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Write a question about the passage. | In this task, you're given passages that contain mentions of names of people, places, or things. Some of these mentions refer to the same person, place, or thing. Your job is to write questions that evaluate one's understanding of such references. Good questions are expected to link pronouns (she, her, him, his, their, etc.) or other mentions to people, places, or things to which they may refer. | Passage: During the 1950s more dangerous criminal elements took advantage of Galveston's lax law enforcement and the absence of the Maceo brothers' influence. Non-vice crime increased in the city. The New Orleans crime syndicate, headed by Carlos Marcello, ran guns to Cuba through the island. Fugitives such as suspected JFK plotter David Ferrie used Galveston as a safe haven.By the 1950s gambling and prostitution were being actively repressed in most parts of Texas. In 1953, the police commissioner, Walter L. Johnston, under pressure from local citizens groups concerned about moral decline and high rates of venereal disease, shut down the red-light district. However, the mayoral victory of George Roy Clough, a supporter of regulated vice, led to the district's being re-established in 1955. That year Galveston was labeled by national anti-prostitution groups as the "worst spot in the nation as far as prostitution is concerned".Paul Hopkins won the 1956 election for sheriff and set about shutting down the island's illegal activities once and for all. One of the first successful busts of the gambling industry was an undercover operation by Texas Ranger Clint Peoples at the Balinese Room. In 1957 State Attorney General Will Wilson and Department of Public Safety head Homer Garrison (with help from former FBI special agent Jim Simpson) began a massive campaign of raids that wrecked the gambling and prostitution industry on the island, along with liquor imports. Forty-seven clubs, brothels, and other vice establishments were reportedly closed, and 2,000 slot machines were destroyed. Though officials said they destroyed all of the city's gaming equipment, some locals including R.S. Maceo, nephew of Sam and Rose, claimed that most of the equipment was shipped to Las Vegas before authorities ever discovered it. | What is the full name of the person that was responsible for an undercover operation by Texas Ranger Clint Peoples at the Balinese Room? | Question Generation |
Write a single correct answer to the given question based on the information present in the associated passage. | Based on the information present in the given passage, you need to write a correct answer to the given question. A correct answer is one that correctly and completely answers the question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: The world can be divided into three climate zones.Sent 2: The first climate zone is the polar zone.Sent 3: As it sounds, the polar zone is near earths poles.Sent 4: The polar zone has very long and cold winters.Sent 5: Brrr!!!!Sent 6: Near the equator is the tropical zone.Sent 7: The tropical zone is known for being hot and wet.Sent 8: Between these two zones is the temperate zone.Sent 9: Temperatures there tend to be mild.Sent 10: Its not too hot and not too cold.Sent 11: You might expect places near the equator to be hot and wet.Sent 12: Thats not always the case.Sent 13: Sometimes there are other factors at work.Sent 14: These factors can affect the local climate type or a region.Sent 15: Oceans and mountain ranges can have a major impact.Sent 16: They can greatly influence the climate of an area.Sent 17: Many factors influence an areas climate.
Question: What is the temperature zone known for?. | Mild temperatures. | Closed Question Answering |
Write a single correct answer to the given question based on the information present in the associated passage. | Based on the information present in the given passage, you need to write a correct answer to the given question. A correct answer is one that correctly and completely answers the question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: The world can be divided into three climate zones.Sent 2: The first climate zone is the polar zone.Sent 3: As it sounds, the polar zone is near earths poles.Sent 4: The polar zone has very long and cold winters.Sent 5: Brrr!!!!Sent 6: Near the equator is the tropical zone.Sent 7: The tropical zone is known for being hot and wet.Sent 8: Between these two zones is the temperate zone.Sent 9: Temperatures there tend to be mild.Sent 10: Its not too hot and not too cold.Sent 11: You might expect places near the equator to be hot and wet.Sent 12: Thats not always the case.Sent 13: Sometimes there are other factors at work.Sent 14: These factors can affect the local climate type or a region.Sent 15: Oceans and mountain ranges can have a major impact.Sent 16: They can greatly influence the climate of an area.Sent 17: Many factors influence an areas climate.
Question: What is the temperature zone known for?. | Being mild. | Closed Question Answering |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: Looking to snap a two-game losing streak, Washington traveled home two days before the 2012 Presidential Election to take on the Carolina Panthers in a game that was dubbed a homecoming game for them, with past superstars being honored and wearing throwback jerseys from their 1937 season. The Redskins got on the board first with a Kai Forbath 47-yard field goal, but Carolina countered with a DeAngelo Williams 30-yard score that was aided by an inadvertent whistle by the referee. Upon review, the call stood, and Carolina led 7-3. On Washington's ensuing possession, Washington got down to Carolina's 2, but were stuffed on fourth-and-goal, and Carolina took over on downs. Carolina was able to move the ball efficiently on Washington's much-maligned and porous defense, culminating in a Cam Newton 19-yard TD pass to Steve Smith, giving Carolina a 14-3 halftime advantage. In the second half, Washington continued to stay within striking distance, but was unable to make enough plays to get over the hump. Forbath chipped in a 25-yard field goal to cut the score to 14-6. In the fourth, Carolina pulled away. Pinned inside their 10, Newton found a wide-open Armanti Edwards for an 82-yard completion, and capped off the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run to take a 21-6 lead. Washington would respond later in the game by way of an Evan Royster 2-yard touchdown run, but with only 1:28 left in the game, and only two timeouts, Washington did not recover the onside kick. Following a Carolina three-and-out, Washington got the ball back with 18 seconds to go, but Brandon Banks was tackled in bounds at his own 9-yard line, and with no time outs, the clock ran out. With the loss, Washington fell to 3-6, 1-3 at home, and the Redskins Rule stated that Mitt Romney would win the election. This proved, however, not to be the case, and only the second time the Rule did not apply.
Question: How many yards was the longest scoring play of this game?
Answer type: Number | 82. | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: The deal was that if I had nt heard anything last week , to assume that my blood tests and x - ray all came back negative , and that I had passed . I have nt heard anything , so it seems I have successfully cleared that hurdle , and am medically fit to marry an American . 2 . | Why would the narrator need to do so many medical tests ? | Question Generation |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: hi . my sister works in kiplins bakery and during her interview the employer said 2 her that ' they keep an eye on ppl ' but they do nt , she has witness employees not washing their hands b4 and after leaving the bakery and seen workers pecking their noses and then touching the cakes . this has been happening everyday at her workplace . | What may be a fact about the person speaking ? | Question Generation |
Write a related fact to a given fact, based on the provided topic word. | Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to science facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain) | Fact: chemical splashing can cause harm to humans.
Topic: chemical splashing result. | Chemical splash goggles are advised. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write a fill in the blank question based on the provided context word | You are asked to create a question containing a blank (_), based on the given context word. Your question must contain two related but different objects; for example "trophy" and "suitcase". The expected answer to your question must be one of the objects present in the sentence. | Context Word: t shirts. | Because Jason was a poor college student, he wore t shirts rather than button downs because the _ are more affordable. | Question Generation |
Craft one incorrect answer to the question given in input. | Craft one incorrect answer. In doing so, try to use words from the context as much as possible, or by using similar words used in the correct answer. | Context: There was a bazaar at NIE and the usual game store aunty came to set up her stall again She sells a variety of board games ( i.e. twister , scrabble , monopoly , intelligent games etc ) at a low price . There was this item that caught our eyes . Our mean REENA , CAILING & I.
Question: What may happen after the aunty 's stall is set up ?
Correct Answer: People will look what she has to offer . | No one will buy any of her games . | Incorrect Answer Generation |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks questions based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_). The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two different persons (PersonX and PersonY). Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "sympathetic" and "stern") which express contrasting attributes about the two persons. The answer to the first and the second sentence must be PersonX and PersonY, respectively. | Context Word: overcoat. | Sentence 1: PersonX remembered to bring their overcoat on the cloudy day but PersonY forgot theirs. _ arrived at work with their clothes perfectly dry.
Sentence 2: PersonX remembered to bring their overcoat on the cloudy day but PersonY forgot theirs. _ arrived at work with their clothes soaking wet. | Minimal Text Modification |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: About two days after I wrote my last post , I got over it . I guess that mean by Tuesday I was over it . It might have been because on Tuesday I talked to him and he said he could come over on Wednesday .
Question: What may happen after your last post ? | I would become alright with the situation . | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: Classy ! I believe wondering when your good deed is going to pay off is pretty much the opposite of doing a good deed . Anyway , despite that ridiculous thought , there have been plenty of times that some complete stranger did something nice for me -- many more times than I ' ve done the same in return . After college , in Cambridge , Massachusetts , I had just finished the Radcliffe Publishing Course and was hauling my suitcase to the T station to get to the airport . That shit was heavy . | What may be the reason that a stranger helped me ? | Question Generation |
Write an incorrect answer to the given question based on the information present in the passage. | In this task, you need to write an incorrect answer to the given question. Along with the question, you are also given the correct answer(s) and the associated paragraph. An incorrect answer should be closely related to the content of the paragraph and/or the question but will not truthfully answer the question. Your incorrect answers should be similar to the given correct answer such that it will pose a challenge for students to distinguish the two. A good incorrect answer should prevent those who skip the paragraph from answering the question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: The earliest signs of people on Jamaica are the remains of the Arawak, an AmerIndian society that originated on the north coast of South America.Sent 2: Arawak peoples migrated to various Caribbean islands, arriving in Jamaica by the beginning of the eighth century.Sent 3: They were peaceful and lived by "slash-and-burn" farming.Sent 4: For meat, they bred pigs and ate iguana, both native to the island.Sent 5: They were highly skilled in such manual activities as thatching and weaving.Sent 6: In fact, the hammock was an AmerIndian invention that remains with us today; it is an object which, more than any other, evokes an image of a warm sunny day on a tropical isle.Sent 7: The Arawak left a legacy of paintings in places such as Runaway Caves near Discovery Bay, and shards of pottery found at their settlements near Nueva Sevilla and Spanish Town have added a little to our knowledge about them.Sent 8: Over 200 Arawak sites have been identified, and it is said that when the Spanish arrived in Jamaica there were approximately 100,000 Arawak living on the island.Sent 9: They called Jamaica "Xaymaca" ("land of wood and water").Sent 10: Columbus and the Arrival of Europeans Columbus first arrived in Jamaica on 5 May 1494 at Discovery Bay, where there is now a small park in his honor.Sent 11: He stayed for only a few days but returned in 1502, landing here when the ships of his fleet became unserviceable; he waited at St. Ann's Bay for help to arrive from Cuba.Sent 12: After the death of Columbus in 1505, Jamaica became the property of his son Diego, who dispatched Don Juan de Esquivel to the island as Governor.Sent 13: Esquivel arrived in 1510 and created a base called Nueva Sevilla near St. Ann's Bay, from which he hoped to colonize the rest of the island.Sent 14: The Spanish immediately began subjugating the Arawak population, many of whom died under the yoke of oppression and of diseases carried by the Europeans.Sent 15: A number of them committed suicide rather than live the life created for them by the Spanish.Sent 16: The site of Nueva Sevilla proved to be unhealthy and mosquito-ridden, and in 1534 the Spanish founded Villa de la Vega, today known as Spanish Town.Sent 17: Pig breeding was the main occupation of these early settlers, but they also planted sugar cane and other crops that required large numbers of laborers.Sent 18: The number of Arawak had already fallen dramatically, so the Spanish began to import slaves from Africa to work the land; the first Africans arrived in 1517.
Question: Was the arrival of the Europeans a positive development for the Arawaks?. | Settlement. | Incorrect Answer Generation |
Do you think the given question involves temporal reasoning of the type indicated by the provided category? | We define five categories of temporal reasoning. First: "event duration" which is defined as the understanding of how long events last. For example, "brushing teeth", usually takes few minutes. Second: "transient v. stationary" events. This category is based on the understanding of whether an event will change over time or not. For example, the sentence "he was born in the U.S." contains a stationary event since it will last forever; however, "he is hungry" contains a transient event since it will remain true for a short period of time. Third: "event ordering" which is the understanding of how events are usually ordered in nature. For example, "earning money" usually comes before "spending money". Fourth one is "absolute timepoint". This category deals with the understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). The last category is "frequency" which refers to how often an event is likely to be repeated. For example, "taking showers" typically occurs ~5 times a week, "going to saturday market" usually happens every few weeks/months, etc. | Sentence: Jaanu , who has been following Nandini , beats up Preetam thinking that he is in love with Nandini .
Question: How long was Jaanu following Nandini?
Category: Event Duration. | Yes. | Classification |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: So there 's this guy ... No , seriously . There 's this guy called Gordon who used to live here when we first moved up here . We became really good friends , he 's a great laugh . He taught me to dance and is still my preferred dancing partner . | What my be the plausible reason I prefer him as my dance partner .? | Question Generation |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: Just four days until we leave for Norway ! Because the Viking Queen is getting married next week , I had to spend a large chunk of my weekend in malls looking for something classy to wear . I enjoy shopping for clothes about as much as I enjoy menstrual cramps . Lucky for me , I got to experience both of these things at the same time over the weekend .
Question: What may be the reason for their discomfort ? | They had started their period before the wedding . | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: Just four days until we leave for Norway ! Because the Viking Queen is getting married next week , I had to spend a large chunk of my weekend in malls looking for something classy to wear . I enjoy shopping for clothes about as much as I enjoy menstrual cramps . Lucky for me , I got to experience both of these things at the same time over the weekend .
Question: What may be the reason for their discomfort ? | They had to spend time shopping . | Closed Question Answering |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: Fungi reproduction can be helped by moving water, wind, or other organisms.
Question: What is something that can help fungi reproduce? | Moving water. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question by generating a span from the provided story or the question. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You are also given a question about the story that requires understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph and the story. You need to come up with an answer to the given question; the answer will be a span from either the question or the story. In order to correctly answer the given question, you need to understand the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph and should be able to use it to understand that in the story. | Background Paragraph: About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.
Story: Craig is going on some trips this week. The first trip on Monday is to Giant's Peak. The next trip on Friday is to Sleepy's Caves. He is excited to see all the sites.
Question: On which day will Craig have a worse chance to see limestone formations? | Monday. | Closed Question Answering |
Write a related fact to a given fact, based on the provided topic word. | Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to science facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain) | Fact: Annelids are worms such as the familiar earthworm.
Topic: earthworms soil. | Earthworms are invaluble for soil health. | Minimal Text Modification |
Use your best judgment to generate the "type"(s) that best describe the question-answer pair. | Generate the type of the given question-answer pair. For example, the question-answer pair (Question: When was the Dormition church destroyed?, Answer: 1922) is of type "date". In your responses, use of the following types:
(1) Humans: Any individual or group of humans, including fictional ones (e.g., a group or organization of persons , an individual, title of a person, description of a person);
(2) Event: Any phenomenon natural or artificial (e.g., named hurricanes, Battles, Wars, Sports events, Terrorist attacks);
(3) Entity: A thing with distinct and independent existence (Animals, Organs of body, Colors, Inventions, books and other creative pieces, Currency name, Diseases, and medicine, Food, Musical instrument, Languages, Plants, Products, Religions, Sports, Elements and substances, Symbols and signs, Techniques and methods, Equivalent terms, Vehicles);
(4) Facility: Something built for a particular purpose (Buildings, Airports, Highways, Bridges);
(5) Location: A place (Cities, Countries, Mountains, States);
(6) Law: Named documents made into laws (e.g., “the first amendment”, "civil rights act");
(7) Organization: an organized body of people with a particular purpose (Company names, e.g. Google, Cults or terrorist groups, e.g. Al Qaeda);
(8) Date: Absolute or relative dates or periods, bigger than 1 day (Years, Range, e.g. from Monday to Tuesday, or during the 20th century, Approximate time);
(9) Time: Any temporal range/unit that is shorter than a day (e.g., 2 o'clock, 1 pm);
(10) Money: Monetary values, including unit (e.g., “$26”, "914$");
(11) Quantity: postcodes or other codes, the number of sth, Ranks, fractions, speed, temperature, size, area, and volume, weight (e.g., “26 degree” "17 inch");
(12) Description: description and abstract concepts (e.g., the definition of something, the manner of an action, reasons);
(13) Abbreviation: expression abbreviated (e.g., AMT = abbreviation of Amazon Mechanical Turk). | Question: Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven? (Answer: iTunes). | Organization. | Classification |
Write a single correct answer to the given question based on the information present in the associated passage. | Based on the information present in the given passage, you need to write a correct answer to the given question. A correct answer is one that correctly and completely answers the question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: For much of the world, the Algarve is synonymous with Portugal, yet the Portuguese will tell you the exact opposite: the region has little in common with the rest of the country.Sent 2: The southern stretch of coast is more reminiscent of a North African landscape than a European one.Sent 3: It has no cosmopolitan cities, like Lisbon and Porto, which are farther north.Sent 4: Most of Portugal is known for quaint towns, medieval castles, and grand palaces.Sent 5: The Algarve is more recognizable for impenetrable blocks of tourist apartments, hotels, and meticulously manicured golf courses.Sent 6: And beaches.Sent 7: Think Algarve and the mind pictures long, glorious stretches of golden sands, secluded coves framed by odd ochre-colored rock formations, and deep green waters.Sent 8: With about 160 km (100 miles) of coastline, Portugal's southern province is one of Europe's premier beach destinations.Sent 9: The occasionally chilly ocean is the Atlantic, but the Algarve has a sultry Mediterranean feel.Sent 10: Its consistent climate is the best in Portugal, and one of the kindest in the world: more than 250 days of sunshine a year — more than almost any other international resort area.Sent 11: The moderating effect of the Gulf Stream produces a fresh springtime breeze throughout winter, and in late January and February, white almond blossoms blanket the fields.Sent 12: In summer the heat is intense but rarely unbearable, and regardless, beautiful beaches and innumerable pools are always just a dive away.Sent 13: Magnificent year-round weather has made the Algarve a huge destination for sporting vacations.Sent 14: Superb golf facilities abound — several with tees dramatically clinging to cliffs and fairways just skirting the edge of the ocean — and horseback riding, tennis, big-game fishing, sailing, and windsurfing are immensely popular.Sent 15: Sports, beaches and hospitable weather — not to mention easily organized package vacations — are surely the reasons the Algarve receives as many visitors as the rest of Portugal in its entirety.Sent 16: But it's not just international tourists that descend on the Algarve; many Portuguese from Lisbon and elsewhere in the north have holiday homes and spend their summer vacations here.Sent 17: The coast is neatly divided into the rugged Barlavento to the west and the flat beauty of Sotavento to the east.Sent 18: West is where you'll find the famous orange cliffs and surreal eroded rock stacks.
Question: Which region of Portugal gets the most sunshine on an average year?. | Algarve. | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one incorrect answer to the question given in input. | Craft one incorrect answer. In doing so, try to use words from the context as much as possible, or by using similar words used in the correct answer. | Context: spend three hours at the beach , then pick up snacks and beer and hang out on the balcony till late-ish.wander down the main street , being accosted by maitre d ' types all the way , till we decide on the first restaurant . the food and atmosphere were good , nothing spectacular though . afterwards , beer and ice cream again , at another cafe down the street , followed by more beer , and somehow it was one am .
Question: Why are maitre d ' types accosting me along the way ?
Correct Answer: They work for the restaurants and are trying to bulk up their crowds inside . | They do n't get paid unless they get someone who has a " golden ticket " . | Incorrect Answer Generation |
What is the type of the answer corresponding to the given question? Number, Date, or Span? | This task involves annotating the answer type to a given question that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning). Note that the questions require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. There are 3 possible answer types (i) spans, (ii) numbers and (iii) dates. If the answer can be found in the passage, label it as "span". If the answer is a number, label as "number". Similarly, label "date" if you think the answer to the given question is a date. | Passage: The Broncos' defense allowed the Jets' offense to advance past midfield only twice out of 12 opportunities, in a 23-0 win, as the Broncos snapped an 8-game losing streak — the team's longest since 1967. It was the Broncos' first shutout win since 2005 — also against the Jets. Offensively, the Broncos did not commit any turnovers, and after forcing a Jets' fumble on their first possession, quarterback Trevor Siemian threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas. Fullback Andy Janovich added another touchdown in the third quarter, and placekicker Brandon McManus added three field goals, though he missed a 29-yard attempt early in the second quarter. The Broncos, however, were officially eliminated from playoff contention as the result of wins by the Kansas City Chiefs and Los Angeles Chargers. The Broncos wore their alternate navy blue jerseys for this game.
Question: How many touchdowns were scored in the game? | Number. | Classification |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: Maybe you talk about what you are thinking , or write about what you are thinking ... but you do n't stress about what you are thinking . it 's not stewing or brooding ... it 's just thinking . And for some reason , the thoughts are clearer , more positive , more decisive than they are at home .
Question: Why should you you think a certain way ? | You should n't stress while thinking because that makes things negative . | Closed Question Answering |
Is this a good incorrect answer to the given question and the associated paragraph? | In this task, your goal is to judge an incorrect answer to a given a question based on an associated paragraph. An incorrect answer should not truthfully answer the given question. A good incorrect answer should be closely related to the content of the paragraph and/or the question, so that the readers are forced to read the whole paragraph to infer their [in]correctness. Additionally, an incorrect answer should be of the same semantic type of the given correct answer (e.g., both can be names of locations). If you think the given incorrect answer is good, indicate it by responding "Yes". Otherwise respond "No". | Paragraph- Sent 1: A stranger in town meets pretty young Susan Martinez De La Cruz and accompanies her to a barbecue , where wealthy Jason Carberry is saying a few words for the recently departed Robin Randall , a citizen who got shot . Sent 2: Jason objects to the stranger 's presence , being Susan 's guardian and protective of her . Sent 3: He challenges him to a shootout , but the stranger pulls his pistol before Jason 's can even clear the holster . Sent 4: Calaveras Kate , a saloon singer who 's in love with Jason , is relieved when the stranger declines to pull the trigger . Sent 5: Rafael Moreno suddenly rides into town and picks a fight with the stranger . Sent 6: Their brawl continues until the arrival of Judge Wallace Wintrop and his niece , Sheila , who have come to town from back East and deplore all this random violence out West . Sent 7: The stranger is recognized as Reb Randall , the dead man 's brother . Sent 8: He is looking for the killer , who could be Rafael , or could be Jason , or could even be Billy Buckett , the coward of the county . Sent 9: The women hold their breath to see if the men they love will survive .
Question: Could Jason be considered as a priest?
Incorrect Answer: Yes. | Yes. | Classification |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: cell regeneration requires rest.
Question: what requires rest? | cell regeneration. | Closed Question Answering |
Can the above question be answered using only the information provided in the given sentence? | You are given a sentence and a question in the input. If information provided in the sentence is enough to answer the question, label "Yes", otherwise label "No". | Sentence: In the winter the snows falls on the ground.
Question: What do the children and chipmunk do for 90 days? | No. | Classification |
What is the type of the answer corresponding to the given question? Number, Date, or Span? | This task involves annotating the answer type to a given question that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning). Note that the questions require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. There are 3 possible answer types (i) spans, (ii) numbers and (iii) dates. If the answer can be found in the passage, label it as "span". If the answer is a number, label as "number". Similarly, label "date" if you think the answer to the given question is a date. | Passage: Exports: $131.1 billionExport goods: machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, fuel, chemicals Imports: $120.8 billionImport goods: machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals Current Account balance: $2.154 billion Export partners: Germany 32.4%, Slovakia 8.4%, Poland 5.8%, UK 5.2%, France 5.2%, Italy 4.3%, Austria 4.2% Import partners: Germany 30.6%, Poland 9.6%, China 7.5%, Slovakia 6.3%, Netherlands 5.3%, Italy 4.1% Reserves: $85.73 billion Foreign Direct Investment: $139.6 billion Czech Investment Abroad: $43.09 billion External debt: $138 billion Value of Publicly Traded Shares: $44.5 billion Exchange rates:.
Question: How many in percent of export partners weren't Germany? | Number. | Classification |
Is this a good correct answer to the given question and the associated paragraph? | In this task, your goal is to judge a correct answer to a given a question based on an associated paragraph and decide if it is a good correct answer or not. A good correct answer is the one that correctly and completely answers the question. A bad correct answer addresses the question only partially or incorrectly. If you think the given correct answer is good, indicate it by responding "Yes". Otherwise respond "No". | Paragraph- Sent 1: Convicted murderer Seth Baxter awakens chained to a table beneath a pendulum blade . Sent 2: A videotape informs him that crushing his hands between the presses will release him ; he does so , but the blade still swings down and violently cuts him in half , while someone watches through a hole in the wall . Sent 3: The scene cuts to Agent Peter Strahm , who kills Jeff Denlon in self-defense and is sealed in the sickroom . Sent 4: He finds a hidden passage with a tape recorder that warns him to stay in the sickroom , but ignores it . Sent 5: He is attacked by a pig-masked figure in the passage and awakens with his head sealed in a box slowly filling with water , which he survives by performing a tracheotomy using a pen . Sent 6: Outside the plant , Detective Mark Hoffman delivers Corbett Denlon to the police and claims they are the only survivors , and is shocked when Strahm is brought out alive as well . Sent 7: Jill Tuck is met by John Kramer 's attorney , who is administering his will . Sent 8: She is left a box and a videotape , in which John stresses the importance of the box 's contents . Sent 9: She opens it with a key hung around her neck and then leaves without disclosing its contents . Sent 10: In a memorial service held for David Tapp , Steven Sing , Allison Kerry , Eric Matthews , and Daniel Rigg , the five officers killed in action , Hoffman is promoted to detective lieutenant . Sent 11: He is informed of the death of Agent Lindsey Perez while taking Strahm 's phone and goes to the hospital to meet Strahm , who says that Hoffman 's name was Perez 's last words .
Question: What happened to Peter Strahm who was confined in a sick room after he ignored the warning in the tape recorder.?
Correct Answer: he is attacked. | No. | Classification |
List all the correct answers for the given question based on the provided paragraph. | You are given a paragraph, a question and some answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D", etc.) You need to list all the correct answer options with their associated letters (e.g. "A" can be a valid answer). Note that sometimes, more than one option can answer the question correctly and completely. In those cases, please generate all such options separated by comma (e.g. "A, B" is a valid answer). | Paragraph- Sent 1: On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Durer opened his own workshop (being married was a requirement for this).Sent 2: Over the next five years his style increasingly integrated Italian influences into underlying Northern forms.Sent 3: Durer's father died in 1502, and his mother died in 1513.Sent 4: His best works in the first years of the workshop were his woodcut prints, mostly religious, but including secular scenes such as The Men's Bath House (ca.Sent 5: 1496).Sent 6: These were larger and more finely cut than the great majority of German woodcuts hitherto, and far more complex and balanced in composition.Sent 7: It is now thought unlikely that Durer cut any of the woodblocks himself; this task would have been performed by a specialist craftsman.Sent 8: However, his training in Wolgemut's studio, which made many carved and painted altarpieces and both designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut, evidently gave him great understanding of what the technique could be made to produce, and how to work with block cutters.Sent 9: Durer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block.Sent 10: Either way, his drawings were destroyed during the cutting of the block.
Question: Did Durer keep his drawing designs? (A) The drawings were destroyed while carving the wood (B) No (C) Probably not (D) Ofcoure. | A, B. | Closed Question Answering |
List all the correct answers for the given question based on the provided paragraph. | You are given a paragraph, a question and some answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D", etc.) You need to list all the correct answer options with their associated letters (e.g. "A" can be a valid answer). Note that sometimes, more than one option can answer the question correctly and completely. In those cases, please generate all such options separated by comma (e.g. "A, B" is a valid answer). | Paragraph- Sent 1: Assisting Zionist causes Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors.Sent 2: Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university.Sent 3: He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.Sent 4: Among those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle the undeveloped land.Sent 5: That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as malaria, which he called an "evil" that was undermining a third of the country's development.Sent 6: Establishing an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments, was also important.Sent 7: Chaim Weizmann later became Israel's first president.Sent 8: Upon his death while in office in November 1952 and at the urging of Ezriel Carlebach, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion offered Einstein the position of President of Israel, a mostly ceremonial post.Sent 9: The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, Abba Eban, who explained that the offer "embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons".Sent 10: Einstein declined, and wrote in his response that he was "deeply moved", and "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it.
Question: In 1921, Chaim Wiezzman asked someone to assist him in raising money for Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Whom did he ask? (A) Hebrew University of Jerusalem (B) The biochemist (C) Zionist causes (D) The Board of Governors (E) David Ben-Gurion (F) Einstein. | F. | Closed Question Answering |
Ask a question on "frequency" of events based on the provided sentence. | Provided the input sentence, you're expected to write a question that involves event “frequency", which refers to how often an event is likely to be repeated. For example, "taking showers" typically occurs ~5 times a week, "going to saturday market" usually happens every few weeks/months, etc. | Sentence: Tony and Ally like to play other games like hopscotch or jump rope but that day they joined the game of tag. | How often do Tony and Ally play hopscotch? | Question Generation |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: We had a really nice weekend . We did family dinner night and had a really cool pasta dish with sauce that was almost like a gravy . It was weird being involved in a political discussion where most of the adults in the room are planning on voting for McCain . | What political views do most of my friends probably have ? | Question Generation |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: Wind affects farm viability.
Question: What affects farm viaility? | wind. | Closed Question Answering |
Is this a good correct answer to the given question and the associated paragraph? | In this task, your goal is to judge a correct answer to a given a question based on an associated paragraph and decide if it is a good correct answer or not. A good correct answer is the one that correctly and completely answers the question. A bad correct answer addresses the question only partially or incorrectly. If you think the given correct answer is good, indicate it by responding "Yes". Otherwise respond "No". | Paragraph- Sent 1: The film begins with Brick Bardo ( Tim Thomerson , from ( ( Dollman hitchhiking to get to the town of Pahoota , where he tries to find a girl named Nurse Ginger ( Melissa Behr , who was shrunken to 11 inches in ( ( Bad Channels , to prove to her that she 's not alone . Sent 2: Meanwhile , the film cuts to Judith Grey , who has a nightmare about the events that happened in the previous film a year before . Sent 3: Ever since the events that took place a year before , Judith has been watching the Toyland Warehouse , believing that the toys are still alive . Sent 4: Meanwhile , a bum breaks into the Warehouse , and starts to mess around with a clown tricycle , until he gets knocked in the head with a box of toys , causing him to hit his head on the ground , killing him . Sent 5: However , his blood continues to flow over to the place where the demon was buried , and brings back : Baby Oopsie Daisy , Jack Attack , Mr. Static , and this time brings up a new killer toy named Zombietoid , a blonde GI JOE action figure with a sword as a weapon . Sent 6: Judith , who 's now inside the building , finally sees the toys in full view , but is then arrested for breaking into a secluded building . Sent 7: After the police leave , the toys force the new security guard Ray Vernon to help them with their needs . Sent 8: Meanwhile , Judith , who now knows about Nurse Ginger and Brick Bardo 's history , bribes a news reporter to tell her where they 're at , and tells her they are in Pahoota . Sent 9: Judith , after having a deal with Bardo and Ginger to help her kill the toys , they head off back to the Warehouse .
Question: Who's blood brings back Baby Oopsie Daisy?
Correct Answer: The bum. | Yes. | Classification |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: a toaster converts electrical energy into heat energy for toasting.
Fact 2: Toasting bread also makes it sweeter and crunchier. | a toaster converts electrical energy into heat energy to make bread sweeter and crunchier. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: Trying to snap a three-game losing streak, the Chargers stayed at home for a Week 10 AFC West duel with the Oakland Raiders on Thursday night. San Diego struck first in the opening quarter with a 20-yard field goal from kicker Nick Novak, but the Raiders answered with running back Michael Bush getting a 2-yard touchdown run. Oakland added onto their lead in the second quarter with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 23-yard field goal, followed by quarterback Carson Palmer completing a 33-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Denarius Moore. The Chargers began the third quarter with quarterback Philip Rivers finding rookie wide receiver Vincent Brown on a 30-yard touchdown pass, but the Raiders struck back with Palmer completing a 26-yard touchdown pass to Moore. Afterwards, San Diego closed out the quarter with Rivers hooking up with fullback Jacob Hester on a 7-yard touchdown pass. The Chargers tried to rally in the fourth quarter, but Oakland's defense held on to preserve the win. Win the loss, not only did San Diego fall to 4-5, but it marked the first time since 2003 that the Chargers had lost four-straight.
Question: How many touchdowns were scored in the first half?
Answer type: Number | 2. | Closed Question Answering |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: phase changes do not change mass.
Fact 2: Melting is a phase change. | When something melts, it does not change mass. | Minimal Text Modification |
Minimally change the given fill in the blank question so that its answer flips from PersonX to PersonY. | You're given a fill-in-the-blank question where the answer is PersonX. You need to minimally change the given question so that the answer flips to PersonY. This task typically involves replacing one word i.e. the 'trigger word' by its antonym (e.g. changing from "sympathetic" to "stern"). | Context Word: stimulation.
Question: Excessive stimulation didn't bother PersonX as much as it bothered PersonY because _ didn't suffer from autism.
Answer: PersonX | Excessive stimulation didn't bother PersonX as much as it bothered PersonY because _ suffered from autism. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write a fill in the blank question based on the provided context word. | You need to create a question containing a blank (_), based on the given context word. Your question must contain two persons --PersonX and PersonY. The expected answer to your question must be PersonX. | Context Word: marriage. | PersonX didn't believe in the sanctity of marriage but PersonY thought it was important. _ went out and cheated on their partner. | Question Generation |
What is the type of the answer corresponding to the given question? Number, Date, or Span? | This task involves annotating the answer type to a given question that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning). Note that the questions require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. There are 3 possible answer types (i) spans, (ii) numbers and (iii) dates. If the answer can be found in the passage, label it as "span". If the answer is a number, label as "number". Similarly, label "date" if you think the answer to the given question is a date. | Passage: Tampa Bay lost their fourth game out of the last five, falling to Houston by the score of 37-9. On the first play of the game, Matt Schaub completed a pass to Jacoby Jones, who proceeded to go for an 80-yard touchdown. In the second quarter, Arian Foster had a 78-yard touchdown reception from Schaub, and the Texans were in control of the game throughout. Josh Freeman threw three interceptions, two of which led to touchdowns for Houston.
Question: How many yards were gained on Jacoby Jones' and Arian Foster's longest touchdown scored? | Number. | Classification |
List all the correct answers for the given question based on the provided paragraph. | You are given a paragraph, a question and some answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D", etc.) You need to list all the correct answer options with their associated letters (e.g. "A" can be a valid answer). Note that sometimes, more than one option can answer the question correctly and completely. In those cases, please generate all such options separated by comma (e.g. "A, B" is a valid answer). | Paragraph- Sent 1: Surviving being shot and stabbed at the end of the previous film , the stepfather has been institutionalized in Puget Sound , Washington since , spending his time building model houses in the workshop .Sent 2: Assigned a new doctor named Joseph Danvers the stepfather begins confiding in him to gain his trust , ultimately murdering the doctor during a session by stabbing him in the neck with a blade smuggled out of the workshop .Sent 3: After killing Danvers the stepfather beats a suspicious guard named Ralph Smith to death with his own nightstick with only two strikes and takes his uniform , successfully sneaking out of the sanitarium .Sent 4: Checking into a hotel after robbing and murdering a traveling salesman the stepfather alters his appearance , takes the name Doctor Gene F. Clifford from the newspaper obituaries and travels to Palm Meadows , Los Angeles after seeing an ad for it on an episode of Dream House .Sent 5: Gene arrives in Palm Meadows and meets real estate agent Carol Grayland and leases a house just across the street from her and her son Todd .Sent 6: During a session with the wives of the neighborhood , Gene learns Carol 's dentist husband , Philip had absconded with his mistress the previous year .Sent 7: Gene begins courting Carol , eventually winning over her and Todd .Sent 8: Gene 's plan to marry Carol is soon complicated when Phil returns , wanting to reconcile with his wife .Sent 9: Needing Phil out of the way , Gene persuades Carol to send Phil over for a meeting , during which Gene kills him with a broken bottle , covering up Phil 's disappearance afterward by arranging it so that it looks as though he simply ran off again .
Question: Who does the Stepfather plan to marry? (A) Carol (B) Doctor Clifford (C) A dentist (D) Carol Grayland (E) A real estate agent. | A, D, E. | Closed Question Answering |
Write a question about the background paragraph and the story. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You need to come up with a question about the story that require understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph. | Background Paragraph: Millions of people in the world jog for exercise. For the most part, jogging can be a healthy way to stay fit. However, problems can also develop for those who jog in the heat. Excessive sweating can lead to electrolyte loss that could be life-threatening. Early symptoms of electrolyte deficiency can include nausea, fatugue, and dizziness. If not treated, individuals can experience muscle weakness and increased heart rate (which could lead to a heart attack). Many sports drinks can be consumed to restore electrolytes quickly in the body.
Story: Two teams of runners took part in a study about exercise. Red team ran 10 km in the heat, while Green team ran the same distance in the morning in cool weather. The Red team experienced more runners with health problems. | Which team had fewer runners with excessive sweating? | Question Generation |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks questions based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_). The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two different persons (PersonX and PersonY). Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "sympathetic" and "stern") which express contrasting attributes about the two persons. The answer to the first and the second sentence must be PersonX and PersonY, respectively. | Context Word: oversleep. | Sentence 1: It frustrated PersonX that PersonY would oversleep so often because _ was a morning person.
Sentence 2: It frustrated PersonX that PersonY would oversleep so often but _ was not a morning person. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: The heavy French losses at the Battle of Gaouz encouraged an increase in tribal activity across the south-east of Morocco, threatening the French presence at Boudenib. Poeymirau was forced to withdraw garrisons from outlying posts in the Tafilalt, including that at Tighmart, to concentrate his force and reduce the risk of further disasters. Lyautey authorised only a series of limited offensives, such as the razing of villages and gardens, the primary aim of which was to emphasise French military superiority. The French struggled to move troops through the mountain passes from the Moulouya Valley due to heavy snows and attacks on their columns, and Lyautey, to his embarrassment, was forced to request reinforcements from Algeria. By October the situation had stabilised to the extent that Poeymirau was able to withdraw his troops to Meknes, but a large-scale uprising in January 1919 forced his return. Poeymirau defeated n'Ifrutant in battle at Meski on 15 January, but was seriously wounded in the chest by the accidental explosion of an artillery shell and was forced to hand command to Colonel Antoine Huré. Lyautey then received assistance from Thami El Glaoui, a tribal leader who Lyautey had made Pasha of Marrakesh after the uprising of 1912. El Glaoui owed his increasing wealth to corruption and fraud, which the French tolerated in return for his support. Thus committed to Lyautey's cause, El Glaoui led an army of 10,000 men, the largest Moroccan tribal force ever seen, across the Atlas to defeat anti-French tribesmen in the Dadès Gorges and to reinforce the garrison at Boudenib on 29 January. The uprising was over by 31 January 1919.
Question: How many days did it take after the reinforcing of the garrison at Boudenib for the uprising to be over?
Answer type: Number | 2. | Information Extraction |
Write a related fact to a given fact, based on the provided topic word. | Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to science facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain) | Fact: if an organism becomes too hot then that organism may die.
Topic: die process. | Death, and the process of dying, is the final phase of life. | Minimal Text Modification |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks questions based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_). The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two different persons (PersonX and PersonY). Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "sympathetic" and "stern") which express contrasting attributes about the two persons. The answer to the first and the second sentence must be PersonX and PersonY, respectively. | Context Word: end. | Sentence 1: At the end of the semester, PersonX took a vacation to the Bahamas while PersonY didn't, so _ had fun.
Sentence 2: At the end of the semester, PersonX took a vacation to the Bahamas while PersonY didn't, so _ was bored. | Minimal Text Modification |
Can the above question be answered using only the information provided in the given sentence? | You are given a sentence and a question in the input. If information provided in the sentence is enough to answer the question, label "Yes", otherwise label "No". | Sentence: Sammy thought to himself.
Question: When Sammy wondered if he was going to tell his mom, he didn't and...? | No. | Classification |
Is this a good correct answer to the given question and the associated paragraph? | In this task, your goal is to judge a correct answer to a given a question based on an associated paragraph and decide if it is a good correct answer or not. A good correct answer is the one that correctly and completely answers the question. A bad correct answer addresses the question only partially or incorrectly. If you think the given correct answer is good, indicate it by responding "Yes". Otherwise respond "No". | Paragraph- Sent 1: A stranger in town meets pretty young Susan Martinez De La Cruz and accompanies her to a barbecue , where wealthy Jason Carberry is saying a few words for the recently departed Robin Randall , a citizen who got shot . Sent 2: Jason objects to the stranger 's presence , being Susan 's guardian and protective of her . Sent 3: He challenges him to a shootout , but the stranger pulls his pistol before Jason 's can even clear the holster . Sent 4: Calaveras Kate , a saloon singer who 's in love with Jason , is relieved when the stranger declines to pull the trigger . Sent 5: Rafael Moreno suddenly rides into town and picks a fight with the stranger . Sent 6: Their brawl continues until the arrival of Judge Wallace Wintrop and his niece , Sheila , who have come to town from back East and deplore all this random violence out West . Sent 7: The stranger is recognized as Reb Randall , the dead man 's brother . Sent 8: He is looking for the killer , who could be Rafael , or could be Jason , or could even be Billy Buckett , the coward of the county . Sent 9: The women hold their breath to see if the men they love will survive .
Question: What relation is Susan Martinez De La Cruz to Jason Carberry?
Correct Answer: He is her guardian. | No. | Classification |
Minimally change the given fill in the blank question so that its answer flips from PersonX to PersonY. | You're given a fill-in-the-blank question where the answer is PersonX. You need to minimally change the given question so that the answer flips to PersonY. This task typically involves replacing one word i.e. the 'trigger word' by its antonym (e.g. changing from "sympathetic" to "stern"). | Context Word: writing.
Question: PersonX spent the day writing a personal letter to PersonY, so _ was happy to hear they read it.
Answer: PersonX | PersonX spent the day writing a personal letter to PersonY, so _ was happy to see they wrote it. | Minimal Text Modification |
Provide a negative/wrong answer to question on event "frequency". | In this task we ask you to write an implausible answer to a question that involves event “frequency", which refers to how often an event is likely to be repeated. For example, "taking showers" typically occurs ~5 times a week, "going to saturday market" usually happens every few weeks/months, etc. | Sentence: In a 1945 interview, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist.
Question: How many interviews did Camus do during his career? | two per second. | Incorrect Answer Generation |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: having food has a positive impact on an organism 's health.
Fact 2: Food provides energy and health. | food provides energy for an organism. | Minimal Text Modification |
Answer the given question by generating a span from the provided story or the question. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You are also given a question about the story that requires understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph and the story. You need to come up with an answer to the given question; the answer will be a span from either the question or the story. In order to correctly answer the given question, you need to understand the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph and should be able to use it to understand that in the story. | Background Paragraph: Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Baker's yeast is of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[1] and is the same species (but a different strain) as the kind commonly used in alcoholic fermentation, which is called brewer's yeast.[2] Baker's yeast is also a single-cell microorganism found on and around the human body.
Story: the two groups of students used yeasts in two different experiments: they baked bread using baker's yeast, and made beer, using brewer's yeast. They learned a lot about sugars and chemistry. the bread making experiment was more successful and appreciated.than the beer experiment.
Question: Which experiment produced less bread? | the beer experiment. | Information Extraction |
Minimally change the given fill in the blank question so that its answer flips from PersonX to PersonY. | You're given a fill-in-the-blank question where the answer is PersonX. You need to minimally change the given question so that the answer flips to PersonY. This task typically involves replacing one word i.e. the 'trigger word' by its antonym (e.g. changing from "sympathetic" to "stern"). | Context Word: English.
Question: English is the language that PersonX speaks but not PersonY because _ grew up in Australia.
Answer: PersonX | English is the language that PersonX speaks but not PersonY because _ grew up in Spain. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: Placental mammals are therian mammals in which a placenta develops during pregnancy.
Fact 2: For horses, it is preferable to submit the entire placenta. | horses are therian mammals. | Minimal Text Modification |
Type a question based on the input passage. | This task involves creating questions from a given passage that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning).
The generated questions must require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. Try to use a variety of reasoning types in your questions (some of sample reasoning types are illustrated in the 'postive examples' field) and also have a variety of answer types (spans, numbers, dates).
A span is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. In such questions, the answer spans are recommended to be five words.
Questions with answer type "number", are expected to start with "How many". For instance, "How long did an event last?" can be phrased as "How many years did an event last?".
| Passage: Coming off their home loss to the Jets, the Bucs flew to Qwest Field for a week 15 duel against the Seattle Seahawks. After a scoreless first quarter, Seattle got on the board first with QB Matt Hasselbeck's 29-yard pass to tight end John Carlson. The Bucs got on the board with Connor Barth's 28-yard field goal to end the first half. In the third quarter, Tampa Bay took the lead after a 45-yard field goal and a 22-yard touchdown pass by QB Josh Freeman to running back Cadillac Williams, set up by a Tanard Jackson interception. The Buccaneers further extended their lead with a 28-yard pass to running back Derrick Ward, with a successful two-point conversion. In the fourth quarter, Barth kicked another field goal for 39 yards. Seattle tried to rally, but Hasselbeck threw an interception (his fourth) in the end zone to cornerback Elbert Mack for a touchback. With the win, the Buccaneers improved to 2-12. Not only was it their first road win since November 23, 2008, it also marked their first win on the west coast since winning Super Bowl XXXVII in San Diego and their first win in Seattle since 1999. | How many yards difference was there between Josh Freeman's field goal and touchdown pass? | Question Generation |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: Around 50,000 of the former czar's army troops were stationed in Finland in January 1918. The soldiers were demoralised and war-weary, and the former serfs were thirsty for farmland set free by the revolutions. The majority of the troops returned to Russia by the end of March 1918. In total, 7,000 to 10,000 Red Russian soldiers supported the Finnish Reds, but only around 3,000, in separate, smaller units of 100-1,000 soldiers, could be persuaded to fight in the front line. The revolutions in Russia divided the Soviet army officers politically and their attitude towards the Finnish Civil War varied. Mikhail Svechnikov led Finnish Red troops in western Finland in February and Konstantin Yeremejev Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus, while other officers were mistrustful of their revolutionary peers and instead co-operated with General Mannerheim, in disarming Soviet garrisons in Finland. On 30 January 1918, Mannerheim proclaimed to Russian soldiers in Finland that the White Army did not fight against Russia, but that the objective of the White campaign was to beat the Finnish Reds and the Soviet troops supporting them. The number of Soviet soldiers active in the civil war declined markedly once Germany attacked Russia on 18 February 1918. The German-Soviet Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3 March restricted the Bolsheviks' support for the Finnish Reds to weapons and supplies. The Soviets remained active on the south-eastern front, mainly in the Battle of Rautu on the Karelian Isthmus between February and April 1918, where they defended the approaches to Petrograd.
Question: How many months did the Battle of Rautu last?
Answer type: Number | 2. | Closed Question Answering |
What is the type of the answer corresponding to the given question? Number, Date, or Span? | This task involves annotating the answer type to a given question that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning). Note that the questions require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. There are 3 possible answer types (i) spans, (ii) numbers and (iii) dates. If the answer can be found in the passage, label it as "span". If the answer is a number, label as "number". Similarly, label "date" if you think the answer to the given question is a date. | Passage: The Chargers began their season at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum for a Week 1 AFL Legacy duel with their AFC West rival, the Oakland Raiders, in the second game of an MNF doubleheader. In the first quarter, San Diego trailed early as Raiders running back Michael Bush got a 4-yard touchdown run. The Chargers would strike back in the second quarter as running back LaDainian Tomlinson got a 1-yard touchdown run. Oakland would respond with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 37-yard field goal. San Diego would close out the half with kicker Nate Kaeding making a 47-yard field goal. After a scoreless third quarter, the Raiders would retake the lead in the fourth quarter as Janikowski nailed a 35-yard field goal. The Chargers would take the lead as quarterback Philip Rivers completed a 15-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Vincent Jackson. Oakland would respond with quarterback JaMarcus Russell completing a 57-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Louis Murphy, but San Diego came right back with a 5-yard touchdown run by running back Darren Sproles.
Question: How many yards in field goals did Janikowski kick in the game? | Number. | Classification |
Write a fill in the blank question based on the provided context word. | You need to create a question containing a blank (_), based on the given context word. Your question must contain two persons --PersonX and PersonY. The expected answer to your question must be PersonX. | Context Word: being green. | PersonX used a reusable water bottle while PersonY bought plastic disposable ones. _ felt being green was important. | Question Generation |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: The Raiders started well in Tennessee, taking a 13-6 lead at halftime over the Titans on a touchdown pass from Carr to Crabtree. The Raiders jumped out early in the third quarter on touchdown pass to Roberts. However, the Titans rallied scoring 15 points on two Marcus Mariota touchdown passes. Oakland drove late in the game looking for the winning score and appeared to have been stopped on an incomplete pass in the end zone on fourth down. However, the Titans were called for holding and Carr hit Roberts for the game-clinching touchdown two play later. The Raiders halted their three-game losing streak and moved to 5-6 on the season.
Question: How many were both teams total points at halftime?
Answer type: Number | 19. | Closed Question Answering |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: pregnancy results from fertilization.
Question: What does fertilization result in? | pregnancy. | Closed Question Answering |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: heat can change the state of matter.
Fact 2: Heat and temperature are the same thing. | temperature can change the state of matter. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: Moose mating happens around autumn.
Question: Moose what happens around autumn? | mating. | Closed Question Answering |
Write a related fact to a given fact, based on the provided topic word. | Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to science facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain) | Fact: a generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Topic: battery. | Electric energy is stored in batteries. | Minimal Text Modification |
Answer the given question by generating a span from the provided story or the question. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You are also given a question about the story that requires understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph and the story. You need to come up with an answer to the given question; the answer will be a span from either the question or the story. In order to correctly answer the given question, you need to understand the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph and should be able to use it to understand that in the story. | Background Paragraph: Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the pressure on the surface of Venus is very high. In fact, it is 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface! The thick atmosphere causes a strong greenhouse effect. As a result, Venus is the hottest planet. Even though it is farther from the Sun, Venus is much hotter even than Mercury. Temperatures at the surface reach 465°C (860°F). That’s hot enough to melt lead!.
Story: Two students studied the atmosphere of Earth and other planets from our solar system. Zack learned about Earth's atmosphere, while Ken learned about the atmospheric conditions on planet Venus.
Question: Which student learned about a stronger greenhouse effect? | Ken. | Closed Question Answering |
Write answer to the given "transient v. stationary" question. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “transient v. stationary" events, i.e., the understanding of whether an event will change over time or not. For example, the sentence "he was born in the U.S." contains a stationary event since it will last forever; however, "he is hungry" contains a transient event since it will remain true for a short period of time. | Sentence: In 27 percent of the cases, the charges were dismissed or the defendant was found not guilty.
Question: Were defendants found guilty still found guilty two years later? | yes. | Closed Question Answering |
Write answer to the given "transient v. stationary" question. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “transient v. stationary" events, i.e., the understanding of whether an event will change over time or not. For example, the sentence "he was born in the U.S." contains a stationary event since it will last forever; however, "he is hungry" contains a transient event since it will remain true for a short period of time. | Sentence: In 27 percent of the cases, the charges were dismissed or the defendant was found not guilty.
Question: Were defendants found guilty still found guilty two years later? | yes the sentences were final. | Closed Question Answering |
Write answer to the given "transient v. stationary" question. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “transient v. stationary" events, i.e., the understanding of whether an event will change over time or not. For example, the sentence "he was born in the U.S." contains a stationary event since it will last forever; however, "he is hungry" contains a transient event since it will remain true for a short period of time. | Sentence: In 27 percent of the cases, the charges were dismissed or the defendant was found not guilty.
Question: Were defendants found guilty still found guilty two years later? | yes the sentence were final. | Closed Question Answering |
Type a question based on the input passage. | This task involves creating questions from a given passage that involve some kind of complex reasoning (including numerical reasoning).
The generated questions must require looking at more than one part of the passage to answer. Try to use a variety of reasoning types in your questions (some of sample reasoning types are illustrated in the 'postive examples' field) and also have a variety of answer types (spans, numbers, dates).
A span is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. In such questions, the answer spans are recommended to be five words.
Questions with answer type "number", are expected to start with "How many". For instance, "How long did an event last?" can be phrased as "How many years did an event last?".
| Passage: Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl spent a year and a half in Mexico , after being amnestied from prison. Fidel briefly visited the United States during his tenure in exile to raise support for the Cuban revolution. Since the revolution and its subsequent imposition of a communist government, and among waves of mass emigration in the hundreds of thousands, some prominent exiled figures have included Carlos Franqui who relocated to Italy; Huber Matos, who was imprisoned by Castro's government for twenty years after resigning his governmental position in 1959 before relocating to Miami; Guillermo Cabrera Infante, a prominent Cuban writer, who fled to the United Kingdom; and many more. Reinaldo Cruz was one of the five first Cuban rafters. Including Ángel Padrón, Mario Benítez, Marcelino González, Nelson López Estévez. These were the first true Cuban rafters to flee the communist country on a home-made raft consisting of 8 truck inner tubes and bamboo poles tied together. They left Cuba on July 31, 1964 to then be rescued by a fishing boat named the KAL on August 6, 1964. They were surrounded by sharks said Ken Lowry of the KAL. When Ken spotted the men floating just 25 miles East of West Palm Beach he notified the US Coast Guard. He was directed by the USCG to board them and bring them directly to Pier 66 in Fort Lauderdale. Once on board Ken asked "where are you going" one of the men Reinaldo Cruz said "Miami". | How many years after Huber Matos resigned from his governmental position did the first true Cuban rafters flee from the communist country? | Question Generation |
Use your best judgment to generate the "type"(s) that best describe the question-answer pair. | Generate the type of the given question-answer pair. For example, the question-answer pair (Question: When was the Dormition church destroyed?, Answer: 1922) is of type "date". In your responses, use of the following types:
(1) Humans: Any individual or group of humans, including fictional ones (e.g., a group or organization of persons , an individual, title of a person, description of a person);
(2) Event: Any phenomenon natural or artificial (e.g., named hurricanes, Battles, Wars, Sports events, Terrorist attacks);
(3) Entity: A thing with distinct and independent existence (Animals, Organs of body, Colors, Inventions, books and other creative pieces, Currency name, Diseases, and medicine, Food, Musical instrument, Languages, Plants, Products, Religions, Sports, Elements and substances, Symbols and signs, Techniques and methods, Equivalent terms, Vehicles);
(4) Facility: Something built for a particular purpose (Buildings, Airports, Highways, Bridges);
(5) Location: A place (Cities, Countries, Mountains, States);
(6) Law: Named documents made into laws (e.g., “the first amendment”, "civil rights act");
(7) Organization: an organized body of people with a particular purpose (Company names, e.g. Google, Cults or terrorist groups, e.g. Al Qaeda);
(8) Date: Absolute or relative dates or periods, bigger than 1 day (Years, Range, e.g. from Monday to Tuesday, or during the 20th century, Approximate time);
(9) Time: Any temporal range/unit that is shorter than a day (e.g., 2 o'clock, 1 pm);
(10) Money: Monetary values, including unit (e.g., “$26”, "914$");
(11) Quantity: postcodes or other codes, the number of sth, Ranks, fractions, speed, temperature, size, area, and volume, weight (e.g., “26 degree” "17 inch");
(12) Description: description and abstract concepts (e.g., the definition of something, the manner of an action, reasons);
(13) Abbreviation: expression abbreviated (e.g., AMT = abbreviation of Amazon Mechanical Turk). | Question: What did Beyoncé win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so? (Answer: Pop Songwriter of the Year award). | Humans. | Classification |
Write a fill in the blank question based on the provided context word | You are asked to create a question containing a blank (_), based on the given context word. Your question must contain two related but different objects; for example "trophy" and "suitcase". The expected answer to your question must be one of the objects present in the sentence. | Context Word: introvert. | Since the girl was an introvert she chose to play on the slide instead of the merry-go-round because the _ was deserted. | Question Generation |
Write the sentences needed to answer the question. | Write the sentence numbers which are needed to answer the given question. Separate multiple sentence numbers with comma (", "). E.g. "1, 2" would be the correct response if Sent 1 and Sent 2 are needed to answer the given question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: Zinni feared that Bin Ladin would in the future locate himself in cities, where U.S. missiles could kill thousands of Afghans.Sent 2: He worried also lest Pakistani authorities not get adequate warning, think the missiles came from India, RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA'S INITIAL ASSAULTS 135 and do something that everyone would later regret.Sent 3: Discussing potential repercussions in the region of his military responsibility, Zinni said, "It was easy to take the shot from Washington and walk away from it.Sent 4: We had to live there."Sent 5: Zinni's distinct preference would have been to build up counterterrorism capabilities in neighboring countries such as Uzbekistan.Sent 6: But he told us that he could not drum up much interest in or money for such a purpose from Washington, partly, he thought, because these countries had dictatorial governments.Sent 7: After the decision-in which fear of collateral damage was an important factor- not to use cruise missiles against Kandahar in December 1998, Shelton and officers in the Pentagon developed plans for using an AC-130 gunship instead of cruise missile strikes.Sent 8: Designed specifically for the special forces, the version of the AC-130 known as "Spooky"can fly in fast or from high altitude, undetected by radar; guided to its zone by extraordinarily complex electronics, it is capable of rapidly firing precision-guided 25, 40, and 105 mm projectiles.Sent 9: Because this system could target more precisely than a salvo of cruise missiles, it had a much lower risk of causing collateral damage.Sent 10: After giving Clarke a briefing and being encouraged to proceed, Shelton formally directed Zinni and General Peter Schoomaker, who headed the Special Operations Command, to develop plans for an AC-130 mission against Bin Ladin's headquarters and infrastructure in Afghanistan.Sent 11: The Joint Staff prepared a decision paper for deployment of the Special Operations aircraft.Sent 12: Though Berger and Clarke continued to indicate interest in this option, the AC-130s were never deployed.Sent 13: Clarke wrote at the time that Zinni opposed their use, and John Maher, the Joint Staff 's deputy director of operations, agreed that this was Zinni's position.Sent 14: Zinni himself does not recall blocking the option.Sent 15: He told us that he understood the Special Operations Command had never thought the intelligence good enough to justify actually moving AC-130s into position.Sent 16: Schoomaker says, on the contrary, that he thought the AC-130 option feasible.Sent 17: The most likely explanation for the two generals' differing recollections is that both of them thought serious preparation for any such operations would require a long-term redeployment of Special Operations forces to the Middle East or South Asia.Sent 18: The AC-130s would need bases because the aircraft's unrefueled range was only a little over 2,000 miles.
Question: What was done in order to minimize collateral damage in Kandahar in Decemcer of 1998?. | 7, 8, 9. | Classification |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | 1:00 PM. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | 4:00 PM. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | 12:00 PM. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | friday. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | sunday. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question on "absolute timepoint" of events. | In this task we ask you to write answer to a question that involves “absolute timepoint" of events, which is defined as understanding of when events usually happen. For example, "going to school" usually happens during the day (not at 2 A.M). | Sentence: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's "Equivalents" series sold for $396,000, a single-lot record.
Question: When did the prints sell? | tuesday. | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: I just got back in to NYC after staying in Los Angeles for a week after Comic Con . Yes , I felt that nasty Earthquake . The con and especially the WRATH OF CON PARTY were a blast . I left the con inspired , so I decided to go on a little stealth mission all around L.A. and hit up my sources to see what I can dig up comic book and/or sci - fi related .
Question: Why did he go to LA ? | To attend a convention . | Closed Question Answering |
Write an answer to the given question, such that the answer matches the "anwer type" in the input. | This task involves creating answers to complex questions, from a given passage. Answering these questions, typically involve understanding multiple sentences. Make sure that your answer has the same type as the "answer type" mentioned in input. The provided "answer type" can be of any of the following types: "span", "date", "number". A "span" answer is a continuous phrase taken directly from the passage or question. You can directly copy-paste the text from the passage or the question for span type answers. If you find multiple spans, please add them all as a comma separated list. Please restrict each span to five words. A "number" type answer can include a digit specifying an actual value. For "date" type answers, use DD MM YYYY format e.g. 11 Jan 1992. If full date is not available in the passage you can write partial date such as 1992 or Jan 1992. | Passage: Hoping to rebound from their tough loss to the Giants, the Redskins traveled to Heinz Field to take on the Pittsburgh Steelers, and attempted to improve to 1-1 against the AFC. The Steelers marched straight down the field on Washington's defense, culminating in a fourth-and-goal 1-yard touchdown pass to backup tight end Leonard Pope from Ben Roethlisberger to give the Steelers a 7-0 lead. Following a Washington three-and-out, the Steelers got the ball back, this time scoring by way of former despised Redskins kicker Shaun Suisham nailing a 48-yard field goal to extend the Steelers' advantage to 10-0. In the second, Washington was able to get on the board as quarterback Robert Griffin III found Santana Moss to cut into Pittsburgh's advantage 10-6. It would have been 10-7, but Kai Forbath's extra point was blocked. Pittsburgh responded with a Heath Miller 7-yard touchdown and a Suisham 27-yard field goal to give Pittsburgh a 20-6 lead at the half. In the third, Washington drew to 20-9 on a Forbath 48-yard field goal, but Pittsburgh nearly put the game away with a Will Johnson 1-yard touchdown catch to give Pittsburgh a 27-9 lead late in the third. In the fourth, Washington tried to rally as Forbath connected again, this time from 45 yards, but Washington could not score again, as a myriad of dropped passes and a turnover on downs with just over four minutes remaining sealed their fate, as the final score remained 27-12. With the loss, Washington fell to 3-5, and 0-2 against the AFC. Washington has now lost 6 straight games to AFC opponents and has not beaten an AFC team since Week 16 of the 2010 season. During the game, DeAngelo Hall was ejected from the game after using profanity at the officials and was given a fine by the NFL.
Question: How many points were scored in the game?
Answer type: Number | 39. | Closed Question Answering |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks questions based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_). The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two different persons (PersonX and PersonY). Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "sympathetic" and "stern") which express contrasting attributes about the two persons. The answer to the first and the second sentence must be PersonX and PersonY, respectively. | Context Word: aspiration. | Sentence 1: Goals were not important to PersonX , while PersonY 's were lofty, so _ lacked aspiration for greater things.
Sentence 2: Goals were not important to PersonX , while PersonY 's were lofty, so _ possessed aspiration for greater things. | Minimal Text Modification |
List all the correct answers for the given question based on the provided paragraph. | You are given a paragraph, a question and some answer options (associated with "A", "B", "C", "D", etc.) You need to list all the correct answer options with their associated letters (e.g. "A" can be a valid answer). Note that sometimes, more than one option can answer the question correctly and completely. In those cases, please generate all such options separated by comma (e.g. "A, B" is a valid answer). | Paragraph- Sent 1: Her career started more than 20 years ago in a garage behind a Catholic Worker soup kitchen on skid row in Los Angeles.Sent 2: She lived on a $3-a-week stipend that she spent on pantyhose and bus fare.Sent 3: Her law practice grew to an organization that brought in millions of dollars of damages through its cases against L.A. slumlords, allowing poor families to set up college funds and buy homes.Sent 4: In all those years, she never lost a case.Sent 5: When she stepped down, she had time to notice what was happening to the field of poverty law.Sent 6: "I realized with a shock that the work had really disintegrated and we had lost a whole generation of public-interest lawyers," she said.Sent 7: "It had gone from being an economic sacrifice as it was in my day to an economic impossibility.Sent 8: ... The whole system has essentially collapsed."Sent 9: Mintie also started to ask questions about the medical field.Sent 10: Almost every person who walks into a free medical clinic, she said, faces some legal problem such as an eviction or the loss of Social Security benefits.Sent 11: And many of her clients had medical problems from living in slum housing such as cockroaches lodged in ear canals and rat bite fever, a nonfatal malady that particularly affects children.Sent 12: Mintie noticed that health-care professionals were graduating with staggering debts and also couldn't afford to work with the poor.Sent 13: Her work was noticed by Oprah Winfrey, who invited her on the TV show March 26, 2001.Sent 14: Mintie received a $100,000 "Use Your Life Award" from Oprah's Angel Network, a nonprofit organization that awards money to those who help others.Sent 15: Mintie said that all of the money has gone to her recipients -- none was spent on overhead.Sent 16: She will be out of funds by spring.Sent 17: She is trying to get religious organizations to sponsor recipients.Sent 18: It is a secular organization, but one that grew out of Mintie's religious convictions.
Question: What career did Mintie start 20 years ago in Los Angeles? (A) Her law practice (B) Painting (C) Her Charity organization. | A. | Information Extraction |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks question-answer pairs based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_) and their corresponding answer. The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two related but different objects; for example "trophy" and "suitcase". Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "small" and "big") which express contrasting properties about the two objects.
| Context Word: men. | Sentence 1: At the store, Ann got bras and Andrew got boxers because the _ are purchased more by women and less by men.
Answer1: bras.
Sentence 2: At the store, Ann got bras and Andrew got boxers because the _ are purchased less by women and more by men.
Answer2: boxers. | Minimal Text Modification |
Can the above question be answered using only the information provided in the given sentence? | You are given a sentence and a question in the input. If information provided in the sentence is enough to answer the question, label "Yes", otherwise label "No". | Sentence: Roger bought carrots and celery.
Question: What did Tammy eat for supper? | No. | Classification |
Write down the conclusion you can reach by combining the given Fact 1 and Fact 2. | Combine the given two facts to write a concluding fact. Note that, there should be some parts of the first and second fact which are not mentioned in this conclusion fact. Your combined fact should be the result of a chain between the two facts. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a concluding fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (fact1) + "pollution can harm animals" (fact2) → "pesticides can harm animals" (conclusion fact) | Fact 1: pesticides can cause pollution.
Fact 2: Pollution is the release of harmful substances into the environment. | Pesticides can cause the release of harmful substances into the environment. | Minimal Text Modification |
Minimally change the given fill in the blank question so that its answer flips from PersonX to PersonY. | You're given a fill-in-the-blank question where the answer is PersonX. You need to minimally change the given question so that the answer flips to PersonY. This task typically involves replacing one word i.e. the 'trigger word' by its antonym (e.g. changing from "sympathetic" to "stern"). | Context Word: field.
Question: PersonX received the ball from PersonY so _ could take it down the field and score a goal.
Answer: PersonX | PersonX kicked the ball to PersonY so _ could take it down the field and score a goal. | Minimal Text Modification |
Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. | Craft one correct answer to the question given in input. To make it more interesting, try to use non-stereotypical language if possible. Make sure your correct answer is reasonably long, consistent with the context, and requires common sense (instead of explicit extraction from the context.) | Context: Said he waited and saw an elderly gentleman who was leaving and offered him a ride to his car in exchange for his parking spot . Quite resourceful that husband of mine . Anyhoo , I ' m all prepped , in my gown and hospital issued footies and I ' m off to the GI Lab ! They wheeled me right into the procedure area , gave me my sedative and we 're off and runnin !.
Question: Why am I in my gown ? | I will undergo a medical procedure . | Closed Question Answering |
Please indicate the correct answer: A, B, C, D or E? If the question is not answerable, generate 'E' which implies "I don't know; the information is not enough". | In this task, you need to answer basic science questions. For each question, several terms are intentionally masked with ***. This masking can cover very few or many of the question words. Clearly if masked terms are important, the modified question will be impossible to answer. Please indicate the correct answer with one of the following responses: "A", "B", "C", "D" or "E". While "A"-"D" correspond to the answer options provided in the input, "E" represents "I don't know" for questions that do not provide enough information. Respond via "E" if the question is not answerable. | Question: A student wants to look under a heavy rock. Which *** *** would be BEST to use to *** the rock? (A) Wheel and axle (B) Lever (C) Inclined plane (D) Scre. | B. | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one question such that it requires commonsense to be answered.
| Based on the given context, craft a common-sense question, especially those that are LONG, INTERESTING, and COMPLEX. The goal is to write questions that are easy for humans and hard for AI machines! To create such questions, here are some suggestions: A. What may (or may not) be the plausible reason for an event? B. What may (or may not) happen before (or after, or during) an event? C. What may (or may not) be a plausible fact about someone (or something)? D. What may (or may not) happen if an event happens (or did not happen)? You can also create other types of question. | Context: If you have n't used it , much less seen it in a year ... 6 . It really pained me to part with yard tools even though I have n't used them once since we moved here . ( they were the nice fiberglass handled ones ) 5 . God has really blessed us during those 9 years . | What 's a possible reason the writer was pained to part with the yard tools ? | Question Generation |
Write the sentences needed to answer the question. | Write the sentence numbers which are needed to answer the given question. Separate multiple sentence numbers with comma (", "). E.g. "1, 2" would be the correct response if Sent 1 and Sent 2 are needed to answer the given question. | Paragraph- Sent 1: Born on May 11, 1975, in Mazraa, Lebanon, Ziad Jarrah came from an affluent family and attended private, Christian schools.Sent 2: Like Atta, Binalshibh, and Shehhi, Jarrah aspired to pursue higher education in Germany.Sent 3: In April 1996, he and a cousin enrolled at a junior college in Greifswald, in northeastern Germany.Sent 4: There Jarrah met and became intimate with Aysel Senguen, the daughter of Turkish immigrants, who was preparing to study dentistry.Sent 5: Even with the benefit of hindsight, Jarrah hardly seems a likely candidate for becoming an Islamic extremist.Sent 6: Far from displaying radical beliefs when he first moved to Germany, he arrived with a reputation for knowing where to find the best discos and beaches in Beirut, and in Greifswald was known to enjoy student parties and drinking beer.Sent 7: Although he continued to share an apartment in Greifswald with his cousin, Jarrah was mostly at Senguen's apartment.Sent 8: Witnesses interviewed by German authorities after 9/11, however, recall that Jarrah started showing signs of radicalization as early as the end of 1996.Sent 9: After returning from a trip home to Lebanon, Jarrah started living more strictly according to the Koran.Sent 10: He read brochures in Arabic about jihad, held forth to friends on the subject of holy war, and professed disaffection with his previous life and a desire not to leave the world "in a natural way."Sent 11: In September 1997, Jarrah abruptly switched his intended course of study from dentistry to aircraft engineering-at the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg.Sent 12: His motivation for this decision remains unclear.Sent 13: The rationale he expressed to Senguen-that he had been interested in aviation since playing with toy airplanes as a child-rings somewhat hollow.Sent 14: In any event, Jarrah appears already to have had Hamburg contacts by this time, some of whom may have played a role in steering him toward Islamic extremism.Sent 15: Following his move to Hamburg that fall, he began visiting Senguen in Greifswald on weekends, until she moved to the German city of Bochum one year later to enroll in dental school.Sent 16: Around the same time, he began speaking increasingly about religion, and his visits to Senguen became less and less frequent.Sent 17: He began criticizing her for not being religious enough and for dressing too provocatively.Sent 18: He grew a full beard and started praying regularly.
Question: What was Jarrah's living situation when he began to show signs of radicalization?. | 3, 7, 8. | Classification |
Create a pair of fill in the blanks question-answer pairs based on the context word. | In this task, based on the given context word, you are asked to create a pair of sentences each containing a blank (_) and their corresponding answer. The sentence pair should look similar, and should be about two related but different objects; for example "trophy" and "suitcase". Additionally, the two sentences must be different in terms of trigger words (e.g., "small" and "big") which express contrasting properties about the two objects.
| Context Word: textbook. | Sentence 1: The textbook Mary was reading had a complicated diagram but rather simple text, so she ignored the _ while learning the material.
Answer1: diagram.
Sentence 2: The textbook Mary was reading had a complicated diagram but rather simple text, so she focused on the _ to learn the material.
Answer2: text. | Minimal Text Modification |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: Some surgical nitrile gloves can help to prevent harm to humans.
Question: What can help prevent harm to humans? | surgical nitrile gloves. | Closed Question Answering |
Craft one incorrect answer to the question given in input. | Craft one incorrect answer. In doing so, try to use words from the context as much as possible, or by using similar words used in the correct answer. | Context: Sorry I got upset but when dealing with so much shit , the smallest things can just get to me and I know its not right to take it out on you so I m sorry .
Question: Why would the narrator feel they have to apologize ?
Correct Answer: The narrator feels this behavior does not represent them well . | The narrator feels this behavior is something they seek to cultivate . | Incorrect Answer Generation |
Craft one incorrect answer to the question given in input. | Craft one incorrect answer. In doing so, try to use words from the context as much as possible, or by using similar words used in the correct answer. | Context: She was young , struggling to pay her rent on the shabby place and keep herself fed ; cautious about her expenses . He longed to take her to the Stronghold ; he could n't unless her Power awoke . It had eleven times before ; seven of those times , it had killed her . The other four , she had been driven mad by it .
Question: Why did he want to take her out ?
Correct Answer: He longed for her. | He wanted to see her powers. | Incorrect Answer Generation |
Write a related fact to a given fact, based on the provided topic word. | Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to science facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce a third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain) | Fact: Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher trophic levels.
Topic: food chain. | Autotrophs are the base of the food chain . | Minimal Text Modification |
Write a correct answer to the given question based on the associated fact. | Write a correct answer to the given question based on its associated fact. Make sure that your answer is contained in the associated fact. | Fact: the uterus is central to some species.
Question: What is central to some species? | uterus. | Closed Question Answering |
Answer the given question by generating a span from the provided story or the question. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You are also given a question about the story that requires understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph and the story. You need to come up with an answer to the given question; the answer will be a span from either the question or the story. In order to correctly answer the given question, you need to understand the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph and should be able to use it to understand that in the story. | Background Paragraph: Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in – ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and other small alkanes are listed in the Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally boil and melt at higher temperatures.
Story: Two new alkanes, Hamane and Lamerane, were discovered deep in the Earth's crust and they are currently being analyzed by German scientists. It's rare to find new alkanes, so it's important to accurately document all the various features and attributes of these new finds. The first thing the scientists wanted to know was which alkane had a higher boiling point. After observation, it was found that Hamane has a much higher boiling point than Lamerane.
Question: Which alkane has less carbon atoms? | Lamerane. | Information Extraction |
Write a fill in the blank question based on the provided context word. | You need to create a question containing a blank (_), based on the given context word. Your question must contain two persons --PersonX and PersonY. The expected answer to your question must be PersonX. | Context Word: drinks. | Although PersonX was a better cook than PersonY, _ could not make decent cocktail drinks to save their life. | Question Generation |
Answer the given question by generating a span from the provided story or the question. | You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or qualitative relationships such as a relationship in economics or a scientific law and a story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph. You are also given a question about the story that requires understanding of the relationship described in the background paragraph and the story. You need to come up with an answer to the given question; the answer will be a span from either the question or the story. In order to correctly answer the given question, you need to understand the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph and should be able to use it to understand that in the story. | Background Paragraph: Fish mortality is a parameter used in fisheries population dynamics to account for the loss of fish in a fish stock through death. The mortality can be divided into two types:
Natural mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to causes not associated with fishing. Such causes can include disease, competition, cannibalism, old age, predation, pollution or any other natural factor that causes the death of fish. In fisheries models natural mortality is denoted by (M).[1]
Fishing mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to fishing activities using any fishing gear.[1] It is denoted by (F) in fisheries models.
Story: Two lakes had been stocked with fish two years before.Blue lake had an abundant fish stock because nobody fished there, but Green lake was open for fishing. Blue lake had some pollution, cannibalism and disease problems.
Question: Which lake had fewer cannibalism problems? | Green lake. | Closed Question Answering |
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