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Business park in Tampa, Florida; former shopping mall NetPark Tampa Bay is a business park in the East Lake-Orient Park neighborhood of Tampa, Florida, United States. The complex, which primarily houses offices, is a redevelopment of the former East Lake Square Mall, a shopping mall built by Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation in 1976. The mall's anchor stores were JCPenney, Montgomery Ward, and Belk-Lindsey, with H. J. Wilson Co. joining in 1980. H. J. Wilson Co. became Service Merchandise in 1985, and Belk-Lindsey was sold to Dillard's in 1992. After a period of decline in the 1990s which included the closure of all four anchor stores, the mall was closed entirely in 1998 and officially reopened as NetPark Tampa Bay a year later. History ------- Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation, a former shopping mall developer based out of Youngstown, Ohio, first proposed for a 1,050,000 sq ft (98,000 m2) shopping mall in Tampa, Florida in 1974. It was to be situated on Hillsborough Avenue, between North 58th Street and Harney Road. This was the second mall built by DeBartolo in the area, following University Square Mall (now University Mall). Prior to the opening of East Lake Square, its development led to concerns from owners of other local shopping mall properties regarding market saturation. Managers of Northgate and Floriland malls, two shopping centers southwest of University Square, reported that many stores in both malls had either closed or relocated. Grant Donaldson of The Tampa Times stated in March 1975 that many merchants of Northgate and Floriland were "dumbfounded" by the construction of East Lake Square Mall. DeBartolo had begun construction on the mall by the end of 1975, at which point JCPenney, Montgomery Ward, and Belk-Lindsey were confirmed as the three anchor stores. The 155,000 sq ft (14,400 m2) Montgomery Ward was the chain's third location in Tampa. By July 1976, the mall was near completion with a targeted opening date of August 4, except for the Belk-Lindsey which would not be completed until early 1977. Both JCPenney and the mall opened as planned on August 4, 1976. Belk-Lindsey replaced an older location along Henderson Avenue in Tampa. The first expansion to the mall came in late 1979, when H. J. Wilson Co. a catalog merchant and jeweler based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, announced plans to become the mall's fourth anchor store. The 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m2) store would be the chain's 48th location. Five years later, Wilson's was sold to Service Merchandise. In 1990, the mall had a gross leasable area of 1,006,932 sq ft (93,547.0 m2) and over 115 stores on two levels. Two years later, Dillard's began negotiations with Belk-Lindsey to buy three stores as a means of expansion in the Tampa market: East Lake Square, along with DeSoto Square Mall and Gulf View Square. All three of these were sold in August of that year. Decline and conversion to offices --------------------------------- Despite the addition of Service Merchandise and Dillard's, the mall struggled with tenancy for most of its life. Aissatou Sidime of The Tampa Tribune attributed the mall's decline to a number of factors. One factor was a lack of commercial and residential growth around the mall; by the 1990s, most of the mall was instead surrounded by industrial sites. In addition, the mall was the scene of several crimes, including car vandalism, shoplifting, and armed robbery. John Hancock Financial bought the mall from the DeBartolo corporation in January 1995. At the time, the mall faced increasing competition from Brandon Town Center (now Westfield Brandon), which would open only one month later. In response to this, Dillard's converted its East Lake Square store to an outlet store, while JCPenney announced plans to rearrange the store's departments in order to put a greater focus on home furniture. JCPenney closed the East Lake Square location in August 1997. At the time, the manager of the Dillard's outlet said that he had no plans to close the store at the time. Despite this, representatives of John Hancock and Divaris Real Estate, whom they had hired for management and leasing, had begun proposing redevelopment of the property. A December 1997 article in the Tampa Tribune described East Lake Square as a dead mall, "rented mostly by locally owned discount fashion stores or variety stores where everything's priced under $1." By 1998, Dillard's, Service Merchandise, and Montgomery Ward had all closed as well, leaving the mall without an anchor store. As a result, John Hancock Financial announced a plan for renovation into a business park composed of offices. The last tenant to leave was a dentist's office. Conversion of the property began in 1998, with assistance from two real estate developers: Divaris Real Estate and Tampa-based Nat Cherry (of Paragon Group). HOK was also hired as architect for the conversion. As part of the renovation, the former mall structure was fully renovated, to the point that some portions were dismantled to dirt floors. Research conducted by Cherry concluded that Tampa had the highest number of call center employees in the country, and thus decided to include those as part of the conversion. The center officially reopened as NetPark Tampa Bay in June 1999, with the first tenant being a 115,000 sq ft (10,700 m2) call center for General Motors. John Hancock also converted 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) of former mall space into a call center, and the former location of the mall's food court into a restaurant. Other tenants installed by John Hancock included security, child care, and a fitness center for employees of the complex. John Hancock sold a fifty percent share of NetPark Tampa Bay to Triple Net Properties in 2003; two years later, a group of tenants within the complex bought out Triple Net. Management duties changed several times until 2014, when the property became managed by Bluett Capital Realty. By 2017, NetPark Tampa Bay was at 100 percent occupancy. Tenants of the center include Maximus Inc. Humana, and T-Mobile.
The *West Marin Citizen* was a weekly newspaper based in Point Reyes Station, California, that covered the western region of Marin County. After a pilot edition, the paper published its first issue on July 5, 2007. In the following years through April 2015, the newspaper engaged in a two-paper competition for limited readership and advertising dollars in a rural area where both were relatively scarce. Joel Hack launched the Citizen in reaction to the purchase of the Point Reyes Light, a long-established, Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper also based in Point Reyes Station, by Robert Plotkin, who owned the paper between 2005-2010. The change in ownership, after the $500,000 sale by long-time owner and editor Dave Mitchell, had led to a different editorial tone and staff changes. Former Light managing editor Jim Kravets was the paper's first editor. Contributors included members of the local Latino Photography Project, whose work ran as an ongoing series called "La Vida". In August 2008, the Citizen won six awards from the National Newspaper Association based on the paper's first six months of reporting. In mid-2008, a group of residents formed a limited liability company with the intent of merging the Light and Citizen to create a single community-owned newspaper, but by the end of the year, could not come to terms with the Light's publisher on a price or the terms of the proposed buyout. The group, reconstituted as the Marin Media Alliance, focused its effort towards community ownership solely on the Citizen. The effort was not successful. In October 2010, Hack retired as editor and publisher, turning the paper over to advertising director Linda Petersen. Under her watch, The Citizen leaned more toward features and reader-contributed pieces, while the Light worked on a more traditional newspaper model of reporters filing news stories. But financial struggles affected both papers and left Peterson with no paid staff. In April 2015, she sold the paper to the Light for $50,000.
Liberian general (1940–1985) Thomas Gankama-Quiwonkpa (27 July 1940 – 17 November 1985) was a Liberian military officer who was a Commanding General of the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL). Quiwonkpa joined the AFL as a teenager and came to prominence during the 1980 Liberian coup d'état, in which he assisted Samuel Doe in overthrowing President William Tolbert and ending 133 years of Americo-Liberian rule. He then became part of Doe's People's Redemption Council junta where he was promoted to Major general. In 1983, he was purged by Doe after being suspected of plotting a coup, forcing him to flee into exile. In 1985, he led an unsuccessful coup against Doe, in which he was killed and reported partially eaten by Doe loyalists. Biography --------- Born in the town of Zualay in 1940, Quiwonkpa was the son of subsistence farmers. At the age of sixteen, he joined the AFL. After finishing high school in 1958 through a programme at the Barclay Training Center, he received an assignment to the AFL's records department. ### Part of Samuel Doe's coup (1980) He came to prominence on 12 April 1980, when he assisted Samuel Doe in a military coup that overthrew the Americo-Liberian government of William R. Tolbert, Jr. About a month later, the revolutionaries arrested AFL commander-in-chief Edwin Lloyd and other military leaders on charges of planning a counter-coup. By mid-May, Quiwonkpa was proclaimed a major general and made the new AFL commander. Two months later he was using the title of brigadier general. Before long, he fell out with Doe; in 1983, Quiwonkpa was demoted and subsequently charged with an attempt to overthrow the Doe administration, forcing him to flee the country. ### Coup attempt against Doe (1985) On 12 November 1985, one month after elections were held, Quiwonkpa, supported by about two dozen heavily armed men, covertly entered Liberia through Sierra Leone, and launched a coup against Doe. However, Quiwonkpa's unorthodox methods and lack of support from the United States resulted in a disastrous failure. Quiwonkpa was captured and on 15 November was killed and mutilated by Krahn soldiers loyal to Doe. His killers then dismembered his body and reportedly ate parts of it. His body was publicly exhibited on the grounds of the Executive Mansion in Monrovia soon after his death. Joe Wylie, later deputy minister of defense in the NTGL, was among the group who launched the coup. ### Post-coup attempt reprisals In a campaign of retribution against the coup plotters and their supporters, Doe's government launched a bloody purge against the Gio and Mano ethnic groups in Quiwonkpa's Nimba County, raising alarm about a possible genocide. Doe's slaughter of an estimated 3,000 people provoked ethnic rivalries that later fuelled the First Liberian Civil War.
Floating instrument package that collects weather and ocean data Weather buoy operated by the National Data Buoy Center Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world's oceans, as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since 1979. Moored buoys are connected with the ocean bottom using either chains, nylon, or buoyant polypropylene. With the decline of the weather ship, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity. History ------- Weather Buoy / Data Buoy / Oceanographic Buoy operated by the Marine Data Service The first known proposal for surface weather observations at sea occurred in connection with aviation in August 1927, when Grover Loening stated that "weather stations along the ocean coupled with the development of the seaplane to have an equally long range, would result in regular ocean flights within ten years." Starting in 1939, United States Coast Guard vessels were being used as weather ships to protect transatlantic air commerce. During World War II The German Navy deployed weather buoys (Wetterfunkgerät See — WFS) at fifteen fixed positions in the North Atlantic and Barents Sea. They were launched from U-boats into a maximum depth of ocean of 1000 fathoms (1,800 metres), limited by the length of the anchor cable. Overall height of the body was 10.5 metres (of which most was submerged), surmounted by a mast and extendible aerial of 9 metres. Data (air and water temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity) were encoded and transmitted four times a day. When the batteries (high voltage dry-cells for the valves, and nickel-iron for other power and to raise and lower the aerial mast) were exhausted, after about eight to ten weeks, the unit self-destructed. The Navy Oceanographic Meteorological Automatic Device (NOMAD) buoy's 6-metre (20 ft) hull was originally designed in the 1940s for the United States Navy’s offshore data collection program. The United States Navy tested marine automatic weather stations for hurricane conditions between 1956 and 1958, though radio transmission range and battery life was limited. Between 1951 and 1970, a total of 21 NOMAD buoys were built and deployed at sea. Since the 1970s, weather buoy use has superseded the role of weather ships, as they are cheaper to operate and maintain. The earliest reported use of drifting buoys was to study the behavior of ocean currents within the Sargasso Sea in 1972 and 1973. Drifting buoys have been used increasingly since 1979, and as of 2005, 1250 drifting buoys roamed the Earth's oceans. Between 1985 and 1994, an extensive array of moored and drifting buoys was deployed across the equatorial Pacific Ocean to monitor and help predict the El Niño phenomenon. Hurricane Katrina capsized a 10 m (33 ft) buoy for the first time in the history of the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) on August 28, 2005. On June 13, 2006, drifting buoy 26028 ended its long-term data collection of sea surface temperature after transmitting for 10 years, 4 months, and 16 days, which is the longest known data collection time for any drifting buoy. The first weather buoy in the Southern Ocean was deployed by the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) on March 17, 2010. Instrumentation --------------- See also: Weather station Weather buoys, like other types of weather stations, measure parameters such as air temperature above the ocean surface, wind speed (steady and gusting), barometric pressure, and wind direction. Since they lie in oceans and lakes, they also measure water temperature, wave height, and dominant wave period. Raw data is processed and can be logged on board the buoy and then transmitted via radio, cellular, or satellite communications to meteorological centers for use in weather forecasting and climate study. Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used. Fixed buoys measure the water temperature at a depth of 3 metres (9.8 ft). Many different drifting buoys exist around the world that vary in design and the location of reliable temperature sensors varies. These measurements are beamed to satellites for automated and immediate data distribution. Other than their use as a source of meteorological data, their data is used within research programs, emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design. Moored weather buoys can also act as a navigational aid, like other types of buoys. Types ----- Types of moored buoys used by the National Data Buoy Center Weather buoys range in diameter from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft). Those that are placed in shallow waters are smaller in size and moored using only chains, while those in deeper waters use a combination of chains, nylon, and buoyant polypropylene. Since they do not have direct navigational significance, moored weather buoys are classed as special marks under the IALA scheme, are coloured yellow, and display a yellow flashing light at night. Discus buoys are round and moored in deep ocean locations, with a diameter of 10–12 metres (33–39 ft). The aluminum 3-metre (10 ft) buoy is a very rugged meteorological ocean platform that has long term survivability. The expected service life of the 3-metre (10 ft) platform is in excess of 20 years and properly maintained, these buoys have not been retired due to corrosion. The NOMAD is a unique moored aluminum environmental monitoring buoy designed for deployments in extreme conditions near the coast and across the Great Lakes. NOMADs moored off the Atlantic Canadian coast commonly experience winter storms with maximum wave heights approaching 20 metres (66 ft) into the Gulf of Maine. 12-meter discus buoys Drifting Buoy (DBi) Drifting buoys are smaller than their moored counterparts, measuring 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) in diameter. They are made of plastic or fiberglass, and tend to be either bi-colored, with white on one half and another color on the other half of the float, or solidly black or blue. It measures a smaller subset of meteorological variables when compared to its moored counterpart, with a barometer measuring pressure in a tube on its top. They have a thermistor (metallic thermometer) on its base, and an underwater drogue, or sea anchor, located 15 metres (49 ft) below the ocean surface connected with the buoy by a long, thin tether. Deployment and maintenance -------------------------- NOAA buoy in storage, Homer, Alaska A large network of coastal buoys near the United States is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center, with deployment and maintenance performed by the United States Coast Guard. For South Africa, the South African Weather Service deploys and retrieves their own buoys, while the Meteorological Service of New Zealand performs the same task for their country. Environment Canada operates and deploys buoys for their country. The Met Office in Great Britain deploys drifting buoys across both the northern and southern Atlantic oceans. Comparison to data from ships ----------------------------- Wind reports from moored buoys have smaller error than those from ships. Complicating the comparison of the two measurements are that NOMAD buoys report winds at a height of 5 metres (16 ft), while ships report winds from a height of 20–40 metres (66–131 ft). Sea surface temperature measured in the intake port of large ships have a warm bias of around 0.6 °C (1 °F) due to the heat of the engine room. Since 2000 sea-surface temperatures have increasingly been measured by thermometers on buoys; the apparent cooler temperatures led to an underestimation of global warming since 2000. Fixed buoys measure the water temperature at a depth of 3 metres (10 ft). Gallery ------- * 12-Meter Discus Buoy12-Meter Discus Buoy * 12-Meter Discus Buoy12-Meter Discus Buoy * 10 m discus buoy10 m discus buoy * 10 m discus buoy10 m discus buoy * 10 m discus buoy10 m discus buoy
Jaw of a polychaete annelid An Ordovician scolecodont from Estonia A scolecodont is the jaw of a polychaete annelid, a common type of fossil-producing segmented worm useful in invertebrate paleontology. Scolecodonts are common and diverse microfossils, which range from the Cambrian period (around half a billion years ago at the start of the Paleozoic era) to the present. They diversified profusely in the Ordovician, and are most common in the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian marine deposits of the Paleozoic era. Relatedly, more problematic worm-like fossils have been described in even older, Neoproterozoic era deposits in the Ediacaran Hills of southern Australia and in mid-Cambrian deposits of Burgess shale in British Columbia. Since the other classes of annelids (specifically, the earthworms and leeches) lack hard parts, only the sea-dwelling polychaetes are frequently represented in the fossil record. Polychaetes are commonly fossilized due to their chitinous teeth and their dwelling tubes made of durable calcite (a calcium carbonate), hardened mucus (a.k.a. parchment), and/or chitin-like cement. Taxonomy -------- Scolecodonts belonging to the extinct families Atraktoprionidae, Hadoprionidae, Kalloprionidae, Mochtyellidae, Paulinitidae, Polychaetaspidae, Ramphoprionidae, Rhytiprionidae, Skalenoprionidae, Symmetroprionidae, Xanioprionidae, and the still-extant (living) family Oenonidae (which includes the Arabellidae) are known from Silurian rocks in Scotland. Scolecodonts representing the present-day families Onuphidae and Dorvilleidae first appeared in Mesozoic era deposits. History ------- Segments of the fossil jaw of a polychaete worm were first reported from Silurian strata on the Estonian island of Saaremaa in 1854, but they were misinterpreted as fish teeth. A year later, impressions of whole polychaete worms with poorly preserved jaws were described from Italian Tertiary deposits. Subsequently, E. Ehlers, a specialist on recent polychaetes, recorded them from the Jurassic Solenhofen Stone of Bavaria, Germany, demonstrating their affinity and proposing the generic names Eunicites and Lumbriconereites. Extensive studies in the late 19th century by George J. Hinde of material from England, Wales, Canada and Sweden established a basis for the nomenclature of what he regarded as isolated components of annelid jaws; but study of them lapsed thereafter for almost 50 years.
Royal Navy rear-admiral (1755-1834) For other people with the same name, see Charles Cunningham (disambiguation). Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Cunningham KCH (1755 – 11 March 1834) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. He saw action during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of rear-admiral. Early life ---------- Son of Charles and Elizabeth Cunningham, Charles Cunningham was born in Eye, Suffolk in 1755, and after reading Robinson Crusoe at a young age, decided on a career at sea. As the country was at peace he joined a merchant ship. While serving as a seaman, the American War of Independence broke out and Cunningham joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1775. He initially served aboard the 32-gun frigate HMS Aeolus, which sailed to the West Indies in early 1776, joining Sir Peter Parker's fleet. Cunningham's abilities led to him being recommended to Parker, and Parker duly transferred him aboard his flagship, HMS Bristol. He was transferred again to the 14-gun HMS Ostrich, which was despatched to cruise off Savannah Point, Jamaica. On 8 July the Ostrich engaged a 16-gun French privateer. In the ensuing three-hour battle, both the commander and the lieutenant of the Ostrich were wounded but the French were forced to surrender, having lost 30 dead. The British casualties were four dead and 28 wounded. After his good conduct in the battle, Cunningham was appointed Acting-Lieutenant aboard the 18-gun sloop HMS Port Royal the following year. He then moved to the 28-gun sixth rate HMS Hinchinbrook as her First Lieutenant. The Hinchinbrook was then under the command of Horatio Nelson. Cunningham remained at sea after Nelson transferred to the shore to superintend the defences of Jamaica, transferring to the 36-gun HMS Pallas in 1780. The Pallas was ordered to escort the fleet from Jamaica back to Britain in summer 1782. During the crossing the squadron encountered a hurricane. Several of the ships were sunk and the Pallas was driven onto shore and wrecked. Fortunately Cunningham had transferred from her just before she sailed, joining HMS Ajax. He remained in the West Indies until receiving confirmation of his promotion on 4 September, and the command of the hired brig Barrington. Command ------- Cunningham was then sent with HMS Racehorse by Sir Joshua Rowley to interdict the American salt trade with the Bahamas. He was successful at this, but whilst re-provisioning at Jamaica, a French force landed and seized Turks Island. Alerted to this, Nelson gathered together a small squadron and set off to attempt to recapture it, relying on Cunningham's expert knowledge of the waters around the island. Nelson's force fell in with Cunningham's Barrington off the island, and together the Barrington and another of Nelson's ships, HMS Drake began to bombard the French positions whilst troops were landed. The two ships came under heavy fire from the entrenched French and were compelled to withdraw, having had several wounded. Nelson tried again the following day, but again failed to make much headway, and the attempt was called off. The end of the war in 1783 meant that the Barrington was paid off and Cunningham retired from active naval life. He returned to service in 1788 when he joined Admiral Sir William Cornwallis' flagship HMS Crown. He served for several years in the East Indies, before being promoted to commander and given command of the 16-gun sloop HMS Ariel. He then returned to Britain. He arrived after the outbreak of war with France, and was quickly appointed to the 14-gun HMS Speedy. He then joined Lord Hood's fleet in the Mediterranean, arriving there in April 1793. He was largely employed in carrying despatches and maintaining communications with other ships scattered throughout the Mediterranean ports. On 5 October 1793 the Speedy accompanied HMS Bedford and HMS Captain into Genoa, where they captured a French frigate, the Modeste and two armed tartanes. The Captain and Speedy then sailed to the Gulf of Spezia where they caught another French frigate, the Imperieuse at anchor. The Imperieuse scuttled herself, but was subsequently salvaged and recommissioned as HMS Imperieuse. Cunningham was promoted to captain and given command of the prize, with his commission post-dated to the date of the capture, 12 October 1793. He commanded the Imperieuse until early 1794, when he transferred to HMS Lowestoffe. He commanded her off Corsica, helping his old commander Nelson in the reduction of the French strongholds on the island. Cunningham distinguished himself to the extent that Lord Hood entrusted him with the public despatches announcing the capture of the island, adding > Captain Cunningham, who has cruised with infinite diligence, zeal, and perseverance, under many difficulties, for three months past, off Calvi, is charged with my despatches, and is competent to give any information that their Lordships may wish to have. I beg to recommend him as an officer of great merit, and highly deserving any favour that can be shown him. > > Cunningham was given command of HMS Clyde, a 38-gun frigate he was to command for the next six years. He was at anchor with the fleet at the Nore when the Spithead and Nore mutinies broke out in 1797. Actions during the mutiny ------------------------- Escape of HMS 'Clyde' from the Nore mutiny, 30 May 1797 , by William Joy. The Clyde slips away at night, with the ships of the mutineers in the background. The red flag flies from the mainmast of the Sandwich, to the left of the picture. The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the Royal Navy on various adjacent ships that broke out on 10 May 1797 and quickly spread. During the mutiny, only Cunningham aboard the Clyde and Sir Harry Burrard-Neale aboard HMS St Fiorenzo were able to retain control over the sailors on their respective ships. By 22 May, the mutiny became more violent due to the Admiralty refusing to make any concessions. To help signal their mutinous control over the port admiral, the flag of the port admiral was torn down and replaced with the red flag. Seven days later on 29 May, the mutineer leader Richard Parker called for delegates to come from other ships to his headquarters aboard HMS Sandwich. Sensing the time was right to escape, Cunningham did not reply to Parker's request. To keep the mutineers from suspecting his plan, Cunningham kept the sails of the Clyde down and did not man the ship's wheel with a pilot. HMS 'Clyde' Arriving at Sheerness After the 'Nore' Mutiny, 30 May 1797, Joy's second painting, showing the Clyde arriving the following morning to cheering crowds. After it grew sufficiently dark, Cunningham gathered his crew at 9pm and announced his intention to escape the mutiny by sailing the Clyde out of the port in the next three hours so that they would arrive at Sheerness before daybreak. He encouraged them by declaring that if they agreed to this, Sir Harry Neale would join them with the St Fiorenzo. The crew almost unanimously agreed to this, and a single voice of dissent was quickly shouted down. At midnight, Cunningham ordered the anchor raised and the Clyde silently slipped out of the port. By daybreak, Cunningham and his ship arrived at Sheerness safely away from the mutiny. The Clyde's successful escape from the mutineers cause an atmosphere of distrust to spread among those who agreed to follow the mutineer leaders. This distrust formed the first effective blow against the ringleaders, and soon other ships were abandoning the mutinies and returning control to their respective commanders. As a result, the mutinies soon were quashed. Return to service ----------------- The Clyde's next duty was to escort a convoy to the Baltic. While returning from this duty the Clyde came across and captured the French privateer Success, and several days later captured the Dorade. Several men were put aboard the prize from the Clyde, but while returning to port, a gale blew up. The prize had attempted to outsail the Clyde but capsized. Cunningham stopped and lowered a boat to assist, but only four survivors were recovered. In 1798 the Clyde was used to attend on King George III during his trip to Weymouth, after which she returned to cruising in the English Channel. On 10 June 1799 she captured the French privateer schooner Air, following this up three days later by capturing the privateer Bon Ordre. On 20 August, while sailing off Cordovan, two sails were spotted in the distance. Thinking them to be a ship of the line and a frigate, Cunningham sailed closer, at which the two ships began to sail away in opposite directions. Cunningham immediately gave chase, pursuing the largest one, which turned out to be the 36-gun frigate Vestale. The Clyde brought her to battle and after an engagement of an hour forced her to strike her colours. The Vestale had lost 10 killed and 22 wounded to two killed and three wounded on the Clyde. In the meantime the other French ship, the 28-gun Sagasse had taken the opportunity to escape into port. News of the victory was communicated to shore. King George III was in the theatre when news reached him. He stood up and directed the news be communicated to the audience. There was applause and Rule Britannia! was played. The Clyde then joined Sir John Jervis and Admiral Cornwallis. She was occupied throughout the summer of 1800 conveying the artist John Thomas Serres around the French coast so that he could carry out surveys and make sketches of the headlands for charts. Cunningham was also active in capturing several Spanish privateers, and pursuing French warships. In summer 1801 Cunningham was appointed Commodore, and given command of a squadron of frigates to guard against a possible French invasion of the Channel Islands. On 21 July HMS Jason was wrecked on the French coast. Learning that the French intended to salvage and re-float the vessel, Cunningham sent the Clyde's lieutenant, William Mounsey in with the ship's boats to burn the wreck. In this Mounsey was successful, despite being under heavy fire from French shore batteries as he did so. Promotions and flag rank ------------------------ With the Peace of Amiens the Clyde was paid off at the Nore on 24 June 1802. The resumption of hostilities led to Cunningham being given command of the 74-gun HMS Princess of Orange and sent to patrol off the Texel with a squadron. He was relieved in this post by Sir Sidney Smith, and Cunningham moved aboard HMS Leopard. In September 1803 he was offered a place on the Victualling Board by Earl St Vincent, and moved ashore. In 1806 he became resident commissioner of Deptford and Woolwich Dockyards, which he superintended for the next seventeen years. He moved to Chatham Dockyard in 1823, and he retired from there on 4 May 1829 with the rank of Rear-Admiral. He was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order on 24 October 1832. In 1829 he had published his account of the events at the Nore, entitled A narrative of occurrences that took place during the mutiny at the Nore in the months of May and June 1797. Family and later years ---------------------- Cunningham had married twice, first to Miss Boycott, and secondly to Miss Proby. He had a number of children. His son joined the navy but died at sea in 1822. Cunningham spent the later years of his life living with his daughters at the family seat of Oak Lawn House in Eye. He died there at the age of 80 on 11 March 1834.
2009 film by Gary Yates *High Life* is a 2009 Canadian film based on the stage play by Lee MacDougall, written by Lee MacDougall and directed by Gary Yates. Starring Timothy Olyphant, Stephen Eric McIntyre, Joe Anderson and Rossif Sutherland, High Life is a comedic heist movie from the flip-side of the '80s consumer dream. Plot ---- In 1983, a visit from his former sociopathic cellmate Bug (Stephen Eric McIntyre) has led to Dick (Timothy Olyphant) being fired from his job as a hospital janitor. Unemployed and in need of fast cash Dick gets the idea to rob one of the brand new ATMs, to "buy a little self-respect," as Dick announces to Bug and the team. Enter the charismatic, criminally-minded Donnie (Joe Anderson), and the front-man, the sexy, sleepy-eyed charmer Billy (Rossif Sutherland), and all of the pieces are in place. "It's a precision job," says Dick the night before the heist: "No violence." Things do not go according to plan and the unfolding catalogue of disasters that confronts Dick is enough to test any friend's loyalties as they bungle their way toward a pipe-dream of quick riches. Cast ---- * Timothy Olyphant as Dick * Stephen Eric McIntyre as Bug * Joe Anderson as Donnie * Rossif Sutherland as Billy * Mark McKinney as Jeremy * Doreen Brownstone as Cheesecake Woman Awards ------ * Calgary International Film Festival – Best Canadian Feature
The Perry was a British car made by the Perry Motor Company based in Tyseley, Birmingham who made cars between 1913 and 1916. History ------- The company can trace its roots back to 1824 with James and Stephen Perry making pens in a workshop in London, later moving to Birmingham and building bicycles. By the late 1890s they were having financial problems and were bought by James William Bayliss, part owner of the Bayliss-Thomas car making company. Their first car, a three-wheeler, was made in 1899 followed by a forecar in 1903. Cecil Bayliss, the son of the new owner, built a cyclecar in 1911 with an 800 cc Fafnir engine, and this was developed into the first Perry car to reach production. Perry 8hp --------- Motor vehicle The Perry cyclecar was described as 'just placed on the market' when exhibited at the November 1912 Motor Cycle and Cycle Car Show at Olympia. It was described as 'an exact replica of a full-sized model, but is of exceptionally light weight - less than 7cwt'. The engine for the car was built in-house and was a twin-cylinder vertical water cooled unit, with 72 mm (2.83 in) bore and 108 mm (4.25 in) stroke, unusual in that both pistons rose and fell at the same time. Drive was to the rear wheels through a 3-speed gearbox with reverse and worm-driven axle and spur differential. The rear springing was unusual in that the long semi-elliptic leaf springs were supplemented by coil springs. It was fitted with Sankey detachable wheels and Dunlop tyres. The basic body was an open two-seater, but a long-wheelbase version allowing a dickey seat was also available. About 800 were made. Perry 11.9 ---------- Motor vehicle A full-sized car was introduced in 1914 with four-cylinder 1795 cc engine with a 69 mm (2.72 in) bore and 120 mm (4.72 in) stroke. The larger car allowed four seat bodies to be offered as well as two seaters and these were mainly made by Mulliners of Birmingham. About 300 were made before World War I curtailed car-building activities. A very few were made in 1919 when the design, jigs, patterns and tools were sold to Bean Cars for £15,000, who reintroduced it as the Bean 11.9.
French journalist and newspaper editor Gaston Calmette (30 July 1858 – 16 March 1914) was a French journalist and newspaper editor, whose death was the subject of a notable murder trial. Biography --------- Calmette was born in Montpellier. He was educated at Nice, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand and Mâcon, and afterwards entered journalism. In 1884 he joined the staff of Le Figaro, and in 1894 became its editor. In January 1914, Calmette launched a campaign against Minister of Finance Joseph Caillaux, who had introduced progressive taxation and was known for his pacifist stance towards Germany during the Second Moroccan Crisis, in 1911. Almost every day Le Figaro produced evidence of a damaging sort against the minister with the object of proving that he used his official position to facilitate speculation on the Paris Bourse. The attitude of Caillaux in the Rochette case of 1911, in which it was alleged by Le Figaro that the director of public prosecutions had been influenced by the ministry to delay the course of justice, was brought forward, and a newspaper campaign of extraordinary violence was the result. Caillaux was urged by some of his colleagues to take legal proceedings against his accusers, but declined. Joseph Caillaux had to resign his post the 11 January 1912. ### Assassination The cover of Le Petit Journal illustrating the assassination of Gaston Calmette by Henriette Caillaux At 6:00 p.m. on 16 March 1914, Calmette entered the offices of Le Figaro in the company of his friend, the novelist Paul Bourget. Caillaux's second wife Henriette was waiting for him, wearing a fur coat and with her hands in a fur muff. To Bourget's surprise, Calmette agreed to see her in his office. There, Madame Caillaux exchanged a few words with him, then pulled out a .32 Browning automatic pistol she had been concealing within the muff and fired six shots. Calmette was hit four times and was critically wounded, dying six hours later. Caillaux made no attempt to escape and newspaper workers in adjoining offices quickly summoned a doctor and the police. She refused to be transported to the police headquarters in a police van, insisting on being driven there by her chauffeur in her own car, which was still parked outside. The police agreed to this and she was formally charged upon reaching the headquarters. In court she was acquitted from all allegations. During the campaign against Joseph Caillaux, which was orchestrated by Louis Barthou and Raymond Poincaré, Le Figaro published several letters from the Minister's private correspondence. Madame Caillaux's motive was fear that the newspaper would also make public a love letter that showed how her husband was already having a relationship with her during his first marriage. Other interests --------------- Calmette was well known for his interest in art, and possessed a fine collection of caricatures and engravings of the First Empire. Popular culture --------------- Robert Delaunay used an illustration of the assassination as the basis for his 1914 painting Political Drama. Marcel Proust dedicated Swann's Way, the first volume of his novel In Search of Lost Time, to Calmette 'as a testimony of deep and affectionate recognition'. Calmette was the brother of the bacteriologist Albert Calmette. Bibliography ------------ * Berenson, Edward The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, c1992, 1993). ISBN 0-520-08428-4 * Kershaw, Alister Murder in France (London: Constable & Company, Ltd. 1955), 90-117. * Martin, Benjamin F. (1984). The Hypocrisy of Justice in the Belle Epoque. Louisiana State University Press.
2009 Italian film *Many Kisses Later* (Italian: *Ex) is a 2009 Italian-French romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Fausto Brizzi and interpreted by an ensemble cast. The film, produced by Italian International Film, in co-production with the French company and Mes Films in collaboration with RAI Cinema. It was released 6 February 2009 in Italian cinema and has been recognized as "national cultural interest" by the Directorate General for Cinema of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture. Plot ---- The film presents the love stories of six couples, intertwined and developed between Christmas and Valentine's Day. Sergio (Claudio Bisio), psychologist, divorced for years by Michela (Elena Sofia Ricci), is engaged to Roberta (Giorgia Wurth), but is found to be a father of two teenagers, after the sudden death of former wife, discovering by the daughters themselves, that Michela has always loved him, despite the divorce. Filippo (Vincenzo Salemme) and Caterina (Nancy Brilli), are both divorced and struggling not to have custody of the children who see only as an obstacle to their activities. Judge Luca (Silvio Orlando) instead forces them to stay all four together and spend time doing the activities to which children are interested and then going to the theater, exhibitions and nature parks. The two not only enjoy, but find they still love each other. The same judge Luca and his wife Loredana (Carla Signoris) are broken, and he moved to live in the student house of his son, to live with pleasure seeking divorced life. Due to an accident which occurred to her, there will be a rapprochement. Giulia (Cristiana Capotondi), daughter of Luca and Loredana, lives with Marc (Malik Zidi) in Paris, but she is transferred from the embassy where she works, due to promotion to Wellington, New Zealand. Elisa (Claudia Gerini) is about to marry Corrado (Gianmarco Tognazzi), but his former boyfriend Lorenzo (Flavio Insinna) in the most unpredictable: it is the priest (Don Lorenzo) that will get them married. On the altar of the three will have an important turn. Monique (Cécile Cassel), a friend of Elisa's, is engaged to Paolo (Fabio De Luigi), a surgeon, who is threatened by the policeman Davide (Alessandro Gassman), former boyfriend of Monique. In the end, Monique leaves Paolo, who finds himself having to operate the same Davide, wounded in the stomach with a bullet. Although Paolo has repeatedly threatened, he will perform his mission and they become friends. Cast ---- Alessandro Gassman: Davide * Cécile Cassel: Monique * Claudia Gerini: Elisa * Cristiana Capotondi: Giulia * Malik Zidi: Marc * Gianmarco Tognazzi: Corrado * Silvio Orlando: Luca * Fabio De Luigi: Paolo * Claudio Bisio: Sergio * Vincenzo Salemme: Filippo * Flavio Insinna: Don Lorenzo * Giorgia Wurth: Roberta * Elena Sofia Ricci: Michela * Enrico Montesano: Mario * Nancy Brilli: Caterina * Carla Signoris: Loredana * Martina Pinto: Valentina * Vincenzo Alfieri: Andrea * Angelo Infanti: Elisa's father * Francesca Nunzi:Antonella * Nathalie Rapti Gomez: Noemi * Arthur Dupont: Jacques Production ---------- Filming began on 15 July 2008 and ended on 4 October and the film was shot in Rome, Paris and South Africa. Biagio Antonacci composed two songs specially for the film, "Il cielo ha una porta sola" (it, "The Sky Has a Single Door") and "Aprila" ("Open It"), both included on the album Il cielo ha una porta sola [it]. The video for "Open It" was played by Giorgia Wurth. The original soundtrack of the movie is by Bruno Zambrini. The soundtrack in two CD includes several Italian and foreign songs of the past, including "Fiumi di parole" ("Rivers of Words") done live in the film in a cameo by Alessandra Drusian and Fabio Ricci, known to the public as the duo Jalisse. Enzo Salvi and Dario Cassini [it] also make cameo appearances in the film. In the closing credits of the film there are photos and videos of a hundred anonymous kisses, sent to the web site of the film during the months preceding the release. It became a box office hit in Cannes becoming the best selling Italian film among the participating nations. Box office ---------- In Italian cinemas, the film earned a revenue of €10,600,000 according to data from Cinetel [it]. Other media ----------- The book Il manuale degli Ex (The Handbook of Ex), written by Fausto Brizzi and published by Mondadori, was released at the same time as the film. Awards ------ Ex received 10 David di Donatello nominations: best film, director, screenplay, supporting actor Claudio Bisio, Actress Carla Signoris, editing, music, original song, sound, David Young It also received six nominations for the Silver Ribbon: Best Comedy, Best Screenplay, Editing, Original Song, Supporting Actor Claudio Bisio – Silvio Orlando (all candidates), actress Carla Signoris, the film won the Silver Ribbon for best comedy special. Remake ------ A French remake entitled The Exes (film) [fr] (Les Ex in French speaking markets) was released in 2017. The film was written and directed by Maurice Barthélemy and stars Jean-Paul Rouve, Patrick Chesnais, Arnaud Ducret, Baptiste Lecaplain, Stéfi Celma, Judith El Zein, Natacha Lindinger, Alice David, Zoé Duchesne, Claudia Tagbo, Amaury de Crayencour [fr] and Maurice Barthélemy among others.
2006 murder in Salt Lake City Destiny Anne Norton (November 30, 2000 – July 16, 2006) was a Salt Lake City, Utah, child who was kidnapped and murdered by a neighbor in 2006. Murder ------ Until her death, Norton lived in Salt Lake City, Utah. On July 16, 2006, she disappeared from her home. Her body was found fewer than 100 feet from her home in the basement of her neighbor, 20-year-old Craig Roger Gregerson. She was last seen as she left her home after arguing with her parents about taking a bath. She lived in a small ranch house with her parents, and about ten other couples and friends[clarify] who shared the house for economic reasons. Volunteers posted missing posters throughout Salt Lake City, describing her several silver capped teeth on the bottom row of her mouth, blonde hair, green eyes, and dressed in a grey shirt with black stripes. Investigation ------------- After a massive eight-day search by about 5,000 community volunteers, FBI and police, Destiny's body was found on July 24, 2006, less than 100 feet from her home in the basement of her neighbor, 20-year-old Craig Roger Gregerson. Family and friends were initially outraged after the search ended, and accused authorities of mishandling the investigation. An apology on behalf of the family and friends was later issued in a press conference. Aftermath --------- Gregerson was formally charged on July 27, 2006, with kidnapping and aggravated murder. He waived his rights to a speedy trial, and later waived his rights to a preliminary hearing which had originally been scheduled for October 3 and 4, 2006. In a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty, he pleaded guilty to capital murder and child kidnapping on December 4, and was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the murder, and fifteen years to life for the kidnapping. The sentences will be served consecutively. The Destiny Search Project was formed in 2007, was incorporated as a non-profit in 2008, and operated for several years; its website went offline sometime in 2019. In Utah, operations included searches for Camille Cleverley, Hser Ner Moo, Susan Powell and others.
Hospitaller naval victory over Turkish pirates The Battle of Chios was a naval battle fought off the shore of the eastern Aegean island of Chios between a Latin Christian—mainly Hospitaller—fleet and a Turkish fleet from the Aydinid emirate. The Christian fleet was victorious, but for the Aydinids, who had been engaging in piracy since the collapse of Byzantine power, it was only a temporary setback in their rise to prominence. Background ---------- The collapse of Byzantine power in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea in the late 13th century, as well as the disbandment of the Byzantine navy in 1284, created a power vacuum in the region, which was swiftly exploited by the Turkish beyliks and the ghazi raiders. Utilizing local Greek seamen, the Turks began to engage in piracy across the Aegean, targeting especially the numerous Latin island possessions. Turkish corsair activities were aided by the feuds between the two major Latin maritime states, Venice and Genoa. In 1304, the Turks of Menteshe (and later the Aydinids) captured the port town of Ephesus, and the islands of the eastern Aegean seemed about to fall to Turkish raiders. To forestall such a calamitous event, in the same year the Genoese occupied Chios, where Benedetto I Zaccaria established a minor principality, while in ca. 1308 the Knights Hospitaller occupied Rhodes. These two powers would bear the brunt of countering Turkish pirate raids until 1329. Battle of Chios and aftermath ----------------------------- In July 1319, the Aydinid fleet, under the personal command of the Aydinid emir Mehmed Beg, set sail from the port of Ephesus. It comprised 10 galleys and 18 other vessels. It was met off Chios by a Hospitaller fleet of 24 ships and eighty Hospitaller knights, under Albert of Schwarzburg, to which a squadron of one galley and six other ships were added by Martino Zaccaria of Chios. The battle ended in a crushing Christian victory: only six Turkish vessels managed to escape capture or destruction. This victory was followed up by the recovery of Leros, whose native Greek population had rebelled in the name of the Byzantine emperor, and by another victory in the next year over a Turkish fleet poised to invade Rhodes. Pope John XXII rewarded Schwarzburg by restoring him to the post of grand preceptor of Cyprus, whence he had been dismissed two years earlier, and promised the commandery of Kos, if he could capture it. Impact ------ According to the historian Mike Carr, the victory at Chios was all the more significant because it had been achieved at the initiative of the Hospitallers and the Zaccarias, without any support or funding by other Western powers, most notably the Papacy, which was still embroiled in plans to launch a Crusade to the Holy Land. It did nevertheless influence the strategic calculations of Western powers, and efforts began to form a Christian naval league to counter Turkish piracy. Nevertheless, in the immediate future, the defeat off Chios could not halt the rise of Aydinid power. The Zaccarias were soon after forced to surrender their mainland outpost of Smyrna to Mehmed's son Umur Beg, under whose leadership Aydinid fleets roamed the Aegean for the next two decades, until the Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) broke the Aydinid emirate's power. Sources ------- * Carr, Mike (2013). "The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Alliances against the Turks". In Buttigieg, Emanuel; Phillips, Simon (eds.). Islands and Military Orders, c.1291–c.1798. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 167–176. ISBN 978-1-472-40990-4. * İnalcık, Halil (1993). "The Rise of the Turcoman Maritime Principalities in Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Crusades" (PDF). The Middle East & the Balkans Under the Ottoman Empire: Essays on Economy & Society. Indiana University Turkish Studies Department. pp. 309–341. ISBN 1-878318-04-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-07-31. * Luttrell, Anthony (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
Species of fish The inshore lizardfish (Synodus foetens) is a member of the family Synodontidae found in the western Atlantic. Description ----------- The inshore lizardfish has a maximum length recorded of about 50 cm but generally we see them at about 40 cm long. Their lifespan can be up to nine years. The body of this species is elongated, similar to a cigar. The maximum weight has been seen as 900 g. Females are generally larger than males when mature. The shape of the mouth of this species is large and pointed. The snout is pointed. The top jaw extends beyond the eye. Many slender teeth are present in the roof of the mouth and jaws. The lateral line is considered to be well marked. The lateral line encompasses around 60 scales along the length. The inshore lizardfish has no dorsal spines, 10-13 dorsal soft rays, no anal spines, 11-13 anal soft rays, and 56-62 vertebrae. The color of the dorsal side of the lizardfish ranges from various shades of brown to olive. The belly side ranges from white to yellow. Juveniles have dark spots, these spots are reduced/absent in adults. The sides of the inshore lizardfish have patches that are diamond-shaped. These patches vary in occurrence and intensity, they usually fade with growth and usually occur at the midlateral line on the fish. The dorsal fin is on the center of the back. An adipose fin is present in this species, usually showing a darker spot. The adipose fin is small in size with the base of the fin being no longer than the diameter of the pupil. The anal fin is usually equal in length or longer than the dorsal fin. Diet ---- The inshore lizardfish is an ambush predator. Its diet consists of various fish and small invertebrates. They include: shrimp, crabs, and cephalopods. Habitat ------- An inshore lizardfish from the Florida Bay. The habitats for these fish include the bottom in shallow inshore marine waters, usually over sand or mud bottoms, including creeks, rivers, among seagrasses, estuaries, bays, and lagoons. Adults have been found to be also in the open sea above continental shelves. Reproduction and lifecycle -------------------------- Fertilization has been observed to be external. They spawn all throughout the year. They do not guard their spherical-shaped eggs because the eggs are scattered in the water; they fall into plants and rocks. Distribution ------------ The inshore lizardfish is widely distributed. This fish can be found over soft-bottom inshore areas, especially in the northern Gulf of Mexico described as "in the western Atlantic from New Jersey south along the U.S. coast, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and in the Caribbean from Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Martin" (2015). Importance to humans -------------------- This species is often captured during shrimp trawls. This occurs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. High mortality occurs from trawl bycatch for this species, but they are usually just discarded after being caught because they have little to no commercial value. Etymology --------- The generic name Synodus is from the Greek syn, meaning grown together, and odus meaning teeth.
The Soviet-Mongolian Friendship Festival was held from 17 August to 25 August 1966 in Altai Republic and Altai Krai, Russia. The festival was attended by delegations from Ulaanbaatar and USSR. The participants of the festival met in a small village of the Altai Autonomous Region - Manzherok. The Mongolian delegation was headed by the secretary of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League - Bata. The festival program included performances by famous artists and singers, sports competitions, a series of seminars dedicated to the education of young people, as well as rally in support of Vietnam. Program of the Festival ----------------------- On the first day of the festival, the grand opening and acquaintance of the delegations took place in the festival town, organized on the basis of the pioneer camp named after Vladimir Lenin, near Lake Manzherok. A group of young people from Sevastopol handed to Bata a piece of granite from the famous Malakhov Kurgan, a leaf from a tree planted on it by the first secretary of the MPP Tsedenbal during his stay in the USSR, and a handful of earth from the Mount Sapun. At five o'clock in the evening, the delegations lined up on the sports field. The festival was opened by the first secretary of the Altai Regional Komsomol Committee V. Kiryushov. On this day, the song "Manzherok" was performed for the first time. The lyrics were written by Naum Olev, the music was composed by Oscar Feltsman. The second day of the festival began with a seminar on "Educating young people on the revolutionary, combat and labor traditions of the party and the people." The reports of the Secretary of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League Bata and the first secretary of Kemerov Komsomol Committee Boris Roghatin on the tasks of youth unions were listened. Sports competitions were also held on this day. In the evening, the festival participants met with the secretaries of Komsomol organizations, schools and colleges in tourist camp "Youth". On the third day, seminars and sports competitions in volleyball and tennis were held. On the fourth day, the competitions between the teams of the USSR and Mongolia continued, and the head of the Mongolian delegation, Bata, was interviewed. The fifth day of the festival was held in Gorno-Altaysk. The guests were welcomed by Fyodor Kazantsev, who has devoted more than 20 years to gardening. The director of the base, Yuri Brown, briefly introduces people from Mongolia and various cities of the Soviet Union to the history and affairs of the collective. In 1933, the first gardens were laid in the Altai Mountains. In 1966, scientists and plant breeders of the base had many new varieties that were recognized not only in Siberia. In the evening a concert was held on Vladimir Lenin Square. The entrance of the festival town in Manzherok, 1966The entrance of the festival town in Manzherok, 1966 On the sixth day of the festival a "holiday on the water" was held. Lake Manzherok hosted demonstrations by scuba divers, kayaking, and water skiing. Several parachutists landed on the water surface. Mongolian writer, the laureate of the State Prize, Ts. Gaitov read his new poems. A meeting of young teachers was held, where various issues of organizing and conducting classes and leisure were discussed. Also, it was the last day of seminars. The seventh day of the festival was the last one that participants spent in Manzherok. The participants of the festival said goodbye to Manzherok and drove cars from the town to Biysk. A special train was supposed to deliver the Soviet and Mongolian delegations to Barnaul. The next day - the eighth day - The guests spent the whole day getting acquainted with the sights of Barnaul and the collectives of its leading enterprises in those years. Also, they visited the exhibition of achievements of national hospitality. In the ninth day the festival participants visited the construction site of the Sports Palace where they helped with the cleaning of the territory. Each of them received as a gift a picture with the inscription: "Construction of a closed demonstration rink, mountains. Barnaul, Stroygaz Trust, August 1966". Sports competitions in wrestling, volleyball and table tennis were held. In the evening, festival participants and residents of Barnaul celebrated the closing ceremony of the festival. Interesting facts ----------------- A common misconception is that the song "Manzherok" was performed at the festival by Edita Piekha. Oddly enough for fans of this reprint, it is not mentioned anywhere in the festival reports. She just wasn't at the festival. The fact that the song became known in the USSR thanks to the Play is a fact. But what does the Soviet-Mongolian festival and this performer have to do with it? The festival is one thing, the performer who made his title song famous in different parts of the country, as it turns out, is another.
Akhmar Gapurovich Zavgayev (Russian: Ахмар Гапурович Завгаев; born 20 December 1947), is a Russian politician who served as a member of the State Duma of the fourth and fifth convocations. He is a member of the United Russia faction. He was a member of the State Duma Committee on Budget and Taxes (formerly a member of the Committee on Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism, a member of the Commission on the Problems of the North Caucasus, a member of the Committee on Local Self-Government). Zavgayev had also served as a Member of the Federation Council of Chechnya on executive authority. He is the brother of Doku Zavgayev, a Chechen party functionary during the Soviet period. Biography --------- Akhmar Zavgayev was born on 20 December 1947 at the Nurinskaya station in the Tokarevka settlement of the Telman District [ru] of the Karaganda Region of the Kazakh SSR. From 1965 to 1971, he worked as a tractor driver, foreman of the tractor-field farming brigade. From 1971 to 1974 he was the chairman of the working committee of a state farm. In 1973, he graduated from the Sernovodsk Agricultural College. From 1974 to 1980 he was the chief engineer of a state farm. In 1979, he graduated from the Gorsky Agricultural Institute [ru] in Grozny. In 1980, he was the director of the state farm. From 1995 to 1996, Zavgayev was the Deputy General Director of the Customs Service Center of the Association for Foreign Economic Cooperation of the Republic of Bashkortostan. From 1996 to 1997, he was an assistant to a member of the Federation Council. From 1997 to 1999, he was the General Director of CJSC Atomagroservice. On 24 October 2000, Zavgayev became a representative in the Federation Council from the executive authority of the Chechen Republic, and was the deputy chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship and Property. On 7 December 2003, Zavgayev was elected to the State Duma of the fourth convocation from the Chechnya constituency N 32 (Chechen Republic). In December 2007, he was reelected as a member of the State Duma of the fifth convocation, and was elected as part of the federal list of candidates put forward by the United Russia party. He was a member of the Budget and Tax Committee. Political beliefs ----------------- Zavgaev condemned the statements of the German deputy in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) in Strasbourg, which, in his opinion, are an attempt to shift the responsibility for human rights violations in the Chechen Republic onto the Russian authorities. At the same time, he noted that the report of the German parliamentarian did not reflect the crimes of illegal armed groups: "These acts are committed by bandit groups led by Maskhadov, which pose the main threat to human rights in Chechnya." Zavgaev urged to unite efforts in the fight against terrorism. Zavgaev also condemned the killings of Russian residents in Ingushetia in 2007, calling them an attempt "to destabilize the situation in the republic, to scare the Russian-speaking population."
American former child model (born 1961) Monique M. Luiz (née Corzilius; born May 3, 1961), also known as "Daisy Girl" or "Peace, Little Girl" [], is an American former child model best known for appearing in the "Daisy" advertisement, part of then incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign. Corzilius appeared in her first television commercial role at the age of two, using the stage name Monique Cozy. She appeared in television advertisements for advertisers including Kodak, Velveeta, and Prudential Insurance. She moved to France with her parents in 1975 and married there before returning to the United States in 1983. She appeared in the 2014 documentary Bombs Away and was recruited by Hillary Clinton, the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee, to appear in an advertisement for her presidential campaign against Donald Trump. Early life and "Daisy" ---------------------- Monique M. Corzilius was born on May 3, 1961, and raised in Pine Beach, New Jersey. She was the youngest of Fred and Colette Corzilius' three children. During her childhood, her mother took her to child acting auditions in the New York City. Working under the stage name Monique Cozy, her first professional appearance was at the age of two, modeling in a print advertisement for Lipton soup. She also appeared in advertisements for companies including Kodak, Velveeta, Prudential Insurance. The "Daisy" advertisement In 1964, Corzilius was selected to act in the "Daisy" advertisement, part of then incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign against Senator Barry Goldwater. The main concept of "Daisy" was to communicate Johnson's anti-war and anti-nuclear positions,[] contrasting them with Goldwater's support for the use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War. The advertisement began with Corzilius standing in a meadow, picking petals of a daisy and counting from one to nine. She skipped a few numbers and repeated some twice. After various takes, it was decided that a miscount might be more appealing to the voters. After she reached "nine", a booming male voice was then heard counting the numbers backward from "ten", similar to a missile launch countdown. The scene then cut to footage of mushroom clouds following a nuclear explosion, and the final frame read: "Vote for President Johnson on November 3" (written in all caps), then adding, "The stakes are too high for you to stay home." According to Corzilius, her parents were unaware that she was in a political commercial. She was paid $105 (equivalent to $991 in 2022) for acting in "Daisy". The advertisement was aired at 9:50 p.m. EST on September 7, on the premise that most young children would be asleep, leaving their parents watching the television, and eventually be influenced to visualize their child in Corzilius' role. Although broadcast only once, the ad was considered one of the most popular and controversial political advertisements. Corzilius was later depicted on the cover page of the September 25 issue of Time magazine. She continued to appear in television and print advertisements for several years following "Daisy". In 1967, she appeared in an ad for Kool-Aid Popsicles. Later life ---------- In 1975, Corzilius and her parents moved to Philippsbourg, France, where she married Portuguese Manuel Luiz before returning to the United States in 1983. The couple settled in Phoenix, Arizona. She did not see the "Daisy" commercial until the 2000s, when she searched for it on the Internet. Another child actor, Birgitte Olsen, falsely claimed that she was the child actor in the commercial. Monique's husband Manuel became a naturalized American citizen in 2011. As of 2014, she worked as a human-resources supervisor at a Phoenix bank. She appeared in the 2014 documentary Bombs Away about the 1964 presidential election and its role in ushering "in a new age of highly negative television advertising". While campaigning for the 2016 presidential election, Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton enlisted Monique to appear in a "sequel" commercial. The ad featured Luiz introducing herself, in voice-over with footage from the original "Daisy" ad. She said, "The fear of nuclear war that we had as children, I never thought our children would ever have to deal with that again. And to see that coming forward in this election is really scary." The spot was aired during the commercial breaks of evening newscasts in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
The Brilliant Things are an Irish synthpop/electronic rock band, based in Dublin and London. Career ------ The Brilliant Things is composed of Marie Junior on lead vocals and Greg French as songwriter, guitarist and keyboards player. Both in their twenties, they independently experienced various aspects of the music industry. Greg French has worked as songwriter/engineer/producer in many top international studios, working with artists such as The Corrs, Van Morrison, Mutt Lange and Brian Eno. Marie Junior previously embarked on a solo career under the name Sweet T, gaining an Irish Chart's Top 40 placing with her take on The Mekon's "I Love a Millionaire". The band released their self-titled debut album in Ireland on 7 October 2011. The band's first UK release "Dance" was A listed on BBC Radio 2 and reached number 36 in the UK Airplay charts in January 2012. The band's second release "Pointless" was B listed on BBC Radio 2. The band's follow-up release was "Feels Like Summer" and was A-Listed on BBC Radio 2 for 4 weeks and reached 28 in the UK Charts. Discography ----------- ### Albums * The Brilliant Things (2011) ### Singles * "Dance" * "Pointless" (2012) * "Feels Like Summer"
Gleaves-class destroyer For other ships with the same name, see USS Edison. *USS Edison* (DD-439)*, a Gleaves-class destroyer, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Thomas Alva Edison, an inventor and businessman who developed many important devices and received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his contributions to the Navy during World War I. Edison* was one of the few U.S. Navy ships to be named for a civilian. Edison was launched 23 November 1940 by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey sponsored by Mrs. Thomas Alva Edison, widow of the inventor; and commissioned 31 January 1941, Lieutenant Commander A. C. Murdaugh in command. Murdaugh was allowed to hand-pick the specific 5"/38 caliber gun barrels to be installed on the ship himself, but, much to his dismay, President Roosevelt personally ordered them transferred to the British cruiser HMS Delhi. Service history --------------- In the months following commissioning, Edison operated on the east coast, training and exercising with the fleet, with passenger and mail runs to NS Argentia, Newfoundland. In November she escorted a convoy to Iceland, her first of many voyages which kept the lifelines open to northern bases and Britain. In February 1942 Edison escorted Convoy ON 67 from Iceland to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Between 21 and 25 February, Edison helped defend the convoy against three U-boat attacks. On 24 October 1942 Edison set sail from Norfolk with a task group bound for the invasion at Fedhala, French Morocco, 8 November. She engaged shore batteries and enemy destroyers at Cape Fedhala and protected shipping lying off the beachheads during the Naval Battle of Casablanca: > A total of 362 rounds were fired, 74 at the shore battery, 20 in the first engagement, and 268 in the second destroyer engagement, of which it is estimated that 200 rounds were fired at the first destroyer and 68 at the second. All firing was director-controlled, rapid, continuous fire. The average gun range for the first firing was 9,500 yards, for the second 14,000 yards, and for the third 12,500 yards ... > > ... It is particularly pleasing that the guns maintained a sustained rapid fire of 268 rounds (average 68 rounds per gun) at an estimated rate of at least 12 shots per gun per minute without casualty. > > Returning to Norfolk 1 December, Edison made a voyage to Gulf ports escorting tankers, then resumed safeguarding convoys from New York City and Norfolk to Casablanca and Oran. From July 1943 to February 1944, Edison served in the Mediterranean Sea. On 10 July she provided fire support for the troops landing on Sicily to which she escorted support convoys from Algiers and Bizerte until September. She screened the assault transports in the invasion at Salerno on 9 September, and remained off the beaches to guard minesweepers and provide fire support for the advancing troops. Continuing Mediterranean escort duty, on 16 December Edison screened while Woolsey forced U-73 to the surface with depth charges and sank it with gunfire. Edison picked up 11 survivors. On 21 January 1944 Edison arrived off Anzio to patrol during the invasion landings. She provided fire support to the beleaguered troops and escorted transports and cargo ships to the beachhead until February, then sailed home for overhaul. Edison returned to the Mediterranean 1 May 1944 for escort and patrol off Italy. On 15 August she was in the thick of the invasion of southern France. Until the end of the year, she continued to pound shore batteries, railroads, and troop concentrations as well as patrol. At New York 17 January 1945, Edison underwent overhaul then escorted a convoy to Le Havre during April and May. ### Convoys escorted \| Convoy \| Escort Group \| Dates \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| ON 34 \| \| 12–21 Nov 1941 \| from Iceland to Newfoundland prior to US declaration of war \| \| HX 163 \| \| 5–15 Dec 1941 \| from Newfoundland to Iceland; war declared during convoy \| \| ON 47 \| \| 22–23 Dec 1941 \| from Iceland to Newfoundland \| \| HX 170 \| \| 16–24 Jan 1942 \| from Newfoundland to Iceland \| \| HX 173 \| \| 3–10 Feb 1942 \| from Newfoundland to Iceland \| \| ON 67 \| \| 19–28 Feb 1942 \| from Iceland to Newfoundland \| \| HX 180 \| MOEF group A5 \| 19–26 March 1942 \| from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland \| \| ON 81 \| MOEF group A5 \| 30 March-9 April 1942 \| from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland \| \| AT 17 \| \| 1–12 July 1942 \| troopships from New York City to Firth of Clyde \| ### Post-war Edison sailed inter coastal from New York 8 June 1945, and was training at Pearl Harbor when the war ended. She reached Japan in September for the occupation. She left Nagoya on 3 November to be a weather station in the Aleutians. The destroyer returned to San Francisco on 30 December, then continued to the east coast where she was placed out of commission in reserve at Charleston 18 May 1946, later in Philadelphia, where she lay at end of 1962. She was sold on 29 December 1966. Awards ------ * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp * American Campaign Medal with one battle star * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five battle stars * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal * World War II Victory Medal * Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
German racing driver BMW-powered Formula 3 Monopoletta of Helmut Polensky, at a nostalgia Grand Prix event at the Nürburgring in 1978 Helmut Polensky (10 October 1915, Berlin – 6 November 2011, Saint-Tropez) was a German moto racer, racing driver and racing car constructor. Life outside racing ------------------- Polensky was the youngest of four sons. His father was an architect. After leaving school and finishing military service, he began a career as a professional motorcycle and auto racer. After the Second World War, he married. He spent the last decades of his life in Saint-Tropez. The 1930s and the Second World War ---------------------------------- Polensky began racing motorcycles as a club racer in the mid-1930s. In 1939, he switched to sports car racing, piloting a used BMW 328. The same year, he signed as an engineer apprentice with Auto Union, and also joined the National Socialist Motor Corps. Polensky spent the Second World War as a logistics specialist in Berlin. In 1945 he escaped from a Soviet prisoner of war camp, fleeing to Hamburg. He worked there in 1946 as managing director of a small motor company. Racer and designer ------------------ Polensky's Monopoletta in Prototype Museum (Hamburg) Front view In 1947, Polensky returned to Berlin and in the ruins opened one of the first Vespa dealerships in Germany. He also began racing again, designing and in his own workshop constructing a Formula Three racer with a 500 cc (31 cu in) motorcycle engine, akin to the Cooper 500. Polensky's first model was the Kurpfalz. This was followed by the Monopoletta, a BMW-powered monoposto. Polensky raced his Monopoletta throughout the late 1940s across West Germany. In 1950, he was fifth overall in the West German Formula Three Championship. In the early the 1950s, Polensky began to concentrate increasingly on sports car races. He entered the Mille Miglia in 1952. His wife served as co-driver several times in the Tour de France. Around the same time, he moved his family to Karlsruhe, where he opened a Volkswagen dealership. Driving a Porsche, he won the 1953 Coupe des Alpes and European Rally Championship, coming first overall in the championship. He was also eighth overall at the 12 Hours of Reims in 1954. Polensky entered the 24 Hours of Le Mans three times. In 1955, he was shared a Porsche 550 with journalist Richard von Frankenberg, coming fourth overall and earning a class win. He also took the 21st Biennial Cup. In 1956, Polensky quit racing to become a successful automobile dealer. Le Mans results --------------- \| Year \| Team \| Vehicle \| Teammate \| Placement \| Failure reason \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1954 \| Germany Porsche \| Porsche 550/4 RS Coupé 1500 \| Germany Hans Herrmann \| Failure \| Engine failure \| \| 1955 \| Germany Porsche KG \| Porsche 550/4 RS Spyder 1500 \| Germany Richard von Frankenberg \| Fourth overall, and class win \| \| \| 1956 \| France Olivier Gonzague \| Porsche 550/4 Spyder \| France Claude Storez \| Failure \| Distributor \| Books ----- * Christian Moity, Jean-Marc Teissèdre, Alain Bienvenu. 24 Heures du Mans, 1923-1992. Éditions d'Art, Besancon, 1992 ISBN 2-909-413-06-3.
Process of human growth to maturity "Developmental" redirects here. For other uses, see Development. \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Human growthand development \| \| \| \| Stages \| \| * Gamete * Zygote * Embryo * Fetus * Infant * Toddler * Child * Preadolescent * Adolescent * Emerging and early adulthood * Young adult * Middle adult * Old adult * Dying \| \| Biological milestones \| \| * Fertilization * Pregnancy * Childbirth * Walking * Language acquisition * Puberty * Menopause * Ageing * Death \| \| Development and psychology \| \| * Pre- and perinatal * Infant and child * Nature versus nurture * Adolescent * Youth * Young adult * Adult * Maturity \| \| Developmental stage theories \| \| * Attachment * Ecological * Psychosocial * Psychosexual development * Moral * Cognitive * Cultural-historical * Evolutionary \| \| * Psychology portal \| \| * v * t * e \| Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilization, where an egg released from the ovary of a female is penetrated by a sperm cell from a male. The resulting zygote develops through mitosis and cell differentiation, and the resulting embryo then implants in the uterus, where the embryo continues development through a fetal stage until birth. Further growth and development continues after birth, and includes both physical and psychological development that is influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and other factors. This continues throughout life: through childhood and adolescence into adulthood. Before birth ------------ Main articles: Human embryonic development and Prenatal development Development before birth, or prenatal development (from Latin natalis 'relating to birth') is the process in which a zygote, and later an embryo, and then a fetus develops during gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization and the formation of the zygote, the first stage in embryonic development which continues in fetal development until birth. ### Fertilization Main article: Human fertilization Sperm fertilizing an egg Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The chromosomes of the sperm are passed into the egg to form a unique genome. The egg becomes a zygote and the germinal stage of embryonic development begins. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo, up until implantation. The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation. The zygote contains a full complement of genetic material with all the biological characteristics of a single human being, and develops into the embryo. Embryonic development has four stages: the morula stage, the blastula stage, the gastrula stage, and the neurula stage. Prior to implantation, the embryo remains in a protein shell, the zona pellucida, and undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called cleavage. A week after fertilization the embryo still has not grown in size, but hatches from the zona pellucida and adheres to the lining of the mother's uterus. This induces a decidual reaction, wherein the uterine cells proliferate and surround the embryo thus causing it to become embedded within the uterine tissue. The embryo, meanwhile, proliferates and develops both into embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue, the latter forming the fetal membranes and the placenta. In humans, the embryo is referred to as a fetus in the later stages of prenatal development. The transition from embryo to fetus is arbitrarily defined as occurring 8 weeks after fertilization. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a set of progressively developing internal organs. A nearly identical process occurs in other species. ### Embryonic development Main article: Human embryonic development Human embryonic development refers to the development and formation of the human embryo. It is characterised by the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. The embryonic stage covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days. During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus. Embryonic development continues with the next stage of gastrulation, when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis, and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs. The entire process of embryonic development involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in gene expression, cell growth and cellular differentiation. A nearly identical process occurs in other species, especially among chordates. ### Fetal development Main article: Fetus A fetus is a stage in the human development considered to begin nine weeks after fertilization. In biological terms, however, prenatal development is a continuum, with many defining features distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. A fetus is also characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final location. Stages in prenatal development ### Maternal influences See also: Placenta The fetus and embryo develop within the uterus, an organ that sits within the pelvis of the mother. The process the mother experiences whilst carrying the fetus or embryo is referred to as pregnancy. The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from the fetus' blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus' umbilical cord develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best. After birth ----------- ### Infancy and childhood Main articles: Infant, Child development, and Child development stages Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescence. In developmental psychology, childhood is divided up into the developmental stages of toddlerhood (learning to walk), early childhood (play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through post-puberty). Various childhood factors could affect a person's attitude formation. * Prepubescence + Neonate (newborn) + Infant (baby) + Toddler + Play age + Elementary school age, may coincide with preadolescence (preteen) Approximate outline of development periods in child development The Tanner stages can be used to approximately judge a child's age based on physical development. \| For North American, Indo-Iranian (India, Iran) and European girls \| For North American, Indo-Iranian (India, Iran) and European boys \| \| --- \| --- \| \| * Thelarche (breast development) 10.5y (8y–13y) * Pubarche (pubic hair) 11y (8.5y–13.5y) * Growth spurt 11.25y (10y–12.5y) * Menarche (first menstrual bleeding) 12.5y (10.5y–14.5y) * Wisdom tooth eruption 15.5y (14y–17y) * Adult height reached 15.5y (14y–17y) \| * Gonadarche (testicular enlargement) 11.5y (9.5y–13.5y) * Pubarche (pubic hair) 12y (10y–14y) * Growth spurt 13y (11y–18.5y) * Spermarche (first ejaculation) 13.5y (11.5y–15.5y) * Wisdom tooth eruption 17y (15y–19y) * Completion of growth 17y (15y–19y) \| ### Puberty Main article: Puberty Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a girl, the testicles in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sex organs. Physical growth—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal physical differences between boys and girls are the external sex organs. On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12 and 13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. Puberty which starts earlier than usual is known as precocious puberty, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as delayed puberty. Notable among the morphologic changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man.[clarification needed] ### Adulthood Biologically, an adult is a human or other organism that has reached sexual maturity. In human context, the term adult has additional meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a legal minor, a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible. The typical age of legal majority is 18 years in most contexts, although the definition of majority may vary by legal rights and country. Human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; an adolescent may be biologically an adult and display adult behavior but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, a legal adult may possess none of the maturity and responsibility that is supposed to define them; the mental and physical development and maturity of an individual has been proven to be greatly influenced by their life circumstances. Organ systems ------------- Main article: Organogenesis \| \| \| --- \| \| This article is part of a series on the \| \| Development of organ systems \| \| * Nervous system * Digestive system * Reproductive system * Urinary system * Endocrine system * Human development * Circulatory system \| \| * v * t * e \| Human organs and organ systems develop in a process known as organogenesis. This begins in the third week of embryonic development, when the gastrula forms three distinct germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The ectoderm will eventually develop into the outer layer of skin and nervous system. The mesoderm will form skeletal muscles, blood cells, the reproductive system, the urinary system, most of the circulatory system, and the connective tissue of the torso. The endoderm will develop into the epithelium of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and several glands. Linear growth ------------- During childhood, the bones undergo a complex process of elongation that occurs in a specific area called epiphyseal growth plates (EGP). This process is regulated by various hormones and factors, including the growth hormone, vitamin D, and others. These hormones promote the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which plays a key role in the formation of new bone cells. Adequate nutrient intake is essential for the production of these hormones, which are critical for proper bone growth. However, a lack of proper nutrition can hinder this process and result in stunted growth. Linear growth takes place in the epiphyseal growth plates (EGP) of long bones. In the growth plate, chondrocytes proliferate, hypertrophy and secrete cartilage extracellular matrix. New cartilage is subsequently remodeled into bone tissue, causing bones to grow longer. Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors. It affects growth by binding to receptors in the EGP, and inducing production and release of IGF-1 by the liver. IGF-1 has six binding proteins (IGFBPs), exhibiting different effects on body tissues, where IGFBP-3 is most abundant in human circulation. IGF-1 initiates growth through differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, and regulates release of GH from the pituitary through feedback mechanisms. The GH/IGF-1 axis is responsive to dietary intake and infections. The endocrine system seems to allow for rapid growth only when the organism is able to consume sufficient amounts of nutrients and signaling from key nutrients such as amino acids and zinc to induce production of IGF-1 is present. At the same time inflammation and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may cause GH resistance and a decrease in circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 which in turn reduces endochondrial ossification and growth. However, the EGP appears to conserve much growth capacity to allow for catch-up growth. Concerns have been raised about associations between catch-up growth and increased risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. In a large study based on 5 birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines and South Africa, faster linear growth at 0–2 years was associated with improvements in adult stature and school performance, but also an increased likelihood of overweight (mainly related to lean mass) and a slightly elevated blood pressure in young adulthood.
British sound magazine Bill Furlong interviewing Joseph Beuys in 1985 *Audio Arts* was a British sound magazine published on audio cassettes, documenting contemporary artistic activity via artist or curator interviews, sound performances or sound art by artists. History ------- The project was launched in 1973 by Barry Barker and British sculptor William Furlong, born 1944 in Woking, Great Britain. From 1973 to 2006, Audio Arts published 25 volumes of 4 issues of the Audio Arts Cassettes (later releasing LPs and CDs as well). Furlong conducted all interviews until 1996, when Jean Wainwright took the baton as interviewer. Each interview starts with I am here with..., stating artist's name and recording location. Interviewees include: Andy Warhol, Anish Kapoor, Joseph Beuys, Gilbert & George, Yoko Ono, R. Buckminster Fuller, Hermann Nitsch, Mario Merz, Gerhard Richter, Nam June Paik, as well as an interview with W. B. Yeats' daughter and readings by Yeats himself (in Vol.1 Issue #4, 1974). William Furlong was part of a generation of British artists of the 1960s-70s including Gilbert & George, Richard Hamilton, Bruce McLean or Paul Richards (whose Nice Style performance group was the first pose band) who were consciously moving from traditional art forms to conceptual art, performance, new media, cheap materials, in a dematerialized and process-oriented ethos. Furlong is now a sound artist with sound installations exhibited in Lisbon (Walls of Sound, 1998), Bexhill on Sea, Sussex (Anthem, 2009), Genillard Gallery, London (Possibility & Impossibility of Fixing Meaning, 2009). With the acquisition of the Audio Arts archive by Tate in 2004 (itself a long-time subscriber to Audio Arts cassettes releases), over 200 boxes of master tapes used to edit the magazine are now secured for future researchers. A selection was exhibited at Tate Britain March–August 2007. The archive is now catalogued, digitized and preserved there. In October–December 2006, a retrospective exhibition curated by Lucia Farinati took place at Rome’s Sound Art Museum showing a selection of Audio Arts releases and adding a new sound art by Furlong: Conversation Pieces, a reworking/remixing of preview Furlong interviews, making famous interviewees respond to each other by the magic of cut-up. See SlashSeconds.org. William Furlong's Audio Arts project was featured in the See This Sound (Promises in Sound and Vision) exhibition, curated by Cosima Rainer, August 28, 2009 to January 10, 2010, Lentos Kunstmuseum, Linz, Austria. Sources ------- * Audio Arts digitised and published on the Tate website * Bill Furlong Audio Arts: Discourse & Practice in Contemporary Art, published by Academy Editions, London, 1994. * Overview and index of the Audio Arts releases * Bill Furlong interview * Bill Furlong biography \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| * VIAF \|
Canadian-Sri Lankan rhythmic gymnast Anna-Marie Suzanne Quint Ondaatje also simply known as Anna-Marie Ondaatje (born 1 September 2000) is a Canadian born female rhythmic gymnast of Sri Lankan descent. She has competed in national level competitions in Canada and has represented both Canada and then switched to compete for Sri Lanka in international gymnastics events. She became the first rhythmic gymnast to represent Sri Lanka at the Commonwealth Games after creating history for the nation at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and was also named as one of just four female gymnasts from Sri Lanka to represent at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Biography --------- Anna-Marie Ondaatje was born on 1 September 2000 in Canada to parents of Sri Lankan origin, Alistair Ondaatje and Suzanne Ondaatje who hailed from the town of Wattala, Hendala which is situated downtown to Colombo. She initially took the discipline of artistic gymnastics at the age of nine but her father suggested Anna-Marie to engage in rhythmic gymnastics to focus on the flexibility considering the feminine oriented discipline, a suitable option unlike the artistic gymnastics. Career ------ ### Canada (2014–2016) After switching from artistic gymnastics to rhythmic gymnastics, Anna-Marie Ondaatje has competed at the provincial and national level Championships in Canada. She also took part at the 2014 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships representing Canada and finished fourth in a junior group event. ### Sri Lanka (2017-present) Anna-Marie Ondaatje went onto represent Sri Lanka at the 2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships which was also her first senior level competition for the nation and became the first ever gymnast to compete for Sri Lanka at an international rhythmic gymnastics championship. She competed in the individual qualification event and finished on 75th position with 42.400 total points. Anna-Marie fortunately made her Commonwealth Games debut at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games representing Sri Lanka. She finished on 11th position out of 16 athletes in the women's individual all round finals . She also qualified to represent Sri Lanka at the 2018 Asian Games as the only gymnast from Sri Lanka to have progressed to compete at the 2018 Asian Games, which also marked her maiden Asian Games event.
Keri Collins backstage at BAFTA Cymru Awards 2014 Keri Collins (born 1978) is a BAFTA winning director and writer for film and television. He has written and directed for the BBC, Sky TV, Netflix, The Sunday Times and PBS. Collins was born in Pontypool, Wales. He was selected for the prestigious Guiding Lights scheme in 2008 and, as a result, was mentored by Sir Kenneth Branagh. Collins' short film 'FUNDAY' was an official selection at the Raindance Film Festival 2011. It was acquired for distribution by Shorts International, nominated for a BAFTA Cymru award for Best Short film and described by Tony Grisoni (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas) as "Deliciously melancholic". His debut feature comedy, the Raindance 2013 official selection, Convenience starred Vicky McClure (This is England), Ray Panthaki (Ali G In da House), Adeel Akhtar (Four Lions) and Verne Troyer (Austin Powers). It received multiple 4 star reviews, including from EMPIRE magazine and won the Breakthrough Award at the 2014 BAFTA Cymru Awards. In 2018, Collins directed Tourist Trap, a BBC One Wales comedy series set in a fictional version of the Welsh tourist board. The show stars Sally Phillips and has run for two series and two specials. He directed the second and third series of Soft Border Patrol for BBC Northern Ireland and four episodes of Trollied for Sky One.
Village in Glarus, Switzerland Betschwanden is a village, and former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. History ------- Church of Betschwanden Betschwanden is first recorded in 1240 in the phrase in Beswando. Until 1395, Betschwanden was obliged to pay tithes and taxes to Säckingen Abbey. At the same time it was part of the parish of Glarus. The village church was built in the Romanesque style in the 14th century. It was rebuilt several times and flood control walls were added in 1779-80. The Art Nouveau and Gothic Revival elements were added in 1915 and restored in 1975-77. The exterior of the church was rebuilt in 2001. When the Protestant Reformation arrived in Glarus, Betschwanden adopted the new faith. In 1528 it joined a Reformed parish with Braunwald, Hätzingen, Diesbach and Rüti. In 1942 Braunwald separated to form an independent parish. Until the 19th century, alpine farming and herding was the primary source of income. A mill was built on the Diesbach river in 1778. Today it is a guest house for the rectory. A parish school opened in 1727. A secondary school opened in 1844. A spinning mill opened in 1843 and a warehouse was added in 1910; it is now a textile chemical factory. A station of the Schweizerische Nordostbahn (Swiss North-East Railway) opened in the village in 1879. On 1 January 2011, the municipality of Betschwanden was merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd. Geography --------- Betschwanden is located in the valley of the Linth river, with the village situated on the east bank of the river, at an elevation of approximately 600 m (2,000 ft). The village of Rüti lies to the south and Diesbach to the north. Above the village to the east is the mountain of Kärpf (2,794 m or 9,167 ft). Betschwanden has an area, as defined by the former municipal boundaries in 2006, of 9.7 km2 (3.7 sq mi). Of this area, 36% is used for agricultural purposes, while 29.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (33.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). Transport --------- Betschwanden is located on the Hauptstrasse 17, which runs the length of the canton of Glarus before climbing the Klausen Pass into the canton of Uri, as well as on the Weesen to Linthal railway line that parallels the main road and the Linth river through Glarus. The high alpine Klausen Pass is normally only open to traffic between June and September, and for the rest of the year the road and railway up the valley form the only access to the village. The village is served by Diesbach-Betschwanden railway station, which is served by the hourly Zürich S-Bahn service S25 between Linthal and Zurich. Demographics ------------ Betschwanden has a population, as of 2010 and as defined by the former municipal area, of 182. As of 2007[update], 6.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 9.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (93.0%), with Finnish being the only other language listed in the census ( 0.6%). In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 50.7% of the vote. Most of the rest of the votes went to the SPS with 47.9% of the vote. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Betschwanden about 72.7% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Betschwanden has an unemployment rate of 4.75%. As of 2005[update], there were 5 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. No one is employed in the secondary sector and there are no businesses in this sector. 19 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: \| year \| population \| \| --- \| --- \| \| 1692 \| 123 \| \| 1850 \| 254 \| \| 1900 \| 255 \| \| 1950 \| 282 \| \| 1980 \| 132 \| \| 2000 \| 172 \| \|
1975 German film *The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, or: How violence develops and where it can lead* (German original title: Die Verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum oder: Wie Gewalt entstehen und wohin sie führen kann) is a 1975 German political drama film, based on the 1974 novel of the same name by Heinrich Böll, written for the screen and directed by Volker Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta. Schlöndorff and von Trotta wrote the script with an emphasis on the vindictive and harsh treatment of an innocent woman by the public, the police and the media. The film stars Angela Winkler as Blum, Mario Adorf as Kommissar Beizmenne, Dieter Laser as Tötges, and Jürgen Prochnow as Ludwig. The film and the novel were also adapted into an American TV film titled The Lost Honor of Kathryn Beck in 1984. Plot ---- Katharina Blum is an innocent woman who works as a housekeeper for a famous corporate lawyer, Hubert Blorna, and his wife Trude. She is nicknamed "the Nun" due to her prudish lifestyle which makes her acquaintances very surprised by her suspected involvement with a criminal. Her life is ruined by an invasive tabloid reporter, Werner Tötges, who works for a tabloid simply known as The Paper. Katharina lands in the papers when the police begin to investigate her in connection with Ludwig Götten, a man she has just met and quickly fallen in love with, and who is accused of being an anarchist, a bank robber, and an alleged terrorist. Police suspect Katharina of aiding and abetting Götten. Katharina meets Werner at a costume party attended by her friend. Her friend is with her boyfriend (a police informant, unknown to the others) who is dressed like a sheikh. He radios back to the police with information regarding Werner's whereabouts and his meeting with Katharina. The police search Katharina's apartment the next day but do not find him there. They take her in for interrogation which makes her very unhappy. They know he could not have gone far since he was in her apartment last night. They lie to her and use cruel investigation tactics to get her to confess his whereabouts but she will not budge. Throughout the film, Katharina's limits are tested, and her dignity, as well as her sanity, is on the line as she tries her best to make her voice heard and the truth known. Lie after lie is printed by The Paper and everyone, including Katharina's former friends begins to believe it. After Tötges visits Katharina's mother, who is recovering from surgery in the hospital, her mother dies. He fabricates her last words in his newspaper to give the impression to the readers that she despised her daughter with her dying breath. This aggravates Katharina greatly. Ludwig is captured; Katharina had allowed him to hide out at the country house of Alois Sträubleder, a political leader who was pursuing her romantically and had given her the key to his country villa. The police had earlier taken an expensive ring from her as evidence that she was in contact with the bank robber but it is revealed it was in fact Alois's private gift to her. It turns out that Ludwig was not a bank robber but instead a deserter from the Bundeswehr who stole two regiments' pay. Unable to find justice for herself or make the negative press coverage stop, Katharina murders Tötges and his photographer. Katharina and Ludwig see each other once more, passionately clinging to each other as they pass in the basement of the prison where they are initially held. In an epilogue, at Tötges's funeral, his editor delivers a hypocritical speech about how his murder was an attack on democracy and the freedom of the press. The film's final image is a block of text that appears over Tötges's funeral wreath and casket, linking the film's depiction of The Paper's yellow journalism to the practices of actual German tabloid Bild-Zeitung. This text also appears at the beginning of Heinrich Böll's book. It reads: > The characters and action in this story are purely fictitious. Should the description of certain journalistic practices result in a resemblance to the practices of Bild-Zeitung, such resemblance is neither intentional, nor fortuitous, but unavoidable. > > Cast ---- * Angela Winkler – Katharina Blum * Mario Adorf – Kommissar Beizmenne (Inspector Beizmenne) * Dieter Laser – Werner Tötges * Jürgen Prochnow – Ludwig Götten * Heinz Bennent – Dr. Hubert Blorna * Hannelore Hoger – Trude Blorna * Rolf Becker – Prosecutor Hach * Harald Kuhlmann – Moeding * Herbert Fux – Weninger * Regine Lutz – Else Woltersheim * Werner Eichhorn – Konrad Beiters * Karl Heinz Vosgerau – Alois Sträubleder * Angelika Hillbrecht – Frau Pletzer * Horatius Häberle – Prosecutor Dr. Korten * Henry van Lyck – 'Scheich' Karl * Stephanie Thönnessen – Claudia Sterm * Peter Franke – Dr. Heinen Analysis -------- Produced during a time of political controversy in West Germany, and a time where journalists would stop at nothing to get their name known in the field, the film digs deep into human rights violations in what should be a peaceful, democratic country, and shines a light on the vindictive nature of the tabloid press and the tendency they have to spread lies and distort the facts. The film also presents a clear condemnation of collusion between the police and the yellow press. Unlike the novel, the film ends with a scene at Tötges' funeral, with his publisher delivering a hypocritical condemnation of the murder as an infringement on the freedom of the press. The film establishes its concern with the media in its opening scene, which follows a man (Götten) who is being filmed and followed. Though she only spends one night with him, the police raid on Katharina's home, as well as her involvement with Götten, immediately becomes a media spectacle. When Katharina is released because the police can’t find the evidence to hold her, she walks into an abundance of journalists pointing cameras at her and yelling questions at her. She tries to look away, but the police officer escorting her out grabs a fistful of her hair and makes her look into the flashing lights and curious faces. He claims they’re just doing their jobs and that she needs to respect that. The film represents the media as vindictive and scandal-obsessed. The Paper only publishes conspiracies and disregards the truth. The main reporter, Tötges, frequently makes up quotes and distorts facts to make Katharina's life fit a salacious narrative of a promiscuous woman who aids and abets anarchists and terrorists. It’s clear that the media doesn’t care if she is innocent or not. She is a story, and that is her only purpose to them. Tötges makes up Katharina's mother's dying words to make a negative impression of her and to sell papers. He finds out that her grandfather emigrated to the USSR in 1932 and uses this as proof that Katharina holds similar views. In his final scene, he makes sexual advances on Katharina and actually expects her to be happy with him for "making her famous." The fact that he dragged her name through the mud does not register with him. In interviews for the 2003 Criterion Collection DVD release of the film, Schlöndorff and other crew members argue for the film's continued relevance today, drawing an analogy between the political climate of panic over terrorism in 1970s West Germany and the post-September 11, 2001 situation in the U.S. where unsubstantiated media hype was used to launch the invasion of Iraq. Volker Schlondorff recounted that years later while he and Von Trotta were visiting Tashkent they noticed a theater where this movie was playing. They entered at the scene where the prosecutor and the police throw themselves onto the ground after hearing one of their own guns accidentally going off. The bureaucrats are the first to be scared of their own weapons. Schlondorff was happy that this message could be appreciated by people under the authoritarian government of Uzbekistan same as those under West Germany. Though the film ends with a journalist being shot, Volker Schlondorff considers this only a "metaphorical shooting" and that violence is against the message of Heinrich Boll. Cinematography -------------- This film has a documentary style and uses little lighting or special effects. The camera is largely stationary. The crane shot is used only once, in the final scene at Werner Tötges's funeral. Cinematographer Jost Vacano felt that this would make it easier to get into the heads of the audience. Volker Schlondorff originally went with another cinematographer but changed his mind later and went with Jost Vacano. The opening scene on the barge was shot with 16 mm film to make it seem like grainy camera footage. The film was shot during carnival season and uses many bright, vibrant colors but as the film progresses it becomes more dark and grayish to show Katharina's pain. Jost Vacano felt that this is one of his most important films, even more than American releases like Total Recall or Starship Troopers because of the political message and his cinematographic choices. The film has appeared on television thirty times since being released which according to Vacano shows that the message will always be relevant. The film uses almost no makeup. Jost Vacano wanted you to see Katharina's skin imperfections and feel she was a real person. Angela Winkler was said to have done her acting best on the first or second take while Mario Adorf was best on the seventh or eighth take. Multiple takes got him better into the character. The sets are intentionally abstract. Police offices are intentionally depicted as large open spaces with empty desks which was not the case in West Germany at the time. This abstract, empty set design was influenced by the American painter Allen Tucker. Score ----- Hans Werner Henze chose Wagnerian themes for this movie. The opening scene is at the Rhine river and so Henze chose musical themes influenced by Das Rheingold. Henze called it "the poisoned river" because the dirty water was like the virus in society that was destroying German culture. The music is also a bit disjointed at parts to reflect this. Many of the different musical themes are brought together in a rondo at the end. Historical context ------------------ Following the kidnapping and execution of a West German corporate leader, Hanns Martin Schleyer and several other prison deaths, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum is a reflection of the conflicts in West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s, a time where student movements and a political struggle were occurring. Militant terrorists such as the Red Army Faction (the Baader-Meinhof Group) had holds in the government and it didn’t take long for their violent tendencies to make citizens questionable toward their governments as reforms began to turn into repressions. Some of these repressions resulted in brutal and destructive consequences, which the film blatantly opposes. Terrorism was confused with radicalism and fear was present in almost all citizens because of the political reforms and repressions the country had undergone. This was a time period in which media coverage was expanding and journalism was becoming one of the biggest careers to have. Journalists were ruthless in their digging to come up with a story. Police were not afraid to become violent, whether it is emotional or physical. Witnesses and suspects seldom had a voice. Some of the topics the film explores are the vindictive nature of the media and police, as well as the abuse of power, discrimination, and emotional abuse. The Paper has no qualms with libel, slander or even just outright making up quotes to get the story they want. Further reading --------------- * Böll, Heinrich (1975). The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. Translated by Vennewitz, Leila. ISBN 1-85290-017-2. * Kilborn, R. W. (1984). Whose lost honour?: A study of the film adaptation of Böll's 'The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum'. Glasgow: Scottish Papers in Germanic Studies. ISBN 0-907409-03-2. * Gerhardt, Christina. "Surveillance Mechanisms in Literature and Film: Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum by Böll and Schlöndorff / Von Trotta". Gegenwartsliteratur 7 (2008): 69-83.
American television personality Erik Chopin (born 1970) is the winner of The Biggest Loser (season 3) in 2006. Before appearing on the show, Chopin attempted and often failed at losing weight and keeping it off. As the largest contestant on the show at that date, the odds were stacked against him from the beginning. He lost 214 pounds (97 kg), breaking all of the show's previous records, and held that record until Season 8 in 2009. After his win, Chopin underwent plastic surgery to eliminate 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of excess skin. He traveled the country as a motivational speaker and lectured at many elementary and high schools, health clubs, corporate headquarters, youth weight loss camps and various health and wellness expos. He appeared on television shows such as The Oprah Winfrey Show, Larry King Live, The Today Show, Neil Cavuto, Entertainment Tonight, Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, Access Hollywood and local news channels. His many interviews also appeared in such publications as The New York Times and People Magazine as well as Us Weekly.com and numerous local newspapers. In January 2010, Chopin and his family appeared in a one-hour documentary on Discovery Health Channel titled "Confessions of a Reality Show Loser", and discussed his weight gain since The Biggest Loser and how it has affected both him and his family. In May 2010 Chopin appeared at the Biggest Loser Finale, showing his successful weight loss and current weight of 245 lbs. In late 2010, Chopin became a life coach and has kept the weight loss he was able to lose. He is still a motivational speaker at businesses and schools across the country and helps people as a certified life coach. Chopin earned a degree in accounting from Hofstra University in 1998, and has a career in accounting with his family’s business, Emma's Delicatessen in North Babylon. He is married and has three children.
Fictional character in the TV series Doctor Who For other uses, see Rose (Doctor Who) and Rosa (Doctor Who). Fictional character Rose Tyler is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She was created by series producer Russell T Davies and portrayed by Billie Piper. With the revival of Doctor Who in 2005, Rose was introduced as a new travelling companion of the series protagonist, the Doctor, in his ninth and tenth incarnations. The companion character, intended to act as an audience surrogate, was key in the first series to introduce new viewers to the mythos of Doctor Who, which had not aired regularly since 1989. Rose became the viewers' eyes into the new world of the series, from the companion's perspective. Piper received top billing alongside Christopher Eccleston and David Tennant for the duration of her time as a regular cast member. The character was a series regular for all of Series 1 (2005) and 2 (2006). Piper later reprised the role in a supporting capacity in Series 4 (2008) and the New Year's special "The End of Time" (2010). Piper further played a sentient weapon called the Moment, which utilises Rose's image, in the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013). In the series' narrative, Rose is introduced in the eponymous series one premiere as a teenage working class shop assistant from London, alongside her own supporting cast in the form of her mother Jackie Tyler (Camille Coduri) and her boyfriend Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke). Over the course of the first series, Rose's human actions and responses contrast with the Doctor's alien perspectives. Rose grows increasingly trusting of the Doctor and comes to realise she has fallen in love with him. He comes to value and depend on her and sacrifices his Ninth incarnation for her. Rose forms a similar bond with the new Doctor, but the two appear to be forever separated in the series two finale, although Rose's temporary return in the fourth series gives her relationship with the Doctor a resolution. In promoting the series, both Piper and Eccleston stressed Rose's heroic characteristics whilst Davies highlighted her down-to-earth qualities and quintessential "British-ness". Critical reaction noted that the character was more developed, independent and equal to the Doctor than previous companions had been, whilst the character's overall role in the narrative of the first two series was praised. However, the reaction to the character's 2008 return was more mixed. Piper won numerous awards for her portrayal of Rose —including two National Television Awards —and since her initial role in the series, the character has ranked highly in numerous 'best companion' polls. After leaving as a series regular, Piper experienced success in other high-profile roles as an actress which has been partly attributed to her performances in Doctor Who. Appearances ----------- ### Television Rose is introduced in the eponymous premiere episode, "Rose", of the 2005 series. She is saved from an Auton attack by the mysterious Time Lord the Doctor (Christopher Eccleston), and assists him in preventing an invasion of Earth. Subsequently, the Doctor invites Rose to be his travelling companion, taking her to the end of the world and tampering her mobile so she can remain in contact with her mother Jackie (Camille Coduri), and boyfriend Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) while time-travelling in "The End of the World". In their travels through time and space, Rose learns the importance of not tampering with history, when in "Father's Day", she attempts to save the life of her father Pete Tyler (Shaun Dingwall), who had died when she was a baby. Throughout their journeys, she and the Doctor are haunted by two mysterious recurring words: "Bad Wolf". Rose, the Doctor, and new companion Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) come to understand the meaning of this phrase in "Bad Wolf", when they encounter an unstoppable army of Daleks on the space station Satellite 5, which first appeared in "The Long Game". To return to the Doctor after he sends her home to Earth in series finale "The Parting of the Ways", Rose tears open the console of the Doctor's time machine, the TARDIS, and becomes suffused with the power of the time vortex. Returning, she uses her power over the infinity of time and space to spread the words "Bad Wolf" over its entirety, then saving the universe from the Dalek invasion. Rose resurrects Jack, who died from Dalek fire, and destroys the Dalek fleet before the Doctor drains the energy out of her to save her life from its harmful effects. Rose is horrified as the Doctor appears to die and regenerates into a new man (David Tennant), who proceeds to take the TARDIS and a terrified Rose to Earth, abandoning Jack on Satellite 5. The new Doctor and Rose arrive on Earth on Christmas Day, where he passes out from the strain of regeneration in the midst of a Sycorax invasion in the 2005 Christmas special "The Christmas Invasion". Having woken up and saved Earth, the Doctor enjoys Christmas dinner with Rose before they travel to parts unknown. Over the second series (2006), Rose and the Doctor grow increasingly close to one another. After defeating a werewolf in "Tooth and Claw", they are knighted by Queen Victoria (Pauline Collins), who banishes them as potential threats to the Empire whilst setting up the Torchwood Institute, which aims to track alien activity on Earth, including the Doctor's. Their relationship proves a source of tension once Mickey joins the pair in their travels, at the suggestion of the Doctor's former companion Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) in "School Reunion". Whilst stranded in a parallel universe in "Rise of the Cybermen", Rose meets a rich, entrepreneur version of her father Pete who never died. Mickey decides to stay behind on this world to battle Cybermen as he no longer wants to feel like a spare part at the end of "The Age of Steel". Alone with the Doctor again, Rose faces the Beast (Gabriel Woolf) in the two-part story "The Impossible Planet" and "The Satan Pit", who prophesies that Rose will soon die in battle. This day comes when, in "Army of Ghosts", the Torchwood Institute's director Yvonne Hartman (Tracy-Ann Oberman) unintentionally allows the Cybermen army and Dalek Cult of Skaro into Rose's reality, where they begin a war. In the series finale "Doomsday", when sealing the Cybermen and Daleks back into the void through which they came, Rose is transported to the parallel universe by Pete, to save her from also being pulled into the void. Rose becomes trapped in the parallel universe with Jackie and the alternate universe Pete as the walls between universes seal; she is later declared dead in her own universe. Months later, the Doctor is able to transmit Rose a goodbye message. She reveals she now works for that universe's Torchwood, and confesses her love for him. Before he can reply, their connection is lost. In spin-off series Torchwood (2006–2011), the audience learns that Rose's act of resurrecting Jack cursed him with being unable to die. Her absence and the Doctor's pained estrangement from her proves a point of contention for the Doctor's series 3 (2007) companion Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman); when Martha protects the Doctor, living as a human without his memories, it is still Rose that he dreams of. When the Doctor is reunited with Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) in the show's fourth series (2008) during "Partners in Crime", Rose mysteriously begins to appear in the Doctor's life—first seen only by Donna, and later in silent video messages which the Doctor is oblivious to. In "Turn Left", when a "Time Beetle" creates an alternate universe in which Donna never meets the Doctor and the Doctor dies, Rose travels from her parallel world to this world, working alongside the organisation UNIT to send Donna back in time, and make Donna's younger self turn left at a junction and not right. Rose tells Donna to say two words to the Doctor; "Bad Wolf". The Doctor concludes this is a sign that the universe, and reality itself is under threat. Later, in the midst of Davros' (Julian Bleach) plot to obliterate existence, Rose unites with the Doctor and his companions Donna, Martha, Jack and Sarah Jane to make a stand against him and his army of Daleks. In the midst of the battle, a part-human Doctor (the Meta-Crisis Doctor) is created and destroys the Daleks. The Doctor returns Rose to the parallel universe along with Jackie, and the Meta-Crisis Doctor. Rose challenges the Doctor to say the words he did not say to her during their previous farewell. The Doctor does not answer, but the Meta-Crisis Doctor whispers the words in her ear and Rose kisses him. The Doctor retreats, leaving Rose behind to live with the Meta-Crisis Doctor. In the closing scenes of "The End of Time" (2010), just prior to his regeneration, the Doctor travels to Rose's housing estate in the first minutes of 2005. He speaks to her from the shadows, asking her what year it is. She tells him it is 1 January 2005. The Doctor promises her that she will have a really great year. Piper returned for the show's 50th-anniversary episode "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) as the interface of a sentient weapon of mass destruction known as 'the Moment'. The War Doctor (John Hurt) intends to end the raging Time War by using the Moment to destroy both the Daleks and the Time Lords. Using Rose's image, chosen for her future significance to the Doctor, the Moment attempts to persuade him to seek an alternative course of action by showing him how the decision will affect his future. ### Literature Rose is featured in the first twelve Doctor Who New Series Adventures novels, which expand on her characterisation. The first three of these novels—The Clockwise Man, The Monsters Inside and Winner Takes All—were published in May 2005 and feature solely the Ninth Doctor and Rose. The Monsters Inside depicts Rose's first visit to an alien planet, her travels previously having been confined to earth and orbiting space stations. Rose mentions this visit to the planet Justicia in the first series television episode "Boom Town" which aired 4 June 2005. The second batch of Ninth Doctor novels —comprising The Deviant Strain, Only Human and The Stealers of Dreams—were released in September 2005 and expand on the Doctor and Rose's travels with Jack Harkness. The novel Only Human mentions that Rose was engaged to a previous love interest before becoming involved with Mickey. The events of "Boom Town" are addressed in The Stealers of Dreams in which Jackie complains that Rose did not alert her to her recent visit to modern day Cardiff. The first three novels to feature Rose and the Tenth Doctor—The Stone Rose, The Feast of the Drowned and The Resurrection Casket—were released in April 2006 to coincide with the broadcast of the second television series. The Feast of the Drowned explores the context of Rose's shifting relationship with Jackie and Mickey in light of her frequent absences from earth. Her relationship with a school friend, Keisha, is also explored; Rose is irritated to find out she and Mickey have become involved in her absence. The last three New Series Adventures novels to feature Rose —The Nightmare of Black Island, The Art of Destruction and The Price of Paradise—were published in September 2006. In addition to the regular range of novels, Rose is featured in the first Doctor Who Quick Reads Initiative novella, I am a Dalek, in which she and the Doctor must deal with a human-Dalek hybrid. The Doctor Who Annual 2006, published in August 2005, gives further biographical information on Rose in an article written by the programme's chief writer and executive producer Russell T Davies, including the middle name "Marion", and information about her mother, school life and ex-boyfriends. The character also appears in short stories featured in the Doctor Who annuals for 2006 and 2007, in addition to an issue of the series' sanctioned companion magazine, Doctor Who Magazine. She has additionally been featured in comic book sequences which feature in the annuals, Doctor Who Magazine, and children's magazines Doctor Who Adventures and Doctor Who – Battles in Time. In one Doctor Who Magazine comic strip, "The Green-Eyed Monster", Rose is possessed by a creature that feeds on jealousy. In order to arouse enough jealousy to defeat this creature, the Tenth Doctor feigns a romance with Rose's mother, and sets up Mickey with a group of actors who pose as beautiful Amazonian girlfriends. The character also appears in a panel of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight's second story, "No Future for You". ### Audio drama Following the folding of AudioGO and Big Finish's acquisition of the new series license, Piper reprised her role as Rose in Doctor Who: The Tenth Doctor Adventures released in November 2017, with David Tennant reprising his role as the Tenth Doctor. The stories include Infamy of the Zaross, Sword of the Chevalier and Cold Vengeance. Piper returned again for Rose Tyler: The Dimension Cannon, a series featuring Rose as the main character travelling through parallel worlds in search of the Doctor. Development ----------- ### Casting 2005–10 executive producer Russell T Davies (pictured) deliberately recycled the names "Rose" and "Tyler" from names he had used in previous works. Lead writer and executive producer Russell T Davies chose the name Rose because he considered it a "good luck charm" after he used it for Lesley Sharp's character in Bob & Rose. His desire to make the show "essentially British" was another justification: he considered Rose to be "the most British name in the world" and feminine enough to subvert a recent trend of female companions having "boyish" names, such as Peri, Benny, Charley, and Ace. Davies also frequently uses the surname "Tyler" in his work —previous characters he created with the surname include Ruth Tyler in Revelations (1994), Vince Tyler in Queer as Folk (1999), and Johnny Tyler in The Second Coming (2003) —due to his affection for how the surname is spelled and pronounced. Davies also used the surname "Tyler" in his Doctor Who New Adventures book "Damaged Goods". The casting of Piper as Rose was announced on by the BBC on 24 May 2004. Head of Drama for BBC Wales Julie Gardner commented that the former pop star "fits the bill perfectly" as a "unique, dynamic partner for Christopher Eccleston". Whilst some fans —including a representative of the Doctor Who Appreciation Society —were enthusiastic about the announcement, others felt it was "publicity stunt" casting and questioned Piper's acting credentials. One of the factors that influenced Piper's acceptance of the role was that she was able to relate the character of Rose to her own experiences as a teenager. The British media regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the programme. In March 2006, it was suggested that she would continue on Doctor Who into its third series in 2007. However, the BBC announced on 15 June 2006 that Piper was to depart in the final episode of the second series, "Doomsday". Her decision to leave had been taken a year previously. Following "Doomsday", Piper as Rose was greenlit to be the star of the spin-off series Rose Tyler: Earth Defence, set in her parallel universe and to air as a bank holiday special, but Davies deemed the concept "a spin-off too far" after Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. Piper's eventual return during series four was planned during filming of the second series; in January 2006, she made a pact promising to return to film several more episodes. Davies and Piper cited her commitment to other projects—specifically, her roles as Belle de Jour in Secret Diary of a Call Girl, the lead character in the BBC adaptations of Philip Pullman's Sally Lockhart quartet, and Fanny Price in the ITV adaptation of Mansfield Park—as explanations behind her departure appearing permanent. Davies' successor as executive producer, Steven Moffat praised the creation and casting of the character in advance of the series' 50th anniversary in 2013. He stated that the character of Rose helped secure the return of the show by allowing "an audience who would not naturally have watched Doctor Who" to become invested in the show. Moffat suggested that during the first two years of the revival Doctor Who "was Billie Piper’s show" and that this has given her an "iconic status" above other Doctor Who companions. ### Characterisation > > "I was very similar at 19. I wanted something to happen in life, I wanted a bit more. I wanted to find someone who could challenge my ideas. So I definitely tapped into that." > > > —Billie Piper on how her personal experience influenced her approach to the character. Rose is used by Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos and fantasy elements. He later underlined similarities between Rose and Gwen Cooper —the lead for Torchwood — describing both as "the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal." Like her successor Martha, Rose is from London; Brett Mills from the University of East Anglia makes the assumption that this is because characters from the capital of the country are "relatable to all British people" because they are seen as "neutral". Rose is introduced alongside a supporting cast in the form of her boyfriend Mickey and mother Jackie which James Chapman cites as "evidence of Davies' attempt to create a social context for the companion". Davies states that the inclusion of these two characters was part of his desire to "make her real" and to "give her a life". He later stated that in giving Rose a mother, a boyfriend and a "sad story with her father" the character has "her own mythology, to match the Doctor." Lindy A. Orthia observes that Rose, like the other companions in Davies's era of Doctor Who, is "drawn from a cosmopolitan vision" in her case because of her class background. Orthia contends that whilst working-class companions had featured previously in the show "none were unskilled workers nor chronically under- or unemployed like Rose, Jackie and Donna". Looking back at the two characters, Davies felt Jackie to be someone who is "holding Rose back" right from the first episode due to her suggestions her daughter be content with menial employment. Piper states that this causes Rose to resent her mum somewhat, although she loves her. Christopher Eccleston felt that Rose was the Ninth Doctor's equal in the first series. Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times felt Rose to resemble "the Bridget Jones type of Englishwoman, albeit a few pegs down the socioeconomic scale" waiting to be awakened "not by some Mark Darcy ... but by adventure incarnate." Piper stated that at the start of the series Rose is "looking for something to happen" and that once the Doctor arrives she becomes "ruthless" in her decision to "completely drop her life as she knows it." At a media preview of the series she characterised Rose as being "positive, ambitious and full of conviction and confidence." She felt additionally that Rose is "a good character to relate to or aspire to." In a 2013 retrospective on her time on Doctor Who Piper stated Rose's feminine characteristics contributed to her being a balanced representation of a female character. She felt that Rose as a character could be both "strong-willed and vulnerable" and ventured that her emotional response made her more interesting than "a female character endlessly striving towards perfection". Eccleston, who played the Ninth Doctor described the character as a "heroine" who "teaches [the Doctor] huge emotional lessons". In an episode of Doctor Who Confidential he expanded on this, describing her as "the Doctor's equal in every way" except for the fact she lacks his scientific knowledge. He felt that the relationship between the two characters was "love at first sight" although in a more mysterious fashion than a conventional love affair. Davies summarised the relationship between the two characters as "soul mates" who "understand and complement each other". Lynette Porter, in her book Tarnished Heroes, Charming Villains and Modern Monsters: Science Fiction in Shades of Gray on 21st Century Television observed that Rose's role "humanizes the Doctor and makes him less alien, not only to other characters, but to the audience". In the first series finale, Rose takes on deadly energies to save the Doctor and planet Earth. Script editor Helen Raynor felt the episode gave Rose a chance to "again be the Doctor’s equal" and "to finally match him with a gesture that is so noble, and strong, and heroic, and clever". Davies describes Rose in the context of this scene, and the whole of the first series, as being "braver than brave and more loyal than anyone else in the universe". The Doctor repays her loyalty by sacrificing his ninth incarnation in turn to save her; Davies states unequivocally that "he gives his life for her". Elements of Rose's characterisation in the first series were originally different. Paul Abbott was scheduled to write an episode which would have revealed that Rose's entire life had been manipulated by the Doctor in order to mould her into an ideal companion. Davies wrote the episode "Boom Town" to replace it when Abbott realised he was too busy to work on the script.[] ### With the Tenth Doctor The second series explored new elements of the relationship between Rose and David Tennant's Doctor. In an interview with SFX producer Phil Collinson stated that after the Doctor regenerates the "initial dynamic changes because [Rose] has to learn to trust him again". Piper added that as the Doctor is incapacitated Rose consequently feels "unloved", "isolated" and "like she's lost her best friend". In the Doctor's absence Rose relies on her observations of him and tries to mimic his actions. Collinson felt it was important to resolve any mistrust between the pair by the end of the Christmas Special, as the public had responded well to Rose and the Doctor's friendship previously. Davies had scripted dialogue in "The Christmas Invasion" explaining the newly regenerated Doctor's estuary English accent by stating he had imprinted on Rose and adopted her way of speaking. However, due to time constraints this sequence was not filmed. Discussing how Rose had developed by the second series, Piper described her as having "come on in leaps and bounds" and stated she is now "a lot more proactive." She felt that there is a "different kind of energy" between Rose and the Tenth Doctor, whilst Tennant remarked that the audience would get to see the Doctor-companion relationship "developing and becoming something that it maybe hasn't before." Piper stated that with the Tenth Doctor, Rose is "more tetchy and more possessive" over him as "she feels like she's lost him once and doesn't want to lose him again". She cited Rose's "catfight" with former companion Sarah Jane Smith in "School Reunion" as evidence of this. Discussing the possibility of Rose and the Tenth Doctor becoming more romantically involved Piper stated "You want it to happen, but at the same time you don't want it to happen". Tennant likened the dynamic between the pair to that of Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) in The X-Files. Both Tennant and Piper agreed that the expectation of the relationship is more exciting than having it realised. To add to the tragedy of their separation, Davies scripted the series two story arc so that Rose and the Doctor would be indirectly responsible for their separation. "It's deliberate when that happens [the Doctor and Rose's arrogance]", said Davies, "and they do pay the price. In "Tooth and Claw", they set up the very thing — Torchwood — that separates them in the end. It's sort of their own fault." Though Davies left the Doctor's response to Rose's declaration of love in "Doomsday" unstated, Gardner felt strongly that the character reciprocated her feelings. On the commentary for the episode she stated that she would "confirm to the world" that he was going to "say it back." Davies' successor Steven Moffat did not wish to add to Rose's character arc when including Piper in a 2013 special, re-introducing her godlike, "Bad Wolf" persona instead. Davies created the expectation of Rose's return in the fourth series by mentioning her in dialogue and featuring Piper in cameo appearances in "Partners in Crime", "The Poison Sky", and "Midnight". Speaking on how Rose's character had changed between her appearances, Davies described the fourth series Rose as "tougher, more independent, and [she] might, at times, seem a little harder". Piper stated she rewatched her earlier episodes to remember how the character spoke and acted as she felt she had "been playing posh birds" since she left the programme and by contrast "Rose is a bit of a chav". Rose is re-united with the Doctor near the climax of "The Stolen Earth". Director Graeme Harper insisted that the scene appear "mystical" because the characters' reunion was "the most magical moment" in the entire episode and Ernie Vincze, the Director of Photography for the show, compared the scene's feeling to the 1980s science-fiction film Blade Runner. Davies characterised the reunion between Rose and the Doctor as "the biggest romance [the viewer] has ever seen" and joked that seminal films such as Gone with the Wind should have ended with a Dalek shooting the male lead. He had difficulty splitting up the characters for a second time for the necessity of the plot. He felt that "Rose has to be stupid to fall in love with Doctor #2" because "she's doing what the plot demands, not what she'd demand". At one stage he considered giving an explanation that Rose's dimension hopping and the Dalek's meddling with reality had contaminated her with "voidstuff" and that she would die if she stayed in her original universe. In the final episode it is enough for her to stay that the human Doctor needs her and is able to reciprocate her love. Porter felt that the climax of "Journey's End" indicated that "Rose's role as a sidekick has been completed" as she has a second Doctor to humanise, one who she can be equals with. ### Reprisals Though Davies had intended the serial to end with the Tenth Doctor visiting his former companions, he struggled with how to include Rose. An initial idea was for Rose to appear with the Meta-Crisis Doctor and their family in the parallel universe, where both would sense the original Tenth Doctor regenerating. However, Davies felt this would raise too many questions about their lives in the parallel universe. Davies's successor as executive producer, Steven Moffat, felt that Davies ended Rose's story in the perfect way by choosing to take it back to the beginning of her acquaintance with the Doctor. Piper's return for Doctor Who's 50th anniversary episode was confirmed in March 2013. Moffat wished to include Piper in the episode because he felt that she symbolised the rebirth of Doctor Who. As he did not feel comfortable adding to Davies's story arc, he chose instead to re-introduce her Bad Wolf persona. During the episode Piper's character has dialogue solely with John Hurt's War Doctor, and is unseen by the other characters, including the Tenth Doctor. Reviewers noted similarities between the characterisation of Bad Wolf Rose and that of a plot device used by Charles Dickens in his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. Ted B. Kissell, a journalist for The Atlantic likened the War Doctor to Ebenezer Scrooge and dubbed Rose the "Ghost of Doctors Yet to Come". Reception --------- Billie Piper received praise for her role as Rose. After a preview of the first series, The Guardian's Owen Gibson described Rose as "newly empowered" and a "go-getting teen in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer mould." Ahead of the series premiere on Australian Network ABC The Sydney Morning Herald's Robin Oliver described Rose's role in the series as being "more the Doctor's equal than previous companions" and that this was "no mean achievement against Eccleston's acting skills." Seventh Doctor actor Sylvester McCoy opined that Piper was "wonderful in the role" and the relationship between her and the Doctor was "quite extraordinary". Porter suggests in her analysis of Rose that the romance between her and the Doctor widened the demographic appeal of the series. She claims that the love story "simmers enough below the surface that adults, especially women who find Time-Lords sexy, watched the series for Rose's interplay with the Doctor". In their book Who is the Doctor?, Graeme Burk and Robert Smith described the climactic kiss between the Ninth Doctor and Rose in "The Parting of the Ways" as being something "we all secretly wanted, even though it ultimately killed him". Peter Davison, who portrayed the Fifth Doctor, also felt that allowing the Doctor and his companion to have sexual tension ultimately allowed for more rounded characterization. He believed that Rose was the first example of the production team creating a well written companion. Burk and Smith found the pairing of the Doctor and Rose to be unlikable in the episode "Tooth and Claw" because they were "acting like smug idiots". However they noted that "fortunately there are consequences: the season arc gets kicked off as a direct result of the Doctor and Rose being so irritating". Harry Venning of The Stage commented that the eventual parting scene between Rose and the Doctor in "Doomsday" was "beautifully written and movingly played," with "not a dry eye in the universe". Burk and Smith singled out Piper's performance in the episode for special praise stating she "is astonishing at capturing the reality of someone whose world suddenly, finally collapses." Remarking on Piper's departure, Dek Hogan of Digital Spy stated that "Billie Piper’s energy has undoubtedly been one of the reasons that this revival has been so successful and the difficult third series will be so much more so without her." Stephen Brook of The Guardian commented that "the departure of the much-loved Rose ... was brilliantly handled and completely unexpected." Stephen James Walker, a writer of reference works on Doctor Who, gave an unfavourable review to Rose's return in "Turn Left" in his "unauthorised guide to Doctor Who's fourth series," Monsters Within. He thought that Billie Piper was "distinctly below par", citing her gaunt and malnourished appearance, new hairstyle, and slight lisp as reasons why her acting was not her finest. He criticised her role in the episode, stating it had been "far less well worked out" than Donna's. Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy also noted a change in Piper's enunciation; he compared her accent to "[having] her mouth numbed with local anaesthetic". In Rawson-Jones' review of the series finale he notes that whilst having the Doctor and Rose 'cop off' would be divisive with the shows audience, "Davies wisely managed to please both parties" by pairing her off with a human Doctor instead. However, IGN's Travis Fickett reacted unfavourably towards Rose's return and her pairing with the part human Doctor. He thought that it undermined her "perfect send off" in "Doomsday" as she was on the sidelines for much of "Journey's End", and her ending up with the part human, part Time Lord Doctor "feels like an insult to the character". Io9's Charlie Jane Anders also reacted unfavorably to Rose returning and wrote "it was pretty clear that she was only there so she could get her pet faux-Doctor at the end." Reviewers generally reacted positively to Piper's 2013 appearance in 50th anniversary episode "The Day of the Doctor". Ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph called her performance as the "Bad Wolf" Rose "transfixing". Neela Debnath of The Independent praised the chemistry between Hurt and Piper and compared Piper's performance to Suranne Jones' portrayal of the TARDIS in "The Doctor's Wife" describing it as "slightly eccentric", "oddball" and "off-the-wall". Daniel Martin of The Guardian praised Steven Moffat's decision not to extend Rose Tyler's story or re-unite her with the Tenth Doctor. He called Piper "a true and unending legend of Doctor Who" and stated that "her wise rendition of the Bad Wolf avatar made a passable stab at the stealing of the show". Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times named Rose the ninth best sidekick of all time, referring to her as "the saucy and smart character who was key to the success of the Russell T Davies relaunch of Doctor Who in 2005". She was named the best Doctor Who companion by Digital Spy in 2011, who opined that she worked best alongside the Ninth Doctor. In 2006 she was voted best companion by readers of Doctor Who Magazine. In an online poll in late 2010 conducted by the Radio Times, with over 3,000 participants, Rose was again voted the most popular companion. She retained this position in a 2013 poll conducted ahead of Doctor Who's 50th anniversary, which had over 21,000 respondents, with 25.09% of the vote. In a 2012 poll conducted by BBC America with over 200,000 participants, Rose was voted "The Greatest Woman of Doctor Who." Both The Daily Telegraph's Gavin Fuller and Daniel Martin of The Guardian rated her as the second-best female companion behind Sarah Jane Smith. In 2012 Will Salmon of SFX magazine listed Rose's original exit as the greatest companion departure in the history of Doctor Who as he felt it "impossible not to be moved by the sudden severance of their relationship". In 2014 Radio Times organized the most massive online (over 2 million respondents) poll which featured every companion since 1963, beating the main сompetitors Jack Harkness and River Song, Rose was crowned "Companion Champion". At the 2005 National Television Awards, Billie Piper won the "Most Popular Actress" award for her role as Rose. In the BBC Online "Best of Drama" poll in 2005 Piper won the Best Actress category with 59.76% of the vote. She was also voted the Most Desirable Star with 26.47%. In January 2006 she was awarded the Breakthrough Award for Rising British Talent at The South Bank Show Awards. Piper again won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2006 National Television Awards for her work on the second series of Doctor Who. In September 2006, Piper was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards. Radio Times's Tom Cole discussed the importance of Doctor Who in boosting Piper's career in an article on how former Doctor Who actors can now expect more than "a life of signing autographs at provincial sci-fi conventions." He notes that Piper's portrayal of Rose "firmly cemented her credentials as an actress" and cited the variety of roles she had taken on since leaving the show as proof that "as far as post-Who careers go, they don't get much healthier than Billie's."
Tradition of group ancestor veneration observances A wide angle photograph of the Biley-Boggess Cemetery with decoration on Bailey Mountain in West Virginia, USA Decoration Days in Southern Appalachia and Liberia are a living tradition of group ancestor veneration observances which arose by the 19th century. The tradition was subsequently preserved in various regions of the United States, particularly in Utah Mormon culture. While Decoration practices are localized and can be unique to individual families, cemeteries, and communities, common elements unify the various Decoration Day practices and are thought to represent syncretism of Christian cultures in 19th century Southern Appalachia with pre-Christian influences from the British Isles and Africa. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions pre-date the United States Memorial Day holiday (which was once also officially known as Decoration Day). Appalachian, Utahn and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions have more in common with one another than with United States Memorial Day traditions which are focused on honoring the military dead. In the United States, cemetery decoration practices have been recorded in the Appalachian regions of West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, northern South Carolina, northern Georgia, northern and central Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the Rocky Mountain regions of Utah. Cemetery decoration has also been observed along routes of westward migration from that region: northern Louisiana, northeastern Texas, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and southern Missouri. The Utah tradition, dating back to the 19th century, has diffuse cultural origins, including roots in the English and Welsh origins of many early Mormon immigrants to the region. According to scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour, "the geographic spread ... from the Smokies to northeastern Texas and Liberia, offer strong evidence that the southern Decoration Day originated well back in the nineteenth century. The presence of the same cultural tradition throughout the Upland South argues for the age of the tradition, which was carried westward (and eastward to Africa) by nineteenth-century migration and has survived in essentially the same form until the p present." Cemetery decoration in Appalachia and the Rocky Mountain region --------------------------------------------------------------- A Bailey family tombstone on Bailey Mountain, West Virginia USA after decoration According to the Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English, a Decoration or Decoration Day in Appalachia is "an occasion on which a family or church congregation gathers on a Sunday to place flowers on the graves of loved ones and to hold a memorial service for them. Traditionally this involved singing and dinner on the ground as well as a religious service." Decoration Days for particular cemeteries are held on Sundays in late spring or early summer. Decoration Day in Appalachia and in the Rocky Mountain regions of Utah has the character of an extended family reunion to which people travel hundreds of miles to clean and decorate graves as well as renew contacts with relatives and others. There often is a religious service and a picnic-like dinner on the grounds, the traditional term for a potluck meal at a cemetery or church. > The cemetery, seen as an integrated whole on or after Decoration Day in the Appalachians, is a compelling panoramic canvas – a strikingly beautiful folk art created by communities together over time... art capable of breathtaking beauty and expressing powerfully the deepest values of Appalachian culture. > > A grave adorned with flowers in northern Utah, a scene typical in Utah and Southern Idaho cemeteries on Decoration Day Decoration Day practices are often specific to individual families and can incorporate ritualistic elements. By 1933, Elizabeth Hooker's research into regional religious institutions and practices found that cemetery decoration was ubiquitous throughout the Appalachian Highlands and noted that "few churches fail to have such an event once a year" One approach that is used by families and communities that no longer live near a cemetery is to establish cemetery committees and a charitable trust which may include a financial endowment to pay for ongoing maintenance costs. Cemetery decoration in Liberia ------------------------------ See also: Public holidays in Liberia Decoration Day is a national holiday in Liberia, a nation which was settled starting in 1822 by free and formerly enslaved African Americans. Decoration Day was designated a national holiday and set as the second Wednesday in March by an Act approved on October 24, 1916. So important are Decoration Day traditions that during the Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia it became essential for the Liberian government, the World Health Organization and other medical aid agencies to adapt Ebola protocols to fit within this cultural context: "The prospect of not having a location to visit or a grave to 'clean' by cutting the grass and laying wreaths on the national holiday of 'Decoration Day' was deeply disturbing, as was the idea that unfulfilled obligations to the dead could result in a lifetime of misfortune for the living." In addition to revising protocols for treatment of the bodies of the dead, authorities also created emergency policies affecting the homecoming and false burial traditions due to large groups people assembling who were at risk of contracting the disease. Geographic spread of Appalachian cemetery decoration ---------------------------------------------------- In addition to being observed in Appalachia and Liberia, Decoration Day customs spread and became localized along the routes of nineteenth-century migration pattern westward from the Appalachian Mountains. Additional lines of spread came from Welsh traditions, particular among Mormon immigrants in Utah. While these customs may have associated in part with social rituals to honor military dead, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date is set differently by each family or church for each cemetery to coordinate the maintenance, social, and spiritual aspects of decoration. Currently, the end of May and the national holiday of Memorial Day has been accepted as the most common day of celebration in the USA. Ritual elements --------------- Grave cleaning during a Decoration Day weekend at an African American cemetery on Performance Coal Company property in Raleigh County, West Virginia (US) ### Group observances Decoration Day practices are distinguished from other Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration practices and observances honoring the dead in that Decoration Day observances are focused on a single shared date when people gather in the cemetery. ### Cleaning and decoration In the context of cemetery decoration, "cleaning" refers the process of removing overgrown plants and debris from the cemetery as well as other general maintenance to the grounds. Cleaning also refers to the process of preparing individual grave sites for decoration, such as remounding graves. #### Grave painting Concrete graves and crypts are common in Liberia, where decoration rituals therefore often include annual whitewashing or repainting the concrete. #### Mounded graves Traditionally, cemeteries in Southern Appalachia featured mounded graves and scraped, grassless ground. These cemetery features are characteristic of the Upland South Cemetery Complex. Today, Appalachian cemeteries can also be landscaped with grass without mounded graves. #### Flowers According to the Mitchell County Historical Society, "[f]resh flowers were used in earlier times and are considered the best. Homemade crepe paper flowers were later used, and now artificial flowers are mainly used for decorating. Flowers can be placed on graves in any number of ways, including creating attractive patterns." Floral wreaths are common in both Appalachian and Liberian grave decoration. #### Grave tokens Decoration can also include the placing of tokens at individual graves. Tokens are often personal or household items significant to the relationship between the person who places the token and the deceased. Examples include shoes, dishware, knives, and items bearing inscriptions. ### Festivities #### Homecomings and family reunions In Appalachia and Liberia, the term homecoming is widely, although not exclusively, used to describe the tradition of families who have migrated away to hosting a family reunion at the cemetery as part of the decoration festivities. #### Food and drink Food is a common element in many cemetery decoration traditions. In Appalachia, it is common to refer to a "Dinner on the Ground" which is generally a potluck meal offered at the cemetery site. Many cemeteries feature tables or covered areas for these meals. In Liberia, a common tradition is to offer libation, the pouring an alcoholic beverage over the dead. #### Music and singing Singing is also common across Decoration Day traditions. The Sacred Harp style of music was formerly popular in Appalachia on some Decoration Days. #### Funeralizing and false burials Appalachian and Liberian decoration rituals often incorporate the retelling of the life of people who have been interred in the cemetery. In Appalachia this practice of often referred to as funeralizing. In Liberia, this practice is referred to as false burial and, like funeralizing, is characterized by first burying the body immediately and then planning a larger memorial service during a cemetery decoration. In both Appalachia and Liberia, these practices have the practical benefit of allowing people who live far away to participate in funeral rituals. In some parts of Liberia, false burial is particularly associated with festivities and rituals that incorporate dancing. #### Criers In some Liberian cemeteries including Monrovia's Palm Grove Cemetery, decoration rituals require groups of "criers" to commemorate the lives of those who have been buried. Such is the importance of the criers that people are available for hire to cry for dead relatives. Possible antecedents -------------------- ### Cemetery Sunday Main article: Cemetery Sunday Cemetery Sunday (also sometimes referred to as Blessing of the Graves) is an annual Roman Catholic observance on which a priest blesses the graves in the local cemetery and leads parishioners in devotions or celebrates Mass. These rituals are also celebrated in Protestant and non-denominational cemeteries in Ireland. Parishioners prepare by cleaning family graves and – in some traditions – decorating the graves. Grave decorations have historically incorporated flowers as well as crafts and mementos. Scholar Barbara Graham connects Cemetery Sunday traditions to the Decoration Day traditions of Appalachia and Liberia as many Irish and Scotch-Irish refugees and other immigrants from Ireland settled in Central and Southern Appalachia. ### Flowering Sunday Main article: Flowering Sunday An 1853 depiction of Welsh cemetery decoration practices by the artist Thomas OnwynThese flowering Sunday grave decorations were photographed in South Wales circa 1907 In southern Wales and nearby portions of England, Palm Sunday is called 'Sul y Blodau' ('Flowering Sunday') and it is traditional to decorate graves with flowers on that day, especially in the industrial towns and villages. Scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour have postulated that Flowering Sunday might be connected to Appalachian cemetery decoration traditions. Welsh cemetery cleaning and decoration traditions may have begun as an Easter celebration or seasonal rite before becoming more commonly associated with Palm Sunday. As early as 1786, cleaning and flower decorations were attested by William Matthews during a tour of South Wales. Richard Warner attested in 1797 "the ornamenting of the graves of the deceased with various plants and flowers, at certain seasons, by the surviving relatives" and noted that Easter was the most popular time for this tradition. By 1803, Malkin's observations reflect the shift away predominantly associating the custom with Easter: > It is very common to dress the graves on Whitsunday and other festivals, when flowers are to be procured. The stones at each end of the grave are whitened with lime every Christmas, Easter and Whitsun. … In the Easter week most generally the graves are newly dressed, and manured with fresh earth, when such flowers or ever-greens as may be wanted or wished for are planted. In the Whitsuntide Holidays, or rather the preceding week, the graves are again looked after, weeded, and otherwise dressed, or, if necessary, planted again. > > Peter Roberts characterized these practices in 1815: "In many parts, and especially in South Wales, the friends of the deceased take much and laudable pains to deck the grave with flowers. A bordering of slate or stones, is nicely run around it, and the top bound in by stones, laid with taste, in a tessellated manner, which has an ornamental effect..." By 1839, Charles Redwood referred to this tradition of cleaning and decorating graves on Palm Sunday as the "old custom": "All the village were there, engaged, after the old custom, in trimming and adorning the graves of their deceased relatives. Some were raising the sides with fresh turf, and putting fresh earth upon the surface; and others whitewashed the stones at the ends; while the women planted rosemary and rue, and the girls brought baskets of spring flowers, crocuses, daffodils and primroses, which were placed in somewhat fantastic figures upon all the graves." Parallels from other cultures ----------------------------- ### Feralia Main article: Feralia Ferālia was an ancient Roman public festival celebrating the Manes (Roman spirits of the dead, particularly the souls of deceased individuals) Ovid records as being held on 21 February in his Fasti. Feralia day marked the end of Parentalia, a nine-day festival (13–21 February) honoring the dead ancestors. Roman citizens brought offerings to the tombs of ancestors which consisted of at least "an arrangement of wreaths, a sprinkling of grain and a bit of salt, bread soaked in wine and violets scattered about." Additional offerings were permitted, however the dead were appeased with just the aforementioned. ### Day of the Dead Main article: Day of the dead The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican heritage elsewhere. The multi-day holiday involves family and friends gathering to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and helping support their spiritual journey. In Mexican culture, death is viewed as a natural part of the human cycle. Mexicans view it not as a day of sadness but as a day of celebration because their loved ones awake and celebrate with them. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. ### Radonitsa Main article: Radonitsa Radonitsa (Russian Радоница, "Day of Rejoicing"), also spelled Radunitsa, Radonica, or Radunica, in the Russian Orthodox Church is a commemoration of the departed observed on the second Tuesday of Pascha (Easter) or, in some places (in south-west Russia), on the second Monday of Pascha. The Slavs, like many ancient peoples, had a tradition of visiting family members' graves during the springtime and feasting together with them. After their conversion to Christianity, this custom transferred into the Russian Orthodox Church as the festival of Radonitsa, the name of which comes from the Slavic word "radost'", meaning "joy." In Kievan Rus' the local name is "Krasnaya Gorka" (Красная горка, "Beautiful Hill"), and has the same meaning. ### Bon Festival Main article: Bon Festival Obon (お盆) or just Bon (盆) is a Japanese Buddhist custom to honor the spirits of one's ancestors. This Buddhist-Confucian custom has evolved into a family reunion holiday during which people return to ancestral family places and visit and clean their ancestors' graves, and when the spirits of ancestors are supposed to revisit the household altars. It has been celebrated in Japan for more than 500 years and traditionally includes a dance, known as Bon Odori. ### Qingming Festival Main article: Qingming Festival The Qingming or Ching Ming festival, also known as Tomb-Sweeping Day in English (sometimes also called Chinese Memorial Day or Ancestors' Day), is a traditional Chinese festival observed by the Han Chinese of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand. It falls on the first day of the fifth solar term of the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. This makes it the 15th day after the Spring Equinox, either 4 or 5 April in a given year. During Qingming, Chinese families visit the tombs of their ancestors to clean the gravesites, pray to their ancestors, and make ritual offerings. Offerings would typically include traditional food dishes, and the burning of joss sticks and joss paper.
Scattering process at the normal-metal-superconductor interface An electron (red) meeting the interface between a normal conductor (N) and a superconductor (S) produces a Cooper pair in the superconductor and a retroreflected hole (green) in the normal conductor. Vertical arrows indicate the spin band occupied by each particle. Andreev reflection (AR), named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering which occurs at interfaces between a superconductor (S) and a normal state material (N). It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S. Each Andreev reflection transfers a charge 2e across the interface, avoiding the forbidden single-particle transmission within the superconducting energy gap. Overview -------- The process involves an electron (hole) incident on the interface from the normal state material at energies less than the superconducting energy gap. The incident electron (hole) forms a Cooper pair in the superconductor with the retroreflection of a hole (electron) of opposite spin and velocity but equal momentum to the incident electron (hole), as seen in the figure. The barrier transparency is assumed to be high, with no oxide or tunnel layer which reduces instances of normal electron-electron or hole-hole scattering at the interface. Since the pair consists of an up and down spin electron, a second electron (hole) of opposite spin to the incident electron (hole) from the normal state forms the pair in the superconductor, and hence the retroreflected hole (electron). Through time-reversal symmetry, the process with an incident electron will also work with an incident hole (and retroreflected electron). The process is highly spin-dependent – if only one spin band is occupied by the conduction electrons in the normal-state material (i.e. it is fully spin-polarized), Andreev reflection will be inhibited due to inability to form a pair in the superconductor and impossibility of single-particle transmission. In a ferromagnet or material where spin-polarization exists or may be induced by a magnetic field, the strength of the Andreev reflection (and hence conductance of the junction) is a function of the spin-polarization in the normal state. The spin-dependence of AR gives rise to the Point Contact Andreev Reflection (or PCAR) technique, whereby a narrow superconducting tip (often niobium, antimony or lead) is placed into contact with a normal material at temperatures below the critical temperature of the tip. By applying a voltage to the tip, and measuring differential conductance between it and the sample, the spin polarization of the normal metal at that point (and magnetic field) may be determined. This is of use in such tasks as measurement of spin-polarized currents or characterizing spin polarization of material layers or bulk samples, and the effects of magnetic fields on such properties. In an AR process, the phase difference between the electron and hole is −π/2 plus the phase of the superconducting order parameter. Crossed Andreev reflection -------------------------- Crossed Andreev reflection, or CAR, also known as non-local Andreev reflection occurs when two spatially separated normal state material electrodes form two separate junctions with a superconductor, with the junction separation of the order of the BCS superconducting coherence length of the material in question. In such a device, retroreflection of the hole from an Andreev reflection process, resulting from an incident electron at energies less than the superconducting gap at one lead, occurs in the second spatially separated normal lead with the same charge transfer as in a normal AR process to a Cooper pair in the superconductor. For CAR to occur, electrons of opposite spin must exist at each normal electrode (so as to form the pair in the superconductor). If the normal material is a ferromagnet this may be guaranteed by creating opposite spin polarization via the application of a magnetic field to normal electrodes of differing coercivity. CAR occurs in competition with elastic cotunneling or EC, the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons between the normal leads via an intermediate state in the superconductor. This process conserves electron spin. As such, a detectable CAR potential at one electrode on the application of current to the other may be masked by the competing EC process, making clear detection difficult. In addition, normal Andreev reflection may occur at either interface, in conjunction with other normal electron scattering processes from the normal/superconductor interface. The process is of interest in the formation of solid-state quantum entanglement, via the formation of a spatially separated entangled electron-hole (Andreev) pair, with applications in spintronics and quantum computing. Further reading --------------- Books * de Gennes, P. G. (1966). Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys. New York: W. A. Benjamin. ISBN 978-0-7382-0101-6. * Tinkham, M (2004). Introduction to Superconductivity (Second ed.). New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-43503-9. Papers * Andreev, A. F. (1964). "Thermal conductivity of the intermediate state of superconductors". Sov. Phys. JETP. 19: 1228. * Blonder, G. E.; Tinkham, M.; Klapwijk, T. M. (1982). "Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting microconstrictions: Excess current, charge imbalance, and supercurrent conversion". Phys. Rev. B. 25 (7): 4515. Bibcode:1982PhRvB..25.4515B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.25.4515. * Octavio, M; Tinkham, M.; Blonder, G. E.; Klapwijk, T. M. (1983). "Subharmonic energy-gap structure in superconducting constrictions". Phys. Rev. B. 27 (11): 6739. Bibcode:1983PhRvB..27.6739O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.27.6739. * de Jong, M. J. M.; Beenakker, C. W. J. (1995). "Andreev Reflection in Ferromagnet-Superconductor Junctions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (9): 1657–1660. arXiv:cond-mat/9410014. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.1657D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1657. PMID 10059084. S2CID 10784697. * R. J. Soulen Jr.; J. M. Byers; M. S. Osofsky; B. Nadgorny; T. Ambrose; S. F. Cheng; et al. (1998). "Measuring the Spin Polarization of a Metal with a Superconducting Point Contact". Science. 282 (5386): 85–88. Bibcode:1998Sci...282...85S. doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.85. PMID 9756482. * Beenakker, C. W. J. (2000). "Why does a metal-superconductor junction have a resistance?". Quantum Mesoscopic Phenomena and Mesoscopic Devices in Microelectronics. 559: 51–60. arXiv:cond-mat/9909293. Bibcode:1999cond.mat..9293B. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4327-1\_4. ISBN 978-0-7923-6626-3. S2CID 14111103. \| * v * t * e Superconductivity \| \| --- \| \| Theories \| * BCS * Bean's critical state * Ginzburg–Landau * Kohn–Luttinger * London * Matthias * Mattis–Bardeen * RVB * WHH \| \| Characteristic parameters \| * coherence length * critical field * energy gap * London penetration depth * Silsbee current \| \| Phenomena \| * Abrikosov vortices * Andreev reflection * Cooper pairs * flux pinning * flux pumping * Josephson effect * Little–Parks effect * Meissner effect * Homes's law * persistent currents * proximity effect * reentrance * SU(2) color * supercurrents * superdiamagnetism * superstripes \| \| Classification \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| By response magnetic fields \| * Types + I + II + 1.5 * ferromagnetic \| \| By explanation \| * conventional * unconventional \| \| By critical temperature \| * low temperature * high temperature * room temperature \| \| By composition \| * covalent * cuprates * heavy fermion * iron-based * oxypnictides * organic \| \| \| Technological applications \| * Cryotron * electromagnets * MRI * NMR * quantum computing * Rutherford cable * SQUID * wires \| \| List of superconductors \| * bilayer graphene * BSCCO * LBCO * MgB2 * NbSn * NbTi * TBCCO * YBCO * more... \|
German train type The Deutsche Bahn Class 423 EMU is a light-weight articulated electric railcar for S-Bahn commuter networks in Germany. The train has similar dimensions to its predecessor, the Class 420 EMU, but is significantly lighter and has one large passenger compartment, while that of the 420 is divided into three parts. The 423 additionally has six doors in each carriage (three on each side), which is down from eight on the 420 (four on each side). They are numbered from 423 001 to 423 462. Both Munich and Frankfurt ordered Class 423s for their S-Bahn systems; they were delivered between 1999 and 2004. The 423 has spawned a family of slightly modified designs ordered for S-Bahns across Germany: the Class 422, Class 425/426 and Class 430. Description ----------- A Class 423 unit consists of four cars that share three jacobs bogies and can only be separated at maintenance facilities. The inner two cars are designated as Class 433. A 423 unit typically consists of the following cars, where x is the unit's number: * 423 x * 433 x * 433 (x+500) * 423 (x+500) e.g. 423 194 + 433 194 + 433 694 + 423 694. Different consists usually occur when the remains of partially destroyed units are combined to form one intact EMU. Two short trains form a "full train", three short trains form a "long train". One can see through from one end to the other of the vehicle, and in the original design a lockable door was installed in the middle of the railcar to allow part of the vehicle to be left empty during periods of low demand in order to maintain greater social control through denser occupancy. The railcars have a passenger information system inside, which alternately displays the destination stop and the next stop and is supplemented by a one-time acoustic announcement of the next stop. Furthermore, an announcement is made on which side it will be possible to get off. They are also equipped with a technical check-in system, whereby the driver does not have to monitor the doors himself; this is done by light barriers. In 2007, however, this procedure was temporarily taken out of service until light grids were retrofitted over almost the entire height of the boarding area. The three-light headlight can be switched from low beam to high beam during operation. Some railcars (423 238 and 423 268 of the Munich S-Bahn) were in operation with LED headlights instead of normal beam headlights, in which the light from green and red LEDs was mixed to achieve a more balanced spectral distribution. With the modernization, all vehicles were converted to warm white LED modules. The openings of the twelve doors per side[2] are 1300 mm wide. Electronic pushbuttons that signal door release with a few LEDs and respond to mechanical pressure are used to open the door. The original pushbuttons, which had a pressure surface the size of a thumb, only provided visual feedback on contact. In March 2012, new pushbuttons were installed in multiple unit 423 089 of the Munich S-Bahn for testing purposes. In contrast, these pushbuttons functioned capacitively (in Munich, these pushbuttons are also found in all city buses as well as newer subways and streetcars). In the course of modernization, the vehicles were fitted with pushbuttons with a larger pressure surface, an illuminated ring and audible and perceptible actuation. The series was delivered in five construction series: * 1st series: 423 001 - 423 190 * 2nd series: 423 191 - 423 305 * 3rd series: 423 306 - 423 371 * 4th series: 423 372 - 423 396 * 5th series: 423 397 - 423 462 The last vehicles 423 444 - 456, which were already built in 2007, were not put into service until the beginning of 2010 due to problems with the door safety system. Based on the class 423, the class 422 was delivered as successor from 2008 to 2010. Its new vehicle head increased the length of a multiple unit by two meters compared to the 420 and 423 series. Derived from the 422 series, the 430 series has been delivered since 2012, which is only 90 centimeters longer than the 420 and 423 series and thus also fits as a long train on 210 meter long platforms. Technology ---------- The multiple units are powered by eight four-pole, water-cooled three-phase asynchronous traction motors with a total output of 2350 kilowatts. The trains' two traction systems, which are supplied with power via a common pantograph, are largely independent of one another. Each train has two central control units. Data is exchanged within the trains via a multifunction vehicle bus, and within the train set via a wire train bus with a maximum transmission rate of one megabit per second. The wire train bus is also used for automatic configuration of the train set. The trains are equipped with an emergency brake. The trains have an emergency brake override. Service braking is performed by electrodynamic brakes. Of the 16 brake cylinders of the electro-pneumatic brake, six are equipped with a spring accumulator. Gallery ------- * InteriorInterior * 423 256 arriving at Köln Hbf423 256 arriving at Köln Hbf \| * v * t * e Classes of German EMUs and battery railcars \| \| --- \| \| BR number \| * 401 * 402 * 403 * 403 (1973) * 406 * 407 * 408 * 410 * 411 * 412 * 415 * 420 * 421 * 422 * 423 * 424 * 425 * 425 alt * 426 * 426 alt * 427 * 427 alt * 428 * 430 * 440 * 442 * 450 * 465 * 485 alt * 490 alt * 491 \| \| \| Older, pre-1968 classes \| * ET 11 * ET 25 * ET 26 * ET 27 * ET 31 * ET 41 * ET 51 * ET 55 * ET 65 * ET 82 * ET 85 * ET 90 * ET 91 ("Gläserner Zug") \| \| Battery railcars \| * 515 * 517 * ETA 150 * ETA 176 * ETA 178 * ETA 179 \| \| S-Bahn EMUs \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Berlin \| * 475 * 476 * 477 * 480 * 481 * 482 * 483 * 484 * 485 * ET 125 * ET 165 * ET 166 * ET 167 * ET 168 * ET 169 * ET 170 * 270 \| \| Hamburg \| * 470 * 471 * 472 * 473 * 474 * 490 * ET 99 * ET 170 * ET 171 \| \|
Swedish-American painter The artist Carl E. Wallin in 1914. Portrait by his brother, the artist David Wallin (1876–1957). Carl Efraim Wallin (March 22, 1879 - November 12, 1968) was a Swedish-American artist and painting contractor. He was born in Östra Husby parish in the province of Östergötland, Sweden and died in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Background ---------- Carl E. Wallin was best known for his oil paintings like landscape with figures (landscape art), especially winter landscape painting, portrait painting, figures (drawing), nature painting and symbolic fantasy compositions, related to symbolism (arts). Sometimes he also focused on illustration of biblical and mythological figures, e.g. from the greek mythology. Wallin mostly earned his living as an independent painting contractor with his own staffing agency. He was aliasis: Carl E. Wallin, Carl Ephraim Wallin, Carl Wallin, CE Wallin. Carl E. Wallin was the son of the local farmer and carpenter Alexander Wallin (1839–1929) and his wife Inga Helena Larsdotter (1841–1887), both of them from Vikbolandet. Carl E. Wallin was the brother of the Swedish artist David Wallin (1876–1957) and he was the uncle of the Swedish artist Bianca Wallin (1909–2006) and the Swedish artist Sigurd Wallin (1916–1999). In 1907 he married Hilma Högberg (1887–1951). He became an American citizen in the early 20th century. ### Early years Carl E. Wallin grew up on a farm, Varby farmyard, in Östra Husby parish on Vikbolandet east of Norrköping city in the province of Östergötland in Sweden in a large household with many siblings, a sister and four brothers and also some other children in the household within the family. Varby had been in the family since the 17th century. The home was strictly religious, and his father turned to the Bible for daily guidance. After finishing school Carl worked as a painter's apprentice at 17–18 years of age (1896–1897). In 1898 he moved to Norrköping. He was a non-commissioned officer in Vaxholm in the Stockholm archipelago at the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1), in the Swedish Coastal Artillery, which was just formed in 1902, at 21–23 years of age (1900–1902). ### The emigration to the United States in 1902 At the age of 23 Carl E. Wallin emigrated to the United States of America in December 1902, and at first he came to Denver in Colorado. From Gothenburg he travelled by boat, by the American lines steamship S/S Rollo, to Grimsby seaport on the eastcoast of England and then by railway via London to Southampton on the south-east coast of England. From Southampton he departed by steamship S/S Saint Paul to New York City. "After crossing the ocean in 7 days" he arrived in New York City on December 14, 1902. From New York City he travelled via Chicago and Kansas City, Kansas, and then he arrived in Denver in Colorado. ### Studies in Denver and at School of the Art Institute of Chicago Denver, Colorado, as it looked like in 1898, a few years before Carl E. Wallin arrived there in 1902. The photographer was William Henry Jackson (1843–1942), an American painter, Civil War veteran, geological survey photographer and an explorer famous for his images of the American West. He stayed in Denver and worked during the days and began studying at an art school in the evenings. Carl E. Wallin had, like his older brother, the artist David Wallin, always been interested in art and got after his arrival to America, "the opportunity to study at Reed's Art School in Denver, Colorado, where he studied at evening teaching for two years (1903–1904)". In 1904 he moved to Chicago, Illinois. Chicago was the city with the second highest number of Swedes after Stockholm, the capital of Sweden (in the year 1900). By then, Swedes in Chicago had founded a church and established such enduring institutions as a hospital and a university. Chicago is the largest city in the state of Illinois. In Chicago he settled down to study at the art academy at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Illinois, where he studied for three years (1905–1908). The school is also associated with the encyclopedic fine art museum the Art Institute of Chicago. The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) is one of America's largest independent schools of art and design, located in The Loop, Chicago. ### Marriage and painting contractor in Chicago While studying at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago Carl E. Wallin married Hilma Högberg in 1907, a young girl who was only 20 years old, and Carl was 28 years old. Their first home was in Cook County, Chicago, Illinois and Carl worked as a self-employed and entrepreneurial and ran his own painting company while he painted for his own amusement. He devoted his free time to the art, because he was nearly always occupied to do his work with his business as contractor painter as a self-employed person. Common traits of entrepreneurs are curiosity, creativity, a positive approach to work, independence, perseverance, dedication, optimism and visionary thinking. Chicago in Cook County was Carl's and Hilma's residence city and it is the second most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County. His wife Hilma Wallin died in 1951. Oil paintings and motifs ------------------------ Carl E. Wallin mostly painted in oil and his subjects were portraits and landscapes, often winter motifs, and figures, nature pictures and symbolic fantasy compositions. He was often known for landscapes with figures which was his speciality and he often painted in oil in the style of early 20th-century modernist painting before 1950. He owned an awaken eye for the beautifulness in the nature and for a long time he strived to render everything as true to life as possible on his canvases. Later on his development led into another direction. That was the idea or the thought behind the work of art that was so much important from his part of view. His works also showed a great richness of ideas and fantasy. He did not belong to the ultramodern school. He himself thought that a work of art was unsuccessful if not anyone else but the artist himself could understand it. There ought to be an idea behind every painting. Wallin's genius is peculiarly his own. He is original and his paintings of fantasy are creations of his own, which remind one of the work of the French artist Gustave Doré. Gustave Doré is an artist who has been labeled in the art genre fantastic art. Many of Wallin's paintings have won signal honors at the Chicago Art Institute, where he was a student for four years. He has won several prizes. There are inspirations of biblical figure paintings in the oil paintings "Gethsemane" (1931), "Spirit of Allegheny Mountains", "Nymphs beside pool", "Nude on beach", "Garden of Eden", "Sorrows before Paradise" and "Heaven and Hell" and of his mythological figure paintings from the greek mythology in "Siren" (1934). Wallin executed many figurative art works and landscape art works in a quasi-symbolist style. Exhibitions, membership and prices ---------------------------------- Art Institute of Chicago, main entrance. The Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago, Illinois. The two bronze lions by the American sculptor Edward Kemeys mark the entrance to the building. Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This is a photograph from the year 1900. Göteborgs Konsthall in Gothenburg in Sweden was built as an art exhibition hall for the jubilee fair of Gothenburg in 1923, the Gothenburg Exhibition (1923). It is placed in a classicistic building from 1923 at Götaplatsen in the center of the city. Exhibitions from early 1910s to middle 1960s * Exhibitions by Swedish-American artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago in Chicago. Wallin exhibited during the years 1913–1964. * Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago. Wallin entered the national shows in many annual exhibitions of the Art Institute of Chicago (AIC), for instance in "American Painters of Swedish Descent 1920, Exhibiting under the auspices of The Art Institute of Chicago, November 16–30, 1920", with the oil painting "Evening", number 99 in the catalog. * Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. * School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Student (SAIC). * Swedish-American Exhibition in Stockholm, Sweden, 1920. * Swedish-American Exhibition, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota. * Swedish-American Exhibition in Gothenburg Jubilee of 1923, Sweden, May 8 – September 30, 1923, in Göteborgs Konsthall, built for the jubilee fair of Gothenburg 300 Years in 1923.[] * An Exhibition of Religious Art by Artists of Chicago and Environs. Carl E. Wallin participated in the exhibition with his oil painting, "Gethsemane", March 24 - April 15, 1931, at The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago, Exhibitions. Membership Carl E. Wallin was a member of the following associations: Swedish-American Art Association, Chicago Galleries Association, Chicago, All-Illinois Society of Fine Art, Chicago and The Swedish Club of Chicago. Prices He won several prices and he also received many awards and honors at the Swedish-American exhibitions. Carl E. Wallin exhibited in Sweden at the 1920 Swedish-American touring exhibition in Stockholm. It was a touring exhibition with the 100 best works, which was completed during the last 10 years of Swedish-American artists and the exhibition was opened in Stockholm on June 6, 1920. "At an art exhibition at the Swedish club's building in Chicago the painter Carl E. Wallin was awarded first prize for an oil painting, and which amount came to $100 and had been donated by the State Bank of Chicago. The price awarded work was "Evening Fantasy" and it had been brought up as number 107 in the catalog for the exhibition", according to a Chicago newspaper in the 1920s. Collection of Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt Sweden maintained an almost maternal relationship to its emigrant artists during the period of heaviest emigration to America, 1880–1920. The emigrant artists were included in dictionaries on equal footing with those artists who remained in Sweden. A number of paintings in the collection of Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt appear to have come from the 1929 exhibition of "Swedish-American Artists Given Under the Auspices of the Swedish American Art Association" at Illinois Women's Athletic club, March 10–17, 1929. Although the catalog does not give measurement, several titles correlate with the collection in Gothenburg. For example, Carl. E. Wallin's painting "Icebound", listed in the 1929 catalog for the Chicago exhibition, could possibly be the collection's painting "Fjällets Själ", ("Mountain Face"), a winter mountainous landscape in which a nude painted in shades of white and grey, is encased in snow on the face of the steep mountain peak. Wallin's painting from the 1928 exhibition, "Fantasy in Frost" has a title that also correlates with the subject matter of the work in the collection. His mystical landscapes were shown in several Swedish-American art exhibitions during the 1920s and his work is in the collection of Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt. ### Exhibitions at The Swedish Club of Chicago Carl E. Wallin exhibited at the Exhibitions by Swedish-American artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago during the years 1913–1964 with the following oil paintings. The list is compiled from the catalogs in the collection of The Swedish Club of Chicago. The exhibition year is in between the brackets. "Portrait of Carl Wallin" (1913) (this is a self-portrait), "Portrait of Mrs. Nickelson" (1913), "Sunlight" (1913), "Winter Day" (1916), "Mrs. Wallin – Portrait" (1917), "A Study" (1918), "Martha" (1918), "Just After Sunset" (1919), "Violet" (1919), "Bernhardina" (1924), "Evening" (1924), "Sunset" (1924), "Aged" (1925), "Evening Fantasy"(1925) (the oilpainting "Evening Fantasy" won first prize at the exhibition in Chicago, exhibited in 1925), "Night Fantasy" (1925), "Summernight in Sweden" (1925), "Dreams" (1926), "Earthbound" (1926), "Summer" (1926), "Cloud Fantasy" (1937) (Compare: "Evening Fantasy", exhibited in 1925 and "Frost Fantasy", exhibited in 1941 and 1946), "Frost Maidens at Work" (1947), "Frost Maidens at Work" (1941, again), "Snowbound" (1941), "Frost Fantasy" (1946), "River in Winter" (1947), "Snow and Ice" (1948), "Winter" (1949–1950) (the original is now in the ownership of the city of Gothenburg), "Earth Bound" (1951), "Frost" (1955), "Hilma" (1957), "Fantasy" (1959), "Ice Grotto", (1961), "Mountain Genius", (1964) The oil painting "Mountain Genius" (1931) is now represented in: Utlandssvenska museet in Gothenburg. Some other of Wallin's paintings, not exhibited, were "Winter scene with creek and distant mountains" and "Lonely Rower". Represented ----------- Carl E. Wallin is represented in Utlandssvenska museet in Gothenburg, "Mountain Genius" (1931), Exhibited in the Exhibitions by Swedish-American Artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago in 1964, and in the collections of Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt (earlier Riksföreningen för svenskhetens bevarande i utlandet), with the oilpainting "Mountain's Soul" (1928). Sources ------- * "Svenskt Konstnärslexikon", (Who is who in Swedish art), Volyme 5, page 577, Allhems Förlag AB, Malmö, 1967, author Otto Robert Landelius. Swedish artist's lexicon is an anthology of Swedish artists and art history that was published in five volumes of Allhems Förlag AB, Malmö, 1952–1967. * Carl E. Wallin in Konstnärslexikonett Amanda[permanent dead link]. * Svenska Konstnärer, Biografisk handbok, VäBo Förlag, Vänersborg, 1993, page 549. * Carl Efraim Wallin in Vem är det, Svensk biografisk handbok 1933, page 884.. * National Library of Sweden (Kungliga biblioteket) in Stockholm, accession number Acc2008/24, under Brev SE S-HS Acc2008/24:1, SE S-HS Acc2008/24 The Archive of the Family Wallin. * Carl E. Wallin in Mary T. Swanson papers, 1970–2000, Box 3, Number 26, Augustana University, Mary T. Swanson papers, 1970-2000. Other sources ------------- * Carl E. Wallin listed in Swedish-American Archives of Greater Chicago, Manuscript Collection #35, 91 pages. Exhibitions by Swedish-American Artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago, 1911–1982. Wallin listed in the pages 3–91. This list is compiled from the Northpark University, Chicago.Carl E. Wallin in Ebookpedia * Lists compiled from catalog in collection. In 1949–1950 Carl E. Wallin exhibited his oilpainting "Winter" at the Exhibitions by Swedish-American artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago. * Carl E. Wallin was a member of the Swedish Club of Chicago and he regularly exhibited at the Exhibitions by Swedish-American Artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago, here listed from 1911 to 1982 by Swedish-American Artists of Greater Chicago Manuscript Collection #35. Exhibitions by Swedish-American Artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago, 1911-1982, Manuscript Collection #35. * Carl E. Wallin listed in "American Painters of Swedish Descent, Exhibiting under the auspices of The Art Institute of Chicago, November 16–30, 1920", with the oilpainting "Evening", number 99 in the catalog. American Painters of Swedish Descent * Carl E. Wallin is listed in Illinois Historical Art Project, List of Illinois Artists.Carl E. Wallin in Illinois Historical Art Project * Carl E. Wallin on page 15. A Tangled Web; Swedish Immigrant Artists' Patronage Systems, 1880–1940, Mary Swanson, 2004. Swedish Immigrant Artists' Patronage Systems * Exhibitions by Swedish-American artists at the Swedish Club of Chicago (Svenska klubben i Chicago). A portrait of Mr. Carl Wallin, "Carl Wallin" by the Swedish-American artist Martin Lundgren (born 1871 in Sweden) in the exhibition of 1913. Martin Lundgren on page 9, A Tangled Web; Swedish Immigrant Artists' Patronage Systems, 1880–1940, Mary Swanson, 2004. Swedish Immigrant Artists' Patronage Systems * Carl E. Wallin, "Winter landscape", Oil on Board, signed lower left, 22"x30" in Jackson's Auction in November 2002. * Carl E. Wallin, "Colorado winter", 1945, Signed Carl E. Wallin, Oil on Canvas, 38 x 48 in. / 96.5 x 121.9 cm in Artnet. Sale Of Treadway/Toomey: Sunday, May 23, 1999, Lot 481, 20th-century auction: art and design. * Carl E. Wallin, "Siren, 1934, Signed Carl E. Wallin, Oil on Board, 22 x 16 in. / 55.9 x 40.6 cm, in Artnet. Sale Of Teadway/Toomey: Sunday, September 7, 2003, Lot 674, 20th-century auction: art and design. * Carl E. Wallin in Auction Price Results, Invaluable, Catalog, Search Lots Other links ----------- * Collections in The Art Institute of Chicago. Collections in The Art Institute of Chicago * Exhibition History of The Art Institute of Chicago. Exhibition History of The Art Institute of Chicago. * A Tangled Web:Swedish Immigrant Artists Patronage Systems, 1880–1940, By Mary Towley Swanson, PhD, Mary Towley Swanson, 2004, Annotated Table of Contents, File 6: Diverse American Systems of Patronage Provide Broad Support (pdf-file). Swedish Immigrant Artists Patronage Systems, File 6[permanent dead link] * A Tangled Web:Swedish Immigrant Artists Patronage Systems, 1880–1940, By Mary Towley Swanson, PhD, Mary Towley Swanson, 2004, Annotated Table of Contents, File 7: Swedish Patronage Networks Encourage Artists Careers and Ethnic Collections (pdf-file). Swedish Immigrant Artists Patronage Systems, File 7[permanent dead link] * Appendix C: Swedish American Artists Index (Biographies of Swedish-American artists) (pdf-file). Swedish American Artists Index
Species of eucalyptus *Eucalyptus drummondii, commonly known as Drummond's gum* or Drummond's mallee, is a species of mallee or tree that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, narrow elliptical to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and hemispherical fruit. flower budsfruit Description ----------- Eucalyptus drummondii is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) or sometimes a tree to 8 m (26 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, powdery bark that is white, pink or grey in colour. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves arranged alternately, egg-shaped to more or less round, 55–80 mm (2.2–3.1 in) long and 18–55 mm (0.71–2.17 in) wide. Adult leaves are grey-green in colour, narrow elliptical to egg-shaped, 32–80 mm (1.3–3.1 in) long and 8–27 mm (0.31–1.06 in) wide on a petiole 7–22 mm (0.28–0.87 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 7–30 mm (0.28–1.18 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 2–12 mm (0.079–0.472 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 8–18 mm (0.31–0.71 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide with a conical to rounded operculum with a small point on the top. Flowering mainly occurs from September to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in) long and 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) wide with the valves extending beyond the level of the rim. Taxonomy -------- Eucalyptus drummondii was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham in his book Flora Australiensis. Bentham based the species on a specimen collected "between Swan River and King George's Sound" by James Drummond. The specific epithet (drummondii) honours Drummond. Distribution and habitat ------------------------ Drummond's mallee grows in hilly country in soils derived from laterite, sometimes over granite and is found between Eneabba, Wongan Hills, Bridgetown and Woodanilling in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions. Conservation status ------------------- Eucalyptus drummondii is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife
Filipino beauty pageant winner (born 2000) Krishnah Marie E. Gravidez (born October 11, 2000) is a Filipino beauty pageant titleholder who was appointed Miss Charm Philippines 2024. She is set to represent the country at the Miss Charm 2024 pageant to be held in Vietnam. A youth advocate, Gravidez competed in the Miss Universe Philippines 2023 pageant, representing Baguio. Finishing as a Top 5 finalist, Gravidez was appointed as Miss Charm Philippines 2024 in a separate ceremony following the pageant. Early life and education ------------------------ Gravidez was born on October 11, 2000, in Ilocos Sur. She studied industrial engineering at the Saint Louis University in Baguio before pursuing a degree in civil engineering at the University of Northern Philippines in Vigan. In an interview on the variety show Wowowin in 2019, Gravidez stated she uses the cash incentives she earns from her stints in pageants to pay for her education. Pageantry --------- ### Miss Universe Philippines 2023 Main article: Miss Universe Philippines 2023 On February 18, 2023, Gravidez was introduced as one of the 40 delegates competing in the fourth edition of the pageant, serving as the delegate of Baguio after having previously been selected as Miss Baguio 2022. Her performance in the preliminary rounds was received positively online, with praise directed in her performance in the swimsuit round. In the national costume round, Gravidez wore a Strawberry-inspired ensemble designed by Erjohn dela Serna. The costume was made from Cordilleran textiles and featured a kabayang basket. Her costume reaped her the "Tingog ng Filipina" award for Luzon. In the pageant proper, she won the Best in Swimsuit award. Subsequently, she advanced to the Top 5, where she, and her co-finalists, were asked "For you, what is the best that we can offer to the rest of the world? Why do you consider it so?", alluding to the Department of Tourism's new branding campaign. She responded: > "Having to struggle at a very early age, I have uncertainties. But I've received kindness a lot of times. So now, aside from it's free, I give kindness to everyone. Because this kindness can go a long way, can motivate someone, can give radiance to rainy days. Because this kindness also made me transform myself from a woman who have nothing to a woman who has the universe on her doorstep." > > At the end of pageant, Gravidez finished as a Top 5 finalist to Michelle Dee, who won the pageant to become the Philippines's delegate to Miss Universe 2023. Following Gravidez's finish at the Miss Universe Philippines 2023 pageant, she was appointed as Miss Charm Philippines 2024 in a ceremony at the Okada Manila. The city government of Baguio issued a resolution honoring Gravidez for her appointment to the title and was honored with a motorcade organized by the city's tourism office. While Miss Charm Philippines 2024, Gravidez participated at the 12th Mindanao Fashion Summit held at Cagayan de Oro. ### Miss Charm 2024 Main article: Miss Charm 2024 Gravidez will compete in the Miss Charm 2024 pageant in Vietnam as Miss Philippines. Advocacy -------- Gravidez is part of the Colors of Kindness charity, which advocates for the welfare of children and the youth.
The Hybirds were an English indie band, formed in the mid-1990s in Nottinghamshire. Comprising Richard Warren, Darren Sheldon and Louis Divito, they evolved from the local bands The Front and Valve before signing to Heavenly Records, where they released singles such as "See Me Through". They split in the late 1990s, since when Warren has released solo work under the name of Echoboy, Modlang and The Cold Light of Day. Albums ------ * The Hybirds (Heavenly Records 1997 HVNLP 20CDP) 1. "Ball Of Twine" 2. "24" 3. "I'm Coming Out" 4. "See Me Through" 5. "Call Me Blue" 6. "The Only Ones" 7. "Born Yesterday" 8. "The Wanderers" 9. "Stranded" 10. "Words" 11. "Suzy Parker" 12. "I Feel The Weight" All songs by Richard Warren. Produced and mixed by Ian Grimble, except two produced by Richard Warren/Sebastian Lewsley, mixed by Paul Schroeder, seven mixed by Richard Warren. Recorded at Chateau de la Rouge Motte France, Abbey Road Studios London, West Heath Yard London. Strings arranged by Martin Green. 2 feat. Sebastian Lewsley on Moog. 7 feat. Sean Read on Hammond organ and piano. Mastered at Abbey Road Studios London by Chris Blair. Artwork by Max Speed. Photography by Hamish Brown. EPs --- * Take You Down (Heavenly Records 1997 HVN71CD) 1. "Seventeen" 2. "Reeling" 3. "Peter Take Me Down" 4. "The Only Ones (Part Two)" All songs by Richard Warren. 1-3 produced and mixed by Ian Grimble, 4 produced and mixed by Adi Winman. 1-3 recorded at Chateau de la Rouge Motte France. 4 recorded at Wessex Studio London. Cover art "Jill Kennington Parachuting" by John Cowan, 1965. Photography by Ellen Nolan. Singles ------- * "The Only Ones" (Heavenly Records 1997) 1. "The Only Ones (Part Two)" 2. "The Only Ones (Part Two) instrumental" All songs by Richard Warren. Produced and mixed by Adi Winman. Recorded at Wessex Studio London. 10" vinyl only, issued in plain brown sleeve. * "Take You Down" (Heavenly Records 1997 HVN71CD) 1. "Seventeen" 2. "Reeling" 3. "Peter Take Me Down" 4. "The Only Ones (Part Two) All songs by Richard Warren. 1-3 produced by Ian Grimble. 4 produced by Adi Winman. Photography by John Cowan and Ellen Nolan. * "Stranded" (Heavenly Records 1997 HVN75CD) 1. "Stranded" 2. "Freedom Fighter" 3. "Morning Song" All songs by Richard Warren. Produced and mixed by Ian Grimble. Recorded at Chateaux de la Rouge Motte France. Artwork by Max Speed. Photography by Mark McNulty. * "24" (Heavenly Records 1997 HVN78CD) 1. "24" 2. "Where I Want To Be" 3. "Tell Me" All songs by Richard Warren. 1 produced by Richard Warren/Sebastian Lewsley, mixed by Paul Schroder. 2-3 produced and mixed by Ian Grimble Recorded at Chateaux de la Rouge Motte France. 1 feat. Sebastian Lewsley on Moog. Artwork by Max Speed. Photography by Mark McNulty. * "See Me Through" (Heavenly Records 1998 HVN80CD) 1. "See Me Through" 2. "Good" 3. "You" 4. "The Only Ones (John Peel session)" All songs by Richard Warren. 1 produced and mixed by Ian Grimble, 2-3 produced and mixed by Richard Warren/Sebastian Lewsley. 1 recorded at Chateaux de la Rouge Motte France. 2-3 recorded at West Heath Yard London. 4 taken from the bands' John Peel Session, first transmission date 17 September 1997, recorded in Studio 4 Maida Vale London. Artwork by Max Speed. Photography by Mark McNulty. Peel Sessions ------------- * 17 September 1997, Maida Vale 4, London - "24" - "The Only Ones" - "Stranded" - "Born Yesterday" Richard Warren, Louis Divito, Darren Sheldon, Lee Horsley, Sebastian Lewsley
Italian politician (born 1947) Ignazio Benito Maria La Russa (born 18 July 1947) is an Italian politician who is serving as president of the Senate of the Republic since 13 October 2022. He is the first politician with a neo-fascist background to hold the position of President of the Senate, the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic. La Russa also served as Minister of Defence in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet from 2008 to 2011, and as Vice President of the Senate of the Republic from 2018 until 2022. Moreover, during his long-time career, he held various posts within his parties. In 2008, he became acting president of the National Alliance, which on 29 March 2009 merged into The People of Freedom, of which he was one of the three national coordinators until 17 December 2012, when he launched Brothers of Italy (FdI). From 4 April 2013 to 8 March 2014, La Russa served as president of FdI. Early life and family --------------------- Ignazio La Russa was born in Paternò, near Catania, Sicily, in 1947. His father, Antonino La Russa, served as secretary of the National Fascist Party (PNF) for Paternò during the 1940s and joined the Italian Social Movement (MSI) after the war, being elected to the Parliament several times. La Russa had two brothers, both of them involved in politics: Vincenzo, a former senator for Christian Democracy (DC), and Romano, a former member of the European Parliament for the MSI's legal successor, the National Alliance. When he was 13, his family moved to Milan, where his father was a practising lawyer. After attending college in St. Gallen, a German-speaking Swiss canton, he obtained a degree in law at the University of Pavia. After serving as a Regular Army Reserve Officer, he has worked as a criminal defence lawyer at the Supreme Court of Cassation. He is married to Laura De Cicco and has three sons: Geronimo, Lorenzo, and Leonardo. Political career ---------------- During his youth, La Russa joined the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), and was involved in nationalist activism in Milan. In 1971, he became one of the main leaders of the newly-formed Youth Front (FdG), the youth section of the MSI. On 12 April 1973, during a demonstration organized by the MSI against what they called "red violence", two hand grenades were thrown, one of which killed the 22-year-old policeman Antonio Marino. La Russa was accused of being one of the "moral perpetrators" of the bombings. In the 1985 Lombard regional election, La Russa was elected regional councillor for the Milan district, gaining 24,096 votes. In the 1990 Lombard regional election, he was re-elected to the council with 13,807 votes. In 1987, La Russa became the lawyer of Sergio Ramelli's family, a young member of the MSI who was assassinated by far-leftist communist militants. Moreover, from 1989 to 1994, he was town councillor in San Donato Milanese, near Milan. ### Member of the Parliament La Russa in 1992 In the 1992 Italian general election, La Russa was elected both to the Chamber of Deputies with 26,098 votes for the constituency of Milan–Pavia, and to the Senate of the Republic for the constituency of Milan II with 4,943 votes. After the election, he left the Lombardy Regional Council, and choose to be a member of the Chamber of Deputies. The electoral law of that time allowed a candidate to run for election as representative for both the Senate and the Chamber: if the candidate obtained sufficient votes to be elected to both, he had to opt for one of the two houses. In 1994, the MSI merged with conservative factions of the former Christian Democracy and the Italian Liberal Party, forming a new party called National Alliance (AN) which was launched in 1994 but was officially founded in January 1995. Former MSI members dominated the new party, and the MSI's last leader, Gianfranco Fini, was elected the new party's first leader. Fini appointed La Russa vice president of the party. In the 1994 Italian general election, which was won by Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition, La Russa was re-elected to the Chamber and appointed deputy speaker of the house. In the 1996 Italian general election won by Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition, La Russa was re-elected to the Chamber for the single-member constituency of Milan with 41,598 votes. In the legislature, La Russa was appointed chairman of the "Committee on Parliamentary Immunity", an office he held until 2001. In the 2001 Italian general election, which was won by the centre-right, he was once again elected to the Chamber for the district of Milan 2 with 41,158 votes. On 5 June 2001, La Russa became the leader of AN's deputies, a position that he held until 8 October 2003 and again between November 2004 and July 2005. In the 2006 Italian general election, he was confirmed at the Chamber of Deputies for the constituency of Lombardy 1. ### Minister of Defence La Russa with U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta in 2011 In the run-up to the 2008 Italian general election, AN merged with Berlusconi's Forza Italia forming The People of Freedom (PdL), which La Russa joined, becoming party's national coordinator along with Sandro Bondi and Denis Verdini. On 8 May 2008, after being re-elected to the Chamber, La Russa was appointed Minister of Defence in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a office thet he held until 16 November 2011 when Berlusconi resigned. Moreover, La Russa ran in the 2009 European Parliament election in the North-Western Italy constituency, being elected with 223,986 votes but decided to renounce his seat in favor of that in the Chamber of Deputies. In November 2009, La Russa challenged the judgement of the Lautsi v. Italy of the European Court of Human Rights, which contested the display of the crucifix in Italian classrooms. He said: "The crucifix will remain in all the classrooms. They can die, they can die, they and those fake international organizations that count for nothing." Following an appeal by Italy, the first degree judgement was finally overturned. At the end of 2009, with the 2010 financial law, La Russa launched Difesa Servizi S.p.A. a company with the aim of enhancing the defense's brand and assets. La Russa was among the main supporters of the 2011 military intervention in Libya against the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, which was initially opposed by Prime Minister Berlusconi due to his long-time friendship with the de facto leader of Libya since 1969. Furthermore, he was in favor of a ceasefire intervention by Italy in the Russo-Georgian War. As minister, La Russa issued the law 100/2009 and established the day of remembrance for the fallen soldiers in international peacekeeping missions. On 2 May 2009, La Russa founded Our Right, a national-conservative faction within the PdL, which was soon disbanded when he formed Protagonist Italy, along with Maurizio Gasparri. ### Co-founder of Brothers of Italy On 21 December 2012, La Russa, along with Guido Crosetto and Giorgia Meloni, founded Brothers of Italy (FdI), a national-conservative party, split from the PdL because FdI considered Berlusconi and the PdL's secretary Angelino Alfano of being too close to Mario Monti's cabinet. In the 2013 Italian general election, he was once again elected to the Chamber. Moreover, on 4 April 2013, La Russa was appointed president of FdI, a position that he held until 8 March 2014, when he was replaced by Meloni. In the 2018 Italian general election, La Russa was elected to the Senate of the Republic for the single-member district of Rozzano gaining 137,793 votes. He became vice president of the Senate on 23 March 2018. ### President of the Senate La Russa meeting President Sergio Mattarella in October 2022 The 2022 Italian general election was marked by a strong showing of FdI, which became the most voted party with 26% of votes; the centre-right coalition, led by Meloni, won an absolute majority in both houses. La Russa was re-elected to the Senate for the single-member constituency of Cologno Monzese with 239,720 votes. On 13 October 2022, La Russa was elected President of the Senate of the Republic by obtaining 116 votes out of 206 in the first round. La Russa's candidacy was not supported by Berlusconi's Forza Italia, but he succeeded in being elected getting votes from members of the opposition parties. The first post-fascist elected to the position, La Russa was proclaimed president by Liliana Segre, a senator for life and Holocaust survivor, who presided the Senate's session due to her being the oldest senator. On 11 December 2022, La Russa announced the proposal of a law aiming at introducing a voluntary military service for young people between 18 and 25 years old. Political views --------------- Often accused of being a neo-fascist politician, he has been described as far right; La Russa has described himself as a conservative. Throughout his entire political career, thanks to his professional background, he acted as spokesman for the Italian right-wing on justice-related subjects, as well as issues related to the security of citizens, immigration, reduction of the tax burden, and safeguarding national identity.[] La Russa has also expressed anti-communist views multiple times throughout his career. Controversies ------------- La Russa in 2007 During his long-time career, La Russa has often been the protagonist of gaffes and controversies. A press conference of then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi held on 10 March 2010 was interrupted several times by the political activist Gian Rocco Carlomagno. La Russa, who had already invited him to leave the room, approached Carlomagno, pulling and pushing him towards the exit, while the protestor accused La Russa of being a fascist. On 12 February 2011, La Russa kicked and insulted AnnoZero journalist Corrado Formigli, who wanted to ask him questions about Berlusconi's sex scandals. La Russa initially apologized for the statements but then accused Formigli of having kicked him in the back and Formigli was moved away by the security service. Moreover, La Russa was being investigated by Italy's Court of Audit for embezzlement in relation to the use of state flights to attend the football match between Inter Milan and Schalke 04 on 5 April 2011. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, he had suggested on social networks to give up the unhygienic handshake to replace it with the fascist salute. During a television debate on 15 September, one week before the 2022 Italian general election, La Russa stated that "we are all heirs of the Duce." In his house in Milan, La Russa collects several statues and memorabilia of Benito Mussolini and his fascist movement, as well as photos and paintings about Italy's colonial campaigns. In February 2023 he declared to have given his sister a bust of Benito Mussolini that he had received by his father and which he had kept at home for several years. In March 2023, La Russa described the via Rasella attack, perpetrated by Italian partisans against Nazi occupation forces which later brought to the reprisal of Ardeatine caves, as an "inglorious event of the Italian resistance". Electoral history ----------------- \| Election \| House \| Constituency \| Party \| Votes \| Result \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1985 \| Regional Council of Lombardy \| Milan \| \| MSI \| 24,096 \| checkY Elected \| \| 1990 \| Regional Council of Lombardy \| Milan \| \| MSI \| 13,807 \| checkY Elected \| \| 1992 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Milan–Pavia \| \| MSI \| 26,098 \| checkY Elected \| \| 1994 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Lombardy 1 – Milan 2 \| \| AN \| 8,561 \| ☒N Not elected \| \| Lombardy 1 \| – \| checkY Elected \| \| 1996 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Lombardy 1 – Milan 2 \| \| AN \| 41,598 \| checkY Elected \| \| 2001 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Lombardy 1 – Milan 2 \| \| AN \| 41,158 \| checkY Elected \| \| 2006 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Liguria \| \| AN \| – \| checkY Elected \| \| 2008 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Lombardy 1 \| \| PdL \| – \| checkY Elected \| \| 2009 \| European Parliament \| North-West Italy \| \| PdL \| 223,986 \| checkY Elected \| \| 2013 \| Chamber of Deputies \| Apulia \| \| FdI \| – \| checkY Elected \| \| 2018 \| Senate of the Republic \| Lombardy 4 – Rozzano \| \| FdI \| 137,793 \| checkY Elected \| \| 2022 \| Senate of the Republic \| Lombardy 2 – Cologno Monzese \| \| FdI \| 239,720 \| checkY Elected \|
Aldo Semerari Aldo Semerari (Italian pronunciation: [ˈaldo semeˈraːri]; 8 May 1923 − March or 1 April 1982) was an Italian criminologist, anthropologist and psychiatrist. He was also a noted neo-fascist, who was suspected of complicity in the terror attack that killed 85 people at Bologna railway station in 1980. Background and career --------------------- Semerari was born on 8 May 1923, in Martina Franca, Apulia. He studied medicine at the University of Padua, specialising in psychiatry. During the 1970s he was Professor of Criminal Anthropology at the University of Rome, La Sapienza, and a director of the university's Institute of Forensic Psychopathology. His academic interests primarily involved the study of sadomasochism and sexual crimes. He was also the first to translate the works of the German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers into Italian. In 1962, Semerari came to public attention when he was asked to provide a psychiatric analysis of the writer and film-maker Pier Paolo Pasolini, who was then on trial for attempting to steal two thousand lire from a petrol station. In his report, Semerari pronounced Pasolini to be a "sexual deviant" and "instinctive psychopath", whose voyeurism and criminal tendencies were stimulated by his communist affiliations. Semerari considered Pasolini's refusal to acknowledge his deviancy as further evidence of mental instability, declaring that Pasolini was "so deeply abnormal that he accepts his abnormality in full consciousness, to the point of being unable to judge it as such." Having neglected to interview Pasolini in person, Semerari did not succeed in getting his evidence accepted by the court, but his report's findings were published before the trial ended and repeated uncritically by sections of the popular press. The controversial nature of Semerari's evaluation of Pasolini did not dent his status as a leading consultant to the criminal courts in Rome, and throughout the following two decades his psychiatric evaluations continued to influence judicial rulings. In the 1970s, Semerari was also involved in making films himself, developing a partnership with the director and screenwriter Brunello Rondi. He and Rondi wrote the screenplay for the film Valeria Inside and Outside (Valeria dentro e fuori, 1972), an explicit account of a young woman's neurotic Freudian fantasies and sexual frustrations, and he received a further screenwriting credit for Rondi's sexploitation film Sex Life in a Women's Prison (Prigione di donne, 1974). Neo-fascist activity -------------------- In his youth Semerari was a communist ideologue, who belonged to the Stalinist faction of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano; PCI). Corrado De Rosa recounts in his book La mente nera that Semerari cultivated a partisan image while still in Martina Franca, frequently wearing a fur hat, leather jacket, red star and pistol holster, and was a member of a gang that placed a bomb in the house of the local Christian Democrat member of the Constituent Assembly, for which he received a short spell in gaol in 1946 before benefitting from a general amnesty. Semerari later spent time in Prague as a cadre, having specifically requested that he be sent there for training. In 1954, however, he suddenly pivoted to the extreme right, becoming a convert to national socialism. Several news outlets later reported that his home contained a substantial collection of Nazi and Fascist memorabilia, including military uniforms and photographs of Hitler and Mussolini, which friends and associates dismissed in public as merely a hobby. Although never a prominent figure within the neo-fascist movement, by the late 1970s Semerari had become one of the leaders of a small group of fellow ultra-right intellectuals and agitators called "Let's Build Action" (Costruiamo l'azione). He was also a member of the Propaganda Due (P2) masonic lodge, reputedly maintaining links with SISMI, the Italian military intelligence agency. As John Dickie explains, Semerari's main significance lay in his position at the intersection of subversive political activity and organised crime. He was convinced that establishing partnerships with criminal gangs would accelerate the strategia della tensione (literally, the "strategy of tension"), the process by which "revolutionary" activity would exacerbate public discontent and bring about the fall of the democratic state, and to this end he had by the late 1970s cultivated close ties with the recently-established Roman criminal syndicate, the Banda della Magliana, whose meetings were often organised by him at his summer villa in Rieti. Alongside the former Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano; MSI) parliamentarian Fabio De Felice and history teacher Paolo Signorelli, Semerari also hosted a number of seminars with various far-right militants at around this time, which Jeffrey Bale suggests were convened to discuss a "new decentralized and self-financing terrorist strategy", modelled on the activities of the Red Brigades, that could "consolidate the remnants of various extremist groups" in the face of official state crackdowns and the flight of several neo-fascist leaders to "safer havens abroad". Bale notes that the seminars' participants frequently disagreed about which was the best route to achieve their goals, with Semerari and De Felice emerging as the leaders of a "traditionalist" faction that eschewed direct revolutionary action in favour of constructing a logistical base that would bring together like-minded militant groups and individuals. The ruins of Bologna station following the 1980 bombing. In exchange for financial support for his organisation, Semerari helped the members of various criminal organisations evade imprisonment when they were arrested, devising strategies for coping with police interrogation and writing reports that sought to establish either innocence or lack of culpability, which were usually supported by a fraudulent diagnosis of mental infirmity. In addition to the Banda della Magliana, Semerari made similar deals with both Raffaele Cutolo's New Organised Camorra (Nuova Camorra Organizzata; NCO) and one of Cutulo's main rivals, the New Family (Nuova Famiglia; NF) headed by Carmine Alfieri. Franco Ferraresi later concluded that Semerari's efforts in keeping criminals away from severe punishment bore fruit, as his diagnoses were "critical in obtaining lenient terms for many of them." In August 1980 Semerari was one of a trio of neo-fascist pedagogues − the other two were Signorelli and Claudio Mutti − arrested on suspicion of being involved in the bombing of Bologna Centrale railway station earlier that month, which claimed the lives of 85 people and wounded over 200 more. Semerari was, according to The Observer, held by the police at his home in Rieti and taken to a top-security prison for further interrogation. Pino Rauti, a leading figure on the neo-fascist right and a friend of Signorelli, announced in a press statement that the accusations regarding the culpability of Semerari and the other detainees were "fabricated by members of the Italian secret services to discredit the political right." Semerari remained in prison for a further seven months on charges of subversive association and forming armed groups, until he was freed in April 1981 due to a lack of evidence. During captivity he suffered (in the words of Ferraresi) a "psychological breakdown", which ensured that he remained a patient at the San Camillo hospital in Rome and (later) at his own clinic, the Villa Mafalda, even after being formally released from court supervision. A La Repubblica article, published in 1985, alleged that Semerari − who had been assaulted while in prison − lived in fear from this point onwards, as he believed that his erstwhile 'comrades' suspected him of having named those responsible for the Bologna bombing in order to secure an early release, and were planning on killing him in revenge. Murder ------ On 23 March 1982 Semerari travelled to Naples, ostensibly to meet a local Camorra leader, Umberto Ammaturo, who was on the run from the police and had requested a psychiatric certificate. Ammaturo was already a client of Semerari, having previously escaped a custodial sentence by heeding the latter's advice to feign insanity during police interviews. Semerari was last seen, according to the Irish Times, leaving the Royal Hotel in Naples on 26 March in the company of three "Camorra men". Three days later the offices of the communist newspaper l'Unità received a letter, signed by Semerari himself, which claimed that he was the man responsible for writing a notorious fake "official document" alleging that Vincenzo Scotti, a government minister, had visited Raffaele Cutolo in Ascoli Piceno gaol the previous year to seek assistance in rescuing a Christian Democrat politician, Ciro Cirillo, who had been held captive by the Red Brigades for several months. Semerari's decapitated body was then discovered on 1 April in a stolen Fiat 128 parked near the town hall in Ottaviano, Campania, close to the headquarters of the NCO. According to the journalist Alessandro Silj, his corpse had been there "for some days". The circumstances surrounding Semerari's murder were the subject of intense speculation for years afterwards. In March 1985, during an investigation by the Public Prosecutor of Bologna into the 1980 railway station bombing, a former SISMI official named Demetrio Cogliandro (latterly head of counter-intelligence operations and known by the codename "Capemuorto") claimed that Semerari had sought help from the security services the day before he was kidnapped. In his deposition, given in the prosecutor's office, Cogliandro recalled that: > One evening around 8pm, I received a phone call from Renato Era [administrator of the Villa Mafalda clinic, and thus known to Semerari] who at the time was providing me with news, especially on account of the Libyans hospitalised at his clinic. Era phoned me telling me that shortly before Professor Semerari had called him from the Royal Hotel in Naples, telling him that he was worried because he had to have a meeting the next day with local elements belonging to the Camorra. Semerari asked him to do something about these concerns, in practice it was clear that Semerari was asking for assistance. > > Cogliandro told the prosecutor that he had then contacted Giuseppe Santovito, the recently retired director of SISMI (and a member of P2), to report this information. Santovito, he said, listened to the details "without surprise" and told him: "I'll take care of it, keep the news to yourself." Contemporary press reports alighted on this revelation, with some openly suggesting that SISMI could have been involved in Semerari's death. However, despite the corroboration of Cogliandro's allegations by Era himself during the investigation, no evidence subsequently emerged to prove them beyond doubt. In fact, Semerari was murdered on the orders of Ammaturo, an associate of Carmine Alfieri's NF, who desired revenge after discovering that his enemy, Raffaele Cutolo, had also availed himself of Semerari's services whilst in prison. Both Ammaturo and his lover, Pupetta Maresca, were later arrested and charged with Semerari's murder, although the former managed to escape justice by fleeing to Africa and then to South America. Maresca, having remained in Italy to face the charges, would serve four years in prison before she and Ammaturo were acquitted on appeal in 1989 due to a lack of evidence. Although Maresca continued to deny any role in the murder, Ammaturo subsequently confessed to his involvement when he decided to become a pentito (state witness or "supergrass") in June 1993. In May 2010, after being released and provided with a new identity in exchange for his testimony, he admitted to personally beheading Semerari in an interview with La Repubblica. "I cut off [Semerari's] head", Ammaturo stated, "... because he had committed himself to us in the New Family, to follow le cose nostre, and he was well paid by me personally, but Cutolo had someone killed in the security chambers of the courthouse and Semerari gave him a false report to have him acquitted... He was a traitor, whoever makes a deal and doesn't keep it is a traitor." Personal life ------------- In addition to his collection of Fascist memorabilia, Semerari was also renowned for his love of fine wine and classical music. He bred Dobermann dogs, reportedly communicating to them only in German. Semerari's assistant was Fiorella Carrara, who was found dead from gunshot wounds in her apartment in Rome soon after Semerari's body was discovered. Although police investigators declared her death a suicide there have since been rumours of foul play, as her house was burgled and searched by persons unknown shortly afterwards. Semerari was married to Elda Colasanti, who survived him. His son is the psychiatrist Antonio Semerari. Sources: books, journal articles and theses ------------------------------------------- * Allum, Felia Skyle, 'The Neapolitan Camorra: Crime and politics in post-war Naples (1950–92)', Ph.D. thesis, Brunel University (2000). * (in Italian) Ansaldo, Marco and Yasemin Taksin, Uccidete il Papa (Milan: Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 2013). ISBN 9788858647332 * Arlacchi, Pino, Mafia Business: the Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Verso, 1986). ISBN 9780860911357 * Bale, Jeffrey, 'The "Black" Terrorist International: Neo-Fascist Paramilitary Networks and the "Strategy of Tension" in Italy, 1968–1974', Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1994). * Behan, Tom, The Camorra (London: Routledge, 1996). ISBN 0-415-09987-0 * Curti, Roberto, 'Rediscovering Brunello Rondi', Offscreen, Volume 15, Issue 12 (December 2011). * (in Italian) De Rosa, Corrado, La mente nera (Rome: Sperling & Kupfer, 2014). ISBN 9788820056001 * Dickie, John, Mafia Brotherhoods: Camorra, Mafia, 'ndrangheta: The Rise of the Honoured Societies (London: Sceptre, 2012). ISBN 9780340963944 * Ferraresi, Franco, Threats to Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy after the War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997). ISBN 9780691044996 * Hodgson, Francis, Who's Who in Science in Europe: a Reference Guide to European Scientists (Guernsey: Hodgson, 1978). * (in French) Klein, Jean-Claude, 'Le lynchage d'un pédé', Le Berdache, Issue 6 (December 1979 − January 1980). * (in Italian) Lucarelli, Carlo, Storie di bande criminali, di mafie e di persone oneste: dai Misteri d'Italia di Blu notte (Turin: Einaudi, 2008). ISBN 9788806195021 * Schwartz, Barth David, Pasolini Requiem (New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1995). ISBN 9780679733492 \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * Germany * United States \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
Golf club in the Czech Republic Royal Golf Club Mariánské Lázně, also known as Royal Marienbad Golf Club, is a golf club in the spa town of Mariánské Lázně (German: Marienbad) in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. History ------- The club, one of the oldest in Central Europe, was at the time of its founding located in the empire of Austria-Hungary. Marienbad, as it was then known, enjoyed a golden era as one of the Great Spa Towns of Europe, where many celebrities and European rulers came to enjoy the curative carbon dioxide springs. The original 9-hole golf course and clubhouse were opened in 1905, in response to numerous requests from western spa guests. The course was built according to plans by Robert Doig of Musselburgh, Scotland, and sits at an elevation of 787 meters above sea level. King Edward VII, who financially supported the club, together with the British ambassador to Vienna, became two of club's first members. The first game at the newly opened 9-hole course was played on 1 June 1905, while the clubhouse opening ceremony took place on 21 August 1905, in the presence of Edward VII. A tournament was also organised, with prizes donated by the king. The course was presented at the Imperial Austrian Exhibition world's fair held at Earl's Court in London in 1906. where the special Marienbad section featured a relief model of the course. The club became popular particularly among the English and American guests, and some noteworthy visitors to the club in the summer months included British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, his friend Lord Reading, and Rudyard Kipling. The course was extended to 18 holes in 1923. Queen Elisabeth II bestowed Royal status on the club in February 2003, and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex visited the course to mark its centennial in 2005. Notable members --------------- Members include Alex Čejka, who has won two majors on the PGA Tour Champions, and tennis legend turned golfer Ivan Lendl. Notable tournaments hosted -------------------------- The club has hosted both amateur and professional international championships, including the Czechoslovak Open in the 1930s and the Czech Open on the European Tour in the 1990s. ### Professional \| Year \| Tour \| Tournament \| Winner \| Ref \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1935 \| \| Czechoslovak Open \| England Mark Seymour \| \| \| 1936 \| \| Czechoslovak Open \| England Mark Seymour \| \| \| 1937 \| \| Czechoslovak Open \| England Henry Cotton \| \| \| 1992 \| CHA \| Playboy Charity Challenge \| Australia Lucien Tinkler \| \| \| 1993 \| CHA \| Corfin Charity Challenge \| England Ian Spencer \| \| \| 1994 \| EUR \| Chemapol Trophy Czech Open \| Sweden Per-Ulrik Johansson \| \| \| 1995 \| EUR \| Chemapol Trophy Czech Open \| United States Peter Teravainen \| \| \| 1996 \| EUR \| Chemapol Trophy Czech Open \| England Jonathan Lomas \| \| \| 1997 \| EUR \| Chemapol Trophy Czech Open \| Germany Bernhard Langer \| \| ### Amateur * European Youths' Team Championship – 1979 * European Amateur Team Championship – 1993 * St Andrews Trophy – 2006 * Jacques Léglise Trophy – 2006
2008 video game \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Islamophobia \| \| No mosque \| \| Issues * Airport profiling + United States * Conspiracy theories + Counter-jihad + Eurabia + Great Replacement + Halal-related + Love jihad * Hijabophobia + Netherlands + France + Karnataka, India * Media * Muslim immigration bans * Orientalism * Persecution * Quran desecration \| \| Status by country * Australia * Austria * Belgium * Bosnia–Herzegovina * Canada * China * France * Germany * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Israel * Italy * Myanmar * Netherlands * Norway * Poland * Russia[ru] * Sweden * Switzerland * United Kingdom + Conservative Party * United States + Stereotypes \| \| ExamplesAttacks on mosques: * Al-Hidaya * Al-Nurayn * Bærum * Babri Masjid * Banya Bashi * Bayonne * Beit Lahia * Bloomington * Christchurch * Corsica * Escondido * Gondar * Hyderabad * Ibrahim * Kattankudy * Kosovo * Manili * Malegaon * Malmö + 2009–10 * Palimbang * Quebec City * Sweden (2014) * Zürich * Planned attacks + California (2001) + Singapore Genocide: * Bosnian + Ethnic cleansing + Srebrenica * Chechen and Ingush / Crimean Tatars * Circassian * Pacification of Algeria / Libya * Reconquista * Rohingya * Uyghur + Camps Massacres, torture, expulsion: * Abu Ghraib (2000s) * Albanians (1912–13) * Assam (2014) * Ayyadieh (1191) * Baghdad (1258) * Big Excursion (1989) * Bossemptélé (2014) * Bukovica (1943) * Beirut (1975) * Boyo (2021) * Cave of the Patriarchs (1994) * Granada (1482–92) * Gujarat (2002) * Guangzhou (878–79) * Harmanli (1878) * İşkodra and Niş (1877–78) * Japan (1937–45) * Jerusalem (1099) * Karantina (1976) * Kulen Vakuf (1941) * Kafr Qasim (1956) * Lasithi (1897) * Mecca (600s) * Moriscos (1609) * Myanmar (2015) * Nellie (1983) * Northern Sri Lanka (1990) * Norway (2011) * Paris (1961) * Sri Lanka (2018) * Sabra and Shatila (1982) * Šahovići (1924) * Sétif and Guelma (1945) * Shadian (1975) * Sohmor (1984) * Spain (1500–26) * Walisongo (2000) Other incidents: * Almondbury bullying incident * Bendigo mosque protests * Bulli Bai case / Sulli Deals * CAA, 2019 * Erklärung 2018 * Flying imams incident + Jerry Klein * Haridwar hate speeches * Hindutva pop * Holy Terror * Innocence of Muslims * Jyllands-Posten cartoons * Kathua rape case * Muslim Massacre (video game) * Quran desecrations + 2005 + 2010 + 2011 + 2019–23 * Serbia Strong * Swiss minaret ban * Trojan Horse affair \| \| Media * Document.no * FrontPage Magazine * Jihad Watch * OpIndia * Politically Incorrect * Rebel News * WikiIslam \| \| Opposition * Amnesty International * CAIR * Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism * Human Rights Watch * Islamophobia Watch * Muslim American Society * Muslims Condemn * Southern Poverty Law Center * Tell MAMA \| \| * v * t * e \| *Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide* is a controversial 2008 amateur video game by former Something Awful forum member Eric Vaughn under the screen name "Sigvatr". It is a top-down shoot 'em up video game. The aim of the game is to kill all the Muslims that appear on the screen – in the words of its creator, "take control of the American hero and wipe out the Muslim race with an arsenal of the world's most destructive weapons." Overview -------- Muslim Massacre was created by Something Awful forum member Eric "Sigvatr" Vaughn. In describing the game, Vaughn explained the game as "something along the lines of metaphorically destroying the stereotypical depiction of a Muslim." The game had a promotional ad on its front page reading "Don't be a liberal...! Download the game now". Muslim Massacre's gameplay has been likened to Robotron: 2084 and Berzerk as the game's directional controls are operated separately to the direction of fire, allowing the player to move in one direction and fire in another, making techniques such as circle strafing possible. Players control an American soldier armed with a pistol who has been parachuted into the Middle East. The player can also pick up special weapons such as a shotgun, a machinegun, hand grenades and a rocket launcher, supplied by an overflying plane. To progress to the game's bosses, the player must kill all the Muslims who appear on-screen during each stage, each of which lasts between sixty and ninety seconds. Some Muslims are dressed as civilians while others are depicted as stereotypical terrorists wearing a suicide vest. Reception and controversy ------------------------- ### Critical reaction PC World's Matt Peckham compared it to the Atari video game Berzerk, commenting that without any meaning to it, it is a parody that feels "utterly devoid of anything remotely Swiftian, and which viewed at the mechanical level is pretty weak, monotonous sauce." He noted that as opposed to banning it, people who do not like it should boycott it, while parents should supervise what their children play. Kotaku's Michael McWhertor called it a straightforward shooter, calling its "visual style and retro 8-bit musical nods" well crafted. He felt that it alluded to shooting games such as Contra and Ikari Warriors, ultimately stating that "it doesn't play particularly well, nor is it a bad game." GameSetWatch's Simon Carless gave it a "resounding 'eh'". The game has been downloaded over 100,000 times as of April 11, 2008. ### Controversy The game, while being released for some time beforehand, gained controversy around the seventh anniversary of the 2001 September 11 attacks. TechRadar's Adam Hartley said that the game was "vile, childish, tedious and desperate to drum-up-controversy". The chief executive of the Muslim youth organization, The Ramadhan Foundation Mohammed Shafiq commented that "encouraging children and young people in a game to kill Muslims is unacceptable, tasteless and deeply offensive". He also stated that it "incites violence toward Muslims and is trying to justify the killing of innocent Muslims", urging both the British government and Internet providers to shut the web site down. Inayat Bunglawala of the Muslim Council of Britain said that Vaughn and the ISPs who host the game should be ashamed, stating that "anti-Muslim prejudice is already on the increase and needs to be challenged and not reinforced through tasteless and offensive stunts like this." Similarly, the president of the Islamic Council of Queensland Suliman Sabdia urged for the web site to be shut down by Police Minister Judy Spence, commenting that "this is the sort of game which creates hysteria." Spence was concerned with the game, commenting that the web site has been "brought to the attention of police, who are making an assessment as to whether it breaches any legislation." A Queensland Police spokesman announced that the game was examined, where "no offence was detected". They referred the matter to Canadian authorities. Viewer comments on the web site of the Arabic television channel Al Arabiya were mixed; some condemned it, while others viewed it as a reaction to Islamist extremists. The website was blocked in some Arab states. Gulf News' Nicholas Coates erroneously suggested that the game was intentionally released to coincide with both the Islamic month of Ramadan and the attacks of September 11, 2001; in fact, it was released in January earlier that year, and gained increased attention around September. He criticized Vaughn for exacerbating poor Muslim relations, referencing the controversy over the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and how Vaughn was making the situation worse. He also bemoaned how ratings boards such as the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) had no oversight of Internet games. Arab News' Aijaz Afaqui referenced violence in American-made video games and the use of Muslim terrorists as enemies in them, citing this game as an example. In the book Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games with God, author Craig Detweiler discussed the Under Siege series of video games, which he claims that it is both "anti-Semitic and a promotion of Muslims". He makes reference to Muslim Massacre, saying that games such as it seemed to validate the creation of games like this, suggesting that it was a role reversal in response to anti-Muslim sentiment in video games. Keyser Trad of the Islamic Friendship Association wrote to Australian Attorney General Robert McClelland expressing outrage, stating that it "teaches young people to 'further hate Muslims' and encourages them to carry out 'acts of discrimination, vilification or outright violence against Australian Muslims'." He added that it violated sedition provisions of counter terrorism laws, as well as other laws that "prevent the incitement of violence against sections of Australian society." The AG responded by saying that it was up to the Australian Federal Police to investigate whether it did so. After contacting them, Trad was told that it was up to the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), though the Sydney Morning Herald noted that there was not much they could do since it is not hosted on Australian servers. Trad also mentioned other groups he had been "palmed off" to, such as the Queensland Anti-Discrimination Commission and the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, which he found to take years to investigate claims. He added that he had no faith in the ACMA, citing a case where a radio station had to undergo cultural training, which he found to be ineffectual. ### Creator's reaction In response to Mohammed Shafiq's assertion that, "When kids spend six hours a day on violent games they are more likely to go outside and commit violence", Eric Vaughn told Sky News: "To Mr. Mohammed Shafiq I would like to say that if a kid spends six hours a day on violent games, I think that they aren't likely to go outside at all, so he should not be worried." Regarding the game itself, Eric Vaughn called it "fun and funny" and that some players have called it a "critical commentary of U.S. foreign policy." However, he noted that, as quoted by Murad Ahmed of The Times, "I think it's pretending to be legitimate commentary and I'm sure there will be lots of people who defend it on those grounds, but ultimately it's just a game where you blow the gently caress (Something Awful's forum word filter for "fuck") out of Arabs." After the controversy, Vaughn took down the game, leaving an apology and a retrospective on his actions on the web site. However, in response to developer of Super Columbine Massacre RPG! developer Danny Ledonne's comments on the matter, he said that his apology was fake, commenting that he was just "fucking with everyone the entire time and have had great success." Ledonne responded by hoping that he was not doing it for "the lulz" like V-Tech Rampage developer Ryan Lambourn, adding that he would define a success as "the opportunity to think more critically about the elements your game addresses." Vaughn claimed that the message was that Muslims needed to "suck it down and stop getting offended by everything", adding that "if they learnt to just ignore people, things would be better." He also noted that it was not just to Muslims, but all people, stating that "there are people all around the world who will do things that make you mad." Vaughn commented that the game's depictions of Muslims was no more negative than television news, adding that he did not feel that children would be affected, and that parents were responsible for instilling positive attitudes in their children.
Dutch football club Football club SVA Papendorp (previously known as Magreb '90 until 2018) is a Dutch amateur football club from Utrecht, founded in 1990. The club holds a Saturday team competing in the Derde Divisie, the fourth tier of professional football in the Netherlands. History ------- The club was founded on 26 November 1990 in the Leidsche Rijn neighborhood of Utrecht. The home matches are played on Sportpark Papendorp, in the Industry park of the same name. The standard Sunday team were promoted to the Topklasse ahead of the 2015–16 season, having won the Hoofdklasse A the previous season. The 2010–11 season marked the last time the Saturday team played in the standard competition, competing in the Vijfde Klasse (West-1, 5C). Since the 2017–18 season the Saturday team (former Sunday team) compete in the Derde Divisie (fourth tier) of Dutch national football. In 2018 the first squad was ejected from the Hoofdklasse after continuing problems staging a proper team. In October 2019 a referee and a game official in a game of the second squad were threatened, leading to the cancellation of Papendorp's KNVB participation. In an appeal, the court decided that the KNVB's decision was reasonable. Results ------- Magreb'90 ahead of the 2015-16 Topklasse season ### Sunday team \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 115A \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 106A \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 105H \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 65H \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 45H \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 25H \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 105G \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 45G \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 105G \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 15G \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 14G \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 13D \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 12B \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 81B \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 11B \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 1A \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 13 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 14 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| 18 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| xxB \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| xx1A \| \| \| 00 \| 01 \| 02 \| 03 \| 04 \| 05 \| 06 \| 07 \| 08 \| 09 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Topklasse \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Hoofdklasse \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Eerste Klasse \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Tweede Klasse \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Derde Klasse \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Vierde Klasse \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Vijfde Klasse \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Zesde Klasse \| \| Honours ------- Hoofdklasse A (Sunday clubs) 2014–15
British gender-critical feminist charity "Filia" redirects here. For the Romanian village, see Brăduț. For Cyprian village, see Fyllia. FiLiA is a British gender-critical feminist charity founded in 2015 that describes itself as part of the women's liberation movement. FiLiA organizes a conference, held first in 2008 as Feminism in London, in different cities, which it now describes as the "largest annual grassroots feminist conference in Europe". FiLiA is gender-critical, and states that it supports "sex-based rights" and opposes what they refer to as "gender ideology." It has lobbied against gender recognition reform and considers gender self-identification a threat to "women's protected rights." Critics describe it as anti-transgender and transphobic. FiLiA is critical of the sex industry and considers pornography harmful. It has campaigned on behalf of women internationally, including in Iran, Cyprus, and Kenya. It has been described as one of "the most important 'gender critical' groups" alongside Women's Declaration International. FiLiA has faced protests and attempted cancellations, notably in 2023 when the venue Platform attempted to cancel the conference due to alleged transphobia. People and formation -------------------- Founders Lisa-Marie Taylor and Julian Norman resolved together in 2012 to co-organise the Feminism in London conference in 2013, and afterwards led it from "a conference to a women's rights charity", registered in 2015. Taylor described attending the Feminism in London conference in 2010 as life-changing: "It made me want to join the women’s liberation movement. I never dreamed I’d be running it." In 2016, the organisation joined with Resist Porn Culture and adopted the name FiLiA, a word meaning daughter, "evocative of our intention to steadfastly continue the work of our foremothers to create a better world for our daughters". The word was Alisa Lockwood's name for the art exhibition at Feminism in London in 2013. Co-founder Lisa-Marie Taylor is trustee and chief executive officer. The three other trustees are Kruti Walsh, Sally Jackson, and Claire Heuchan. Co-founder Julian Norman ceased to be a trustee in 2020. Writer Raquel Rosario Sánchez is the spokeswoman for FiLiA since 25 November 2019. Previously, its spokeswoman was Heather Brunskell-Evans, founder of both Resist Porn Culture, a precursor of FiLiA, and Women's Declaration International (WDI). Beck and co-authors describe FiLiA as one of "the most important 'gender critical' groups" alongside Women's Declaration International, Fair Play for Women, Women's Place UK, Re-sisters, and Sex Matters. Conferences ----------- The volunteer team behind FiLiA has organised a feminist conference, originally known as Feminism in London, since 2013. The conference continues the Feminism in London series held in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Feminism in London was held at the Institute of Education in 2013 and 2014. In October 2015, more than 1000 women attended the two day weekend event at the London Hilton Metropole. Lisa-Marie Taylor said that Feminism in London was the "largest women's rights conference in the UK". Speakers included Sophie Walker, leader of the Women’s Equality party, and Shami Chakrabarti, director of Liberty. In October 2017, following a break in 2016, FiLiA's conference was held in Bloomsbury, with an art show including 70 women artists. In October 2018, the conference took place in Salford, with over 24 sessions, with topics including women and class, women and Palestine, and women in the media. In October 2019, FiLiA's conference, held in Bradford, aimed to "Unite women around the country in defending women's human rights and building sisterhood and solidarity". Themes included domestic abuse, sexual assault, and gender inequalities. In October 2021, postponed by a year, FiLiA held its conference in Portsmouth. FiLiA said over 1100 people attended. Gender-critical speaker Jo Phoenix announced legal proceedings against the Open University for "the public campaign of harassment that has made my working life unbearable". The winner of the Emma Humphrey prize for contributing towards ending male violence was announced: a 45-year-old woman, referred to as Daisy, who had been conceived by rape and had led a campaign for nine years resulting in the conviction of her father. In October 2022, FiLiA's annual conference took place in Cardiff. FiLiA described it as the "largest annual grassroots feminist conference in Europe". Police investigated online threats against the venue. Many businesses in Cardiff responded by flying the trans flag to condemn the FiLiA event. One of the speakers was Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe. In 2021, FiLiA had organised a global fast, by groups of women in the UK, India, Morocco and Iran, in support of her release from imprisonment in Iran. In October 2023, the FiLiA conference took place at Platform in Glasgow city centre. FiLiA said that 1400 delegates attended, with the event selling out in June and 800 women on the waiting list. Among 150 speakers were SNP MP Joanna Cherry, writers Julie Bindel and J. K. Rowling, and United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls Reem Alsalem. Topics discussed included legal rights of women and the risk they face from gender self-identification. Following claims by activists that FiLiA is a transphobic group, Platform gave FiLiA 12 hours' notice that their conference would not be allowed to be held at the venue. The venue's cancellation resulted in legal threats, describing the legal implications of the Equality Act 2010, following which the cancellation was withdrawn. Glasgow LGBT rights activists, intersectional feminists and Scottish Greens politicians staged a public protest against FiLiA on 13 October 2023. The Scotsman newspaper reported "Anonymous organisers behind the Glasgow Trans Rally had attempted to shut down the three-day FiLiA conference, which features people from around the world to discuss topics including female genital mutilation." Glasgow Scottish Green councillor Holly Bruce said "there’s various workshops and sessions that are under the guise of women’s safety, that are trans exclusionary." Positions --------- In 2015, a position statement by the conference said that: "We are critical of the sex industry. By this we do not mean that we disapprove of the women involved in it. We are critical of the hypercapitalist and patriarchal industry itself." There was anger that sex workers and pro-prostitution voices were not included in the conference. Following complaints about her stance on prostitution, journalist Jane Fae withdrew from speaking, and, in consequence, so did journalists Julie Bindel and Caroline Criado-Perez. FiLiA has opposed changes to the Gender Recognition Act 2004. Sociologist Madeleine Pape noted that FiLiA had linked the proposed reforms to "a nebulous concept of internal gender identity" and so-called "gender ideology", which Pape described as "language that bears a striking resemblance to the wider anti-gender movement." In 2018, barrister Julian Norman, chair of FiLiA, contributed to a legal discussion in The Guardian during the public consultation on reform of the Gender Recognition Act 2004. Norman called for the law to protect everyone on the "transgender spectrum", while also ensuring that providers can "choose whether to provide single-sex or single-gender services", and that funding ensures at least some remain single-sex. In her 2021 book Trans, author Helen Joyce writes that FiLiA affirmed the stance of Woman's Place UK: "agnostic on whether governments should recognise gender identities, but firm on the need for female-only spaces". Joyce quotes Lisa-Marie Taylor: "While we're forced to defend the legal definition of woman, women are still being raped and battered. Female genital mutilation continues." In November 2018, FiLiA tweeted a picture of a shop window display at Marks & Spencer in Nottingham that juxtaposed women's "must-have fancy little knickers" with men's "must-have outfits to impress". FiLiA challenged the retailer to reverse the images, and said M&S was "ignoring the wider issues and their contribution to maintaining sexist stereotypes". In 2020, the Morning Star reported that FiLiA urged the UK government to assist a British woman allegedly raped in Cyprus, and to use the case as an opportunity to address the harmful effects of pornography on society and public health. The Morning Star reported that FiLiA asked the UN High Commission for Refugees in 2020 to prevent violence against lesbians in the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya and in 2021 to help following an arson attack on lesbians at the camp. Sally Jackson of FiLiA said: "What’s happening to these women — and their gay and transgender neighbours in the camp — is horrific and heartbreaking. Shockingly the authorities that should be protecting them, health, police and the UNHCR, are turning their backs on them when they are in their greatest need." In April 2021, Raquel Rosario Sánchez represented FiLiA to the Women and Equalities Select Committee on potential reform of the Gender Recognition Act 2004, alongside Nicola Williams of Fair Play for Women and Judith Green of Woman's Place UK. In August 2022, Raquel Rosario Sánchez described FiLiA as a "wide-ranging feminist organisation, rather than a single-issue one". She listed international links with women's campaigns in the USA, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran, Tigray, and Rojava. In 2022, the trustees expressed FiLiA's support for "sex-based rights" and said: "There exist some situations in which women need access to female-only spaces: in refuges, in recovery from male violence, in shared accommodation, sports, and of course in the right of our lesbian sisters to determine their own sexual orientation." Awards ------ In 2023/2024, two FiLiA volunteers were shortlisted for an 'Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize'. Ali Morris, the organisations MVAWG (Male Violence against Women & Girls) Lead for Wales was nominated shortlisted for the main prize. FiLiA's CEO Lisa-Marie Taylor was nominated and won the Special Award at the ceremony in February 2024. Criticism --------- Protest against FiLiA in Glasgow, 2023, with slogans including "No feminism without trans women" and "Glasgow rejects TERFs" FiLiA has faced accusations of transphobia and protests against its events. In 2020 cosmetics company Lush apologised for donating money to FiLiA and Woman's Place UK, after the company had faced extensive criticism, e.g. from the leader of Young Labour, Jessica Barnard, who said it was "disgusting to see Lush funding transphobia." FiLiA was described by The Daily Dot as "openly transphobic" and "opposing the idea that you can even be trans". In 2021, a member of Portsmouth City Council described FiLiA as "transphobic", and the council flew trans flags outside its offices, ahead of the Portsmouth conference. In 2022, the Trans Safety Network described the Cardiff FiLiA conference as characterised by "a disturbing trend of anti-trans extremism, conspiracy theory and harassment of trans and GNC people" and said that "much of the content on their website indicates a hostility to trans women [and] conspiratorial beliefs." In 2023, a statement posted on the Instagram profile of the anonymous Glasgow Trans Rally group said the conference was "dangerously transphobic," "encourages an environment which materially endangers trans folk, especially trans women" and that "the way that FiLiA’s transphobia operates is insidious. They deliberately veil their transphobia behind ‘feminist’ rhetoric in a way that is calculated, tactical and deceitful." Writer Jean Hatchet responded to this criticism in The Critic: "These are women who have often worked their entire lives to ensure the freedom and safety of other women. They have worked in war zones, survived male violence, endured the horrors of prostitution and trafficking, escaped the Taliban, been forcibly married, and suffered FGM". In March 2024, Plaid Cymru barred FiLiA's stall from the party's Spring conference in Caernarfon. FiLiA was informed that its views were "potentially contrary to the party's values". CEO Lisa-Marie Taylor said FiLiA's volunteers were "surprised and disappointed" and questioned the reasons for the exclusion.
American lawyer Mark C. Alexander is an American attorney, law professor, educator, and in the last aforementioned capacity the dean of the Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law. He was previously an associate dean for academics and law professor at Seton Hall University in New Jersey, as well as a political activist and campaign specialist. Beginning in January 2007, Alexander served as a senior advisor to Barack Obama's presidential campaign. Early on, Alexander served as policy director, building Obama's network of policy experts and providing overall strategic guidance. As New Jersey state director in the primaries, Alexander ran all campaign operations in his home state. After the election, he served on the Presidential Transition Team. Biography --------- Alexander is the son of Adele (Logan), an historian, and attorney Clifford Alexander Jr.(1933-2022) His family moved from New York City to Washington, DC when his father began public service during the John F. Kennedy administration. His father also served under President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was appointed by the Jimmy Carter administration as the first African-American Secretary of the Army. Mark has an older sister Elizabeth, who became a poet and professor at Yale University. Alexander graduated from college and law school, both at Yale. He became active in Democratic Party politics. He has worked for U.S. Senators Edward Kennedy and Howard Metzenbaum. In 1999–2000, Alexander served as Issues Director for the Bill Bradley for President Campaign. He was General Counsel to Cory Booker in the 2006 Newark Municipal elections and for Booker's transition team after his election as mayor. He also served as a law professor at Seton Hall University. In 2010, President Barack Obama appointed Alexander to the 12-member J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board established by Congress to supervise the global Fulbright Program. In 2013, Alexander unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Nia Gill in the Democratic primary for the state senate position in New Jersey's 34th Legislative District. Alexander was a longtime resident of Montclair, NJ. In July 2016, he became Arthur J. Kania Dean and Professor of Law of the Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law.
Korean cultural heritage item, book & individual copy published in 1791 Page from Sambongjip Sambongjip woodblocks *Sambongjip (삼봉집)* is a collection of works by Jeong Do-jeon (정도전), a key figure in the founding of Joseon and in the creation of Joseon's philosophy of government. It is a compilation of Jeong Do-jeon (Sambong)'s poetry, prose, philosophy, and his plans for the reformation of the Goryeo /Joseon) government. It was first published as two volumes by Jeong Do-jeon's son, Jeong Jin, in 1397. In 1465 it was republished and extended to six volumes by his great-grandson, Jeong Mun-hyeong, and later was further extended to eight volumes and republished under the same name in 1486. The existing version of Sambongjip is that which was republished in 1791 by order of King Jeongjo, and includes writings omitted in the earlier versions, together with biographical information about Jeong Do-jeon. This copy was designated a Treasure of the Republic of Korea (inventory number 1702 ) on 25 February 2011, while the woodblocks for this edition (held in the Bonghwa Jeong clan's literature collection) were designated as Gyeonggi-do tangible cultural heritage item (no. 132) on May 7, 1986. Details ------- Volumes 1 to 4 contain poetry, and other miscellaneous writings. *Gyeongjemungam* (경제문감) is contained in volumes 5 and 6, and was first published in 1395 (under King Taejo). It describes the history and duties of China's officials who served as governors and leaders. It argues that a good government needs a legal system which strengthens the positions of the prime minister (and various other key officials) in order to achieve an effective centralized system. *Joseon Gyeonggukjeon* (조선경국) is contained in volumes 7 and 8 was compiled in 1394, and modeled on Jurye (周禮) (a Chinese Confucian text detailing the system of government under the Zhou dynasty) and outlines a proposed system of government. In the Chijeon (a subpart), the importance and role of the prime minister, and the appointment of officials via an examination system are examined, while the Bujeon presents a plan to strengthen government by harmonising the national interest with the welfare of the people. The Jeongjeon discusses a system of national defense and concerns the military, the peasantry, together with punishment systems. Volumes 9 and 10 contain *Buddha's Japbyeon* (佛氏雜辨), *Simgi-ripyeon* (心氣理篇), and *Simmundap* (心問天答), and are writings criticising Taoism and Buddhism and arguing the philosophical superiority of Neo-Confucianism, together with the need for Buddhists' non-involvement in government. Buddha's Japbyeon divides Buddhist doctrines into 10 parts, criticising each one by one and is considered to be the most comprehensive refutation of Buddhism among the criticisms of Buddhism by Confucian scholars in the late Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasties. Volumes 11 and 12 contain the *Collection of Economic Literature* (경제문감별집) written in 1397 (under King Taejo'). This book describes the achievements of successive kings of China and Goryeo and supplements the shortcomings of Gyeongjemungan (which dealt only with the duties of subjects) and discusses the nature of the rule of the monarch. Additionally, accomplishments of kings of Goryeo are recorded from the private accounts of Lee Je-hyeon and other envoys, and are in the nature of historical records. Volume 13 contains *Jinbeop* (진법). Jeong Do-jeon had been a military official, and had already written military books such as Paljin36byeondobo (팔진삼십육변도보, or Eight formations and thirty six changes ), Ohaengjinchulgido - Five Elements Avancement Guide (오행진출기도), and *Kangmudo* (강무도). However, Jinbeop (진법) further develops these ideas and applies them to the proposed Liaodong conquest. The book refers to Jurye and to the military techniques of China's famous generals, and explains in detail how to camp, how to command, and gives methods for attack and defense in warfare. The appendix of volume 14 contains Sasil (Status (Facts) 사실), which is a collection of materials concerning Jeong Do-jeon’s life and career, and Jehyeonseosul (제현서술), which is a collection of comments on Jeong Do-jeon by later generations. Significance ------------ Sambongjip is considered to be extraordinarilly valuable for the study of the founding ideology of Joseon. In particular, Joseon Gyeonggukjeon became the basis for the establishment of Gyeonggukdaejeon (경국대전), the legal code of the Joseon dynasty, and for the first legal code (promulgated in 1397) of the Joseon dynasty (Economic Battle, 경제육전 ).
Herbert Sherman Houston (November 23, 1866 - May 16, 1955) served on the executive committee of the League to Enforce Peace during World War I. He was the president of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World and vice president of Doubleday & Company. Biography --------- Herbert Houston was born on November 23, 1866, in Champaign, Illinois. His father and mother were Samuel Houston and Emeline Sherman. In 1888, he earned his Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B) degree from the University of South Dakota, having previously studied at the University of Chicago and Boston College. He earned an MA degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1916. From 1890 to 1892, he was editor of the Sioux City Journal. In 1900, he began working at Doubleday & Company, retiring in 1921 as the vice president. During his tenure at Doubleday, he edited the Spanish version of The World's Work. From 1915 to 1916, he was president of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World. In 1921, he began publishing Our World. He founded the Cosmos Newspaper Syndicate in 1924. In 1934, he joined the Motion Picture Research Council to fight indecent films. Houston died on May 16, 1955. Legacy ------ Houston was inducted into the American Advertising Federation Hall of Fame.
Main center on Stung Thmey Street Artisans Angkor is a Cambodian social business creating job opportunities for young people in rural areas, while reviving traditional Khmer craftsmanship (stone and wood carving, painting on statues and on silk, lacquering, and silver plating). The organisation, founded in 1992, is located on Stung Thmey Street, 2 minutes walk from the Old Market in Siem Reap centre, Cambodia. Two sites are open to the public in Siem Reap: one specializing in crafts located on Stung Thmey Street and the other specializing in silk at the Angkor Silk Farm (20mins drive from Siem Reap centre, in Puok district). Seven shops selling handmade items made by Artisans Angkor can be found in Siem Reap centre, at the Angkor Silk Farm, at the Angkor Café in front of Angkor Wat temple, in Phnom Penh city centre and in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh International Airport as well. History ------- A craftswoman lacquering at Artisans Angkor Artisans Angkor is a semi-public company whose story started in 1992, with an educational project called "Les Chantiers-Ecoles de Formation Professionnelle" (CEFP) implemented by the Cambodian Ministry of Education. This project aimed at rebuilding the country after the war period by training young people in the building sector, such as masonry, plumbing, tiling, painting, etc. Hence, "Les Chantiers-Ecoles de Formation Professionnelle" developed an educational methodology to provide those skills to underprivileged young Cambodians with little education. In the mid-1990s, this training was extended to traditional Khmer craftsmanship, as this essential part of the Khmer cultural heritage had almost disappeared. At the end of the training, there were many employment opportunities for the young people trained in the building sector but as the tourism was not yet well-developed in Cambodia at that time, it was more difficult to find a job in the field of handicrafts. A European program called "REPLIC" provided financial support between 1998 and 2001 to create a project called "Artisans Angkor" to be a workplace for the young Cambodians trained by CEFP in the handicraft sector. In 2003, with support of the Agence Française de Développement (French Agency for Development), Artisans Angkor became an autonomous and semi-public Cambodian company. The profits of the company are wholly reinvested in the new training programs or construction of new workplaces in the Siem Reap province. The company has developed its own training program (independent from the CEFP) in the craft sector, giving young Cambodians aged from 18 to 25 years free vocational training in stone or wood carving, or lacquering, or silver plating. Young people mostly from remote rural areas close to a new workshop built by Artisans Angkor can apply for this training; they have to pass some of manual and motivational tests. The compensated training period lasts from 6 to 9 months and at the end of this apprenticeship, the trainees are granted the status of "artisans". If they wish, they can then join Artisans Angkor where an employment opportunity is guaranteed to them. In 2013, Artisans Angkor employs more than 1300 people, of whom 900 are craftsmen and women working in 48 different workshops in the Siem Reap Province. The company provides a higher salary than the average wages in the sector and provides its employees with medical insurance and other benefits. Cambodian handmade silk ----------------------- A Cambodian woman weaving silk threads in the very traditional way Artisans Angkor is known as one of the finest silk producers in Cambodia. The company has 23 silk workshops in the Siem Reap province. One site only is open to the public: the Angkor Silk Farm in Puok district (about 20-minute drive from the centre of Siem Reap). Artisans specializing in silk are still trained by a unit of the CEFP called the "National Silk Centre" where the Angkor Silk Farm is located. Silk weaving is a tradition that traces its origins back to the 13th century, as a result of the influence of the Silk Road in South Asia. It became an exclusive vocation for the women of rural villages who produced among others, one of the most famous Cambodian fabrics called "Hol Lboeuk" thanks to the traditional technique of "Ikat". Artisans Angkor revives this ancient technique in Cambodia in its very traditional way. ### Angkor Silk Farm Angkor Silk Farm is a site gathering many silk workshops belonging to the Cambodian social enterprise Artisans Angkor. Visitors can discover through free guided tours the complete process of sericulture, from the cultivation of the mulberry bushes to the production of silk goods. Angkor Silk Farm is located in Puok District, a 20-minute drive from Siem Reap centre, Cambodia. #### History Angkor Silk Farm Angkor Silk Farm was created by the National Silk Centre (Centre National de la Soie - CNS) in 1993. Between 1994 and 1996, the National Silk Centre developed and grew bigger. While the National Silk Centre has focused on training silk farming to young Cambodian from remote rural areas, Artisans Angkor has provided these trainees with employment at the end of their formation. Indeed, there were few opportunities in this sector in the mid-1990s and Artisans Angkor was founded to become a vocational organism for people trained by the National Silk Centre. Therefore, CNS hosts Artisans Angkor at Angkor Silk Farm and both work closely together. Since its creation, Artisans Angkor has opened 23 silk workshops in Siem Reap province which makes it the largest employer of the region. Besides fulfilling a social mission, the enterprise is renowned as one of the finest silk producers in Cambodia and Angkor Silk Farm has been one of the great attractions of Siem Reap for visitors eager to discover the secrets of handmade silk production. #### Silk-making process silkworm eating mulberry leaves Angkor Silk Farm is surrounded by 5 hectares of mulberry trees plantation. These fields are the starting point of the whole process of silk-making as silk worms will eat and grow on them. The trees can grow two meters tall and branches are cut four times a year. Mulberry leaves are silkworms' favourite food and will be eaten for weeks. During the last days, silkworms can eat ten times a day. When the worms have grown enough, they are put in baskets. From there, they will spin their cocoons in five days and will produce about three hundreds meters of silk each. The cocoons are then put in sunlight to avoid them undergoing their metamorphosis into mature moths. However, 20% of them reach the breeding process and the female moths will lay and hatch its eggs within nine to twelve days. Woman degumming the silk The cocoons are soaked in hot water in order to soften the sericin (also known as silk gum) which coat the fibres and stick the cocoons together. Silk threads are then unwound and reeled together to produce a single thread. Weavers at Angkor Silk Farm make both raw silk and fine silk that do not have the same texture at all. Sericin has not been completely removed from raw silk threads, which will give a rougher texture to the fabric at the end. The silk is then dyed by putting natural materials or artificial and environmentally friendly dyes in boiling water. Natural dyes can be created out of bananas, coconut barks, leaves, roots, etc. but fruits and trees don't always have the same hues depending on the seasons which make the use of artificial products necessary to reach the same colour. The dyeing process has to be renewed several times as artisans weave silk fabrics in the old way through the Ikat technique. #### The Ikat weaving technique Artisan meticulously tightening-up knots to protect some parts from dyes. The process will create the pattern The Ikat technique (also called "chong kiet" in Khmer) is one of the most ancient weaving techniques in the world and is used to create designs in fabrics. Artisans create a tight knot resistant to dyes which forms an original pattern with the complex intertwining of the warp thread and the weft thread. One of the most famous and gorgeous kind of silk fabrics in Cambodia is called "Hol Lboeuk" and can only be created with the Ikat technique. Successive tying-in and dyeing process with different colours will yield the fabric geometric or floral motifs. Traditional weaving techniques: the shuttle carries the weft threads from right to left to create special motifs on the fabric The threads are then tied-up to a frame. The warp chain will individually pass through dents of the reed to be rolled up again on the cylinder placed in front of the loom. In the meantime, the weaver alternately pedal up and down on the levers to overhang the frame, and to provide the route for the shuttle that carries the weft threads to move from right to left. After each passage of the shuttle, the reed will join and tighten the threads together to make the full fabric. This lengthy and time-consuming process creates the desired pattern.[] Cambodian traditional crafts ---------------------------- Craftsman carving a stone sculpture Artisans Angkor had set up as a training centre in order to bring back ancient Arts and Crafts of the Angkor region. Stone and wood carvings are the skills which are mostly renowned in the Siem Reap region as they recall the nearby pagodas and Angkor temples with their famous bas-relief carvings. Most temples in the region of Angkor that were built in the 11th-12th centuries have such carvings. Statues often represent famous characters of the Buddhism or Hinduism mythologies such as Buddha, Shiva and Vishnu, etc. For every craft, each artisan has its own way of working. If his/her movement is gentle rather than firm, the final piece will turn out to be slightly different from the other ones, which makes of each craft work a unique piece. Artisans Angkor also masters the arts of polychrome and lacquering which have different processes depending on the medium used as a basis (wood or stone). Lacquerware and polychrome products are often gilded with copper or golden leaves. For the silk painting, craftsmen set up the silk material on a frame, and then draw motifs of the artwork on the silk with tracing paper and a pad. Colours are finally put by hand on the silk and a painting brush is used to finish the work. Silver plating had practically disappeared from Cambodia for a few centuries. Artisans Angkor decided in the mid-2000s to extend its skills to this handicraft. To make a silver-plated box, artisans shape upper and lower parts from pieces of thick copper. The upper part is cut following a matrix and is then pounded until it gets the required design. Same process applies for the lower part and the two pieces must fit perfectly together to create a box, which is then carved and decorated. Finally, the item is dipped into a silver bath which gives its shininess and silver aspect. Restoration of Angkor historical sites -------------------------------------- Two guardian lions at the Terrace of the Elephants in Angkor Thom, the one on the right was made by craftsmen from Artisans Angkor. The Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (also called "APSARA Authority") mandated Artisans Angkor to restore several parts of the historical Angkor site under the supervision of archeologists. Local sculptors had to reproduce some parts of Kbal Spean's missing bas-relief carvings as well as the heads of Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons) located at the entrance of Angkor Thom South Gate. These are important characters of the popular legend of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk. Artisans Angkor also reproduced and installed three sandstone lions on the Terrace of the Elephants located in Angkor Thom. This work contributes to the preservation of the World Heritage Site of Angkor which is visited by an increasing number of tourists – around two millions annually. This mass tourism is a threat to the temples foundations and reproducing some parts of the site is a way of preserving the original pieces. UNESCO Awards ------------- Artisans Angkor won a few Awards of Excellence for Handicrafts in South and South-east Asia attributed by UNESCO as a stamp of approval which certifies that a handicraft product or product line "meets high standards of quality, innovating, cultural authenticity, as well as social and environmentally responsible production". In 2005, the UNESCO-AHPADA (Asean Handicraft Promotion and Development Association) Seals of Excellence were awarded to the Deluxe Chorebap Scarf and the Salad Bowl Josa produced by Artisans Angkor. In 2006, the UNESCO Seal of Excellence for handicrafts (South-east Asia program) was attributed to the Silk Sunset Shawl and the wooden Natural plate made by Artisans Angkor. In 2008, the expert panel from UNESCO awarded two items made by Artisans Angkor, the wooden Candle Holder and the Krama PicnicTray, with the "Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts". More recently in 2012, two new silk creations handmade by Artisans Angkor were awarded: the Elephant cushion cover and the Jungle Chic cushion cover. A few months earlier, in August 2012, Artisans Angkor became a member of World Crafts Council (WCC) which is a non-governmental organization affiliated to UNESCO in a consultative status. With that participation, Artisans Angkor joins other craft organisations to promote and maintain craftsmanship traditions and legacies all over the world.
Religion in an area \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on the \| \| Baháʼí Faith \| \| \| \| Central figures * Baháʼu'lláh * The Báb * ʻAbdu'l-Bahá \| \| Basics * Teachings * Unity of God * Unity of humanity * Unity of religion * Laws * Prayer * Calendar * Nineteen Day Feast \| \| Key scripture * Kitáb-i-Aqdas * Kitáb-i-Íqán * The Hidden Words * Some Answered Questions * Other Texts \| \| Institutions * Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh * Administrative Order * The Guardianship * Universal House of Justice * Spiritual Assemblies \| \| History * Baháʼí history * Timeline * Bábism * Persecution \| \| People * Shoghi Effendi * Hands of the Cause * Apostles * Other Baháʼís * Bábis + Letters of the Living + Mullá Husayn + Táhirih \| \| Places * House of Worship * Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh + Qiblih * Shrine of the Báb * Síyáh-Chál * World Centre * Pilgrimage * Haifa * Acre \| \| Other topics * Socioeconomic development * Progressive revelation * Cosmology * Symbols * Prophecies * Statistics * Orthography \| \| * Category \| \| * v * t * e \| The Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois, United States, also known as the Chicago Baháʼí Temple ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, son of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, visited the United States and Canada in 1912. Baháʼí Houses of Worship were completed in Wilmette, Illinois, United States in 1953 and in Panama City, Panama in 1972. History ------- ### ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, son of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, visited the United States and Canada in 1912. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916–1917; these letters were compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. The sixth of the tablets was the first to mention Latin American regions and was written on 8 April 1916, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu pandemic. The first actions on the part of Baháʼí community towards Latin America were that of a few individuals who made trips to Mexico and South America near or before this unveiling in 1919, including Mr. and Mrs. Frankland, and individuals who would later be appointed as Hands of the Cause like Roy C. Wilhelm, and Martha Root. The sixth tablet was translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on 4 April 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on 12 December 1919. > His Holiness Christ says: Travel ye to the East and to the West of the world and summon the people to the Kingdom of God.…(travel to) the Islands of the West Indies, such as Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Islands of the Lesser Antilles (which includes Barbados), Bahama Islands, even the small Watling Island, have great importance… > > ### Later history In 1927 Leonora Armstrong was the first Baháʼí to visit many of these countries where she gave lectures about the religion as part of her plan to complement and complete Martha Root's unfulfilled intention of visiting all the Latin American countries for the purpose of presenting the religion to an audience. Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1921, wrote a cable on 1 May 1936 to the Baháʼí Annual Convention of the United States and Canada, and asked for the systematic implementation of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's vision to begin. In his cable he wrote: > > Appeal to assembled delegates ponder historic appeal voiced by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan. Urge earnest deliberation with incoming National Assembly to insure its complete fulfillment. First century of Baháʼí Era drawing to a close. Humanity entering outer fringes most perilous stage its existence. Opportunities of present hour unimaginably precious. Would to God every State within American Republic and every Republic in American continent might ere termination of this glorious century embrace the light of the Faith of Baháʼu'lláh and establish structural basis of His World Order. > > > Following the 1 May cable, another cable from Shoghi Effendi came on 19 May calling for permanent pioneers to be established in all the countries of Latin America. The Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada appointed the Inter-America Committee to take charge of the preparations. During the 1937 Baháʼí North American Convention, Shoghi Effendi cabled advising the convention to prolong their deliberations to permit the delegates and the National Assembly to consult on a plan that would enable Baháʼís to go to Latin America as well as to include the completion of the outer structure of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois. In 1937 the First Seven Year Plan (1937–44), which was an international plan designed by Shoghi Effendi, gave the American Baháʼís the goal of establishing the Baháʼí Faith in every country in Latin America. With the spread of American Baháʼís in Latin American, Baháʼí communities and Local Spiritual Assemblies began to form in 1938 across the rest of Latin America. By 1944, every state in the United States had at least one local Baháʼí administrative body. In 1946, a great pioneer movement, the Ten Year Crusade, began with, for example, sixty percent of the British Baháʼí community eventually relocating. As far back as 1951 the Baháʼís had organized a regional National Assembly for the combination of Mexico, Central America and the Antilles islands. Many counties formed their own National Assembly in 1961. Others continued to be organized in regional areas growing progressively smaller. From 1966 the region was reorganized among the Baháʼís of Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands with its seat in Charlotte Amalie. In 1953, a Baháʼí House of Worship was completed in Wilmette, Illinois. Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum toured the Caribbean Islands for five weeks in 1970. Canada ------ The Baháʼí Shrine in Montreal, being the house of May Maxwell and William Sutherland Maxwell, the only private home in Canada where ʻAbdu'l-Bahá stayed. The Canada 2011 Census National Household Survey recorded 18,945 Baháʼís. In 2018, the Bahá’í Community of Canada's official website stated it had some 30,000 members, with a Spiritual Assembly found in most of the approximately 1,200 Bahá’í communities throughout the 13 provinces and territories of Canada. Canada is officially a bilingual (English-French) country, which also has a large population (roughly 5% of total) of indigenous peoples; the Bahá’í Community of Canada notes that its membership is quite diverse, French and English, more than 18% of from First Nations and Inuit backgrounds, and 30% foreign born who had immigrated to Canada. The Canadian community is one of the earliest western communities, at one point sharing a joint National Spiritual Assembly with the United States, and is a co-recipient of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan. The first North American woman to declare herself a Baháʼí was Mrs. Kate C. Ives, of Canadian ancestry, though not living in Canada at the time. Moojan Momen, in reviewing "The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898–1948" notes that "the Magee family... are credited with bringing the Baháʼí Faith to Canada. Edith Magee became a Baháʼí in 1898 in Chicago and returned to her home in London, Ontario, where four other female members of her family became Baháʼís. This predominance of women converts became a feature of the Canadian Baháʼí community..." Statistics Canada reports 14,730 Baháʼís from 1991 census data and 18,020 in those of 2001. However the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 46,600 Baháʼís in 2005. Some editions of the Canadian Baháʼí News are available. In 1909, the Baháʼís of the United States and Canada elected a nine-member Executive Committee for the Bahai Temple Unity, a continental consultative body formed to build the Baháʼí House of Worship, in Illinois, to serve as the continental temple for North America. This group also coordinated the spread of the Baháʼí Faith across North America, and reviewed Baháʼí publications for their accuracy, and in 1925 created an official National Spiritual Assembly of the United States of America and Canada. In 1948, having grown in membership and diversity, the Bahá’í Community of Canada formed its individual National Spiritual Assembly. This National Spiritual Assembly coordinates the spread of the Baháʼí Faith across Canada and reviews Baháʼí publications, publishing them through the French-English bilingual publication, Études Baháʼí Studies, replaced in 1988 by the French-English-Spanish trilingual The Journal of Baháʼí Studies, both of which were published in Ottawa by agencies of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada. United States ------------- Main article: Baháʼí Faith in the United States In 1894 Thornton Chase became the first North American Baháʼí who remained in the faith. By the end of 1894 four other Americans had also become Baháʼís. In 1909, the first National Convention was held with 39 delegates from 36 cities. In December 1999, the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States stated that out of approximately 140,000 adult (15 and over) members on the rolls, only 70,000 had known addresses. The American Religious Identity Survey (ARIS) conducted in 2001, with a sample size of 50,000, estimated that there were 84,000 self-identifying adult (21 and over) Baháʼís in the United States. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 525,000 Baháʼís in 2005 however statistics in Feb 2011 show 175,000 excluding Alaska and Hawai'i. Although a majority of Americans are Christians, Baháʼís make up the second-largest religious group in South Carolina as of May 2014[update]. And based on data from 2010, Baháʼís were the largest minority religion in 80 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country. While early fictional works relating the religion occurred in Europe a number of them have appeared in the United States since the 1980s, sometimes in mass media - see Baháʼí Faith in fiction. Mexico ------ Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Mexico The Baháʼí Faith in Mexico begins with visits of Baháʼís before 1916. In 1919 letters from the head of the religion, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, were published mentioning Mexico as one of the places Baháʼís should take the religion to. Following further pioneers moving there and making contacts the first Mexican to join the religion was in 1937, followed quickly by the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly of all Latin America being elected in 1938. With continued growth the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 38,000 Baháʼís in 2005. Central America --------------- ### Belize See also: Religion in Belize The Association of Religion Data Archives estimates there were 7,776 Baháʼís in Belize in 2005, or 2.5% of the national population. Their data also states that the Baháʼí Faith is the second most common religion in Belize, followed by Hinduism (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%). The 2010 Belize Population Census recorded 202 Baháʼís. ### Costa Rica Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Costa Rica The first pioneers began to settle in Coast Rica in 1940. followed quickly by the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly being elected in San José in April 1941. The National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961. Baháʼís sources as of 2009 the national community includes various peoples and tribes of over 4,000 members organized in groups in over 30 locations throughout the country. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 13,000 Baháʼís in 2005. ### Panama Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Panama Baháʼí House of Worship, Panama City, Panama The history of the Baháʼí Faith in Panama begins with a mention by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in the book Tablets of the Divine Plan, published in 1919; the same year, Martha Root made a trip around South America and included Panama on the return leg of the trip up the west coast. The first pioneers began to settle in Panama in 1940. The first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly of Panama, in Panama City, was elected in 1946, and the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961. The Baháʼís of Panama raised a Baháʼí House of Worship in 1972. In 1983 and again in 1992, some commemorative stamps were produced in Panama while the community turned its interests to the San Miguelito and Chiriquí regions of Panama with schools and a radio station. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 41,000 Baháʼís in 2005 while another sources places it closer to 60,000. Caribbean --------- ### Barbados Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Barbados The first Baháʼí to visit Barbados was Leonora Armstrong in 1927 while pioneers who moved to the island arrived by 1964. With local converts they elected the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly in 1965. During October 1966 a trip to ten islands was planned by Lorraine Landau, a pioneer in Barbados. Hand of the Cause ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá attended the inaugural election of the Barbados Baháʼís National Spiritual Assembly in 1981. Since then Baháʼís have participated in several projects for the benefit of the wider community and in 2001 various sources report up to 1.2% of the island, about 3,500 citizens are Baháʼís though Baháʼí and government census data report far lower numbers. In fact, the 2010 Barbados census recorded 178 Baháʼís out of a total population of 250,010. ### Dominica Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Dominica The island of Dominica was specifically listed as an objective for plans on spreading the religion in 1939 Shoghi Effendi, who succeeded ʻAbdu'l-Baha as head of the religion. In 1983 Bill Nedden is credited with being the first pioneer to Dominica at the festivities associated with the inaugural election of the Dominican Baháʼís National Spiritual Assembly with Hand of the Cause, Dhikru'llah Khadem representing the Universal House of Justice. Since then Baháʼís have participated in several projects for the benefit of the wider community and in 2001 various sources report between less than 1.4% up to 1.7% of the island's about 70,000 citizens are Baháʼís. ### Haiti Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Haiti The first Baháʼí to visit Haiti was Leonora Armstrong in 1927. After that others visited until Louis George Gregory visited in January 1937 and he mentions a small community of Baháʼís operating in Haiti. The first long term pioneers, Ruth and Ellsworth Blackwell, arrived in 1940. Following their arrival the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly of Haiti was formed in 1942 in Port-au-Prince. From 1951 the Haitian Baháʼís participated in regional organizations of the religion until 1961 when Haitian Baháʼís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly and soon took on goals reaching out into neighboring islands. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 23000 Baháʼís in Haiti in 2005. ### Jamaica Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Jamaica The community of the Baháʼís begins in 1942 with the arrival of Dr. Malcolm King. The first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly of Jamaica, in Kingston, was elected in 1943. By 1957 the Baháʼís of Jamaica were organized under the regional National Spiritual Assembly of the Greater Antilles, and on the eve of national independence in 1962, the Jamaica Baháʼís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly in 1961. By 1981 hundreds of Baháʼís and hundreds more non-Baháʼís turned out for weekend meetings when Rúhíyyih Khánum spent six days in Jamaica. Public recognition of the religion came in the form of the Governor General of Jamaica, Sir Howard Cooke, proclaiming a National Baha'i Day first on 25 July in 2003 and it has been an annual event since. While there is evidence of several active communities by 2008 in Jamaica, estimates of the Baháʼís population range from the hundreds to the thousands. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 5137 Baháʼís in 2005. ### Trinidad and Tobago Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Trinidad and Tobago The Baháʼí Faith in Trinidad and Tobago begins with a mention by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, in 1916 as the Caribbean was among the places Baháʼís should take the religion to. The first Baháʼí to visit came in 1927 while pioneers arrived by 1956 and the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1957 In 1971 the first Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly was elected. A count of the community then noted 27 assemblies with Baháʼís living in 77 locations. Since then Baháʼís have participated in several projects for the benefit of the wider community and in 2005/10 various sources report near 1.2% of the country, about 10–16,000 Further reading --------------- * Echevarria, Lynn (2011). Life Histories of Baháʼí Women in Canada: Constructing Religious Identity in the Twentieth Century. Series 7, Theology and Religion, American University Studies. Vol. 316. Peter Lang Publishing Inc. ISBN 9781433114571. * Garlington, William (2008) [2005]. The Baha'i Faith in America. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742562349. OCLC 1244209170. * McMullen, Mike (2000). The Baháʼí: The Religious Construction of a Global Identity. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813528366. * McMullen, Mike (2015). The Baháʼís of America: The Growth of a Religious Movement. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-5152-2. * Stockman, Robert (1985). Baháʼí Faith in America: Origins 1892-1900. Wilmette, Ill.: Baha'i Publishing Trust of the United States. ISBN 978-0-87743-199-2. * Stockman, Robert (2002). The Baháʼí Faith in America: Early Expansion, 1900-1912 Volume 2. Wilmette, Ill.: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-87743-282-1. * Stockman, Robert (2012). ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in America. Wilmette, Ill.: Baha'i Publishing Trust of the United States. ISBN 978-1-931847-97-1. * van den Hoonaard, Will C. (1996). The Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada, 1898-1948. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554584956. * Venters, Louis (2016). No Jim Crow Church: The Origins of South Carolina's Bahá'í Community. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813054070. * Venters, Louis (2019). A History of the Bahá'í Faith in South Carolina. The History Press. ISBN 978-1467117494.
Spanish pop band This article is about the Spanish pop band. For the construction toy, see Meccano. For other uses, see Mecano (disambiguation). Mecano was a Spanish pop band formed in 1981 and active until 1992. Mecano became one of the most successful Spanish pop bands of all time. The band is still the best-selling Spanish band, with over 20 million records worldwide. They were considered by some to be avant-garde for their time and part of la Movida Madrileña countercultural movement. They had a brief comeback in 1998. The band's line-up consisted of singer Ana Torroja and brothers Nacho and José María Cano, who worked alongside session musicians such as Arturo Terriza, Manolo Aguilar, Nacho Mañó, Javier Quílez, Ángel Celada and Óscar Astruga. The trio's musical career spanned two distinct stages. The first, up to 1985, was essentially as a synthpop band, while in the second stage Mecano followed a more acoustic pop rock direction, with elements of ballad, dance, flamenco, bossa nova, tango, salsa, rumba flamenca, bolero, pasodoble, and even reggae. The unprecedented success also hit Hispanic America. Also, thanks to adaptations to other languages of several of their songs, they influenced non-Spanish speaking countries such as Italy and France, as with their song "Une femme avec une femme". In 2005, Mecano's music was adapted into the successful musical Hoy no me puedo levantar, which opened productions in Spain and Mexico. After two years, it was announced that the musical had been seen by more than 1,500,000 spectators in both countries, making it the most successful original production in Spanish of all time. Some of their biggest number one singles include "Me cuesta tanto olvidarte", "La fuerza del destino", "Hijo de la luna", "Cruz de navajas", "Une femme avec une femme" ("Mujer contra mujer", a worldwide number one hit), and "El 7 de septiembre". History ------- The band started as a synthpop ensemble (tecno pop in Spanish) by brothers Nacho and José María Cano, along with singer Ana Torroja, in 1981 in Madrid influenced by English new wave band Spandau Ballet. In a period of cultural experimentation in the newly democratic Spain, Mecano achieved its initial popularity with its debut single, "Hoy no me puedo levantar" ("I Can't Get Up Today"), a song about youth boredom and hangovers. Their first, self-titled album became a collection of classics that would later represent Spanish 1980s pop music. At the same time, Nacho Cano branched out into producing other bands, and both brothers started writing songs for other pop up-and-comers. Although those secondary acts wouldn't achieve the level of success Mecano gained, they turned out to be new testing grounds for Mecano. After switching recording labels, passing from then CBS-Columbia (later Sony Music) to the Ariola label (later acquired by BMG music group) and having achieved another huge hit in 1986 with "Me cuesta tanto olvidarte" ("It's So Hard to Forget You"), the band reformed its musical approach with the album Entre el cielo y el suelo (Between the Sky and the Ground). Their new style emphasised pop over techno. It also facilitated the export of their music to Latin America. This new versatility was evidenced by "Hijo de la Luna" ("Son of the Moon"). This song was also submitted by the band as a potential contestant for Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, but TVE selected another band, Cadillac. Their follow-up album, Descanso Dominical (Sunday Rest), produced two of their most popular singles. One was, "La fuerza del destino," ("The force of fate") in which actress Penélope Cruz debuted in the video clip for it. She later had a relationship with Nacho Cano for several years. The other single "Mujer contra mujer" ("Woman against woman"), is about a lesbian relationship, seen through the eyes of a friend, who only later realises what is going on. It was recorded in French ("Une femme avec une femme"), English and Italian, giving Mecano their first global hit. The single which was released in Latin America in 1989, became a number one hit, it also remained seven consecutive weeks on the French number one position from 10 November to 22 December 1990; the song became one of the greatest hits of all time in that country. Aidalai (nonsense word meaning, "Oh Dalai"), their following album, was published in 1991 and was as successful as their previous two works. "El 7 de septiembre" ("7 September") was dedicated to Coloma Fernández Armero, who was Nacho Cano's girlfriend for several years. "El 7 de septiembre", which was released in the summer of 1992, was the last Ibero-American number one hit for the band, a music video was released for the song and it was inspired by the 1927 German silent film Metropolis. It was the last original album of the band. In 1993, the band announced a temporary hiatus. In 1998, the band released the album Ana, Jose, Nacho, which mixed new songs with greatest hits. The band separated later that year and all three members went on to have solo careers, though only Ana found success as a singer. In 2005 keyboardist Nacho Cano wrote a musical based on 32 Mecano songs, named after their first single. In 2005, the members of Mecano released a double-CD/DVD package commemorating the 25th anniversary of the creation of the band. The new CD/DVD, Mecanografia (Mecano-graphy), includes a compilation of all their singles, never-before released songs, and a DVD with videos and early concert appearances. The Cano brothers were innovative musicians in the use of technology, and Nacho was one of the first Spanish musicians to own a Fairlight keyboard. (Its screen can be seen in the back cover of their only live album). José María also commented that he often locked himself in a room with a dictionary and books to write his songs, while Nacho has said that to compose he started off with a rhythm machine, then added the melody, and the lyrics came in last. In November 2009, the band reunited with a new song to be released later that month. On 25 November 2011, the journalist José Antonio Abellán announced their reunion in ABC Punto Radio for a world tour in 2012. This was later denied. Other media such as the newspaper El País, confirmed the news and the world tour. Awards and nominations ---------------------- \| Award \| Year \| Nominee(s) \| Category \| Result \| Ref. \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Lo Nuestro Awards \| 1993 \| "Una Rosa Es Una Rosa" \| Video of the Year \| Won \| \| \| MTV Video Music Awards \| 1992 \| "El 7 de septiembre" \| Viewer's Choice \| Nominated \| \| 1993 \| "Una Rosa Es Una Rosa" \| Nominated \| Discography ----------- Main article: Mecano discography ### Studio albums * Mecano (1982) * ¿Dónde está el país de las hadas? (1983) * Ya Viene el Sol (1984) * Entre el cielo y el suelo (1986) * Descanso Dominical (1988) * Aidalai (1991) ### Other releases * Mecano: Obras Completas – 2005 (collection, released in a limited and numbered edition. The CDs inside the box are in digipack format. The box contains 8 original-CDs of their official discography in Spanish, yet it doesn't include albums in Italian or French. The box contains: 6 studio-albums + 1 live-album + 1 "CD Bonus" with previously unreleased songs) * Tripack: Mecano: Grandes Éxitos – 2005 (a pack in the shape of 3-gatefold that contains 2 audio-CDs (15 songs each one, singles and non-singles) + 1 DVD with 20 official videoclips) * Digipack: Mecanografía (La Historia En Imágenes) – 2006 (Luxury digipack with 4 DVDs, it contains presentations of Mecano in Televisión Española (TVE) + extra unpublished songs) * Mecano contributed the song "Canción Cortita Para Antes que Nos Abandone el Mar" to the compilation album "Greenpeace, Salvemos al Mediterráneo" (1985). ### Foreign-language recordings Mecano recorded some of their songs in English, one of which was released as a single: "The Uninvited Guest", which is the English version of "Me Colé en una Fiesta" ("I crashed a party"). Other songs recorded in English by Mecano are: Hawaii-Bombay and You, but these were never released officially. Italian Mecano also recorded many of their songs in Italian, such as: * Figlio Della Luna (Hijo De La Luna) * Croce Di Lame [Cruz de Navajas ("Cross of Knives")] * Un Anno Di Più [Un Año Más ("Another Year")] * Uno Di Quegli Amanti [Los Amantes ("The Lovers")] * Per Lei Contro Di Lei [Mujer Contra Mujer] * Il Cinema [El Cine ("The Movie Theatre")] * Vado A Nuova York [No Hay Marcha En Nueva York ("Nothing Happens in New York")] * Fermati A Madrid [Quédate En Madrid ("Stay in Madrid")] * Mi Costa Tanto di Scordarti [Me Cuesta Tanto Olvidarte] * Responso Positivo [El Fallo Positivo ("Positive Sentence")] * Anna e Miguel [Naturaleza Muerta ("Still Life")] * Una Rosa e Una Rosa [Una Rosa es Una Rosa ("A Rose is a Rose")] * Tu ("You") (Italian version) * "Dalai Lama" (Italian version) * Il 7 Di Settembre [El 7 De Septiembre] * "La Forza Del Destino" [La Fuerza del Destino]. French Mecano recorded some songs in French including: * Une Femme Avec Une Femme [Mujer Contra Mujer] * Dis-Moi Lune D'Argent [Hijo De La Luna] * "Une Histoire À Trois" [El Uno, El Dos, El Tres ("The One, The Two, and The Three")] * Nature Morte [Naturaleza Muerta] * Le Paradis Artificiel [El Lago Artificial ("The Artificial Lake")] * Toi [Tú] * "J.C." (French version) * "Le 7 Septembre" [El 7 de Septiembre] ### Unreleased songs Some unreleased Mecano songs are Me Non Parle Vous Français ("I Don't Speak French"), Me he declarado en guerra ("I've Declared Myself At War"), Cristóbal Colón ("Christopher Columbus"), El Caballo de Espartero ("Espartero's Horse"), Solo ("Alone"), Lía ("Tie"), El Pez ("The Fish"), El Romance de la Niña María Luz ("The Romance of the Girl María Luz"), Arlequín ("Harlequin"), Al Alba ("At Dawn"), ¿Qué Haces Tú en el Mundo? ("What Do you Do in the World?"), among others. ### Covers by other artists Due to the popularity of their songs, Mecano has been covered by other artists in the Spanish-speaking as well as in the non-Spanish-speaking world. Songs from Entre el cielo y el suelo have been covered by Montserrat Caballé and Celia Cruz. Also, the unpublished song Lía was sung by Ana Belén. The Eurodance band Loona covered the song "Hijo de la luna" in 1998 and achieved a major hit with it. Laura Branigan recorded a version of "Mujer Contra Mujer" on her 1993 album Over My Heart. In 2008, Mexican singer Daniela Romo included the song in her album, Sueños de Cabaret. Cruz de Navajas was covered in a salsa style by Dominican singer Raulin Rosendo. In 2004, Mexican pop singer Fey recorded the album La Fuerza Del Destino, an album consisting of 12 Mecano covers. This album was nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards in 2005. Costa Rican Latin grammy winners, Editus covered the song "Hijo De La Luna" in their album Siempre.... Non-Spanish covers include Sarah Brightman, who sang the songs "Tú", "Hijo de la luna", "Naturaleza Muerta". Mario Frangoulis covered "Hijo de la luna" and "Naturaleza Muerta." The Belgian-Spanish Belle Perez did the same. Greek singer Eleni Dimou covered "Hijo de la luna" translating it in Greek ("Πέφτει το φεγγάρι" - "Moon is falling"). The Spanish heavy metal band Stravaganzza covered the song "Hijo de la luna" in their most recent studio work: an EP called Hijo del Miedo (Son of Fear). Recently the crossover soprano Geraldine Larrosa covered a French/Spanish version of "Naturaleza Muerta". A Portuguese-language cover of "Hawaii–Bombay" was performed by Brazilian new wave band Metrô on their 1985 album Olhar. Portuguese singer José Cid also sung a version of his own. In their 2008 album, Tales of Ithiria, the German symphonic metal band Haggard made a cover for "Hijo de la Luna". A Finnish pop-folk artist Tuula Amberla released a cover in Finnish of "Hijo de la Luna" called "Kuun poika" in 1992, later a symphonic metal band Katra made the same cover in their 2008 album Beast Within. In 2009, the Mexican singer Gloria Trevi sang a live cover of the song "Hijo de la Luna" on the Mexican television show, El Show de los Sueños. Also that same year the Brazilian-Venezuelan singer, Elisa Rego, did an electronic version of "Aire" song (Air) included in her fifth studio album titled "Temperamental". It is noteworthy that also in her beginnings (1982) Rego was the lead singer of ES-3, an underground rock band who specialized in performing Mecano covers in Caracas city night clubs long before this Spanish trio visited Venezuela for the first time in 1984 during the Promotional Tour of the "Ya Viene El Sol"-album (The Sun is Coming). Then their second visit to Venezuela was in 1986 in the promotional tour of "Entre el cielo y el suelo". The Italian extreme gothic metal band Theatres des Vampires made an Italian-language cover of "Hijo de la Luna" in their 2011 album Moonlight Waltz. Bibliography of Mecano ---------------------- 1. Book: "Mecano: La Explosión Del Pop Español", Author: Joan Singla, editions: "Martínez Roca", 144 pages, 20 × 13 cm. ISBN 84-270-0871-6. 2. Book: "Mecano (El Libro)", several authors, editions: "Luca", 128 pages, 24 × 20 cm. ISBN 84-87491-05-7. Includes a CD-PROMO with two Audio-tracks, "track 1" sung in Italian; "track 2" sung in French. Date of publication: August 1, 1992. 3. Book: "Mecano: La Fuerza Del Destino", authors: Carlos Del Amo and Javier Adrados PopAdrados, publishing house(editorial): "La Esfera De Los Libros", edition: 1st: 436 pages, ISBN 84-9734-177-5. Date of publication: April 20, 2004.
Each branch of the British Armed Forces has its own uniform regulations. Many of these uniforms are also the template for those worn in the British cadet forces. * Uniforms of the British Army * Uniforms of the Royal Navy * Uniforms of the Royal Marines * Uniforms of the Royal Air Force Uniforms overview ----------------- See also: List of camouflage patterns § Europe O-Z * ArmyArmy * Royal NavyRoyal Navy * Royal MarinesRoyal Marines * Royal Air ForceRoyal Air Force Headdress --------- Cap badges are worn on most types of headdress, with the exception of operational headdress (which is not usually worn in public). ### Turbans Turbans are worn by Sikh members of the British Armed Forces. * Sikh service members wearing turbans. The turban of the junior rating lacks a cap badge, as is the case with the sailor cap it replaces.Sikh service members wearing turbans. The turban of the junior rating lacks a cap badge, as is the case with the sailor cap it replaces. * A Sikh Royal Air Force officer with an officer's cap badge on a turban.A Sikh Royal Air Force officer with an officer's cap badge on a turban.
Austrian engineer (1902–1982) Robert Eberan von Eberhorst (23 October 1902 – 14 March 1982), later known as Robert Eberan-Eberhorst, was a noted Austrian engineer, who designed the Auto Union Type D Grand Prix motor racing car. Early life ---------- Born into Austrian nobility, the family shortened its name when the nobility was abolished in Austria in 1918. He studied at the Vienna Technical University until in 1927, where he earned an engineering master's degree. Later that year he joined the Institute for Automotive Engineering at Dresden Technical University as a research assistant and Ph.D. candidate. In 1933 Ferdinand Porsche persuaded him to join Auto Union. Auto Union ---------- Eberan-Eberhorst initially served as a development engineer within the Auto Union racing department at Horch works in Zwickau, moving to head up the racing engine department. He was responsible for turning Chief Engineer Porsche's ideas in physical reality, and his early contributions to Auto Union's successes included development of side skirts and aerodynamic bodywork along the belly of the record breaking streamliner car, additions that were some of the earliest experiments with ground effect downforce to have been applied to a car. ### Type D When Porsche left Auto Union in 1938 Eberan-Eberhorst was promoted in his stead. His first full car design was for the Auto Union Type D Grand Prix car. With a swept volume of three litres, in accordance with the contemporary Grand Prix regulations, the supercharged V12 rear-mounted engine could develop 400 bhp (300 kW). Chassis modifications were made aimed at improving the drivability of the car by mass distribution (revised driver and fuel tank position), and a new de Dion rear suspension replacing the previous swing axle system. The car provided Grand Prix victories for Tazio Nuvolari and Hermann Paul Müller. Eberan-Eberhorst was heavily involved in the initial testing of each new racing car, developing an on-board recording instrument to plot parameters such as car speed, engine speed, gear change and braking points. World War II ------------ He gained his doctorate in 1940 and from 1941 was appointed to a full professorship at Dresden Technical University. During World War II he was involved in the design of the Tiger tank, initial testing of the V1/V2 rockets, and provided much research data on improving fuel consumption. After World War II ------------------ At the conclusion of World War II Eberan-Eberhorst fled Dresden, in the Soviet-occupied sector of defeated Germany. In 1947, in an old sawmill in Gmünd, Austria, Ferdinand Porsche's son Ferry and Eberan-Eberhorst started work on project 356, which evolved into the famous Porsche 356 sports car. Later, the Italian Piero Dusio decided to build racing cars at his Cisitalia works in Turin, bringing in the engineers Dante Giacosa and Giovanni Savonuzzi from Fiat and Piero Taruffi to manage the racing team. When the team decided to enter Grand Prix competition, Carlo Abarth and Robert Eberan-Eberhorst were also recruited. This project went sour when the designers proposed a flat 12 four-cam engine with the possibility of supercharging and even four-wheel drive plus Eberhorst's usual requirements for proper jigs, test-beds and tooling; his view was that races are better lost on the test-beds then they can be won on the tracks. Eberhorst was by now recognised as one of the world's premier racing car design theorists, so in 1949 he moved to Dunstable in the UK, where he worked for English Racing Automobiles designing the chassis for the 1952 Bristol engined 'G' type grand prix car, and on the Jowett Jupiter chassis. In 1950, he moved to Aston Martin to design a pure sports-racing car, the DB3, his brief being to produce a car that would be quick enough to give the 2.6-litre straight six a chance of outright wins. Whilst at Aston Martin Eberhorst published an article in The Automobile Engineer entitled "Roll Angles". This theoretical study followed Maurice Olley's paper "Road Manners of the Modern Car" and established ex-Rolls-Royce engineer Olley and Eberhorst as two of only a handful of engineers capable of mathematically defining the essential factors in car handling. Eberhorst's contribution was to show how the several constants in Olley's complex equations could be established experimentally. In 1953 Eberhorst returned to Germany as General Manager for Technical Development at a reviving Auto Union. In 1956 he moved to the Battelle Institute in Frankfurt as Head of Mechanical Engineering and four years later he took over responsibility for the Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering Institute at Vienna University. He retired from there in 1965 although continuing to author important technical papers.
*History of Italian Art of the Twentieth Century* (Storia dell'arte italiana del '900) is an art encyclopedia written between 1981 and 2010 by critic and art historian Giorgio Di Genova published by Edizioni Bora in Bologna. Description ----------- The encyclopedia, which discusses both painting and sculpture, traces the critical profiles of artists who have characterized twentieth century Italian art. The content is organized on a biographical basis, although the text is composed of historical-themed chapters and not individual entries. The distribution of content between the various volumes takes place on a generational basis: each volume deals with facts and personalities that have characterized the different generations of artists, divided by decades: from the "Historical Masters generation" (of which the personalities born in the course Of the nineteenth century but still active in the twentieth century) comes the "forties generation" (of which artists born between 1940 and 1949). This entirely peculiar setting has the advantage of creating in the vast biographical panorama the analyzed criteria for distinguishing and organizing objective and controlled content. Drafting -------- In Geneva, at the beginning of the 1980s, Genoa began writing what later became volumes 4, 5 and 6 on three exhibitions on Italian artists born in the twenties (1981), ten years (1982) and First decade (1985) of the twentieth century. Since 1993, publisher Bora of Bologna has started publishing encyclopedia volumes. At the beginning of the eighties, on the occasion of three exhibitions on Italian artists born in the 1920s (1981), the 1910s (1982) and the first decade (1985) of the twentieth century, Di Genova began drafting the contents of what would later become volumes 4, 5, and 6 of the encyclopedia. Starting in 1993, the publisher Bora of Bologna began the publication of the volumes of the encyclopedia. In 1999 Di Genova was among the founders of MAGI '900, the museum in Pieve di Cento, which aims to set up an anthological collection of 20th century Italian art, becoming the museum's equivalent to the encyclopedic contents of the History of Art. Contents -------- The work is divided into seven volumes. It features five thousand artists, with over thirty-five thousand names listed in the analytical index. There are reproductions, in color and black and white, of about ten thousand works. The work plan is as follows: * Volume 1: Generating Historical Masters + Tomo I (1993, ISBN 88-85345-24-7 ) + Tomo II (1994, ISBN 88-85345-36-0 ) + Tomo III (1995, ISBN 88-85345-43-3 ) * Volume 2: First Decade Generation (1996, ISBN 88-85345-55-7 ) * Volume 3: Generation Years Ten (1990, ISBN 88-85345-00-X ) * Volume 4: Generation of the Twenties (1991, ISBN 88-85345-10-7 ) * Volume 5: Generation of the Thirties (2000, ISBN 88-85345-81-6 ) * Volume 6: Generation of the Forties + Tomo I (2007, ISBN 978-88-88600-39-0 ) + Tomo II (2009, ISBN 978-88-88600-54-3 ) * Volume 7: General Index (2010, ISBN 978-88-88600-55-0 )
Athletic teams that represent the University of Maine The Maine Black Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of Maine. A member of the America East Conference, the University of Maine sponsors teams in eight men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The men's and women's ice hockey teams are members of Hockey East, and the football team is an associate member of the Coastal Athletic Association. Teams ----- \| \| \| \| Men's sports \| Women's sports \| \| Baseball \| Basketball \| \| Basketball \| Cross country \| \| Cross country \| Field hockey \| \| Football \| Ice hockey \| \| Ice hockey \| Soccer \| \| Swimming and diving \| Softball \| \| Track and field† \| Swimming and diving \| \| \| Track and field† \| \| † – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor. \| America East Conference logo in Maine's colors ### Ice hockey Main articles: Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey and Maine Black Bears women's ice hockey The men's ice hockey program was introduced in 1977. The team has been successful and have won the Hockey East title five times, appeared in eleven Frozen Fours, and won 2 National Championships. The Black Bears compete in the Hockey East conference, which includes teams such as Boston College, Boston University, Northeastern, and New Hampshire. The program has produced many professional ice hockey players, such as Paul Kariya, Eric Weinrich, Keith Carney, Garth Snow, Mike Dunham, Dustin Penner, and Jimmy Howard. The team is best known for its 1992–93 season, in which the team only lost one game, finishing with a record of 42–1–2. The team is noted for its head coach Shawn Walsh, who coached the team for seventeen seasons. Walsh is credited with turning the team into such a successful program, as well as turning the Alfond Arena into one of the most intimidating arenas in college hockey. Walsh died of renal cell carcinoma on September 26, 2001. ### Baseball Main article: Maine Black Bears baseball The baseball program has made several trips to the College World Series and has produced numerous major- league baseball players. The program has also made 16 NCAA tournament appearances, most recently in 2011 when they defeated FIU, 4-1, in the NCAA regionals. The program has won the AEC Tournament five times, in 1993, 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2011. The program also won the conference in 1990 and 1991, before the America East sponsored a baseball tournament. ### Basketball Main articles: Maine Black Bears men's basketball and Maine Black Bears women's basketball The basketball teams, as well as all other sports teams, participate in the America East Conference. Former Clemson University head baseball coach Jack Leggett also attended the university, as well as NBA head coach Rick Carlisle (although Carlisle transferred to Virginia and finished his college career there). Other notables include Rufus Harris, Kevin Reed, Matt Rossignol, Jim Boylen, Andy Bedard, and several former Maine high school stars including Bangor's Jon McAllian and Edward Little's Troy Barnies. A prominent current player is San Diego-native Gerald Mclemore. The women's and men's basketball teams play at the Cross Insurance Center in Bangor starting with the 2013-14 season. The men's team has held a total of eight games at Memorial Gym since 2003–04. The team has never played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. Cindy Blodgett played basketball at Maine before playing in the WNBA. She went on to serve as an assistant coach at Boston College and Brown. The men's basketball team in recent years has made progress as in the 2009–10 season the team finished the season in second place in the America East conference with a 19–11 overall record with recording one of its biggest wins in recent years with a 52–51 win over Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference and in the 2010–11 season defeating the University of Massachusetts, 68-56, and Penn State, 74-64. On May 23, 2007, Blodgett was named the head coach of the women's team. She was released in March 2011. The Black Bears' rivalry with the New Hampshire Wildcats is the longest continuous basketball rivalry between any two non-Ivy League schools: the men's teams have played each other 109 seasons in a row, from 1904–1905 to the present season (2023-2024). The program has developed 2 NBA players those being former Los Angeles Clippers Jeff Cross and former Boston Celtics and current head coach of the Dallas Mavericks Rick Carlisle. ### Football Main article: Maine Black Bears football Maine's football team competes in the Coastal Athletic Association. Prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA football league was sponsored by the Atlantic 10 Conference. The football program has produced many professional football players and coaches, such as center Mike Flynn, offensive lineman Justin Strzelczyk, quarterback Mike Buck, wide receiver/coach Phil McGeoghan, Pro Bowl linebacker Lofa Tatupu, who transferred to USC after his freshman year, linebacker Stephen Cooper, Pro Bowl fullback/special teams Montell Owens, defensive back Daren Stone, tight end Matthew Mulligan, defensive lineman Mike DeVito, linebacker Jovan Belcher, Pro Bowl fullback/defensive lineman Patrick Ricard and defensive back Brandon McGowan. Current Iowa coach, and 2002 AP National Coach of the Year Kirk Ferentz began his head coaching career at Maine. The team also received brief publicity when the Oakland Raiders selected wide receiver Kevin McMahan as the last player in the 2006 NFL Draft, affectionately known as Mr. Irrelevant. The University of Maine is known currently to have the most active players on NFL rosters at the Division I FCS level. The team has played several Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) opponents. The team has played teams in recent years such as Iowa, Rutgers, Hawaii, Mississippi State, Nebraska, Connecticut, Syracuse, and Pittsburgh in 2011. In 2004, The Maine Black Bears defeated Mississippi State University, 9-7. This marked the first time that Maine defeated a Division I FBS opponent. The largest crowd that the Black Bears have ever played in front of was 77,469 fans at Memorial Stadium, when Maine fell, 25–7, to the Nebraska Cornhuskers in Lincoln. The team is scheduled to play BCS games at the ACC's Boston College in 2012 and the Big Ten's Northwestern in 2013. UM also defeated longtime rival and FBS opponent Massachusetts, 24-14, in 2013. Despite success over the past decade, including an NCAA tournament berth in 2011, Maine had never won a CAA regular season title. That drought ended on November 16, 2013 as Maine defeated the University of Rhode Island 41-0 at home to win their first CAA title. ### Radio and television Main article: Black Bear Sports Network Currently[as of?] the flagship for all football and hockey games, as well as their respective coaches shows are carried on the Voice of Maine News/Talk Network (WVOM-FM and WVQM; the current[as of?] flagship for all men's and women's basketball games as well as baseball and select softball games is WGUY. All games are carried on GoBlackBears.com. TV coverage includes Bangor's WVII-TV, with games simulcast on Fox College Sports. NESN, CBS Sports Network, and NBCSN Comcast SportsNet New England also carry select games as part of a larger contract with the conferences the sports are in. During the school year the Black Bear Insider is carried Sunday mornings on WVII at noon, and rebroadcast on Fox College Sports as well. In 2006 the university sold the multimedia advertising and broadcast rights to all athletic events to Missouri-based Learfield Sports. Starting with the fall 2007 sports season, WVOM and WGUY split radio coverage, WGUY carrying men's and women's basketball and select baseball and softball games and WVOM carrying football and hockey broadcasts. After the 2008 fall sports season, WAEI-FM became the flagship for all Maine sports; the rights were transferred again to WKSQ in 2011 (though WAEI's AM sister station remained a co-flagship), before coming back full circle locally to WVOM (Blueberry) and WGUY (WaterFront) in 2013. Many Black Bear games can also be heard on WMEB-FM, a student-run, commercial-free radio station located on campus. Championships ------------- ### Men's ice hockey \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| National Champions \| 1993, 1999 \| \| Hockey East Champions \| 1989, 1992, 1993, 2000, 2004 \| Men's Cross Country – 1915 (IC4A) ### Baseball \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| CWS appearances \| 1964, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 \| \| America East Champions \| 1990, 1991, 1993, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2011 \| Softball America East – 1994, 2004 Football Yankee Conference – 1949, 1951, 1952, 1961, 1965, 1974, 1982,1989, 2000, 2009 Atlantic 10 – 2001, 2002 Coastal Athletic Association - 2013, 2018 Riflery Yankee Conference – 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966 Women's Basketball America East – 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2018, 2019 Men's Cross Country America East – 2004 Yankee Conference – 1950, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1963 New England – 1913, 1914, 1921, 1922, 1927, 1928, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1939, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959 Men's Indoor Track Yankee Conference – 1964 Men's Outdoor Track America East – 1995 Yankee Conference – 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 New England – 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 Women's Outdoor Track New England – 2003
Overview of Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation The Finnish Chief of the General Staff Lennart Oesch (left) monitors Estonian army military exercises in October 1938. The Estonian Chief of the General Staff, Nikolai Reek is second from the right. Finnish–Estonian defence co-operation began in 1930 with a secret military pact between Finland and Estonia against the threat of the Soviet Union. Open co-operation ended in 1939, as the Soviets pressured the Estonian government, but it continued secretly with information-sharing during the Winter War. Background ---------- President of Finland Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (left) and President of Estonia Konstantin Päts (middle) in the city of Narva in 1936. State visits were scheduled every year. The most important negotiating issue was military co-operation. The origins of defence co-operation lay in the Baltic Entente of the 1920s. Practical co-operation began with the initiative of the Finnish general staff in February 1930 in Tallinn and the first joint war games were held in 1933. Officially, both countries were neutral, but behind the scenes, the relationship was more complex. Nazi Germany, for example, unsuccessfully offered Estonia a secret military alliance in 1937. Finland started co-operation only for its own defensive reasons though both countries speak Finnic languages and are neighbours. There were defence plans involving Finland launching a massive assault against Leningrad if the Soviet Union started a war against both countries. However, the plan would also have required the participation of Latvia, and according to the Finnish military leader, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, the countries would have needed outside help from the League of Nations. Finland could not send troops directly to the Baltic countries, but a joint assault would have been possible through the Karelian Isthmus and/or from Poland. Gulf of Finland blockade plan ----------------------------- Before the 1930s, defence co-operation between Finland, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia was based on the Edge State Policy. In the 1930s, co-operation decreased, as Finland and Estonia started practical military dialogue. Both the Finnish policy of neutrality and the official trend in the Nordic countries kept the co-operation pact secret. The Nordic trend did not officially allow Swedish participation in managing the security of the Gulf of Finland. However, behind the scenes, the general staffs of Sweden and Finland had secretly negotiated a plan in 1929 to blockade the Gulf. Sweden agreed that it would first suggest the blockade plan to Estonia in 1930. Officially, Sweden would not participate in co-operation, but it would supply materiel and auxiliary troops if the Soviet Union attacked. Coastal artillery ----------------- Practical measures by Finland and Estonia were based upon Peter the Great's Naval Fortress system, allowing surface ships and coastal artillery fire to prevent possible movements of the Soviet Baltic Fleet. After the Imperial Russian Baltic fleet was mostly destroyed in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Russia sought to replace the loss of fleet vessels from 1912 onwards by reinforcing the coastal artillery on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. The aim was to build a barrage against the German fleet's potential intrusion along the Gulf to Saint Petersburg, then capital of Russia. Coastal arrays of 12-inch naval guns were installed on both sides of the Gulf. The defence co-operation aimed to prevent access by Soviet vessels through the Gulf to Helsinki and Tallinn using mines, coastal artillery fire and submarines. As a result, Finland redeveloped its heavy coastal artillery and fortresses, adapting 305 mm shells to give them greater range, thus providing complete artillery coverage between Mäkiluoto in Finland and Naissaar in Estonia. The first joint military exercise was held in 1936. Submarines ---------- The Estonian submarines Kalev and Lembit were both manufactured in the United Kingdom and began their service in spring 1937. The joint deployment of submarines was a part of the Gulf blockade plan. The Estonian submarine programme was expensive; the Estonian Navy even had to sell two destroyers in 1933 to be able to finance the two new submarines it launched in 1937. Estonian submarines installed the same kind of torpedoes and mines as their Finnish counterparts, and Estonian naval officers were trained in Finnish submarines. Radio intelligence and the Winter War ------------------------------------- During the Winter War, Estonia was formally neutral, but it had to allow the Soviet Union to establish military bases and station troops on its soil. From the military bases, the Soviet Union carried out bombing raids on Finland. As part of the coastal artillery co-operation, the countries had a common fire management system linked by an undersea radio cable. The Estonians had earlier managed to decipher the Soviet secret radio code, and they had access to military radio communications. During the Winter War, Estonian military staff gave the Finns top secret information on Soviet troop movements. Aftermath --------- The Finnish–Estonian defence pact remained secret for decades and did not come to light until the Estonian and Russian archives were opened in the 1990s. Finnish archives on the matter had been transported outside the country or destroyed after the Continuation War.
Village in England Human settlement in England Wraysbury is a village and civil parish in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in England. It is under the western approach path of London Heathrow Airport. It is located on the east bank of the River Thames, roughly midway between Windsor and Staines-upon-Thames, and 18 miles (29 km) west by south-west of London. Historically part of Buckinghamshire, Wraysbury was made part of the new non-metropolitan county of Berkshire in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. The Wraysbury Reservoir is located to the east, administratively wholly in the Spelthorne district of Surrey, although it was historically divided between Buckinghamshire and Middlesex. History ------- Investigation by Windsor and Wraysbury Archaeological Society of a field in the centre of Wraysbury to the east of St Andrew's Church revealed evidence of human activity in Neolithic times. Many hundreds of flint artefacts were found and are now in the care of the Windsor Museum collection. The village name was traditionally spelt Wyrardisbury; it is Anglo Saxon in origin and means 'Wïgrǣd's fort'. Its name is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wirecesberie and as Wiredesbur in 1195. The name is seen again as Wyrardesbury in 1422. ### Magna Carta Island and Ankerwycke View of Wraysbury Lakes Swans on Wraysbury Lakes Another view of Wraysbury Lakes Water extract plant buildings at Hythe End Wraysbury railway station Magna Carta Island, in the parish of Wraysbury, is one of the sites traditionally suggested for the sealing of Magna Carta in 1215. On the Ankerwycke estate in the village are the ruins of a Benedictine nunnery, founded in the reign of King Henry II. One of the 50 oldest trees in the United Kingdom can be found here: at around 2000 years old, the Ankerwycke Yew dates from the Iron Age, and is so wide that you can fit a Mini Cooper behind its trunk and not see it from the other side. Local legend says that Anne Boleyn once sat under the tree, while residing at the Ankerwycke estate, but this has not been verified. Henry Stafford, 5th Baron Stafford died at Ankerwycke in 1637. The Ankerwycke estate was bought by John Blagrove, a prominent Jamaican slave owner, who did much to improve the estate. Wraysbury in the 19th century ----------------------------- The population of Wraysbury remained relatively static during the 19th century, with a slight increase between the 1801 return of 616 and the final census of the century which gave a population figure of 660. This compares to a population figure for Wraysbury of 3,641 in the 2001 census. For centuries, agricultural and mill work had been the principal areas of employment for the villagers; and as late as 1831, census returns show that of the 135 families in the village, 62 were employed in agriculture while 68 made their living in the mills. This compares to the most recent census in which around 12% of the population work from home and the average distance travelled to work is 9 miles (14.24 km). ### The Wraysbury enclosure The enclosure of the parish of Wraysbury was ordered by a private Enclosure Act of 1799 and was signed by the commissioners in 1803. The map of the village was redrawn by Thomas Bainbridge and shows the distribution of the lands in the following enclosure. Immediately prior to this the common land of the village was owned by the Lord of the Manor of Wraysbury, at that time John Simon Harcourt, the church and the trustees of William Gyll Esq. although, as common land, they were subject to legal rights of pasture and grazing for copyholders and other tenants. In addition to those with legal rights over the land, the poor of the district would have had 'real' or 'customary rights', for example to feed their livestock or gather wood for fuel. The only beneficiaries from enclosure were those who could show legal rights over the common land, such as copyholders and tenants of the manor. The enclosure enshrined their rights, converting "rights of common" and allocating an area of land commensurate with their rights, as close to their farmhouse as was convenient. The poor were overlooked in this process, and were no longer allowed to forage for fuel or graze their animals. The smaller landowners of Wraysbury to benefit from enclosure included Nathanial Wilmot, Nathanial Matthews, Shadrach Trotman and Thomas Buckland, all of whose names had previously appeared on the Wraysbury Court rolls as copyhold owners. ### Coming of the railway The village saw another major change in 1848 with the arrival of the railway, which opened up employment opportunities and afforded the chance to travel easily and quickly to and from the village. In the History of Wraysbury published in 1862, G.W.J. Gyll extolled the benefits to the village: > Railways have much improved the locality and the condition of the people also, and it is a powerful solvent to diminish provincial rusticity, local and self-importance; class prejudice and all the elements of isolation melt away in its presence. The railway through our parish has been of great use to it; has enhanced the value of property, as is the case wherever such a project has been executed, despite the fears of those who repressed the enterprise. > > William Thomas Buckland was the local surveyor and valuer employed to handle the compensation claims resulting from the purchases of land for the new railway. This business of Buckland & Sons grew into an estate agency, which had an office in Windsor High Street for the following 150 years. ### New road and suspension bridge Where is Wraysbury, I can scarce find it on the map? asked an associate of G.W.J. Gyll. Once the railway had put the village on the map, the next steps were to improve road access, and more importantly, to alleviate the adverse effects of the frequent floods which often resulted in the village being cut off from the rest of the county. George Harcourt, Lord of the Manor, suggested that a new road should be built on higher ground from Bowry's Barn to the Colne Bridge, to replace the old road which ran along ditches susceptible to flooding. The 1848 Tithe map, drawn by surveyor William Thomas Buckland showing the proposed route of the new road, can be seen at the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies in Aylesbury. Harcourt also suggested a replacement for the old "Long Bridge" over the River Colne should be built, and a new suspension bridge, designed and paid for by Harcourt, was built by civil engineer Mr Dredge. St Andrew's Church ------------------ Baptist chapel in Wraysbury The City of Refuge by George Tinworth The parish church of St Andrew is a Gothic structure, intermediate between Norman and Early English, supposed to have been built by King John. The parish registers its date from the year 1734. William Pynchon, the founder of Springfield, Massachusetts, died in Wraysbury in 1662 and was buried at St Andrew's Church. ### Nonconformists in Wraysbury The only place of worship in Wraysbury until 1827 was the Anglican church of St Andrew. Local farmer, surveyor and auctioneer William Thomas Buckland, wishing to provide an alternative place of worship for nonconformists, built the Wraysbury Baptist Chapel to his own design. The original Baptist meeting place was opened in 1827 and Buckland was the principal minister until his death some 40 years later. Gyll, in his History of Wraysbury, described the establishment of the chapel: > Much praise is to be given to the officiating, minister of the Baptists in Wraysbury, Mr. William Thomas Buckland, who exercises his vocation at the chapel here to a well disposed and confiding auditory, while to his wife and family are entrusted the religious education of the Baptist flock. > > The new chapel, with its elegant slender tower, was opened on 16 October 1862; the building works had cost around £800. The striking terracotta relief panel, The City of Refuge, on the front elevation of the chapel, was created by the renowned Doulton & Co artist George Tinworth and is signed with his monogram. After Buckland's death, James Doulton, his son-in-law and a cousin of Sir Henry Doulton, took over the preaching duties. Later James' son-in-law the Reverend Arthur Gostick Shorrock took over the duties. Arthur had been a student preacher in Wraysbury in the 1880s, after which he spent 35 years as a missionary in Shaanxi, China. Use in film and television -------------------------- A flooded quarry in Wraysbury was used as a filming location (actually intended to be in France) in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill, in which Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) and the corpse of his murdered ally Sir Godfrey Tibbett (Patrick Macnee) were pushed into the water in their Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud by the villainous Max Zorin (Christopher Walken) and his henchman Mayday (Grace Jones). However, Bond avoided drowning by forcing open the door and swimming to the surface. Wraysbury Stores, the main village store until May 2006, appeared in an advert for the Daily Mail featuring Chris Tarrant. The stores also feature in a scene from the movie "Buster" starring Phil Collins. Landmarks and community ----------------------- Due to the various gravel pits, the River Thames, lakes and reservoirs (notably "The Pond"), Wraysbury has plenty of wildlife and opportunities for walks. The village has a few Sites of Special Scientific Interest with these being Wraysbury Reservoir, Wraysbury and Hythe End Gravel Pitsand. The western part of the village, roughly between the river and the B376 road, is subject to frequent significant flooding, notably in January 2003, January 2014 and February 2014. In June, Wraysbury holds its annual fete, where stands such as the local vintage and classic car clubs show off their members' vehicles. There are also activities for children and the tug-of-war held by the scouts, beavers and cubs. There are also the stands of local charities, the local school, usually giving out ice creams, and of course the church's stands. Wraysbury Cricket Club plays on the village green and played the Marylebone Cricket Club in 2009. Former actor Robert Rietti had a home in Wraysbury, but after his wife died in August 2008, he sold the house in 2009. Former Wraysbury resident Gordon Cullen, an architect renowned for developing the Townscape movement in post-war Britain, designed the Wraysbury Village Hall. It is one of only a few buildings he designed which were actually built. The main store in the village was Wraysbury Stores until its closure in May 2006. The building is Victorian and had been continuously occupied since the late 1800s. It was formerly a post office before becoming a general store. Its neighbours include a garage and fish and chip shop and is opposite the Perseverance pub. There are many shops located on the High Street, and there is also a park including a children's playground which is a popular spot for dog-walkers and kite-flyers. 1st Wraysbury Scouts Group is based on the village green. The village has two railway stations: Wraysbury and Sunnymeads, both on the Staines to Windsor & Eton line from Windsor to London Waterloo. Localities ---------- ### Hythe End Hythe End is the part of the village closest to Staines, largely a linear development on Staines Road, on the eastern bank of the River Thames close to Bell Weir Lock, with a large minority of properties adjoining the riverside. Hythe End consists of several riverside homes, mainly on the Island. Gravel pits to the north containing water and reeds make up a Site of Special Scientific Interest. One of the major features of Hythe End is the river water extraction facility. This was built in 1910 by the Metropolitan Water Board to supply water from the River Thames to its works in Ashford Common via the Staines Aqueduct. This first feeds the King George VI Reservoir and continues eastwards, passing the water treatment works at Kempton Park, to provide some of the supply of the Kempton Park Reservoirs another water treatment works at Hampton. The Buckinghamshire Way long-distance walking route begins in Hythe End, as the southernmost point of that county. ### Sunnymeads Sunnymeads is the linear western neighbourhood bordering the River Thames, and has its own railway station. Although long part of Wraysbury administratively, its almost uninterrupted narrow green belt that continues to render it a separate settlement. The station is unmanned with no inside waiting areas. Both during and after the Second World War, Sunnymeads was a favourite destination for Londoners who would lease or acquire plots and build modest shacks on the river. Few of these original houses still exist as they have been demolished and more permanent, larger houses have been built in their place. Sunnymeads Masonic Lodge – King John's hunting lodge may only in name date to the time of the Magna Carta – it is a restored late 14th-century building, dating to the reign of the first Tudor king, Henry VII, which is Grade II\* listed. ### Friary Island Friary Island is a low-lying residential island about 400 metres long and 100 metres wide. It is accessed by two bridges over a narrow branch of the River Thames. Politics -------- At a parish level, the village is represented by eleven councillors of the Wraysbury Parish Council. At the district level, the village is part of the Datchet, Horton and Wraysbury electoral ward and is currently represented by three councillors (David Buckley and Jodie Grove of The Borough First Independents and Ewan Larcombe of the National Flood Prevention Party) in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. Nationally, since 1997 the ward has formed part of the UK Parliamentary constituency of Windsor and is currently represented by Adam Afriyie of the Conservative Party. Before 1997, the town was part of the constituency of Windsor and Maidenhead which was consistently held by the Conservative Party. Notable residents ----------------- * David Gilmour – musician of the British rock band Pink Floyd * Gordon Cullen – architect (died 1994) * Christine Keeler – involved in the Profumo affair. * Bunty Bailey – girl in the rotoscoped music video "Take On Me" by A-ha; also the video for another a-ha song, "The Sun Always Shines On T.V.", and also a past member of Hot Gossip * Andy Ellison, singer in British rock bands John's Children, Radio Stars, Jet * Beryl Reid, actress * Sarah Harding, Girls Aloud singer * Susan George, actress * Boris Karloff, actor * Gary Numan, musician * Louise Cordet, pop singer Freedom of the Parish --------------------- The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Parish of Wraysbury. ### Individuals * Ernest John Sleep
American football player and coach (1911–1973) American football player Coleman G. Willging (August 14, 1911 – March 10, 1973) was an American football end who played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Reds. He also played in the Midwest Football League and AFL III as a member of the Cincinnati Models and Bengals. He was assistant coach of the Models from 1936 to 1937. Early life and education ------------------------ Willging was born on August 14, 1911, in Norwood, Ohio. He attended Norwood High School in the late 1920s, where he was an all-state tackle. In 1930 he joined Xavier University, playing for their freshman team. He would play for their varsity team from 1931 to 1933, earning a varsity letter in his final two years. Following his senior year, Willging was named to the All-Ohio, All-Midwestern, and All-Catholic national rosters. Professional career ------------------- Willging joined the local Cincinnati Reds, of the National Football League (NFL) in 1934. He appeared in four games with the Reds, making two receptions for fourteen yards as an end. It would be his only NFL season, as the Reds forfeited their franchise near the end of the season. After the year he would join the Cincinnati Models of the Midwest Football League, appearing in 12 games over three seasons. He was named All-MWFL in 1937, after helping his team reach the league championship serving as starting guard/tackle and assistant coach. He joined the independent Cincinnati Bengals in 1938, playing in 11 games over three seasons. They were part of the Midwest Football League in 1939, and AFL III in 1940. Later life and death -------------------- Willging was part of the United States Navy during World War II. Afterwards he lived in Amberley village working as an Ohio claims investigator. His son, Dan, was the starting guard at Miami (Ohio) University in the early 1970s. Willging died on March 10, 1973, at the age of 61, following a heart attack.
2011 film by Philipp Müller-Dorn *Emancipation* or eMANcipation (German: Emannzipation; styled as eMANNzipation) is a 2011 independent drama feature film directed by Philipp Müller-Dorn. The movie had its world premiere on October 25, 2011 at the Kansas International Film Festival where it won the Audience Award for Best Narrative Film. Müller-Dorn initially came up with the idea for the film in 2006 after reading a newspaper article about a shelter for abused men in Hamburg. Since it turned out to be difficult to find abused men who were willing to talk about their experiences, the research phase took a lot longer than Müller-Dorn expected and the screenplay of eMANcipation was finished in early 2010. Principal shooting took place in Berlin and Guxhagen in Northern Hessia in July and August 2010. From 2012 to 2020 eMANcipation was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the USA distributed by Olive Films. Since fall 2021 it is available on Amazon Video, Apple TV, Google Play, Microsoft Store in 56 countries around the world. Cast ---- * Urs Stämpfli as Dominik * Frances Heller as Angela * Michael Schwager as Holger * Roland Avernard as Gregor * Anna Görgen as Belinda * Peer Alexander Hauck as Lukas * Jan Marc Kochmann as Andreas * Ulrich Meyer als Diplom-Psychologe Bohr * Hans Ulrich Laux as Horst * Yannik Burwiek as Dylan Synopsis -------- Dominik Liebmann is a man at the end of his rope. He has seemingly lost all he had: his job, his house, his wife, his son, his fortune and even his dignity. Without a penny in his pocket he enters Berlin's only shelter for battered men. He meets Holger, the head of the 'Männerhaus' and its members. After a psychiatric evaluation by the youth welfare office, he is ordered to engage in the group therapy session of the men's shelter so he can get custody for Dylan, his son. After an initial reluctance Dominik participates and talks about his past: While on a holiday in Northern-Hessia Dominik meets Angela: a 19-year old blonde, pretty face and a direct but charming demeanour. The sympathy grows into passion and they become a couple. When visiting Berlin later Angela announces to Dominik that she is pregnant, so he proposes. But the marital heaven turns rapidly to marital hell. Angela becomes loud, abusive, addicted to alcohol and starts to blow Dominik’s money while he is busy providing for his family. He tries to talk to Angela about her behaviour but to no avail. He just tries to avoid her progressively violent moods and her extreme rage. Angela’s violent behavior escalates. Angela leaves Dominik and takes their son Dylan with him. In these sessions Dominik describes the marital abuse he suffered, but he still justifies and defends Angela's cruel behavior. At Holger's insistence Doninik decides to sign up for karate class. There he meets Belinda a divorced lawyer with two daughters. They start to date, but Domink has difficulties opening himself up, is avoiding uncomfortable truths of the past and keeps on justifying his wife’s abusive behaviours. Dominik finally manages to break out of his own vicious circle of denial: realizing Angela’s behavior was indeed abusive, but more importantly that he allowed himself to be victimized and that he added to the violent dynamics with passivity and his lack of taking responsibility. With Belinda's help Dominik gets the custody of his son, gets his old job back and moves out of the men’s shelter to start a new life with his son, Belinda and her kids. Reception --------- Critical reception for Emancipation has been mostly positive. Robert Butler of butlercinamescene.com considers it one of the best films of the KIFF. Erin Tuttle compares the visual style of the film to Jean-Pierre Jeunet. Amos Lassen praises the performances as "wonderful" and calls it "a film that really opens our eyes". Awards ------ Actress Frances Heller and director Philipp Müller-Dorn receive the KIFF statue for the Audience Award at the 2011 Kansas International Film Festival * WINNER Audience Award, Kansas International Film Festival * WINNER Best Dramatic Film, IFS Film Festival Hollywood * WINNER Excellence Award, Rincon International Film Festival Puerto Rico * WINNER Best Foreign Film, New York Winter Film Awards * WINNER Best Actor Urs Stämpfli, New York Winter Film Awards * WINNER Best Foreign Film, International Festival of World Cinema, Kent, England * WINNER Award of Merit, Lucerne International Film Festival, Switzerland * WINNER Bronze Bulb, Excellence in Indie Filmmaking, Vegas Independent Film Festival * WINNER Director’s Choice Award, Litchfiels Hills Film Festival, Kent, Connecticut * WINNER Indie Auteur Medallion for Excellence, Bare Bones Film Festival, Oklahoma * NOMINATED Best Director: Philipp Müller-Dorn, International Festival of World Cinema, Kent, England * NOMINATED Best Cinematography: Mathias Geck, International Festival of World Cinema, Kent, England * HONORABLE MENTION 60° N International Film Festival, Norway * HONORABLE MENTION Los Angeles Arthouse Film Festival, USA * OFFICIAL SELECTION Oaxaca Film Festival, Mexico * OFFICIAL SELECTION Palm Beach International Film Festival, USA * OFFICIAL SELECTION Victoria TX Film Festival, USA * OFFICIAL SELECTION Boston International Film Festival, USA
Mar Thoma VI, also known as Mar Dionysius I, was the 6th Metropolitan of the Malankara Syrian Church, serving from 1765 until his demise on 8 April 1808. His original name was Iype, and he was born as the only son of Mathew (Mathan) Tharakan, the elder brother of Mar Thoma V, in the Pallippuram branch of the Pakalomattom Family(Andoor, Marangattupilly). Thoma VI succeeded Mar Thoma V as Malankara Metropolitan in 1765, and unlike his predecessors, who were said by their opponents not to have been properly ordained as bishop, he received orders from Syriac Orthodox bishops in 1772, thus ending any controversy. Other events of his reign include the separation of the Thozhiyoor church (now the Malabar Independent Syrian Church), the arrival of English Protestant missionaries, and the first translation of the Bible from Syriac to Malayalam. Life ---- The man who would be Dionysius was the nephew of his predecessor as Malankara Metropolitan, Mar Thoma V, and a member of the Pakalomattom family. In 1757, as part of a play to assert his authority and autonomy in the Malankara Syrian Church, Thoma V consecrated his nephew as coadjutor bishop and named him his successor, in contradiction to the wishes of the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy. Upon Thoma V's death in 1765, the younger Pakalomattom was ordained as Metropolitan on 8 May, taking the name Thoma VI. As with his predecessors as Metropolitan going back to the first, Mar Thoma I, Thoma VI's critics charged that his succession, and therefore his position, was invalid. To overcome this criticism, in 1772 Thoma VI underwent a second ordination at the hands of the Syriac Orthodox bishop Gregorios in the church in Niranam. He received all the Holy Orders, from the tonsure to the episcopal consecration, and thereafter took the name Mar Dionysius. Syriac Orthodox and other critics of Thoma VI saw this as his only ordination, while his supporters saw it as a "re-ordination", but either way, it ended the controversy over the validity of his position. This done, Dionysius focused on his second primary aim of securing his place as the sole head of the Malankara Church, a measure opposed by some in the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy. To this end, Dionysius appealed to both the Catholic Church and the British colonial government in India. Several times he contacted the Catholic hierarchy, both locally and in Rome, seeking to have his church, with him as its designated head, brought into full communion. This would have the double aim of solidifying his authority and re-uniting all the Saint Thomas Christians, who had been split into Pazhayakoor (Catholic) and Puthenkoor (independent) factions since the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653. His appeals were considered in Rome, where the Church was willing to grant him temporal but not spiritual authority over the Saint Thomas Christians. In the end, however, no satisfactory deal was ever made and the factions remained separate. In 1771, Gregorios consecrated a second bishop, Kattumangatt, who took the name Cyril (Koorilose). Dionysius saw Cyril as a threat to his authority and appealed to the colonial authorities to suppress the rival bishop. Cyril left for Thozhiyur, outside of the colonial jurisdiction, and established what would become an independent church. This body is now known as the Malabar Independent Syrian Church. Subsequently, however, Gregorios and the other Syrian bishops died and were not replaced, leaving no further internal challengers to Dionysius. Invasion by Mysore ------------------ Mysore was a landlocked kingdom. Hyder Ali, ruler of this kingdom decided to invade Malabar to get access to the Arabian Sea. He entered Malabar in 1781 and crushed the Nair soldiers. After his death Tippu Sultan came to the throne. During that period Christians were persecuted. Bala Rama Varma was the ruler of Travancore at this time. He was one of the least popular sovereigns whose reign was marked by unrest and various internal and external problems for the state. He became King at the young age of sixteen and came under the influence of a corrupt nobleman known as Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri from Calicut. One of the first acts of atrocities during his reign was the murder of Raja Kesavadas, the existing Dewan of Travancore. Sankaran Nampoothiri was then appointed as Dewan (Prime minister) with two other ministers. Using his influence, Mar Thoma VI was put in jail at Alleppy and was forced to conduct a service according to Catholic rites, but escaped during a rebellion in Travancore under Velu Thampi in 1799. Relations with the Church of England ------------------------------------ Toward the end of Dionysius' reign, Claudius Buchanan (1766–1815) visited Kerala in 1806, and arranged for the translation of the Bible into Malayalam. Dionysius gave him the manuscript of the Bible written in the Syriac language. This manuscript was later deposited in the public library of the University of Cambridge. During the visit, Buchanan suggested the Malankara Church seek a close relationship with the Church of England. Soon after his visit, Dionysius convened a meeting of church elders at Aarthattu, where he declared the Malankara Church would not accept the Anglican doctrine, nor those of any other foreign church. Death and succession -------------------- Dionysius consecrated Pakalomattom Mathen Kathanar as his successor in 1796 at Chengannur church. Dionysius died on 8 April 1808 at Niranam, and he was interred St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu, with Mathen conducting the funeral service. Mathen subsequently received his orders, taking the name Mar Thoma VII. \| Malankara Church Titles \| \| --- \| \| Preceded byMar Thoma V \| Metropolitan of the Malankara Church 1765–1808 \| Succeeded byMar Thoma VII \| Further reading --------------- * 1. Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church.. Pub: K.M. Cherian. 2. Daniel, K. N. (1952). Canons of the Synod of Diamper, CSS. Tiruvalla. 3. Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. London, England. ISBN 8190085441 4. Chacko, T. C. (1936). Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charithra Samgraham (Concise History of Marthoma Church), Pub: E.J. Institute, Kompady, Tiruvalla. 5. Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V. (2001). Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam. 6. Ittoop Writer, (1906). Malayalathulla Suryani Chistianikauleday Charitram (History of Syrian Christians in the land of Malayalam) 7. Mathew, N. M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1 (2006), Volume II (2007), Volume III (2008). Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla 8. Mathew, Adv. P. C. (1994). Aarthattu pallipattum charitra rekhakalum (Aarathattu church history and records). 9. Sankunny Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times (Thiruvithancore Charitram). 10. Varghese Kassessa, K. C. (1972). Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabha Charitram (History of Malabar Independent Syrian Church). 11. Niranam Granthavari. (Record of History written in Malayalam during 1770–1830). Ed. Paul Manalil, Catholicate Aramana, Devalokam. Kottayam, Kerala.
Azerbaijani philosopher Dr. Heydar Najaf oglu Huseynov (Azeri: Heydər Hüseynov) (3 April 1908, Yerevan – 15 August 1950, Baku) was an Azerbaijani philosopher and academician. Life ---- Huseynov was born in Erivan (present-day Yerevan, Armenia) into the petty bourgeois family of Haji Najaf Karbalai Huseynoglu and his wife Mashadi Gulsum, being the youngest of their six children. His father died shortly after Heydar's birth. After their eldest son Yusif was killed in an ethnic conflict in 1918, the family moved first to Batumi, then to Stavropol, until they finally settled in Baku where he received secondary education, graduated from the Azerbaijan State Pedagocical Institute with a degree in linguistics in 1931 and a Candidate of Sciences degree in philosophy. He was fluent in Persian. Beginning in 1932, Huseynov taught philosophy at various postsecondary institutions and published his works Dialectical Materialism (1935) and Dialects and metaphysics (1939) in Azeri. From 1936 on, he was involved in the publishing of the Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopædia and in 1940 he became head of the project. He was the editor of the four-volume Russian-Azeri Dictionary, for which he was awarded Stalin Prize, the highest ranking award in the Soviet Union at the time. In 1944, he was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Almost simultaneously Huseynov wrote his fundamental 733-page work entitled On the history of Azerbaijani phisolophical and sociopolitical thought in the nineteenth century (it was published in 1948). His work was recognised with him being granted a doctoral degree along with being promoted to Professor of Marxism–Leninism. In addition, he was awarded with his second Stalin Prize in March 1950. Overall Huseynov wrote around 100 scientific works, mostly having to do with Azerbaijani literary thought. Criticism and death ------------------- Despite immediate positive recognition of his prize-winning work, Huseynov's work was met with criticism by the Communist Party organs in May 1950. Huseynov was accused of presenting muridism, a philosophical Sufi movement in the Caucasus in the mid-19th century, and specifically its propagator Imam Shamil, in the preface to his book as a "progressive democratic national liberation phenomenon (...) contrary to Marxist ideas and (...) the movement's reactionist and nationalist nature that served the interests of the English capitalism and the Turkish sultan." Upon reviewing the monograph, the Committee for Stalin Prize in the field of literature and arts forwarded its observations to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union and as a result, Huseynov was stripped of his award. Huseynov was excluded from the Communist Party and laid off from the Academy of Sciences. Unable to deal with criticism from the state organs and his own colleagues and foreseeing his arrest, Huseynov committed suicide by slicing his veins on 15 August 1950.
Plan to reform and expand the city of Barcelona, Spain from 1860 The Cerdà Plan was a plan to reform and expand the city of Barcelona created in 1860 that followed the criteria of the Hippodamus plan, with a grid structure, open and egalitarian. It was created by the civil engineer Ildefons Cerdà and its approval was followed by a strong controversy for having been imposed by the government of the Kingdom of Spain against the plan of Antonio Rovira y Trías who had won a competition of the Barcelona City Council. The widening contemplated in the plan unfolded over an immense area that was free of buildings as it was considered a strategic military zone. It proposed a continuous grid of blocks of 113.3 meters from the Besós to Montjuic, with streets of 20, 30, and 60 meters with a maximum building height of 16 meters. The novelty in the application of the Hippodamus plan was that the blocks had 45º chamfers to allow better visibility. The development of the plan lasted almost a century. Throughout this time, the plan has been transformed and many of its guidelines were not applied. The original Cerdá plan was modified as a result of the interests of the land owners and speculation. Historical background --------------------- The original project of the Cerdá Plan ### Barcelona in the 19th century. Unhealthy and oppressed Throughout the 18th century and the first part of the 19th century, the health and social situation of Barcelona's population had become suffocating. The medieval wall that had enabled the city to resist seven sieges between 1641 and 1714 now represented a brake on urban expansion. Population growth raised the population from 115,000 in 1802 to 140,000 in 1821 and reached 187,000 in 1850. The 6 km of walls surrounded an area of just over 2 km2, although 40% of the space was occupied by 7 barracks, 11 hospitals, 40 convents, and 27 churches. Sanitary conditions worsened as a result of the density and lack of sanitary infrastructures such as sewage systems or running water. Burials in cemeteries in front of churches were sources of infections, groundwater contamination, and epidemics. Despite the decision made by Bishop Pablo de Sichar in 1819 to hold burials in the Pueblo Nuevo cemetery, its operation was not consolidated until the middle of the 19th century. From that moment on, and forced by military ordinances, cemetery spaces began to be recovered at the doors of churches such as San Justo, San Pedro de las Puellas or the Fossar de les Moreres. In these circumstances, life expectancy was 36 years for the rich and 23 for the poor and day laborers. Barcelona, like Catalonia, had been hit by the plague in the 15th and 16th centuries, and suffered several epidemics throughout the 19th century: * 1821: yellow fever with 8,821 deaths (see: Cholera pandemics in Spain). * 1834: cholera with 3,344 deaths. * 1854: cholera with 6,419. * 1865: cholera with 3,765. The walled city and the Citadel The military consideration of Barcelona as a stronghold with the Citadel next to it conditioned urban life. Not only were the problems of the citizens within the walls ignored, but the timid movements to expand outside the walls were repressed with the demolition of the buildings because they "prevented the defense of the city" as occurred in 1813, since the area up to the distance of a cannon shot, which corresponded approximately to the "jardinets de Gràcia", was considered non-aedificanda (unbuilt area). The voices against it came not only from the citizens but also from the Barcelona City Council itself, which, through the "Junta de Ornato" (Beautification Board) and in harmony with Captain General Baron de Meer, in 1838 requested a modification of the wall between the door of the Studies (the Rambla) and the bastion of Jonqueres (Urquinaona square) to achieve a small extension. ### Down with the walls Revolt of 1842 against Espartero In 1841 the Barcelona City Council announced a competition to promote the development of the city. On September 11, 1841, the prize was awarded to Dr. Pedro Felipe Monlau, doctor and hygienist, author of the work Abajo las murallas, Memoria acerca de las ventajas que reportaría a Barcelona y especialmente a su industria de la demolición de las murallas que circuyen la ciudad (Report on the advantages that the demolition of the walls surrounding the city would bring to Barcelona and especially to its industry), in which an expansion from the Llobregat River to the Besós is demanded. The wide diffusion of the project and the popular impulse provoked confrontations such as the one on October 26, 1842, in which the Demolition Board demolished part of the Citadel, which caused General Espartero to bombard Barcelona from the castle of Montjuic on December 3, and ordered its reconstruction with an expense of 12 million reales at the expense of the city. In 1844, Jaime Balmes joined, from the pages of La Sociedad, the protests contradicting the theories of military strategic value defended by General Narváez. More than ten years passed until the Barcelona City Council approved a project prepared by its secretary Manuel Durán y Bas, which was sent to the Madrid government on May 23, 1853, with the unanimous signature of the consistory with its mayor, Josep Beltran i Ros at the head. The report received the support of the Catalan deputies and especially Pascual Madoz, deputy for Lérida and a key person in the demolition of the walls. Madoz became civil governor of Barcelona for barely seventy-five days when he became Minister of Finance of the progressive government, from where he urged the disentailment and promulgated a royal order that would put an end to the confrontations between the City Council and the Ministry of War. The order to demolish the walls of August 9, 1854, specified that the sea wall, Montjuic Castle, and the Citadel were to be maintained. The expansion project --------------------- ### The need for an expansion Plan of Barcelona and its surroundings (1855), by Ildefonso Cerdá The need to grow outside the walls was obvious, but we must also bear in mind the speculative effect that the urbanization of 1,100 hectares of land would have. With the competition opened by the city council in December 1840 and won by Monlau's "Abajo las Murallas" project, the period of transformation of the city began. In 1844 Miquel Garriga i Roca offered himself to the Barcelona City Council as municipal architect for the planning of the expansion, with a proposal focused on ornamental beautification operations. In 1846 Antonio Rovira y Trías published in the Boletín Enciclopédico de Nobles Artes a proposal for the formation of a geometric plan of Barcelona. ### The preparation of the Expansion Project In 1853, a year before the demolition of the walls, the city council began to prepare for the next stage by creating the Commission of the Corporations of Barcelona. It later became the Commission of the Eixample; it included representatives of the industry, the architects Josep Mas i Vila [ca], Francesc Daniel Molina i Casamajó, Josep Oriol Mestres i Esplugas [ca], Josep Fontserè i Domènech [ca], Joan Soler i Mestres [ca], and representatives of the press: Jaume Badia, Antonio Brusi y Ferrer, Tomás Barraquer and Antonio Gayolá. In 1855, the Ministry of Public Works commissioned Cerdá to draw up the topographical plan of the Llano de Barcelona, which was the extensive area between Barcelona and Gracia and from Sants to San Andrés de Palomar that had not been urbanized for military reasons. Cerdá was a person very sensitive to the hygienist currents, he applied his knowledge to develop, on his own, a Monograph of the working class (1856), a complete and deep statistical analysis of the living conditions within the city walls based on social, and economic, and nutritional aspects. The diagnosis was clear: the city was not suitable for "the new civilization, characterized by the application of steam energy in industry and the improvement of mobility and communication" (the optical telegraph was the other relevant invention). Aware of this deficiency, Cerdá began without any commission to structure his thinking, systematically exposed many years later (1867) in his great work: Teoría General de la Urbanización (General Theory of Urbanization). One of the most important features of Cerdá's proposal, what makes him stand out in the history of urban planning, is the search for coherence to account for the contradictory requirements of a complex agglomeration. He overcomes partial visions (utopian, cultural, monumental, rationalist city...) and goes in search of an integral city. The current expansion The year 1859 was a crucial year for the expansion. On February 2, Cerdá received an order from the central government to verify the study for the expansion within twelve months. The city council reacted immediately by calling on April 15 a public competition on plans for the widening with a deadline of July 31, although it was postponed to August 15. Meanwhile, Cerdá wasted no time, finished his project, and showed it -to gain support in Madrid- to Madoz, Laureano Figuerola, and the general director of Public Works, the Marquis of Corvera. But June 9, 1859, is the date on which the central government finally approved the widening plan designed by Cerdá using a royal order. From that moment on, there were technical, political, and economic disputes between the central and municipal governments. Concerning the municipal competition, thirteen projects were presented, the unanimous winner was Antonio Rovira y Trías on October 10, 1859. Following a royal order of December 17, all of them plus that of Cerdá were exposed indicating the deserved qualification, the City Council refraining from evaluating that of Cerdá. The issue was finally resolved on July 8, 1860, when the Ministry ordered the execution of the Cerdá Plan. ### Municipal contest The projects submitted to the Barcelona City Council competition to design an expansion for the city focused, in most cases, its solution in the "road from Barcelona to Gracia" that for some time was being consolidated urbanistically as Passeig de Gracia and that conditioned the possible solutions. These plans, unlike the one proposed by Cerdá, occupied a smaller area and were intended to accommodate fewer people, which is logical if we think that they obeyed the objectives of the bourgeoisie to reinforce social segregation. Thus, the winning plan of the widening competition, presented by Rovira i Trias, corresponds to the slogan that headed it: "The layout of a city is more the work of time than of the architect"; and Rovira himself stated that the proletarians could not live in what "will have to be properly called the city of Barcelona". The projects were submitted under pseudonyms and the plaques of the non-awarded projects were destroyed, so part of the documentation has been lost. #### Major Projects Project by Francesc Soler i Glòria * Soler y Gloria Project: Francisco Soler Gloria's project, which won the first runner-up prize, proposed a grid development based on two axes: one following a line towards France parallel to the sea and the other towards Madrid along the old Sarriá road. The two converged in the walled city. He proposed an industrial district on the other side of the Montjuïc mountain, a precursor idea of today's Zona Franca. The connection of the old city with Gracia was proposed by making a new avenue starting from the current Plaza de la Universidad. His motto was: "E". * Daniel Molina Project: No documentation of this project is preserved, except for the proposed solution for the Plaza de Cataluña. His motto was: "Hygiene, comfort, and beauty". Project by Josep Fontserè i Mestre * Josep Fontserè Project: José Fontseré was a young architect, son of the municipal architect José Fontseré Doménech, and won the third runner-up prize with a project that enhanced the centrality of Passeig de Gràcia and linked the neighboring centers with a set of diagonals that respected their original plots. His motto was: "Do not destroy to build, but conserve to rectify and build to enlarge". * Garriga i Roca Project: The municipal architect Miquel Garriga i Roca presented six projects. The best qualified responded to a grid solution that linked the city with Gracia, leaving only sketched lines that would have to continue developing the future plot. His motto was: "One more sacrifice to contribute to the Eixample of Barcelona". Project by Miquel Garriga i Roca * Other projects: The project of Josep Massanès and that of José María Planas proposed a mere extension while maintaining the wall around the new space. The latter had a similarity with the project presented by the "owners of the Paseo de Gracia" since both projects were based on a mere extension on both sides of the Paseo de Gracia. Two other simpler projects were that of Tomás Bertrán Soler, who proposed a new neighborhood in place of the Citadel, converting the Passeig de Sant Joan into an axis similar to the Rambla; and a very elementary one attributed to Francisco Soler Mestres, who died three days before the reading of the prizes. ### The Antoni Rovira project Winning project by Antonio Rovira y Trías According to the municipal council, the winning project was a proposal by Antoni Rovira based on a circular mesh that enveloped the walled city and grew radially, harmoniously integrating the surrounding villages. It was presented with the slogan: "Le tracé d'une ville est oeuvre du temps, plutôt que d'architecte". The phrase is originally from Léonce Reynaud, an architectural reference of Rovira. It was structured in three areas where the different sectors of the population were combined with social activities with a logic of neighborhoods and hierarchy of space and public services. Based on a proposal to replace the wall, a mesh of rectangular blocks with a central courtyard and a height of 19 meters was deployed. A few main streets were the junction between blocks of the hippodamus structure to readjust the square profile to the semicircle that surrounded the city. Rovira proposes his solution with a clear center located in the Plaza de Cataluña, while Cerdá moved the centrality to the Plaza de la Glorias. The plan provided a solution for the Plaza de Cataluña, which was not foreseen in the Cerdá plan. Rovira's plot responds to a contemporary and residential expansion model like the "ring" of Vienna or the Haussmann project in Paris. This model was more aligned with the future capitalist "Großstadt" that would claim the Renaixença and the Lliga. The Cerdá Plan -------------- After the unappealable approval of the central government, on September 4, 1860, Queen Isabella II laid the first stone of the Ensanche in the current Plaza de Cataluña. The growth of the city outside the walls was not rapid due to the lack of infrastructure and the distance from the city center. In the 1870s there was remarkable progress as investors saw a great business opportunity. The return of the Indianos with the end of the colonies brought important capital that had to be invested and found in the widening of its best destination. The so-called gold rush began. But the great interest ended up being detrimental to the initial plan, and the construction fever contributed to the progressive reduction of green spaces and facilities. Finally, the four sides of the blocks were built. The Exposición Universal (Universal Exposition) of 1888 meant a new impulse that allowed the renovation of some areas and the creation of public services. But it would be the great development of the late 19th century with the Modernism supported by the bourgeoisie that invested in buildings for rent, which would grow the Eixample in such a way that in 1897 Barcelona integrated the municipalities of Sants, Las Corts, San Gervasio de Cassolas, Gracia, San Andrés de Palomar, and San Martín de Provensals. ### The new language of Cerdá Plan of a set of two blocks of the Cerdá plot extracted from a pamphlet published in 1863. It corresponds to the sector located between Gran Vía and Diputación, and between Roger de Lauria and Gerona, then named with letters and numbers: M and N, 31, 32, and 33. The plan provided the primary classification of the territory: the "roads" and the "inter-road" spaces. The former constitute the public space for mobility, meeting, support for service networks (water, sanitation, gas...), trees (more than 100,000 street trees), lighting, and street furniture. The "intervías" (island, block, or square) are the spaces of private life, where multi-family buildings are gathered in two rows around an inner courtyard through which all dwellings (without exception) receive sunshine, natural light, ventilation, and joie de vivre, as demanded by the hygienist movements. Cerdá defended the balance between urban values and rural advantages. "Ruralize that which is urban, urbanize that which is rural" is the message launched at the beginning of his General Theory of Urbanization. In other words, its purpose was to give priority to "content" (people) over "container" (stones or gardens). The shape, such an obsessive theme in most plans, is but an instrument, albeit of the utmost importance, but often too decisive and sometimes overbearing. Cerdá's magic consists of conceiving the city from the home. The intimacy of the home is considered an absolute priority and, in a time of large families (three generations), to make possible the freedom of all members could be considered utopian. Cerdá believes that the ideal dwelling is the isolated, the rural. However, the enormous advantages of the city force to compact, the essence of the urban fact, and to design a house that allows it to fit in a multi-family building in height, and enjoy, thanks to careful distribution, double ventilation from the street, and the inner courtyard of the "block". The presence of the sun is assured in all cases. ### Structure of the Cerdá Plan Street section of the expansion as it appeared in the project. In the plan proposed by Cerdá for the city, the optimism and unlimited foresight of growth, the programmed absence of a privileged center, and its mathematical, geometric character and scientific vision stand out. Obsessed by the hygienist aspects that he had studied in depth and having wide freedom to configure the city since the plain of Barcelona had almost no construction, his structure takes maximum advantage of the direction of the winds to facilitate oxygenation and cleaning of the atmosphere. Along the same line, he assigned a key role to the parks and interior gardens of the blocks, although later speculation greatly altered this plan. He fixed the location of trees in the streets (1 every 8 meters) and chose the shade plane tree to populate the city after analyzing which species would be the most suitable for living in the city. In addition to the hygienic aspects, Cerdá was concerned about mobility. He defined an unusual width of streets, partly to escape from the inhuman density that the city lived, but also thinking of a motorized future with its own spaces separated from those of social coexistence that reserved them for the interior areas. He incorporated the layout of railway lines that had influenced his vision of the future when he visited France, although he is aware that these have to go underground, and he was concerned that each neighborhood should have an area dedicated to public buildings. In this sense, he includes the advances within his progressive ideology when he stated: > ...when railways have become generalized, all European nations will be one city, and all families, only one, and their forms of government will be the same. > Cerdà, 1851 > > Diagram of the street axes included in the Cerdá Plan The most outstanding formal solution of the project was the incorporation of the block; its crucial and singular form concerning other European cities is marked by its square structure of 113.33 meters with 45º chamfers. ### The geometry of the expansion (Ensanche) Cerdá's hippodamus grid provided for streets 20, 30, and 60 meters wide. The blocks had construction on only two of the four sides, giving a density of 800,000 people. With the original design, the expansion would have been fully occupied by 1900, although both Cerdá himself and, later, some speculative actions substantially densified it. Schematic diagram of the operation of the crossings included in the Cerdá Plan Cerdà proposed the "Ensanche ilimitado" (unlimited expansion) a regular and unperturbed grid along the entire urban layout. Unlike other proposals that broke its repetitive rhythm to put green spaces or services, Cerdà's proposal encompasses them internally and allowed to set a continuous repetition in the plan with the ability to alter it when appropriate. The egalitarian principle that Cerdà wanted to imprint in his urban planning justifies this homogeneity in search of equality, not only between social classes, but also for the convenience of the traffic of people and vehicles, since whether one circulates along a road as if it is done by its transversals, the crossings between them are at the same distance, and in the absence of some roads more comfortable than others, the value of habitats will tend to be equalized. The engineer's vision was of growth and modernity; his genius allowed him to anticipate future urban traffic conflicts 30 years before the invention of the automobile. Diagram of sunlight on the blocks Regarding the orientation, the roads run parallel to the sea, some of them, and perpendicular, others, so that the orientation of the vertices of the squares coincide with the cardinal points and therefore all sides have direct sunlight throughout the day, denoting once again the importance that the designer attaches to the solar phenomenon. Cerdá deployed the layout on the spine of the Gran Vía. He works with modules of 10 x 10 "blocks" (which Cerdá considered a district) and which correspond to the main crossroads (Plaza de la Glorias Catalanas; Plaza Tetuán; Plaza Universidad), with a wider street every 5 (Calle Marina; Vía Layetana that would cross the old city 50 years later; Calle Urgell). With these proportions, as well as the resulting "block" size, Cerdá managed to place one of the wide streets leading down from the mountain to the sea on each side of the old city (Urgell and Sant Joan) with 15 blocks in between. The streets are generally 20 meters wide, of which at present the central 10 meters are destined for the roadway and 5 meters on each side for sidewalks. The width of the streets, as in the Parisian model of Haussmann, is associated with a military vision to suppress internal uprisings. We recall that Cerdá had experienced firsthand the workers' revolts of 1855. The praise that the plan received from his contemporaries was to consider the rectilinear format as advantageous for artillery fire. #### Exceptions to regularity Projection of module 10 used by Cerdá for the layout of the main and diagonal roads. In red, are some of the old roads that have survived the Cerdá grid. The Ensanche ilimitado (unlimited expansion) of the city showed little sensitivity to the integration of the urban fabric of the peripheral villages. The links with these nuclei were not foreseen, except for San Andrés de Palomar, bordered by Meridiana Avenue, and the canals of human tradition were ignored. In 1907 the City Council approved the Jaussely Plan, a plan of links to solve these deficiencies. Some of the criteria included in this plan and the maintenance of the use of some roads during the development of the Cerdá plan have prevented their disappearance. Pere IV Street (the old road to France), Mistral Avenue (the old road to Sants and linking with Carmen Street in the walled city), Roma Avenue (old road to Las Corts) or Gracia crossroads (the old Roman road), are some examples. Special mention deserves the design of Paseo de Gracia and Rambla de Cataluña, where to respect the old road of Gracia and the natural slope of the waters, hence the name Rambla, Cerdá traced only two consecutive roads of special width where in reality attending to the layout of 113, In addition, the Paseo de Gracia, to respect the old layout, is not exactly parallel in the rest of the streets, which means that the existing blocks between the two aforementioned roads, although they have an orthogonal design with chamfers, present irregularities that give them the shape of trapezoids. To all this, we must add the presence of some of special characters that do not follow the grid layout but cross it diagonally, such as the Diagonal Avenue itself, the Meridiana Avenue, the Parallel, and others that were designed respecting the existence of ancient communication routes with neighboring towns. #### Geometry of blocks Standard block dimensions The dimensions of the blocks are given by the aforementioned distances between the longitudinal axes of the streets and the same width of these roads, so that by establishing a standard width of 20 meters, the blocks are formed by quadrilaterals of 113.3 meters, their vertices truncated in the form of a chamfer of 15 meters, which gives a block area of 1.24 hectares, contrary to popular belief that they have an exact area of 1 hectare. The figure of 113.3 meters has had various justifications. Manuel de Solà-Morales considers that the 5 blocks between the old bastion of Tallers (now Plaça Universitat) and that of Jonqueres (now Plaça Urquinaona) are the ones that mark the factor from which the rest is built. Cerdà justified the chamfering of the vertexes of the blocks from the point of view of the visibility that this gives to road traffic and in a vision of the future in which he was not more mistaken than in the term used to define the vehicle, he spoke of the private locomotives that one day would circulate through the streets and the need to create a wider space at each intersection to favor the stopping of these locomotives. The first generalization of the use of the chamfer or ochava was given throughout Argentina as a result of the decree of the Minister of Government and later President Bernardino Rivadavia "Edificios y calles de las ciudades y pueblos" ("Buildings and streets of cities and towns") of December 14, 1821. Almost 4 decades later it became generalized for the first time in Spain thanks to Ildefonso Cerdá, who had studied the case of Buenos Aires and its chamfers for the writing of his work "Teoría de la construcción de las ciudades, vol. 1" (Theory of the construction of cities, vol. 1). Barcelona, 1859 and replicates it in his planimetric design for Barcelona (1856), known as The Cerdá Plan, where the chamfers are as long as the conventional streets are wide (20 meters), to allow vehicles to turn without sharp turns, as they go from having to turn at right angles to obtuse ones. In addition, it allowed better visibility of adjacent roads, and had the added advantage of relieving traffic at intersections by giving them an additional surface area. The chamfer was copied by other Spanish urban extensions, becoming widespread in the Iberian Peninsula. The design of some wider tracks, without disturbing the regular 113.3 m grid, makes it possible to adequately reduce the dimensions of the blocks affected by the widening of the tracks, as is the case of Gran Vía de las Cortes Catalanas, under which the metro and train circulate, Aragón Street, where for many years the railroad ran in the open air until it was finally buried, Urgell Street and others. Block design and grouping Within the space of each block, Cerdá conceived two basic forms to locate the buildings, one presented two parallel blocks located on opposite sides, leaving inside a large rectangular space for the garden and the other presented two blocks joined in an "L" shape located on two adjacent sides of the block, leaving in the rest a large square space also for the garden. The succession of blocks of the first type resulted in a large longitudinal garden that crossed the streets and the grouping of 4 blocks of the second type, conveniently arranged, forming a large built square crossed by two perpendicular streets and with its four gardens united in one. ### The non-acceptance of the Cerdá plan Already before its approval, it was opposed by municipalists more for what it represented (the imposition from Madrid) than for its content. The Barcelona elites acted against the plan in the same way they were acting against the growing popular protests. The anti-authoritarian, anti-hierarchical, egalitarian and rationalist character of the plan clashed directly with the vision of the bourgeoisie who preferred to have Paris or Washington as a reference for a new city with a more particularist architecture. The figure of Cerdá also generated antipathy among architects who could not forgive him for the confrontation that had involved assigning urban planning responsibility to an engineer. Cerdá suffered a personal smear campaign full of legends and lies. It was of no use that he was from a Catalan family originating in the 15th century, nor that he had proclaimed the Catalan federal republic from the balcony of the Generalitat de Catalunya, for it to be spread that he was "not Catalan". Domènech i Montaner claimed that the width of the streets would produce drafts that would prevent a comfortable life. To cope with this, he distributed the pavilions of his Hospital de San Pablo in the opposite direction to the alignment of the street. In 1905, 50 years after the approval of the plan, Prat de la Riba expressed his deep indignation "against the governments that imposed on us the monotonous and shameful grid" instead of the system he dreamed of a city radiated from the old historical capital. ### Evolution of the Cerdá Plan #### The structure of the blocks Evolution of the block structure from the Plan to the present day The opposition to Cerdá and his Plan by the people of Barcelona facilitated the emergence of speculative activities and arguments that tried to get more built space. The first of them was that if the streets were 20 meters wide, it could well increase the depth of the buildings to the same extent, the central area of the blocks was subsequently occupied with low buildings, destined in most cases to workshops and small family industries, thus disappearing most of the central gardens, so that as a last resort to increase the built land, the two sides already built were joined with buildings that joined them, completely closing the blocks. #### Evolution of the building´s height. The "ski lifts" Evolution of building height It seemed that at this point the speculative process ended, but a new argument appeared: if the streets were 20 meters wide, there should be no inconvenience for the buildings to have a height of 20 m instead of the projected 16 m, since the increase in height, with the sun at 45º, illuminates any building in its entirety without any neighboring building casting a shadow; this argument, together with the construction of lower ceilings, resulted in a gain of two stories in height. Finally, taking into account the previous theory, if an additional floor is built on top of the current building, but with the façade set back towards the interior of the building by the same amount as the height of this floor, it would increase the built space without the shadow of the building affecting the neighboring buildings if the sun is at 45º; thus the attic floor was born, and by the same theory the attic floor was built, with the façade set back again by the same amount as the height of this new floor. Bibliography ------------ * Permanyer, Lluís (2008). L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona. * Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (2007). Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona. * Huertas Claveria, Josep Maria i Fabre, Jaume (2000). Burgesa i revolucionària: la Barcelona del segle XX. Barcelona: Flor del Vent. * Bohigas, Oriol (1963). Barcelona entre el pla Cerdà i el barraquisme. Barcelona: Edicions 62. * Santa-Maria, Glòria (2009). Decidir la ciutat futura. Barcelona 1859. Barcelona: Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
\| * v * t * e Norway and World War II \| \| --- \| \| Key events \| * Operation Weserübung * Norwegian campaign * Elverum Authorization * Occupation * Resistance * Camps * The Holocaust * Telavåg * Martial law in Trondheim (1942) * Festung Norwegen * Heavy water sabotage * Liberation of Finnmark * Post-war purge \| \| People \| * Haakon VII * Crown Prince Olav * Johan Nygaardsvold * Halvdan Koht * C. J. Hambro * Carl Gustav Fleischer * Otto Ruge * Jens Christian Hauge * Gunnar Sønsteby * Vidkun Quisling * Jonas Lie * Sverre Riisnæs * Josef Terboven * Wilhelm Rediess * Henry Rinnan * Nikolaus von Falkenhorst \| \| Organizations \| * Milorg * XU * Linge * Osvald Group * Nortraship * Nasjonal Samling * Hirden * Statspolitiet * Sonderabteilung Lola \| Boy Roald Rist (1 January 1912 – 16 November 1972) was a member of the Norwegian resistance movement during the German occupation of Norway in World War II. He was an naval officer, and a member Norwegian Independent Company 1 a part of Special Operations Executive (SOE). He was awarded the War Cross with sword, Norway's highest award. Background ---------- Rist hailed from Vestvågøy in the Lofoten Islands. After primary school, he completed (in 1929) the seaman's course on Statsraad Lehmkuhl and started serving on vessels in international trade. In 1935 he took the exams for the coastal skipper certificate, and from 1936 to 1939 he worked as a fishmonger and a farmer. From October 1939 Rist served on Heimdal, which had been mobilised to safeguard Norwegian neutrality. Second World War ---------------- When the Germans attacked Norway on 9 April 1940, Rist was still in service on Heimdal. He took part in the fighting in northern Norway. Left Tromsø 6 June, escape to England via Shetland - Scotland, Rosyth Naval Station, Edinburgh before he came over to the UK. During World War II served Rist in the Navy, where he sailed in convoy and served on Corvette and Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB). In June 1940 Rist underwent a Gunner course in Helenslee. Then he was a gunner on the merchant ship SS Marita, which went in convoy traffic between Canada and the United Kingdom. 3 trips UK - Canada - UK, convoy escort each end out to 300nmil of the coast, then unprotected except his own gun. The convoys had 50% loss on these trips. In December 1940, Rist went with SS Marita to Freetown in Sierra Leone. Attacked by German raider off the Canary Islands. Mutiny on board, and the steam engine lost power. Got the help of British Merchant raider. "Clear ship" was declared mutiny hit down.[clarification needed] Went alone round trip to England. On the return trip to England he became ill with malaria and was hospitalized in London. This was during the time London was very heavily bombed in the battle of Britain. After he recovered, he was ordered to serve on the corvette Eglantine, which was transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy and was outfitted in Belfast before the ship was put into escort service in the Atlantic convoys. In 1942 Rist also took courses and received training as a commando. In May 1943 he moved to MTB Flotilla in Shetland. Rist was on four trips to occupied Norway, before he later in 1943 was back again in service on Eglantine. From February 1944 Rist was in preparation for Operation Overlord, and in June 1944 he participated in the Normandy landings. Under the alias "Otto Borgen" Rist was in December 1944 appointed Secretary at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm. From Sweden Rist participated in the Polar Bear expeditions, a series of operations aimed to secure Norwegian ports during an invasion or German withdrawal. Early in 1945 Rist served as Head of Polar Bear 1, where the goal was to protect the port of Narvik. The Unit operated from a Sepalis base in Sweden. During a mission across the border to Norway Rist and other participants were discovered by a German patrol on 13 April 1945 and engaged in a fire-fight. The fight went in Norwegians favour and three Germans were killed. After the fire-fight Rist and his companion made their way back across the border to Sweden. On the basis of this effort Rist was on 20 September 1946 awarded the War Cross "for outstanding efforts during the execution of special mission." Postwar ------- Rist was working for the establishment of naval force of the Home Guard (Norway). In 1951 Rist led the nation's first Naval Home Guard courses in Reine, Lofoten. He was since then often called the Naval Home Guard father. He was head of the Naval Coast Guard in northern Norway. In March August 1966 he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander for special service in the Navy and in March the following year came the appointment to lieutenant commander. On 19 December 1969 was Rist promoted to Commander. Honours and awards ------------------ In addition to the \*War Cross with sword (in Norwegian) – received Rist several other Norwegian and British awards. Rist was awarded the Norwegian War Medal, the Medal for Heroic Deeds in silver, the Defence Medal 1940–1945 with Rosette, and the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal from Norway as well as the 1939-1945 Star, the Atlantic Star with clasp, and the Defence Medal from Britain. He was also "Mentioned in Dispatches for bravery" by Dwight Eisenhower in conjunction with effort on D-Day and the liberation of Europe. Krigsmedaljen stripe Medaljen for edel dåd stripe Deltagermedaljen med rosett stripe 1939-45 Star Atlantic Star w clasp BAR.svg Defence Medal
This article is about rectifiable sets in measure theory. For rectifiable curves, see Arc length. In mathematics, a rectifiable set is a set that is smooth in a certain measure-theoretic sense. It is an extension of the idea of a rectifiable curve to higher dimensions; loosely speaking, a rectifiable set is a rigorous formulation of a piece-wise smooth set. As such, it has many of the desirable properties of smooth manifolds, including tangent spaces that are defined almost everywhere. Rectifiable sets are the underlying object of study in geometric measure theory. Definition ---------- A Borel subset E of Euclidean space \mathbb {R} ^{n} is said to be m-rectifiable set if E is of Hausdorff dimension m, and there exist a countable collection \{f\_{i}\} of continuously differentiable maps f\_i:\mathbb{R}^m \to \mathbb{R}^n such that the m-Hausdorff measure {\mathcal {H}}^{m} of {\displaystyle E\setminus \bigcup \_{i=0}^{\infty }f\_{i}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{m}\right)} is zero. The backslash here denotes the set difference. Equivalently, the f\_{i} may be taken to be Lipschitz continuous without altering the definition. Other authors have different definitions, for example, not requiring E to be m-dimensional, but instead requiring that E is a countable union of sets which are the image of a Lipschitz map from some bounded subset of \mathbb {R} ^{n}. A set E is said to be purely m-unrectifiable if for every (continuous, differentiable) f:\mathbb{R}^m \to \mathbb{R}^n, one has \mathcal{H}^m \left(E \cap f\left(\mathbb{R}^m\right)\right)=0. A standard example of a purely-1-unrectifiable set in two dimensions is the Cartesian product of the Smith–Volterra–Cantor set times itself. ### Rectifiable sets in metric spaces Federer (1969, pp. 251–252) gives the following terminology for m-rectifiable sets E in a general metric space X. 1. E is m rectifiable when there exists a Lipschitz map f:K \to E for some bounded subset K of \mathbb {R} ^{m} onto E. 2. E is countably m rectifiable when E equals the union of a countable family of m rectifiable sets. 3. E is countably (\phi,m) rectifiable when \phi is a measure on X and there is a countably m rectifiable set F such that \phi(E\setminus F)=0. 4. E is (\phi,m) rectifiable when E is countably (\phi,m) rectifiable and \phi(E)<\infty 5. E is purely (\phi,m) unrectifiable when \phi is a measure on X and E includes no m rectifiable set F with \phi(F)>0. Definition 3 with \phi=\mathcal{H}^m and X=\mathbb{R}^n comes closest to the above definition for subsets of Euclidean spaces.
New Zealand architect Lockwood's silver fern flag over Wellington, New Zealand's capital city Kyle Simon Lockwood JP (born 1977) is a New Zealand architectural designer based in Melbourne, Australia. He is known for leading the successful campaign for the New Zealand Government to reintroduce the duration of the New Zealand passport to ten years, and for designing the two flags that came first and second, in the first New Zealand flag referendum. He also successfully lobbied for the introduction of the popular 18+ (now Kiwi Access) card. Lockwood's Silver Fern Flag design was voted in as the official Preferred Alternative New Zealand Flag in the first referendum, in March 2016 the existing Flag of New Zealand won the second referendum. Since December 2020, Lockwood has served as a Justice of the Peace in the state of Victoria. Early life ---------- Lockwood was born in 1977 in Wellington, New Zealand. His father, Simon Lockwood, represented New Zealand in underwater hockey, and was team captain. As the team used the silver fern as their symbol, Lockwood grew fond of this symbol. His mother is Barbara Lockwood. He is descended from Ngāti Porou ki Hauraki Māori. His early life was also influenced by his grandparents, Kathy and Walter Lockwood, who were both born in the United Kingdom, and served in the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force respectively. During World War Two, Walter Lockwood served as a Chindit behind Japanese enemy lines in Burma. Kyle attended Lyall Bay School and Evans Bay Intermediate School in the Wellington suburb of Kilbirnie. After high school at Rongotai College, he volunteered in the New Zealand Army before working for the Wellington City Council for four years in the building consent department. In 1999 he attended Massey University and studied architectural technology, graduating in 2001. Flag designs ------------ Lockwood's silver fern flag design, voted first in the first New Zealand flag referendumIn one of the lectures at Massey University, the topic of attaching flagpoles to buildings came up, and Lockwood started sketching a flag. He considered a Union Jack but thought that a silver fern was more appropriate, and added the Southern Cross from the current New Zealand flag. Lockwood put the design away and published it about three years later in 2003. The flag design won a competition in July 2004 run by The Hutt News. The flag appeared on Campbell Live in 2005 and won an online poll that included the present national flag. In January 2014, then Prime Minister, John Key, announced that a binding flag referendum could be held with in conjunction with the 2014 general election. Whilst the date for the September 2014 election was missed, the New Zealand flag referendums went ahead and five of Lockwood's flags made it into an initial long list of 40 flags. Despite a UMR poll predicting a vote of 35%, the Silver Fern Flag gained a significant minority in the second referendum with 43.2% of the vote, whilst the existing flag won with 56.6% of the vote. After the second referendum, the flag continued to make appearances in the International media. In the first New Zealand cricket test against Zimbabwe on 28 July 2016, the flag was featured in the opening graphics sequence, The flag is also still seen flying from flagpoles around New Zealand, Kip Colvey a prominent US/NZ football player, appeared in Fairfax media on 26 December 2016, in front of the flag. Lockwood's silver fern design featured in the prototype livery of the 'Electron' rocket in Rocket Lab's New Zealand space program, The first Electron rocket was launched in 2017. The silver fern design is also featured in the New Zealand Walk of Fame in Orewa, Auckland, which was originally dedicated in September 2016. The design was also used after New Zealand's victory in the America's Cup, to welcome Pete Burling, and his Emirates Team New Zealand, at victory parades which were held in New Zealand's main cities throughout July 2017. Passport campaign ----------------- In November 2005, when the New Zealand Government reduced the validity of the New Zealand passport from ten years to five, the move was unpopular with the New Zealand travelling public. Lockwood's interest in the matter was raised when he witnessed a young mother refused travel for herself and her child because there were less than six months left on the mother's five-year passport. Lockwood set up a Facebook page called "Bring Back 10 Year NZ Passports" in January 2013 and a website nzten.com, which attracted much attention. The media picked up on the initiative during January 2013 and the first article appeared in Fairfax Media on 20 January. The group submitted the Petition of Kyle Lockwood with 15,900 signatures to parliament on 4 December 2013. Prior to the 2014 general election Lockwood successfully negotiated with all main political parties to adopt ten-year passport policy. The then prime minister, John Key, gave his first indication that a return to a 10-year validity period could be considered, in May 2014. An official review of the validity period was announced in August 2014, a month before the general election. Law changes were passed, and after 30 November 2015, 10-year passports were available again for New Zealanders. Lockwood is regularly interviewed by media regarding passport matters, in January 2021, the Dominion Post asked whether he supported recommendations that passports be renewed in pandemic settings, Lockwood suggested that some sort of a discount should be offered by Government, as an incentive to renew, before an inevitable rush on passports occurred once borders were opened for international travel. Lockwood was also interviewed by Newshub on 9 September 2022 after the death of Queen Elizabeth II, as there was concern that passport validity may be affected due to NZ passports being issued in the name of Her Majesty, Lockwood commented that passport validity will not be affected. 18+ card campaign ----------------- In 1998 Lockwood successfully campaigned the New Zealand Government for a photographic evidence of age card to be made available to those who do not possess a driver licence or passport. At the time driver licences in New Zealand did not include a photograph and the legal age to purchase alcohol in New Zealand was 20 (or 18 if accompanied by a parent) Lockwood noted that many young New Zealanders who appeared to be under 25 were refused access to bars and clubs or could not purchase alcohol elsewhere unless they presented a valid passport. Lockwood appeared before the Justice and Law Reform Parliamentary Select Committee on the Sale of Liquor Amendment Bill and argued that a photographic ID was necessary for those that do not hold a driver licence or passport. The committee recommended that an evidence of age card be made official and after the Sale of Liquor Amendment Act 1999 was gazetted the Hospitality NZ 18+ Card Evidence of Age Document was made available to New Zealanders and overseas citizens alike who do not wish to use a passport to purchase alcohol in New Zealand. While originally developed as a means for younger people to prove they were over 18, the card grew in popularity amongst older people who do not have a driver licence or passport, who were looking for a cost-effective, nationally recognised form of photo ID. In recognition of the growing popularity of the 18+ card, and to better facilitate access to goods and services for everyone, across all sections of society in New Zealand, and to verify proof of age and identity throughout New Zealand, from 14 January 2019, the 18+ card was renamed the Kiwi Access Card. Justice of the Peace -------------------- In December 2020 Lockwood was appointed as a Justice of the Peace (JP) for Victoria by Governor Linda Dessau. In Victoria a JP is an honourable individual who has a commitment to provide honorary justice services, including certified copies, certifying true identity, witnessing statutory declarations and affidavits, and attesting powers of attorney for members of the community. Lockwood became a JP after finding there was a shortage of Justices of the Peace in his local area in Melbourne, his great aunt also served as a JP in New South Wales.
Lancelot Pease Clark (30 April 1936 – 27 February 2018), was an English shoemaker, businessman, and member of the Clark family, which is the majority owner of shoe retailer Clarks. Career ------ Clark was born in Street, Somerset into the sixth generation of the Clarks shoemaking family. He was educated at Leighton Park School and New College, Oxford. While working in the family business, he was managing director of Clarks UK, prior to the business being placed under non-family management. He is credited with the creation of the Wallabee shoe in 1965. After retiring from Clarks, Clark went on to work with the Edward Green and Terra Plana shoe brands. As of 2017, the Clark family still owned more than 80 per cent of the company, according to The Sunday Times. Lancelot Clark's branch of the family collectively owned about 25 per cent. In 2008, Clark set up ethical footwear brand Soul of Africa, which raises money for South African orphans who have lost their parents to AIDS. Personal life ------------- Based in Street, Somerset for much of his life, Clark was a painter. He had seven children in total, four in his first marriage: Galahad, Odette, Conrad and Tony, as well as three in his second: Yoyi, Yomei and Fiona.
Mary Frances Clardy (born November 15, 1958) is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2023. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Clardy represents District 53A in the southeastern Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Inver Grove Heights, Sunfish Lake, Lilydale, and parts of both Mendota Heights and West St. Paul in Dakota County. Early life, education, and career --------------------------------- Clardy grew up in Burnsville, Minnesota, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Minnesota State University, Mankato, her teaching certificate from the University of St. Thomas, and a Master of Education from Grand Canyon University. Clardy has worked as a teacher in Saint Paul, a housing advocate, and a civil rights commissioner. She became involved with the advocacy group Educators for Excellence and co-authored a policy paper proposing legislative solutions to recruit and retain teachers of color. Clardy served on the Minneapolis Civil Rights Commission. Governor Mark Dayton appointed her to serve on the Minnesota Board of Teaching from 2014 to 2017, and Governor Tim Walz appointed her to the Minnesota Board of School Administrators in 2019. She has also served on the Inver Grove Heights School Board and the Board of the Association of Metropolitan School Districts. Minnesota House of Representatives ---------------------------------- Clardy was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 2022. She first ran for an open seat created by the 2022 legislative redistricting process. Clardy serves as vice chair of the Education Finance Committee and sits on the Sustainable Infrastructure Policy, Veterans and Military Affairs Finance and Policy, and Human Services Finances Committees. She is a member of the House People of Color and Indigenous (POCI) Caucus and the Black Maternal Health Caucus. ### Political positions Clardy supports initiatives to recruit and retain more teachers of color in Minnesota schools, and authored a "safe schools" bill that would increase funding for school security, drug prevention, and cybersecurity. She also carried a proposal to help create a public awareness campaign about the effects of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in underserved communities. Electoral history ----------------- 2022 Minnesota State House - District 53A\| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Democratic (DFL) \| Mary Frances Clardy \| 10,777 \| 54.51 \| \| \| Republican \| Todd Kruse \| 8,188 \| 41.41 \| \| \| Legal Marijuana Now \| Brent Jacobson \| 785 \| 3.97 \| \| \| \| Write-in \| 22 \| 0.11 \| \| Total votes \| 19,772 \| 100.0 \| \| \| Democratic (DFL) hold \| Personal life ------------- Clardy resides in Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota. She identifies as Black. While teaching in Saint Paul, Clardy was injured by a student and suffered a traumatic brain injury, having to relearn how to walk, talk, read, and write.
French royalist military officer (1772–1794) Henri du Vergier, comte de la Rochejaquelein (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi dy vɛʁʒje kɔ̃t də la ʁɔʃʒaklɛ̃]; 30 August 1772 – 28 January 1794) was the youngest general of the Royalist Vendéan insurrection during the French Revolution. At the age of 21, he served as commander-in-chief of the Catholic and Royal Army. Biography --------- ### Early activities Born in the Château de la Durbelière, Saint-Aubin-de-Baubigné, near Châtillon, La Rochejaquelein joined the Royal Polish Regiment, of which his father was colonel, in 1787. In February 1789 he became a member of the Flanders regiment of chasseurs. In March 1792 he became a member of the Constitutional Guard, charged with protecting the King of France. He fought for the first time defending the Tuileries Palace on the 10 August 1792 attack, as an officer of the Constitutional Guard of King Louis XVI. Returning to his home province, he refused to comply with the levée en masse called by the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars and joined his cousin Louis Marie de Lescure on the latter's estates in Poitou. ### Rebellion Henri de La Rochejacquelein at the Battle of Cholet in 1793, by Paul-Émile Boutigny, Resistance to conscription soon escalated into a full rebellion, known as the War in the Vendée. Soon after, De la Rochejaquelein and his compatriots started fighting the troops of the French Republic with Maurice d'Elbée and the Marquis de Bonchamps from April 1793. There, he gave his famous order, "Mes amis, si j'avance, suivez-moi! Si je recule, tuez-moi! Si je meurs, vengez-moi!" (literal translation: "Friends, if I advance, follow me! If I retreat, kill me! If I die, avenge me!"). Leading a few thousand Vendéan peasants, De la Rochejaquelein gained his first victory over the French Revolutionary Army on 13 April, took part to the taking of Bressuire on 3 May, in the Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte on 25 May and in the Battle of Saumur on 9 June. At Fontenay he was famous for his contempt for danger, wearing three red handkerchiefs; on his head, around his neck and at his waist to defy the Republican gunners. After Fontenay his companions decided that they would also wear three red handkerchiefs so that De la Rochejacquelin could not be singled out. In August, after the Battle of Luçon, he regrouped the Vendéan army, which was on the verge of being disbanded, and won the Battle of Chantonnay on 5 September. On 13 September the thumb of his right hand was shattered by a bullet during an engagement with Republicans at Martigné-Briand but he continued to fire at his opponents. His famous portrait by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin shows him with his right arm in a sling, shooting with his left hand. He had to retreat across the Loire after being beaten in the Second Battle of Cholet, on 17 October. ### Final months The Death of Henri de La Rochejaquelein, painting by Alexandre Bloch On 20 October, De la Rochejaquelein was unanimously elected as commander-in-chief of the Catholic and Royal Army, replacing D'Elbée who had been severely wounded in Cholet. However, his bravery did not compensate for his lack of experience and strategic skills. He marched onto Granville, took Avranches on 12 November but failed to seize Granville and retreated to Angers in order to cross the Loire. Larger forces under François Séverin Marceau, Jean Baptiste Kléber, and François Joseph Westermann gave chase, defeating him once in Le Mans on 12 December and again, more severely, on 23 December in Savenay. After this decisive rout, the Catholic and Royal Army was no longer a fighting force; De la Rochejacquelein had to take to the woods disguised as a peasant. He managed to save the remains of his army by crossing the Loire, and left under the criticism of his fellow companions. While trying to pursue a guerrilla war against the Republicans, he was killed by a Republican soldier near Nuaillé on 28 January 1794. On a reconnaissance mission he had spotted two Republican soldiers who pretended to surrender to him, but then shot him in the forehead. His brother Louis became the head of the royalists in Vendée in 1813 and furthered the royalist cause there during the Hundred Days period. He fell in battle at Pont-de-Mathis on 4 June 1815.
2022 Indian film *Kuttram Kuttrame* (lit. 'Crime is crime') is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language crime thriller film written and directed by Suseenthiran and produced by D Company and presented by Axess Film Factory. The film stars Jai in the lead role with a supporting cast including Bharathiraja, Harish Uthaman, Smruthi Venkat and Dhivya Duraisamy. The film's music is composed by Ajesh, with cinematography handled by R. Velraj and editing done by Kasi Viswanathan. The film was released as a television premiere directly via Kalaignar TV on 14 April 2022 coinciding with Tamil New Year. Plot ---- A schoolgirl falls into a river and drowns on March 9, 2005. On March 5, 2021, another schoolgirl is injured in a car accident and hospitalized. A doctor says that there is no hope to save the girl, and prays. On the morning of March 20, 2020, Kokila is found unconscious; her husband, Eeshwaran, brings her to the hospital. The doctors say that Kokila died from an overdose of sleeping pills. Her uncle, SI Naatrayan, thinks that it was murder; Kokila's parents believe that Eeshwaran is innocent. Naatrayan discovers that Eeshwaran and Kokila had been fighting, and he beat her. Eeshwaran is rumored to be having an affair with his niece, Priya, and they stayed overnight at a lodge. Priya is trying to hide something from Naatrayan, and burns medical reports which Naatrayan sees. Naatrayan concludes that Eeshwaran and Priya murdered Kokila, and Eeshwaran married Kokila for her money. He shows the evidence to Kokila's parents, and her mother files a complaint. DSP Muthukaruppan learns that Eeshwaran's uncle wanted him to manage his farmlands. After seeing Eeshwaran's hard work, he wanted his daughter Kokila to marry him. Eeshwaran and Kokila married and were apparently happy, but Priya and Kokila were rivals for Eeshwaran. During Kokila's pregnancy, her parents suggested to Eeshwaran that Priya move to Coimbatore for her studies. Eeshwaran has already suggested this to Priya, but she is unwilling; she wanted to marry Eeshwaran from an early age, and says that her only happiness is with him. Kokila's parents try to take Kokila with them for a few days to comfort her. Eeshwaran takes Priya to a lodge, and meets with Kokila's parents. Kokila accidentally poisons her baby with apple-seed paste, and the baby dies. She is depressed and, during an argument with Eeshwaran, he injures her. Priya brings her to the hospital without Eeshwaran's knowledge, and burns the medical records to divert suspicion from him. Naatrayan gets drunk and kidnaps Priya, believing that she is the murderer. He later tries to hang her, thinking that he can convince the village that she killed herself out of guilt for killing Kokila. Naatrayan and Eeshwaran fight, and it is learned that Naatrayan is also at blame for Kokila's suicide. Kokila pushed her childhood friend Chitra off a bridge into a river during a minor argument, and Naatrayan covers it up. Kokila's child dies on the anniversary of Chitra's death, and she believes that it is divine retribution. A few months later, Muthu (Chitra's brother) meets Eeshwaran and asks who suggested the apple-seed paste. Naatrayan's friend saw Chitra get pushed off the bridge, and blackmails Naatrayan. Naatrayan later blackmails his friend, who decides to tell Muthu the truth. Muthu decides to kill Kokila, when her child dies unexpectedly. Eeshwaran says that he did not take revenge against Muthu, since his mother has already lost one child. It is learned that the girl who had the car accident Muthu's daughter. Muthu commits suicide, and hopes that his daughter will live. Cast ---- * Jai as Eeshwaran * Bharathiraja as DSP Muthukaruppan * Harish Uthaman as SI M. Naatrayan * Smruthi Venkat as Priya * Dhivya Duraisamy as Kokila * Aruldoss * Madurai Muthu as Muthu * R. Velraj * Kasi Viswanathan * B. Sekar Soundtrack ---------- The soundtrack and score is composed by Ajesh and the album featured two songs. The audio rights were acquired by Think Music. Track listing\| No. \| Title \| Lyrics \| Singer(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1. \| "Nee Pirindhadheno" \| Viveka \| Ajesh \| 3:25 \| \| 2. \| "Maaman Magale" \| Yugabharathi \| Benny Dayal, Pravin Saivi, Ajesh \| 4:07 \| Reception --------- Avinash Ramachandran of Cinema Express praised the film and wrote that "With multiple stories being narrated one after the other, it is up to Jai and Harish Uthaman to hold the film together, and both of them do a commendable job of it". S Subhakeerthana, critic from OTTplay, noted that "The biggest flaw of Kuttrame Kuttram is its pace. It's slow in several places, but I think it's forgivable." and gave it a 3 out of 5 rating.
1989 film by Francis Veber *Three Fugitives* is a 1989 American crime comedy film, written and directed by Francis Veber, starring Nick Nolte and Martin Short, with supporting roles by Sarah Doroff, James Earl Jones, Alan Ruck, and Kenneth McMillan in his final film appearance. It is a remake of Les Fugitifs, a 1986 French comedy starring Gérard Depardieu and Pierre Richard also directed by Veber. The film was popular at the box office, grossing more than $11.9 million its first two weeks of release, despite receiving a general negative reception from critics. The film follows a former notorious bank robber who, on the day he gets out of prison, is randomly taken hostage by another inexperienced bank robber while trying to cash his prison check, leading the police to assume he is behind it. A series of amusing situations ensues as the squabbling pair tries to evade capture. Plot ---- Daniel Lucas has been in prison for armed robbery. On the day he is released, he gets taken hostage by Ned Perry, an incompetent, novice criminal who robs a bank (to get money for treatment for his ill daughter, Meg) at the moment Lucas just happens to be there. Detective Marvin Dugan assumes they must be in it together and sets about tracking them down. Several chases, an accidental shooting, treatment from a senile vet who thinks Lucas is a dog and other capers follow, all the while Lucas trying to ditch his idiotic companion and prove his own innocence. Whilst avoiding the law, the two form an unlikely partnership to help cure the silent Meg and make good their escape. They rescue Meg from the care home she is in (with Ned nearly ruining the whole affair with his clumsiness) and flee for Canada, pretending to be a married couple with a son. Ned later enters a Canadian bank to change some currency only to find himself taken hostage by a different bank robber in the same manner he originally kidnapped Lucas. Because of this unexpected development, Lucas does not need to say goodbye to Meg, with whom he has formed a bond. Cast ---- * Nick Nolte as Daniel James Lucas * Martin Short as Ned Perry * James Earl Jones as Inspector Marvin Dugan * Alan Ruck as Inspector Tener * Sarah Doroff as Megan 'Meg' Perry * Kenneth McMillan as Dr. Horvath * David Arnott as Bank Teller * Lee Garlington as Constable Jane Karie * Bruce McGill as Charlie * Sy Richardson as Tucker * Rocky Giordani as Bowles * Stanley Brock as Release Sergent * Rick Hall as Billy, Dog Handler * Brian Thompson as Second Thug * Jack McGee as Fisherman * Kathy Kinney as Receptionist * Larry Miller as Street Cop * Jeff Perry as Orderly #2 * Dinah Lenney as Reporter #1 * John Aylward as Second Cop * Tim De Zarn as First Cop * Rhoda Gemignani as Radio Announcer * Charles Noland as Bartender Dave * Albert Henderson as Man In Raincoat * Gary Armagnac as Cop #2 * Dean Smith as Barry 'Playboy' Jones * Mike MacDonald as Sergeant Snow * Michael Siegel as Cop #4 Reception --------- Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 14% based on 14 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 40% based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Variety says the "Clever premise starts pic off on a roll" but "As for the Nolte-Short pairing, it'll do, but it’s no chemical marvel. Nolte, not really a comic natural, gruffs and grumbles his way through as hunky straight man to Short's calamitous comedian."
A ship launched at Hamburg in 1798 For other ships with the same name, see Elizabeth (ship). *Elizabeth* was launched at Hamburg in 1798. British owners purchased her in 1813 as a West Indiaman. She traded with the Mediterranean and elsewhere. She was at the Cape of Good Hope in November 1817 when a group of convicts and army deserters took possession of her. They ran her onshore a few days later, wrecking her. Career ------ Elizabeth first appeared in the supplementary pages of the 1812 volume of Lloyd's Register (LR). It showed her master as Langrick, her owner as H.Hooper, and her trade as London–Berbice. It also showed her origin as Denmark. The 1813 volume amended her origin to Hamburg and her trade to Falmouth. It also reported that she had been almost rebuilt in 1801. \| Year \| Master \| Owner \| Trade \| Source & notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1815 \| LangrishB.White \| G.Hooper \| London–GibraltarLondon–Gibraltar \| Register of Shipping \| \| 1816 \| B.White \| G.Hooper \| London–Malta \| LR; almost rebuilt 1801, & good repair 1813 \| \| Fate ---- On 28 May 1817 Elizabeth, White, master, was at Deal, preparing to sail to the Cape of Good Hope. On 11 November she was anchored off Robin Island with 120 tons of oil on board. A group of armed deserters from the 60th Regiment of Foot and convicts, 12 in number, took over Elizabeth. They put the master and crew ashore in her boat, keeping only the mate aboard, and sailed her off. Isabella, Long, master, sailed from the Cape on the 12th in pursuit, followed on the 13th by HMS Musquito. The government schooner Isabella arrived back at the Cape on the 12th not having found Elizabeth. The men who had taken Elizabeth had deliberately run her ashore at the mouth of the Elephant River, where she went to pieces. The mate drowned. Citations --------- 1. 1 2 3 Hackman (2001), p. 273. 2. 1 2 LR (1812), Supple.pages "E", Seq.№E23. 3. ↑ LR (1813), Seq.№E408. 4. ↑ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 5245. 3 January 1818. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735028. Retrieved 22 February 2021. 5. ↑ LL30 January 1818, №5250. 6. ↑ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 5252. 6 February 1818. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735028. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
The Livingston Awards at the University of Michigan are American journalism awards issued to media professionals under the age of 35 for local, national, and international reporting. They are the largest, all-media, general reporting prizes in America. Popularly referred to as the "Pulitzer for the Young", the awards have recognized the early talent of journalists, including Michele Norris, Christiane Amanpour, David Remnick, Ira Glass, J. R. Moehringer, Thomas Friedman, Rick Atkinson, David Isay, Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, Tom Ashbrook, Nicholas Confessore, C. J. Chivers, Michael S. Schmidt and Charles Sennot. Overview -------- Unlike other prizes in journalism[] (such as the George Foster Peabody Awards, the George Polk Awards, the National Journalism Awards and the Pulitzer Prizes), the Livingston Awards judge print, broadcast, and online entries against one another. Mollie Parnis Livingston, one of America's first fashion designers known by name, established the Livingston Awards in 1981 to honor her son, Robert, who published the journalism review More. For thirty years, The Mollie Parnis Livingston Foundation, headed by Livingston's nephew Neal Hochman, sponsored the awards. Recent supporters include the Indian Trail Foundation, Christiane Amanpour, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and the University of Michigan. The winners are selected by the Livingston Board of National Judges. These include Christiane Amanpour, Ken Auletta, Dean Baquet, Charles Gibson, Ellen Goodman, John F. Harris, Clarence Page, and Anna Quindlen. Mike Wallace was one of the national judges for several years.
Marathi writer Urmila Pawar in 2017 Urmila Pawar is an Indian writer and activist in the dalit and feminist movements in India and her works, all of which are written in Marathi language, have often been hailed as a critique of social discrimination and the savarna exploitation by commentators and media outlets. Pawar's short stories including "Kavach" and "A Childhood Tale" are widely read and form the part of the curriculum at various Indian universities. Her documentation with Meenakshi Moon on the participation of dalit women was a major contribution to the construction of dalit history from a feminist perspective in India. Pawar's autobiography Aidan (Weave), which was one of the first of its kind account by a dalit woman, won her acclaim and numerous accolades. The book was later translated into English by Maya Pandit and released under the title The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs. Wandana Sonalkar has written the foreword for the book. Career ------ ### Early life and education Pawar was born in 1945 in Adgaon village of Ratnagiri district in the Konkan district of Bombay Presidency (now the state of Maharashtra). When she was 12 years old, she and her family converted to Buddhism along with other members of their community after B. R. Ambedkar called for people from the Dalit community to renounce Hinduism. She has described how her community lived in the centre of the village, unlike Dalit communities elsewhere in the Presidency that were usually expected to live at the periphery. Her father was a teacher in a school for untouchable children. She has also noted that her father neither participated in the Mahad Satyagraha organised by Ambedkar nor inter-dining arranged by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, although her elder sister, Shantiakka, often missed school to attend the inter-dining lured by sweet delicacies served there. ### Aaidan (The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs) Aaidan her autobiography written in Marathi has been translated into English and titled as The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs. In her foreword to the English translation, Wandana Sonalkar writes that the title of the book The Weave is a metaphor of the writing technique employed by Pawar, "the lives of different members of her family, her husband's family, her neighbours and classmates, are woven together in a narrative that gradually reveals different aspects of the everyday life of Dalits, the manifold ways in which caste asserts itself and grinds them down" Awards and accolades -------------------- Pawar won the Laxmibai Tilak award for the best published autobiography given by the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad (Maharashtra Literary Conference), Pune for Aaidan. Pawar rejected the award. In a letter to the Parishad, she explained that the intent to start the programme with a prayer to goddess Saraswati indicated an attempt to project symbols and metaphors of a single religion. She questioned why such ideas should be present in Marathi literature. Pawar was also awarded the Matoshree Bhimabai Ambedkar Award by the Sambodhi Pratishthan in 2004 for her work in the fields of literature and activism.
Bridge in Florence, Italy Ponte alla Carraia. At sunset The Ponte alla Carraia is a five-arched bridge spanning the River Arno and linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city of Florence, Italy. To the west is a weir, the Pescaia di Santa Rosa, and the Ponte Amerigo Vespucci, and to the east is the Ponte Santa Trinita. The piazzas on either bank are the Piazza Nazario Sauro (south) and the Piazza Carlo Goldoni (north). At the northernmost column of the bridge a family of coypus live in a dam. History ------- The first mention of the bridge (then built in wood) dates from 1218. Destroyed by a flood in 1274, it was soon reconstructed, but fell down again in 1304 under the weight of a crowd who had met to watch a spectacle. It was the first bridge in the city rebuilt after the 1333 flood, perhaps under design of Giotto. Again damaged in 1557, it was remade by will of Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, who assigned the project to Bartolomeo Ammannati. Enlarged during the 19th century, the bridge was blown up by the retreating German Army during World War II (1944). The current structure is a design by Ettore Fagiuoli, completed in 1948. Sources ------- * Guerrieri, Francesco; Lucia Bracci; Giancarlo Pedreschi (1988). I ponti sull'Arno dal Falterona al mare. Florence: Edizioni Polistampa. 43°46′12.87″N 11°14′50.09″E / 43.7702417°N 11.2472472°E / 43.7702417; 11.2472472 \| * v * t * e Giotto \| \| --- \| \| Paintings \| * Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1295-1300) * Badia Polyptych (c. 1300) * Padua Crucifix (c. 1303-1305) * Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ) (c. 1304-1306) * Ognissanti Madonna (c. 1310) * Stefaneschi Triptych (c. 1320 or earlier) * Berlin Crucifixion (c. 1320) * Strasbourg Crucifixion (c. 1320) * Saint Stephen (c. 1330-1335) \| \| Painting series \| * Life of Christ (c. 1320-1325) \| \| Mosaics \| * Navicella (c. 1298-1300) (lost) \| \| Architecture \| * Giotto's Campanile (involvement, 1334-1337) (Florence) * Ponte alla Carraia (c. 1333; attribution) (Florence) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata \| * VIAF \|
The Northeast Children's Literature Collection (NCLC) is housed at Archives & Special Collections at the University of Connecticut. The purpose of the Northeast Children’s Literature Collection is to preserve the history of the creation of our best literature written for children. Emphasis is given to the perception of children’s literature as a form of art over other educational or social intentions. Archives are collected to document the process of children’s book creation by authors and illustrators in collaboration with agents, editors, designers and publishers. Beginnings of the NCLC ---------------------- The Special Collections Department was created in 1965 to house, organize, protect, and service the increasing numbers of rare, valuable, and fragile items owned by the library, including numerous research collections maintained as separate units. At this time, children’s books represented a small research collection of about 1,000 titles of the period 1840-1920 with emphasis on 1860-1900, a period that had been overlooked by other regional collectors. Illustrated material was also of particular interest. In 1989, Norman Stevens, Director of University Libraries, asked Roger Crossgrove, Emeritus Professor of Art at the University of Connecticut and Billie M. Levy to work with Richard Schimmelpfeng, Director for Special Collections, and Ellen Embardo, Special Collections Librarian, to develop the Northeastern Children’s Literature Collections. With this initiative, the staff began to collect the archives of artists and writers as well, to insure the preservation of every aspect of children’s book production – from the initial correspondence to preliminary drawings, finished art, dummies, mechanicals, proofs, galleys and manuscripts. Francelia Butler ---------------- Children's literature was a hot topic on campus in the 1970s and 1980s, with the leaders of the field like Francelia Butler, teaching, publishing, leading conferences and later the Peace Games; in effect helping to bring the study of children's literature into the mainstream of scholarship. The NCLC holds the papers of Dr. Butler and the large number of audiovisual materials created in her classroom. Many of the greatest names in children's literature, including Maurice Sendak and Big Bird, visited the popular Butler "kiddie lit" classes. Special collections ------------------- Archives & Special Collections develops a core collection of award-winning children’s books by participating in a children’s awards acquisition plan. The plan encompasses standard prizes such as the Newbery and Caldecott medals, a large number of multi-cultural awards such as the Coretta Scott King and Tomás Rivera awards, and international awards from Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, and New Zealand. Published works in English by authors and illustrators whose archives are held are added comprehensively. Manuscript collections ---------------------- Archives & Special Collections holds over 120 archives of notable authors and illustrators of children’s literature native to or identified with the Northeast and East Coast of the United States. Significant holdings include the archives of Natalie Babbitt, Barbara Cooney, Tomie de Paola, Leonard E. Fisher, Ruth Krauss, James Marshall, Richard Scarry, Marc Simont, Esphyr Slobodkina, Joseph A. Smith, Cyndy Szekeres, Leonard Weisgard, Hans Wilhelm, and Ed Young among others. Collection development ---------------------- The Northeast Children's Literature Collection's general guidelines for book acquisitions are to collect historical and contemporary books written or illustrated by individuals with manuscript collections in the NCLC; those authored or illustrated by individuals associated with the Northeast or the Eastern Seaboard; those by authors and illustrators recognized as important to the genre; those representing publishing or artistic phenomena such as artists’ books. The NCLC also adds works that complement existing holdings and contemporary books that have won major national or international awards in approximately 60 categories such as the Newbery, Caldecott, Boston Globe/Horn Book, Pura Belpre, Scott O’Dell, Golden Kite, Phoenix, and many others.
Vibrating and rotating phallic sex toy with a clitoral stimulator attached to the shaft Techno Rabbit Vibrator A rabbit vibrator (also known as a Jack Rabbit vibrator or Jessica Rabbit vibrator) is a vibrating sex toy, usually made in the shape of a phallic shaft for vaginal stimulation with a clitoral stimulator attached to the shaft. The device's name is derived from the fact that the clitoral stimulator looks like a pair of rabbit ears. The first rabbit vibrator appeared on the market in 1984 and, along with the magic wand vibrator, is considered by Cosmopolitan magazine to be one of the classic sex toys. Their popularity was boosted in the United States after an episode of HBO's Sex and the City ("The Turtle and the Hare") featured Vibratex's Rabbit Pearl. The rabbit was chosen for the show because it was a bestseller at a store in New York. Rabbit vibrators are designed to give more intense sensations than the more traditional dildo or clitoral stimulator by providing simultaneous vaginal and clitoral stimulation. The Rabbit Pearl, the original device, also had a rotating section. Since then, the rabbit vibrator has evolved and become a whole genre of sex toys with many different brands and variations in design, including ones with a less phallic shape or without the rotating beads section. The device can be used in a variety of ways and for both solo sexual play and during partnered sex. History ------- Company owner Shay Martin says Vibratex was the first to import dual-action vibrators to the United States in 1983. These vibrators were imported from Japan and were manufactured in bright colours and shaped to look like beavers, kangaroos, and turtles to get around the country's obscenity laws, unlike previous imports from China that had been designed to resemble a realistic phallus. Martin credits their colouring and cuteness as making them more appealing to women and leading to the market success of the Rabbit. Designers at Vibratex had been working on a new version that added rotating pearls to the base of the shaft of the dual-action vibrators. In 1984, the Rabbit Pearl was released. From 1985 onwards, Rabbit Pearl had imitators, including Susan Colvin's Jack Rabbit for the adult magazine company CPLC and the Rampant Rabbit for the UK sex toy party company Ann Summers. Materials --------- Normally, rabbit vibrators are made out of a jelly-like substance (polyvinyl chloride), silicone (semi-organic polymer), rubber (elastic hydrocarbon polymer), or latex (natural rubber) materials. Silicone vibrators are not porous; therefore, the toy absorbs no bacteria or foreign matter. Silicone retains heat and has no odour. Jelly material is porous and cannot be sterilised in boiling water, and has a scent of rubber that some may find unappealing. Some producers aromatise the products. Rabbit vibrators made from vinyl, plastic, metal, and elastomer materials can be also found. They are much less porous than jelly or entirely non-porous. Use and pleasure ---------------- Rabbit vibrators are designed for simultaneous internal (vaginal) and external (clitoral) stimulation. The rabbit-shaped stimulator is held near the clitoris, while the shaft is taken into the vagina, offering deep, "all around" stimulation. Most models offer a choice of shaft rotation speeds and patterns of clitoral stimulation. Jelly can absorb the body's natural lubrication, and jelly and silicone create friction against the skin. Lack of moisture may cause irritation, discomfort, or pain. Commentary ---------- The rabbit vibrator has been described as "one of the most visible contemporary signs of active female sexuality". The main appeal of the rabbit vibrator is its ability to give clitoral and vaginal stimulation at the same time.
Jazz music database website *All About Jazz* is a website established by Michael Ricci in 1995. A volunteer staff publishes news, album reviews, articles, videos, and listings of concerts and other events having to do with jazz. Ricci maintains a related site, Jazz Near You, about local concerts and events. The Jazz Journalists Association voted All About Jazz Best Website Covering Jazz for thirteen consecutive years between 2003 and 2015, when the category was retired. In 2015, Ricci said the site received a peak of 1.3 million readers per month in 2007. Another source said that the site has over 500,000 readers around the world. Ricci was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He heard classical and jazz from his father's music collection. He played trumpet and went to his first jazz concert when he was eight. With a background in computer programming, he combined his interest in jazz and the internet by creating the All About Jazz website in 1995. The website publishes reviews, interviews, and articles pertaining to jazz in the U.S. and around the world, including information about festivals, concerts, and other events. In 2016, Ricci was given the Jazz Bridge Ambassador Award for his contributions to jazz in Philadelphia.
Hong Kong footballer and coach In this Chinese name, the family name is Fung. Fung Ka Ki (Chinese: 馮嘉奇; Jyutping: fung4 gaa1 kei4; born 19 September 1977 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong football coach and former professional player. Club career ----------- He was the team captain when he took part in 2000 Sydney Olympics Qualifiers, Hong Kong Rangers FC and Kitchee. He has also represented Hong Kong in FIFA international matches. He has recently signed for Bromsgrove District League Division Side, Nailers Arms FC. Manager Stuart Day stated that this represented one of the club's most important signings in their esteemed history. Managerial career ----------------- ### Birmingham City In 2010, Fung Ka Ki was hired by Birmingham City to be a financial officer following the takeover of the club by Hong Kong businessman Carson Yeung. He was often spotted in the stands on matchdays, sitting behind Yeung. ### Lee Man On 3 July 2017, it was revealed that Fung would be hired as manager of Lee Man for the 2017–18 season. On 10 April 2018, Fung confirmed that he had resigned with Lee Man in 8th place at the time. Personal information -------------------- He was a football commentator in Cable TV Hong Kong since 2005, he mainly hosts program for Bundesliga and Premier League. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Fung Ka Ki hosted the program "Around the World in 80 Days" for the cable TV Hong Kong. Inside the episode, Fung and his crew travel and visiting 6 continents, 32 World Cup finalist participating countries. It is believed that the duration of his around-the-world travel shooting is more than 100 days. However, his contract termination with Kitchee had been into debate, he as very few football player to take the initiative to resign. 2008 Beijing Olympic, Fung Ka Ki hosted the program "Four Little continues strong" for the cable TV Hong Kong. Inside the episode, Fung and his crew focus on the passing of the Olympic torch relay in China. They visited and interviewed all the provinces throughout China. Fung Ka Ki wrote and released a book, which is "Fung Ki's Football Journey", in August 2008. It is an autobiography of his life from his childhood days till 2008. It is published by Why Publishing. ISBN: 978–962–678–532–4.
American producer, songwriter, DJ, artist, and music executive Musical artist Bobby Ervin (born December 13, 1967), professionally known as Bobcat or DJ Bobcat, is an American Grammy Award winner and multi-platinum producer, songwriter, DJ, artist and music executive. He has worked with Clive Davis, Russell Simmons, Rick Rubin, Lyor Cohen, Steve Rifkind, Madonna, Guy Oseary, Jermaine Dupri, and has written and produced songs for LL Cool J, Ice Cube, Mack 10, Tupac, Mc Ren, Sir Mix A Lot, K9 Posse, Breeze, Nas, King T, Kam, Candyman, and Yo-Yo. Musical career -------------- ### Uncle Jamm's Army Since the early 1980s, DJ Bobcat has been active in the hip hop community. He began his career in Los Angeles DJing for and promoting shows of West Coast music pioneers DJing for Run–D.M.C. Whodini, Ice-T, Uncle Jamm's Army, and Kurtis Blow, establishing the beginning of the hip hop scene on the West Coast. At 15 years old, DJ Bobcat didn't own professional equipment and wasn't tall enough to reach the turntables, resulting in him standing on a milk crate to DJ. when he began working with Big Daddy Productions and Uncle Jamm's Army, Ice T's DJ Chris "The Glove" Taylor taught DJ Bobcat how to use the Cerwin Vega Mixer. Roger Clayton, founder of Uncle Jamm's Army, would fly to the East Coast and pick up the hottest new underground records from various record stores in the city and bring them back to LA. Bobcat and The Egyptian Lover would take those records, play them first and break them at the big Uncle Jamm's Dances, drawing over 15,000 people in the early 1980s. ### California Catt Crew As a member of the highly publicized Uncle Jamm's Army, Bobcat was in popular demand, being booked months in advance and doing two to six parties every weekend. After being overbooked week after week, he decided to form a crew of DJs similar to Uncle Jamm's Army, but with his signature sound and scratching techniques. He formed the California Catt Crew, which included Bobcat, Battlecat, Dr. Scratch Kat, Wild Cat, Cosmic Cat, Alley Cat, Courageous Cat and Kitty Kat. Bobcat helped book the DJs all around Southern California and gave them tips about the business. At this time Bobcat recorded a 12-inch single with Tracy Kendrick and Courtney Branch of Total Track Productions, including the Bobcat Song & the California Catt Crew. ### 1580 KDAY/Mix Masters Bobcat, along with Uncle Jamm's Army, Greg Mack and Jack Patterson, helped pioneer the world's first 24-hour hip hop radio station, 1580 KDAY, changing the entire format of radio, introducing and pioneering the Saturday Night Mix Show and Traffic Jam. At the time, radio was traditional R&B and was playing very little rap. Bobcat thought of the idea, concept and name "Mix Masters" for Greg Mack at 1580 KDAY. The new format caused a national and international domino effect, changing various stations' view of hip hop and subsequently their format. Uncle Jamm's Army and the Wrecking Crew are the forefathers of West Coast hip hop. The Mix Masters were the next generation. ### Def Jam/Bigger & Deffer After dominating the West Coast hip hop scene, Bobcat with his crew L.A. Posse flew to New York City and began working with rap mogul Russell Simmons, Lyor Cohen and Def Jam Records, writing and producing tracks for LL Cool J including "I Need Love", "I'm Bad", "Jack the Ripper", "Kanday", "Get Down", "Go Cut Creator Go" and "The Do Wop". The album Bigger and Deffer sold over 3 million copies, and is considered some of LL Cool J's best work. ### "I Need Love" Bobcat wrote the melody to "I Need Love" when he was 16 years old. It was originally a song titled "Friends By Day, Lovers By Night", Bobcat's version of "Secret Lovers" by Atlantic Starr. "I Need Love" has been sampled and remade more than any other rap song in history.[] It has been sampled or replayed by Jermaine Dupri, Usher, Master P, Kris Kross and countless others. Blender Magazine voted it the greatest rap song ever made.[] ### Def Jam tour LL Cool J asked Bobcat to go on the now world-famous Def Jam Tour. Bobcat signed on as DJ/music supervisor, and also designed and choreographed LL's stage shows. He toured all over the world, DJing and overseeing the sound and lighting. The Def Jam Tour was one of the highest-grossing hip hop tours in history, grossing over $20 million in ticket sales worldwide. The tour toured all over the US and Europe, doing huge sold-out shows around the country including at the LA Sports Arena, the Omni in Atlanta and Madison Square Garden in New York. The Def Jam Tour featured Eric B & Rakim, Public Enemy, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Whodini, KRS-One, N.W.A, Salt N Pepa, Kool Moe Dee, Run–D.M.C. Stetsasonic, and LL Cool J, the headline act. ### Cat Got Ya Tongue In 2022, Bobcat became an Arista recording artist and toured around the country performing his album, Cat Got Ya Tongue, on the same stage with New Edition and Jody Watley. That same year Bobcat was presented with a proclamation by the Atlanta City Council for making a positive album and being a positive influence and role model for the community. Business ventures ----------------- ### The Foundation Bobcat and his wife Chanel Ervin started a global entertainment agency and strategic marketing firm titled The Foundation. This global network primarily focuses on DJs and producers, and also markets and promotes new and established recording artists. ### The Digital Record Pool The Digital Record Pool is an online music marketing service and online community for recording artists that has thousands of DJs, MDs, PDs, tastemakers, music lovers, music producers, journalists and bloggers from around the world. Bobcat is the founder/CEO, and says this site and service were created to help new artists and indie labels around the world get maximum exposure. ### Digital DJ team Bobcat and the Foundation Entertainment Agency launched an international DJ team for the purpose of promoting new music, media, brands, goods and technologies Globally. Bobcat is founder and general manager, His wife, Chanel Ervin, is the President of Marketing. Discography ----------- List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name\| Year \| Title \| Peak chart positions \| Certifications \| Album \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| US \| USR&B \| USRap \| CAN \| FRA \| NL \| NZ \| SWI \| UK \| \| 1990 \| "Mama Said Knock You Out"(LL Cool J) \| 17 \| 12 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| 47 \| — \| 41 \| \| Mama Said Knock You Out \| \| 1991 \| "Steady Mobbin'"(Ice Cube) \| — \| 30 \| 3 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| Death Certificate \| \| 1992 \| "Final Frontier"(MC Ren) \| — \| 80 \| 17 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| Kizz My Black Azz \| \| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or receive certification. \| * Bigger and Deffer (1987) * K-9 Posse (1988) * I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) * Act a Fool (1988) * Cat Got Ya Tongue (1989) * Mama Said Knock You Out (1990) * The Hard Way (1991) * Death Certificate (1991) * Black Pearl (1992) * Kizz My Black Azz (1992) * 5150: Home 4 tha Sick (1992) * The Predator (1992) * Sickinnahead (1993) * Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. (1993) * 14 Shots to the Dome (1993) * Mitsou (1993) * State Of Emergency: Society In Crisis Vol. 1 (1994) * Tha Life of a Hoodlum (1995) * Mista Grimm (1995) * Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton (1996) * All Eyez On Me (1996) * Based on a True Story (1997) * Ruthless for Life (1998) * Mean Green (1998) * J.E. Heartbreak (2000) * Beware of Dog (2000) * The Exodus (2002) * Hip Hop Is Dead (2006)
10°14′17″N 106°22′44″E / 10.23806°N 106.37889°E / 10.23806; 106.37889 Public school in Bến Tre, Vietnam Bến Tre High School for the Gifted (other name: Bến Tre High School, Vietnamese: Trường Trung học Phổ thông Chuyên Bến Tre or Phổ thông Trung học Bến Tre) is a metropolitan public magnet school in Bến Tre, Vietnam. It is located at 21 Le Quy Don, Ward 2, Bến Tre City, next to the shores of Truc Giang Lake (Chung Thuy Lake). History ------- Bến Tre High School, next to Truc Giang Lake Place 21 Le Quy Don is the basis of official public schools of the province's first (opening 1954). This campus was the headquarters of the schools with different names over the period: * Trường Trung học Công lập Bến Tre (1954–1958) * Trường Trung học Công lập Kiến-Hòa (1958 - ?) * Kien Hoa High school (Trường Trung học Kiến Hòa) (? - 1975) * Lac Long Quan High school (Trường Trung học Tổng Hợp Lạc Long Quân) (? - ?) * Nguyen Dinh Chieu High school (Trường Trung học Phồ thông Nguyễn Đình Chiểu) (? - 1994) * And now, Bến Tre High School for the Gifted (1994 - now) Badge ----- The school badge is a stylized image from the play book, with two letters AZ on the left represents infinite knowledge, on the sunflowers, the right is the text name of the "Trường Trung học Phổ thông Chuyên Bến Tre". Awards ------ * Labour Medal third class (Huân chương Lao động hạng III ): 2003 * Labour Medal second class (Huân chương Lao động hạng II ): 2010 Gallery ------- * Bến Tre High School in 2008.Bến Tre High School in 2008.
Political party in Jordan The Islamic Action Front (IAF; Arabic: جبهة العمل الإسلامي Jabhat al-'Amal al-Islami) is an Islamist political party in Jordan. It is the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan. Founded in 1992 with 350 members, Ahmed Azaida, Ishaq Al-Farhan and Abdul Latif Arabiyat were the main force behind the formation. Sheikh Hamza Mansour is the chief of the IAF and has declared the organization's intentions as wanting "to be treated as free men" and as wanting "relations with the US based on mutual respect", while questioning the US administration's motives in the Middle East and around the world. History ------- The IAF's support base is composed largely of Jordanians of Palestinian descent, and represents one of the major opposition movements in the country. It is known for its role in anti-corruption protests, as well as its role in the country's liberalization phase of the 1990s. The IAF has also taken an oppositional role towards Jordanian-Israeli relations. In 1997, three years after Jordan's peace accord with Israel, IAF boycotted Parliamentary elections, citing manipulation by the government. At the legislative elections, 17 June 2003, the party won 20 out of 84 seats. All other seats were won by non-partisans. The National Democratic Block did not win any seats. During the August 2007 municipal elections, IAF withdrew their 25 candidates up for election, accusing 'the authorities of manipulating votes cast by military personnel who were taking part in municipal elections for the first time. The voter turnout for the election was a record-low 51%, but IAF still won four contests, including two mayoral races.[] Four months later, the IAF fielded 22 candidates for the Jordanian national elections held on November 20, 2007. Of its 22 candidates, only six won parliamentary seats in the elections, marking the lowest showing of the Islamist party since the resumption of parliamentary life in Jordan in 1989. The IAF attributed its loss to the government overlooking illegal practices such as vote buying, the transfer of large numbers of votes, and inserting large numbers of voting cards in ballot boxes Nevertheless, a few days after the election, the Muslim Brotherhood (the social organization that informs the IAF’s platform and whose political branch the IAF is considered to be) dissolved its Shura Council and started preparing for internal elections to take place within six months. In 2009, the deputy secretary of the party declared that the Pope was not welcome in the kingdom after plans were announced for Pope Benedict XVI to visit the country. In 2012, Rohile Gharaibeh, a former senior IAF official, established the Zamzam Initiative, an organization with the stated goal of ending the Brotherhood's "monopoly on Islamic discourse" and promoting a more inclusive, indigenous Islam that does not "alienate the public." However, the Brotherhood's Shura Council responded by prohibiting members from interacting with the new group." In 2015, the IAF was split between reformists and nonreformists, resulting in the party terminating the membership of seven members: Abdul Majeed Thneibat, Qassem Taamneh, Mamdouh Muheisen, Khalil Askar, Ali Tarawneh, Jaber Abul Hija and Mohammad Qaramseh. As a result, they formed the new Muslim Brotherhood Society, who will join the National Initiative for Building. In December 2015, around 400 members resigned from the IAF, including Hamzeh Mansour, a former Secretary-General of the organisation. Ideology -------- The Islamic Action Front is somewhat less radical than Islamist parties in some other countries since 2015. However, they do support violence against the Israeli state and citizens, they have praised those who have killed Israeli soldiers and citizens, and do not support LGBTQ equality, they have actively sought to ban homosexual performers from coming to the country. Ibrahim Zeid Keilani, a former Minister of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, served for a long time as the head of the Sharia Ulema Committee of the party. Within the IAF Abu Zant called himself the leader of the most radical section of the party. He had a sizeable group of followers.[vague] Electoral results ----------------- ### Jordanian Parliament \| \| \| --- \| \| House of Representatives \| \| Election \| Votes \| % \| Seats \| +/– \| Position \| Outcome \| Leader \| \| 1993 \| \| \| 17 / 80 \| Decrease 5 \| 1st \| Opposition \| \| \| 1997 \| Boycotted \| 0 / 80 \| Decrease 17 \| \| \| \| \| 2003 \| 139,229 \| 10.4 \| 16 / 110 \| Increase 16 \| 1st \| Opposition \| \| \| 2007 \| \| \| 6 / 110 \| Decrease 10 \| 1st \| Opposition \| \| \| 2010 \| Boycotted \| 0 / 110 \| Decrease 6 \| \| \| \| \| 2013 \| Boycotted \| 0 / 150 \| – \| \| \| \| \| 2016 \| \| \| 15 / 130 \| Increase 15 \| 1st \| Opposition \| \| \| 2020 \| \| \| 5 / 130 \| Decrease 10 \| 1st \| Opposition \| \|
For the Tanzanian opposition politician, see Ibrahim Lipumba. Village in Iringa Region, Tanzania Lipumba is a village in Mbinga district in the Iringa Region of the Tanzanian Southern Highlands. It is located in the Matengo Highlands and is inhabited by the Matengo people. Lipumba is located to the northeast of the town of Mbinga and lies off the A19 road which connects it to Songea in the east. Agriculture ----------- The traditional farming methods of the villagers is known as Ingolo or Ngolo. Over the last 100 years, the Matengo have developed an innovative method of farming on the steep hills, digging pits on ridges on steep slopes to prevent soil erosion and to promote sustainable fertile soils. The function of the pits is to prevent heavy rain washing away the soils on the steep slopes, acting as sedimentation tanks to trap green grasses, thus providing a source of nutrients for the following season. The main crops they grow are staple food crops and coffee under this unique system of cultivation known as "Matengo Pit Cultivation". This cultivation practice usually starts in March following the rainy season. Their method involves a 2-year one-cycle rotation of crops, with a short-fallow period, generally maize, beans and peas. For example, with maize farming amongst the Matengo, in November a farmer will make furrows of roughly 5 centimetres on the ridges and sow the seeds, and commence weeding in December. The maize is then harvested in July and then the field is reduced to fallow until the following March to allow the soils to recover. If the planting of beans is delayed, cassava is often planted in the April or May. Often, the fields may only contain cassava which is known to the Matengo as "kibagu" and is generally grown for 2–3 years. Like sweet potato, cassava is often grown to increase food supply during bad harvests. It is common for fields to contain a mix of maize and beans and to a lesser extent cassava. Unlike maize, the beans are harvested earlier in the season in the March. Some are also known to cultivate onions, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and tomato. Bibliography ------------ * Kurosaki, Ryugo (March 2007), "Multiple uses of small-scale valley bottom land: case study of the Matengo in southern Tanzania", African Study Monographs, Suppl. 36, 19–38, retrieved 25 October 2010 * Nhira, Calvin; Mapiki, Alfred (2008). Land and Water Management in Southern Africa: Towards Sustainable Agriculture. African Books Collective. pp. 258–73. ISBN 978-0-7983-0214-2.
American philosopher of science May Brodbeck (July 26, 1917 – August 1, 1983) was an American philosopher of science. Biography --------- Brodbeck was born in Newark, New Jersey. She studied chemistry at New York University, attending evening courses while working, and earned a bachelor's degree in 1941. Thereafter, she worked as a high-school chemistry teacher, before being recruited into the Manhattan Project. Following the war, she studied philosophy at the University of Iowa, completing a Ph.D. supervised by Gustav Bergmann in 1947, on the subject of John Dewey's Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Upon finishing her PhD, she was offered a professorship at the University of Minnesota, where she worked from 1947 to 1974, eventually rising to chair of the philosophy department (1967–1970) and dean of the graduate school (1972–1974). She then returned to the University of Iowa as Carver Professor of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculties. In the administrative part of her role at the University of Iowa, among other initiatives she focused in particular on the status of women in the university, and oversaw the creation of one of the first women's studies programs. She stepped down from administration in 1981, retired in 1983, and died later that year in Menlo Park, California. Work ---- Brodbeck's career focused on a number of issues in the philosophy of science, in particular aiming to include the social sciences within its remit. She edited two widely read anthologies on the subject: Readings in the Philosophy of Science (1953, co-edited with Herbert Feigl), and Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (1968). Later in her career, she also wrote on the philosophy of mind, defending a form of psychophysical parallelism. Select bibliography ------------------- * Readings in the Philosophy of Science (1953, co-edited with Herbert Feigl) At Internet Archive. * List of works by May Brodbeck listed at PhilPapers.
Belgian military personnel Luc Marchal Colonel Luc Marchal is a retired officer of the armed forces of Belgium. He is known for being the senior officer in the Belgian peacekeeping contingent during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, as well as the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) sector commander for the capital Kigali. Background ---------- Marchal had, by 1994, accumulated thirty years of experience in the Belgian military, fifteen of them as a paracommando. Before his Rwanda assignment, he had been chief of staff to the Minister of Defense. Marchal had five years of experience working in Zaire, and his United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) commander, Canadian Lieutenant General Roméo Dallaire, praised him, stating, "Luc carried no colonial baggage" and that he "had a special knack for working with troops from less sophisticated armies." Service in Rwanda 1993/94 ------------------------- Marchal landed in Rwanda on 9 December 1993. He was the most senior officer in the 440-troop strong Belgian contribution to UNAMIR. As the best trained and equipped contingent in the force, the Belgians formed the backbone of the force. Marchal had been given the command in October and, before leaving, had complained that the contingent did not have enough firepower if he needed to evacuate. He was reassured, "You're going to Club Med." Belgium was eager to send a contingent to UNAMIR to protect the large number of Belgian citizens in the Rwanda and offer an excuse for their withdrawal from the United Nations mission in Somalia. On several occasions, Marchal asked Brussels for guidance to direct his operations. He was never provided with directives, or even rules of engagement to govern what the Belgian peacekeepers could and could not do. Dallaire became increasingly frustrated that UNAMIR was expected to operate in a total lack of information about the country and current events. When his request to United Nations headquarters for an intelligence gathering capability was denied because such a capability was considered incompatible with peacekeeping, he asked Marchal to pass on a request for assistance to Belgian General Information and Security Service (SGR), which eventually resulted in a two-person cell and small intelligence network that directed information to Brussels, rather than Dallaire. Marchal was also given command of UNAMIR's Kigali Sector, where his major responsibility was the "Kigali Weapons Secure Area" (KWSA), a zone in a 10-kilometer radius from the Kigali city center in which military units, including both the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), would be required to store their weapons and ammunition. The weapons-free zone was a cornerstone of the 1993 Arusha Accords that ended the Rwandan Civil War. Marchal oversaw the successful movement of an RPF battalion to the Conseil National pour le Développement (CND), a prominent government building, on 27 December 1993 to ensure the safety of RPF transitional deputy prime minister Jacques Bihozagera. However, when he protested that the 600 RPF soldiers were carrying loaded weapons, in clear violation of the Kigali Weapons Secure Area, he was informed that the Arusha Accords provision did not apply within the CND. On 10 January, Faustin Twagiramungu, who was chosen as the transitional prime minister, informed Dallaire that he had made contact with an informant within the Interahamwe militia. Dallaire sent Marchal to the meeting the next day with the informant, codenamed "Jean-Pierre." "Jean-Pierre" described a complex process of training, organizing and arming militias in preparation for the extermination of Tutsi. Dallaire would describe his reaction: "Finally it looked like we could identify the third force, grab hold of it and wrestle it down. After months of being forced to act after the fact, we had a chance to seize the initiative." Marchal was ordered to plan for four simultaneous raids on the arms caches reported by "Jean-Pierre." Both Dallaire and Marchal perceived the intended raids as being well within their mandate, the caches themselves being a violation of the KWSA and the arming of militias being a violation of the Arusha Accords and threat to the safety of UNAMIR itself. A chalkboard at Camp Kigali, where ten Belgian soldiers were killed at the outset of the genocide. Note the names "Dallaire" and "Marchal" on the right of the board - "avez vous des oreilles, yeux?" is French for "do you have ears, eyes?" Aftermath --------- Marchal was accused of negligence contributing to the death of the ten Belgian peacekeepers in a court-martial of the Belgian military, but was found not guilty in July 1996. A 2007 inquiry by the Belgian Senate noted that Marchal and Dallaire were the targets of attempts to turn attention away from errors of judgment made by the Belgian government. Ten years later, Marchal testified in the Belgian trial of former FAR Major Bernard Ntuyahaga, who was found guilty of the murder of the Belgians, and sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment in July 2007. Publications ------------ * Marchal, Luc (2001). Rwanda: la descente aux enfers. Témoignage d'un peacekeeper: Décembre 1993-Avril 1994. Paris: Éditions Labor. ISBN 978-2-8040-1632-6. (in French)
Album by Aura Lewis *Full Experience* is a mini-album of recordings by Aura Lewis and her group Full Experience, recorded in 1978, but not released until 1990. Lewis became a regular backing vocalist for Lee "Scratch" Perry at his Black Ark studio, and began working on a group project called Full Experience, along with another Black Ark session singer, Pamela Reed. Perry agreed to produce an album by the group, and drafted in Candy MacKenzie to make the group up to a trio. Lewis explained the concept behind the group: > ""Full Experience" was the song I wrote for this idea I had of putting the two other women, black women, as a group that would be three women from the three parts of the African diaspora, which is the Continent itself, the Caribbean and America." > > They recorded eleven tracks in 1978 with a backing band including Mikey "Boo" Richards, Winston Wright, Geoffrey Chung, Michael Chung, and Sticky, including a version of Nina Simone's "Young Gifted and Black", retitled "Young, Gifted and Broke", and the track "Full Experience" (originally called "Stricly Roots"), which featured Boris Gardiner on bass guitar. The tracks recorded also featured versions of the Swahili songs "Malaika" and "Haposamane". The album was never issued in Jamaica, amid tensions between band members and Perry's partner Pauline Morrison, and Perry's increasingly erratic behaviour, which would lead to the destruction of his studio, and eventually Lewis asked Jimmy Cliff (who she had toured with) to help her buy the master tapes from Perry. Cliff and Perry came to a deal, but then Cliff issued singles by another group under the Full Experience name on his Sunpower label in 1978, and refused to give Lewis the master tapes. Eventually, Lewis was able to obtain a tape containing five tracks from the sessions and these were licensed to the French Blue Moon label, and released in 1990. The album sleeve features an image of Lewis superimposed on a photograph of the outside of the Black Ark studio. "Full Experience" was included on the album Baffling Smoke Signal: The Upsetter Shop Volume 3 in 2002. Track listing ------------- 1. "Young Gifted and Broke" 2. "Can't See You" 3. "At Midnite" 4. "Full Experience" 5. "Nar Soh, So It Stay" Personnel --------- * Aura Lewis - vocals * Pamela Reed - vocals * Candy MacKenzie - vocals * Mikey "Boo" Richards - drums * Winston Wright - keyboards * Geoffrey Chung - bass guitar * Michael Chung - guitar * Uziah "Sticky" Thompson - percussion * Boris Gardiner - bass guitar * Lee "Scratch" Perry - percussion, production
Village in Croatia Soline is a small Croatian village on the island of Dugi Otok. It is divided in two parts: Bura and Japar, located on Solišćica Luka Bay. The village was named after the old salt pans in the bay. Soline was first mentioned in documents from 1114 C.E. making it one of the oldest settlements on Dugi Otok. Population ---------- In 1527 the records showed that Soline, along with neighboring towns Bozava and Veli, had a total of 225 residents. Since then the population has fluctuated as follows: * 1818 - 165 * 1843 - 189 * 1856 - 209 * 1873 - 256 * 1890 - 325 * 1900 - 366 * 1913 - 395 * 1927 - 400 * 1948 - 386 * 1953 - 376 * 1981 - 145 The population listed in 2011 was 39 with a total of 26 households. The village has 100 housing units and 46 permanent apartments. Population trends 1857-2011 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| population \| 384 \| 376 \| 347 \| 356 \| 145 \| 73 \| 66 \| 39 \| \| \| 1948 \| 1953 \| 1961 \| 1971 \| 1981 \| 1991 \| 2001 \| 2011 \| Sources: Državni zavod za statistiku* v Economy and tourism ------------------- Chief occupations include farming, grape cultivation for wine making, olive growing, fruit growing, and fishing. In recent years, tourism and hospitality services have rapidly developed on the regional road running along Dugi Island from the village of Sali on the south end to Božava and Veli Rat on the north end. There is a post office and ATM in Sali. Monuments --------- ### Church of St. Jacob Crkva sv. Jakova The Church of St. Jacob the apostle was first mentioned in the 15th century. In 1517, the church was restored and covered with stone slabs. During the same year, Glagolitic letters were carved into the lintel of the portal. The inscription was destroyed by a lightning strike in 1879. The parish church houses a valuable Gothic chalice on which a Latin inscription is engraved testifying that he built the Church of SS. Gregory of Vrana "pro anima Drage filiale Matei Bonmig – for Drage, the daughter of Mate." A graveyard is located near the church parish. ### Glagolitic madrikula St. Jacob School Glagolitic madrikula St. Jacob is the way in which the priests of Soline track the Brotherhood of St. Jacob and the rules of the confraternity (chapters) carried out in practice. The whole madrikula is written in Croatian, cursive Glagolitic, and a little Latin. In this madrikuli there is also the data for two schools whose records did not survive. #### Church bells On the facade of the parish church Jacob rises an antique white tower. In 1923, two bells were placed on it. On the larger bell the inscriptions read: "Lady of the Rosary, St. Fabian and Sebastian, pray for us!" Acquired Parish Solinksa pastorate Don Srećko Pavic. The other bell bears the inscription: "Solin – St. Jacob. Jacob Bell Foundry Cukrov – Split – 1923 Lightning and thunder, deliver us, O Lord!" ### Beaches Solišćica beach is a popular swimming spot. Another popular location, Sakarun beach is a 400-meter stretch of white sand located south of the village on the inside of Sakarun Cove. A bar and a bakery are located on the beach. Transportation -------------- The main road on Dugi took links Soline with other towns on the island and the ferry port in Bribinj. Year-round shipping links the mainland and seasonal connections to Ancona, Italy. Ferry connections to Jadrolinija with a capacity of 70 cars are available. A direct connection between Zadar on the mainland and neighboring Bozava and Brbinj on Dugi took is available. A bus line connects the towns on Dugi Island with the main ferry port. The only gas station on Dugi took is 33 kilometres (21 mi) south of Božava in the village of Zaglav. There is a passenger only catamaran from Zaglav and Sali to Zadar operated by G&V Line Iadera Sources ------- * "Soline \| Zadarske nadbiskupije". Zupe.zadarskanadbiskupija.hr. Retrieved 2014-07-08. * "Island Dugi Otok Beaches". CroBeaches.com. Retrieved 2014-07-08. 44°08′19″N 14°52′48″E / 44.1386793700°N 14.8800890800°E / 44.1386793700; 14.8800890800
German general (1860–1933) Erich Paul Weber (born 12 September 1860 in Kamen; died 29 October 1933 in Berlin) was a German army officer, who served in both the German Imperial Army and the Ottoman Army during World War I, and ultimately attained the rank of General of Infantry (General der Infanterie). Military career --------------- Weber entered the Prussian Army and received his commission as Sekondeleutnant on 15 April 1878. A successful career as a junior regimental officer culminated in his command of the Schleswig-Holsteinische Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 9, headquartered in Harburg. On 14 April 1907, with the rank of Major, he was transferred to Engineer Inspectorate (Ingenieur-Inspektion) IV, where he served as an engineer officer in the Metz Fortification Command (Festung Metz). On 22 March 1910 he was promoted to Oberstleutnant. His transfer to Strasbourg on 22 May 1912 followed his appointment as commanding officer of the Pioneers of the XV Corps. In this position he wore the uniform of the 1. Elsässische Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 15. On 19 November 1912 he was promoted to Oberst. On 3 December 1913 Weber was selected to participate in the newly inaugurated German Military Mission (Militärmission) to the Ottoman Empire, headed by Liman von Sanders. On 8 December Weber was formally granted retirement from active service in the German Imperial Army prior to his transfer to the Ottoman Army, and he was among the first contingent of 10 German officers to arrive in Istanbul later that month. He was initially appointed Inspector-General of Engineers (İstihkam Müfettişi) attached to the Ottoman Ministry of War, with the higher Ottoman rank of Mirliva (= German Generalmajor). As a specialist in fortifications, when the Ottoman Empire began preparing to enter World War I, Weber was assigned to strengthen the coastal defences of the Dardanelles. In late March/April 1915 he was appointed commander of the Ottoman XV Corps on the Asian shore of the Straits. During the Gallipoli Campaign, he distinguished himself in the early stages of the fighting on the Asian side of the Dardanelles. On 18 April 1915 he was promoted to the German rank of Generalmajor and thus automatically attained the higher Ottoman rank of Ferik (= German Generalleutnant), along with the honorific Ottoman title of Pasha. On 5 May Weber was appointed commander of South Group, on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula, during a phase of heavy fighting in this sector. Following criticism of his performance, however, Weber quarreled with Liman von Sanders and was relieved of this command on 8 July. In October 1915 Weber returned to Germany. Formally reinstated in the German Imperial Army, from 22 October to 16 November 1915 he served on the Western Front as commanding officer of 100th Infantry Brigade. On 21 December 1916 he assumed command of 9th Division on the Western Front and remained in this post until the Armistice in 1918. Following the end of the war, Weber was absorbed into the Provisional Reichswehr (Vorläufige Reichswehr). On 16 June 1920 he was promoted to Generalleutnant and appointed commander of Military District (Wehrkreis) II. After the formation of the Reichswehr, on 1 October 1920 he was appointed commanding officer of the 2nd Division, based in Stettin. On 15 June 1921 he retired from the Reichswehr with the brevet rank of General der Infanterie. Weber's daughter Ingeborg married the later High Admiral Karl Dönitz in 1916. The Bundeswehr barracks in Höxter are named after Weber.
Motor vehicle platform The International R series is a model range of trucks that was manufactured by International Harvester. Introduced in 1953 as the replacement for the International L series, the model line marked the introduction of the IH "tractor" grille emblem on International road vehicles. Sharing a cab with its predecessor, the R-series marked the introduction of four-wheel drive vehicles and the wider use of diesel engines. Ranging from light-duty pickup trucks to tandem-axle semitractors, the series was produced across a wide variety of applications and design configurations. During 1955, light and medium-duty versions of the model line were renamed the S-series. Heavy-duty vehicles remained in production into the 1960s (under multiple model designations), ultimately replaced in 1972 by the Paystar line. Model overview -------------- 1955 International R-130 pickup truck ### Light duty Including the R-110 through R-130 model lines, the light-duty trucks included pickup trucks, panel trucks, and chassis-cab vehicles (R-130). In the transition to the R-series, the grille design was simplified with a body-color grille receiving two large horizontal slots. Produced in 115 and 127-inch wheelbases, International pickup trucks (R-110 through R-130 series) were powered by a Silver Diamond 220 inline-6 engine; mated to a 3-speed manual transmission, the engine produced 100 hp. For 1954, the R-100 was introduced. Priced $60 less than the R-110, the new model line received different brakes and suspension tuning; the SD-220 was retuned for 104 hp output. As an option, International introduced both an overdrive manual transmission and a 3-speed automatic transmission (a version of the GM Hydramatic); another option included power steering. While sharing much of its body with its initial 1930s design, the Metro van followed the design of International light trucks, adopting the powertrain of the R-series pickups. Derived from the R-series panel truck, in 1953, International introduced the International Travellall truck-based station wagon (a forerunner of the full-size SUV). ### Medium duty International R-160 stake-bed truck Including the R-140 through R-180 model lines, the medium-duty trucks were produced as chassis-cab conventional trucks. The medium-duty trucks also served as the basis for the "Schoolmaster" cowled bus chassis. The Loadstar made its return, denoting high-capacity versions of each model family. For 1953, International introduced factory-produced four-wheel drive trucks for the first time (in the R-140 and R-160 series); previous 4x4 trucks were conversions (by either International or second-party manufacturers). The medium-duty trucks were powered by multiple engines, dependent on model series. The R-140 and R-150 shared the SD-220 with the light-duty trucks, while the R-160 was powered by a 108 hp SD-240 I6. The R-170 retained the Super Blue Diamond 269 from the L-series, producing 101 hp; a 130 hp Super Black Diamond 282 I6 (standard in the R-180) was offered as an option. The medium-duty R-Series (R-160 through R-180, along with R-190 and R-200 heavy-duty) chassis served as the basis for the Fageol van, a bus-style delivery van assembled by Twin Coach. ### Heavy duty 1961 International R-200 fire truck The heavy-duty R-series range included multiple model families developed for multiple applications. Alongside the standard conventional (R-190, R-200, R-210, R-220), a "D" denoted models with diesel engines and an "F" denoted tandem rear axles; an "H" was used for heavy-duty models. Other R-series models were developed primarily for heavy-duty applications, including the R-306 (developed for fire trucks), and the long-nose RD-305/405 (to fit Cummins diesel engines). An "RC/RDC/RDFC" model family was a COE, derived from conventional-cab trucks. The R-series served as the basis for other model ranges, including the V-series; introduced in 1956, the V-series was developed to accommodate the introduction of V8 engines from International, receiving a slightly restyled hood and redesigned grille. Following the introduction of the S-series, the heavy-duty R-series underwent several model revisions. After becoming part of the S-series, the R-series COE was replaced by the DCO-400 "Emeryville" tilt-cab COE in 1957. In 1960, International began to consolidate several heavy-duty models of the R-series and V-series, creating the construction-oriented F-series; the 1962 introduction of the Fleetstar short-hood conventional also was phased in as a replacement for multiple models of the R-series. In 1965, the construction trucks dropped a letter prefix, becoming the 210/230 series; the model line was produced through 1972, when it was replaced by the Paystar. S-series (1955-1957) -------------------- 1956 International S-110 For 1955, International replaced the R-series light and medium-duty trucks with the S-series, ranging from the S-110 to the S-184 truck. The model line also included the Schoolmaster bus chassis, Travelall wagon, and Metro delivery van. Distinguished by a redesign to the front fascia, the S-series marked the introduction of four-wheel drive to light-duty vehicles. During 1957, the S-series was replaced by the completely new A-series, forming the basis for International light trucks through 1968. The front sheetmetal of the S-series was adopted by the International Metro (used by its hooded Metroette variant) through 1962. The S-184 continued production in Brazil until 1966 (when Chrysler purchased the Brazilian subsidiary of International Harvester). For 1978 production, International revived the S-series name, using it on the medium-duty replacement for both the Loadstar and Fleetstar; the final model line designed by International Harvester, the S-series would be produced in various forms into the 21st century. Production output ----------------- Production figures for 1953 were 123,026 (77,817 trucks built at Springfield, 38,613 at Fort Wayne, 626 at Emeryville and 5,970 at Bridgeport), plus another 13,912 trucks built at Chatham, Canada, for a grand total of 136,938. In 1954, the production totalled 105,463 units (Fort Wayne built 33,637, Emeryville handled 680, Bridgeport produced 7,041, while Canadian Chatham plant churned out 7,073 units). The biggest seller during the 1954-55 period was the R-110 model, with 72,659 built. Further reading --------------- * Foster, Patrick (2015). International Harvester Trucks, The Complete History. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-4860-4.
Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus was a Roman senator, who held several imperial appointments during the reign of Antoninus Pius. He was suffect consul in an undetermined nundinium around AD 150. He is known entirely from inscriptions. Dentilianus came from a family of Roman Africa, perhaps originally from Carthage. His father has been identified as Quintus Caecilius Marcellus, praetor around the year 115; although the name of his wife is not known, his son is identified as Quintus Caecilius Dentilianus, consul in 167. Life ---- His cursus honorum is known from an inscription set up at Thibiuca, north of Carthage. The earliest office Dentilianus held was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward a gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next he was commissioned military tribune with Legio XI Claudia, stationed at Durostorum (modern Silistra) on the lower Danube. He returned to Rome where he assumed the traditional Republican magistracy of quaestor, served in the public province of Africa. Upon completion of this office Dentilianus would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more traditional Republican magistracies followed—plebeian tribune and praetor—both as candidate of the emperor Hadrian. Alföldy dates his tenure as praetor between the years 134 and 138. After he completed his term as praetor, Dentilianus served as legatus proconsulis or assistant to governors of two public provinces. The first province was Crete and Cyrenaica; the second was Hispania Baetica. Alföldy dates his tenure in these positions, similar to modern internships and were held at the pleasure of the governors of those provinces, to successive years, c. 136/137 and c. 137/138 respectively. After these postings, the sortition gave Dentilianus the opportunity to govern a province on his own, which was Crete and Cyrenaica. This province was not favored by senators, due to its elements—the island of Crete and Cyrenaica in North Africa—were separated by the Mediterranean Sea, making governing the province more difficult. The date he governed this province lacks a firm date: Alföldy tentatively dates his tenure to the term 139/140, while Werner Eck dates it with less precision to either the last years of Hadrian's reign or the first few of Antoninus Pius. Dentilianus eventually received his first imperial appointment after this, a commission as legatus or commander of Legio XII Fulminata, which was stationed on the Eastern frontier, either in Cappadocia or Armenia; Alföldy dates his tenure in this post from circa 141 to circa 144. This was followed by an appointment as governor of the imperial province of Gallia Aquitania, which Alföldy between the years 146 and 149, or just prior to the time Dentilianus acceded to the consulate, while Eck dates it with less precision again to either the last years of Hadrian's reign or the first few of Antoninus Pius. We lack details for his life after Dentilianus stepped down from the consulate. Alföldy dates his age when he left the consulate as at least 46; based on our knowledge of demographics of the Roman Empire, Dentilianus could be expected to live about 16 more years, so this silence may be more due to lack of information than he died shortly after his consulate.
Perceived performance, in computer engineering, refers to how quickly a software feature appears to perform its task. The concept applies mainly to user acceptance aspects. The amount of time an application takes to start up, or a file to download, is not made faster by showing a startup screen (see Splash screen) or a file progress dialog box. However, it satisfies some human needs: it appears faster to the user as well as providing a visual cue to let them know the system is handling their request. In most cases, increasing real performance increases perceived performance, but when real performance cannot be increased due to physical limitations, techniques can be used to increase perceived performance at the cost of marginally decreasing real performance. For example, drawing and refreshing a progress bar while loading a file satisfies the user who is watching, but steals time from the process that is actually loading the file, but usually this is only a very small amount of time. All such techniques must exploit the inability of the user to accurately judge real performance, or they would be considered detrimental to performance. Techniques for improving perceived performance may include more than just decreasing the delay between the user's request and visual feedback. Sometimes an increase in delay can be perceived as a performance improvement, such as when a variable controlled by the user is set to a running average of the users input. This can give the impression of smoother motion, but the controlled variable always reaches the desired value a bit late. Since it smooths out hi-frequency jitter, when the user is attempting to hold the value constant, they may feel like they are succeeding more readily. This kind of compromise would be appropriate for control of a sniper rifle in a video game. Another example may be doing trivial computation ahead of time rather than after a user triggers an action, such as pre-sorting a large list of data before a user wants to see it. A technique to measure and interpret perceived performance remote systems is shown in a 2003 and updated in 2005 for virtual machines. Web Performance --------------- For Web Performance optimization, perceived performance plays an important role. It tricks the user into thinking a site loads faster than it actually is. To achieve that, render-blocking resources will be loaded last in order to let the browser render the other elements first: like text content, images. In this way, even though the browser loads the same elements, by loading the non-blocking resources first, the user starts to see some content immediately. This trick improves the perceived performance, improving the overall user experience. Here are the main perceived performance steps for better user experiences: Minimize initial page load Load only the resources you need in order to display the first content seen by the user. After these resources are loaded, the rest of the resources can be loaded. Interactive elements should be available Elements that are interactive, that the user can click on or interact with, should be able to perform those actions as soon as possible. Even with the rest of the page being still loaded, if the user can interact faster with the page, the user will perceive the site as being fast. Avoid rendering elements that can cause flicker on screen Elements like fonts or content that takes longer to load should be avoided as much as possible. When loading fonts, try to adjust their size and appearance closer to the default browser styles. In this way, when the font will be loaded, the switch won't look weird and be obvious. For images, charts, or embedded content, make sure you have a placeholder that has the same with and height. In this way when the content comes, the screen won't flicker and the height of the page won't change. ### Tools In order to improve the perceived performance of a web page, there are numerous tools that can be helpful: Google Chrome: DevTools provides ways to measure the performance of a site giving you insights on how to improve. Webpagetest - SpeedIndex represents the average time it takes for the visible part of a site to be displayed.
American financier of German-Jewish descent Isaias Wolf Hellman (October 3, 1842 – April 9, 1920) was a Kingdom of Bavaria-born American banker and philanthropist, and a founding father of the University of Southern California. Early life ---------- Hellman was born in Reckendorf, Kingdom of Bavaria on October 3, 1842. He was one of three sons and four daughters, born to German Jewish parents Wolf Hellmann (1815–1884), a master weaver, and Sara Fleischmann (1823–1888). His siblings included brothers Herman and James W. Hellman. Their four sisters were Bertha, Flora, Regina, and Ernestine (who married a wealthy cattle merchant named Schloss). He was educated in German public schools and at the College of Marktbreit in Bavaria. This school was founded by Solomon Wohl in 1849. Career ------ 1857 Sketch of the Hellman & Bro. store where Isaias W. worked for his cousins View in 1870 of the east side of Main Street, north of Commercial Street. At far left, on the corner of Main and Commercial, approximate location of the Triforium today, is the store that I. W. Hellman bought from Adolph Portugal in 1865 at age 22. At right is the S. Lazard & Co. foreign and domestic dry goods store, wholesale and retail, at 53. Hellman and his brother Herman left Hamburg on the steamer Hammonia, arriving in Los Angeles, California, on May 14, 1859, to join their cousins. Their brother James later emigrated to Los Angeles as well. Isaias went to work as a clerk in his cousins' stationery and cigar store, and learned to speak Spanish. The store operated as Hellman and Bro. and sold cigars and stationery, and was located at the corner of Main and Temple streets. Isaias joined the business in 1855, brother Sam in 1857, and the partnership was dissolved January 26, 1862. In 1865, Hellman bought the dry goods store of Adolph Portugal at the corner of Main and Commercial that Portugal had opened in 1854. This is approximately the current location of the Triforium sculpture on the Los Angeles Mall. Some sources state that he opened a dry goods store in April 1865 "on the Baker Block". The Baker Block did not open until 1875, however is one short city block north of Hellman's store at the southeast corner of Main and Commercial streets. In 1870, Hellman erected the Hellman Block at the northwest corner of Los Angeles Street and (a street that no longer exists) Commercial Street. ### Banking Hellman became Los Angeles' first banker almost by accident. As a courtesy, he stored his customers' gold and valuables in a safe. One day, Hellman got into an altercation with a drunk customer who had been coming in and out of the store, withdrawing gold each time from a pouch stored in the safe. When the man sobered up, he was angry to discover he had spent most of his funds, and lunged at Hellman. That interaction prompted Hellman to stop his informal banking operations. He obtained printed slips reading I.W. Hellman, Banker, and started buying people's funds and issuing deposit books.[] On September 1, 1868, Hellman and Temple founded Hellman, Temple and Co. the fledgling city's second official bank. In 1871, Hellman and John G. Downey, a former governor of California, formed the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles, which became Los Angeles' first successful bank. Hellman lent the money that allowed Harrison Gray Otis to buy the Los Angeles Times and Edward Doheny and Charles A. Canfield to drill for oil.[] In 1881, Hellman was appointed a Regents of the University of California to fill the unexpired term of D.O. Mills. He was reappointed twice and served until 1918.[] In 1890, Hellman moved to San Francisco to take over the Nevada Bank of San Francisco, which had been formed in 1875 by four men known as the Silver Kings: John William Mackay, James Cair Flood, William O'Brien and James Graham Fair. While the bank had once had $10 million in capitalization, it was nearly broke by the time Hellman took over. When word got out about Hellman's involvement, capitalists from around the world applied to buy stock. Hellman had $15 million in applications but only $2.5 million in stock to sell. Two of the biggest shareholders included Mayer Lehman of Lehman Brothers ($150,000) and Levi Strauss ($120,000). Other shareholders included men Hellman had grown up with in Reckendorf who had become important businessmen, including Kalman, Abraham and William Haas, and David Walter. Hellman served as president of the Nevada Bank of San Francisco from 1890 to 1898 when he nationalized the bank under the title of The Nevada National Bank of San Francisco. Hellman was president of that bank from 1898 to 1905, until he bought the banking division of Wells Fargo & Co. and merged it with the Nevada National Bank to form the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank with a working capital of $9,500,000. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the bank was operated in the residence of Hellman's son-in-law at 2020 Jackson Street while the headquarters was rebuilt. At the height of his power, Hellman reportedly served as president or director of seventeen banks along the Pacific Coast and controlled $100 million in capital.[] Hellman served as president of the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank until his death in 1920 when he was succeeded by his son, who sadly died a month later, on May 10, 1920. After his death, the Union Trust Company (which Hellman had incorporated in 1893) was merged into Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank in 1923 creating Wells Fargo & Union Trust Company. In 1954, Wells Fargo & Union Trust shortened its name to Wells Fargo Bank. ### Streetcars and utilities In 1870, Hellman's cousin Isaiah M. Hellman was elected city treasurer while Isaias became a major investor in trolley lines, contributing funds in 1874 to start the Main Street and Agricultural Park Railway, which traveled from the Plaza, the heart of Los Angeles's downtown, to Agricultural Park, a horse-racing track. Hellman eventually invested in many of the city's rail lines and with Henry Huntington formed the Los Angeles Railway in 1898 and the Pacific Electric Railway in 1901.[] He was a major investor in Los Angeles's water, gas and electricity companies, and helped bring Southern Pacific Railroad to Los Angeles in 1876, which ended the isolation of the region. ### Real estate Hellman was a major landowner in Southern California. His holdings included numerous city lots and vast swaths of former rancho land. In 1871, he and a syndicate bought the 13,000-acre (53 km2) Rancho Cucamonga. In 1881, Hellman and members of the Bixby family purchased the 26,000-acre (110 km2) Rancho Los Alamitos (now home to Long Beach and Seal Beach). The Hellman neighborhood of Long Beach bears his name. He also purchased the Repetto Ranch (now Montebello) with Harris Newmark and Kaspare Cohn. Hellman and Downey also purchased swaths of Rancho San Pedro from the Dominguez family. Hellman owned much of Boyle Heights with William H. Workman.[] In 1897, Hellman bought a large parcel of land next to Lake Tahoe where he built a mansion in 1903. He named it Pine Lodge after the sugar pines on the property. His family later sold this land to the state of California, which made the property into Sugar Pine Point State Park.[] He purchased the 35,000-acre (140 km2) Nacimiento Ranch near Paso Robles and stocked it with cattle and horses. ### University of Southern California In 1879, Judge Robert Maclay Widney established a board of trustees to create a new university. Hellman joined the businessman Ozro W. Childs and the former Governor of California John G. Downey in donating valuable land and an endowment to found the University of Southern California. Personal life ------------- An 1887 lithograph of Hellman's Los Angeles home On April 14, 1870, Hellman married Esther Newgass of New York. Her sister, Babetta Newgass, was the wife of Mayer Lehman, one of the three founding brothers of the investment bank Lehman Brothers. They had three children: * Isaias W. Hellman Jr. (1871–1920), who married Frances Jacobi. * Clara Hellman (1878–1959), who married Emanuel S. Heller in 1899. * Florence Hellman (1882–1964), who married Sidney M. Ehrman who went on to form the law firm of Heller Powers & Ehrman. He was president of B'nai B'rith in 1872 when the congregation built the city's first temple on Fort Street.[] Hellman died in San Francisco on April 9, 1920. ### Legacy At his death in 1920, Hellman was considered the leading financier of the Pacific Coast. His son, Isaias Wolf Hellman, Jr. and grandson, Isaias Warren Hellman, later became presidents of Wells Fargo Bank. The Union Trust Company was merged with Wells Fargo after his death and the original Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles later merged with Security First National Bank of Los Angeles. Biographies of Hellman include Towers of Gold: How One Jewish Immigrant Named Isaias Hellman Created California, by Frances Dinkelspiel, his great-great-granddaughter. The 2008 book was on the San Francisco Chronicle bestseller list for five weeks and was reviewed favorably in the publication.
Base end stations were used by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps as part of fire control systems for locating the positions of attacking ships and controlling the firing of seacoast guns, mortars, or mines to defend against them. A British equivalent was the position finding cell. Types of base end stations -------------------------- A "true" base end station was one of a pair of stations at either end of a precisely measured (surveyed) baseline. Once simultaneous bearings from each base end station to a target were taken, since the distance between the stations (the baseline) was known, the range to the target from either station could be calculated through triangulation. If the target's bearing from each station was sent to a plotting room and input to a plotting board, the position of the target could be estimated and firing coordinates for a gun battery could be calculated. Some base end stations were located in tall fire control towers (FCTs) Sometimes, the terms "base end station" and "fire control tower" were used interchangeably. In general, however, a fire control tower (FCT) was a structure built to raise one or more base end, spotting, or observation stations high above ground level. Some fire control towers contained several base end stations, one on top of another on different stories of the tower, with each station being at one end of a different baseline and being assigned primarily to a different gun battery in a harbor's defensive scheme. Other base end stations resembled pillboxes or small bunkers dug into the ground or on the surface overlooking coastal waters. Still others were camouflaged to resemble seaside homes or cottages. Some base end stations had anti-aircraft observation positions on their top levels, or harbor observation radar antennas on platforms above their roofs. ### Typical equipment Almost all base end stations were equipped at least with an azimuth telescope (similar to a surveyor's theodolite) to enable them to sight accurate bearings to a target. In addition, some base end stations held a depression position finder (DPF) or a coincidence range finder (CRF) that could be used by itself (without reference to another station) to produce fire control data for the gun(s). Sometimes a space holding one of these instruments (if not located on a baseline and paired with a second station) was referred to simply as an observation station. These stations were used between the 1890s and 1946. At the end of the war almost all of them were declared surplus and were sold off to public and private owners. More than 100 of these stations still survive today on the coasts of the United States, as part of state preserves or under private ownership, although many have been razed to clear sites for new development. Horizontal Base Systems ----------------------- In a horizontal base system (like that in the diagram above), two base end stations were located at precisely surveyed points, one at each end of a base line, or a line between them of known length and azimuth. At each of these stations was an observation instrument (such as an azimuth telescope or a depression position finder (DPF) capable of making a precise measurement of the bearing of a distant target (usually a ship) from the station. When the stations at each end of the baseline had made their measurements, they communicated these to a plotting room (or fire control center) which used an analog tracking device called a plotting board to locate the position of the target. Later in World War II, the target bearings could be input to an electro-mechanical gun data computer, which calculated the position of the target and the required adjustments for things like ballistic factors and the locations of the guns that were to be fired. Making this system work properly required the two base end stations to take bearings on the target at precisely the same time. To enable this, a bell or buzzer (called the time-interval bell) was rung automatically at fixed intervals (usually every 15 or 20 seconds) in all observing stations across a harbor defense system (note the dashed communications lines in the diagram above). One soldier, using the telescope or DPF, would track the target. At the sound of the bell, a second soldier would read the azimuth (at which the instrument was pointed) off a scale on the instrument and telephone this reading to the plotting room. Spotting Stations ----------------- In World War II, each base end station was often combined with a spotting station. This meant that a second spotting instrument (usually an azimuth telescope) on a separate pedestal (or tripod) was included in the observing room, alongside the primary one (which was usually a depression position finder [DPF]). A depression position finder next to an azimuth scope.A Depression Position Finder (on the left) and an Azimuth Scope at Fort Standish MA While the primary observer (and perhaps the azimuth reader who assisted him) tracked the target, the role of the spotter was to observe the fall of fire from the guns of the supported battery, telephoning back to the plotting room whether the shells were falling short or over, left or right. In harbor defense plans and other documents, such as survey data sheets prepared by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) and maintained by its successors, these combined stations were often labeled according to the tactical numbers of the gun batteries they were designed primarily to serve and their number in the series of stations serving that battery. Thus a station marked B 4/2 S 4/2 referred to base end station #4 for battery #2 and spotting station #4 for battery #2. Vertical Base and Self-Contained Systems ---------------------------------------- These systems used instruments such as the depression position finder (DPF) or the coincidence rangefinder (CRF) to measure the range and/or azimuth to the target. Either of these two types of range finding stations could function effectively by itself, measuring both range and bearing (azimuth) to the target, without the need for a second base end station (as with the horizontal base system). Using one of these position-finding systems, while not as accurate as using the horizontal base method, had certain advantages. Some examples ------------- Base end stations (also called observation stations) took a variety of forms. Some were multi-story fire control (FC) towers, either square or round in plan (or both), and rising from 20 to 100 feet above the ground. Some looked like forest fire watch towers. Others appeared to be small buildings, or were disguised as seaside cottages to camouflage their purpose. Still other base end stations resembled small pillboxes, dug into the ground, and usually positioned to look down on the channels they defended. Base end stations were often assigned to particular batteries of guns or mine fields in a harbor defense system. In some U.S. harbors during WW2 there were 20 or more of these base end stations, often from 10,000 to 15,000 yards apart, and tied together by telephone lines running through switchboards. These stations could be used flexibly in different combinations or by different gun batteries as ships moved through the area, or in case a given station was damaged by enemy action. ### Fire Control Towers (FCTs) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Pt. Allerton fire control7-Story FCT at Point Allerton MA \| Ft. Miles Round FCTFt. Miles Round FCT \| Steel fire control towerSteel FCT, Ft. Story, VA \| Rear view of brick 2-story FCT from 1904 at Fort Andrews in Boston Harbor. \| Front view of brick FCT at Ft. Andrews. \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Emerson Point FCT8-Story FCTs Nahant MA \| ### Base End Stations (Lower Elevation) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Low base end station, Ft. Andrews west ridge. \| Base end station cottageBase End Station Cottage in Minot MA \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Report of Completed Works Point Allerton MR \| ### DPF and CRF Stations \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| CRF Station at Fort Strong in Boston MA \| Mine base end stationMine Command Station at Fort Revere \| Base end station dug into the ground \|
Estonian artist Enno Ootsing (born 18 April 1940) is an Estonian artist and academic. He has worked as a freelance graphic artist and designer, book artist and illustrator. In 1980, he became a lecturer at the Estonian Academy of Arts, and from 1984 until 2005, he was a professor and head of the graphics department of the institute. Since 2007 he has been a professor emeritus at the institute. Early life and education ------------------------ Enno Ootsing was born in Räpina. His father was a non-commissioned officer in the Estonian War of Independence and received a plot of land in Alamõisa for his participation in the war, where he built a home. Ootsing attended schools in Räpina, graduating from Räpina Secondary School in 1958. Afterwards, he enrolled at the Tartu Art School, graduating in 1961 with a degree in painting and art pedagogy. In 1966 he graduated from the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (now, the Estonian Academy of Arts) in Tallinn with a degree in graphic design. Career ------ ### Art In 1964, Ootising was a cofounder of the influential art collective ANK '64, with other young artists who received art education at the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (ERKI), which included Tõnis Vint, Malle Leis, Jüri Arrak, Kristiina Kaasik, Tiiu Pallo-Vaik, Vello Tamm, Marju Mutsu, Tõnis Laanemaa, Anu Liivak, Sigrid Saarep, and Aili Vint. The group were strongly interested in youth culture, jazz, op art and pop art, but didn't share a predominant cohesive artistic style. Members of the group were not only active as artists, but also organized and attended lectures on foreign artists and their activities. Their activities aroused suspicion by Soviet authorities and the group were frequently monitored by the KGB. ANK' 64 disbanded in 1969 and is credited as playing an important part in renewing the contemporary art scene in Estonia in the 1960s. Since the mid-1960s, Ootsing has had numerous group and solo exhibitions, both nationally and internationally. Although he has worked in a variety of mediums, he prefers to work in monotyping and automatic drawing. He is also known for his work in watercolor. His most recent solo exhibition, Juured ja võrsed. Album, dedicated one-hundred works of visual art to the 100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, with an emphasis on Võrumaa was held in Võru and Tartu in 2018. He has worked extensively as a graphic artist and graphic designer and has become well known as a book designer and illustrator; beginning in the early 1970s, he has designed and illustrated books written by A. H. Tammsaare, Jaan Kaplinski, Eduard Vilde, Eno Raud, Mats Traat, Paul-Eerik Rummo, Viivi Luik, Arvo Valton, Friedrich Issak, William Golding, Arthur van Schendel, Alexander Blok, Ingmar Bergman, Vladislav Titov, and Rachel de Queiroz. From 1965 until 1972 he worked as an artist and designer for the magazine Kultuur ja Elu. From 1972 until 1976, he was the executive secretary of the Estonian Artists' Union. From 1976 until 1980 he was a freelance artist. ### Educator In 1980, he became a lecturer at the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR. In 1982 he was elected head of the graphics department of the institute. He was a professor at the institute until retiring in 2005 (renamed the Estonian Academy of Arts). Since 2007, he has been a professor emeritus with the academy. Awards and acknowledgements --------------------------- * Meritorious Artist of the Estonian SSR (1983) * Riga I Triennial of Miniature Prints award (1983)
Accounting standards for publicly traded companies Publicly traded companies typically are subject to rigorous standards. Small and midsized businesses often follow more simplified standards, plus any specific disclosures required by their specific lenders and shareholders. Some firms operate on the cash method of accounting which can often be simple and straightforward. Larger firms most often operate on an accrual basis. Accrual basis is one of the fundamental accounting assumptions and if it is followed by the company while preparing the Financial statements then no further disclosure is required. Accounting standards prescribe in considerable detail what accruals must be made, how the financial statements are to be presented, and what additional disclosures are required. Some important elements that accounting standards cover include identifying the exact entity which is reporting, discussing any "going concern" questions, specifying monetary units, and reporting time frames. In the public sector, 30% of 165 governments surveyed used accrual accounting, rather than cash accounting, in 2020. Limitations ----------- The notable limitations of accounting standards are their inflexibility, time-consuming process to create them, the difficulty of choosing between alternative treatments and their restrictive scope. Accounting standards were largely written in the early 21st century. Massive accounting irregularities at large firms such as Worldcom and Enron illustrate that, despite all these efforts, widespread fraud can still occur, and even be missed by the outside auditors. Benefits of accounting standards -------------------------------- The lack of transparent accounting standards in some nations has been cited as increasing the difficulty of doing business in them. In particular, the Asian financial meltdown in the late 1990s has been partially attributed to the lack of detailed accounting standards. Giant firms in some Asian countries were able to take advantage of their poorly devised accounting standards to cover up immense debts and losses, which yielded a collective effect that eventually led the whole region into financial crisis. Common accounting standards around the globe -------------------------------------------- * International Financial Reporting Standards This standard is adopted in whole, or in large part, by many countries. It is acceptable in the U.S. (for a firm located outside of the U.S.) to report in this widely accepted format. ### Accounting standards by nation * Canada – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles * China – Chinese Accounting Standards (Zhōngguó qǐyè kuàijì zhǔnzé 中国企业会计准则) * France – Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (Plan Comptable Général) * Germany – Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (Grundsätze ordnungsmäßiger Buchführung) * India – Indian Accounting Standards (Ind\_AS) And Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (USA) * Italy – Principi contabili nazionali * Luxembourg - Luxembourg Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (Lux GAAP) * Nepal – Nepal Financial Reporting Standards * Russia – Russian GAAP * Sweden – BAS (accounting) * Switzerland – Swiss GAAP FER (Fachempfehlungen zur Rechnungslegung) * Turkey – Uniform Accounting Plan (Turkey) * United Kingdom – Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (UK) * United States – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States) Domestic firms typically report in this format. Foreign firms that trade in the U.S. typically report in IFRS format (below). Global standardization and IFRS ------------------------------- Many countries use or are converging on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that were established and are maintained by the International Accounting Standards Board. In some countries, local accounting principles are applied for regular companies but listed or large companies must conform to IFRS, so statutory reporting is comparable internationally. All listed and grouped EU companies have been required to use IFRS since 2005, Canada moved in 2009, Taiwan in 2013, and other countries are adopting local versions. In the United States, while "... the SEC published a statement of continued support for a single set of high-quality, globally accepted accounting standards, and acknowledged that IFRS is best positioned to serve this role..." progress is less evident. Further reading --------------- * Meeks, Geoff, and GM Peter Swann. "Accounting standards and the economics of standards." Accounting and Business Research 39.3 (2009): 191-210m
Days of prayer and fasting in Western Christianity "Rogation" redirects here. For other uses, see Rogation (disambiguation). Rogation days are days of prayer and fasting in Western Christianity. They are observed with processions and the Litany of the Saints. The so-called major rogation is held on 25 April; the minor rogations are held on Monday to Wednesday preceding Ascension Thursday. The word rogation comes from the Latin verb rogare, meaning "to ask", which reflects the beseeching of God for the appeasement of his anger and for protection from calamities. Rogation Sunday is celebrated on the 5th Sunday after Easter (also known as the 6th Sunday of Easter) in the Anglican tradition. This day is also known in the Lutheran tradition as Rogate Sunday. Christian beginnings -------------------- The Christian major rogation replaced a pagan Roman procession known as Robigalia, at which a dog was sacrificed to propitiate Robigus, the deity of agricultural disease. The practitioners observing Robigalia asked Robigus for protection of their crops from wheat rust. The minor Rogation days were introduced around AD 470 by Mamertus, bishop of Vienne, and eventually adopted elsewhere. Their observance was ordered by the Council of Orleans in 511, and though the practice was spreading in Gaul during the 7th century, it was not officially adopted into the Roman rite until the reign of Pope Leo III (died 816). The faithful typically observed the Rogation days by fasting and abstinence in preparation to celebrate the Ascension, and farmers often had their crops blessed by a priest at this time. Violet vestments are worn at the rogation litany and its associated Mass, regardless of what colour is worn at the ordinary liturgies of the day. A common feature of Rogation days in former times was the ceremony of beating the bounds, in which a procession of parishioners, led by the minister, churchwarden, and choirboys, would proceed around the boundary of their parish and pray for its protection in the forthcoming year. This was also known in the northern parts of England as 'Gang-day' or 'gan week', after the old English name for going or walking. This was also a feature of the original Roman festival, when revellers would walk to a grove five miles from the city to perform their rites. Thomas Johnson (1633), speaking of the birch tree, mentions another name: Cross-week: "It serveth well to the decking up of houses and banquetting-rooms, for places of pleasure, and for beautifying of streets in the Crosse or Gang Week, and such like." In the British Isles -------------------- Original picture from the Catholic Church regarding the order of the procession for Rogation days in the South of England. From around the 13th to 15th centuries.Woodcut illustration of Pre-Reformation processional order, c. early 16th century The Rogation Day ceremonies are thought to have arrived in the British Isles in the 7th century. The oldest known Sarum text regarding Rogation Days is dated from around 1173 to 1220. In it, celebrations in the south of England are described, in which processions were led by members of the congregation carrying banners which represented various biblical characters. At the head of the procession was the dragon, representing Pontius Pilate, which would be followed by a lion, representing Christ. After this there would be images of saints carried by the rest of the congregation. Many torches were present at each procession, weighing between 42 lb (19 kg) and 27 lbs (12 kg), which were bought by the church and parishioners jointly. Sarum texts from the 13th and 15th centuries show that the dragon was eventually moved to the rear of the procession on the vigil of the Ascension, with the lion taking the place at the front. Illustrations of the procession from the early 16th century show that the arrangements had been changed yet again, this time also showing bearers of reliquaries and incense. During the reign of King Henry VIII, Rogation processions were used as a way to assist crop yields, with a notable number of the celebrations taking place in 1543 when there were prolonged rains. During the reign of King Edward VI, the Crown having taken much of the Church's holdings within the country, liturgical ceremonies were not officially condoned or recognized as an official part of worship. However, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the celebrations were explicitly mentioned in the royal reformation, allowing them to resume as public processions. Rogation processions continued in the post-Reformation Church of England much as they had before, and Anglican priests were encouraged to bring their congregations together for inter-parish processions. At specific intervals, clerics were to remind their congregations to be thankful for their harvests. Psalms 103 and 104 were sung, and people were reminded of the curses the Bible ascribed to those who violated agricultural boundaries. The processions were not mandatory, but were at the discretion of the local minister, and were also ascribed more importance when a public right of way needed to be protected from agricultural or other expansion. The marches would follow prescribed routes, with York and Coventry being unique in their following royal entries. On other routes, altars were erected at certain locations where antiphons were sung. Any Roman Catholic imagery or icons were banned from the processions. The then Archdeacon of Essex, Grindal of London, besought the church explicitly to label the tradition as a perambulation of the parish boundaries (beating the bounds), further to distance it from the Catholic liturgy. In the book Second Tome of Homelys, a volume containing officially sanctioned homilies of the Elizabethan church, it was made clear that the English Rogation was to remember town and other communal boundaries in a social and historical context, with extra emphasis on the stability gained from lawful boundary lines. For years after Rogation Days were recognized, the manner in which they were observed in reality was very different from the official decree. Even before religious sensibilities turned towards the puritanical, there were concerns about the lack of piety at such events. While it was officially ordered that the entire congregation attend, bishops began urging their priests to invite only older and more pious men. This, they believed, would stop the drunken revelry. Royal Injunctions concerning the practice were reinterpreted to restrict and regulate participants of the festivities. Robert Herrick penned a piece to capture the mood of the celebrations before their repression: > Dearest, bury me > > Under that Holy-oak, or Gospel Tree > > Where (though thou see'st not) thou may'st think upon > > Me, when you yearly go'st Procession.[] > > In London, Rogation Days, just like Easter or Hocktide, were times when begging was "legitimate" for the period of celebration. Though not widely celebrated in the modern Church of England, the holiday is still observed in some areas. In the United States -------------------- ### Catholic The reform of the Liturgical Calendar for Roman Catholics in 1969 delegated the establishment of Rogation Days, along with Ember Days, to the episcopal conferences. Their observance in the Latin Church subsequently declined, but the observance has revived somewhat since Pope John Paul II allowed Rogation days as a permitted, but not mandated, observance. For those Catholics who continue to celebrate Mass according to the General Roman Calendar of 1960 or earlier, the Rogation Days are still kept, unless a higher ranking feast would occur on the day. ### Episcopal The new, Protestant version of the Rogation days became such a fixture in Church life that the tradition was carried over to the Americas by British colonists in Jamaica, Barbados, and South Carolina. Rogation days are an optional observance in the Episcopal Church. Although early associated with rural life, agriculture and fishing, the Book of Common Prayer has been expanded to include propers for commerce and industry and the stewardship of creation, as well as a fruitful season. Further reading --------------- * (in Italian) Vito Pallabazzer: Lingua e cultura ladina, Belluno 1985, p. 502 (about the rogation days in Ladin tradition)
Larry SECEDE Kilgore (born 1965) is a political activist in the Texas Secessionist Movement. He is a perennial Republican candidate who has run in multiple Texas statewide elections. He is one of the most prominent supporters of Texas secession (going so far as to change his legal middle name to "SECEDE" in late 2012). Kilgore received his most widespread attention during his advocacy for U.S. state secession petitions following the 2012 presidential election. Political aspirations --------------------- Kilgore has never won a Republican primary. He ran for governor in 2006 and came second in the Republican primary behind Governor Rick Perry with 50,119 votes (7.64%). He then ran for the U.S. Senate in 2008 and came second in the Republican primary behind Senator John Cornyn with 225,897 votes (18.51%). He ran again for governor in 2014 but was not a factor in the March 4 nomination of fellow Republican Greg Abbott, the outgoing state attorney general, who succeeded Perry as governor in January 2015. He ran for the Republican nomination for governor in the March 6, 2018 Republican Party Primary Election, against Abbott and Barbara Krueger. Kilgore came in last place with only 1% of the vote. Political positions ------------------- Kilgore believes that Texas could leave the U.S. without permission from the federal government, despite legal precedent of Texas v. White establishing the opposite. His motto has been "Secession! All other issues can be dealt with later" Kilgore has advanced a number of other policies in his political bids, mainly based on what he considers biblical law. Running for the U.S. Senate in 2008, he advocated the death penalty for abortion, adultery and homosexuality and flogging for vulgar language and transvestitism. He also believes that Abraham Lincoln was the American equivalent of Adolf Hitler. He discussed this view and his support for secessionism in general when he appeared in a segment of The Daily Show on 21 February 2013. Personal life ------------- Kilgore lives in Arlington, Texas, and works as a telecommunications contractor.
*Enough About Love* (French: Assez parlé d'amour) is a 2009 French novel by Hervé Le Tellier. It was first published by JC Lattès on 26 August 2009. The novel was translated into English by Adriana Hunter and published by Other Press on 1 February 2011. Plot ---- Though its title may suggest otherwise, Enough About Love's main topic is love. As Le Tellier writes in the prologue, "Any man—or woman—who wants to hear nothing—or no more—about love should put this book down." According to the Other Press website, Enough About Love concerns the following: Anna and Louise could be sisters, but they don’t know each other. They are both married with children, and for the most part, they are happy. On almost the same day, Anna, a psychiatrist, crosses paths with Yves, a writer, while Louise, a lawyer, meets Anna’s analyst, Thomas. Love at first sight is still possible for those into their forties and long-married. But when you have already mapped out a life path, a passionate affair can come at a high price. For our four characters, their lives are unexpectedly turned upside down by the deliciously inconvenient arrival of love. For Anna, meeting Yves has brought a flurry of excitement to her life and made her question her values, her reliable husband, and her responsibilities to her children. For Louise, a successful career woman in a stable and comfortable marriage, her routine is uprooted by the youthful passion she feels for Thomas. Thought-provoking, sophisticated, and, above all, amusing, Enough About Love captures the euphoria of desire through tender and unflinching portraits of husbands, wives, and lovers. Format ------ A member of OuLiPo and a former mathematician, Le Tellier follows sets of literary constraints based on mathematics to spur literary creation. In Enough About Love, he suggests that he used a game of Abkhazian dominoes to help structure the plot. Le Tellier says that a dimension of play essential to his writing and that he "like[s] when a constraint leads [him] away from an expected path." "I’m confronted with a text that astonishes me, even though it’s my own. It’s a rare pleasure." The chapters are named after their major players. The text contains a lot of dialogue, making the novel feel somewhat like a play, and sentences are often short. Le Tellier incorporates many different forms of narrative, including emails, pages from a character's book, a script of an academic lecture, footnotes detailing Jewish parables, a homage to his friend the French writer Edouard Levé, and tour-guide pamphlets, and says that his ability to do this is part of what he likes about the form of novel. Reception --------- On the whole, reviews for Enough About Love have been positive. Publishing Perspectives said in their review that ran on January 30, 2011, written by Gwendolyn Dawson, that Enough About Love was "highly recommended". "The overall effect is kaleidoscopic, the characters’ ever-shifting emotions and interactions slide against each other to reveal different shades and nuances. Enough About Love’s complex structure supports and enhances its story, and Adriana Hunter’s adept English translation delivers all the playfulness and complexity of the original." Dawson ultimately describes the novel as a "stunningly intimate portrayal of love, leaving the reader feeling like a voyeur who stumbled upon an open bedroom window, uncomfortable and thrilled at the same time." World Literature Today called Enough About Love a "smart, droll, finely crafted novel" in their May/June 2011 review of it. In the same article, mention is made about what the novel says about writing: "This is a book about love, certainly, but it is also a book about love stories, and the way in which those stories play out according to their own logic. Watching Hervé Le Tellier conduct that process as he leads his characters in and out of love, one is reminded that literature, too, is an affair of the heart." Newcity Lit wrote in their review on February 23, 2011, that "Le Tellier creates a sophisticated cast who form the love quartet at the center of this novel" and that his "prose is beautiful in its simplicity, its honesty." They praise his somewhat unconventional format, saying that the short sentences "[speak] volumes with their brevity," and that the various narrative forms used "excel at breaking up the narration." Ultimately, they say that, "sometimes witty and humorous, sometimes tragic and serious, "Enough About Love" is a lot like love. Both leave you wanting more."
New Zealand businessman and politician (born 1939) Sir Robert Edward Jones (born 24 November 1939) is a property investor, author and former politician in New Zealand. During the course of various political campaigns, he has developed a reputation for making highly controversial off-the-cuff remarks. Biography --------- Jones was born in Lower Hutt on 24 November 1939, the son of Edward L. Jones. He is the older brother of author Lloyd Jones. Growing up in a Lower Hutt state housing suburb, Jones attended Naenae College from 1953 to 1957. He was one of the 200 foundation pupils, and one of the ten who stayed to the sixth form (most pupils left as soon as they turned 15 to work) where he recalled a brilliant history teacher, Guy Bliss. He went on to attend Victoria University of Wellington, where he earned a blue in boxing, won the New Zealand Universities lightweight boxing title in 1957, and contributed to a boxing column in the university's newspaper Salient. He remained a fan of boxing and sometimes commented on TV on big matches. Jones earned his wealth through investments in commercial property via his company Robt. Jones Holdings Ltd, and was worth $550 million according to the 2013 NBR rich list, and $600 million a year later. Jones formed the short-lived libertarian New Zealand Party in 1983, just before Robert Muldoon's snap 1984 election. Jones explicitly stated his disgust that the supposedly pro-free-enterprise New Zealand National Party had implemented socialist policies like price and wage freezes, and a top tax rate of 66%. His party acted as a spoiler, helping to deliver the government to the New Zealand Labour Party. Then the party implemented free market reforms under Finance Minister Roger Douglas (hence Rogernomics). When the election was over, Jones disbanded the party, seeing that Labour had implemented many of his policies. He and Muldoon had a legal feud, where Muldoon unsuccessfully sued Jones for defamation. But Jones had great respect for Muldoon in other areas. Jones even chaired the farewell dinner on the occasion of Muldoon's retirement from Parliament. In the 1984 election Jones stood for the Ohariu seat, held by cabinet minister Hugh Templeton. Templeton distributed a speech to journalists, which included the statement "Mr Jones despises... bureaucrats, civil servants, politicians, women, Jews and professionals...". Jones successfully sued Templeton for defamation. Templeton conceded the comment Jones despised Jews was untrue, but claimed to have a number of defences such as qualified privilege; all were rejected by the court, which found in Jones' favour. Templeton v Jones became an important precedent in defamation law. In 1985, Jones was located by reporters in a helicopter while out fishing in a remote valley in Taupō. Jones, incensed at the intrusion when the helicopter landed on the adjacent bank, famously punched TVNZ reporter Rod Vaughan, with the whole incident recorded on tape. Jones was convicted of four charges of assault and fined $1,000. Jones asked the judge if he could pay $2,000 to do it again. Jones attempted to remove the Fijian Embassy from one of his properties during the time of the 1987 Fijian coup and succeeded two years later. In 2015, Jones was removed from an Air New Zealand flight by security staff for failing to follow crew instructions. Jones' company subsequently bought a jet for Jones and other company executives to use for NZ travel. In 2018 Jones sued filmmaker Renae Maihi for defamation after she presented a petition to NZ Parliament calling for his knighthood to be revoked. The petition had garnered more than 90,000 signatures but was not accepted for consideration. The petition objected to comments Jones had written for the National Business Review. In one of Jones' newspaper columns, Jones suggested that the country's national holiday Waitangi Day, should be replaced by a Māori Gratitude Day, a suggestion he claimed was satirical. The defamation trial began in February 2020 and was due to last 2 weeks. Ultimately, Jones withdrew the case after five days. Honours ------- Jones was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to business management and the community. Bibliography ------------ ### Novels * The Permit (1984) * Full Circle (2000) * Ogg (2002) * True Facts (2003) * Degrees for Everyone (2004) * Four Comic Novellas (2020) ### Essay collections * Wimp Walloping (1989) * Prancing Pavonine Charlatans (1990) * Punch Lines (1991) * A Year of It (1992) * Wowser Whacking (1993) * No Punches Pulled The Best of Bob Jones (2014) ### Non fiction * New Zealand's Boxing Yearbook (1972 and 1973) * Jones on Property (1977) * New Zealand the Way I Want It (1978) * Travelling (1980) * Letters (1982) * '80s Letters (1990) * Prosperity Denied (1996) * Memories of Muldoon (1997) * My Property World (2005) * Jones on Management (2007) * Fighting Talk: Boxing and the Modern Lexicon (2013)
American radio personality For other people with similar names, see David Barber. David Raymond Barber (April 25, 1955 – July 4, 2015) was an American talk radio and television personality from Flint, Michigan. Born to parents of Croatian descent, Barber attended Central Michigan University. In the 1970s, Barber started his radio career at WTRX, where he hosted a talk program called Flint Feedback. Barber's show often dealt with controversial topics, including an incident when he had a naked woman in his studio, long before the days of Howard Stern. Barber also did shows on WTAC (now WSNL) and WFDF. In 2001, Barber moved to the Michigan Talk Radio Network where his show was syndicated to radio stations across the state of Michigan. After short stints for Air America Radio and another Flint station, WWCK (AM), Barber moved to Providence, RI in 2006 and worked for WPRO and then Capital TV. Barber returned to the Flint area on June 25, 2015 to attend a family wedding. However, while at a rehearsal dinner, Barber choked and collapsed. He was rushed to a Pontiac, MI hospital where doctors discovered that he had a heart attack and a stroke. After 10 days in a coma, Barber died at 10:45 a.m. on July 4 at the age of 60. Barber was once married to Ann Burke. He had a son, Chase Seegmiller, from a previous relationship. He is also survived by a brother and many relatives.
Species of reptile *Atractaspis engaddensis, also known as the Palestinian Mole Viper* or "الأسود الخبيث" (in Arabic, pronounced "al'aswad alkhabith") or "שרף עין גדי" and "צפעון שחור" (in Hebrew, pronounced "Saraf Ein Gedi" and "Tzifon Shachor") is a venomous snake found in Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Palestine, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The specific epithet references the type locality, Ein Gedi on the western shore of the Dead Sea. Description ----------- It is an extremely venomous and a dangerous snake native to the Middle East. Its body is usually dark black in color and it has small eyes with round pupils. The head and the tail are short and pointy which makes it harder even for veterans to distinguish head from tail. Its approximate size is 60–80 cm. As a defense it rolls with its tail up and its head hidden under its body. This snake is active mainly at night, and is found in arid or semi-arid desert areas. It dwells in underground burrows (hence the name "mole viper" or "burrowing asp"), is found under rocks, and is seen basking on roads on warm nights. Although its main habitat is in the desert, it is found in desert oases, around streams and springs rich in vegetation, and apparently it needs this moisture. Sometimes it enters human settlements. The mating of this snake occurs in the months of July-August, this late period of mating relative to other snakes may indicate its tropical origin. From the end of September until November, 2-3 eggs, about 75 millimeters long, are laid in a humid environment that is essential for the development of the embryos. The elongated eggs are large relative to the dimensions of the black viper and relative to snakes in general. The young hatch after about 3 months when they are equipped with a venom system like their parents. Feeding ------- They prefer hatchling snakes but they can also eat lizards and small mammals like young rodents. Venom and biting mechanism -------------------------- "Three isotoxins, named sarafotoxins S6a1, S6b and S6c, with strong cardiotoxic activity were isolated from the venom of this snake. All three sarafotoxins are homologous peptides (four or less than four residue replacements) consisting of 21 amino acid residues. Their structure and activity are novel among snake venom components." "The venom has a very high lethal potency, with an i.v. LD50 of 0.06-0.075 micrograms per g body weight in mice. The action of the venom is rapid and death results from seemingly neurotoxic effects. However, even at high concentrations, the venom does not block contractions of skeletal muscles that are directly or indirectly stimulated. The most prominent action of the venom is seen in the function of the heart in anesthetized mice, with or without artificial respiration. The changes observed in the ECG are similar to those recorded in human victims and are the result of an A-V block that is caused by an apparent direct action of the venom on the heart." There is currently no available antivenom for Atractaspis engaddensis. This snake's fangs are able to be directed outside of its mouth, granting it the ability to side stab with a closed mouth. This makes capturing this snake particularly dangerous because it can unexpectedly bite sideways even when it is captured by the head to lock its mouth. This happened to the zoologist Heinrich Mendelssohn when he first discovered this species and captured a snake of this species in 1944. This snake has relatively little interaction with humans because it dwells mostly in desert areas and under the ground. It is also relatively non-aggressive and slow to react even when bothered. Therefore cases of humans being bitten by this snake are relatively rare. Also, despite its strong venom, and the lack of an antivenom for it, in most cases people survive this snake's bite with little or no long term damages. Even little children can survive a bite with a proper treatment. This is due to the fact that its fangs cannot penetrate very deep beyond the skin. As a result of all these factors, cases of fatal bites of this snake are very rare. There were only 2-3 recorded fatal cases since its discovery in 1950. The latest death happened on 2002 when a man tried to capture a snake near his house on the border of the Judean Desert.
The bidomain model is a mathematical model to define the electrical activity of the heart. It consists in a continuum (volume-average) approach in which the cardiac microstructure is defined in terms of muscle fibers grouped in sheets, creating a complex three-dimensional structure with anisotropical properties. Then, to define the electrical activity, two interpenetrating domains are considered, which are the intracellular and extracellular domains, representing respectively the space inside the cells and the region between them. The bidomain model was first proposed by Schmitt in 1969 before being formulated mathematically in the late 1970s. Since it is a continuum model, rather than describing each cell individually, it represents the average properties and behaviour of group of cells organized in complex structure. Thus, the model results to be a complex one and can be seen as a generalization of the cable theory to higher dimensions and, going to define the so-called bidomain equations. Many of the interesting properties of the bidomain model arise from the condition of unequal anisotropy ratios. The electrical conductivity in anisotropic tissues is not unique in all directions, but it is different in parallel and perpendicular direction with respect to the fiber one. Moreover, in tissues with unequal anisotropy ratios, the ratio of conductivities parallel and perpendicular to the fibers are different in the intracellular and extracellular spaces. For instance, in cardiac tissue, the anisotropy ratio in the intracellular space is about 10:1, while in the extracellular space it is about 5:2. Mathematically, unequal anisotropy ratios means that the effect of anisotropy cannot be removed by a change in the distance scale in one direction. Instead, the anisotropy has a more profound influence on the electrical behavior. Three examples of the impact of unequal anisotropy ratios are * the distribution of transmembrane potential during unipolar stimulation of a sheet of cardiac tissue, * the magnetic field produced by an action potential wave front propagating through cardiac tissue, * the effect of fiber curvature on the transmembrane potential distribution during an electric shock. Formulation ----------- ### Bidomain domain Bidomain model domain, considering the intracellular and extracellular region as a unique physical region representing the heart, and an extramyocardial region representing the torso or a fluid bath. The bidomain domain is principally represented by two main regions: the cardiac cells, called intracellular domain, and the space surrounding them, called extracellular domain. Moreover, usually another region is considered, called extramyocardial region. The intracellular and extracellular domains, which are separate by the cellular membrane, are considered to be a unique physical space representing the heart (\mathbb {H} ), while the extramyocardial domain is a unique physical space adjacent of them (\mathbb T). The extramyocardial region can be considered as a fluid bath, especially when one wants to simulate experimental conditions, or as a human torso to simulate physiological conditions. The boundary of the two principal physical domains defined are important to solve the bidomain model. Here the heart boundary is denoted as {\displaystyle \partial \mathbb {H} } while the torso domain boundary is {\displaystyle \partial \mathbb {T} .} ### Unknowns and parameters The unknowns in the bidomain model are three, the intracellular potential v\_{i}, the extracellular potential v\_{e} and the transmembrane potential v, which is defined as the difference of the potential across the cell membrane {\displaystyle v=v\_{i}-v\_{e}}. Moreover, some important parameters need to be taken in account, especially the intracellular conductivity tensor matrix {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}}, the extracellular conductivity tensor matrix {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}}. The transmembrane current flows between the intracellular and extracellular regions and it is in part described by the corresponding ionic current over the membrane per unit area {\displaystyle I\_{\text{ion}}}. Moreover, the membrane capacitance per unit area C\_m and the surface to volume ratio of the cell membrane \chi need to be considered to derive the bidomain model formulation, which is done in the following section. ### Standard formulation The bidomain model is defined through two partial differential equations (PDE) the first of which is a reaction diffusion equation in terms of the transmembrane potential, while the second one computes the extracellular potential starting from a given transmembran potential distribution. Thus, the bidomain model can be formulated as follows: ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) + ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v e ) = χ ( C m ∂ v ∂ t + I i o n ) − I s 1 ∇ ⋅ ( ( Σ i + Σ e ) ∇ v e ) = − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) + I s 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I\_{s\_{1}}\\[1ex]&\nabla \cdot \left(\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\right)\nabla v\_{e}\right)=-\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)+I\_{s\_{2}}\end{alignedat}}} {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I_{s_{1}}\\[1ex]&\nabla \cdot \left(\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\right)\nabla v_{e}\right)=-\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)+I_{s_{2}}\end{alignedat}}} where {\displaystyle I\_{s\_{1}}} and {\displaystyle I\_{s\_{2}}} can be defined as applied external stimulus currents. ### Ionic current equation The ionic current is usually represented by an ionic model through a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Mathematically, one can write {\displaystyle I\_{\text{ion}}=I\_{\text{ion}}(v,\mathbf {w} )} where {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} } is called ionic variable. Then, in general, for all t > 0, the system reads { ∂ w ∂ t = F ( v , w ) in H w ( t = 0 ) = w 0 in H {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\dfrac {\partial \mathbf {w} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {F} (v,\mathbf {w} )&{\text{in }}\mathbb {H} \\\mathbf {w} (t=0)=\mathbf {w} \_{0}&{\text{in }}\mathbb {H} \end{cases}}} {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\dfrac {\partial \mathbf {w} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {F} (v,\mathbf {w} )&{\text{in }}\mathbb {H} \\\mathbf {w} (t=0)=\mathbf {w} _{0}&{\text{in }}\mathbb {H} \end{cases}}} Different ionic models have been proposed: * phenomenological models, which are the simplest ones and used to reproduce macroscopic behavior of the cell. * physiological models, which take into account both macroscopic behaviour and cell physiology with a quite detailed description of the most important ionic current. ### Model of an extramyocardial region In some cases, an extramyocardial region is considered. This implies the addition to the bidomain model of an equation describing the potential propagation inside the extramyocardial domain. Usually, this equation is a simple generalized Laplace equation of type − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ 0 ∇ v 0 ) = 0 x ∈ T {\displaystyle -\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{0}\nabla v\_{0})=0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {T} } {\displaystyle -\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{0}\nabla v_{0})=0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {T} } where v\_{0} is the potential in the extramyocardial region and {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{0}} is the corresponding conductivity tensor. Moreover, an isolated domain assumption is considered, which means that the following boundary conditions are added ( Σ 0 ∇ v 0 ) ⋅ n 0 = 0 x ∈ ∂ T , {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{0}\nabla v\_{0})\cdot \mathbf {n} \_{0}=0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {T} ,} {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{0}\nabla v_{0})\cdot \mathbf {n} _{0}=0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {T} ,} {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \_{0}} being the unit normal directed outside of the extramyocardial domain. If the extramyocardial region is the human torso, this model gives rise to the forward problem of electrocardiology. Derivation ---------- The bidomain equations are derived from the Maxwell's equations of the electromagnetism, considering some simplifications. The first assumption is that the intracellular current can flow only between the intracellular and extracellular regions, while the intracellular and extramyocardial regions can comunicate between them, so that the current can flow into and from the extramyocardial regions but only in the extracellular space. Using Ohm's law and a quasi-static assumption, the gradient of a scalar potential field \varphi can describe an electrical field {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }, which means that E = − ∇ φ . {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \varphi .} {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \varphi .} Then, if J represent the current density of the electric field {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }, two equations can be obtained J i = − Σ i ∇ v i J e = − Σ e ∇ v e . {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}J\_{i}&=-\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i}\\J\_{e}&=-\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e}.\end{alignedat}}} {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}J_{i}&=-\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{i}\\J_{e}&=-\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\nabla v_{e}.\end{alignedat}}} where the subscript i and e represent the intracellular and extracellular quantities respectively. The second assumption is that the heart is isolated so that the current that leaves one region need to flow into the other. Then, the current density in each of the intracellular and extracellular domain must be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, and can be defined as the product of the surface to volume ratio of the cell membrane and the transmembrane ionic current density I\_m per unit area, which means that − ∇ ⋅ J i = ∇ ⋅ J e = χ I m . {\displaystyle -\nabla \cdot J\_{i}=\nabla \cdot J\_{e}=\chi I\_{m}.} {\displaystyle -\nabla \cdot J_{i}=\nabla \cdot J_{e}=\chi I_{m}.} By combining the previous assumptions, the conservation of current densities is obtained, namely \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i})&=\chi I\_{m}\\\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e})&=-\chi I\_{m}\end{alignedat}}} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (1) \| from which, summing the two equations ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v i ) = − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ e ∇ v e ) . {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i})=-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e}).} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{i})=-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\nabla v_{e}).} This equation states exactly that all currents exiting one domain must enter the other. From here, it is easy to find the second equation of the bidomain model subtracting {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e})} from both sides. In fact, ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v i ) − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v e ) = − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ e ∇ v e ) − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v e ) {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i})-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e})=-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e})-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e})} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{i})-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e})=-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\nabla v_{e})-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e})} and knowing that the transmembral potential is defined as {\displaystyle v=v\_{i}-v\_{e}} ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) = − ∇ ⋅ ( ( Σ i + Σ e ) ∇ v e ) . {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v)=-\nabla \cdot ((\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e})\nabla v\_{e}).} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v)=-\nabla \cdot ((\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e})\nabla v_{e}).} Then, knowing the transmembral potential, one can recover the extracellular potential. Then, the current that flows across the cell membrane can be modelled with the cable equation, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle I\_{m}=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{\text{ion}}\right),} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (2) \| Combining equations (1) and (2) gives ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v i ) = χ ( C m ∂ v ∂ t + I i o n ) . {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i}\right)=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{ion}\right).} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{i}\right)=\chi \left(C_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I_{ion}\right).} Finally, adding and subtracting {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e})} on the left and rearranging {\displaystyle v=v\_{i}-v\_{e}}, one can get the first equation of the bidomain model ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) + ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v e ) = χ ( C m ∂ v ∂ t + I i o n ) , {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{\mathrm {ion} }\right),} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I_{\mathrm {ion} }\right),} which describes the evolution of the transmembrane potential in time. The final formulation described in the standard formulation section is obtained through a generalization, considering possible external stimulus which can be given through the external applied currents {\displaystyle I\_{s\_{1}}} and {\displaystyle I\_{s\_{2}}}. Boundary conditions ------------------- In order to solve the model, boundary conditions are needed. The more classical boundary conditions are the following ones, formulated by Tung. First of all, as state before in the derive section, there ca not been any flow of current between the intracellular and extramyocardial domains. This can be mathematically described as ( Σ i ∇ v i ) ⋅ n = 0 x ∈ ∂ H {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{i})\cdot \mathbf {n} =0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} } {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{i})\cdot \mathbf {n} =0\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} } where \mathbf n is the vector that represents the outwardly unit normal to the myocardial surface of the heart. Since the intracellular potential is not explicitily presented in the bidomain formulation, this condition is usually described in terms of the transmembrane and extracellular potential, knowing that {\displaystyle v=v\_{i}-v\_{e}}, namely ( Σ i ∇ v ) ⋅ n = − ( Σ i ∇ v e ) ⋅ n x ∈ ∂ H . {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v)\cdot \mathbf {n} =-(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e})\cdot \mathbf {n} \quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v)\cdot \mathbf {n} =-(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e})\cdot \mathbf {n} \quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} For the extracellular potential, if the myocardial region is presented, a balance in the flow between the extracellular and the extramyocardial regions is considered ( Σ e ∇ v e ) ⋅ n e = − ( Σ 0 ∇ v 0 ) ⋅ n 0 x ∈ ∂ H . {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} \_{e}=-\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{0}\nabla v\_{0}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} \_{0}\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\nabla v_{e}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} _{e}=-\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{0}\nabla v_{0}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} _{0}\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} Here the normal vectors from the perspective of both domains are considered, thus the negative sign are necessary. Moreover, a perfect transmission of the potential on the cardiac boundary is necessary, which gives v e = v 0 x ∈ ∂ H . {\displaystyle v\_{e}=v\_{0}\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} {\displaystyle v_{e}=v_{0}\quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} Instead, if the heart is considered as isolated, which means that no myocardial region is presented, a possible boundary condition for the extracellular problem is ( Σ i ∇ v ) ⋅ n = − ( ( Σ i + Σ e ) ∇ v e ) ⋅ n x ∈ ∂ H . {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} =-\left((\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e})\nabla v\_{e}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} \quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} =-\left((\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e})\nabla v_{e}\right)\cdot \mathbf {n} \quad \mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} .} Reduction to monodomain model ----------------------------- By assuming equal anisotropy ratios for the intra- and extracellular domains, i.e. {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}=\lambda \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}} for some scalar \lambda , the model can be reduced to one single equation, called monodomain equation ∇ ⋅ ( Σ ∇ v ) = χ ( C m ∂ v ∂ t + I i o n ) − I s {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \nabla v)=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I\_{s}} {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {\Sigma } \nabla v)=\chi \left(C_{m}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I_{s}} where the only variable is now the transmembrane potential, and the conductivity tensor {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } } is a combination of {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}} and {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}.} Formulation with boundary conditions in an isolated domain ---------------------------------------------------------- If the heart is considered as an isolated tissue, which means that no current can flow outside of it, the final formulation with boundary conditions reads { ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) + ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v e ) = χ ( C m ∂ v ∂ t + I i o n ) − I s 1 x ∈ H ∇ ⋅ ( ( Σ i + Σ e ) ∇ v e ) = − ∇ ⋅ ( Σ i ∇ v ) + I s 2 x ∈ H Σ i ( ∇ v + ∇ v e ) ⋅ n = 0 x ∈ ∂ H [ Σ i ( ∇ v + ∇ v e ) + Σ e ∇ v e ] ⋅ n = 0 x ∈ ∂ H {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C\_{m}{\dfrac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I\_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I\_{s\_{1}}&\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\nabla \cdot \left(\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\right)\nabla v\_{e}\right)=-\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}\nabla v\right)+I\_{s\_{2}}&\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}(\nabla v+\nabla v\_{e})\cdot \mathbf {n} =0&\mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\left[\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{i}(\nabla v+\nabla v\_{e})+\mathbf {\Sigma } \_{e}\nabla v\_{e}\right]\cdot \mathbf {n} =0&\mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} \end{cases}}} {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v_{e}\right)=\chi \left(C_{m}{\dfrac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+I_{\mathrm {ion} }\right)-I_{s_{1}}&\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\nabla \cdot \left(\left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}+\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\right)\nabla v_{e}\right)=-\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}\nabla v\right)+I_{s_{2}}&\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}(\nabla v+\nabla v_{e})\cdot \mathbf {n} =0&\mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} \\[1ex]\left[\mathbf {\Sigma } _{i}(\nabla v+\nabla v_{e})+\mathbf {\Sigma } _{e}\nabla v_{e}\right]\cdot \mathbf {n} =0&\mathbf {x} \in \partial \mathbb {H} \end{cases}}} Numerical solution ------------------ There are various possible techniques to solve the bidomain equations. Between them, one can find finite difference schemes, finite element schemes and also finite volume schemes. Special considerations can be made for the numerical solution of these equations, due to the high time and space resolution needed for numerical convergence.
2015 novel by Elizabeth Bear *Karen Memory* is a steampunk novel by Elizabeth Bear. It was published by Tor Books, on February 3, 2015; a Japanese-language version was published on October 20, 2017. In 2018, a sequel, "Stone Mad", was released. Synopsis -------- In an alternate 1878, Karen Memery ("like memory only spelt with an e") is a teenage prostitute in the Pacific Northwest, whose life becomes complicated by the arrival of a serial killer, by a rival pimp's attempt to run for mayor, and by mad science. Reception --------- National Public Radio described the novel as "a bracing yet charming adventure yarn," praising Bear for giving Karen a "strong, sympathetic, charismatic voice" whose "narrative is sharp, sly, and full of heart." Locus considered it a "delight" and a "tour-de-force", comparing Karen to Huckleberry Finn, while Kirkus Reviews found the characters to be "lively" and "engaging", with an "intriguing" and "steampunk-ishly surreal" plot. Cheryl Morgan commended Bear for "straddl(ing) the fine line between sounding authentic and being irritating", and for depicting a multicultural and intersectional society, but found Bear's portrayal of a transgender character to be non-optimal, and conceded that readers "who identify more closely with other characters in the book's highly diverse cast" may find the portrayals of those characters to be similarly non-optimal.
German scientist (1880–1957) Ernst Berliner (15 September 1880 – 1 October 1957) was a German scientist with contributions to microbiology, entomology, and biochemistry. Life and career --------------- Ernst Berliner was born in Berlin to Albrecht Berliner and Hedwig (née Koppen). He attended the Humboldt Gymnasium, which he left in 1901 with his Abitur. From 1900 to 1904 he studied engineering at the Royal Technical Institute Charlottenburg following which he studied natural sciences at the Frederick William University (now the Humboldt University of Berlin) until 1908, with Oscar Hertwig, Rudolf Virchow (?), Ludwig Plate, Warburg, Fritz Schaudinn, Max Hartmann, Franz Eilhard Schulze, and Wilhelm von Branca. Afterwards he was active scientifically at the Zoological Institute of the University and the Robert Koch Institute. On 8 May 1909 he received a Dr. phil. with a thesis on flagellates. From 1909 to 1912 he worked at the Research Institute for Cereal Processing in Berlin as an assistant to Johannes Buchwald and later as department director. Here he studied an infectious disease of flour moth caterpillars, which he named Bacillus thuringiensis. In the summer of 1909, a shipment arrived from a Thuringian mill containing diseased caterpillars, after which an epidemic spread in the institute. In 1911, he first reported their findings in the Zeitschrift für Getreidewesen (Journal of Cereal) which he followed in 1915 with the detailed publication "Über die Schlaffsucht der Mehlmottenraupe (Ephestia kühniella Zell.) und ihren Erreger Bacillus thuringiensis" ("On the Somnolence of flour moth caterpillars (Ephestia kühniella sp.) and their pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis") in the Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie (Journal of Applied Entomology). From 1912 to 1914 he was head of the agrochemical control station of the chamber of agriculture for Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. He volunteered after the outbreak of the First World War and served as a lieutenant and company commander in France and Russia, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd and 1st class. From 1920 he was senior chemist at the Swedish milling company Malmö Stora Walskvarn and from 1927 Director of the Research Institute for Cereal Chemistry at MIAG in Frankfurt. In 1921, he married Helene Martha Ast (died 1954). They had two children: Kurt Albrecht (1921-1944) and Hildur Hedwig (born 1928). In 1931 he founded the independent Research Institute for Cereal Chemistry in Darmstadt-Eberstadt. From 1927 to 1933, he was Associate Professor of Cereal Chemistry at the Technical University of Darmstadt. During the Nazi era, Berliner was subject to racial and political persecution, including restrictions on his work and prohibitions on publication. From 1936 to 1938, he was able to conduct scientific training courses in Vienna, Prague, Zurich and Paris. In 1944, he and his wife were temporarily detained by the Gestapo. From 1949 to 1957 with Kurt Neitzert (born 1911) he organized a working group within the Research Institute for Cereal Chemistry in Darmstadt-Eberstadt. In 1950 he initiated the annual Jugenheimer discussion session of the Association of Cereal Chemistry. In 1955, he was awarded the Cross of the Order of Merit (Verdienstkreuz am Bande). Literature ---------- * Aloysius Krieg, A. M. Huger: Symposium in memoriam Dr. Ernst Berliner, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the first description of Bacillus thuringiensis. Darmstadt, 25. August 1986. Proceedings of the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 233; ISBN 3-489-23300-X
Military unit The 1701st Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Continental Division, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Great Falls Air Force Base, Montana, where it was discontinued on 1 May 1953. The wing was formed in 1948, when MATS replaced Air Transport Command and Naval Air Transport Service and reorganized its units under the wing base organization. The wing trained MATS aircrews, most notably for the Berlin Airlift. MATS training operations moved to Palm Beach Air Force Base in the early 1950s and the wing was discontinued when Great Falls was turned over to MATS' Air Resupply and Communications Service. History ------- The 517th Air Transport Wing was organized at Great Falls Air Force Base in June 1948, when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced Air Transport Command (ATC) and Naval Air Transport Service and reorganized its Air Force elements under the wing-base organization system. The new wing assumed the personnel and equipment of the 1455th AF Base Unit (Air Transport) of ATC and continued its mission of training aircrews for airlift units. On 25 June 1948 Operation Vittles, the strategic airlift of supplies to Berlin's 2,000,000 inhabitants, was initiated. The 517th (later 1701st) played a critical role in assuring the success of this vital operation. Officials selected Great Falls as the only replacement aircrew training site for Berlin Airlift-bound C-54s. It formed a provisional unit, the 1435th Air Transport Group, to perform this mission, using resources from the wing's 1701st Air Transport Group. Using radio beacons, Great Falls was transformed to resemble Tempelhof Airport in Berlin, Germany. Hundreds of pilots and flight engineers many of whom were recalled to active duty, were qualified on the Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft and on flight procedures to and from Berlin by practicing on ground mock-ups and flying simulated airlift missions. The 517th Air Transport Wing was redesignated the 1701st Air Transport Wing in October 1948 to comply with Air Force policy that table of distribution units be numbered in a series of four digits assigned to their parent command. The wing's primary mission was the routing and scheduling of flights throughout the Pacific Ocean region and in support of allied forces in the Korean War. MATS reopened the C-54 Flight Training School as the 1272d Medium Transition Training Unit in May 1950, one month before the Korean War began. Following Continental Air Command's formation of corollary units in the May 1949 reserve program, the wing assumed responsibility for training reservists assigned to the 8523d Air Transport Squadron (Corollary). Corollary units were reserve units integrated with an active duty unit. They were viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit. In May 1951, the 8523d mobilized for the Korean war, with its personnel used as fillers for other units. The wing assumed responsibility for a second flying group, the 1703d Air Transport Group. Until 1951, the 1703d flew Douglas C-74 Globemaster Is. In May 1951, it received its first Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, and began operational testing and evaluation of the C-124. The 1703d also had a squadron dedicated to the aeromedical evacuation mission. In January 1951, the wing assumed responsibility for a second base, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Mountain Home was used by MATS' Air Resupply and Communications Service (ARCS) to train its units before they deployed overseas. In November 1951, ARCS formed the 1300th Air Base Wing and assumed responsibility for Mountain Home. The 1701st was inactivated and replaced by the 1300th Wing in June 1953 when MATS transferred Mountain Home to Strategic Air Command and moved its ARCS operations to Great Falls. The MATS aircrew training mission was transferred to the 1707th Air Transport Wing at Palm Beach Air Force Base, Florida, while the wing's remaining crews and aircraft were transferred to the 1501st Air Transport Group at Travis Air Force Base, California. ### Lineage * Designated as the 517th Air Transport Wing on 14 May 1948 Organized on 1 June 1948 Redesignated 1701st Air Transport Wing, 1 October 1948 Discontinued on 1 May 1953 ### Assignments * Pacific Division, Military Air Transport Service, 1 June 1948 * Continental Division, Military Air Transport Service, 1 July 1948 – 1 May 1953 ### Components Operational * 517th Air Transport Group (later 1701st Air Transport Group (Transition Training Unit)), 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953 * 1453d Air Transport Group (Provisional), attached 1 October 1948 – c. 31 March 1949 * 1703d Air Transport Group, 25 October 1949 – 1 May 1953 Support * 517th Air Base Group (later 1701st Air Base Group), 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953 * 517th Supply and Maintenance Group (later 1701st Maintenance and Supply Group), 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953 * 1701st Maintenance Group, 23 April 1949 – 25 October 1949 * 1701st Supply Group, 23 April 1949 – 25 October 1949 * 1706th Air Base Group, 1 February 1951 – 1 November 1951 ### Stations * Great Falls Air Force Base, Montana, 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953 ### Aircraft * Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1948–1953 * Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1948–1953 * Douglas C-74 Globemaster I, 1949-1951 * Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1951-1953
United States historic place The Southington Public Library is the public library serving Southington, Connecticut. It is located at 255 Main Street in a modern facility erected in 1974. Its first building, constructed in 1902 and located at 239 Main Street, now houses the Southington Historical Center. That building, a fine local example of Classical Revival architecture, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Library history --------------- Southington's first library was organized in 1797, and was a private subscription library that had failed by 1847. Other small circulating libraries were privately maintained in the mid-19th century, but a push for a public library did not begin until the 1890s. The town authorized a library in 1896, and it soon amassed a collection of 1,300 books, which were housed in the town hall's courtroom. With the need for a permanent home evident, Lucius V. Walkley, owner of the local Pultz & Walkley Company, offered a challenge grant of $5,000, to be granted if other donors could raise the same amount. This goal was soon met, and the south-facing element of the historic building was completed in 1902 to a design by George Wilson Potter Sr. of New York City. Emma Bradley Yeomans Newell, another entrepreneur, left a bequest upon her death in 1917 for an addition to the library, which was constructed in 1930. In 1974 the present library building was constructed across Meriden Avenue, and the Southington Historical Society took over control of the original library building. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Historic building architecture ------------------------------ The historic building is located at the northeast corner of Main Street and Meriden Avenue, at the southern end of downtown Southington. It is a single-story masonry structure, built in a Classical Revival style with glazed terra cotta brick and granite and an original capacity for 6,000 books. It consists of two sections, each covered by a low-pitch hip roof. Each section presents a facade, one to Meriden Avenue and the other to Main Street. The Meriden Avenue facade is more elaborate, with a projecting gabled vestibule, which houses the main entrance recessed under a gabled pediment with flanking pilasters. The Main Street entrance is of similar style, but is less detailed and does not project as far forward. Southington Historical Society ------------------------------ The Southington Historical Society is located in the Southington Historical Center. The Society preserves the history of the town and the surrounding area, including the stewardship for the historic South End Schoolhouse and the West Street Schoolhouse. The Society hosts exhibits, lectures, programs and fundraisers. Displays include photos, area sports and school mementos, industry and business items, and military artifacts.

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