Vietnamese saw any reason to expect an assault on the hamlets themselves. On the night of 10–11 June, the CUPP unit had taken up a night position within the village. The RF troops, following their usual practice, remained in their fortified compound watching the bridge. Attack and massacre ------------------- At 02:00 on 11 June, the VC, later identified as elements of the V-25th Main Force Battalion and the T-89th Sapper Battalion, launched a coordinated attack. It began with a barrage of 60mm and 82mm mortar fire. The mortars, located north and south of Phu Thanh, dropped a total of 200-250 high explosive and white phosphorus rounds on the village. They concentrated on CUPP 9, the bridge, the 1st Platoon CP and the RF compound. Simultaneous with this barrage, the VC attacked two other CUPP teams in hamlets south of Phu Thanh on Highway 1, engaging them with small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, grenades, and mortars and preventing them from maneuvering to reinforce Phu Thanh. Under cover of the mortar fire, two groups of sappers entered the village, one from the east and one from the west. Armed with grenades and satchel charges, a few rushed the RF compound and the 1st Platoon command post and were cut down by the defenders' fire. Most began burning houses and hurling their grenades and satchel charges into family bomb shelters filled with civilians who had fled to them for protection from the shelling. A Marine recalled: "The enemy ran through the village, ordering people out of their bunkers. When they did [come out], they were shot, or else [the enemy threw] chicoms [grenades] into the bunker, killing the men, women, and children in them… Very many civilians [were] killed just inside their bunkers, if it wasn't from shrapnel wounds it was from fire where they were burned to death from the satchel charges used." The defenders fought back as best they could, but the continuous mortar barrage prevented them from counterattacking to save the village. At the bridge, the RF company beat back a minor probe of its compound. CUPP 9 had 10 Marines wounded in the initial shelling, nevertheless, the Marines and PFs managed to form a perimeter in the blazing village and hold their position. When it became evident that the enemy were concentrating their attack on the civilians and bypassing the CUPP, the PF commander let most of his men go home to try to protect their families, but he himself stayed with the Marines, as did the PF radioman and mortar team. At the 1st Platoon command post, Marines and PFs repelled a rush by a few of the sappers and answered the mortar barrage with their own 81mm and 60mm mortars. The platoon commander kept the 7th Marines Headquarters informed by radio of the progress of the battle and called for artillery and air support. The first rounds of friendly artillery began falling on suspected VC positions 20 minutes after the attack started. At about 03:15, the VC mortar fire temporarily slackened as the sappers began to withdraw from the village. The Marines took advantage of the lull to send a squad into Phu Thanh to find and assist CUPP 9. To reach the CUPP, the squad had to work its way through a part of the village already devastated by the sappers. The squad reached the CUPP team and in two trips brought the wounded Marines and PFs to the bridge to be picked up by helicopters. Then, accompanied by the platoon's Vietnamese interpreter, the squad returned to the burning hamlets and began urging the people to bring their wounded to the bridge. By this time, the VC mortars had resumed firing slowly to cover the retreat of the sappers. The first medical evacuation helicopter from Marine Aircraft Group 16 landed on the bridge around 03:30 and lifted out all the Marine, PF and RF wounded in the attack. Thereafter, a steady stream of helicopters came in, covered by two Cobra gunships, to evacuate the civilian wounded. The mortar bombardment ended at about 04:00 and by daylight all the severely wounded civilians had been evacuated and a team of doctors and corpsmen from LZ Baldy had reached Phu Thanh and had begun treating the minor casualties, over 100 in all. Aftermath --------- The 7th Marines commander arrived at 08:10 to assess the damage, followed at 10:20 by 1st Marine Division commander Major General Charles F. Widdecke. Within hours, the 1st Marine Division and the province government had emergency relief and reconstruction under way. Vietnamese casualties of the massacre The VC had destroyed 156 houses and damaged 35 more, most of them in Thanh My, the hardest hit of the village's hamlets. The attack had cost the Marines ten wounded, one of whom later died. Four RF and two PF soldiers had been wounded. Civilian casualties totalled 74 dead, many of them women and children; 60 severely injured; and over 100 lightly wounded. After the fight, the defenders found four dead VC in the wire around the RF compound and the 1st Platoon command post and they captured one prisoner and one Chieu Hoi. Soon after the attack, the VC began spreading the report that their objective really had been the Ba Ren Bridge and that Phu Thanh and its people merely had been caught in the crossfire. The Marines countered that the VC had deliberately attacked the village. A Marine Lieutenant stated: "There was no military objective involved in this attack. I say this because first of all there was only light enemy contact directly at the compound. The mortars were fired in such a manner as to restrain any military contact. The VC stayed pretty much out of the area CUPP 9 was operating in. Also, the Ba Ren Bridge, which is a major line of communications on Route 1 was not hit; there was not even an attempt to blow this bridge up." On 15 June the South Vietnamese Government issued a note to the International Control and Supervision Commission protesting the massacre and asking it to undertake an investigation. William Broyles has written that the communists' massacre of civilians at Huế and Thanh My is inconvenient and so have been "airbrushed" out of Vietnamese history.
formula racer in San Francisco Bay **Formula Windsurfing** is the high-performance, competitive course-racing format of the windsurfing world. This type of sailing boards enjoy a massive wind range that enables racing in winds from 7 to 35 knots, and are capable of reaching speeds of over 30 knots. History and beginnings ---------------------- This class of windsurfing was born in the late 90s as an upgrade from funboard-type course-racing boards looking to lower wind limits, broaden wind strengths and reduce racing costs with a limited quiver. Historically, board designers used to increase the length and volume of the boards in order to allow for sailing in lighter winds, but during the late 90s, some brands like AHD, Berky, Drops, ML, Pro-Tech, Roberts and Starboard started to work on alternative solutions. They came up with designs that widened and shortened the board length whilst retaining high volume, and used larger fins to get into planing earlier. They also moved the fins further back, which prompted newer concepts with different solutions around the tail of the board to free the nose and decrease drag. To avoid ventilation in the fin area, flaps or steeped bottoms were used, the latter becoming the more widely adopted due to its durability and ease of use. Designs like these were only made possible thanks to technological advancements in the fin industry which allowed makers to assemble larger fins (around 50 cm) that are able to stand the increasing sail size and fin pressure. In few years this concept was widely adopted by almost all Formula Windsurfing board factories. The concept of Formula Windsurfing as a class was formed by the joint effort of the International Board Sailing Association (IBSA) and the International Funboard Class Association (IFCA), and was successfully pioneered on 24 March 1998 in Brest, France. During the four days of competition the top 20 French funboard sailors raced ten eliminations in winds of 6 to 12 knots. The winner of the event was Erik Thieme on a 2.75m board powered by a 10.0m^2 sail. During 1999 many national funboard associations included Formula as a discipline in their national racing circuits. Four international Formula regattas were held, including the first Formula World Championships, in Belgium, won by Wojtek Brzozowski from Poland. The Formula Windsurfing Class was adopted as an ISAF "International" class in 2001. The International Formula Windsurfing Class is controlled by the International Sailing Federation and was launched in 1998. This class introduced rules that restricted competitors to one board with a maximum of three sails and three fins (changed to two fins in 2011). This prompted the designers to create boards with a very wide wind range coupled with excellent upwind and downwind performance. Formula boards have now been restricted to 1m wide with fins up to 70 cm long and maximum sail sizes of 12.5m^2. By changing the fin length, type and stiffness as well as the sail sizes these boards can be tuned for a wide range of wind and water conditions and suit a variety of different sized sailors. Weather conditions ------------------ The ideal weather conditions for formula windsurfing are flat water with winds of 7 to 25 knots; however, international rules allow racing in up to 35 knots. Sailing in chop and swell is more challenging. Due to the fragile nature of this equipment, windsurfing or launching in breaking waves is to be avoided. Due to fin length, formula boards should not be used in shallow waters. Racing ------ A formula windsurfing event is usually made up from a number of races over a given period. Races are run in the same method as conventional sailing races, with a countdown to the start after which competitors can cross an imaginary line between two start markers. Races are usually 15–30 minutes, with up to four races per day (conditions allowing). The winner is the competitor with the best total score for all of the races in the event (although some race results may be discounted depending on number of races sailed and various other factors). Typical courses include upwind/downwind sausage, triangle or square courses. Equipment --------- Formula Windsurfing Class rules for equipment are as follows: * 1 production board (max 1005mm width) * 3 sails (with maximum size of 12.5m²) * 2 fins (with maximum length of 70 cm) Common sail size vs wind range are as follows (although this various according to personal preference, rider size and weight): * Large = 12m to be used in winds of 7-15 knots * Medium = 11m to be used in winds of 12-20 knots * Small = 10m to be used in winds of 17-35 knots Racing against other sailing craft ---------------------------------- Racing against other windsurfer types and boat types is possible using a handicap system. The most widely recognised handicap system in the world is the Portsmouth Yardstick. Formula boards commonly sail with a handicap equivalent to the 18foot skiff. Currently this is a handicap of 685. Although not a lot of racing between Formula boards and other sailing classes has taken place at the international level, in an event in San Francisco in 2003, Formula sailor Micah Buzianis (USA-34) beat the world's best kiteboarders and 18 ft skiff sailors in the Ronstan Bridge-to-Bridge race, showing the speed of Formula boards against some of the fastest racing craft in sailing. Formula Windsurfing throughout the world ---------------------------------------- ### Europe Formula Windsurfing has grown enormously in Europe since its start in France, from a large pool of mostly amateur windsurfers who were missing ease of planing in the thousands of not very windy lakes in continental Europe. * Czech Republic: the Czech champion using a Slim sail made by the Ostrava (CZ) sail factory, became world champion in Thailand. * Greece has a very active Formula racing scene since 2000, and 2008 the Greek formula windsurfing association was founded. * Poland * Portugal: Is nowadays one of the most active Countries, with a big fleet and had organized several Europeans and World Races. ### North America In the US, Formula Windsurfing has also developed relatively quickly. Formula windsurf is especially popular in the Miami, South Florida area, with sailors such as Fernando Martinez, Alex Morales, Ron Kern, Mario Diaz, and juniors such as Alex Stankie, and Sergio Cremisini representing the sport. Recently it has sprung up in events held in Hood River, Oregon and San Francisco, California. ### Latin America * Brazil has a very active Formula racing scene, and has hosted two Formula Windsurfing world championships. * Argentina has had the #1 ranked Formula racer in the world (ARG-3 Gonzalo Costa Hoevel). * Peru hosted the Formula Windsurfing World Youth and Masters in 2009. ### Asia/Australia * Formula Windsurfing is extremely popular in Australia. NSW Windsurfing Series and Nationals are held every year. * Melbourne, Australia hosted the 2005 Formula Windsurfing World Championships. * Formula Windsurfers have made Japan a growing area for the sport. ### Middle East * The UAE has also invested in the sport.
**Juan Somavía Altamirano** (born April 11, 1941) is the former Director-General of the International Labour Organization (ILO). He was elected to serve as the ninth Director-General of the ILO by the Governing Body on 23 March 1998. On 7 November 2013, he was appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to serve as Special Adviser on Interregional Policy Cooperation. Term as Director-General ------------------------ His five-year term of office began on 4 March 1999, when he became the first representative from the Southern hemisphere to head the organization. In March 2003, Somavia was re-elected for a second five-year term. He was re-elected for a third five-year term in November 2008. Since taking office in 1999, Somavía has taken up the challenge that the rapidly changing economy presents to the ILO. In 1999, he submitted his Decent Work Agenda to the International Labour Conference, which was subsequently endorsed by the Governing Body and the Conference. The work of the Office has been reorganized around four strategic objectives that make it possible to establish targets and indicators to measure progress and provide the basis of accountability: employment creation, rights at work, social protection and social dialogue. Background ---------- An attorney by profession, Somavía has had a long and distinguished career in civil and international affairs. His wide experience in all areas of public life – as a diplomat and academic – and his involvement in social development, business and civil organizations have all helped shape his vision of the need to secure decent work for women and men throughout the world. The following is a list of the positions he held in the United Nations and other inter-governmental organizations before joining the ILO: * + 1990–99: Permanent Representative of Chile to the United Nations in New York; + 1993–94, 1998–99: President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council; + 1996–97: Representative of Chile on the United Nations Security Council, including President of the Security Council in April 1996 and October 1997; + 1993–95: Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen .; + 1991–92: Chairman of the Social Committee of the United Nations Economic and Social Council; + 1990–91: Chairman of the United Nations Third Committee on Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs; + 1970–73: Executive Secretary of the Latin American Free Trade Association in Chile; Ambassador of Chile to the Andean Group; Member and Chairman of the Governing Body of the Andean Group; + 1968–70: Ambassador and Adviser to the Foreign Minister of Chile on Economic and Social Affairs, responsible for multilateral issues including the ILO. Somavía began his career as an academic. From 1967 to 1968, he was lecturer on economic and social issues for GATT's trade policy courses in Geneva. In 1971, he was appointed Professor of International Economic and Social Affairs in the Department of Political Sciences at the Catholic University of Chile, where he highlighted the ILO and its tripartite structure as a case study in international cooperation. Between 1976 and 1990, he was Founder, executive director and President of the Latin American Institute of Transnational Studies (ILET), during which time he undertook a number of studies on trade union and social movements in Mexico City and Santiago. From 1996 to 1999, Mr. Somavia was chairman of the Board of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Throughout his career, he has written and lectured widely on trade issues and labour and human rights and holds numerous citations and awards for his work in the areas of peace, human rights and social development. Somavía has always shown a strong interest in development cooperation and economic and social affairs. During the late 1960s, while working in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), he promoted the participation of developing countries in the Kennedy Round. From 1970 to 1973, Mr. Somavía served as Member and chairman of the Board of the Andean Development Corporation in Caracas and worked intensively in favour of regional integration. He was also a Member of the executive committee of the International Foundation for Development Alternatives in Nyon, Switzerland from 1977 to 1995 and has been on the Advisory Committee of Development Dialogue (published by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation) for more than 25 years. Somavía participated actively in the restoration of democracy in Chile. Not only was he President of the International Commission of the Democratic Coalition in Chile but also founder and Secretary-General of the South American Peace Commission (1986–90). For his contribution to peace and human rights, he was awarded the "Leonides Proano Peace Prize" by the Latin American Human Rights Association. Somavía has been involved in business, financial and civil society organizations for many years. As Executive Secretary of the Chilean-Argentinian Chamber of Commerce he strengthened ties between the business communities in both countries. From 1976 to 1982, Mr. Somavia was Coordinator of the Third World Forum, a network of African, Asian, Latin American and Caribbean social actors. He was also a member of the Board and Vice President for Latin America of the Third World News Agency, Inter Press Service (1976–89) based in Rome. Together with Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Nobel Prize winner, Mr. Somavia represented Latin America as a Member of the MacBride Commission on International Communications (1980–82). Finally, he has served as Chairman of the United Nations Committee of Parliamentarians for Global Action. Born on 21 April 1941, Somavía's early schooling took place in Chile, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United States and Ecuador. In 1958, he returned to his country to read law at the Catholic University of Chile. After graduating in 1962, he continued higher studies in economic development at the School of Law and Economics at the University of Paris. Somavia was made Laurea Honoris Causa in political sciences by the University of Turin in November 2001 and awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne in May 2003. He is married to Adriana Santa Cruz and they have two children.
Venezuelan baseball player (born 1992) Baseball player **Yolmer Carlos Javier Sánchez** (born June 29, 1992) is a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder in the New York Mets organization. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2014 with the Chicago White Sox, and has also played in MLB for the Boston Red Sox. Prior to the 2017 season, he was known as **Carlos Sánchez**. He led the American League in triples in 2018, and won a Gold Glove Award in 2019 at second base. Career ------ ### Chicago White Sox Sánchez signed with the Chicago White Sox as an international free agent in 2009. He played in the Dominican Summer League (DSL) for the DSL White Sox in 2009 (playing shortstop primarily) and 2010 (playing third base primarily). The next season, playing second base primarily, he split the year between the Bristol White Sox of the Rookie-level Appalachian League and the Kannapolis Intimidators of the Class A South Atlantic League, finishing the year batting .286/.354/.343 batting average with 30 runs batted in and 48 runs scored in 68 games. During the 2012 season, Sánchez moved quickly through the White Sox system. He started the season with Class A-Advanced Winston-Salem then moved to Double-A Birmingham Barons, and then eventually Triple-A Charlotte Knights. He was named to appear in the 2012 All-Star Futures Game while playing for the Winston-Salem Dash of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, and was named a Carolina League Post-Season All Star. Sánchez hit a combined .323/.378/.403, 169 hits, 1 home run, 25 doubles, 7 triples, 79 runs, 56 RBI, 26 stolen bases in 133 games. He was named an MILB.com Organization All Star. The White Sox invited Sánchez to spring training as a non-roster invitee in 2013, and he ranked as the White Sox' number four prospect. Sánchez spent the entire 2013 season at Triple-A Charlotte, where he batted .241/.293/.296 in 432 at bats, 50 runs, 20 doubles, 2 triples, no home runs, 28 runs batted in, 29 walks, 76 strikeouts and 16 SBs. Sánchez was added to the 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. On July 13, 2014, the White Sox promoted Sánchez to the MLB roster and he made his MLB debut that same day going 0-for-5 with two strikeouts. Sanchez was sent down to Charlotte after the game, but was recalled to Chicago on August 22, after the White Sox traded Gordon Beckham. In 2014 with the White Sox, he batted .250/.269/.300 in 100 at bats. He was named an MILB.com Organization All Star. Sánchez with the White Sox in 2015 In 2015 with the White Sox, he batted .224/.268/.326 in 389 at bats, and in 2016 he batted .208/.236/.357 in 154 at bats. Sánchez announced that he would go by his first name, Yolmer, starting from the 2017 season, rather than his middle name of Carlos. In doing so, he became the first player named Yolmer in MLB history. In 2017, he batted .267/.319/.413 with a career-high 12 home runs in 484 at bats, and was second in the AL with 8 triples. In 2018, playing third base primarily, he batted .242/.306/.372 in 600 at bats with a career-high 14 stolen bases, and led the AL with 10 triples. He received the MLBPAA White Sox Heart and Hustle Award. In 2019, playing second base primarily, Sánchez batted .252/.318/.321 in 496 at bats with two home runs and 42 RBIs, with the lowest slugging percentage and isolated power (0.69) in the major leagues, and the highest opposite field percentage of all major league batters (34.2%). On defense, he made 416 assists, turned 108 double plays and had an 11 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, all best in the American League among second basemen. He won a Gold Glove Award at second base. Sánchez was released on November 25, 2019. ### San Francisco Giants Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants on January 31, 2020. He did not play in their farm system due to cancelation of the 2020 minor-league season. He was released by the Giants organization on August 21, 2020. ### Chicago White Sox (second stint) On August 25, 2020, Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox organization. On August 31, he was added to the White Sox' 40-man roster. Overall with the 2020 Chicago White Sox, Sánchez batted .313 with one home run and one RBI in 11 games. ### Baltimore Orioles On October 30, 2020, Sánchez was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Orioles. On March 27, 2021, he was designated for assignment following the acquisition of Adam Plutko. On March 30, Sánchez was granted his release by the Orioles. ### Atlanta Braves On March 31, 2021, Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. In 102 games with the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves, he batted .216 with nine home runs and 35 RBIs. He elected free agency on November 7, 2021. ### Boston Red Sox On February 9, 2022, Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox that included an invitation to spring training. He began the season in Triple-A with the Worcester Red Sox. Sánchez was added to Boston's active roster on June 27 for a series in Toronto, and appeared in one game for Boston. He was returned to Worcester on June 30 and removed from the 40-man roster. He was re-added to Boston's active roster on July 22, then was designated for assignment on August 16. In 14 games for Boston, Sánchez batted .108 (4-for-37) with two RBIs. ### New York Mets Sánchez with the Syracuse Mets in 2022 On August 18, 2022, Sánchez was claimed off waivers by the New York Mets. On August 27, Sánchez was designated for assignment. With the Mets, he appeared defensively in three games but did not have a plate appearance. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Syracuse Mets on August 30. ### Atlanta Braves (second stint) On January 24, 2023, Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. He participated in major league spring training activities, and was assigned to minor league camp before the regular season began. In 117 games for the Triple–A Gwinnett Stripers, Sánchez hit .236/.381/.350 with 8 home runs and 62 RBI. He elected free agency following the season on November 6. ### New York Mets (second stint) On January 16, 2024, Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets organization.
British Nazi collaborator (1918–1946) **Theodore William John Schurch** (5 May 1918 – 4 January 1946) was a British soldier who was executed under the Treachery Act 1940 after the end of the Second World War. He was the last person to be executed in Britain for an offence other than murder. Early life ---------- Schurch was born in Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith, London, while his Swiss father was living in Britain. During his late teens, Schurch was a member of the British Union of Fascists. In 1936, he enlisted in the British Army as a Royal Army Service Corps driver. Double agent ------------ In June 1942, Schurch was captured by Axis forces at Tobruk during the North African campaign. Soon afterwards, he began working for both Italian and German intelligence. He often posed as a prisoner of war to gain the trust of Allied prisoners, including Lieutenant Colonel Sir David Stirling, initiator of the Special Air Service. Trial and execution ------------------- Schurch was arrested in Rome in March 1945, and charged with nine counts of treachery and one count of desertion. He was tried by court martial at the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea, London, in September 1945, Major Melford Stevenson presiding. He was defended by Alexander Brands KC. During his court martial, Schurch demanded to know the religion of each judge. After learning that one of the officers, a major, was Jewish, he asked for him to be removed. The request was granted after Schurch's lawyer said "The question of fascism looms large in the accused's mind, there would be an inevitable clash between the accused and the major." Schurch was nevertheless found guilty of all counts and received the death sentence mandated under law. Schurch was hanged on 4 January 1946 at HM Prison Pentonville, at the age of 27. His execution was carried out by Albert Pierrepoint, who had hanged William Joyce the previous day for high treason. Schurch was the only British soldier executed for treachery committed during the war. However, Duncan Scott-Ford, a merchant seaman, and civilians George Johnson Armstrong and Oswald John Job were also hanged for treachery, and New Zealand-born Captain Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan of the British Indian Army was convicted of espionage, and shot by a guard. Harold Cole, a British POW who betrayed members of the French Resistance, was shot dead by the French police in January 1946, a month after he escaped from custody. Civilians William Joyce and John Amery were executed for high treason, a different offence. Further reading --------------- * Norman Davies (2008). *Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory*. Pan Macmillan. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-330-47229-6.
Short story by Richard Matheson "**Born of Man and Woman**" is a science fiction short story by American writer Richard Matheson, originally published in the July 1950 issue of *The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction*. It was his first professional sale, written when he was twenty-two years old. It became the title piece in Matheson's first short story collection in 1954. Plot summary ------------ The story is written in the form of an internal "diary" in broken English kept by what the reader presumes is a deformed child (gender unspecified) chained in the basement by its violently abusive parents (the story makes it clear that the man and woman who have imprisoned the child are its biological parents when the child recalls the man commenting about how, in stark contrast to the child, "Mother [is] so pretty and me decent[-looking] enough."). The child-narrator can sometimes pull its chain from the wall and observe the outside world through the basement window. On one occasion it even manages to sneak upstairs, although it has difficulty because its body drips green fluid that causes its feet to stick to the stairs. It eavesdrops on a dinner party but is discovered by its parents, returned to the basement, and violently beaten. On another occasion it climbs to a small window and observes a little girl (possibly its "normal" sister, who is apparently unaware of the chained child's existence), playing with other little girls and boys, whom the narrator, having no concept of ordinary childhood, can only describe as "little mothers" and "little fathers". One of the boys sees the child at the window, and it is again beaten as a result. In a final incident, the girl brings her pet cat (which the chained child can only describe as a creature with "pointy ears") into the basement. The chained child hides from them in a coal bin, but when the cat discovers, hisses, and bites the child, the child crushes the cat to death. The story ends with the child-narrator, again being beaten, knocking a stick from its father's hands, which sends the suddenly frightened man fleeing upstairs. The child resolves that if its parents abuse it again, it will turn violent, as it had once before, noting that it ran along the walls and hung down "with all [its] legs", revealing that the child is far more deformed than the reader may have presumed, and in fact an actual "monster". Reception --------- "Born of Man and Woman" was among the stories selected in 1970 by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the best science fiction short stories published before the creation of the Nebula Awards. As such, it was published in *The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964*. In 2001, it was a finalist for the Retro-Hugo Award for Best Short Story for 1951. Sequel ------ A sequel to the story, "She Screech Like Me" by Michael A. Arnzen, was published in 2009. In this story the parents have been killed by the child, and its sister, who is not upset, hides the child from the world. The children's maternal grandmother arrives at the home and delights in the child, but shows an aversion to the normal daughter. The grandmother locks the daughter in the cellar, telling the child that she is not "like us" and then teaches the child (who is implied to be female) its name.
Irish Supreme Court case ***Grace and anor v An Bórd Pleanála & ors***[2017] IESC 10 is an Irish Supreme Court case in which the Court clarified the criteria for ''standing'' (sufficient connection to support participation in a case) in relation to judicial review of environmental concerns. Background ---------- In 2014, An Bórd Pleanála (the respondent in the appeal) was granted planning permission for a wind farm in County Tipperary. Ms. Grace and Mr. Sweetman (the appellants in the appeal) objected to the development of a wind farm in an area known to be a habitat of hen harriers, a species protected under European Union law. The appellants applied to the High Court for an order of certiorari (court process to seek judicial review) quashing that decision on grounds that the respondent failed to carry out an adequate environmental impact assessment as required by the Habitats Directive and the Planning and Development Act 2000 (the 2000 Act). The central question before the court was whether the Irish rules relating to "standing in environmental matters" had to be revised in light of recent jurisprudence from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Holding of the High Court ------------------------- The High Court held that the appellants did not have standing to challenge the respondent’s decision and that the Environmental Impact Assessment was adequate. The appellants applied to the High Court for a certificate, so as to appeal the decision on "standing" before the Court of Appeal and to make reference to the European Court of Justice, on whether the assessment was adequate. The High Court refused both applications. The appellants applied for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court directly from the High Court on the basis of Article 34.5.4 of the Irish Constitution Archived 10 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Such direct appeals are referred to as "leapfrog appeals" Leave to appeal was granted. Holding of the Supreme Court ---------------------------- A joint written judgment was delivered by Clarke J and O'Malley J, with whom the rest of the Supreme Court concurred. In the Supreme Court, the appellants sought three reliefs: > "(a) Whether the jurisprudence of this Court on the question of standing in environmental matters requires to be revised in the light of recent judgments of the Court of Justice and, if so, the application of any such revised jurisprudence to the facts of this case; > > > (b) Whether the jurisprudence of this Court concerning the absence of an entitlement to appeal against a refusal of leave to appeal by the High Court in environmental matters requires to be revised in the light of the new constitutional architecture consequent on the adoption of the 33rd Amendment and the jurisprudence of the ECJ and, if so, the application of such revised jurisprudence to the facts of this case; and > > > > (c) Should it prove both appropriate and necessary in the light of the finding of the Court on issues (a) and (b) whether a substantive appeal against the decision of the High Court should be allowed by this Court on either or both of the grounds in respect of which the applicants sought leave to appeal before the High Court." > > The court noted that following the 33rd Amendment to the Irish Constitution, the "ordinary right of appeal from the High Court ... became a right to appeal to the Court of Appeal". However, Article 34.5.4 of the Irish Constitution also provides for leapfrog appeals directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. The court went on to note that legislation (such as the 2000 Act) that precluded an appeal to the Supreme Court without a certificate of the High Court "can only "regulate" but importantly cannot "exclude" an appeal to this Court." Under the new scheme under Article 34.5.4 of the Irish Constitution, leave to appeal directly to the Supreme Court without a certificate can be granted if the court is "satisfied that a general issue of public importance arises or that the interests of justice require an appeal to this Court." The court went on to note that > "any measure which prevents (rather than regulates) the exercise by this Court of its entitlement, under the 33rd Amendment, to consider whether a case meets that constitutional threshold must be considered to be an impermissible exclusion of the right of appeal to this Court. No express relevant measure has been introduced since the 33rd Amendment. Precisely what form of measure might be considered an exclusion rather than a regulation does not, therefore, fall for consideration in this case." > > The Supreme Court held that the appellants was entitled to appeal to the Supreme Court after successfully persuading the court that they satisfied the criteria mentioned above. Nevertheless, the court also noted that if there is a possibility for an appeal to the Court of Appeal instead of the Supreme Court, the former must be chosen. If a party wishes to argue that a leave to appeal was incorrectly refused by a High Court, then they can invite the Supreme Court to determine whether the constitutional threshold has been met or not. High Court judges when looking at such cases should keep in mind the new regime as per Article 34.5.4, but also remember that the Court of Appeal is still the normal route for appeals from the High Court. The Supreme Court then went on to consider the point with respect to standing. The court noted that standing to bring challenges to environmental issues such as those in the case raises questions about standing under national and European Union law (as per Article 11 of the Directive 2011/92/EU). Article 11 confers on people, an entitlement to "question the procedural or substantive validity of certain decisions made in the environmental field." As a result, the court went on to note that "[t]here is no dispute but that the decision to grant permission in respect of the wind farm which is subject to challenge in these proceedings comes within the ambit of the type of decision which is subject to the provisions of Article 11." In assessing standing under Article 11, courts should look at whether the person(s) bringing the challenge falls within two categories - "sufficient interest" or "maintaining the impairment of a right, where administrative procedural law of a Member State requires this as a precondition". The latter had never been a requirement in Ireland and so the court concluded that it would be more appropriate to analyse this case in light of whether the appellants had established that they have a sufficient interest in the project or not. The general principle to assess if a person has standing is by establishing that if the environmental project in question goes ahead, the person bringing the challenging will be adversely affected as there is "personal prejudice or injury to the interests of individual objectors". The appellants in this case did not participate in the planning board for the proposed wind farms. However, this cannot automatically render their standing as invalid. Standing issues in Ireland are given a reasonably liberal approach by taking into consideration that depending on how large scale a project is and how much it interferes with a person's surroundings, the level of interest of that person in objecting to the development can vary. So, the scale of the project and its proximity to a challenger is important. Persons can also have standing if their objective is to safeguard nature or a particular amenity of the area. So standing in Irish environmental cases is generally assessed by taking into account whether the development will significantly affect a particular amenity or interests of the challenger. When required, given the facts of a case, courts should also have regard to the legitimate interests of the challenger in pursuing the application. The Supreme Court took special note of the fact that the place where this development is proposed to take place is protected by European Union law. The Supreme Court ruled that Ms Grace did have standing even though she did not participate in the decision-making or planning process of the wind farm. Her counsel explained that this was the case because she was not aware of the plan until after the permission was granted. Also, she lives less than one kilometre away from the proposed development and she had been active in a number of environmentally focused groups. By taking into account the location of this development and the possible effects of it going ahead, the Supreme Court found Grace to have the necessary standing. The Supreme Court went on to note that it did not consider it necessary, in the circumstances, to reach a conclusion on Mr. Sweetman's standing. With respect to the leapfrogging appeal, the Supreme Court concluded that it was not necessary to consider this point as appellant has "an independent possibility of appealing directly to this Court under Article 34.5.4" of the Irish Constitution. Finally, the Supreme Court referred certain issues of European Union Law to the Court of Justice of the European Union.
2011 film by Pradeep Raj ***Kirataka*** is a 2011 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film directed by Pradeep Raj, starring Yash and Oviya in the lead roles. It is the remake of Tamil film, *Kalavani* (2010). The film was a success at the domestic box-office. This was the 3000th Kannada movie to be released. Plot ---- The film is centered around the rivalry between two neighboring villages with rival gangs in both competing in every aspect. Nandisha (Yash), also known as Gooli is a road side romeo with no real direction to his life. He is flanked by his friends who support him in every act. Meanwhile, he falls in love with Nethra (Oviya), a girl studying at a college in the neighboring town. While Nandisha is busy with his love life, one of his friends likes a girl from the neighboring village. To help him in the act, he plans to elope the girl and almost succeeds with his plan, but it is finally disrupted due to a problem in their vehicle. After this the rivalry between the two villages reaches a high with Nethra's brother vowing to avenge the dishonor. The rest of the movie revolves around how Gooly manages to win over Nethra despite the rivalry. Cast ---- * Yash as Nandisha alias Gooli * Oviya as Nethra * T. S. Nagabharana * Tara * Sanketh Kashi * Daniel Balaji as Seena * Chikkanna Production ---------- The film was initially announced under the title of *My Name is Kirataka* with Nandita Swetha as the heroine. Soundtrack ---------- V. Manohar composed the music of the film and wrote the lyrics for six soundtrack, while the lyrics for the soundtrack "Dhanakku Dandaa" penned by Pradeep Raj. The soundtrack album has seven songs. The song "Dhanakku Dandaa" was notable for, its lyrics had the names of 108 villages of Mandya district, which was the backdrop in which the film was set in. The song "Dhamma Dhamma" from the original Tamil film was retained here. The soundtrack album was officially released on 9 May 2011 at the Le Méridien hotel in Bangalore. Track listing| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1. | "Dhanakku Dandaa" | Pradeep Raj | Hemanth Kumar, Pradeep Raj | 4:46 | | 2. | "Kendhaavara Hoove" | V. Manohar | Nakul Abhyankar | 2:43 | | 3. | "Dhamma Dhamma" | V. Manohar | Anuradha Bhat, C. V. Santhosh | 4:09 | | 4. | "Dubai Thorsu" | V. Manohar | Chaitra H. G. Tippu | 3:53 | | 5. | "Oore Nidire" | V. Manohar | T. V. Krishna | 4:01 | | 6. | "Yaaravi" | V. Manohar | C. V. Santhosh | 2:14 | | 7. | "Kirik Kirik Kiraathaka" | V. Manohar | Bharath, Chaitra H. G. | 1:47 | Critical reception ------------------ *Kirataka* received generally positive from critics upon its theatrical release. G. S. Kumar of *The Times of India* gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Armed with a good script, Pradeep, in his first venture, has selected a story with a rural background, a rarity in Sandalwood now, and has given it a comical touch with decent narration." and concluded writing, "Yash has done marvellous job as a village boy with excellent dialogue delivery and body language. Ovia is impressive. Tara is gracious. Sanketh Kashi shines in comedy track. Music by V Manohar is melodious while cinematography by R Selvan is good." Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of *Rediff* too a 3.5/5 rating to the film and called the film "a breezy entertainer" and praised the role of the plot and the acting department in the film. On the negative aspects, she wrote, "...the film is just too long. Several songs are unnecessary and should have ended up on the cutting floor and not one is likely to make it to the top of the charts." A critic from Bangalore Mirror wrote  "The film was a perfect opportunity for Yash to explore a different genre, and he seems to have enjoyed his work to the fullest. Manohar's music and background score never get connected with the film’s pace and theme". Box-office ---------- *Kirataka* saw fair success at the box-office and turned out to be Yash's first commercial success. Having completed a run of 50 days in 20 theatres across Karnataka in August 2011, the film completed a 100-day run in Bangalore.
British landowner and forester **Sir Edward Thomas Hunter Blair, 8th Baronet**, (15 December 1920 – 21 October 2006) was a British landowner and forester. He was the son of Sir James Hunter Blair, 7th Baronet and Jean Galloway McIntyre, and was educated at Sandroyd School, Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. He served in World War II for 8 months with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (joined January 1941 - discharged September 1941). He was Civil Servant, 1941–1943; journalist (assistant Foreign Editor) 1944-1949; member of Kirkcudbrightshire county council from 1970–1971; member of the Council of the Wyndham Trust, 1992–1996; member of the Scottish Association for Public Transport from 1993 and president, Dumfries and Galloway Mountaineering Club. He published an autobiography *Our Troubled Future* in 1993. He succeeded to the baronetcy (created in 1786), on the death of his father in 1985. He married firstly Norma, daughter of Walter Sidney Harris, a "Master baker", in 1956 and they adopted a son, Alan, and a daughter, Helen. He later married Jonet Clemency Wilson Reid of Robertland, daughter of David Reid of Robertland and his wife Diana Rosamond Angell, secretary of the Baronetage of Scotland. The baronetcy devolved upon his kinsman, Patrick David Hunter Blair, born in 1958. This was because his only son, Alan Hunter Blair was adopted and consequently denied the baronetcy. Blair died at Fleet Valley Nursing Home on 21 October 2006. His funeral took place at Straiton Parish Church pn 27 October.
American sociologist and photographer **Lewis Wickes Hine** (September 26, 1874 – November 3, 1940) was an American sociologist and muckraker photographer. His photographs were instrumental in bringing about the passage of the first child labor laws in the United States. Early life ---------- Hine was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, on September 26, 1874. After his father was killed in an accident, Hine began working and saved his money for a college education. He studied sociology at the University of Chicago, Columbia University and New York University. He became a teacher in New York City at the Ethical Culture School, where he encouraged his students to use photography as an educational medium. Brooklyn Museum – Climbing into the Promised Land Ellis Island – Lewis Wickes Hine Hine led his sociology classes to Ellis Island in New York Harbor, photographing the thousands of immigrants who arrived each day. Between 1904 and 1909, Hine took over 200 plates (photographs) and came to the realization that documentary photography could be employed as a tool for social change and reform. Documentary photography ----------------------- In 1907, Hine became the staff photographer of the Russell Sage Foundation; he photographed life in the steel-making districts and people of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the influential sociological study called The Pittsburgh Survey. Child laborers in glasswork. Indiana, 1908 Little Lottie, a regular oyster shucker in Alabama Canning Co. (Bayou La Batre, Alabama, 1911) In 1908, Hine became the photographer for the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), leaving his teaching position. Over the next decade, Hine documented child labor, with focus on the use of child labor in the Carolina Piedmont, to aid the NCLC's lobbying efforts to end the practice. In 1913, he documented child laborers among cotton mill workers with a series of Francis Galton's composite portraits. Hine's work for the NCLC was often dangerous. As a photographer, he was frequently threatened with violence or even death by factory police and foremen. At the time, the immorality of child labor was meant to be hidden from the public. Photography was not only prohibited but also posed a serious threat to the industry. To gain entry to the mills, mines and factories, Hine was forced to assume many guises. At times he was a fire inspector, postcard vendor, bible salesman, or even an industrial photographer making a record of factory machinery. *Soldier Thrown in Air*, 1917, National Gallery of Art During and after World War I, he photographed American Red Cross relief work in Europe. In the 1920s and early 1930s, Hine made a series of "work portraits," which emphasized the human contribution to modern industry. In 1930, Hine was commissioned to document the construction of the Empire State Building. He photographed the workers in precarious positions while they secured the steel framework of the structure, taking many of the same risks that the workers endured. To obtain the best vantage points, Hine was swung out in a specially-designed basket 1,000 ft above Fifth Avenue. At times, he remembered, he hung above the city with nothing below but "a sheer drop of nearly a quarter-mile." "Power house mechanic working on steam pump" (1920) During the Great Depression Hine again worked for the Red Cross, photographing drought relief in the American South, and for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), documenting life in the mountains of eastern Tennessee. He also served as chief photographer for the Works Progress Administration's National Research Project, which studied changes in industry and their effect on employment. Hine was also a faculty member of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. Later life ---------- In 1936, Hine was selected as the photographer for the National Research Project of the Works Projects Administration, but his work there was not completed. The last years of his life were filled with professional struggles by loss of government and corporate patronage. Hine hoped to join the Farm Security Administration photography project, but despite writing repeatedly to Roy Stryker, Stryker always refused. Few people were interested in his work, past or present, and Hine lost his house and applied for welfare. He died on November 3, 1940, at Dobbs Ferry Hospital in Dobbs Ferry, New York, after an operation. He was 66 years old. Legacy ------ Hine's photographs supported the NCLC's lobbying to end child labor, and in 1912 the Children's Bureau was created. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 eventually brought child labour in the US to an end. After Hine's death, his son Corydon donated his prints and negatives to the Photo League, which was dismantled in 1951. The Museum of Modern Art was offered his pictures and did not accept them, but the George Eastman Museum did. In 2006, author Elizabeth Winthrop Alsop's historical fiction middle-grade novel, *Counting on Grace* was published by Wendy Lamb Books. The latter chapters center on 12-year-old Grace and her life-changing encounter with Hine, during his 1910 visit to a Vermont cotton mill known to have many child laborers. On the cover is the iconic photo of Grace's real-life counterpart, Addie Card (1897–1993), taken during Hine's undercover visit to the Pownal Cotton Mill. In 2016, *Time* published altered (colorized) versions of several of Hine's original photographs of child labor in the US. Collections ----------- Hine's work is held in the following public collections: * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL * Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County – almost five thousand NCLC photographs * George Eastman Museum – thousands of photographs and negatives * Library of Congress – over 5,000 photographs, including examples of Hine's child labor and Red Cross photographs, his work portraits, and his WPA and TVA images. * New York Public Library, New York * International Photography Hall of Fame, St.Louis, MO Notable photographs ------------------- * *Young Doffers in the Elk Cotton Mills* (1910) * *Newsies at Skeeter's Branch* (1910) * *Steam Fitter* (1920) * *Workers, Empire State Building* (1931) Gallery ------- * Baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from a glassmaking factory. Indiana (1908)Baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from a glassmaking factory. Indiana (1908) * Empire State Building worker in 1931Empire State Building worker in 1931 * Raising the Mast, Empire State Building (1932)*Raising the Mast, Empire State Building* (1932) Further reading --------------- * Freedman, Russell. *Kids at work: Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labor* (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1994). * Macieski, Robert. *Picturing class: Lewis W. Hine photographs child labor in New England* (2015) online * Sampsell-Willmann, Kate. *Lewis Hine as social critic* (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2009). excerpt
Irish hurler **Paddy Buggy** (15 March 1929 – 15 May 2013) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Slieverue and was a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 1949 until 1960. Buggy later served as the 27th president of the Gaelic Athletic Association from 1982 until 1985. Playing career -------------- ### Club Born in Slieverue, County Kilkenny, Buggy played his club hurling with his local Slieverue club. He won one senior county title with the club in 1954. ### Inter-county Buggy first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Kilkenny senior team in the late 1940s. He made his championship debut in 1949 and won his first Leinster the following year in 1950. Kilkenny later played Tipperary in an unexciting final which Tipp won by a point. Three years later in 1953 Buggy won a second Leinster medal; however, Kilkenny were later defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. In 1957 Buggy won his third Leinster title before lining out in his second All-Ireland final. Waterford provided the opposition on that occasion in an exciting championship decider. Waterford led by six points with fifteen minutes to go, however, Kilkenny stormed back with two quick goals to win the game by a point giving Buggy an All-Ireland medal. The following year he won a fourth Leinster title before being later beaten by Tipperary in the All-Ireland semi-final. In 1959 Buggy won his fifth Leinster title before lining out in a third All-Ireland final. Once again Waterford provided the opposition, however, the game ended in a draw. In the replay it was the Déise who emerged victorious by seven points. Buggy retired from inter-county hurling in 1960. ### Provincial Buggy also won a Railway Cup medal with Leinster in 1954. Administrative roles -------------------- Buggy began his administrative career with the Slieverue club at the age of 18 when he served as secretary of the minor section of the club. He later filled every available administrative position on the club's committee. As well as becoming a club administrator, Buggy was also elected as the Slieverue representative on the Kilkenny Southern Board in 1947, before being elected as one of the club's delegates to the Kilkenny County Board in 1950. He remained on the board until 1955 when he was elected to the Leinster Council. Buggy rose to the position of vice-chairman before gaining promotion to the position of chairman between 1978 and 1980. ### GAA presidency Buggy was officially nominated as the Kilkenny candidate for president of the GAA in January 1981. He also received the backing of Offaly and Wicklow. In the election in Killarney on 29 March 1981, he defeated Mick Loftus, the chairman of the Connacht Council, by 145 votes to 136 and was elected on the fifth count. As president he presided over the centenary celebrations of the organisation in 1984 and was generally regarded as an able administrator, particularly close to the grass-root membership. Personal life ------------- Buggy also managed the Leinster team to five consecutive Railway Cup victories from 1971 until 1975. Very proud of his native roots, Buggy was vociferous in the campaign to keep Slieverue in County Kilkenny amid moves to have it incorporated into the expanding City of Waterford as a suburb on the northern bank of the river Suir. He died on 15 May 2013, aged 84.
For people with Manz as their last name, see Manz (surname). **Manz AG** (formerly **Manz Automation**) is a German multinational engineering company active in the fields of automation, laser processesing, metrology, wet chemistry and roll-to-roll processing. Manz AG bundles its activities into two reporting segments: Mobility & Battery Solutions and Industry Solutions. The focus in the Mobility & Battery Solutions segment is on intelligent production solutions for highly efficient lithium-ion batteries. The Industry Solutions reporting segment is responsible for assembly and production solutions for electronic components and devices, power and consumer electronics, and components for the electric powertrain. Headquartered in Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, the company has additional production centres in Tübingen as well as international manufacturing sites in Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, China and Taiwan. There are additional sales and service branches in the United States, South Korea and India. Manz had developed a significant presence in the solar photovoltaic industry. Its activities in this sector focused on the development and supply of integrated systems for the production of CIGS thin-film solar modules. In 2010 the company established a partnership with Würth Solar (part of the Würth industrial group) for the exclusive licensing of its CIGS solar cell production technology. After the acquisition of the CIGS modules innovation line of Würth Solar in January 2012, technology licenses were also transferred to the company on an unrestricted basis. In September 2012, Manz presented a CIGS solar module, which was produced on a mass production line and has a 14.6 percent efficiency on total module area and 15.9 percent on aperture area (one in the industry unequaled efficiency). In April 2015, Manz surpassed these numbers again and presented an impressive new efficiency world record for CIGS thin-film solar modules on mass production line with a module efficiency of 16 percent. The major business areas of Manz are the supply of systems for the production of flat panel displays and touch panels, a market it first entered in 1994, Printed Circuit Boards, electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers and laptops as well as the supply of systems for the production of lithium-ion batteries on an industrial scale for e.g. e-mobility. History ------- The company was founded by Dieter Manz as the GmbH *Manz Automatisierungstechnik* in 1987. It initially focused on industrial automation and robotics, and today continues to supply automated systems as part of a broader range of products. In October 2001 Manz Automatisierungstechnik merged with ACS GmbH, another firm founded by Dieter Manz, forming Manz Automation AG. As Manz has grown from an automation specialist into a supplier of integrated production lines, the company changed its name from Manz Automation AG to Manz AG in June 2011. The company listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2006, moving to its Prime Standard market segment in 2008. The company was a constituent of the TecDAX index between September 2008 and March 2009, and again between September 2009 and March 2011. Manz AG shared back in the TecDAX as of March 24, 2014. In May 2016 Shanghai Electric company took over 19.67% of Manz shares. In May 2022 Daimler Truck AG acquired a stake in Manz as part of a strategic partnership. ### Acquisitions and location expansion On 1 January 2008, with the acquisition of the company *Christian Majer* in Tübingen, Germany (machines for packaging and film processing), the basis for entry into the lithium-ion battery market in 2009 was set. Also in 2008, *Manz Slovakia* was founded and *Intech Machines* (Taiwanese market leader for wet chemical processes in manufacturing displays) was absorbed. Manz also established a vacuum coating technology development centre (*Manz Coating GmbH* in Karlstein, Germany) in 2010. In 2012 the establishment of *Manz CIGS Technology GmbH* in Schwäbisch Hall, Germany and the opening of a new manufacturing facility in Suzhou (China) took place. With the acquisition of the mechanical engineering division of Kemet Electronics Italy (formerly Arcotronics) in 2014, Manz enlarged its technology portfolio in the battery division and founded *Manz Italy*. In 2015 Manz acquired KLEO, a specialist for laser direct imaging (LDI), from the ZEISS Group.
English cricketer **Mathew Daplyn** (1802 – 4 April 1854) was an English cricketer. Daplyn's batting and bowling styles are unknown. He was born at Hindringham, Norfolk. While studying at the University of Cambridge, Daplyn made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against the Cambridge Town Club at Parker's Piece in 1833. It was in that same season that he made a single first-class appearance for a team of left-handed players against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's, as well as making his debut for Norfolk against Yorkshire at Hyde Park Ground, Sheffield. He made two further first-class appearances for Norfolk in 1834, both against Yorkshire, while in the following two seasons he made his final two appearances in first-class cricket, playing once *for* the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1835 against Sussex, and for Norfolk against Yorkshire in 1836. In nine first-class matches, Daplyn scored 93 runs at an average of 7.75, with a high score of 24, while with the ball he took 23 wickets, taking a five wicket haul on three occasions and once taking a ten wicket haul in a match. He had a son, Matthew, who was baptised at Hindringham in 1843. Daplyn died at the village of his birth on 4 April 1854.
Process in development of video games | | | --- | | Part of a series on | | Translation | | | | Types | | * Legal * Literary * Bible * Quran * Kural * Linguistic validation * Medical * Regulatory * Technical * Interpretation * Cultural * Word-for-word * Sense-for-sense * Homophonic | | Theory | | * Translation studies * Skopos theory * Translation project * Translation criticism * Dynamic and formal equivalence * Contrastive linguistics * Polysystem theory | | Technologies | | * CAT * Machine translation * Mobile translation * Translation management system * Dubbing * Subtitling * Pre-editing * Postediting * Multimedia translation | | Localization | | * Glocalization * Internationalization and localization * Language localization * Video game localization * Dub localization * Website localization * Software localization | | Institutional | | * Associations * Awards * Organizations * Schools | | Related topics | | * Untranslatability * Transcription * Transliteration * Video relay service (VRS) * Telephone interpreting * Language barrier * Fan translation (of video games) * Fansub * Fandub * Scanlation * Journalistic translation * Books and magazines on translation * Bible translations by language * Translated books + List of most translated works * Translators * Kural translations by language | | * v * t * e | **Video game localization** (or **computer game localisation**), is the process of preparing a video game for a market outside of where it was originally published. The game's name, art assets, packaging, manuals, and cultural and legal differences are typically altered. Before localization, producers consider economic factors such as potential foreign profit. Most official localizations are done by the game's developers or a third-party translation company. Nevertheless, fan localizations are also popular. Localization is largely inconsistent between platforms, engines and companies due to its recency. Localizers intend to create an experience like the original game, with discretion to the localization audience. Localizations are considered to have failed if it is confusing or difficult to understand; this may break the player's immersion. History ------- Since the beginning of video game history, video games have been localized. One of the first widely popular video games, *Pac-Man* was localized from Japanese. The original transliteration of the Japanese title would be "Puck-Man," but the decision was made to change the name when the game was imported to the United States out of fear that the word 'Puck' would be vandalized into an obscenity. In addition, the names of the ghosts were originally based on colors - roughly translating to "Reddie," "Pinky," "Bluey," and "Slowly." Rather than translate these names exactly, they were renamed to Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. This choice maintained the odd-man-out style of the original names without adhering to their exact meaning. This is an early example of a change in cultural context. Early localization had one main concern. Due to the small memory size of the NES and SNES cartridges many translated text strings were too long. Ted Woolsey, translator of *Final Fantasy VI*, recounts having to continually cut down the English text due to limited capacity. Early video game translation was not often a priority for companies, leading to budgets being low and localization time being cut short. Early translations were sometimes "literally done by a 'programmer with a phrase book'." For example, the original translation for the Sega Genesis game *Beyond Oasis* was discarded as the editor considered it nonsensical and an entirely new story was rewritten without any input from the translator. Occasionally the poor translation of video games has made the game notable. An example of this is with the game *Zero Wing* whose Engrish text "All Your Base Are Belong to Us" became an early Internet meme. As technology in the early 2000s improved, localization was made both easier and harder. These improvements made in technology allowed text to be stored in ASCII strings instead of in picture format. Audio processing capability also improved allowing voice acting to be included in video games. The addition of dubbing into video games made the localization process harder and localization producers had to chose if they wanted to record entirely new voice lines or keep the original voice over. Graphical capability also improved making games more cinematic, so making sure the newly recorded voice lines matched the lip movements of the characters was important. Also, ensuring that visual gestures of animated characters made sense to a different audience was important. Modern video games are becoming increasingly complex in scope. As opposed to their older counterparts, video games can have a large amount of dialogue and voice over, making localization efforts significantly harder. The team in charge of localizing *Fable II* into five languages consisted of 270 actors and 130 personnel. Likewise, the dialogue scripts for *Star Wars: The Old Republic* contained over 200,000 lines. Director of audio and localization Shauna Perry reports that the game had as much audio as ten Knights of the Old Republic recorded back-to-back. Styles of localization ---------------------- There are many styles of localizing a video game. "No localization" is when a game is released in an overseas territory with little to no effort to localize the game. "Box and documentation localization" is when only the manuals and box are translated into the target language, but the game itself is not. This style is mostly chosen if the game is an arcade game or if the target country is expected to decently know the original language. In partial localization, the game's text is translated, but voice-over files are not re-recorded. This style is popular with many new Japanese role-playing games and visual novels.[] Full localization is when all assets of a game are translated and all voice-over is recorded in the target language. This option is usually undertaken by AAA game companies. Production models ----------------- Officially produced localization generally fit into one of two categories: "Post-gold" or "Sim-ship". Post-gold means that the game has been released and completed. This usually means there is a gap of time between the release of a localized version and original. The post-gold model allows the producers of a localization to access and play the fully completed game, generally allowing more time to work on and complete a thorough translation. This model was commonly used by Japanese AAA producers, but these companies are now moving towards the sim-ship style. The other main model is "Sim-ship". This is when a localization is produced before the original game has been released. This method is more viable as games are prone to be pirated at release so there is a profit incentive to releasing this way. Though being crucial to maintain a good release window and leave games less prone to piracy, Sim-ship has its drawbacks. When localizing with this model, a completed game is unlikely to be ready. This results in a few risks for the continuity of the game, since a lot of the crucial context and information needed may be missing. Most western games follow this model. There are two means to go about making a localization that follow one of each of these models: outsourced or in-house. Most game companies in North America and Europe rely on outsourcing as a means of localization. This model is also popular in emerging video game markets such as Chile, Russia, and China. When outsourced, a company that specializes in producing localization is hired to undertake the process. An issue that arises with an outsourced localization is that the company lacks knowledge of the game, as opposed to in-house developers. A localization that arises from the lack of knowledge about the game is commonly known as a "blind localization." If a localization is outsourced, the developers will usually provide the outsourced company with a localization kit. A localization kit may contain elements such as general information about the project (including deadlines, contact information, software details), resources about the game itself (a walk-through, plot or character descriptions, cheat codes), reference materials (glossaries of terms used in the game world or used for the specific hardware), software (such as computer-aided translation tools), code, and the assets to be translated. Companies may choose to localize in-house. This practice is common for Japanese developers, most notably Square Enix. When localized in-house, the process is completely controlled by the original developers. Although it is common practice to hire freelance translators to work alongside the development team, in-house producers usually have greater access to the original game and to the original artists and authors, who can be consulted about changing art assets or story concerns. Since Japanese companies prefer the post-gold method, in-house translation is favored. In-house productions usually have less mistakes and an overall smoother localization. The downside is that this causes a delay between the release of the international and home versions. Another means of localization is through the unauthorized effort of fans. Fans of video games without an international release may be willing to put unpaid effort into localizing a game if the game is not released internationally. The most notable example of this is the *Mother 3* (2006) localization. Fans attempted a petition to Nintendo to localize the game into English, when this failed they undertook the process themselves. Sometimes, fan interest and fanmade localization is used as a metric of interest. For example, when *The Great Ace Attorney* was only released in Japan and fans localized it into other languages upon release, it was clear to Capcom that there was enough interest in their game to warrant an international release with an official localization. When a game is released with a fan-deemed "inferior translation", or the game has been "blindly translated", it can prompt fan action to correct or completely re-do the process of localization. A fan group called DLAN has undertaken the work of localizing many games, mods, cheats, guides, and more into Castilian Spanish when the official versions were of poor quality, such as with *The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion*. Tasks and challenges -------------------- The major types of localization are as follows: * Linguistic and cultural: the translation of language and cultural references maintaining the feel of the game but making it more appealing for the receiving locale. * Hardware and software: for example the change between PAL and NTSC, re-mapping of hotkeys, gameplay modifications. * Legal: age ratings may differ depending on the country of release. They are controlled by national or international bodies like PEGI (for Europe), ESRB (for US and Canada), ACB (for Australia), or CERO (for Japan). * Graphics and music: Some games may exhibit different characters, or the same ones with a slightly different appearance in order to facilitate players identification with their avatar. Music may also vary according to national trends or the preferences of major fan communities. When games are more story-driven than action-driven, culturalising them can be challenging because of all the premises the designers are taking for granted in the development of the plot. Asian gamers seem to prefer more childlike characters, while Western countries might emphasize adult features. An example of the changes that are likely to happen during localization is *Fatal Frame* (known in Japan as *Zero* and known in Europe as *Project Zero*) (Tecmo 2001). In the original Japanese version the protagonist, Miku, was a frightened seventeen-year-old girl looking for her brother Mafuyu who disappeared after entering a haunted mansion. In the US and European versions Miku is nineteen, has Western features, and is not wearing the original Japanese school uniform. Unfortunately, developers did not think necessary to change her brother's appearance, so when players do find Mafuyu at the end of the game they do not seem to be blood-related. While most games only need small changes to be localized for another region, there are also games that had to be thematically overhauled for a new region. For example, efforts to localize the Nintendo DS rhythm game *Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan* for the western world led to a completely new and thematically different game, *Elite Beat Agents*, which reuses *Ouendan*'s gameplay but is re-themed to feature special agents helping people around the world instead of oendan cheering people in Japan, due to *Ouendan*'s innate reliance on Japanese culture making a plain localization of that game unviable. A similar thing happens with the depiction of blood, and real historical events; many things have to be readjusted to fit the country's tolerance and taste in order not to hurt sensibilities. This is probably one of the reasons why so many games take place in imaginary worlds. This customization effort draws on the knowledge of geopolitical strategists, like Kate Edwards from Englobe. During the 2006 Game Developers Conference in California she explained the importance of being culturally aware when internationalizing games in a presentation called "Fun vs. Offensive: Balancing the 'Cultural Edge' of Content for Global Games" (Edwards 2006). Both developers and publishers want to please their clients. Gamers are not particularly interested in where the game comes from, or who created it any more than someone buying a new car or DVD player. A product for mass consumption only keeps the branding features of the trademark; all the other characteristics might be subject to customization due to the need to appeal to the local market. Therefore, the translation will be in some cases an actual recreation, or, to put it in the words of Mangiron & O'Hagan (2006), a "transcreation", where translators will be expected to produce a text with the right "feel" for the target market. It is important for translators to be aware of the logic behind this. Video games are a software product, and as such, they will have manuals and instructions, as well as interactive menus and help files. This will call for technical translation. On the other hand, we will also find narration and dialogue closer to literary texts or film scripts where a more creative translation would be expected. However, unlike most forms of translation, video games can adapt or even change the original script, as long as it is in the search of enhanced fun and playability of the target culture. We can only find a parallel of this type of practice in the translation of children's literature where professionals often adapt or alter the original text to improve children's understanding and enjoyment of the book. David Reeves of SCEE stated that the main reason that Europe is often affected by significant content delays is because of language localization. He stated "the problem is that there isn't enough incentive for developers to work on multiple language translations during development. Hence, Europeans suffer delays and may never see a particular title". He also commented on why the UK and Ireland, which are English speaking countries, also experience the same delays as those in continental Europe with many different languages despite little or no modification. He stated, "With PlayStation Store we could probably go in the UK almost day and date. But then what are the Germans and the French going to say to me? That I'm Anglo-centric," indicating that the reason that these countries also must wait is to avoid criticism from other large European gaming countries such as Germany and France. Cultural changes ---------------- Often localization changes include adjusting a game to consider specific cultural sensitivities. These changes may be self-enforced by the developers themselves, or enacted by national or regional rating boards (Video game content rating system). However, games are still sometimes released with controversial or insensitive material, which can lead to controversy or recall of the product. Games localized for import into Germany often have significant changes made due to the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle's (USK) strict policies against blood and gore, profanity, and symbols associated with racial hatred, such as Nazi symbolism (until 2019). For instance, the German version of *Team Fortress 2* (2007) has no blood or detached body parts as a result of this regulation, which can cause difficulty for players as it is hard to tell if an enemy has been hit or taken damage (218). As a result, mods known as "bloodpatches" have been created for this and many German games that allow the blood and gore of the original game to be unlocked. Despite a significant overhaul of the graphics, the German localization of the World War II game *Wolfenstein* (2009) contained a single visible swastika on an art asset. As a result, Raven Software recalled the game. China also has strict censorship rules, and forbids content that endangers the "unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state" or the "social moralities or fine national cultural traditions," amongst other qualifications. As a result, the Swedish PC game *Hearts of Iron* (2002), set during World War II, was banned because the historically accurate maps depicted Manchuria, West Xinjiang, and Tibet as independent states. Additionally, Taiwan was shown to be a territory of Japan, as was accurate for the time period. However, these inclusions were considered harmful to China's territorial integrity, so the game was forbidden from being legally imported. The localization of *Football Manager* (2005) was similarly banned because Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China were all treated as separate teams, putting them on equal footing. Linguistic assets ----------------- In video games there are a number of different types of texts that require translation. These can be Manuals, Subtitles and dubbing scripts. There is another type of script that poses an issue to developers of localization. This type of script is in a format common with software like web browsers or word processors. Utility programs like this have a commonality with each other because a user can input any text into it. This is refereed to as "Interactivity". The interactive element of this type of text makes it difficult for producers of localization because it has an aspect of randomness, For example a user may have to input a command or a message at a certain point. The random nature of this takes away linearity and contextual information that a game has. As a result of this, Translators do not have important sources in the translation process and loose both co-text and context in text. When the game is unfinished or an inadequate localization kit has been supplied the team must look elsewhere to draw from. There are many resources which they use to do this. Due to the differences between each of the ways a video game can be produced, there is no standard localization tool that producers use. In modern games it is able to do this in the game engine but older titles do not have this. There are multiple programs that can be used, most popular being Catalyst and Passolo. Which allow producers to work directly with the game code. Producers of localizations deal with a variety of different linguistic assets. Which include, the game itself, The official Website, promotional articles, game updates and patches. Textual types and file formats ------------------------------ In a video game there are various types of text. Video games are also multimedia including a variety of different assets like video. Producers of localization's have to be knowledgeable in dealing with these. When dealing with cut-scenes or pre-rendered video, producers have to put effort into ensuring these stay relatively unchanged. The most important challenge is the lip-syncing of newly recorded dialogue, and fitting the subtitles into each part of a pre-recorded or pre-rendered scene. The types of text and files that are commonly found in video games are as follows. * Instruction manual – An instruction manual is a document that outlines important details relating to the purchased video game. These can be instructions on how to use the game, a guide on how to complete the game and other information like corporate and legal texts. * Packaging – Packaging can include the slip inserted into the DVD or CD case the video game comes in, or before optical disks were adopted in gaming, the box that a game came in. Packaging usually features the title of a game, its rating and logos of companies involved. It also features pictures and other points of information relating to a game. The manual is usually found within the packaging. * Readme file – A ReadMe file is a file usually included with digital video games. It contains information on how to install the game and run it. * Official website – An official website is a website created for the promotion and usually the sale of a video game. The information found on a website is similar to that of a manual. * Dialogue for dubbing – Dialogue for dubbing is the translated dialogue that is prepared for a voice actor to read out. * Dialogue for subtitling – This is the translated dialogue that is applied to pre-rendered or pre-recorded video. Most subtitles are hard-coded in to ensure that the video and subtitles are in-sync. * User interface (UI) – A user interface is what the player of a video game interacts with. It can contain a variety of different assets that need to be translated. Producers need to ensure that the interface's assets are big enough to contain readable text when translating, as well as confirming that graphics without text convey a clear message in the target market. Additionally, games must be able to support various special characters if the user is able to input text. Controversy ----------- During the 2010s there was significant debate surrounding the localisation of Japanese games, particularly for Nintendo platforms. Some fans consider resulting changes to plot and characterization as marring the original artistic vision, and some object to sexual content being removed or bowdlerized. Localization of Nintendo games is commonly handled by a Nintendo division called the Treehouse. In the face of Nintendo's unwillingness to communicate about localization, speculation and conspiracy theories circulated among enthusiasts, and several employees of the Treehouse were alleged to be responsible for unpopular changes. Allison Rapp, a Treehouse employee not directly involved in localization, garnered controversy due to her comments on Twitter. Attention on Rapp was heightened as part of the Gamergate controversy by the circulation of an undergraduate essay by Rapp which favored cultural relativism regarding sexualization of minors in Japanese media. The essay argued against the sort of censorship that the Treehouse's critics decried. Some however interpreted the essay as defending the exploitation of children, and readers of the alt-right, neo-Nazi publication *The Daily Stormer* organized a letter-writing campaign to have her fired. That initiative was controversial within the Gamergate movement, with some supporters considering it justifiable treatment of an ideological opponent, while others considered the campaign against Rapp to be unethical or not aligned with the movement's goals. Rapp was subsequently fired, though Nintendo issued a statement that the reason was that Rapp had held a second job against company policy. She maintains that her controversial online presence was the true cause. Bibliography ------------ * Bernal-Merino, M. 2006. "On the Translation of Video Games". The Journal of Specialised Translation, Issue 6: 22-36 * Bernal-Merino, M. 2007. "Training translators for the video game industry", in J. Diaz-Cintas (ed.), The Didactics of Audiovisual Translation. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. * Bernal-Merino, M. 2007. "Localization and the Cultural Concept of Play". Game Career Guide * Bernal-Merino, M. 2007. "Challenges in the Translation of Video Games". Tradumática, No 5. * Bernal-Merino, Miguel. (2008). "Inside the Game Localisation Round Table." Develop. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014. * Chandler, H. 2005. *The Game Localization Handbook*. Massachusetts: Charles River Media * Chandler, Heather M and Stephanie O'Malley Deming. (2012). The Game Localization Handbook (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA; Ontario and London: Jones & Bartlett Learning. * "Clan DLAN: Traducción de videojuegos, traducción y creación de mods, modding, revisiones, guías, rol y más. Todo en español." (2014). Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Corliss, Jon. (2007). "All Your Base are Belong to Us! Videogame Localization and Thing Theory." Accessed July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Dietz, F. 2006. Issues in localizing computer games. *Perspectives on Localization* edited by Keiran J. Dunne. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 121–134. * Dietz, Frank. (2007). "How Difficult Can That Be? The Work of Computer and Video Game Localization." Revista Tradumatica 5: "La localitzacio de videojocs." Accessed July 12, 2011. * Diaz Montón, Diana. (2007). "It's a Funny Game." The Linguist 46 (3). Accessed July 12, 2011. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Edwards, Kate. GDC 2006 presentation "Fun Vs. Offensive" * Esselink, B. 2000. *A Practical Guide to Localization*. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. * Fahey, Mike. (2009). "Star Wars: The Old Republic Script More Than 40 Novels Long." Kotaku. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Good, Owen. (2009). "Swastika Gets Wolfenstein Pulled from German Shelves." Kotaku. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Heimburg, E, 2006. Localizing MMORPGs. *Perspectives on Localization* edited by Keiran J. Dunne. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins,135-154. * Kohler, Chris. (2005). Power-up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis: Brady Games. * Mangiron, C. & O'Hagan, M. 2006. "Game localization: unleashing imagination with 'restricted' translation". The Journal of Specialised Translation 6: 10-21 * O'Hagan, Minako and Mangiron, Carme. (2013). Game Localization: translating for the global digital entertainment industry. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. * Sutton-Smith, B. 1997. *The Ambiguity of Play*. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press. * "The Mother 3 Fan Translation." Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * Zhang, Xiaochun. (2012). "Censorship and Digital Games Localisation in China." Meta: journal des traducteurs, 57(2), 338-350. Retrieved December 2nd, 2014 * "gaming translation services" Game Localization- Call of duty in middle east-2022
Species of flowering plant ***Pultenaea fasciculata***, commonly known as **alpine bush-pea** or **bundled bush-pea** is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a small prostrate or low-lying shrub with cylindrical leaves and yellow to orange-coloured flowers arranged singly or in small groups near the ends of branchlets. Description ----------- *Pultenaea fasciculata* is a small prostrate or low-lying shrub with linear to more or less cylindrical leaves 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long and about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) wide with groove along the upper surface, a hooked tip and stipules about 2 mm (0.079 in) long at the base. The flowers are arranged singly in up to three leaf axils near the ends of branchlets and are 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long. There are bracts or stipules up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long at the base. The sepals are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and hairy, and the petals are yellow to orange with red striations. Flowering occurs from December to February and the fruit is an egg-shaped pod about 5 mm (0.20 in) long. Taxonomy and naming ------------------- *Pultenaea fasciculata* was first formally described in 1837 by George Bentham in his *Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus*. The specific epithet (*fasciculata*) means "clustered", referring to the leaves. Distribution and habitat ------------------------ Alpine bush-pea grows in alpine or sub-alpine grassland in New South Wales, south from Barrington Tops, in north-eastern Victoria and on the Central Plateau in Tasmania.