text
stringlengths 38
532k
|
|---|
Photo credit: Space.com
If you've seen the movie Elysium, then this rotating space colony concept probably is still fresh in your mind, but did you know that this concept was first brought up in the 1970s, by NASA? The Stanford torus is a proposed design for a space habitat capable of housing 10,000 to 140,000 permanent residents. The Stanford torus was proposed during the 1975 NASA Summer Study, conducted at Stanford University, with the purpose of speculating on designs for future space colonies. Continue reading for videos and more information.
Sunlight is provided to the interior of the torus by a system of mirrors. The ring is connected to a hub via a number of "spokes", which serve as conduits for people and materials travelling to and from the hub. Since the hub is at the rotational axis of the station, it experiences the least artificial gravity and is the easiest location for spacecraft to dock. Zero-gravity industry is performed in a non-rotating module attached to the hub's axis.
The interior space of the torus itself is used as living space, and is large enough that a "natural" environment can be simulated; the torus appears similar to a long, narrow, straight glacial valley whose ends curve upward and eventually meet overhead to form a complete circle. The population density is similar to a dense suburb, with part of the ring dedicated to agriculture and part to housing. |
पहली बार खुदाई हुई तो विवादित जमीन पर बाबरी मस्जिद खड़ी थी और दूसरी बार जब खुदाई हुई तब बाबरी मस्जिद का नामो निशान नहीं था. कोहली और कुंबले का विवाद तो नया है। इससे पहले भारतीय क्रिकेट के दो लीजेंड्री सचिन तेंदुलकर और कपिल देव के बीच भी मनमुटाव हो चुका है। सचिन ने अपनी किताब प्लेइंग इट मॉय वे में कपिल के साथ अपनी नाराजगी का जिक्र किया है। कपिल देव साल 1999 में भारतीय टीम के कोच बने थे। उस वक्त कपिल देव अपने खिलाड़ियों को कुछ अलग तरह से प्रैक्टिस कराया करते थे। यह बात सचिन को पसंद नहीं आई। तब सचिन टीम के कप्तान हुआ करते थे, उन्होंने कपिल की कोचिंग मैथेड पर सवाल खड़े किए थे। हालांकि यह विवाद साल 2000 में खत्म हो गया, जब कपिल ने कोच और सचिन ने कप्तानी से त्यागपत्र दे दिया। हरिजन साप्ताहिक के प्रथम अंक में ही गांधी ने डॉक्टर अंबेडकर और जाति शीर्षक से एक लेख लिखकर अपने और उनके बीच हुए प्रश्नोत्तर को प्रकाशित किया था जागरण संवाददाता, रुद्रपुर: चुनाव में गलत शपथ पत्र लगाने के आरोप में ग्राम नजीमाबाद की गुंजारानी पत्नी अजय साहनी की प्रधानी चली गई। जांच में प्रधान पर सरकारी भूमि</s> |
Hittite is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (Hittite URUḪattuša) in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BCE. In the 14th century BCE, the Hittite Kingdom was at its height, encompassing central Anatolia, south-western Syria as far as Ugarit, and upper Mesopotamia. After 1180 BCE, amid general turmoil in the Levant associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples, the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BCE. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East.
Early Bronze Age Anatolia
Before the rise of the Hittite Kingdom, there were three major Indo-European groups in Anatolia: the Luwians, Palaians, and Nesites. There is no historical consensus on where they came from or when. The area which would later become the center of Hittite civilization was controlled by a non Indo-European population called the Hattians. Some historians have pointed to the royal tombs at Alaca Hoyuk that show influence of Indo-European religious art, and concluded that Indo-European invaders from the Pontic steppe installed themselves as kings in this region. However, this theory is not supported by any evidence of Indo-European invasion. We simply do not know how or when exactly Indo-European groups began to appear in Anatolia - what is clear is that an Indo-European language (Nesite) and culture eventually became dominant in the central Anatolian ruling class. The ethnic makeup of Anatolia may very well have been a mixed one, with Indo-Europeans, Hurrians, and Hattians. Indo-Europeans seem to have been heavily concentrated in the city of Neša (Kanesh) which was an Assyrian trading colony. The spread of Nesite, which would later become the official language of the Hittite Empire, was probably due to its importance in the Assyrian trade network. Nesite was written in the cuneiform script borrowed from the Assyrians.
During the early second millennium BCE the Assyrians established a series of merchant colonies in Anatolia, the largest of these was Neša. The Assyrian merchants traded tin and textiles for gold, silver, and copper. From the many tablets found at the site of Neša, historians have concluded that there were various kingdoms (Matu) in central Anatolia before the rise of the Hittite Empire, including Hatti, Neša, Burushattum (Purushanda; possibly near modern Acem Hoyuk), and Wahsusana (modern Nigde).
The Old Kingdom
The early history of the Hittite Kingdom is known through tablets that may first have been written in the 17th century BCE but survived only as copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BCE. These tablets, known collectively as the Anitta text, begin by telling how Pithana the King of Kussara or Kussar conquered the neighbouring city of Neša (Kanesh) and annexed it peacefully. After the conquest, Neša became the seat of the Kussaran dynasty. Pithana's son Anitta launched several successful campaigns against the many Anatolian kingdoms. He defeated Zalpa and captured their king. Anitta then laid siege to Hattusa and after capturing it in a night assault, destroyed it. He established his supremacy over most of Central Anatolia around the Kizilirmak basin. Anitta's kingdom did not last long, however, and had disintegrated soon after his death.
After the fall of Anitta's kingdom central Anatolia was ravaged by warfare between small states and invading peoples like the Hurrians and the Kaskians. The Hittite Kingdom would grow out of the city of Kussara, and the founding of the kingdom is attributed to Labarna I who began a new era of conquest. Hattusili (possibly Labarna's grandson) established the seat of his reign in the city of Hattusa, from which he captured the city of Sanahuitta and controlled most of central Anatolia. Hattusili then attacked Syria, taking Alalah and Urshu. Hattusili also marched against Arzawa but his kingdom was attacked by Hurrians, triggering uprisings, and he was forced to turn back to defeat them. The rebellion effectively ended after the city of Sanahuitta was subdued. Hattusili attacked Syria a second time, capturing the city of Zaruna and defeating an army of the city of Hassuwa supported by troops from Aleppo at a battle near Mt. Atalur (Adalur). He then captured and sacked the cities of Hassuwa, Zippasna, and Hahha/Hahhum, and even crossed the Euphrates to attack Tikunani and pillaged north Mesopotamian territory. While these campaigns gained Hattusili much plunder, they did not result in the establishment of permanent Hittite control over Syria. In the later part of his reign, Hattusili had to deal with several rebellions carried out by his own sons Huzziya and Hakkarpili, as well as with a rebellion in the city of Hattusa which saw the involvement of his own daughter. It was after these rebellions that Hattusili appointed his grandson Mursili I as his heir.
Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili, his conquests reaching Mesopotamia, and even ransacked Babylon itself in 1531 BCE bringing to an end the dynasty of Hammurabi. Rather than incorporate Babylonia into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his Kassite allies, who were to rule it for the next four centuries. This lengthy campaign, however, allowed for a plot to be formed by Mursili's brother-in-law Hantili and Hantili's son-in-law Zidanta. Mursili was assassinated shortly after his return home by Hantili and Zidanta. Hantili then took the throne; he campaigned against the Hurrians in Syria, but was unable to stop their advances. The Hurrians invaded the Hittite kingdom and plundered the land of Hatti. Hantili's sons were murdered by Zidanta who took the throne, only to be killed by his own son Ammuna. During this period the Hittite Kingdom began its decline and was attacked by various surrounding rebellious states such as the Hurrian Kingdom of Kizzuwadna and the Kingdom of Arzawa. Ammuna tried but ultimately failed to conquer these rebel kingdoms. After Ammuna's death, the usurper Huzziya attempted to kill off his sons but was himself deposed by Telepinu, a son of Ammuna. Telepinu established control over the Hittite core once again, and expanded towards the Euphrates, taking various towns in the region near Carchemish. He also signed a treaty with the southern Kingdom of Kizzuwadna which formalized territorial agreements.
The successors of Telepinu reigned over a period of instability in the kingdom, sometimes called the Middle Kingdom. This period saw the first invasions of Hatti by the Kaska peoples of the north, who took the town of Nerik and led to the fortification of the capital of Hattusa and other towns in the region of Hatti, which showed that the very heart of the kingdom was under threat. This period also saw the Hittite Kingdom wracked with internecine strife, as kings were assasinated and pretenders vied for the royal throne. It was also during this period that the Hurrian confederation of Mittani expanded into Syria and into Hittite controlled land west of the Euphrates.
The New Kingdom
With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also Tudhaliya), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerges from the fog of obscurity, entering the period of time called the "Hittite Empire period." Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period. However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighbouring peoples. During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became heriditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdom, making an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals, and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries.
During his reign (c. 1400 BCE), King Tudhaliya I sought to reassert the dominant position of Hatti. He first attacked the lands of western Anatolia including Arzawa. Tudhaliya feared that the various western states might unite against him in the future and thus attacked preemptively, transporting large numbers of soldiers and chariots from the conquered territories back to Hattusa. Soon after the end of this campaign, 22 western Anatolian states came together in a large anti-Hittite military alliance, the alliance possibly extended from Wilusa (Troy) to as far south as Lukka (Lycia). Tudhaliya attacked this alliance and defeated them in battle, once again taking back a large number of warriors and charioteers to Hatti and settling them. In the west, Tudhaliya installed Madduwatta as vassal king. Madduwatta expanded his kingdom into Asawa and Happalla, which outraged the Hittites who had commanded him to stay within his borders, but despite his apparent hostility, Madduwatta remained a Hittite vassal which served his main purpose, to keep the western Anatolian states from begin a threat to Hatti. While Tudhaliya campaigned in the west, the Kaskians invaded from the north and ravaged Hatti, a scene which would be repeated many times in Hittite history. Tudhaliya defeated the invaders and marched into Kaskian territory, where he defeated their combined forces and conquered much of their lands. Tudhaliya also succeeded in regaining control of Isuwa from the Mitanni.
Meanwhile the Mitanni King Saushtatar I had invaded and conquered Assyria and then crossed the Euphrates and conquered Syria. He also signed a treaty with the King of Kadesh. In order to challenge Mitanni, Tudhaliya first secured a treaty with the Kingdom of Kizuwadna; he then invaded Syria and conquered Aleppo, though he was unable to completely end Mitanni control over the region. After Tudhaliya's death, he left to his co-ruler and heir Arnuwanda a large but fragile kingdom which continued to deteriorate under his rule. The Kaskians began their attacks on the northern region once again, sacking and pillaging Hittite towns and temples. An alliance between Mitanni and Egypt allowed for the resurgence of Mitanni control over Syria. During the reign of Arnuwanda's son, Tudhaliya III the kingdom was attacked from all sides. Kaskians, Arzawans, Isuwans and others invaded and devastated Hatti, even Hattusa, the capital of the kingdom, was taken and burned. The Kingdom of Hatti seemed to be at an end, but Tudhaliya III, gathering his forces at Samuha, was able to retake the central Anatolian region from his Kaskian foes. His campaigns and those of his son Suppiluliuma I are attested to in the document known as the "Deeds of Suppiluliuma". Together, Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma led armies against the Kaskians, retook the land of Hatti, and attacked the Kaskian lands themselves. Suppiluliuma I then went on to invade the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa, making it a vassal of the Hittite Kingdom. Suppiluliuma I now attacked the Arzawans in the region of the lower land, defeating them near Tuwanuwa and capturing this city. Suppiluliuma took 20 years to re-establish Hittite control in Anatolia, much of which was spent against the Arzawans in western Anatolia during his father's reign and continuing into much of his own.
Empire of Suppiluliuma and Mursili II
The Hittite Kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Suppiluliuma I (c. 1350–1322 BCE), who deposed his older brother, the true heir to Tudhaliya III's throne, to become the king. Suppiluliuma I established control over Kizzuwadna and invaded Isuwa, coming into conflict with Mitanni. The Kingdom of Mitanni, wracked by civil war, was unable to withstand the Hittite onslaught. Suppiluliuma I allied with Artatama, a rival for the Mitanni throne and enemy of the Mitanni King Tushratta. Following an uprising in Isuwa, Suppiluliuma swiftly attacked the Mitanni heartland through Isuwa, capturing and plundering the Mitanni capital of Washshuganni. He then turned west, recrossed the Euphrates, and captured all the Syrian kingdoms which were vassals to the Mitanni, including Aleppo, Mukish, Niya, Qatna, Upi (Upina), and Kadesh. Other kingdoms such as Ugarit and Amurru (an Egyptian vassal) voluntarily became vassal states of the Hittites. When hostilities flared up once more with Mitanni, Tulipinu, Suppiluliuma's son and viceroy at Aleppo, invaded Carchemish but was unable to take the city. Suppiluliuma met with his son and then invaded Syria himself, laying siege to the city of Carchemish. He also sent some troops south to aid his vassals in an attack on the Egyptian ally of Amka in retaliation for an earlier Egyptian attack against Kadesh. Suppiluliuma laid siege to Carchemish and broke the siege on the eighth day, installing his son Piyassili as viceroy of the kingdom. With his sons as viceroys of Aleppo and Carchemish, Suppiluliuma had cemented his rule over Syria and brought the empire of Mitanni to an end; the Mitanni king was assassinated soon after.
Then Tutankhamun, the Egyptian Pharaoh, died and to Suppiluliuma's amazement, Tutankhamun's wife asked to marry one of his sons. Suppiluliuma sent an envoy to Egypt to confirm this message. After meeting with his returning ambassador and an Egyptian envoy, Suppiluliuma agreed to send his son Zannanza to Egypt to marry the queen; most likely he saw this as a chance to widely expand his influence and power base. However, Zannanza was assassinated en route to Egypt. Suppiluliuma was furious and blamed the new Egyptian Pharaoh Ay for his son's death. A Hittite army under crown prince Arnuwanda invaded Egyptian territory from Syria, pillaging and taking many prisoners. These prisoners brought with them a plague which ravaged the Hittite Kingdom continuing well into Mursili's reign and may have killed Suppiluliuma himself.
In the east, the weakened Mitanni Kingdom under Shuttarna had now allied itself with a resurgent Assyria. Fearing a new threat from the east, Suppiluliuma sent his son and viceroy of Carchemish Piyassili (Sharri-Kushuh) and his Mitanni ally Shattiwaza against the Mitanni Kingdom. They swept into Mitanni, taking Irrite, Harran, and finally the Mitanni capital Washukanni. Shattiwaza was made king of the new Mitanni vassal state. Six years after the capture of Carchemish, Suppiluliuma died, leaving the throne to his eldest son Arnuwanda. The very brief reign of Arnuwanda saw renewed attacks by the Kaska, after his death it was left to his brother Mursili II (c. 1321–1295 BCE) to take the mantle of kingship.
Mursili II was very young and inexperienced. Nevertheless, he proved to be a strong king, for the first years of his reign saw him carrying out punitive campaigns against the Kaska. He then turned west, where Uhhaziti, a king of Arzawa, had begun to form an anti-Hittite alliance with Ahhiyawa, Millawanda (Miletos), and other Arzawan kings of the region. Mursili personally led a force into Arzawa, defeating Uhhaziti's son Piyama-Kurunta in battle at the river Astarpa and then taking his capital city of Apasa and then the stronghold of Puranda. Mursili then turned against the kingdom of the Seha River Land, which had allied with Uhhaziti; its King Manapa-Tarhunda surrendered and Mursili left him on the throne. After the conquest, 65,000 inhabitants of Arzawa were transported to Hatti. While Mursili was in the west, the Kaskians attacked once more. Mursili then invaded and conquered the Kaskan lands, burning towns and slaughtering the population. In Syria the Nuhashshi King Tette rebelled and was joined by Egyptian troops, and Piyassili viceroy of Carchemish defeated the Egyptians and managed to contain the rebellion. Meanwhile Mursili continued his war the north, this time conquering Azzi-Hayasa. Troubles in Syria continued when Mursili's brothers Tulipinu and Piyassili both died. The loss of his Syrian viceroys led to rebellion and even the invasion of Carchemish by Assyria. Leaving his generals to deal with Syria and Hayasa, Mursili invaded Carchemish and drove out the Assyrians. Later in his reign Mursili II campaigned against the Kaska, once again retaking the Hittite holy city of Nerik; he also decisively defeated the King of Tummanna.
War with Egypt and the Battle of Kadesh
On his death Mursili left his successor Muwattalli II (c.1295–1272 BCE) a stable kingdom. Early in his reign he was forced to deal with Piyamaradu, a king in western Anatolia, who had allied himself with the King of Ahhiyawa and gone on to invade Wilusa, the Seha River land, and Lazpa (Lesbos). Muwattalli sent an army west which succeeded in dispersing Piyamaradu's forces, causing him to flee to Ahhiyawa. Muwattalli also signed a treaty with the king of Wilusa, Alaksandu, which stressed the past loyalty of Wilusa to Hatti.
Meanwhile, Egypt under Seti I had begun a series of major military campaigns in Canaan and Palestine, reasserting Egyptian authority in the region. Seti I then invaded and conquered the kingdoms of Amurru and Kadesh, since they were both Hittite vassals, which amounted to a declaration of war on Hatti. As is attested in Seti's war monument at Karnak, Seti I defeated a Hittite army sent to Syria in the region of Kadesh and took many prisioners. During this period Muwattalli II also moved the capital to the city of Tarhuntassa, moving all the state deities there from Hattusa. Not only was Tarhuntassa further south, away from the Kaska, but it was also a better position from which to launch campaigns into Syria. He also appointed his brother Hattusili III as governor of the region around Hattusa, Upper land, and as King (Lugal) of Hakpisa. He was appointed to contain the Kaska and repopulate the land of Hatti which had now only sparse population, possibly due to the constant Kaskian attacks on the area. With the departure of his brother from Hattussa, Hattusili was hard pressed in the north but he managed to drive back his enemies and establish Hittite control over the northern regions, resettling the underpopulated areas despite further Kaska incursions.
Back in Egypt Seti had died and Ramesses II ascended to the throne. In his fifth year on the throne, Ramesses launched a campaign into Syria with the goal of breaking Hittite power in the region and retaking Kadesh, which seems to have reverted to Hittite control by this time. Ramesses' forces met Muwattalli II who had assembled a large army in Syria at the Battle of Kadesh c. 1274 BCE in what was probably the largest chariot battle in history. When Ramesses, eager to arrive at Kadesh, split his forces, Muwattalli attacked, destroying one of his army divisions, the Re division, and then followed them to the camp of the Amun division, causing chaos in the Egyptian army. Only a counter attack led by the pharaoh himself turned back the Hittite forces who had stopped their attack to loot the army camp. After more pitched fighting, the battle was inconclusive. While Ramesses later claimed victory, both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Egyptians failed to take Kadesh and retreated south followed by the Hittites who took Damascus and also retook the Kingdom of Amurru. Therefore, despite Ramesses' claims to victory, the battle of Kadesh actually led to Egyptian territorial losses in Syria.
Civil War and Hattusili III
When Muwattalli died, he only left a "secondary son" as successor (a son not of his first and primary wife), named Urhi-Teshub (c. 1272–1267 BCE). Though Urhi-Teshub took the throne, it was clear that Muwattalli's brother Hattusili III resented his rule, as he was only a second-rank son. Yet despite this, Hattusili allowed Urhi-Teshub to take the throne. Early in his reign, Urhi-Teshub moved the capital back to Hattusa; this and other actions show that Hattusili exercised strong influence over his nephew in matters of royal administration. During Urhi-Teshub's reign, Assyria attacked Hanigalbat, a rump kingdom of Mitanni, and annexed it to the growing Assyrian Kingdom. This exacerbated relations between Hatti and Assyria.
Tensions between an increasingly independent Urhi-Teshub and his powerful and dominating uncle grew and eventually led to civil war when Urhi-Teshub stripped his uncle of his northern territories. At first Hattusili III complied, but when his nephew also attempted to remove him as ruler of Hakpis and Nerik, he rebelled, and with considerable support from the Hittite nobility and Kaskians, overthrew Urhi-Teshub and became the new king. Urhi-Teshub was exiled and he eventually fled to the Egyptian court of Ramesses.
The reign of Hattusili III (c. 1267–1237 BCE) was one of diplomacy and reconciliation with neighboring powers. Hattusili III drew up treaties with Babylon and Amurru, marrying his daughters to strengthen these contacts. Constant tensions with Assyria around the region of Hanigalbat led Hattusili to seek a treaty with Egypt to secure his southern frontier. The treaty would also serve to cement his credibility as the true King of Hatti and to strengthen Ramesses's image after his losses in Syria. The treaty confirmed existing territorial boundaries between Hatti and Egypt and included agreements that neither side would invade the other and that they would both come to each other's aid if attacked by a third party. The new alliance was also cemented by a marriage between Ramesses and one of Hattusili's daughters. Hattusili's Egyptian treaty allowed him to concentrate against a major uprising against the lands of Lukka in western Anatolia.
The beginning of the reign of Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV (c. 1237–1209 BCE), saw him dealing with rebellions in the lower land, continuing conflict with the Lukkans, Ahhiyawa, the Seha river land and even a failed assassination plot against the new king.
Tudhaliya IV also faced the growing threat of Assyria, which had finally conquered Hanigalbat under Shalmaneser and the lands of Subari under his son Tukulti-Ninurta, asserting its influence in the region. Tukulti-Ninurta then turned against the lands of Nihiriya. It was then that Tudhaliya decided to act to prevent further Assyrian expansion. He sent troops to Nihiriya and then invaded Assyria from there when the Assyrian troops retreated. The armies clashed in northern Assyria and Tukulti-Ninurta proved victorious, moving north and conquering Nihiriya afterwards. Luckily for Tudhaliya, Tukulti-Ninurta followed up his conquests in the north by attacking and conquering Babylon, not with further attacks against Hatti. Later in his reign, Tudhaliya IV also attacked and conquered Alasiya (Cyprus), possibly to protect the supply routes from Egypt which brought much needed grain to the Hittite lands.
Decline and Fall of Hatti
Tudhaliya's death led to instability in the kingdom. His successor Arnuwanda III only lasted a year on the throne before being replaced by his brother Suppiluliuma II. Suppiluliuma II faced more unrest in Lukka and Western Anatolia, and led a campaign to conquer Tarhuntassa. The loss of Tarhuntassa (possibly during Tudhaliya IV's reign) was especially damaging to Hatti since it was here where grain shipments from Egypt arrived, especially in the port of Ura. Due to food shortages in the kingdom, Tarhuntassa and the trade routes with Egypt had to be kept open. These food shortages worsened during the final years of the Hittite Kingdom. Perhaps it was because of this need to keep the grain routes open that we find Suppiluliuma II fighting sea battles against the "enemies from Alasiya", as clearly Tudhaliya's invasion of the island had not managed to completely subdue it. It is unknown if these were native Alasiyans or, as has been proposed, were part of the Sea Peoples. Whoever they were, Suppiluliuma II seems to have defeated them temporarily using the navy of his allies such as Ugarit, as Hatti had no navy of its own.
The swift and utter destruction of the Kingdom of the Hittites is attributed to the massive movement of Sea Peoples who destroyed much of Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine in the early 12th century BCE. There is still scholarly debate on who the Sea Peoples were, though it seems many of them were from western Anatolia. Most likely, attacks by Sea Peoples weakened central Hittite authority and, coupled with food shortages or outright famines, allowed for uprisings in the constantly unstable lands of Anatolia, such as Arzawa and Kaska which then attacked Hatti and led to further revolts. Whatever the case, Hittite records end abruptly with Suppiluliuma II's battles against Alisaya, and there is some archaeological evidence that shows destruction in the capital of Hattusa. Despite this, most of the Bronze age Hittite sites seem to have been abandoned rather than destroyed, thus this period seems to be characterized more by mass movements of peoples rather than widespread destruction.
The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
By 1160 BCE, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different than it had only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrians were dealing with the Mushku pressing into northernmost Mesopotamia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Gasga people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Mushku or Mushki had apparently overrun Cappadocia from the west, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians.
Although the Hittites disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called Neo-Hittite kingdoms in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syrian Neo-Hittite kingdoms were those at Carchemish and Milid (near the later Melitene). These Neo-Hittite kingdoms gradually fell under the control of the Assyrians, who conquered Carchemish during the reign of Sargon II in the late 8th century BCE, and Milid several decades later.
A large and powerful state known as Tabal occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Gk. Τιβαρηνοί Tibarenoi, Lat. Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus, their language may have been Luwian, testified to by monuments written using Luwian hieroglyphics.
Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by a new innovation, the alphabet, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the Aegean (with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the Phoenicians and neighboring peoples in Syria. |
बॉक्स से जोड़कर बच्चों को प्रधानमंत्री के कार्यक्रम को दिखाया। सेक्टर 4 स्थित मिडिल स्कूल बोरियागेट में रेडियो से ही बच्चों ने प्रधानमंत्री की बात सुनी। यहां गिनती के बच्चे थे और शिक्षकों ने भी खानापूर्ति की। बात सुनाने के लिए रेडियो का इंतजाम जरूर किया। हिंदू मान्यताओं के अनुसार यहां देवी सती का दायां हाथ गिरा था। इस मंदिर को ऋषि कश्यप के नाम पर कश्यपपुर के नाम से भी जाना जाता था। शारदा पीठ में देवी सरस्वती की आराधना की जाती है। वैदिक काल में इसे शिक्षा का केंद्र भी कहा जाता था। मान्यता है कि ऋषि पाणीनि ने यहां अपने अष्टाध्यायी की रचना की थी। यह श्री विद्या साधना का महत्वपूर्ण केन्द्र था। शैव संप्रदाय की शुरुआत करने वाले आदि शंकराचार्य और वैष्णव संप्रदाय के प्रवर्तक रामानुजाचार्य दोनों ने ही यहां महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धियां हासिल की। शंकराचार्य यहीं सर्वज्ञपीठम पर बैठे तो रामानुजाचार्य ने यहां ब्रह्म सूत्रों पर अपना भाष्य लिखा। विश्वनाथ मंदिर परिसर में अर्चक व सेवादारों के मोबाइल पर प्रतिबंध अपने एनजीओ को मिलने वाले धन और अन्य मुद्दों पर कांग्रेस नेता दिग्विजयसिंह द्वारा सवाल पूछे जाने के एक दिन बाद केजरीवाल ने पलटवार किया और कहा कि वह सवालों के जवाब देने के इच्छुक हैं,</s> |
को वापस दिल्ली हवाई अड्डे पर लौटना पड़ा था. उस समय चालक दल के सदस्यों ने उड़ान भरने के तुरंत बाद विमान के अंदर एक चमगादड़ को उड़ते देखा था. 2014 की उत्तर मध्यमा इंटर परीक्षा में महाविद्यालय के कपिल नौटियाल ने प्रदेश में प्रथम, शुभम कुकरेती ने द्वितीय व अमित रैवानी ने दसवां स्थान प्राप्त किया था। 2010 में अमित बंदोलिया 12वी में प्रदेशभर में आठवें स्थान पर रहे थे। उत्तराखंड संस्कृत विवि की बीएड परीक्षा में महाविद्यालय के छात्र अमित बंदोलिया व आचार्य साहित्य में सबसे अधिक अंक लाने पर शशांक पंचभैया ने गोल्ड मेडल भी प्राप्त किया। शिवांकर के पिता गोपी देशवाल व माता कस्तूरी देवी और प्रियांशु ध्यानी के पिता लवकुमार व माता कविता देवी बच्चों की कामयाबी पर खुश है। प्राचार्य डॉ. शैलेंद्रनारायण कोटियाल ने छात्रों का उत्साहवर्धन किया है। शिक्षक डॉ. सुशील बडोनी, प्रीति कोटियाल, अनूप थपलियाल आदि ने भी छात्रों की कामयाबी पर हर्ष जताया है। खतरे को सूंघ निकालने वाली नाक सिद्धार्थनगर : बिस्कोहर के एक टोले में देह व्यापार को रोकने के उद्देश्य से पुलिस प्रशासन ने मंगलवार को सख्त कदम उठाया और करीब आधा दर्जन से अधिक गुमटियों में चल रही दुकानों को बंद कराया। हालांकि संचालकों ने कहा कि</s> |
In an effort to help confront a perpetual problem for foster youth – lack of parental involvement in their schools and education – foster parent leaders in Maryland have created what they say is the nation’s first PTA for foster parents.
The idea comes from so-called “non-traditional PTAs” that serve the parents of children in special education. Sam Macer, the education chairman and president-elect of Maryland Foster Parents Association, decided that foster parents need a non-traditional PTA as well.
“Foster parents are a perfect example of how a regular PTA might not be able to service [them] because their interests are so focused,” Macer said.
Although research shows that parental involvement in their children’s education boosts academic achievement, parental involvement in the education of foster youths is, in the words of one recent California study, “extremely problematic.” One reason, says the 2007 California Foster Youth Education Summit, is that foster youth are often in a state of “limbo” when it comes who is responsible for making their education decisions – biological parents, foster parents or state agencies.
And those youths really need the help: Numerous studies have shown that as a group, foster youth lag behind other youth in academic achievement and are more likely to drop out of school. They often enter foster care already behind, and their struggles are exacerbated by such factors as transferring to new homes (and therefore sometimes new schools) and emotional problems stemming from abuse and neglect. Some of those studies are summarized in this report by Chapin Hall.
Into this challenge steps the Maryland Foster Parent Teacher Association – although after its announcement in September, it changed its name to the Maryland Resource Parent PTA, because PTA membership must be open to everyone. Macer, who is also president of the Maryland PTA, said the new group will reach out as well to “adoptive parents, kinship care providers, informal providers and group home providers.”
Compared with regular PTAs, Macer says, nontraditional PTAs are not necessarily part of the school environment, and are more likely to focus on advocacy for specific groups of children – which is what the new PTA will do.
He excepts the group to concentrate on such issues as the effect of traumatic experiences on student performance and behavior, continuing education while transitioning out of foster care and gaps in educational achievement between foster and non-foster youth.
The organization also hopes to connect foster parents with the state and national PTAs, offering them access to training opportunities to build their leadership and advocacy skills. The foster parents will also have access to various PTA programs for children, such as an arts contest and a healthy lifestyles program, along with scholarships and awards.
The new PTA drew support from Irene Clements, president of the National Foster Parents Association (NFPA), who said each state “should create a [foster parent] PTA, because [states] are being required by the federal government to meet a certain expectation of how kids are doing,” and such PTAs could help the foster youths’ academic performance.
A spokesman for the National PTA said that it did not know of any such group – including the new one in Maryland – but that the PTA supports the idea.
Education resources for foster caregivers: |
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Women in the Middle East Essay -- Gender Roles, Oppression, Culture
In the book, Women in the Middle East, a Saudi Arabian proverb states, "A girl possesses nothing but a veil and a tomb" (Harik and Marston 83). The key words, "veil" and "tomb" lend evidence to the fact that many Middle Eastern women lack identity symbolized by the ââ¬Å"veilâ⬠and lack the right of ownership except for their veil and the tomb. This statement further enforces the notion that many women in the Middle East are expected to serve and tolerate the oppression of the men in their lives throughout their lives on this earth. Moreover, it confirms that many of these women do not get the opportunity to obtain education, join the work force, and even participate in the political affairs of the country. This arrangement further helps the Middle Eastern men to view women as their properties, servants, or even as slaves. Ultimately, there are three main reasons why Middle Eastern men engage in the act of oppressing their women. One primary reason why Middle Eastern men oppress women is their deeply rooted belief system as well as their needs. For example, their belief that the Middle Eastern womanââ¬â¢s duty is being a dedicated homemaker encourages them to disallow her from seeking an education. Ramsay M. Harik and Elsa Martson, revisit this concept in their book, Woman in the Middle East, as they state that many males convince their women that education is unnecessary nor relevant to their household responsibilities. "The girl will spend her life cooking and having babies, why does she need to read or write? This was a common attitude in much of the Middle East until the last fifty years or so" (24). The common consensus was that once educated, these women would question many of the injustices suffered, would demand better treatment... ...emale relative is justifiable if she brings dishonor to the family" (86)... Many women do not stand up for their rights because they are scared from death; since many men killed women without feeling sympathy or without fearing from the consequences of laws. Therefore, laws are just another cause of the oppression of women. Middle Eastern women need to stand up for their rights and get educated to reverse the notion that they are servants and properties of their men. Furthermore, they need to rise up to their potentials and prove beyond doubt that they are equal to men. This practice would lead the path for future generations to follow and protect the inalienable rights of women. Finally, these women need to break the cycle of oppression by addressing these deeply rooted beliefs, gaining the tools to fight back, and joining forces to make lifelong changes. |
उद्योग केंद्र ग्वालियर को दिए जाने की तैयारी शुरू कर दी है। दोष निवारण के लिए मंदोदरी ने की थी मनसा देवी की पिंडी की स्थापना झारखंड मुक्ति मोर्चा ने भी अपनी पहली सूची रविवार को जारी की। इसमें पार्टी के 14 सिटिंग विधायकों को फिर से टिकट थमाया है। प्रदेश की सभी 81 सीटों पर चुनाव लड़ने वाली झामुमो अपने उपाध्यक्ष व प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री हेमंत सोरेन के लिए सुरक्षित सीट तलाश रही है। रूडी सर, आप हमलोगों की नजर में बिहार भाजपा के उन योग्यतम लोगों में से हैं जिनको मुख्यमंत्री के चेहरे के रूप में जनता के सामने प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है। आपकी काबिलियत पर किसी को कोई शक नहीं लेकिन इस बार आप ये मान लीजिए कि आपदा की इस घड़ी में आपसे घोर लापरवाही हुई है। इतने सारे एंबुलेंस धूल खा रहे हैं हालांकि आपने इन एंबुलेंस की हिफाजत का पुरकश इंतजाम कर रखा था और अच्छे से कवर करके रखा था लेकिन जनता के सच्चे जनसेवक पप्पू यादव जी ने इसको एक्सपोज कर ही दिया। तीनों युवकों को 108 एबुंलेंस की मदद से जिला अस्पताल लाया गया, जहाँ इनके शव परीक्षण के लिए रखा गया है।वहीं पुलिस ने प्रकरण दर्ज कर मामले की</s> |
को मृत नवजात का शव सौंपने व उनके हस्ताक्षर दिखाए तो वह शांत होकर चले गए, लेकिन स्वजनों ने आशंका जताई है कि उनके बच्चे की जगह किसी और का मृत बच्चा उन्हें सौंपा गया है। जिसकी वह पुलिस में शिकायत करेंगे। इससे पहले सम्मेलन का उद्घाटन करते हुए रेलमंत्री सदानंद गौड़ा ने कहा कि भारतीय रेल अपने 4,000 इंजनों में बायो डीजल का उपयोग करेगी। इसके लिए डीजल में पांच फीसद बायो डीजल का मिश्रण किया जाएगा। रेलवे सालाना कम से कम 15 हजार करोड़ रुपये के डीजल का उपयोग करता है। इसमें जरा सी कमी से भी सैकड़ों करोड़ बचेंगे। पर्यावरण भी स्वच्छ होगा। बायो डीजल में डीजल की अपेक्षा कम कार्बन उत्सर्जन होता है। इसके लिए लोकोमोटिव के डिजाइन में भी बदलाव नहीं करना पड़ता। महिलाए कई घरेलु उपाय से अपनी योनी को दुबारा टाइट कर सकती है। निचे दिए गए वीडियो में देखे कैसे आप अपनी योनी को दुबारा टाइट कर सकते है। इन आसान टिप्स को अपनाए और अपनी सेक्स लाइफ में फिर एक बार उत्साह लाये। रेल मंत्री पीयूष गोयल ने आज कहा कि देश में रेलवे के पारिस्थितकी तंत्र से आसान सब्जी तैयारी के लिए 10 युक्तियाँ 36 घण्टे लगातार बारिश होने के</s> |
में और बदतर हो जाती है। अमिताभ बच्चन सर, अक्षय कुमार, अजय देवगन कृपया इस मामले पर गौर फरमाए और फिल्म सिटी गोरेगांव में स्वच्छता अभियान की शुरुआत करें, आपको हर किसी का समर्थन मिलेगा। (आईएएनएस) बता दें कि भारत में 65 इंच स्मार्ट टीवी का मार्केट काफी छोटा है। इसकी एक वजह भारत में 65 इंच स्मार्ट टीवी का महंगा होना है। ऐसे में अगर स्मार्ट टीवी को कम प्राइस प्वाइंट में पेश किया जाता है। भारतीय क्रिकेट टीम के कप्तान विराट कोहली लंबे समय से खराब फॉर्म से जूझ रहे हैं। इंग्लैंड दौर पर भी उनके बल्ले से रन नहीं निकल रहे हैं। इस दौर पर उन्होंने अब तक चार पारियों में 0, 42, 20 और 7 रन ही बनाए हैं। कोहली के फैंस के उनके बल्ले से निकलने वाले शतक का बेसब्री से इंतजार कर रहे हैं। कोहली के बल्ले से आखिरी बार 2019 में शतक निकला था। इसके बाद वह क्रिकेट के किसी भी फॉर्मेट में सेंचुरी नहीं लगा पाए हैं। लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं कोहली ही नहीं बल्कि 3 अन्य बल्लेबाज भी लंबे समय से शतक लगाने के लिए तरस रहे हैं। आइए जानते उनके बारे में। विरोधी पार्टियों के लालच से रहना चाहिए</s> |
In the Minneapolis Airport there is a poster showing a picture of Daniel in the Lion’s Den surrounded by hungry but slightly confused looking lions. The caption is: “We in the 21st Century are not the first people to feel stressed.”
Today in church music we find ourselves in a situation that is not much different than it was centuries ago. We are not the first people to feel that there is not enough support to continue a fine music program/ministry.
The Hymn-A-Thon is such a great idea, I wish it were mine, but it’s not. It has been done before. However the purpose behind the Hymn-a-thon at our church is what is different from some others. Being a small parish, we as many, due to limited financial resources were faced with drastically cutting back the music ministry. However, whether you are in a large or small parish, there is a core of people who really believe the music ministry is very important and want to see it continue. It is their belief that music helps people worship and become closer to God.
Before you give up and think that your church is too small or too something else to attempt a Hymn-a-thon, let’s look at this idea more carefully.
First, let’s talk about patrons for a moment.
The term “patron” goes back to the medieval ages and through the Renaissance, feudal Japan, Southeast Asian Kingdoms, Aristocracy and right through to March 6, 2014. Patrons were the people and institutions that helped move the arts forward for present and future generations to enjoy and in which to participate. Patrons of the arts as were important in the early ages just as they are today.
Thanks to organizations like crowdfunding or crowdsourcing, the definition of who patrons are has expanded. Patronage is no longer just for the very wealthy, but for anyone who is interested in helping support a worthy project.
Instead of giving up and asking, “Why is this happening? Why is our Music Ministry being cut?” say instead, “Our Music Ministry is too important to let go, so what we are going to do about it?” That was the impetus the musicians of St. Bede had to start thinking about what could be done to mitigate the cuts proposed to their music ministry.
One Sunday morning, a choir member showed up with a newspaper article about a Hymn-A-Thon Trinity Cathedral in Portland had recently done. Their event raised funds to support their choir’s upcoming English tour. We thought, “well, we wouldn’t be raising funds for a tour, but a Hymn-A-Thon could work equally well to raise funds to further our small parish music ministry.” Three weeks later, on the date we had chosen to “make something” happen, we held our own St. Bede Hymn-A-Thon.
What might surprise you is the number of people who really do believe in what you are doing. We can become myopic (see paranoid) in our vision and think that people are not interested in maintaining or furthering excellence in church music. However, as we found, there are a great number of people who respect and value the traditions of the past and want to sustain them for the future. |
Establishing the History of the Establishment Clause
Copyright February 5, 1996; 2000; 2004
| Footnotes |
The establishment clause1 leading off the Bill of Rights,
the profound attachment to America's founding governmental instrument, was conceived when
a Lockean enlightenment2 fertilized a Calvinist Puritanical womb3 ;
was born in a stable filled with the incessant libertarian volleys of antifederalism4
; nursed by a Jeffersonian mother5 and weaned by a domineering Protestant
step-father6 ; matured increasingly by the legal guardian of secular relativism7
; grows senile in the hands of a nursing home run by the divided management team of
Christian Right and Secular Left; and could likely soon be placed in the tomb of a
Constitutional amendment8 if it doesn't first expire from an inarticulate
meaning at the hands of its bedside nursemaid, the Supreme Court.9 It is the
purpose of this paper to do its small part in delaying or preventing the possible funeral.
The workbench on which the establishment clause finds itself--the
prevailing intellectual culture of the Constitutional legal establishment--is, in the eyes
of some, in need of repair work itself. The outlook and manner of Blackstone, once
offering British and American law students a fixed jurisprudence, now offers only a
prophetic title commenting on the state of Constitutional interpretation: The foundation
stone of enlightened mechanical jurisprudence, supporting fixed constitutional principles,
has indeed become black, at least for anyone who might be sympathetic to Blackstone,
original intent, and the rule of law combined with political neutrality.
M. Stanton Evans laments that the Constitution's setting of limits on the federal
government, "to all intents and purposes...is now defunct. In reality, we no longer
have a Constitution, or anything that can be accurately depicted as constitutional
law."10 Evans laments that the words of what has in some circles been
considered one of the greatest documents produced by the mind of man have come to mean
nothing other than what the ambitious policy-making of Supreme Court justices decides to
make them mean. The Chief Justice and Justice Thomas joined Justice Scalia in accusing the
Court they sit on of abandoning "text and history as guides."11
Robert H. Bork says there are only two sides in the battle for the control of the law:
"Either the Constitution and statutes are law...or they are malleable texts that
judges may rewrite to see that particular groups or political causes win."12
For Bork the great heresy taking hold of legal institutions is the denial that judges are
bound by law. Bork claims the law is the only true check upon an unelected,
tenured-for-life judiciary. And by "law" he means "the principles of the
text, whether Constitution or statute, as generally understood at the enactment."13
Some of what Evans and Bork say here should be considered hyperbole
given the content of some very recent decisions coming from the current high court. Chief
Justice Rehnquist, delivering the Court's opinion in U.S. v. Lopez, a case involving a
Texas 12th grade student who brought a gun to school and was charged with violating a
federal statute14 , wrote:
We start with first principles. The Constitution creates a Federal
Government of enumerated powers. As James Madison wrote, the power delegated by the
proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to
remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite...This constitutionally
mandated division of authority was adopted by the Framers to ensure protection of our
fundamental liberties...A healthy balance of power between the States and the Federal
Government will reduce the risk of tyranny and abuse from either front...
Under the theories that the Government presents in support of 922(q), it is difficult
to perceive any limitation on federal power... Thus, if we were to accept the Government's
arguments, we are hard-pressed to posit any activity by an individual that Congress is
without power to regulate.15
Here is the respect for Constitutional principle Evans and Bork both say are absent from
the Court but which they say shouldn't be. Here the Court is recognizing what the
Constitution intends and "obeying" it. National power is prohibited beyond what
is written. Never mind that a strict reading here happens to dovetail with the political
views of the Court majority. For Bork, personal political views should be irrelevant to a
judge.16 A justice should have the attitude of Sir Thomas More who told his
son-in-law he would use the law to protect the devil himself17 --and More was
no fan of the devil.
But what Bork might call sticking to constitutional principle--such as Justice Clarence
Thomas' recent tart denial that there is "a racial paternalism exception to the
principle of equal protection"18 --others see as a sell out of deeper
principles of justice:
The Supreme Court Majority
- The Gang of Five who sit upon the Court
- Are bent on wiping out the Bill of Rights
- As case by tragic case they sell us short,
- Extinguishing the Founding Father's lights.
- They've overturned a Richmond statute meant
- To equalize the races by its terms
- In ordering that triple ten percent
- Of city contracts go to black-owned firms.
- They turned the clock back in a second case
- By making it impossible to end
- Most racist treatment in the marketplace,
- Reversing what had been this nation's trend.
- Controlled by each and every Reagan clone,
- This bench is now supreme in name alone.19
The battle over history
Within this general frame of differing outlooks on the Court's activity
is the specific battleground of the meaning of the Establishment Clause--its founding
history. Many skirmishes have been engaged here over the issue of the creation of the
amendment and the intent of its framers. Two major differing outlooks are found among the
combatants. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, William Rehnquist, by his position,
can be considered the champion of one of the camps, with roots from previous centuries in,
for instance, John Cotton and Patrick Henry, which favor government encouragement to
religion. This camp, which includes current Supreme Court Justices Scalia and Thomas,
believes the Establishment Clause erects no "wall of separation" between the
church and the state, as Rehnquist writes in his dissent in Wallace v. Jaffree:
It would seem...that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment had acquired a
well-accepted meaning: it forbade establishment of a national religion, and forbade
preference among religious sects or denominations...The Establishment Clause did not
require neutrality between religion and irreligion nor did it prohibit the federal
government from providing non-discriminatory aid to religion. There is simply no
historical foundation for the proposition that the Framers intended to build the 'wall of
separation' that was constitutionalized in Everson...
The 'wall of separation between church and State' is a metaphor based on bad history, a
metaphor which has proved useless as a guide to judging. It should be frankly and
Hopefully, when Rehnquist says "bad history" here he means
"inaccurate history," as in "bad historiography." That is, we assume
that for "bad history" Rehnquist means something like this: "Those who say
that the historical record indicates a desire in the Framers to radically separate church
and state have not fairly surveyed the historical data, and have therefore inaccurately
portrayed it." Let us assume that this is what Rehnquist meant because to accept what
he has actually written here--that the separationist view is "bad history"--is
to accept that Rehnquist is living in massive denial and self-deceit, apparently
understanding that the Virginia history reveals a truly separationist intent on the part
of the Framers and that he doesn't like this (actual) history.21 He calls it
"bad" and says it should be abandoned. While that may be one way to eliminate a
fact one doesn't like, it's hardly an exemplary one. So we will assume that Rehnquist
means that the history offered by certain previous Courts, not to mention scores of
respected historians, was poorly done, an inaccurate recounting of the history of that
The other polar camp in this debate, to which the message of Rehnquist is reacting,
sees Jefferson and Madison as seminal Framing influences at the time of the First
Congress, teaching that a complete separation of church and state was necessary for the
health of the new republic.22 The view that the Clause requires a secular
outlook usually accompanies this position.
Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas, in championing the opposing view, have
become the darlings of the Religious Right, a movement which is in the process of
mobilizing its supporters to back a religious liberty amendment to the Constitution. This
amendment--alluded to in the introduction here as one that could bludgeon the
Establishment Clause--will be dealt with later in this paper. Suffice it to say here that
its intent and possible effect is a practical obliteration of the first provision of the
Bill of Rights.23
This embryonic amendment, presently being engineered to bypass the
Supreme Court's handling of the establishment Clause in the modern era24 , is
built on a particular view of history--Rehnquist's "good" history.25
What are these "good" and "bad" views? What are these two different
histories--over which, says scholar William Lee Miller26 , "hovers a great
cloud of polemical literature and tendentious history"--which are competing for the
prize of defining the Establishment Clause?
It is a question proponents from both sides27 of the debate
say must be engaged for the true Establishment Clause to be able to stand. Rehnquist wrote
in his Jaffree dissent: "The true meaning of the Establishment Clause can only be
seen in its history."28 Certainly the proponents of original understanding29
have always stressed the importance of history; the leading spokesman of originalism,
Robert Bork, writes, "Law is a public act...All that counts is how the words used in
the Constitution would have been understood at the time."30 Without some
kind of historical study about the use of words and ideas at the time of the crafting of
the Establishment Clause, its meaning is open to manipulation.
The debate always moves at some point to the views of Madison and
Jefferson; what they were and how controlling they were. Key texts cited are Jefferson's
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance, written to
combat a bill in the Virginia legislature that proposed paying Christian teachers of
multiple denominations with tax money. Few would argue with the view that the these two
grand historical documents favor a separation of the powers of the church and the state.31
The Virginia statute states:
that to compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions
which he disbelieves, is sinful and tyrannical; that even the forcing him to support this
or that teacher of his own religious persuasion, is depriving him of the comfortable
liberty of giving his contributions to the particular pastor, whose morals he would make
That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or
ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened, in his
body or goods....32
Jefferson here makes it plain that the state cannot collect tax money
to support religion "whatsoever;" to do so would require citizens to
"support" religious worship, and be thus "burthened" in their
Madison's Remonstrance, called by Ralph Ketcham "worthy of
Locke, Milton, or Mill," and reprinted in its entirety by Justice Wiley Rutledge in
his dissent in Everson, marshals 15 points against using tax money for religious
purposes. This writing is one of the most powerful affirmations of religious freedom
written in North America. Following is a summarized outline of the Remonstrance's 15
- Religion can only be directed by conscience and reason; government has no role to play
with respect to religion; permitting the majority sole rule can harm minorities.
- The legislature would exceed its lawful authority in passing such a bill.
- A warning against government interference with human rights.
- Coercion in religion is an offense to God.
- Civil magistrates (the state) is incompetent to judge religious truth; religion is an
improper engine of state policy.
- Christianity does not require state support to flourish.
- History shows that state support of Christianity has meant its debasement.
- Good government does not need assistance from an established religion.
- The assessment would hold out a sign of "persecution" rather than
"asylum" to other nations. The assessment differs from the Inquisition
"only in degree."
- The assessment might drive away present citizens by revoking "the liberty which
they now enjoy."
- It is folly to believe religious discord will be solved by the assessment.
- Making Virginia a Christian state would discourage non-Christians from immigrating;
furthermore it would lead to a hindering of diffusing the gospel.
- It would be unwise legislation because attempts to enforce it would be problematic
because so many citizens view it as "obnoxious."
- A measure of the magnitude of the assessment ought not to be imposed without a clear
majority of citizens favoring it.
- A powerful defense of natural rights: Liberty of conscience is a "gift of
nature." Freedom of conscience is the only policy consistent with deity.
Anticipating the argument that new exigencies of church and state demand new solutions to
their interrelationship, Justice Rutledge in his Everson dissent says, while citing
the Remonstrance, "The reasons underlying the Amendment's policy have not
vanished with time or diminished in force...There cannot be freedom of religion,
safeguarded by the state, and intervention by the church or its agencies in the state's
domain or dependency on its largesse."33 This is classic Madisonian
The question the separationists must answer, then, is "Is it classic with the rest
of the Framers?" Madison collated eighty amendments proposed by seven of the states
in the form of the nineteen amendments he submitted to the House of Representatives in the
First Congress.34 One of the nineteen was the original draft of our current
"The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or
worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal
rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext, infringed."
After proposing this amendment, he was a member of the committee of
eleven to consider it, and then was the head of the House conference committee that
negotiated with the Senate to produce its current wording.35 Because of
Madison's, "nor shall any national religion be established," accommodationists
have ballyhooed that his intent for the establishment clause was only that it prevent a
national establishment and not the larger and more encompassing separation of the
Remonstrance. But Samuel Livermore, an Episcopalian from New Hampshire, proposed an
improvement on Madison's wording:
"Congress shall make no law touching religion, or infringing the right of
Madison promptly withdrew his proposed amendment and Livermore's passed the House, 34 to
20. This fact is not mentioned by those who hang on the apparent meaning of Madison's
first draft.36 The lack of notes kept in the Senate's secret deliberations on
the amendments has not kept hidden the fact that the more accommodationist amendments
proposed--which would be what Rehnquist and the Religious Right would want in
abundance--were twice rejected. As William Lee Miller concludes: "One may be allowed
to infer that the majority in the Senate intended something more in the way of
separation."37 Some think the eventual wording from the conference
committee was written by Madison.
The Political Battle
While it is an assertion that would cause pain to doctrinaire originalists, there is usually a political advantage being sought when one of the
two groups is struggling to prove a certain historical point. Putting a
"historical" spin on what is going on in the present--something we call
political commentary--is in form no different than the spin that must inevitably be put on
the past--something we call history. Whose spin on the present is correct--is health care
a positive good or a positive evil for the U.S.?--is as impossible to be answered by a
"neutral" observer as is whose historical spin is correct: Historically, what is
the true intent of the Establishment Clause? To engage in the struggle to unearth the true
history is inevitably to become embroiled in the current political controversy.
Patrick Henry thought the public encouragement of
religion would advance the common virtue in Virginia and James Madison was sure it would
not. Justice Scalia is certainly at least half correct, then, in his Lambs Chapel
concurrence where he bases his rejection of the Courts endorsement-of-religion test
on his claim that those that "adopted our Constitution...believed that the public
virtues inculcated by religion are a public good." What is not half correct is the
failure to mention that Madison--certainly a key Founder--had severe reservations about
the state being an agent in the promotion of religion as a "short cut" to get
those "public goods." Whatever virtue might be gained by the public goods was
lost by the public--as opposed to the private, religious--attempt to act as catalyst. That
was the very reason Madison wrote the Remonstrance. The point in all this is simply
to keep in memory that the division of opinion in the Founders day is still with us
today. We thus seem wise in this inquiry to remember to keep an eye out for whose "ox
is being gored" at any given time.
The most recent Supreme Court case involving the
Establishment Clause, Rosenberger v. University of Virginia, provides an example.
Representatives from both sides of Americas culture wars are on the current Court.
Justices Thomas, Scalia and Rehnquist are Republican appointees who are prone to defend
traditional religion and conservative principles. Justice Kennedy (Reagan) and Justice
Sandra Day OConnor (Reagan) are often found voting with conservative coalitions.
These justices are certainly sensitive to the same influences which are causing Republican
Presidential hopefuls Robert Dole and Phil Gramm to play up to the Relgious Right: The
Right has an increasingly muscled political machine which will weigh in with power for its
political favorites. The other Republican-appointees, Justice Stevens (Gerald Ford) and
Justice Souter (Bush) have proven to be more independent thinkers.
Democratic President Bill Clinton has been a continuous
target of the Religious Right during his presidency; his more liberal initiatives
including encouragement of gays in the military and universal health care have kept him at
swords edge with the Right. He has begun to verbally strike back in recent incidents
including his comments about conservative talk radio; the nomination of Dr. Henry Foster
for Surgeon General which was aborted by the pro-life insistence of many Senators; and the
anti-conservative wave that followed the bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building.
President Clintons high court appointees, Justices Ginsburg and Breyer, the only
Justices on the court appointed by a Democratic President, were dissenters in the Rosenberger
The nomination of Justice Clarence Thomas was heavily
lobbied by the Religious Right. The five major players in the pro-Thomas coalition were
Coalitions for America, the Family Research Council, Concerned Women for America, the
Christian Coalition and the Traditional Values Coalition, all among the most powerful
groups within the Religious Right. These groups decided to wage a more public and at
times, more negative campaign than they had ever done in the past. The increased
politicization of this confirmation battle specifically and the increased politicization
in the nomination process generally in this century has, predictably, led to increased
partisanship and politicization in the Court. Justice Thomas knows which groups went to
bat for him in his very public and controversial confirmation hearings. He has not
disappointed them in Rosenberger. Thomas concurrence in that decision was
like the work of a good Scout doing his duty. The Religious Right has been increasingly
vocal in their revisionist history of the context of the framing of the Establishment
Clause. Thomas steps right up in his concurrence and lets it be known that the reason he
is writing it is to set the record straight on the questions of history involved. He lays
into the history sketched in Justice Souters dissent. The battle extends to the
majority opinion written by Justice Kennedy who also takes potshots at Souters
dissent in his majority opinion.
He writes, almost condescendingly, it seems, "it
bears only passing mention that the dissents attempt to distinguish Lambs
Chapel is entirely without support in the law." The Lambs Chapel
case involved a church that sued a school because the church was not allowed to show there
a video series by Dr. James Dobson. Dobson is one of the most powerful actors in the
Religious Right with his daily radio program, Focus on the Family, which reaches more ears
than any other programs except for those of Rush Limbaugh and Paul Harvey. The Supreme
Court ruled that the Establishment Clause did not prevent the church from having the same
opportunity as other groups to use school facilities for meetings in the evening. Jay
Sekulow of Pat Robertsons American Center for Law and Justice argued the case for
the petitioners. Sekulow not only argued that there is a federal constitutional right to
equal access in public fora for private religious speech, but also that the policy of the
school "by targeting private religious speech for censorship from facilities made
available to the public, Center Moriches [the school district involved] has violated the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment." The Supreme Court followed Sekulow in
Go to part 2.
| Footnotes | |
South Australian Medical Heritage Society IncWebsite for the Virtual Museum
Galleries of the Virtual Museum
Bends, Caissons, Hyperbaric Oxygen, and the Adelaide Hyperbaric Unit
The word "bends" in the heading refers to the signs and symptoms which develop in persons who suffer decompression sickness. It is derived from 'the Grecian Bends' after a popular 19th century dance in which people bend at the waist. This condition can occur in divers who ascend too quickly from their dive (> 30m), or in aircraft which rise suddenly to high altitudes (> 20,000m). Thus aircraft are now pressurised.
People have been diving into water to collect resources (such as sponges, shells, pearls, salvaging shipwrecks, etc.) for several thousand years. As these divers were limited by their lung capacity, dives were relatively short and not very deep, and consequently decompression sickness would have been unlikely, and mild at worst.
Later advances included the use of rocks ("skandalopetra" in Greek). Both the diver and the stone were attached via a rope to a boat, allowing them both to be recovered faster. The diver jumped into the water holding the rock, sinking much faster with much less effort, increasing their productivity.
Diving bells have been used to work underwater for many centuries. Aristotle wrote about them around 400 BCE. They suffer many great disadvantages, e.g.: air was used up quickly, restricted to open water, and it must be lifted to extract resources and remove spoil.
Early versions of diving suits are recorded from the 12th century, and possibly earlier. In 1405, Konrad Kyeser described a snorkel in his book "Bellifortis". Kyeser also described a metal helmet with two glass view-ports and a leather jacket, a forerunner of the standard diving dress. There are several other manuscripts from the 15th century with similar descriptions, including "Alte Armatur und Ringkunst" by Hans Talhoffer in 1459.
The brothers Charles and John Deane designed the first successful diving helmets in the 1820's. They were originally intended to be used as smoke helmets by firemen, and used an external air supply. The helmets were made in 1827 by Augustus Siebe, and began to be used for diving around 1828. The helmets were loosely fixed to a diving suit, so divers could only work in an upright position without being flooded. Siebe later improved the suit, making it water tight, adding a valve in the helmet to stop water flooding in, and allowing the helmet to be removed from the corsetlet (the collar around the breastplate, back and shoulders that supports the helmet). The displacement of the suit would cause the diver to float, so additional weight had to be added, usually to the shoes and over the breastplate and helmet.
The standard diving dress allowed for more mobility, kept the diver dry, and provided some protection from the cold. They did not protect the diver against decompression sickness or nitrogen narcosis.
Further improvements led to self contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA). The two main types are closed-circuit and open-circuit. Closed-circuit cleans and recirculates the air, while open-circuit expels the air into the environment.
Closed-circuit re-breathers recirculate the air, chemically removing some of the carbon dioxide, and adding more oxygen from a tank. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli is credited with one of the earliest designs in the 17th century, but it was probably never tested. The first commercially successful model was designed by Henry Fleuss in 1878. Sir Robert Davis designed the first practical model made in large numbers in 1910.
The first commercially successful open-circuit SCUBA was the Aqualung, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1942-1943.
Both types of SCUBA divers can be affected by decompression sickness, depending on the depth, air mix and duration of the dive.
Another way to access underwater sites (for building bridge piers, dams, etc.) is to construct a cofferdam. These are temporary, watertight enclosures, which allow workers to safely work on dry ground. While these give easy access, they are take up significant space, potentially interfering with trade routes, and are not well suited to deeper waters.
One solution is to use caissons. Caissons are watertight containers which become part of the final structure. The word is derived from the French caisse, meaning "ammunition wagon", "crate", or "box". There are three main types: box, open, and compressed air.
Box caissons are prefabricated boxes, often made of concrete, that are floated into position, before being sunk by being filled with concrete. Two different types of box caissons were used to build the Herodian harbour at Caesarea Maratime (about half way between the modern cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa, Israel) from 25 - 13 BCE. The harbour was built by order of Herod the Great, who named it Sebastos (Greek for "venerable", a translation of the Roman honorific augustus) and dedicated to the Roman Emperor Augustus. On the sheltered side, large hollow floating concrete boxes were towed into position, and then sunk by the addition of concrete. On the more exposed site, large seaworthy barges were used ( for more information, please refer to the Wikipedia article on Caesarea Maratima ).
Open caissons are open topped, generally tube shaped walls which are sunk by their own weight, with a steel cutting shoe (a steeply angled leading edge) at the bottom. This technique was used by Marc Isambard Brunel in the construction of the access shafts to his Thames Tunnel in 1825 - 1843.
Unpressurised caissons, such as that used in Brunel's Thames Tunnel do not cause decompression sickness. It wasn't until the 19th century that compressed air was used in caissons.
Compressed air caissons are essentially bottomless waterproof containers. Water is forced out by compressed air, providing a dry working environment. They have at least one airlock through which people can pass, compressed air shaft(s), and unpressurised shaft(s) allowing one or more cranes to extract the spoil (called muck). To reduce friction, the cutting shoe at the bottom is usually wider than the main body.
Because they are less dense than the surrounding water, caissons need to be ballasted. This is usually achieved by the pier itself, although additional weight may be needed initially.
The deeper under water the caisson is, the more air pressure is needed, with every 10m of water adding one atmosphere of pressure. Excess air pressure escapes from under the bottom of the caisson, or via the muck tube. The air must be continuously supplied to replace the oxygen used by the workers, etc.
After the excavation has finished, the caisson is backfilled with concrete, becoming part of the final structure.
The modern version of the caisson was invented by the French geologist Jacques Triger in 1841. It consisted of 4 iron tubes, each approximately 1m wide, by 5-6m long, and most importantly, an airlock. This allowed him and others to mine coal at a depth of 20m in the water logged soil of the Loire river. Triger reported that two miners complained of pain after finishing working in 2.4 atmospheres for 4 hours, quite possibly the first recorded cases of decompression sickness (DCS).
As the amount of gas absorbed in water is proportional to the pressure (Henry's law), the greater pressures inside caissons causes more gas to be absorbed by the workers. As they return to the lower pressures outside, these dissolved gasses effervesce. If these bubbles form faster than they can be removed via the lungs, they can cause many problems, including skin rashes, joint pain, paralysis, emboli, and death, depending on their size and placement.
One of the earliest description of decompression sickness was made in 1666 by the noted physicist and chemist, Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691). In his experiments with vacuums ("New Pneumatical Experiments about Respiration"), he noted "what I once observed in a viper furiously tortured in our exhausted receiver, namely, that it had manifestly a conspicuous bubble moving to and fro in the waterish humour of one of its eyes". He hypothesised that these bubbles could be dangerous. Felix Hoppe-Seyler demonstrated this experimentally in 1857 by the rapid decompression of various animals, finding considerable volumes of gas in the vena cava, and the right chambers of their hearts.
In 1847, the French doctors B. Pol and T. J. J. Watelle noted that recompression gave symptomatic relief to compressed air workers, and recommended a slow decompression to avoid further pain. They also noted a relation between symptoms and age, depth/pressure, duration of exposure, and decompression rate.
One of the earliest incidents of mass decompression sickness was recorded in during the construction of the Eads Bridge between St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois across the Mississippi River in 1867. Caissons were sunk to reach the bedrock, the deepest was on the Illinois side, some 38m below the water level, requiring up to 55 psig (approx 4.7 atmospheres, car tyres are around 30 psig, or 3 atm). There were 119 severe cases, with 14 recorded deaths. The physician in charge, Dr Alphonse Jaminet, also suffered from decompression sickness and recorded his own description.
Perhaps the most famous use of caissons was the building of the Brooklyn bridge in 1871. In order to reach the bedrock under the East River (the deeper Manhattan side is about 24m below the waterline) a large wooden caisson was built on land, towed into the river, and sunk by building the pier on top of it. It was then filled with compressed air, allowing space for workers to excavate the ground below. After they had reached bedrock, the men left and the cavity was filled with concrete, becoming the foundation for the pier.
When the men had finished their shifts, they exited the caisson through a series of air locks. If they passed through too fast, they suffered from 'caisson disease', a term coined by the physician in charge of the project, Dr Andrew Smith, in 1873. He recorded 110 cases during construction, including 3 deaths. The project supervisor, Washington Roebling, also suffered from DCS in 1872, and was forced to oversee the last 10 year of construction from his house. He was greatly aided by his wife, Emily Warren Roebling, who nursed him, and trained herself as an engineer, taking over many of the duties of the chief engineer.
As a result of the deaths of these workers, both Smith and Jaminet made a series of changes to the working conditions, including:
In 1872, Smith proposed the use of a medical lock (hyperbaric chamber), but it was never installed.
In 1878, the French physiologist Paul Bert showed that decompression sickness was caused by nitrogen gas being released from blood and tissue during or after decompression, much like what happens when a bottle of carbonated soft drink is opened. He also showed that DCS is more dangerous in the obese by repeatedly decompressing his dog, before fattening it up and trying again, resulting in its untimely demise. This was also noted by Smith and Jaminet, amongst others, in their recommendations after the bridge deaths.
It wasn't until 1889 that medical locks were used. After a British contractor took control of the first Hudson River Tunnel, Ernest William Moir installed a medical lock as described by Smith, reducing the death rate from 25% to 2%.
Decompression sickness is not limited to compressed air workers. The low pressures in mountaineering, unpressurised flight, and in space can also cause DCS. One example of this was the flight of the French balloon "Zénith" in 1875. Sponsored by Paul Bert and manned by Gaston Tissandier, Théodore Henri Sivel, and Joseph Crocé-Spinelli, the Zénith was launched to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere, reaching a height of approximately 8,600m. When they began to feel the effects of asphyxia, the men tried to reach their oxygen supplies, but were unable to as their arms were paralysed. Both Sivel and Crocé-Spinelli died, Tissandier survived, but became deaf.
Early decompression models used uniform decompression rates. In 1895 the Austrian physiologist Hermann von Schrötter defined the safe decompression rate to be one atmosphere every 20 minutes. He also suggested using oxygen in recompression, but this did not become common due to fears of oxygen toxicity.
Using goats as analogues for humans, the Scottish doctor John Scott Haldane developed a model for staged decompression rates, which took into account the depth, duration, nitrogen absorption and release rates in different tissues, and age of the diver. He proved that this was safer than the Schrötter's method of uniform decompression. From this model he produced his tables, presenting them to the British Admiralty in 1908, and were used until 1955. Together with A. E. Boycott and G. C. C. Damant, Haldane published the very influential paper "The Prevention of Compressed-air Illness" in the Journal of Hygiene, June, 1908.
The US Navy Experimental Diving unit also devised its own decompression tables. Their Air Decompression Tables from 1927 became a standard world wide.
From the 1960's, Albert A. Bühlmann, a Swiss physician, made several important refinements to Haldane's model, including dividing the tissues into more groups, and correcting for altitude. This lead to the development of the SAA (Sub-aqua Association) Bühlmann System in 1987. His ZHL-8 algorithm is used in many dive computers, and ZHL-16 algorithm is the basis for many tables.
In 1935, Albert R. Behnke et al. experimented with the use of oxygen in recompression therapy. They found it was effective, and it has become standard in the treatment of DCS. The reduced percentage of nitrogen in the hyperbaric oxygen air (and hence decreased nitrogen partial pressure), results in a greater partial pressure differential between the sufferer's blood and the breathed air. This increases the rate at which the nitrogen is removed from the patient, reducing the time required to safely decompress.
Adelaide Hyperbaric Unit
Before 1950, the need for decompression facilities in South Australia were relatively low, and any divers with decompression sickness were sent interstate in pressurised aircraft. There were however some individual attempts. Mr. McLaurie, a professional diver, constructed his own decompression chamber in the 1950's.
However new uses for hyperbaric oxygen were found. Several medical publications reported usage of the treatment in gas gangrene, necrotising fasciitis, carbon monoxide poisoning, trauma and other limb or cerebrovascular ischaemic episodes. It was thought to be of use in patients receiving radiotherapy and those with multiple sclerosis.
Another advance resulted from the discovery of the North Sea oil fields and the need for decompression treatment of several persons at the same time. This resulted in many technical innovations, and some of the superseded North Sea oil platform machines became available for other uses.
In Adelaide a single unit was used by the Radiotherapy Unit in early 1960. It was based on the belief that malignant cells were more susceptible to X-rays in a high oxygen environment. This type of therapy stopped with the arrival of better radiotherapy machines a few years later.
In 1982 Mr. Salkeld purchased a multiple marine decompression chamber from the Corshelf Marine company. It was sited in Kent Town (Adelaide), and was used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Several patients from the RAH with gas gangrene and caisson disease were also treated.
In the 1980's the need for a hyperbaric unit became obvious, and the Health Commission, State Government, and National Safety Council provided the stimulus and the finances. Drs. W. T. McCoy and J. E. Gilligan provided medical support.
The first chamber, a single person unit, was purchased and installed in 1984. This was followed up by a square multi-chamber unit a year later. The Hyperbaric Oxygen Unit is still used, but its uses for decompression symptoms have decreased markedly. The current treatments are used on patients with acute or chronic wound problems, such diabetic ulcers, slow healing wounds, carbon monoxide poisoning, radiation cystitis and other post-radiation problems. Coupled with antibiotics, it is invaluable in treating gas gangrene and necrotising fasciitis. The case load is sufficiently large for the Unit to be opened each working day.
The Unit is located on Level 2 of the theatre bloc and, depending on the diagnosis, the treatment may need up to 40 attendances.
The following photographs and relevant comments show some of the history of the Unit. |
7/3/2013 - Make swimming safety a priority this Fourth of July
As families and friends gather to commemorate America's founding this Independence Day, a variety of activities will almost assuredly be had, including baseball games, cookouts and attending fireworks displays. In addition, with conditions expected to be steamy throughout much of the U.S., plans may also include a dip in the pool.
But if parents and July 4th holiday revelers aren't careful, their enjoyment can be compromised if safety precautions aren't taken while swimming.
Swimming-related injuries are particularly common in the summer months, given the soaring temperatures. In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for every child lost from drowning, another five receive emergency department care for injuries sustained.
Additionally, data from the National Safety Council indicates kids ages one to four account for nearly 90 percent of drownings at home swimming pools.
With this in mind, homeowners should be sure to adhere to swim safety rules and ensure their pool is properly protected from un-guarded use. Additionally, a thorough review of the homeowners policy should be completed, to confirm liability insurance is included in the event a pool related incident occurs. For more information on pool safety and precautions, the American Red Cross and CDC provide some helpful insights to help keep families safe this Fourth of July. |
स्पष्ट तौर पर चीन के बढ़ते कदमों से ताल्लुक रखती है। भले ही चीन इसे शांतिपूर्ण करार देता हो लेकिन इसकी वजह से भारत और जापान करीब आए हैं। हाल ही में चीन ने भारत के साथ सीमा विवाद में जो आक्रामकता दिखाई समुद्र विवाद को लेकर जापान के साथ उसके उलझाव ने इन दोनों देशों की आपसी साझेदारी की जरूरत को बल दिया है। दोनों प्रधानमंत्रियों ने सीप्लेन2 यूटिलिटी विमान को विकसित करने की दिशा में संयुक्त विनिर्माण संबंधी समझौते के बारे में खासतौर पर बात की। गीत आगामी डॉक्यूमेंट्री, चीर हरण में शामिल है, जो 2016 के आरक्षण विरोध के बारे में है. सुनील ने एक बयान में कहा कि, यह गीत मेरे अंदर बहुत सारी भावनाएं हैं यह गीत याद दिलाता है कि जीवन इतना चंचल है और मानवीय संघर्ष बिना किसी वापसी के एक परिवार को परेशान कर सकता है. संवाद सूत्र, अमरगढ़ (संगरूर) : स्थानीय गुरुद्वारा विश्वकर्मा साहिब में श्री गुरु तेग बहादुर जी के प्रकाश पर्व को समर्पित गुरुबाणी कीर्तन दरबार आयोजित किया गया। इसमें क्षेत्र की संगत ने बड़ी संख्या में शिरकत की। समागम के दौरान कथावाचक भाई अमृतपाल सिंह पक्खोकलां ने कहा कि यदि गुरु साहिब के पर्व मनाने हों तो सभी</s> |
पिता की मौत का बदला लेने के पुराने फिल्मी फार्मूले को इस फिल्म में नए अंदाज में परोसा गया था। इस फिल्म के लिए शाहरुख को जबरदस्त एक्टिंग के लिए फिल्मफेयर अवार्ड भी मिला था। तेघड़ा में निर्माणाधीन अस्पताल भवन को बनाया गया आइसोलेशन सेंटर इस घटना से लगभग एक सप्ताह पूर्व इस गांव से कुछ दूरी पर स्थित ग्राम काशीपुर में भी बाघ एक नीलगाय को अपना निवाला बना चुका है। साथ ही कटरा घाट पर भी आये दिन बाघ का आतंक देखने को मिलता है। ग्रामीण राम नरेश वर्मा के अनुसार क्षेत्र में एक नही बल्कि कई बाघ मौजूद हैं, लेकिन विभागीय अधिकारियों की निष्क्रियता के चलते एक दिन बड़ी घटित हो सकती है। यही कारण है कि वे नेता प्रतिपक्ष की मान्यता के लिए दरबदर गुहार लगाते चल रहे हैं. बीजेपी में शामिल होकर पहले ही उन्होंने अपनी छवि धूमिल कर ली है. अब झारखंडी जनता भी उनकी बातों को गंभीरता से नहीं ले रही है. ऐसे में बाबूलाल जबरदस्ती बयानबाजी कर सुर्खियों में रहना चाहते हैं. भोपाल। डिजिटल इण्डिया की दिशा में एक और कदम बढ़ते हुए मध्यप्रदेश की पहली पूर्ण वाई फ पंजाब और हरियाणा में होगी खिताबी भिड़ंत मास्क चेकिंग पर निकला पाकिस्तानी रिपोर्टर,</s> |
में बलवंत राय मेहता की अध्यक्षता में मेहता कमेटी का गठन किया गया था. इस कमेटी को पंचायती राज के प्रारूप इनके रूप कार्यों शक्तियों, चुनावी प्रक्रिया के बारे में ढांचा तैयार करने के लिए कहा गया था. वर्ष 1957 में मेहता कमेटी ने अपनी रिपोर्ट सरकार के समक्ष प्रस्तुत की. 12 जनवरी 1958 को भारत सरकार द्वारा मेहता कमेटी की अधिकतर सिफारिशों को स्वीकार कर लिया गया, जिनमें सता का विकेंद्रीकरण एक मुख्य पहलू था. महात्मा गांधी जयंती 2 अक्टूबर 1959 को पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरु द्वारा राजस्थान की नागौर जिले की भूमि से भारत में पंचायती राज व्यवस्था की नीव रखी. 11 अक्टूबर 1959 को राजस्थान के बाद भारत में पंचायती राज व्यवस्था को लागू करने वाला आंध्रप्रदेश दूसरा राज्य बना था. बाद कई वर्षों में पंचायती राज के ढाँचे में सुधार को लेकर कई कमेटियों का गठन किया गया जिनमें अशोक मेहता कमेटी, यशपाल कमेटी, सिन्हा कमेटी मगर भारत में पंचायतीराज का स्वरूप बलवंतराय मेहता कमेटी के आधर पर ही लागू है. सविधान के द्वारा इसे सवैधानिक रूप देने के लिए सरकार द्वारा वर्ष 1993 में 73 वें व 74 वें संशोधन द्वारा इसे वैधानिक रूप दिया गया है. 73 वें संविधान संशोधन के तहत त्रिस्तरीय ढाँचे में</s> |
लेकर अमेरिका की रणनीति पर बोलते हुए राष्ट्रपति डोनाल्ड ट्रंप ने कहा था कि हम भारत के साथ एक गहरी रणनीतिक साझेदारी विकसित करेंगे, लेकिन हम भारत से उम्मीद करते हैं कि वो अफगानिस्तान मुद्दे पर हमारी पहले से ज्यादा मदद करेंगे। ट्रंप ने कहा कि अमेरिका के साथ व्यापार में भारत ने अरबों डॉलर्स की कमाई की है, लेकिन अमेरिका चाहता है कि अफगानिस्तान को लेकर भारत उसकी मदद करने के लिए आगे आए। मौसम विभाग के मुताबिक, शहर में पिछले चौबीस घंटों के दौरान 240.2 मिलीमीटर पानी बरसा। बहरहाल, इंदौरवासियों को अभी बारिश से राहत मिलने की उम्मीद कम है। अगले 24 घंटे के दौरान शहर में और अधिक बारिश होने की भविष्यवाणी की गई है। जालसाज : मात्र 15 हजार रुपए चाहिए, कल सुबह 10 बजे तक लौटा दूंगा जिला समाज कल्याण अधिकारी सुरजीत कौर का कहना है कि पूर्व सरपंचों के कार्यकाल में बुढ़ापा पेंशन में फर्जीवाड़ा करने की शिकायतें लगातार विभाग को मिल रही है। लोग सीएम विंडो से लेकर जिला उपायुक्त तक से शिकायतें कर रहे हैं। इसके चलते विभाग भी सख्त हो चुका है। विभाग ने सभी संदिग्ध पूर्व सरपंचों से लेकर दूसरे संदिग्ध पात्रों को भी नोटिस जारी कर दिए हैं। सख्ती</s> |
"Like" us to connect with other students, watch videos, see job offers and even get special discounts.
TESOL Videos - English Grammar -- Present Perfect -- Usage --
Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next.
I believe i have gone through this unit with a very close study of the different parts of speeches,which are quite complex and can be confusing at times and with this i will be able to help students with their grammar which is an every day learning process.This is very important both me and my students.this unit was really hard for me it was a lot of reading and understanding eacht part of it. the phonetic script is really intresting but also really hard to understand because it looks really diffrent. it is intresting how you can pronaunce a word diffrent and it could have a complete diffrent meaning. |
कहा कि सुरक्षा देने के नाम पर गृह मंत्री राजनीति न करें. दिल्ली में पार्टी नेताओं के बीच आतंरिक कलह की वजह से पार्टी को पहले भी चुनावों में बड़ा नुकसान उठाना पड़ा है। दिल्ली ईकाई में आतंरिक कलह बड़ा मुद्दा रहा है। बीजेपी के एक नेता ने कहा कि लेकिन अब, बीजेपी एक कैडर पार्टी है और नेतृत्व बहुत शक्तिशाली है। इसलिए पूरा भरोसा है कि इस समस्या पर नियंत्रण पा लिया जाएगा। इसके अलावा बीजेपी नेतृत्व साल 2015 में की गई गलती को दोहराने से परहेज करने की कोशिश में हैं। अंत्योदय कार्डधारकों को इस योजना के तहत निजी और सरकारी अस्पतालों में निशुल्क उपचार मिल सकेगा। मुख्यमंत्री की इस योजना से जिले के गरीब लोगों को बेहतर चिकित्सीय सुविधा मिलेगी। कंपनी एडमिन दोस्त सहित धराया सीएम ने आंकड़ों का जिक्र करते हुए बताया कि बीते 10 दिन में अस्पताल के 900 बेड ही भरे हैं. जबकि 10 दिन में कोरोना के 23 हजार नये मरीज मिले हैं. केजरीवाल ने कहा कि कोरोना के नये मामलों में सीरियस केस कम हैं, और उन्हें हॉस्पिटल की जरूरत नहीं है. डॉ. गुप्ता ने एम्स के इस कदम के खिलाफ केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण (कैट) का दरवाजा खटखटाया है। कैट में एक</s> |
सुर्खियों में रहने के बीच एक कलेक्टर ने मिसाल पेश की है. यह अफसर भी आम लोगों की तरह स्वेप मशीन से पैसे निकालने के लिए काफी देर तक कतार में खड़े रहकर अपनी बारी आने का इंतजार करते हुए दिखाई दिए. आजादी की 75वीं वर्षगांठ पर पूरा अटारीवाघा बॉर्डर भारत माता की जय और हिंदुस्तान जिंदाबाद के जयघोष से गूंज उठा। रविवार शाम हुई रिट्रीट सेरेमनी में भारतीय जवानों ने समां बांध दिया। पुलिस जवानों के साथ महिला कर्मियों ने भी शानदार परेड की। रिट्रीट सेरेमनी देखने के लिए दूरदूर से लोग आए थे। विभिन्न स्कूलों के बच्चों ने भी यहां नृत्य किया। उनके मातापिता भी इस दौरान मौजूद रहे। कोरोना महामारी की वजह से अटारी सीमा पर ज्यादा भीड़ नहीं जुटाई गई थी। अजमेर। राष्ट्रवादी भजन कलाकार प्रकाश माली ने रविवार रात्रि को मां चामुंडा मंदिर में आयोजित जागरण में भजन प्रस्तुति देकर भक्तों का मन मोह लिया। देर रात तक चली भजन संध्या में एन्होंने एक से बढकर एक भजन सुनाए। हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तर प्रदेश उत्तर प्रदेश में कोरोना के 1730 एक्टिव पेशेंट, अबतक 1973 हुए डिस्चार्ज समयसीमा का लक्ष्य बनाकर पूरी करें योजनाएं : महबूबा मुफ्ती टंकी पर चढ़ता देख लोगों की भीड़ जुटी सुल्तानपुर लोधी।</s> |
हजार दीपों का प्रज्वलन होगा। इस मौके पर 226 करोड़ की योजनाओं का लोकार्पण और शिलान्यास होगा।तीन दिन तक चलने वाले दिव्य दीपोत्सव का समापन 26 अक्टूबर को होना है। समापन समारोह के अवसर पर मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ अयोध्या में उपस्थित रहेंगे। अगला लेखपीएम मोदी के बाद राहुल गांधी गुजरात दौरे पर, कहा झूठ सुन सुनकर विकास पागल हो गया उन्होंने प्रशिक्षणार्थियों से सीधा संवाद से सीख लेते हुए अपने उद्यम को बैंक ऋण के माध्यम से विस्तार देने को प्रेरित किया। कार्यक्रम में संस्थान के प्रकाश चंद्र, विजय सिंह लडवाल, राजेश पंत, महेंद्र सिंह पटवा, छवि दत्त पांडेय आदि भी मौजूद रहे। 60 लाख परिवारों को मुफ्त बिजली कनेक्शन देने की शुरुआत जिसपर आपको 7,815 रुपये की डाउन पेमेंट देनी होगी। इस डाउन पेमेंट के बाद आपको हर महीने 2,476 रुपये की मंथली ईएमआई चुकानी होगी।इस लोन की अवधि 36 महीने की होगी और कुल लोन राशि पर बैंक 9.7 प्रतिशत वार्षिक दर से ब्याज लेगा। सोलर सिस्टम लगवाने के इच्छुक ये पढ़ें नरेष हरिजन की जमानत याचिका खारिज होने के समाचार सुनका हरिजन के परिजनों मे निराषा छा गई, पुर्व मे हरिजन के पारिवारिक लोगो ने श्री प्रवीण पालीवाल ग्रुप के सदस्यो से उसकी जान के खतरे को</s> |
Table of Contents
In Drosophila and vertebrates, Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is mediated by a cascade of genes, which play essential roles in cell proliferation and survival, and in patterning of the embryo, limb buds and organs. In C. elegans, this pathway has undergone considerable evolutionary divergence; genes encoding homologues of key pathway members, including Hh, Smoothened, Cos2, Fused and Suppressor of Fused, are absent. Surprisingly, over sixty proteins (i.e. WRT, GRD, GRL, and QUA), encoded by a set of genes collectively referred to as the Hh-related genes, and two co-orthologs (PTC-1,-3) of fly Patched, a Hh receptor, are present in C. elegans. Several of the Hh-related proteins are bipartite and all can potentially generate peptides with signalling activity, although none of these peptides shares obvious sequence similarity with Hh. In addition, the ptc-related (ptr) genes, which are present in a single copy in Drosophila and vertebrates and encode proteins closely related to Patched, have undergone an expansion in number in nematodes. A number of functions, including roles in molting, have been attributed to the C. elegans Hh-related, PTC and PTR proteins; most of these functions involve processes that are associated with the trafficking of proteins, sterols or sterol-modified proteins. Genes encoding other components of the Hh signalling pathway are also found in C. elegans, but their functions remain to be elucidated.
The Drosophila hedgehog (hh) mutant was identified by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus in their classic genetic screen that led to the identification of key embryonic segment polarity genes (Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980). Subsequently, the single Drosophila and the multiple vertebrate Hh proteins, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), have collectively proven to be key effectors in patterning the embryo, limb buds and neural tube, organ formation, cell proliferation, axon guidance and cell survival (for reviews, see Ingham and McMahon, 2001; Lum and Beachy, 2004). Mutations in genes constituting the Hh signalling pathway are also implicated in various human syndromes and cancers (Bale, 2002; Beachy et al., 2004; Pasca di Magliano and Hebrok, 2003; Taipale and Beachy, 2001). Details of the pathway are summarised in Figure 1 (Ingham and McMahon, 2001; Lum and Beachy, 2004). The various proteins involved in the Hh and Ptc signalling pathway, including those present in C. elegans, are listed in Table 1.
What role does the Hh/Ptc signalling pathway play in C. elegans development? To address this question, it is first reasonable to ask whether the major proteins of the pathway are encoded by the C. elegans genome, a task that is simplified by the availability of the complete genome sequence (Table 1; C. elegans Sequencing Consortium, 1998). Surprisingly, genes encoding recognisable Hh and Smo proteins are absent. In addition, homologs for Cos2, Fu and Su(fu), which transduce the Hh signal from Smo to Ci, are absent. The Ci homolog itself, TRA-1, is not essential for embryonic pattern formation, but continues to act at the transcriptional level to control sexual cell fate decisions and male gonadal development (Hodgkin, 1983; Mathies et al., 2004), although there is no evidence that the nuclear localisation or activity of TRA-1 is controlled in the same manner as Ci (Kuwabara et al., 2000; Zarkower and Hodgkin, 1992). It has been speculated that the C. elegans sex determination pathway could be evolutionarily related to the Hh/Ptc pathway because additional similarities have also been noted between the two pathways (Kuwabara et al., 1992).
Table 1. Components of the Hh signaling network. Note: the function of many of the C. elegans components is not clear and may be different from that in Drosophila and/or mammals. The abbreviations used for the hh pathway in Figure 1 are highlighted in yellow in this table. Slashes separate synonymous gene names, parentheses contain the abbreviations of the full gene names, comas separate paralogs.
|Hint and associated domains||qua-1, wrt-1 - wrt-10, grd-1 - grd-17, grl-1 - grl-32, hog-1||hedgehog (hh)||Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Desert hedgehog (Dhh)|
|Palmitoylation, membrane bound O-acyl transferase, MBOAT||Y57G11C.17, ZC101.3||rasp/skinny hedgehog (ski)/sightless||Ski1/Skn/HHAT|
|12-Pass TM, SSD||che-14, ptd-2||dispatched (disp)||DISP|
|Hip module (homologs in plants, bacteria)||–||–||Hedgehog interacting protein (Hip1/Hip)|
|GPI-anchored external plasma membrane glyco-protein (growth arrest when overexpressed)||phg-1||–||Growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1)|
|Low density lipoprotein receptor family||lrp-1||Megalin/gp330/LRP2|
|Glycosyltransferases involved in Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) synthesis, exostosin domain||rib-1 (lacks C-term. putative catalytic region with DXD motif)||tout-velu (ttv)||EXT1|
|rib-2||brother of tout-velu (botv)||EXTL3|
|–||sister of tout-velu (sotv)||EXT2|
|Glypican: heparan sulfate proteoglycan anchored to the cell membrane by a GPI-anchor||gpn-1||dally-like (dlp/dly)||Glypican-6|
|12-Pass TM, SSD||ptc-1, ptc-3||patched (ptc)||PTCH1, PTCH2|
|7TM serpentine receptors||–||smoothened (smo)||SMO|
|Serine/threonine kinase (homologs in plants)||–||fused (fu)||FU|
|Sufu domain (homologs in bacteria)||–||Suppressor of fused (Su(fu))||SUFU|
|Kinesin-like||–||costal 2/costa (cos)||KIF27, KIF7|
|Zinc finger transcription factor||tra-1||cubitus interruptus (ci)||Gli1, Gli2, Gli3|
The C. elegans genome encodes an abundance of what will be collectively referred to as Hh-related (Hh-r) proteins, three Patched proteins and 24 Patched-related proteins (PTR). Four Frizzled receptor homologues (see Wnt signaling), as well as a series of molecules participating in the early stages of Hh signalling are also present. Given our current understanding of the Hh/Ptc signal transduction pathway in other organisms, the presence of multiple C. elegans Hh-r, PTC and PTR proteins and the absence of Hh, Smo and other components is unexpected and raises a number of questions about the evolution and the function of these genes in C. elegans.
The Hh proteins are composed of an N-terminal signalling domain, Hh-N, and a C-terminal autoprocessing domain, Hh-C. Hh-C has autoproteolytic activity, which cleaves Hh and subsequently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the Hh-N C-terminus (see scheme Figure 2A; Lee et al., 1994; Porter et al., 1996). Hh-C shares sequence similarity with the self-splicing inteins; hence, this region was named Hint (Dalgaard et al., 1997; Hall et al., 1997; Koonin, 1995). The 60 terminal residues of Hh-C are named the sterol recognition region (SRR) because they are required for adding cholesterol to Hh-N (Figure 2A; Beachy et al., 1997). Here, we refer to the combined Hint-SRR domain as the Hog domain.
Surprisingly, early database searches uncovered eight distinct C. elegans ORFs sharing similarity to Hh (Bürglin, 1996; Porter et al., 1996). Further investigation revealed that the sequence similarity shared by Hh and these ORFs was confined only to the Hog domain. Analyses of the N-terminal regions revealed several new motifs (Bürglin, 1996; Porter et al., 1996), which were also found in other ORFs that lacked Hog domains. In mimicry of the bipartite “Hedge-hog” structure, the three new gene families were named, warthog (wrt), groundhog (grd) and ground-like (grl) and the protein domains found at their respective N-terminal regions were called Wart, Ground and Ground-like (Aspöck et al., 1999; Bürglin, 1996). The final additions to the nomenclature are two previously unnamed single copy genes, qua-1 for quahog (T05C12.10/M110, Hao et al., 2006b), and an ORF consisting only of the Hog domain, hog-1 (W06B11.4). The structural organization of Hh and the Hh-r genes is shown in Figure 2B.
Over 60 Hh-r genes have been identified in C. elegans, most of which are expressed, although a few appear to be pseudogenes (e.g., grd-17; Figure 2B). Many of these genes share a one to one orthology to C. briggsae genes, although several have arisen through recent duplications within the C. elegans lineage. Preliminary searches of the ongoing Brugia malayi genome project reveal that representatives of the different C. elegans families are also present (Figure 2B). This clearly demonstrates that these Hh-r gene families were already present in the last common ancestor of C. elegans and B. malayi more than 300 million years ago.
The Wart, Ground, Ground-like and Qua domain each have a characteristic pattern of conserved cysteine residues (Figure 2C). The Ground and Ground-like domains differ in their arrangement of these conserved cysteine residues (Aspöck et al., 1999). In some instances, it has been possible to predict likely disulfide bond arrangements because of pairwise cysteine substitutions (Figure 2C; Aspöck et al., 1999). The Wart domain is about twice the size of the Ground and Ground-like domain; however, the C-terminal half of the Wart domain has a cysteine arrangement similar to that of the Ground domain and both share a short conserved motif similarly positioned between cysteine residues (FDøI, FEøV, respectively, Figure 2C; Aspöck et al., 1999). Thus, it is likely that the C-terminal part of the Wart domain and the Ground domain was derived from the same ancestral domain. The short conserved FDøV “core” motif is also present in the Hh-N core, although its position relative to the cysteine residues is different (Figure 2C; Aspöck et al., 1999).
All Hh-r genes in C. elegans, apart from hog-1, are predicted to encode secreted molecules. Porter et al. (1996) have shown that WRT-1, similar to Hh, undergoes autoprocessing; thus it is expected that other Hh-r proteins with a Hog domain will also have autocatalytic properties. However, it remains unclear whether the Hh-r proteins can bind cholesterol or other sterols, because the region corresponding to the SRR of Hh is slightly different in the Hh-r proteins (see Figure 1A in Aspöck et al., 1999).
An expression survey of wrt and grd genes revealed that they are expressed primarily in ectodermal tissues, particularly the hypodermis and seam cells, but can also be found in neurons, neuron-associated cells and gland cells (Aspöck et al., 1999). qua-1 is also expressed in the hypodermis (Hao et al., 2006b). An internal deletion in qua-1 results in severe molting defects (Hao et al., 2006b). Functional studies of other wrt genes are in progress and preliminary results indicate that they also play important roles in development. For example, wrt-5 functions in the hypodermis during embryogenesis (Hao et al., 2006a). At present it is still unclear how Hh-r molecules function, and whether their activity could relate to the function of the PTC and PTR proteins.
In Drosophila, Hh is further modified by Skinny hedgehog (Ski), which palmitoylates the N-terminus of Hh-N, an essential process for Hh function (Chamoun et al., 2001). C. elegans has two co-orthologs, Y57G11C.17 and ZC101.3 (T.R. Bürglin, unpublished), but large-scale RNAi experiments have not uncovered any associated mutant phenotype. Modified Hh is secreted with the help of Dispatched; C. elegans has two Disp homologs, CHE-14 and PTD-2 (see below).
Secreted Hh forms a multimeric complex that moves through the extracellular matrix space. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG) play an important role in Hh signal transduction. Three Drosophila genes, tout-velu (ttv), sister of tout-velu (sotv), and brother of tout-velu (botv) encode glycosyltransferases of the EXT family that are required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate and are essential for the movement of N-Hh (Han et al., 2004a; Takei et al., 2004). One target for these enzymes is Dally-like (Dlp), a glypican of the HSPG family that is also essential for Hh signalling (Desbordes and Sanson, 2003; Han et al., 2004b; Lum et al., 2003). C. elegans has two EXT family members, rib-1 and rib-2 (for review, see Berninsone and Hirschberg, 2002). rib-1 is orthologous to ttv and EXT1, and rib-2 is ortholgous to botv and EXTL3; however, orthologs of other EXT members are absent (Figure 3). The EXT proteins have two domains: the exostosin domain and a 300 amino acid C-terminal region that is highly conserved between members and probably corresponds to the catalytic transferase domain, which is missing in rib-1. Homozygous rib-2 animals show delayed larval growth and reduced life span, while their progeny display more than 90% early embryonic lethality (Morio et al., 2003). The C. elegans Dally-like gene ortholog, gpn-1, shows no phenotype in large-scale RNAi screens.
Two other molecules that bind and restrict the availability and range of N-Hh are Hip and Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1; for review, see Cohen, 2003). Hip is absent in both Drosophila and C. elegans. GAS1 is a GPI-linked protein identified by its ability to arrest cell cycle progression when overexpressed. The C. elegans ortholog phg-1/phas-1 is expressed in the pharynx and may play a similar role in mitotic cell cycle regulation (Agostoni et al., 2002). Megalin, a member of the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors, is a third protein that binds to N-Hh (see Cohen, 2003). The C. elegans homolog lrp-1 is expressed in the hypodermis; mutations in lrp-1 produce molting defects (Yochem et al., 1999).
Three ptc genes, ptc-1,-2,-3 have been identified in C. elegans, although ptc-2 is absent in C. briggsae and is likely to be a pseudogene arising from a recent duplication of ptc-1. In addition, 24 genes have been identified that encode proteins sharing both sequence and topological similarities to PTC; these proteins have been named PTR (for Patched-related; Figure 4).
Drosophila, human and mouse are each predicted to encode a single PTR protein; thus the PTR family appears to have undergone an expansion in C. elegans (Kuwabara et al., 2000). Moreover, all 24 ptr genes are present in C. briggsae and share a one to one orthology with C. elegans.
The C. elegans PTC and PTR proteins share characteristics common to all known Ptc proteins. The PTC and PTR proteins are predicted to have 12-membrane spanning domains with cytoplasmic N- and C-termini. The membrane domains can be further sub-divided into two cassettes of 1+5, which are separated by a large intracellular loop. Each cassette contains a large extracellular loop predicted to facilitate Hh binding (Figure 5). Carried within the first set of TM domains is a sterol-sensing domain (SSD), which was first identified in SCAP, a protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis (Radhakrishnan et al., 2004).
ptc-1 is the first member of the ptc and ptr family to be analysed in detail (Kuwabara et al., 2000). Surprisingly, it was found that ptc-1 plays a crucial role in germline cytokinesis. Elimination of ptc-1 activity either by RNAi or mutation produces sterile adults that carry multinucleate oocytes and sperm. In other respects, development of a ptc-1 mutant is essentially wild type. In situ hybridization reveals that ptc-1 mRNA is maternally provided, and becomes enriched in P4, the germ line precursor. Immunocytochemistry performed using a polyclonal antibody capable of detecting PTC-1 protein in wild type adult hermaphrodites reveals that PTC-1 protein is enriched in the plasma membrane of mitotic germ cells undergoing proliferation, or in membranes undergoing rapid expansions, such as oocytes. PTC-1 protein is particularly enriched in vesicles at the apex of the membrane furrows separating individual germ nuclei.
An analysis of ptc-1 mutants further revealed that the absence of cytokinesis generated membrane furrows leads to a loss of cell autonomous development in the germline syncytium, as evidenced by the presence of clusters of nuclei in M-phase (Kuwabara et al., 2000). The involvement of ptc-1 in cytokinesis has led to the hypothesis that PTC-1 could play a role in the transport of lipids, proteins or lipoproteins to the cleavage furrow. Importantly, a proteomic survey of proteins involved in mammalian cytokinesis reveals that Ptc-1 is a component of the mid-body (Skop et al., 2004). Hence, the involvement of PTC-1 in cytokinesis is likely to highlight an ancestral function for Ptc proteins, which is apparently independent of Smoothened.
A mutation has also been obtained for ptc-3. Preliminary phenotypic characterisation indicates that ptc-3 is an essential gene; mutants arrest in late embryogenesis (P.E.K., unpublished; Zugasti et al., 2005). A survey of the other ptr genes by RNAi reveals that many have roles in molting, but also affect growth and morphogenesis (Zugasti et al., 2005). It has also been demonstrated that C. elegans daf-6 encodes a Patched-related protein required for lumen formation (Perens and Shaham, 2005).
Another clue to the function of PTC-1 in worms is provided by the presence of an SSD and its connections to sterols and protein transport. The SSD of SCAP, the first identified SSD protein, is capable of binding directly to cholesterol (Radhakrishnan et al., 2004; Figure 4). Other SSD protein families that are closely related to PTC are the Dispatched family, which includes CHE-14 and PTD-2, and the Niemann-Pick Type C family, which includes the NCR-1, -2 proteins in C. elegans (Kuwabara and Labouesse, 2002). che-14 was first identified in a screen for animals that were defective in dye-filling (Perkins et al., 1986). Subsequent work demonstrated that che-14 promotes apical sorting in epithelial cells. che-14 mutants accumulate vesicles that are trapped near the apical surface, indicative of problems in protein secretion (Michaux et al., 2000). The phenotype of che-14 mutants reveals that the problem is more likely to be associated with defects in exocytosis, rather than in endocytosis. The presence of an SSD in CHE-14 led the authors to speculate that CHE-14 might be involved in the secretion of proteins containing sterol or GPI adducts. Similarly, Disp promotes the exocytosis of Hh away from the cells from which it was synthesised (Burke et al., 1999). A protein transported by CHE-14 might be WRT-6, which is expressed in sensory socket cells (Aspöck et al., 1999).
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with defects in cholesterol storage/transport. In C. elegans, ncr-1; ncr-2 double mutants are hypersensitive to cholesterol deprivation and inappropriately form dauers under favourable food conditions, a dauer-constitutive (Daf-c) phenotype (Sym et al., 2000). Recent studies further show that ncr-1 is hypersensitive to progesterone, a known inhibitor of cholesterol trafficking (Li et al., 2004). Hence, in C. elegans there is a strong link between SSD proteins and the transport of sterols, sterol modified proteins or in the case of dauer formation, a sterol modified hormone.
C. elegans are cholesterol auxotrophs, requiring exogenous cholesterol for growth and survival (Chitwood, 1999; Hieb and Rothstein, 1968). Sterols are involved in at least two processes in the worm: the decision to enter diapause, which is mediated by a sterol-derived hormone, and molting, which is impaired by sterol depletion (Matyash et al., 2004). Animals depleted for cholesterol arrest in the second generation during early larval stages (Matyash et al., 2001; Merris et al., 2003). These L2 arrested larvae became dauer-like and fail to complete molting (Matyash et al., 2004).
Because worms require so relatively little cholesterol, it has been postulated that cholesterol is unlikely to be an essential architectural component of membranes and could play a more important role in signalling (Matyash et al., 2001). Mutations in lrp-1, qua-1 and RNAi inhibition of most ptr genes, and post-embryonic RNAi of ptc gene activity all lead to defects in molting (Yochem et al., 1999; Zugasti et al., 2005; Hao et al., 2006b). Thus, taken together, it is speculated that the PTC and PTR proteins could promote the transport of sterols or sterol-modified proteins, possibly including sterol-modified Hh-r proteins.
C. elegans lacks the typical Hh signal transduction cascade found in flies and vertebrates that is composed of Smo, Fu, Su(fu), and Cos2. Since homologs of Fu and Su(fu) are found in plants and bacteria (T.R.B., unpublished), it follows that this part of the pathway was lost in nematodes. Concomitantly, we have observed a large increase in the number of C. elegans Hh-r and ptr genes. Several lines of evidence point towards the Hh-r expansion being nematode specific: 1) Homologs of the Hh-r genes have so far not been identified outside of the nematodes. 2) Conversely, Hh is present in both arthropods and vertebrates and only missing in nematodes. 3) Phylogenetic analyses of the Hog domain and motif similarity shared by the Wrt and Grd domains indicate that the wrt, grd and grl gene families are derived from a single ancestral gene (Aspöck et al., 1999); qua-1 may also be derived from the same ancestral gene, as its Hog domain is also more similar to those of the Wrt and Grd proteins than to that of Hh. 4) C. briggsae has fewer Hh-r genes than C. elegans, and B. malayi even fewer, which underscores the capacity of these genes to expand. The expansion of the ptr genes is likewise nematode specific, since Drosophila and humans have only a single copy.
There is a running debate whether or not nematodes should be classified as ecdysozoa. If nematodes are indeed ecdysozoa, or group at least within the protostome branch of ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa (see chapter on evolution), then the loss, expansion and diversification of various Hh pathway components, which have been described here, are most parsimoniously explained by postulating that a C. elegans Hh signalling pathway did exist, but was disrupted at some unknown time in early nematode evolution. It also implies that the Hh-r genes were derived from Hh. On the other hand, if nematodes are an outgroup to coelomata, then one of several alternatives is that a complete Hh signalling pathway was never acquired.
It is clear that the Hh and Ptc homologs in C. elegans have undergone considerable evolutionary divergence when compared to their Drosophila and vertebrate counterparts. Studies in C. elegans are providing insights into the roles and mechanisms underlying the control of the Hh-r, PTC and PTC-related proteins and have established that these proteins can function independently of Smo. The involvement of Hh-r and ptr genes in molting suggests that at least some of the Hh-r and ptr genes can participate in similar pathways. Thus, it will be of particular interest to determine whether the Hh-r proteins and the PTC and PTR proteins have maintained a ligand/receptor relationship that could potentially mediate cell-cell signalling.
TRB would like to thank the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) for support. PEK thanks the MRC (UK) for funding. The authors would like to thank David Fitch for constructive discussions related to nematode phylogeny.
Agostoni, E., Gobessi, S., Petrini, E., Monte, M., and Schneider, C. (2002). Cloning and characterization of the C. elegans gas1 homolog: phas-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1574, 1–9. Abstract
Alcedo, J., Ayzenzon, M., Von Ohlen, T., Noll, M., and Hooper, J.E. (1996). The Drosophila smoothened gene encodes a seven-pass membrane protein, a putative receptor for the hedgehog signal. Cell 86, 221–232. Abstract Article
Aspöck, G., Kagoshima, H., Niklaus, G., and Bürglin, T.R. (1999). Caenorhabditis elegans has scores of hedgehog-related genes: sequence and expression analysis. Genome Res. 9, 909–923. Abstract Article
Beachy, P.A., Cooper, M.K., Young, K.E., von Kessler, D.P., Park, W.J., Hall, T.M., Leahy, D.J., and Porter, J.A. (1997). Multiple roles of cholesterol in hedgehog protein biogenesis and signaling. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 62, 191–204. Abstract
Bürglin, T.R. (1996). Warthog and Groundhog, novel families related to Hedgehog. Curr. Biol. 6, 1047–1050. Abstract
Burke, R., Nellen, D., Bellotto, M., Hafen, E., Senti, K.A., Dickson, B.J., and Basler, K. (1999). Dispatched, a novel sterol-sensing domain protein dedicated to the release of cholesterol-modified hedgehog from signaling cells. Cell 99, 803–815. Abstract Article
Chamoun, Z., Mann, R.K., Nellen, D., von Kessler, D.P., Bellotto, M., Beachy, P.A., and Basler, K. (2001). Skinny hedgehog, an acyltransferase required for palmitoylation and activity of the hedgehog signal. Science 293, 2080–2084. Abstract Article
Chen, Y., and Struhl, G. (1998). In vivo evidence that Patched and Smoothened constitute distinct binding and transducing components of a Hedgehog receptor complex. Development 125, 4943–4948. Abstract
Dalgaard, J.Z., Moser, M.J., Hughey, R., and Mian, I.S. (1997). Statistical modeling, phylogenetic analysis and structure prediction of a protein splicing domain common to inteins and hedgehog proteins. J. Comput. Biol. 4, 193–214. Abstract
Hall, T.M., Porter, J.A., Beachy, P.A., and Leahy, D.J. (1995). A potential catalytic site revealed by the 1.7-Å crystal structure of the amino-terminal signalling domain of Sonic hedgehog. Nature 378, 212–216. Abstract Article
Hall, T.M., Porter, J.A., Young, K.E., Koonin, E.V., Beachy, P.A., and Leahy, D.J. (1997). Crystal structure of a Hedgehog autoprocessing domain: homology between Hedgehog and self-splicing proteins. Cell 91, 85–97. Abstract Article
Han, C., Belenkaya, T.Y., Khodoun, M., Tauchi, M., and Lin, X. (2004a). Distinct and collaborative roles of Drosophila EXT family proteins in morphogen signalling and gradient formation. Development 131, 1563–1575. Abstract Article
Han, C., Belenkaya, T.Y., Wang, B., and Lin, X. (2004b). Drosophila glypicans control the cell-to-cell movement of Hedgehog by a dynamin-independent process. Development 131, 601–611. Abstract Article
Hao, L., Aspöck, G., and Bürglin, T.R. (2006a). The hedgehog-related gene wrt-5 is essential for hypodermal development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. in press.
Hao, L., Mukherjee, K., Liegeois, S., Baillie, D., Labouesse, M., and Bürglin, T.R. (2006b). The hedgehog-related gene qua-1 is required for molting in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Dynamics, in press.
Hieb, W.F., and Rothstein, M. (1968). Sterol requirement for reproduction of a free-living nematode. Science 160, 778–780. Abstract
Jia, J., Tong, C., and Jiang, J. (2003). Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signal by physically interacting with Costal2/Fused complex through its C-terminal tail. Genes Dev. 17, 2709–2720. Abstract Article
Kuwabara, P.E., Okkema, P.G., and Kimble, J. (1992). tra-2 encodes a membrane protein and may mediate cell communication in the Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 461–473. Abstract
Lee, J.J., Ekker, S.C., von Kessler, D.P., Porter, J.A., Sun, B.I., and Beachy, P.A. (1994). Autoproteolysis in hedgehog protein biogenesis. Science 266, 1528–1537. Abstract
Lee, J.J., von Kessler, D.P., Parks, S., and Beachy, P.A. (1992). Secretion and localized transcription suggest a role in positional signaling for products of the segmentation gene hedgehog. Cell 71, 33–50. Abstract Article
Li, J., Brown, G., Ailion, M., Lee, S., and Thomas, J.H. (2004). NCR-1 and NCR-2, the C. elegans homologs of the human Niemann-Pick type C1 disease protein, function upstream of DAF-9 in the dauer formation pathways. Development 131, 5741–5752. Abstract Article
Lum, L., Yao, S., Mozer, B., Rovescalli, A., von Kessler, D., Nirenberg, M., and Beachy, P.A. (2003). Identification of Hedgehog pathway components by RNAi in Drosophila cultured cells. Science 299, 2039–2045. Abstract Article
Lum, L., Zhang, C., Oh, S., Mann, R.K., von Kessler, D.P., Taipale, J., Weis-Garcia, F., Gong, R., Wang, B., and Beachy, P.A. (2003). Hedgehog signal transduction via Smoothened association with a cytoplasmic complex scaffolded by the atypical kinesin, Costal-2. Mol Cell 12, 1261–1274. Abstract Article
Mathies, L.D., Schvarzstein, M., Morphy, K.M., Blelloch, R., Spence, A.M., and Kimble, J. (2004). TRA-1/GLI controls development of somatic gonadal precursors in C. elegans. Development 131, 4333–4343. Abstract Article
Matyash, V., Entchev, E.V., Mende, F., Wilsch-Bräuninger, M., Thiele, C., Schmidt, A.W., Knölker, H.J., Ward, S., and Kurzchalia, T.V. (2004). Sterol-derived hormone(s) controls entry into diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans by consecutive activation of DAF-12 and DAF-16. PLoS Biol. 2, e280. Abstract Article
Matyash, V., Geier, C., Henske, A., Mukherjee, S., Hirsh, D., Thiele, C., Grant, B., Maxfield, F.R., and Kurzchalia, T.V. (2001). Distribution and transport of cholesterol in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1725–1736. Abstract
Merris, M., Wadsworth, W.G., Khamrai, U., Bittman, R., Chitwood, D.J., and Lenard, J. (2003). Sterol effects and sites of sterol accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans: developmental requirement for 4alpha-methyl sterols. J. Lipid Res. 44, 172–181. Abstract Article
Michaux, G., Gansmuller, A., Hindelang, C., and Labouesse, M. (2000). CHE-14, a protein with a sterol-sensing domain, is required for apical sorting in C. elegans ectodermal epithelial cells. Curr. Biol. 10, 1098–1107. Abstract Article
Mohler, J., and Vani, K. (1992). Molecular organization and embryonic expression of the hedgehog gene involved in cell-cell communication in segmental patterning of Drosophila. Development 115, 957–971. Abstract
Morio, H., Honda, Y., Toyoda, H., Nakajima, M., Kurosawa, H., and Shirasawa, T. (2003). EXT gene family member rib-2 is essential for embryonic development and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301, 317–323. Abstract Article
Nakano, Y., Guerrero, I., Hidalgo, A., Taylor, A., Whittle, J.R., and Ingham, P.W. (1989). A protein with several possible membrane-spanning domains encoded by the Drosophila segment polarity gene patched. Nature 341, 508–513. Abstract Article
Nusse, R. (2003). Wnts and Hedgehogs: lipid-modified proteins and similarities in signaling mechanisms at the cell surface. 130, 5297–5305. Abstract
Ogden, S.K., Ascano, M., Jr., Stegman, M.A., Suber, L.M., Hooper, J.E., and Robbins, D.J. (2003). Identification of a functional interaction between the transmembrane protein Smoothened and the kinesin-related protein Costal2. Curr. Biol. 13, 1998–2003. Abstract Article
Porter, J.A., Ekker, S.C., Park, W.J., von Kessler, D.P., Young, K.E., Chen, C.H., Ma, Y., Woods, A.S., Cotter, R.J., Koonin, E.V., and Beachy, P.A. (1996). Hedgehog patterning activity: role of a lipophilic modification mediated by the carboxy-terminal autoprocessing domain. Cell 86, 21–34. Abstract Article
Porter, J.A., Young, K.E., and Beachy, P.A. (1996). Cholesterol modification of hedgehog signaling proteins in animal development. Science 274, 255–259. Article
Radhakrishnan, A., Sun, L.P., Kwon, H.J., Brown, M. SS., and Goldstein, J.L. (2004). Direct binding of cholesterol to the purified membrane region of SCAP: mechanism for a sterol-sensing domain. Mol. Cell 15, 25968. Abstract Article
Ruel, L., Rodriguez, R., Gallet, A., Lavenant, L., and Therond, P.P. (2003). Stability and association of Smoothened, Costal2 and Fused with Cubitus interruptus are regulated by Hedgehog. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 907–913. Abstract Article
Tabata, T., Eaton, S., and Kornberg, T.B. (1992). The Drosophila hedgehog gene is expressed specifically in posterior compartment cells and is a target of engrailed regulation. Genes Dev. 6, 2635–2645. Abstract
Takei, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sato, M., Watanabe, A., and Tabatta, T. (2004). Three Drosophila EXT genes shape morphogen gradients through synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Development 131, 73–82. Abstract Article
Tashiro, S., Michiue, T., Higashijima, S., Zenno, S., Ishimaru, S., Takahashi, F., Orihara, M., Kojima, T., and Saigo, K. (1993). Structure and expression of hedgehog, a Drosophila segment-polarity gene required for cell-cell communication. Gene 124, 183–189. Abstract Article
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., and Higgins, D.G. (1997). The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4876–4882. Abstract Article
Yochem, J., Tuck, S., Greenwald, I., and Han, M. (1999). A gp330/megalin-related protein is required in the major epidermis of Caenorhabditis elegans for completion of molting. Development 126, 597–606. Abstract
*Edited by Iva Greenwald. Last revised February 16, 2005. Published January 28, 2006. This chapter should be cited as: Bürglin, T. R. and Kuwabara, P. E. Homologs of the Hh signalling network in C. elegans (January 28, 2006), WormBook, ed. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.76.1, http://www.wormbook.org.
Copyright: © 2006 Thomas R. Bürglin and Patricia E. Kuwabara. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
वाले अंतिम बजट में 16 एजेंडे को सम्मलित किया गया है। वही विगत साढ़े चार वषोर् से अधिक समय मे कोई भी विकास कार्य को अमलीजामा नहीं पहनाए है जिसका परिणाम अंतिम बजट बैठक में पार्षदो के गर्जना का सामना शहर सरकार को करना पड़ेगा। विकास कार्य धरातल में नही आने से सदन का सत्र हंगामेदार व गहमागहमी के बीच संचालन होने का आसार है। इन्हीं में से एक मुख्य कारण है एसीई2 रिसेप्टर्स। दरअसल, ये रिसेप्टर्स एक खास तरह का प्रोटीन होते हैं। जिनको अपने नियंत्रण में लेने के बाद कोरोना वायरस तेजी से शरीर में फैलता है। वैज्ञानिकों का कहना है कि महिलाओं की तुलना में पुरुषों के शरीर में ये रिसेप्टर अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं। मूसलाधार बारिश के कारण 1 अक्टूबर से अब तक कम से कम 245 लोगों की मौत हो गई है। अधिकारियों के अनुसार बारिश के पानी के कारण जेनरेटर बंद होने पर वेंटिलेटर जैसी सुविधाएं ठप पड़ गईं, जिसके कारण अस्पतालों में भर्ती कम से कम 18 मरीजों की मौत हो गई है। यह भी चेन्नई में बारिश का कहर: घर घर में मची है आफत, देखे वीडियो (जी.एन.एस) ता.27 शिमला राजधानी शिमला के लक्कड़ बाजार में एक नेपाली मूल के व्यक्ति</s> |
जीतने पर टिकी हुई थीं लेकिन विराट कोहली की बेंगलुरु टीम गोपाल के सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रदर्शन के आगे घुटने तक गई। गोपाल ने निर्णायक मौके पर अपना सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रदर्शन करते चार ओवर में मात्र 16 रन देकर चार विकेट झटके। गोपाल ने ट्वंटी 20 में पहली बार चार विकेट हासिल किए। ये खबर भी पढ़ें.....3 के नाम पर आपको कैसे लूट रहीं कंपनियां, पढ़ें.. ये सड़क निर्माण की मांग को लेकर युवाओं ने दिया धरना कैंट एरिया 51.3 डेसीबल छह महीने के इन आंकड़ों का खुलासा स्वास्थ्य महकमे की स्टिल बर्थ रिपोर्ट से हुआ है। रिपोर्ट में नवजात शिशुओं की मौत के कारण स्पष्ट नहीं है, लेकिन माताओं का कुपोषण एक सामान्य और मुख्य वजह मानी जा रही है। राज्यसभा के लिए 26 मार्च को चुनाव होने हैं। (फाइल फोटो) सिंघवी की ओर से हाईकोर्ट में विविध आपराधिक याचिका दायर की थी। इसमें एसीबी में दर्ज एफआईआर को निरस्त कराने सहित चार्जशीट व उनके खिलाफ उदयपुर में जारी मुकदमे पर रोक लगाने की गुहार लगाई थी। वित्त सचिव अशोक चावला ने कहा कि अनेक विकासशील देशों की अर्थव्यवस्था भले ही पटरी पर लौट रही हो लेकिन यह सुधार शुरुआती दौर में ही है और यहाँ तक कि सभी अर्थव्यवस्थाओं तक नहीं</s> |
The Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), also known as the Red-backed Sea-eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers. They are found from Asia to Australia.
In flight the rounded tail and plumage of adults is distinctive
The Brahminy Kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are browner, but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of Black Kite in Asia by the paler appearance, shorter wings and rounded tail.
Beak of Haliastur showing the characteristic circular nostril
The Brahminy Kite is about the same size as the Black Kite and has a typical kite flight, with wings angled, but its tail is rounded unlike the Milvus species, Red Kite and Black Kite, which have forked tails. The two genera are however very close.
The call is a mewing keeyew.
Four subspecies are recognized:
- indus (Boddaert, 1783)
- flavirostris Condon & Amadon, 1954
- girrenera (Vieillot, 1822)
- intermedius Blyth, 1865
Distribution and status
This kite is a familiar sight in the skies of Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and southeast Asia and as far south as New South Wales, Australia, through which region it is widespread and resident. They perform seasonal movements associated with rainfall in some parts of their range.
It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However the species is on the decline in some parts such as Java.
Behaviour and ecology
The breeding season is from December to April. This species nests in trees, often close to water. They show considerable site fidelity nesting in the same area year after year. In some rare instances they have been seen to nest on the ground under trees.
It is mainly a scavenger, feeding ondead fish and crabs, especially in wetlands and marshland.
Boonooroo, SE Queensland, Australia
Known as Elang Bondol in Indonesia, the Brahminy Kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In India it is considered as the contemporary representation of the mythical Garuda. In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi is named after the bird ('kawi' denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour). In Bangladesh it is known as Shonkho Chil. In the Philippines, it is known as "Lawin." |
है। इसके नए स्पाइ शॉट्स चेन्नई में कैद हुए हैं. बाइक नए अवतार में नजर आ रही है. इसमें दिए गए अलॉय व्हील्स ने बाइक के लुक को बदल दिया है. नए अलॉय क्लासिक 350 पर जच रहे हैं. अपकमिंग क्लासिक 350 एक दम नए प्लेटफॉर्म पर बेस्ड है और इसमें बीएस6 कम्पलाइंट के साथ 346 इंजन दिया जाएगा. बाइक में पुराने मॉडल के मुकाबले काफी कुछ अपडेट देखने को मिल रहे हैं. इसके फ्यूल टैंक को रिडिजाइन किया गया है. साथ ही नया एग्जॉस्ट सेटअप और नई टेल लैंप जैसे कई चेंज किए गए हैं. बांड ने कहा कि मुंबई इंडियंस की गेंदबाजी इकाई में किंग्स इलेवन पंजाब के बल्लेबाजी विभाग को ध्वस्त करने की काबिलियत है। पाइप एंड बैरल क्लब में पुलिस का छापा, हुक्का जब्त, मैनेजर गिरफ्तार सबगुरु न्यूज़: चावल की खिचड़ी तो हमेशा बनती ही है( : पाकिस्तान में पेट्रोल टैंक पलटा लोगो ने लुटा पेट्रोल ) लेकिन अभी सर्दियों में अगर बाजरे की खिचड़ी ( ) बना ली जाय तो एक अलग स्वाद की खिचड़ी खाने को मिल जायेगी बाजरे की खिचड़ी बहुत स्वादिष्ट होती है, इसकी सुगन्ध भी बड़ी ही मन मोहक होती है तो आइये बाजरे की खिचड़ी ( ) बनायें मगर उनका</s> |
This article is by Irina Verenikina, Senior Lecturer in Educational Psychology, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences; Early Start Research Institute at University of Wollongong. It originally appeared on The Conversation.
analysis Playing with building blocks such as Lego has been an established part of early childhood education for many years.
Educators and theorists agree that building blocks or constructive play provide a wide range of avenues for enhancing learning and development in the early years, but the increased availability and accessibility of mobile digital technologies has seen children more frequently engage in virtual or “digital” play, often leaving behind traditional forms of play with physical objects in physical spaces.
So what might children lose – or gain – during this transition from physical to digital play?
Lego, the best known producer of building block toys, recently announced Lego Fusion, a range of specially designed digital products that will allow to incorporate physical build blocks into digital games on iOS and Android devices.
It isn’t Lego’s first foray into the digital realm – its videogame series has been highly successful commercially over the globe. But this is the first range of Lego products to require both physical and digital components to operate, and shows the ongoing move away from physical toys and towards digital.
Children are hands-on learners, eager to engage in activities which involve object manipulation. Physical manipulation of wooden or plastic blocks of different shapes, sizes and colours attract children’s attention and engages them in physical activities. It also helps the development of children’s fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination. Most importantly, though, it stimulates their imagination and creativity.
In playing with building blocks, children enjoy creating, experimenting and being in control. They engage in make-believe using the blocks for creating castles, trains, planes and other things only limited by their imagination. The open-ended nature of the tasks, endless choices and possibilities rendered by building blocks spark children’s creativity – making imagination the key.
Assembling toy blocks in various shapes and figures in a three-dimensional space also stimulates children’s spatial ability and mathematical thinking.
Since digital technologies entered the realm of children’s learning and play, some educators and families have enthusiastically encouraged children to explore these technologies. Others see them as potentially harmful to child development. The proliferation of digital technologies in the everyday lives of modern families has stimulated an increased market of software aimed at young children.
The advantages of digital play are yet to be fully understood. Recently my colleagues and I were awarded an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Grant to further conceptualise digital play and understand its role in children’s development.
Nowadays children spend a substantial amount of their time playing games on the computer or other digital devices, and building block games form a significant portion of these. Games such as Minecraft allow children to construct anything they can imagine (even spaceships). Project Spark, an engine that allows anyone to create their own game for others to play, was recently launched on Xbox One.
Similarly, games aimed at an older audience, and not built on a building block principle, often include the ability to create your own game modes or maps to share with people around the world.
There are a number of advantages digital play has for children’s development which are not possible in traditional play with physical toys – the first and most obvious being mobility. Children’s digital play is not limited by the availability of space, time or physical resources necessary for physical block play. Children can engage in digital play at their leisure at any time and place, which leads to its increased use.
The ease of manipulation of digital blocks as compared to the physical version of the game provides extended opportunities for creating exciting and creative items. The possibility to save and share their digital “products” with other players open significant possibilities for communication.
Despite its advantages, there are a number of limitations associated with digital play.
In relation to digital building blocks the physical side of this construction play activity is missing. Crucially, this means that children’s learning experiences are limited as they are not engaging all the senses – the tactile sense (or learning by touch) is missing.
Prioritising digital play over physical could limit children’s learning by taking away an important dimension of physical play – learning by touch in a hands-on manner. This is often the preferred way of learning for young children. Lego Fusion might be a step towards solving this problem (at an additional cost for the families of young players), but the idea of mixing digital and physical play is not new.
It might be innovative technologically, but from pedagogical point of view it is old news. Since the first introduction of digital technologies in the early years, classroom educators have recommended combining digital and traditional resources.
Mixing the digital and physical worlds and moving freely between the two is what children do naturally. This has been demonstrated in our own research with iPads, digital play and pre-schoolers, where playing Pocket Pond – for example – prompted a child to build a real fish pond in his backyard.
Ensuring access to both physical and digital methods of building block construction where children can move freely from one to another is crucial for their development in the early years. |
से पैसा लिया तो निगरानी की टीम ने उसे धर दबोचा. हरियाणा के मुख्यमंत्री मनोहर लाल ने कहा कि राज्य सरकार प्रदेश में टेलीमेडिसिन सेवा शुरू करने... पढ़ें कारोबार में वृद्धि दृष्टि से भारत एक स्थान नीचे फिसलकर अब दुनिया की पांचवी सबसे आकर्षक अर्थव्यवस्था है। ब्रिटेन भारत को पीछे छोड़कर चौथे स्थान पर पहुंच गया है। कंपनियों के मुख्य कार्याधिकारी (सीईओ) के वैश्विक सर्वे में अगले 12 माह के दौरान वृद्धि ... पंचायत सचिव प्रमोद कुमार ने कहा कि सीडीओ से वार्ता हुई, लेकिन गुरुवार को साथियों से बात करने के बाद कोई फैसला लेंगे। उन्होंने पंचायत सचिवों में फूट की बात से इन्कार किया है। राष्ट्रवादी कांग्रेस पार्टी () नेता और महाराष्ट्र सरकार में मंत्री नवाब मलिक ने कहा कि एक्ट्रेस से पद्मश्री पुरस्कार वापस लेकर उनके खिलाफ केस दर्ज किया जाए। मलिक ने कहा कि कंगना ने उन स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानियों का अपमान किया है, जिन्होंने देश की आजादी के लिए अपनी जान दे दी। उन्होंने आगे कहा कि उन्हें लगता है कंगना मलाना क्रीम (हिमाचली ड्रग) के ओवरडोज से बयानबाजी कर रही हैं। न्यायमूर्ति एच एल दत्तु की अध्यक्षता वाले पीठ ने आज सरकार के सभी दावों को खारिज कर दिया और निर्देश दिया कि इस</s> |
In June 6th, the dawn probe swept through the ground only 22 miles (35 kilometers) from the ground, and directed the camera to a bright area called Cerealia Facula near the center of the crater.
The bright sediments are made up of sodium carbonate. Scientists want to know how Cerealia Facula is formed, which indicates that the sediments "either come from shallow layers of water containing minerals, underground reservoirs, or from a deeper salt water source (liquid water rich in salt) and permeate up through cracks."
The Max Planck Solar Systems Institute also released an image showing landslide activity on the northern edge of the Occator crater. NASA said the landslide on Ceres was similar to that seen on Earth. The Max Planck Solar Systems Institute notes: "there are clear signs that materials have recently moved on slopes; "NASA hopes that the data and close-up images collected by Dawn in its new orbit will provide some insight into these fascinating terrain. |
Portable Sanding Belt - Aluminium Oxide 100 x 533 GXK 40 Grit
Aluminium oxide resin bonded on a cloth backing to provide a touch and durable product for most sanding applications.Suitable for coarse and fine grinding on metals and wood.
Materials to be worked: most metals & wood
Abrasive: Aluminium Oxide
Need a unique belt size or material ? Contact PFERD Australia on 1300 073 373 or email [email protected]
PFERD manufactures coated abrasives in Australia to order.
Belt Size mm:100 x 533 |
Early Repetitive Behaviors May Signal Autism Risk
Research in siblings of children with autism may give parents a way to spot signs of the disorder earlier
And there's a "great need" for ways to spot those children early, he said. In general, Wolff noted, the earlier that speech and behavioral therapies for autism can be started, the better children do in the long run.
But until now, researchers haven't looked at whether repetitive behavior can serve as an early red flag.
"At one time, people thought repetitive behavior didn't really show up until preschool," Wolff said. But recent research, including the current study, has shown that to be untrue.
For the study, Wolff's team followed 59 children at average risk of autism and 184 who were at high risk because an older sibling had the disorder. When the children were 12 and 24 months old, their parents completed a standard questionnaire on repetitive behaviors.
Overall, 42 of the high-risk children were diagnosed with autism at age 2. And those children had shown many more repetitive behaviors at the age of 12 months -- an average of four to eight different types, Wolff said, versus one or two for kids without an autism diagnosis.
Still, that's an average difference between two groups, Adesman pointed out. The trick, he said, is to turn that into an assessment that can reliably spot the individual kids who will develop autism.
"There's a risk you could identify too many kids, and give some of them services that they don't need," Adesman said.
He agreed, though, on the need for early screening tools, and said this study points to one potential way.
Researchers are looking into other ways, too. In a separate study reported at the meeting, a team at Boston Children's Hospital used electroencephalograms (EEGs) to gauge brain activity in 208 babies and toddlers. They found that the readings, taken with electrodes on the scalp, were able to distinguish high-risk youngsters from children at average risk of autism.
And in some cases, the EEG readings were able to separate children who went on to develop autism from those who didn't.
Because findings from both studies were presented at a meeting and not yet published in a peer-reviewed journal, the results should be considered preliminary. |
Legends, Fictions, and the Manuscripts That Illustrate Christ's Story
The Getty Center
Date: Thursday, September 22, 2011
Time: 7:00 p.m.
Location: Getty Center, Harold M. Williams Auditorium
Illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages, such as those on view in the exhibition In the Beginning Was the Word: Medieval Gospel Illumination, are significant for the literary texts they preserve. But they are also important, historically and culturally, for their illustrations of the life of Christ. These artistic representations tell tales of their own, and the visual stories are not always found in the corresponding texts. A careful examination of these images shows clearly and convincingly that medieval artists were not only familiar with the stories of the canonical Gospels, but also with popular interpretative alterations of these accounts and, more striking still, with many noncanonical apocryphal tales of Jesus. The apocryphal stories, in some instances, were understood to be "Gospel truth," on par with accounts found in Scripture. In this lecture, Bart Ehrman, James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and author of Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are and Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don’t Know About Them), explores both canonical and apocryphal narratives of Jesus's life. Ehrman shows how these chronicles came to be portrayed in manuscripts that serve as repositories of some of the greatest works of art of the medieval period.
How to Get Here
The Getty Center is located at 1200 Getty Center Drive in Los Angeles, California, approximately 12 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. See Hours, Directions, Parking for maps and driving directions. |
(कम्प्यूटर बेस्ड रिक्रूटमेन्ट टेस्ट) पद्धति से 21 जून से 9 जुलाई तक होगी। मैच के अंतिम ओवर का एक वीडियो सोशल मीडिया पर वायरल हो रहा है, वो आरसीबी के प्लेइंग 11 में शामिल एरोन फिंच का है। एरोन फिंच वायरल वीडियो में स्मोकिंग करते हुए नजर आ रहे हैं, ये वीडियो इंटरनेट पर खूब शेयर किया जा रहा है। गुरुवार को पीलीभीत कलेक्ट्रेट में जिलाधिकारी कार्यालय में अजब नज़ारा सामने आया। पूर्वान्ह 11 बजे के बीच एक... पढ़े आठ राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में कोरोना वायरस संक्रमण की साप्ताहिक संक्रमण दर राष्ट्रीय औसत 5.04 प्रतिशत से अधिक है. महाराष्ट्र में सबसे अधिक संक्रमण दर 22.78 प्रतिशत है. केंद्रीय स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय ने रविवार को ये जानकारी दी. महाराष्ट्र के अलावा जिन अन्य सात राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में राष्ट्रीय औसत से अधिक संक्रमण दर हैं, वो हैं चंडीगढ़ (11.85 प्रतिशत), पंजाब (8.45 प्रतिशत), गोवा (7.03 प्रतिशत), पुदुचेरी (6.85 प्रतिशत), छत्तीसगढ़ (6.79 प्रतिशत), मध्य प्रदेश (6.65 प्रतिशत) और हरियाणा (5.41 प्रतिशत). किम शर्मा के भाई हैं अर्जुन टी20 में सबसे ज्यादा विकेट लेने का रिकार्ड श्रीलंका के लसिथ मलिंगा के नाम है। मलिंगा ने 84 टी20 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मैचों में 107 विकेट लिए हैं। पाकिस्तान के शाहीद अफरीदी के नाम</s> |
होकर पैदल यात्रा का एक अन्य मार्ग भी है जो आपको एक छोटी जलधारा तक ले जाता है। पैदल यात्रा के तीन लोकप्रिय मार्ग हैं कोटागिरी कोडानाड कोटागिरी सैंट कैथरीन फॉल्स और कोटागिरी लांगवुड शोला. कोटागिरी कोडानाड मार्ग आपको हरेभरे सघन चाय बागानों और मनमोहक मोयर नदी के आकर्षक नजारों से होकर ले जाता है। कोडानाड पहुंचने के लिए सुंदर घास के मैदानों से होकर गुजरना पड़ता है। भूगोल कोटागिरी में स्थित है। इसकी औसत ऊंचाई 1793 मीटर है। कोटागिरी की जलवायु ऊटी की तुलना में अधिक धनी है क्योंकि यह दक्षिणपश्चिम मानसून के आक्रमण से डोड्डाबेट्टा पर्वत श्रृंखला द्वारा संरक्षित है। जनसांख्यिकी भारत की जनगणना के अनुसार कोटागिरी की आबादी 29,184 थी। जनसंख्या में पुरुषों की भागीदारी 49% और महिलाओं की 51% है। कोटागिरी की औसत साक्षरता दर 77% है जो कि राष्ट्रीय औसत दर 59.5% से कहीं अधिक है: पुरुष साक्षरता 84% है और महिला साक्षरता 70% है। कोटागिरी में जनसंख्या का 9% भाग 6 वर्ष से कम की आयु का है। एक समय यहाँ का मौसम दुनिया का दूसरा सबसे अच्छा मौसम माना जाता था। इस शहर के ज्यादातर लोग तमिल और कन्नड़ भाषा बोलते हैं। इतिहास हालांकि, कोत्तगिरि का ब्रिटिश काल से पूर्व की अवधि का</s> |
But was tennis really the reason? One piece of evidence contradicts the view that the association was to blame. There is another theory that Satoh's nervous breakdown arose principally out of a dilemma of family honor and that his Davis Cup duties were merely a contributing factor. This dilemma can be traced back to New Year's Eve 1933, when he proposed marriage to Miss Okada. She accepted, and they were to be married in the spring of 1935 after he had completed his tennis tour and graduated at Waseda University. But they faced a serious obstacle. She was an only child and, according to Japanese custom, her husband would have to take her name in marriage so that the Okada line might be preserved. Many of Satoh's relatives, equally proud of their own name, strongly objected to such a change. Satoh himself had no such objection and often joked about it to his friends. But with his acute sense of honor, one cannot accept that Satoh took the opposition of his relatives lightly. Amid all the speculation following his suicide, one pointed question remained unanswered. Could it not be that he had found himself confronted with an impossible choice—that of either offending his own family or ending his betrothal? Either way he faced dishonor. Either action, for a man of such disciplined upbringing and high principles, could have been unthinkable.
Whatever the cause, Satoh's disappearance over the ship's side into the Strait of Malacca that April night in 1934 robbed Japan of the greatest tennis player that country has yet produced. Never again has Japan had a competitor in the "last eight" of Wimbledon, much less the semifinals; never since that day has she been a Davis Cup power. |
ट्वीट कर सुझाव भी साझा कर सकते हैं। पुलिस उपायुक्त के मुताबिक इस टि्वटर हैंडल पर आने वाली शिकायतों और सुझावों पर गंभीरता से विचार होगा और त्वरित कार्रवाई की जाएगी। उल्लेखनीय है गुरुग्राम पुलिस का ट्विटर हैंडल पहले से था। अब ट्रैफ्रिक पुलिस अलग से अपना एकाउंट बनाया है। अभिषेक ने आगे कहा, एक वेब सीरीज आपको सामान्य कहानी और उसे कहने के तरीके से अलग जाकर कुछ करने की स्वतंत्रता देती है. लेकिन इसकी सबसे बड़ी चुनौती है उसे विश्वसनीय बनाना. अभिषेक ने डिसऑर्डर से जुड़ी चीजों की बारीकियों को समझने के लिए बहुत रिसर्च किया. उन्होंने कहा, शुक्र है कि वे दो अलगअलग व्यक्तित्व थे, जिनसे निपटने में कोई संघर्ष नहीं करना पड़ा. जानने को मिला अंतरिक्ष से लेकर विमान संचालन तक का इतिहास मौसम केन्द्र जयपुर के निदेशक आर.एस. शर्मा (. ) ने बताया कि बंगाल की खाड़ी में 17 से 18 अगस्त के बीच फिर से कम दबाव का क्षेत्र बनेगा, जिसका असर राजस्थान में 20 अगस्त से दिखाई देगा। राजस्थान के पूर्वी इलाकों में भारी बारिश होगी और इस बार पश्चिमी राजस्थान में भी अच्छी बारिश होने की उम्मीद जग रही है। बता दें कि बंगाल की खाड़ी में इस मानसून अब तक दो</s> |
Veritas can help eliminate uncertainty about the size of your carbon footprint and get your organization closer to reaching net zero emissions. Our cloud-based solutions, leveraging autonomous data management, work together to reduce unnecessary data storage and decrease manual operation. Do more than carbon offsets—achieve your sustainability initiatives and goals with Veritas.
As your data footprint grows, your impact on the environment grows with it.
By 2025, cloud sustainability will be a top three criterion in cloud purchase decisions.*
Environmentally-conscious businesses experience lower volatility and 4.7 times higher margins.**
Migrations to the public cloud can reduce CO2 emissions by 59 million tons per year.**
Automated and secure data management for any cloud helps reach goals set by your sustainability initiatives to reduce your carbon footprint.
Autonomous data management and optimization eliminates many manual operations, managing resources like wasted human activity, and reducing your carbon footprint, all while ensuring continuous protection.
Elastic cloud data deduplication technology lowers your cloud storage carbon footprint by combining cloud-native snapshots with automated snapshot lifecycle management.
Automatically provisions cloud compute resources for AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud backup and recovery to meet surges, ensuring the required performance demands are always achieved. As the requirements subside resources are automatically deprovisioned along with their associated environmental impact.
With Veritas Snapshot Manager, you can easily and accurately manage backup from snapshots so you can scale down compute resources when they are not needed and reduce your storage footprint.
Veritas Alta™ Recovery Vault enables you to monitor your cloud storage resources and retention policies so you know exactly what lives in your backup environments rather than wasting resources looking for things that aren't there.
Unified backup and storage insights for heterogeneous IT environments across on-prem and cloud services. Gain actionable insights through a single pane of glass for enterprise data wherever it resides to better set targets and commit to measurable Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards. |
बचा गन्नों का भरा ट्रक प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी गरूवार को चीन के राष्ट्रपति शी जिनपिंग से मिले और दोनों नेताओं ने हाल में हुई बैठकों से मिली रफ्तार को बनाए रखने की जरूरत पर जोर दिया। इन ग्रामीणों में तीन दिन पहले बुखार व सर्दीजुकाम की शिकायत हुई थी। प्लेटलेट्स में गिरावट होने पर उन्हें इंदौर रेफर किया। इधर शहर के एक निजी क्लीनिक में भी इसी सप्ताह दो मरीजों को डेंगू के लक्षण मिलने पर इंदौर रेफर किया गया था। हाल ही में शहर की एक बालिका में भी डेंगू के लक्षण मिले थे। इस वर्ष अब तक अलगअलग प्रकरणों में डेंगू के संभावित मरीज मिले हैं। डेढ़ माह पहले मंडलेश्वर क्षेत्र के ग्राम ठनगांव के 45 वर्षीय व्यक्ति की डेंगू की वजह से मौत हो चुकी है। उल्लेखनीय है कि पिछले कुछ वर्षों से जिले को डेंगू और स्वाइन फ्लू जैसी बीमारियों के लिए हाई अलर्ट किया जाता है। जिला अस्पताल में सिर्फ आइसोलेशन वार्ड बनाया गया है परंतु गहन जांच की व्यवस्था नहीं है। शंका के आधार पर ही मरीजों को अन्यत्र रेफर किया जाता है। सेमिनार में पश्चिम बंगाल, छत्तीसगढ़, महाराष्ट्र से आए प्रतिनिधियों ने अपनेअपने राज्यों में ट्रैफिकिंग व पलायन रोकने को लेकर किए जा</s> |
इस बात पर सहमति जताई कि लालफीताशाही खत्म करने के लिए तथा योजनाओं के त्वरित क्रियान्वयन के लिए वित्तीय और प्रशासनिक सुधार जरूरी हैं। दूसरा चरण19 अप्रैल महाराष्ट्र में राज्य पुलिस और केंद्रीय बलों के 3 लाख से अधिक कर्मियों की तैनाती करके सुरक्षा के कड़े इंतजाम किए गए हैं, जबकि हरियाणा में 75,000 से अधिक सुरक्षाकर्मी लगाए गए हैं. हिंदी न्यूज़ बिहार गया दिनेश कुमार बने शेरघाटी के थानेदार, क्राइम कंट्रोल प्राथमिकता किश्वरप्रिंस के बीच हो सकती है तकरार ? 31 मई तक बह चुके तेल का इस्तेमाल यदि परिवहन के साधनों में किया जाता तो अमेरिका का एक मालवाहक ट्रक 40 लाख मील लंबे अमेरिकी राजमार्ग के 17 फेरे लगा सकता था। मोबाइल के माध्यम से प्रोब डिवाइस से जुड़ेगा मीटर फर्रुखाबाद में एक शख्स ने घर में 20 बच्चों और कुछ महिलाओं को बंधक बनाया है। सुभाष गौतम नाम का शख्स घर के अंदर से रुकरुककर फायरिंग कर रहा है। बच्चों को छुड़ाने गए ग्रामीणों को उसने धमकाया, जिसके बाद ग्रामीणों ने पुलिस को सूचना दी. पुलिस बच्चों को छुड़ाने में नाकाम रही। लखनऊ में मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ ने उच्च स्तरीय बैठक बुलाई है। नौसोना के इस ठिकाने का इस्तेमाल चालकरहित ड्रोन विमानों के परीक्षण के लिए</s> |
Week Five :: July 25–29
Interfaith Lecture Theme :: The Supreme Court and Religious Communities: Holding America Accountable?
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. observed that “The conscience of the country must be both the Supreme Court and the Religious Communities.” How are these, as well as other civil entities, informing the moral compass of the nation today? In this week we will seek to discern how our social conscience is faring. |
Surname Name Meaning, Origin, and Etymology
The Pert surname was a hard name to pin down. It seems to be quite common in northern England and Scotland. It is possibly derived of a locational origin, Pert near Montrose. Or an area called Pert near Bayeux, Normandy. Or it might come from Pictish or Celtic terms for a wood or copse. The old English word pert meant a spoiled or pampered child.
The Peat, Peatt, Peet, Peed names may refer to nicknames for the name of Peter. Or, the name Peat may also refer to a residential name, living on a peat or Moorish ground. The Peart name is used by authors signifying lively or brisk.
The surname Pett or Pet may refer to a parish in Sussex, or a Dutch personal name. It may be derived from Olde English, 1600’s, ‘pytt’, a pit or hollow or living near one.
Common spelling variations of this last name include: Peat, Peate, Peart, Pert, Pett, Peatt, Peete, Peed, Pead. Patte, Peet, Piette (Flemish). Anglo-Saxon versions include Pade and Pata. The Pett surname, of Anglo-Saxon origin, includes variations of Pitt, Pitts, Petts, and Pott.
Early Bearers of the Surname
The earliest bearers of this surname include Richard de Peyt, during the period of Edward III. In 1655, a marriage was recorded between Enock Peate and Barbery Salter. Another in 1664, John Peat married Isabel Rosse.
The Pert surname doesn’t appear in records until the mid 16th Century. Thomas Pearte was baptized in London on December 24th 1570, as was a William Peart at All Hallows the Less, on November 6th 1575. William, son of Leonard Peart, was christened at St. Lawrence Pountney, London, on April 3rd 1580. Elizabeth Pearde married Robert Banckworth at St. Dunstan's, Stepney, on December 17th 1607. Charles Peart (circa 1778 - 1798) received a gold medal from the Royal Academy for his sculptures. Edward Peart (1756 - 1824) was a physician, remembered for his chemical and physical theories
The Pett surname is first recorded in the latter half of the 12th Century, and include Thomas de la Pitte in the 1225 Assize Court Rolls of Somerset, and Roger de Petts in the London rolls of 1276.
William Bitheputte of Somerset in 1277, Johan atte Pitte of Surrey in 1294, and “Thomas in the Pyt" of Worcestershire are recorded around 1300. The most famous was probably William Pitt, the younger (1759 - 1806), second son of William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham. He was the youngest prime minster of England, from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 to 1806. He died in office shortly after Trafalgar.
History, Genealogy, and Ancestry
The first recorded spelling of the Pert family name was Richard Pert, when he married Jane Knowles, at St. Antholin's, London on July 19th 1568. This took place during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
The first recorded spelling of the Pett family name was Geruase de la (of the) Puette, in 1182 during the reign of King Henry II.
One of the most well-know Pett families started with Peter Pett. He was a master Shipwright (ship builder) from Deptford. He was granted a Coat of Arms in 1563. For the next several generations (15th-17th centuries), the family so strongly dominated the ship building industry that it was referred to as the Pett Dynasty. The ship building industry is so old that it is said to predate written history.
Of that family, Phineas Pett, while he was not as successful financially as others, he designed the Sovereign of the Seas, a warship of the English Navy. It was ordered personally by Charles I of England, who wanted a giant ship. After overcoming much opposition, it launched in 1637 with 102 bronze guns, making it the most heavily armed ship in the world at that time. She served in all the battles, until she ended her days, burned to the water line, cause unknown.
Phineas’ son, Peter, was the commissioner of Chatham, served in the Battle of Medway and took responsibility for the loss of capital ships. Capital ships in a navy are the large warships. There is no formal criterion for determining a capital ship, just that they are the primary ships in a naval fleet. "These characteristics define a capital ship: if the capital ships are beaten, the navy is beaten. But if the rest of the navy is beaten, the capital ships can still operate. Another characteristic that defines capital ships is that their main opponent is each other." Peter changed the arms to display three black balls rather than the three R's of the Leicestershire Pates. In some versions of these arms, a scuttled frigate is shown.
The first Peter’s granddaughter, Lydia, also became a Master Shipwright, one of the few female master tradesmen at that time.
Early American and New World Settlers
Early settlers in America include the Pates, which originate from that same Pett family. They settled in New Kent County and Isle of Wight County, Virginia. Thomas Pate continued the shipbuilding tradition. He also ran an estuarian ferry at Yorktown. This is a cable ferry that runs across rough waters where the river and sea meet, or where fresh water meets saltwater. In 1663, John Pitt from the Isle of Wight County, won a contract from the Virginia General Assembly to build a twenty-three ton vessel.
Pates continued shipbuilding in Old Bertie County, North Carolina during colonial times, on the Cashie river. Samuel Pate founded a shipyard at Hobucken, North Carolina.
James and John Pert arrived in Maryland in 1663. Jacob Pert arrived in Pennsylvania in 1741 at the age of twenty-three.
The family mottoes include:
Peat - Amicus certus - A sure friend
Peat - Ardens – Fervent
Pitt - Amitié - Friendship
Pitt - Benigno Numine - By benign providence
Pott - Fortis et astutus - Bold and crafty
Famous people with this last name include: 1) Peter Pett of the Pett Dynasty of shipwrights during the 1560’s. 2) Candace Beebe Pert (1946 - 2013) American American neuroscientist and pharmacologist 3) Nicholas Pert (1981- ) English Grandmaster chess player 4) Claude Ernest Pert (1898-1982) British India polo champion 5) Morris David Brough Pert (1947 - 2010) Scottish composer, pianist, drummer/percussionist 6) Neil Ellwood Peart (1952- ) drummer and lyricist for the band Rush 7) Thomas Spert ( -1541) English Sailing Master and vice admiral in service to King Henry VIII. Spert Island off of Antarctica is named after him. |
The ceremony of naming newborn baby gorillas, commonly known as ‘Kwita Izina’ happens in Kinigi, a native town adjacent to Volcanoes national park and has been part of Rwandan conservation culture for over a decade.
Naming infant gorillas has become a significant annual nationwide tradition in Rwanda organized by the Rwanda Development Board with support from various regional and international partners. The event is based on a historic norm for naming newborns in Rwanda and Africa at large, and has been adapted to recognize and celebrate Rwanda’s efforts in successful gorilla protection and conservation.
Kwita Izina ceremony is Rwanda’s popular gorilla event since its inception in 2005 and it has turned out to be a household term not only in Rwanda but also globally. Up to 216 baby gorillas have so far received names for the last 11 years this event has been in existence.
Each year, the gorilla naming ceremony pulls over 20,000 conservationists, local and international tourism stake holders together with the local communities who live close and conserve these endangered apes.
The name attributed to each baby gorilla plays a vital role in the day to day monitoring activities for every gorilla in their individual families and habitats. During this year’s event, 18 baby gorillas born after September last year are expected to receive names.
This year’s Kwita Izina includes a number of buildup events leading up to the ceremony, including launching community projects, familiarization trips, a gala fundraising dinner, a conservation and tourism exhibition and a two-day “Conversation on Conservation” conference in Kigali with delegates attending from all over the world. The “Kwita Izina conservation exhibition” is a 2 day event that intends to showcase Rwanda’s remarkable work in conservation of wildlife and culture, while the two-day conference will bring delegates from around the world to discuss Africa’s common conservation challenges and devise lasting solutions for preserving critical ecosystems for generations.
The “Kwita Izina” event ends with a remarkable “Igitaramo cultural dinner” – a Cultural Celebratory dinner whose objective is to raise funds for supporting Rwanda’s ongoing conservation activities particularly the ‘Expansion of the mountain gorilla habitat’.
This unique dinner is a great cultural celebration with amazing entertainment from the famous Rwandese cultural groups and locally fashioned cuisine to be hosted on the banks of idyllic Lake Kivu in Rubavu.
This week long event in Rwanda will include a variety of conservation-awareness activities, with park staff, local groups, government leaders, international community, celebrities,students and native communities all coming in to help choose names for the baby gorillas born from the past year and also participating in buildup events throughout the week.
Through forming a unified force and coherent participation and commitment of government authorities, tourism bodies, research, protection and community initiatives Rwanda is bound to witness vital successes in conservation efforts, and now with inclusion of Kwita Izina is an important national celebration.
Kwita Izina has grown to become an important event more than just giving names to young gorillas, and it is now a global event during which the international community and Rwandans join together to celebrate and recognize milestone achievements of the country’s rich bio diverse ecology as well as inclusive growth of the economy and wellbeing of its citizens.
It’s also a day to recognize the value of partnerships and also show appreciation to specific individuals who have dedicated their lives to the cause of conservation.
Some important persons to attend this year’s Kwita Izina ceremony include but not limited to;- President Paul Kagame, Dr. Allan Karlsson – senior conservation advisor at the World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF), manager of Phinda Reserve that donated lions to Akagera National Park – Simon Naylor, Amy Vedder – a pioneer of conservation work with mountain gorillas and Yale University Professor, Dr. Hans J. Heuer – managing director of Best Western Plus Lusaka Grand Hotel, Dr. Janaki Alavalapati – Senior fellow for Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas at the U.S. Department of State, Fred Swaniker – Founder and CEO of the African Leadership Group andFrank Keesling- the son of the founder of the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project in Rwanda, among other notable dignitaries and celebrities. |
बंगाल सरकार की अपील पर 20 सितंबर को सुनवाई करेगा... मध्यप्रदेश के देवास में एक युवती बुलेट पर खड़ी होकर तलवारबाजी का हुनर दिखा रही है। युवती का नाम आयुषी चौहान है। तलवारबाजी का यह वीडियो तेजी से सोशल मीडिया पर वायरल हो रहा है। उन्होंने संप्रग सरकार और मौजूदा सरकार के आंकड़ों की तुलना करते हुए कहा कि तत्कालीन सरकार ने गेहूं, दालों और कपास आदि की खरीद के लिए काफी कम राशि का आवंटन किया था। 7. फुटबॉल मैदान पर खेला गया क्रिकेट मैच एमनेस्टी इंटरनेशनल ने इस संबंध में जारी अपनी रिपोर्ट में कहा है कि चीन ने ओलंपिक से जुड़े महान मूल्यों का अनादर करते हुए बड़ी संख्या में लोगों को जेल तथा श्रम शिविरों में डालने के साथसाथ पत्रकारों को भी नजरबंद कर रखा है। साबुत धनिया 1 बड़ा चम्मच स्थानीय ग्रामीणों के अनुसार यह चित्र किसी गुप्त खजाने के संकेत हैं। यहां के शैल चित्र ईसा से 500 साल पूर्व के हो सकते हैं। इन शैलचित्रों को देखकर कहा जा सकता है कि ऐतिहासिक काल में यहां मनुष्य तलवार, ढाल, भाला आदि जैसे हथियारों का उपयोग शुरू कर चुका था। गर्भावस्था में मसूड़ों में सूजन छात्रों ने जिला स्थापना दिवस पर निकली प्रभातफेरी में</s> |
SB19 musical director Pablo has released a surprise single titled “Akala” (Assume).
The track premiered on streaming platforms today (January 30) at 6PM. “Akala” follows his earlier release in collaboration with his brother and co-producer Josue, “DETERMINADO” (Determined) and SB19’s viral hit, “GENTO.”
In a press statement, Pablo shared, “I added some singing parts and a hook and gave the song a resolution in terms of musical arrangement. We wanted it to be a song that’s easy to listen to and sing along to, just like how it is when friends gather and sing together.”
According to him, the song was formulated during the pandemic when Josue had Pablo listen to one of his in-progress projects, which was a beat with a partially written verse about finding escape through alcohol. The singer continued by saying that while the two have different perspectives about alcohol consumption, Pablo “found it intriguing and interesting enough to revisit the track and improve some parts of it.”
“Even though we have different practices in terms of drinking, we agree on the idea that alcohol is not the answer to problems. I asked him if I could also write my verse in the song and tweak some parts, and he agreed. I didn’t want the song to just be about getting wasted, so I thought of a way to introduce my perspective through rearranging the letters of ‘alak‘ (alcohol) and that’s how ‘Akala’ materialized. My mother also pitched in a line in the song and it made more sense.”
He continued by sharing that, “Everything that I have released so far features intense and heavy instrumentation, but ‘Akala’ follows a completely different direction this time around. It has a more laid-back, dreamy vibe to it.”
Listen to Pablo’s newest song, “Akala” below. |
आरोप लगाया था। उसे लटका देख परिवार में कोहराम मच गया। पुलिस ने शव को पोस्टमार्टम को भिजवाया। 4 लागू होने से पहले शनिवार को एमपी में कोरोना के सबसे ज्यादा मरीज मिले पहले टेस्ट में ऑस्ट्रेलिया ने दक्षिण अफ्रीका को हराया भारत के 250 रन के जवाब में बल्लेबाजी करने उतरी ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीम को आरोन फिंच और उस्मान ख्वाजा की सलामी जोड़ी ने मजबूत शुरुआत दिलाई। मगर 15वें ओवर की तीसरी गेंद पर चाइनामैन गेंदबाज कुलदीप यादव नें टीम इंडिया को पहली सफलता दिलाई। यादव ने सलामी बल्लेबाज व कप्तान आरोन फिंच (37) को एलबीडब्ल्यू आउट किया। इसके अगली ही ओवर (15.3) में केदार जाधव ने उस्मान ख्वाजा को विराट कोहली के हाथों कैच आउट कराकर मेहमान टीम को दूसरा झटका दिया। दोनों सलामी बल्लेबाजों के बीच 83 रनों की साझेदारी हुई। तथा नानशान पहाड़ियों तक सुशांत सिंह राजपूत की मौत के मामले में सीबीआई () ने रिया चक्रवर्ती, इंद्रजीत चक्रवर्ती, संध्या चक्रवर्ती, शोविक चक्रवर्ती, सैमुअल मिरांडा, श्रुति मोदी और अन्य लोगों के खिलाफ एफआईआर दर्ज की है। इस केस में लगातार कुछ न कुछ नए खुलासे सामने आ रहे हैं जिसे देखकर सभी हैरान हैं। सीबीआई जांच में सभी की निगाहें रिया पर बनी हुई हैं। मांगों को</s> |
3,300 रुपये हो सकती है। रिपोर्ट्स की मानें तो रितेश की कथित पत्नी का अपना नाम स्निग्धा प्रिया बताया जा रहा है। एक यूट्यूब चैनल को दिए इंटरव्यू में उन्होंने बताया कि उनकी शादी को सात साल हो गए हैं। 1 दिसंबर 2014 को बिहार के बेतिया जिले में दोनों की शादी हुई थी। हरियाणा कर्मचारी चयन आयोग हरियाणा कर्मचारी चयन आयोग द्वारा निम्न पदों के लिए आवेदन आमंत्रित किए गए हैं। पद फायर आपरेटर कम ड्राइवर। रिक्तियां 1646. शैक्षणिक योग्यता 12वीं पास और निर्धारित योग्यताएं। आयु सीमा 17 वर्ष से 42 वर्ष। आवेदन की अंतिम तिथि 6 मई, 2018. आवेदन प्रक्रिया इच्छुक सर्दी की आहट होते ही प्रशासन गरीब व असहाय लोगों को ठंड से बचाने के प्रयासों में जुट गया है। कस्बा भोकरहेडी में गरीब लोगों के लिए रैन बसेरे की व्यवस्था की गई है। जिसकी व्यवस्थाओं का जायजा लेने पहुंचे अधिशासी अधिकारी ने कर्मचारियों को आवश्यक दिशा निर्देश दिए। राज्य सरकार एक पुरस्कार राशि भी निर्धारित करेगी, जिसमें खानेपीने, देखभाल करने के साथसाथ शिकायतकर्ता के अदालती खर्चों के साथसाथ खानेपीने की देखभाल के लिए अतिरिक्त 200 रुपये खर्च होंगे। बता दें कि शिकायतकर्ता की पहचान को गोपनीय रखा जाएगा। उसके बाद वह उसे गांव डडियामई के पास</s> |
Metadata is the name of the attribute of a document. The concept of metadata is divided in two: metadata types (size, color, distance) and metadata values for those types. Metadata types are defined in the setup menu and associated with document types. Then when a document is uploaded, a value for that metadata can be entered. There are two kinds of metadata type to document type relations: optional and required. When a metadata type is optional for a document type, it can be left blank for a document being uploaded and the upload will still be successful. On the other hand required metadata type must be given a value or it will not be possible to upload the document at hand.
Examples of metadata type: Invoice number, color, employee id.
The data entry of metadata types can be set to allow any value to be provided
(the default) or a list of possible values can be entered in the
configuration option and users will be presented with a drop down list of options
instead of the default text entry box.
If metadata types are setup to allow any value to be entered a
option can be chosen to block the entry of invalid data. Metadata types also
parsers which will not block the entry of data but are able to
interpret and modify the value provided by the user to a conform to a specific
format. An example of a provided parser is the date parser which will interpret
and correct dates provided by users regardless of the format in which they are |
The library as it looked 1940-1950.A current view of the library.
The Bonne Terre Memorial Library is said to be one of the five oldest libraries in Missouri. In 1867 or shortly thereafter J. Wyman Jones, president of St. Joseph Lead Company, and Dr. Charles B. Parsons, mining superintendent, brought civilization to Bonne Terre by contributing their books for a library and having boxes of books shipped from other directors and stockholders in New York.
When J. Wyman Jones died in 1904 his son, Dwight A. Jones, succeeded him as president of the St. Joseph Lead Company. In his father's memory, Dwight Jones contributed funds to erect the now-historic library building. It was built of Bedford Limestone and placed in a park-like setting enclosed by a low stone wall. The fireplace mantel in the Reading Room is a massive piece of oak supported on oak columns with marble facing and a brick hearth. In 1907 Mrs. Dwight A. Jones presented a clock, handmade in England in the late 1700's, to the library. The clock still stands in the entrance, and keeps fairly accurate time. [http://www.bonneterre.net/library.htm] |
It’s very unfair.
Spring and its morel mushrooms get all the limelight, but hard-core nature enthusiasts in Nebraska know that autumn rains deliver a mushroom bounty in the woods that’s far more diverse, robust and rewarding.
Fall mushroom hunting offers a bunch of benefits, and not just for fairy tale goblins and witches!
It offers a refreshing, cool walk in the woods amid fall foliage colors, a chance to better understand forest ecology, and an opportunity to see a variety of woodland wildlife, as well as an avenue to collect some delicious, healthy food for the dinner table!
Did you know there are a variety of delectable edible wild fungi species with different flavors and textures that can be harvested in the Cornhusker State in autumn, especially during the month of October?
In fact, a search for edible fall fungi tends to be more like a scavenger hunt if you are used to picking morel mushrooms in the spring. One place to begin looking for fall mushrooms is on or around fallen trees and dead or decaying wood, most notably after rain. Wild edible fungi in the fall tend to be found fewer in number and farther apart though than spring morels. However, when you come across them, a nice mess can be gathered in your local woods and a good meal can be planned.
From a nutritional perspective, wild fall mushrooms are a powerhouse! Low in calories, they are rich in B vitamins and a non-fortified source of Vitamin D. Minerals such as selenium, potassium, copper, iron, and phosphorus are all available in wild mushrooms. Choline, a wholesome nutrient, is also present in edible fungi. These wild edibles also possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as beneficial dietary fibers. However, some mushrooms, even those long proven to be edible to humans, can cause gastrointestinal troubles, other physical distress, and in rare cases, even death. Caution is advised!
As the saying goes: “There are old mushroom hunters, and there are bold mushroom hunters. But there are no old, bold mushroom hunters.” Make certain you positively identify a mushroom before consuming it because the wrong fungi may cause extreme sickness and even death! Check with reliable, credible sources for correct identification. Learn your keys to properly identifying edible fungi by studying reputable field guides and apps, making a spore print and acquiring information from naturalists or veteran, responsible hunters. And, if there’s any doubt (as to what it is), throw it out!
The Missouri Department of Conservation has some excellent information on the basics of mushroom hunting, here.
The principal rule when mushroom hunting in the fall is to get to know just a few species — and get to know them well. Giant puffballs, oyster mushrooms and chicken of the woods are classic examples of this rule, and have emerged already in the moist river and creek bottom woodlands of eastern Nebraska.
The giant puffball mushroom Calvatia gigantea (Langermannia gigantea) is by far among the most recognizable of all fall fungi. It is white, large, round and smooth, in appearance and can reach diameters larger than a basketball!
The giant puffball is rated “choice” for eating. The fruiting body of a puffball grows directly from its root system in the ground. It feeds off of decaying organic matter within the soil.
If you find one with a stalk or stem, discard it; it’s not a puffball and may very well be an unsuitable look-alike, characterized by a rancid odor.
Members of the puffball family grow from July through November in most North American softwood and hardwood forests. Their outer coloration is typically white to olive brown, and should always be white inside for use at the dinner table. As puffballs age, their centers turn yellowish-brown and eventually dry, producing spores. It is said that a single giant puffball produces up to 7 trillion spores. To understand how the puffball got its name, step on the dried shell after a puffball is spent, and watch it “puff” smoke — in the form of millions of dried spores.
The giant (puffball) grows primarily in open-timber, but can appear in pastured ground and even in some urban areas. During prime conditions, it can look like a lost volleyball out-of-place on woodland court.
Now, to prepare a giant puffball for consumption, cut or peel the outer shell. Do not wash or soak the meat unless insects have laid first claim. The sweet smell and savory flavor of the puffball makes an excellent addition to a saute of onions, bell peppers and other favorite garden vegetables. The most popular method of preparation, however, is frying. Slice it thin like a fish fillet. Coat with a fish or chicken batter before frying. Enjoy!
The oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius refers to the mushroom’s shape, not taste (sorry, seafood lovers). However, it is a very tasty mushroom! It is prolific in the fall. The broad cap of the oyster can be white, gray or brown and it can be found on the decaying wood of cottonwood, ash, poplar and aspen trees. This fungi species pushes through the tree bark after a decent rain. The oyster mushroom is whitish or yellow-tinged in color and is usually attached to deciduous trees in shelf-like clusters.
Sometimes called the tree oyster mushroom, box elder mushroom or elephant ear, it can also grow from a stubby, thick, off-center, white stalk. The prized oyster mushroom is widely dispersed throughout North America. Moist river and creek bottoms with an array of hardwood and softwood trees are prime places to search for the oyster fungi.
The oyster’s pleasantly mild smell distinguishes it from inedible look-a-likes that either lack odor or smell like tree bark. It actually smells a bit like licorice. Oysters are attached to wood, have gills that are free and go all the way to its base. As with any mushroom, it is important to carefully cut it at its lowest part with a sharp, larger pocketknife or pair of scissors. Always check aging oysters for white grubs; then wash, slice or tear into smaller strips. Roll the damp pieces in a dry mixture of batter and fry. ”M’m! M’m! Good!”
Chicken of the woods (sulfur-colored) Laetiporus sulphureus is easy to identify thus they’re considered one of the best fall mushrooms for beginners to gather. Other names for it are chicken fungus, chicken mushroom, and sulfur shelf. The genus is Laetiporus.
The “chickens” are easily recognized by their impressive size and large clusters of overlapping brackets, vibrant yellow-orange to orange cap colors and bright yellow tips. This mushroom is a polypore, meaning the fungi disperses spores through small pores (holes) on the underside of its caps. The colors of chicken of the woods will fade and the fungi becomes tougher as it grows older.
The chicken fungus grows generally in clusters on living and dead trees, stumps, logs and buried roots overlapped in a shelf-like way, and often in great quantity. Try to harvest chicken of the woods when it is smaller, vividly colored, and tender. Clean these mushrooms by wiping them down with a damp cloth.
The chicken of the woods is a culinary treat with sort of a lemony, meaty taste. Some folks think it hits the palate similar to its chicken namesake. You can use chicken of the woods in place of chicken or tofu in virtually any recipe. This mushroom also works well in curries, rice recipes, risottos, casseroles, or any egg dish. It’s important to note that this is one of those mushrooms that sometimes causes gastric distress in certain people so cook it thoroughly. Avoid a possible stomach issue by only sampling a little bit.
With regard to other wild edible fungi in the fall, be sure to check out looking for other species such as shaggy mane, hen of the woods, chanterelle, lion’s mane and turkey tail.
Somewhere in Nebraska, there’s a piece of land or a patch of woods that you’d love to hunt for fall mushrooms, right?
Before venturing onto any private property, know that you must have permission from the landowner or his or her agent, whether the ground is posted or not.
Hobby picking (non-commercial picking) for edible wild fungi is allowed on Nebraska Game and Parks Commission owned and controlled properties, unless signed or indicated otherwise. A current, valid state park permit is required on motor vehicles entering state park lands. On state wildlife management areas and certain state park lands, hunters most likely will be present, so be seen by wearing some blaze orange clothing, take appropriate safety measures, respect others utilizing these areas and lands, and please take only quantities of edible fungi that you will use.
Remember, autumn, even more so than spring, is when we can best reap the edible gifts of our wooded environs, and mushrooms make nearly all of it taste even better. Get yourself some for the campfire cauldron! |
Efficiency ratios measure a company's ability to use its assets and manage its liabilities effectively in the current period or in the short-term. Although there are several efficiency ratios, they are similar in that they measure the time it takes to generate cash or income from a client or by liquidating inventory.
Efficiency ratios include the inventory turnover ratio, asset turnover ratio, and receivables turnover ratio. These ratios measure how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate revenues and its ability to manage those assets. With any financial ratio, it's best to compare a company's ratio to its competitors in the same industry.
Read on to find out more about these three efficiency ratios and why they matter.
- Efficiency ratios measure a company's ability to use its assets and manage its liabilities effectively.
- The inventory turnover ratio is used to determine if sales are enough to turn or use the inventory.
- A high asset turnover ratio means the company uses its assets efficiently, while a low ratio means its assets are being used inefficiently.
- The receivables turnover ratio measures a company's efficiency to collect debts and extend credit.
Inventory Turnover Ratio
The inventory turnover ratio measures a company's ability to manage its inventory efficiently and provides insight into the sales of a company. The ratio measures how many times the total average inventory has been sold over the course of a period. Analysts use the ratio to determine if there are enough sales being generated to turn or utilize the inventory. The ratio also shows how well inventory is being managed including whether too much or not enough inventory is being bought.
The ratio is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory.
For example, suppose Company A sold computers and reported the cost of goods sold (COGS) at $5 million. The average inventory of Company A is $20 million. The inventory turnover ratio for the company is 0.25 ($5 million/$20 million). This indicates that Company A is not managing its inventory properly because it only sold a quarter of its inventory for the year.
An efficiency ratio can also track and analyze commercial and investment bank performance.
Asset Turnover Ratio
The asset turnover ratio measures a company's ability to efficiently generate revenues from its assets. In other words, the asset turnover ratio calculates sales as a percentage of the company's assets. The ratio is effective in showing how many sales are generated from each dollar of assets a company owns.
The asset turnover ratio is calculated on an annual basis.
A higher asset turnover ratio means the company's management is using its assets more efficiently, while a lower ratio means the company's management isn’t using its assets efficiently.
The ratio is calculated by dividing a company's revenues by its total assets. For example, suppose a company has total assets of $1,000,000 and sales or revenue of $300,000 for the period. The asset turnover ratio would equal 0.30, ($300,000/$1,000,000). In other words, the company generated 30 cents for every dollar in assets.
Receivables Turnover Ratio
The receivables turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company can actively collect its debts and extend its credits. The ratio is calculated by dividing a company's net credit sales by its average accounts receivable.
For example, a company has an average accounts receivables of $100,000, which is the result after averaging the beginning balance and ending balance of the accounts receivable balance for the period. The sales for the period were $300,000, so the receivable turnover ratio would equal 3, meaning the company collected its receivables three times for that period.
Typically, a company with a higher accounts receivables turnover ratio relative to its peers is favorable. A higher receivables turnover ratio indicates the company is more efficient than its competitors when collecting accounts receivable. |
1942 年 1942 巻 24 号 p. 172-177_1
Little has been known of the fossil plants from the coal-bearing series of the Kusiro coal-field. This paper deals with the description of an occurrenee of new specjes of Woodwardia and Metaseguoia, W. Sasae and M. Kimurae, derived from the Harutori Bed of the Urahoro Series.
W. Sasae difiers from W. Endoana OISHI and HUZIOKA from the Woodwardia sandstoneof the Isikari coal-field in that the pinnules have obtuse or rounded apices and the lateral veins anastomose occasionally, while it differs from another allied species, W. Maxoni KNOWLTON, in that the pinnules have entire margin.
M. kimurae is named on some cones which are in a-coordance in the deeussate arrangement of the seminiferous scales to Metasequoia MIKI, but belonging to neither of the known species of this genus. This is the species very close to M. Onukii (Expo), M. japonica (ENDO), and M. disticha MIKI. |
This is the major reason the software applications have become extremely popular among forex traders. All popular forex brokers have mobile applications that they offer their clients. There are some of the individual broker apps that are so popular to the extent that traders without accounts with the broker still use the apps. Some of the most popular forex trading apps usually offer easy and free access to price quotes, news, and charting. The service provider claims to be providing “the complete CFD trading experience,” and it isn’t away from the truth – it is, indeed, a great choice for those looking to start trading CFDs.
MetaTrader does not only let you trade from your smartphone, but also from any browser running on any OS without any additional software. Safety starts with understanding how developers collect and share your data. Data privacy and security practices may vary based on your use, region, and age.
Why Download Our App?
From our Copykat social trading platform, to the advanced Webtrader, you can find the best trading assistance to help you along your trading journey. With many apps in the market available in different platforms, everyone looking into starting forex trading can install dotbig testimonials any of them that they prefer. It is, however, important to note that all apps are usually specialized in providing some kind of information and not everything a trader needs. A select few brokers, including the Liteforex app, provide Mpesa-based forex trading in Kenya.
This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. With a wide range of markets at your fingertips, you can take advantage of leverage when you trade rolling spot forex. This limitation applies even if GAIN Capital has been advised of the https://dotbigbroker.net/ possibility of such damages and regardless of the form of action, whether in contract, tort , strict liability or otherwise. The Software Product is licensed, not sold, to you for use only upon the terms of this Agreement, and GAIN Capital and its vendors, licensors or suppliers reserve all rights not expressly granted to you. GAIN Capital retains ownership of all copies of the Software Product.
Forex Trading Apps
Its forex trading platforms are highly-functional and have earned many accolades over the years. However, it is the mobile apps that deserve more focus since they are very intuitive and packed with various tools and features, including built-in TradingView charts and a custom wishlist creation functionality. The iOS and Android https://www.ig.com/us/news-and-trade-ideass allow you to trade on the go with one-swipe trading, making the entire process an absolute pleasure. The best forex trading apps for Desktop download can make a significant difference to an investors trading performance. Whether a trader needs a forex app on Desktop or mobile, want forex signals, a demo account or full FX charts– there is multiple options available. In a world where everything is interconnected, the foreign exchange market is no different. Aside from the App, traders should ensure that the Supported Broker is well-regulated and offer a selection of suitable account types.
- Forex aside, Saxo Bank users can also trade stocks, ETFs, bonds, cryptocurrencies, and more.
- On Saxo Bank, you can trade all of the major forex trading pairs, alongside minors and exotics for a total of 190+ foreign currencies.
- Market Information may quickly become unreliable for various reasons including, for example, changes in market conditions or economic circumstances.
- That’s why here, at Trading Apps, we have tried and tested hundreds of trading apps to bring you the best and most trusted ones.
Better still is that the app is quite comprehensive in terms of features, covering 20 stock markets, and providing support for stop-loss and Limit orders. When choosing any financial management platform, it’s important to look for trustworthy providers. Used by traders in more than 180 countries and fully regulated, ForexTime’s FXTM software is a reliable platform for foreign exchange trading. Yes, if you have a modern smartphone running either an Android or iOS operating system, you can install s on your phone. After opening the app, you can log in to your forex account and begin trading from your phone. The IG Trading app is an excellent choice for beginners, due to its range of tools, integrated content, and the ability to access educational material from IG Academy and DailyFx . IG is a leader in education, making its IG Trading mobile app the best forex trading app for beginners in 2022.
For example, it shows your potential profit or loss before you trade. Furthermore, it supports drawing features and customizable charts powered by the most popular technical indicators . The mobile DotBig Forexlications for Android and iOS are named FXTM Trader.
Advanced Desktop Platform
Choose from spread-only, fixed commissions plus ultra-low spread, or STP Pro for high volume traders. "Getting rich" or increasing your wealth has more to do with the consistency of your trading results and the size of your account. |
स्थलों पर किया गया। यही नहीं इस दौरान दीपिका ने यह भी स्वीकार किया था कि रणबीर ने उन्हें चीट किया है। दीपिका का यह बयान काफी समय तक चर्चा में रहा था। वहीं रणबीर इन दिनों दीपिका की खास दोस्त आलिया भट्ट को डेट कर रहे है। दोनों अक्सर साथ नजर आते रहते है। लेकिन आज भी रणबीर और दीपिका अच्छे दोस्त है। सरकार ने कहा कि हमने कंटेनमेंट जोन में संक्रमण को खत्म करने के लिए घरघर सर्वे कराया। बड़ी संख्या में लोगों की जांच की गई, जिसमें संक्रमित लोगों को चिन्हित करके आइसोलेट किया गया। जांच की सुविधा लोगों को घर के पास मिली, जिससे संक्रमण दर को रोकने में मदद मिली। दिल्ली में सिरोलॉजी जांच भी की गई, जिससे यह पता लगा दिल्ली में संक्रमण का व्यापक असर क्या हुआ। बीते 22 अप्रैल से शुरू हुआ कपिल शर्मा का नया शो द कपिल शर्मा शो ढंग से शुरू भी नहीं हो... पढ़े य सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्री भी इसी तरह का एक डरावन शब्द और पद है खबरिया चैनलों के लिए।इस मंत्री के खिलाफ तो छोड़ दीजिए उसके आसफास मडराने वालों के भी खिलाफ कोई खबर नहीं चल सकती भाई । रकुछ चैनलों के संपादकों का</s> |
President Obama’s recently released FY2014 budget proposal, unfortunately, contains no funding for a mission to Europa. In fact, the budget document states that NASA not only is not funding such a mission, but that it cannot fund it. Several sources of budget constraints appear to be stalling any new start. In addition to the sequester, NASA’s Science Mission Directorate has the ongoing money drain of the Jams Webb Space Telescope (JWST). That funding burden will not lessen until about 2017 – 2018. One could imagine that NASA may see a funding wedge appear at about that time, with a new start for a Europa mission possible in FY 2015 or 2016. The early years of a space project require minimal funding, allowing a program to begin Phase A and Phase B (design and definition) a few years before the fiscal “heavy-lifting” of Phases C and D (detailed design, construction and testing) .In the meantime, the Europa team has continued to refine the design of what they refer to as the Europa Clipper (see Van’s post of September 24, 2012). Whenever they are given the “go-ahead” from the White House, they will have a mission ready to proceed to implementation.
The Europa science community believe they have developed a cost-effective, yet scientifically compelling, mission to the ice-covered Galilean satellite. After considering an orbiter, the consensus is that a multi-flyby spacecraft would return more science for the same cost ceiling. The Europa Clipper embodies the modified FBC (faster, better, cheaper) approach. It is seeking to capture as much of the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) flagship science as possible using a smart, elegant, lower-cost design. This past January, the Europa team presented the results of their latest “scrub” of the Clipper mission. This Europa Clipper design refinement can be seen here.
The plan is to launch in 2021, followed by one Venus and two Earth gravity assists. Six years after launch, with the gravity assist of a Ganymede flyby, the Clipper will enter orbit around Jupiter. Over the next 2.5 years, it will perform 32 flybys during its prime mission, with closest approach altitudes of 25 - 100 kilometers (actually 34 total flybys will occur, but only 32 are optimal for science). In order to reduce planning costs, the timeline of each flyby will be essentially identical. (Figure 1) However, the trajectory of each flyby will bring it over a different sector of Europa. This will provide global medium-resolution coverage from the Topographic Imager.
Figure 1. Flyby timeline. Click on image for a larger version.
It was felt that the Europa Clipper mission should also provide data that would feed-forward to a future soft lander. This concept of reconnaissance has seen a rebirth at NASA, with ongoing orbital missions at the Moon and Mars. The addition of a Reconnaissance Camera was deemed to be essential for providing images for landing site surveys ( lander-scale characterization of the surface is needed). The Recon camera (a push-broom design) will produce 20 x n km images at resolutions of as fine as 0.5 meters. The limitation on the number of such high-resolution images comes from the large amount of data in each photo. In turn, the swath length will be determined by the amount of down-link time available. The Recon camera will utilize an innovative flip-mirror to enable stereo imaging of a scene in a single pass. It will be able to obtain views 15 degrees from nadir (Figure 2) It is believed that about 15 candidate landing sites will need to be surveyed in order to be able to down-select to 2, a primary and a backup. That selection will be done by some future team of Europa Lander scientists and engineers.
Figure 2. High resolution camera flip mirror to allow stereo imaging.
A separate, smaller, and gimbaled gravity science antenna will allow the collection of gravity data during flybys. (Figure 3). Because the cameras and other remote sensing instruments are mounted to the spacecraft body, the main antenna cannot be pointed to Earth during flybys to allow tracking for gravity measurements. The separate antenna will be kept pointed at Earth during flybys to permit the important gravity measurements that will reveal much of the internal structure of Europa.
Figure 3. Gravity science antenna.
During this latest iteration, the Europa team was allowed to raise the cost cap from $1.7 billion to a total of $2.0 billion. (This is still less than half the estimated cost of the previously proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter.) This increase allowed the addition of a Magnetometer and Langmuir Probes to the payload suite. Rounding out the instrument complement are an Ice-Penetrating Radar, a Thermal Imager, a Neutral-Mass Spectrometer and a Short-Wave Infra-Red Spectrometer. Figure 4 shows some of the payload complement and where they will sit on the spacecraft.
Figure 4. Europa Clipper instruments.
The highly-capable instrument suite is one reason that the Europa Clipper would cost more than missions such as JUICE or the proposed Io Observer. The scope and resilience of the Clipper mission means that it must survive an intense radiation exposure over its 2.5-year mission. This data-intensive mission must also use a reliable, high-energy power source.
The Europa Clipper spacecraft benefits from the heritage of the Galileo and Juno Jupiter Orbiters in its approach to radiation protection.The Clipper will utilize 150 kg. of dedicated radiation shielding which is one-half of that planned for the earlier JEO (Jupiter Europa Orbiter) proposal. The Clipper will use a scheme of nested radiation protection for its electronics (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Nested radiation protection for the spacecraft's electronics.
For example, the Spacecraft structure and propulsion system will provide a measure of radiation protection, essentially for free. With intelligent placement, the project will utilize much less expensive 100 and 300 kilo-rad hard parts. Individual payload electronics have their own shielding, while the use of a central electronics vault is also part of the protection plan. As a result of this approach, the Clipper team will not need to fund an expensive development effort to build mega-rad hard avionics.
The Europa Clipper mission will be data-intensive. In order to downlink this data efficiently and cheaply, the Clipper will use mass-memory-storage. The spacecraft will leisurely downlink the data from each close encounter with Europa during the two weeks between flybys. This will avoid the more costly, and power-hungry, approach of near-real-time broadcast during flyby.
Over the course of its prime mission, the Clipper will return a Terabit of data, including high-resolution images, radar soundings, magnetic field measurements, compostion spectra, and gravity science. In order to return all of this date, a robust energy source is required. There are three energy supply options, two of which are thermal-electric and one solar.
Solar panels would be the lowest cost, highest mass option. However, they pose the risk of not providing enough power over the lifetime of the mission. The Europa Clipper's orbit has a low inclination causing it to pass through the most intense radiation environment in the solar system.This would cause aggressive degradation of solar cells, such that their power output would be increasingly compromised as the mission progressed. The Juno orbiter is able to use solar power because its high-inclination polar trajectory enables it to avoid most of the high radiation zones that are concentrated over Jupiter's equator. This is true even though it flies much closer to the gas giant than the Clipper ever will. ESA’s JUICE spacecraft is able to use solar energy mainly because it only flies near Europa twice during its mission.
The proposed Io Observer would also use solar panels. It avoids high doses of radiation by orbiting Jupiter in an inclined orbit. Europa Clipper is unable to utilize such a high-inclination orbit because that would result in flyby velocities too great to allow its Infra-Red and Ice-Penetrating Radar to gather useful data.
This leaves the two thermal-electric options. These power systems utilize the heat generated by the decay of Plutonium-238 to drive thermal-electric power conversion units. One of these, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) design is actually still in development, although at a high level of maturity. NASA chose not to pursue a Discovery mission that would have utilized one of these units. In light of that decision, the agency will still take the two ASRG development units to flight status this year. They will then be placed in storage, awaiting a mission. If this power source is chosen, then the Clipper would utilize four ASRG units.
However, before the ASRG design would be approved for the Europa Clipper, more work would need to be done. The radiation hardness of the Generation-1 ASRG units is not sufficient for the Europa mission and there are also lifetime demonstration issues.
The other thermal-electric option is the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermal-electric Generator design (MMRTG). This system is the 1st new radioisotope power system developed in over 20 years.It has advanced to actual flight status, with the first MMRTG flight unit, F-1, now sitting on the surface of Mars, powering the MSL rover. Its backup, F-2, is in bonded storage at the Rocketdyne plant in Canoga Park. It has been operated and has shown good performance. It is now slated to fly onboard the 2020 Mars Rover, i.e., MSL-2.
The next unit, F-3, is the flight spare for Mars 2020.It is now under construction, with completion set for this month. If not needed for the Mars 2020 rover, then F-3 would be available for a mission to Europa.In addition to F-3, three more MMRTG units would be needed for the Clipper. There are plans for infusing new technologies in the next generation of MMRTG.These would produce 150, or even 180 watts, as compared to 120 watts for the 1st generation.
There are a number of issues that need to be considered if one of the thermal-electric options is chosen. ASRG development seems to have begun during the short-lived Prometheus program. An engineering unit at NASA Glenn has accumulated over 10,000 hours (14 months) of operation so far. The maturity level for the ASRG units is high, but they are more expensive than an MMRTG and have yet to fly in space. On the other hand, their power conversion efficiency of 30% means that they are more frugal than MMRTG units (9% efficiency) with the Plutonium supply.
The MMRTG design has several advantages over the ASRG. First, as noted, an MMRTG is now in space. The design has high reliability and low cost. In addition, the ASRG utilizes kinetic energy as one stage in it power conversion. It is still to be determined whether the resulting vibrations would make it incompatible with a Europa mission. If so, then the vibration-free MMRTG would be at an advantage. In addition, the re-start of Plutonium production in the U.S. may make the use of an MMRTG for Europa more plausible. One factor that had favored the use of ASRG units for space missions was the shrinking inventory of Pu-238 in this country. However, if the goal of producing 1.5 – 2.0 kg of Pu-238 per year is met, then that concern will be eased.America now has about 10 kg of older, aging Pu-238. The new Pu-238 can be blended with the old material producing the desired power density.
Over the next 18 months the Europa project team will be conducting a comprehensive trade study, comparing all viable energy options. The variables to be considered include cost, risk, robustness, design compatibility, and implementation feasibility. This effort will go a long way towards choosing the most appropriate system for the Clipper.
The Clipper team is very interested in the idea of hosting several nanosats that would be deployed in the vicinity of Europa. This is contingent upon the use of the Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lifter. Only that rocket would provide the needed mass margin required if the Clipper is to carry small satellite payload elements. However, if pursued, the working concept for the Clipper could provide the necessary housekeeping, deployment and radio-relay capabilities. In addition, thought is being given to utilizing an intermediate orbit insertion module that would allow several nanosats to enter orbit around Europa.
If these nanosats can be accommodated, then the Europa team would like to cooperate with the growing American small-sat community. There is a desire to get feedback from engineers and scientists on the best way to use these probes. There are a variety of options that could use a single smallsat, or a network, with instruments such as magnetometers or cameras. These probes could be orbiters, “Ranger-style” crash landers, or even hard landers that might operate for a short time after impact. Resource and cost constraints will be tight, but if these mini-probes could fit, then the Europa team is interested.
Still to be decided this year is how, or if, a total of $75 million of new funding is to be spent. In this year’s budget, Congress specifically earmarked that sum for development of a Europa mission. There have been rumors that NASA’s operating plan for this year’s budget, due to be delivered to Congress soon, will seek to spend that money on other agency projects. In response to such concerns, Senators Diane Feinstein and Barbara Boxer joined with Congressmen Adam Schiff and John Culberson in sending a letter to NASA. They point out to NASA that funding levels for its science programs “will remain consistent with the structure directed by Congress.” Essentially, they are reminding the agency that the Constitution gives the power to say how the nation’s money is spent to the Congress. The Executive branch has limited leeway in how it interprets Congress’ appropriations legislation.
How this will turn out is difficult to gauge. This is not the first time such a struggle has occurred. For years, the Congress earmarked funds for development of a Solar Probe mission. Eventually, NASA got the message and awarded a new start for the Solar Probe Plus spacecraft. About 10 years ago, when NASA was trying to eliminate funding for the New Horizons Pluto probe, Congress specifically earmarked funding for that mission, enabling it to proceed.More recently, after the Obama Administration canceled the Ares 5 heavy lift rocket in its FY 2011 budget proposal, the Congress (especially the Senate) was not pleased. They directed NASA to pursue an alternate heavy lifter, the SLS (Space Launch System), which is essentially a scaled-back version of the Ares 5.That launcher is now on track for its first mission in 2017.
If NASA does agree to spend the $75 million (more like $70 million after sequestration) this year for Europa mission preparation, there are several ways that the money could be usefully spent. Instrument development, launch vehicle requirements and power system options could be funded, as well as studies to define the loads on the Clipper during launch. Much will also depend on whether Congress again earmarks funds for a Europa mission in the new FY 2014 budget. If it does, then the tug-of-war with the Administration will continue with the future of Europa exploration hanging in the balance.
Editorial Note from Van: If you are an American citizen and you would like to see NASA continue work on the Europa Clipper, remember to let your Congressional representatives know. Visit the Planetary Society's website for instructions on how to do so. You can also follow the latest information on the budget on Twitter at #fundPlanetary. |
पत्र लिखा है। पुलिस ने सात शिक्षकों पर कार्रवाई की है लेकिन नियोक्ताओं के खिलाफ अभी तक कोई सबूत नहीं होने से प्रकरण दर्ज नहीं हुआ है। पत्र में नियोक्ता में जनपद पंचायत सीईओ के साथ डीईओ, बीईओ और एक बाबू के खिलाफ एफआईआर दर्ज करने के लिए लिखा है। मां की मौजूदगी में होता था रेप वी प्रभाकरण था लिट्टे का मुखिया निर्देशक प्रियदर्शन की इस फिल्म में जावेद जाफरी के बेटे मीज़ान, प्रणिता सुभाष, राजपाल यादव, जॉनी लीवर, मनोज जोशी एंड आशुतोष राणा भी नज़र आएंगे। नई दिल्ली। नरेन्द्र मोदी सरकार लोकसभा चुनाव में बंपर जीत के बाद उन पर कार्य करना प्रारंभ कर दिया है जिसमें उनको पिछले कार्यकाल में सफलता नहीं मिल पाई। नरेन्द्र मोदी की दूसरी कार्यकाल का पहला बजट 5 जुलाई को पेश करने जा रही है। जानकारों की मानें तो प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी अपने मंत्रियों को किसान, रोजगार और निवेश के मुद्दे पर सबसे पहले काम करने के निर्देश दिए हैं। जब वी मेट, रॉकस्टार, कॉकटेल और हाईवे जैसी फिल्में देने वाले इम्तियाज अली आज यानी 16 जून को 41 साल के हो गए हैं. 1971 में जमशेदपुर में उनका जन्म हुआ था. इम्तियाज ने अपनी शुरुआती पढ़ाई पटना के संत माइकल स्कूल</s> |
From 2009 to 2012, emergency rooms across the United States treated more bathroom injuries than chainsaw, ATV and lawnmower injuries combined. Each year, bathroom injuries send an estimated average of 400,000 people to the ER, according to data from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.
The National Safety Council is dedicating the second week of June – National Safety Month – to stopping slips, trips and falls. So here are some bathroom safety tips to help keep you securely on your feet:
Don’t Slip on the Bathroom Floor
Don’t Trip Getting In/Out of the Shower/Tub
Don’t Fall While Bathing
Of course, no matter how conscious you are of preventing slips, trips and falls in the bathroom, accidents and injuries are still going to occur. When they do, be sure to seek the appropriate medical treatment and correct any bathroom safety issues that contributed to the accident.
Let the world know what you think, but do so responsibly. Comments are moderated and we will not post personal attacks, obscene language or inappropriate material, comments with links, or comments from people under the age of 18. If you have a question, check out our Comment Submission Guidelines. |
COmetary SAmpling and Composition experiment
The COmetary SAmpling and Composition experiment (COSAC) is one of the two evolved gas analysers onboard Philae.
The image shows the flight hardware shortly after integration onto Philae.
The task of the experiment is to identify organic compounds within the material of the nucleus of comet 67/P Churyumov Gerasimenko. Comets are to a large extent made of organic material and water. The earth, when it formed, was most probably too hot to hold volatile material. It is therefore likely that some of the biologically important inventory of the surface of earth was delivered by comets. These ancient celestial bodies may therefore be very important for the evolution of life. COSAC will deliver information about the organic volatile fraction of the cometary nucleus and hopefully help to unveil another chapter in the history of life.
Cosac comprises a gas-chromatograph (GC) and a time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (TOF-MS) as well as the hardware to run the GC/MS.
Soil samples retrieved from the drill are put into ovens. When the samples are heated the evolving gases are fed into the GC, the MS, or the combination of both. |
करती है। इसे घिसकर लगाने पर चेहरे के दाग और मुंहासे ठीक हो जाते हैं। साथ ही यह आपकी त्वचा को जवा बनाए रखने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। मामले में दोषी करार दिये गये नरेश सहरावत को उम्रकैद की सजा सुनायी गयी. दंगे में पिता समेत अपने परिवार के 11 लोगों को गंवाने वाली गंगा कौर ने कहा कि हम इस फैसले से निश्चित तौर पर खुश हैं. हां, यह और अच्छा होता, अगर दूसरे व्यक्ति को भी फांसी की सजा मिलती. फिर भी हम पूरे दिल से अदालत के फैसले का स्वागत करते हैं. उन्होंने कहा कि वैसे भी यह सब छोटी मछलियां हैं. अब हम मगरमच्छ के फंसने का इंतजार कर रहे हैं. हमें उम्मीद है कि यह इसी सरकार के शासन में मुमकिन है. नए दाताओं को पोषित करने की बजाय, अधिकतर गैरलाभकारी संभावनाएं अधिक नए दाताओं के बाद जाएंगी। हालांकि जिला प्रशासन की ओर से इसकी पुष्टि नहीं की जा रही है। गौरतलब है कि 2013 में हुए दंगों में 60 से अधिक लोगों को जान गंवानी पड़ी थी, जबकि 40 हजार लोग बेघर हुए थे। ब्रीदिंग प्रॉब्लमः आजकल मार्केट में मिलावटी कलर्स की भरमार है। ऐसे कलर्स से ब्रीदिंग प्रॉब्लम यानी, सांस संबंधी परेशानी</s> |
A $6.4 billion effort to speed U.S. reviews of new drugs and medical devices is a step closer to law as the agreements Mylan Inc., Pfizer Inc. and other companies struck with regulators wind through Congress.
The Senate is set to begin voting as soon as today on more than $2 billion in new fees that drug and device companies will pay regulators through 2017 to review their products for safety and efficacy. The figure includes $1.56 billion from generic- drug companies such as Canonsburg, Pennsylvania-based Mylan, which had been exempt from such review fees.
Mylan, the largest U.S. generic-drug company, led the fee effort for its industry to quicken review times and deal with a backlog of applications, as well as to ensure the Food and Drug Administration has the resources to inspect foreign plants. The legislation also would speed approval of treatments for life- threatening conditions, enhance safety monitoring of devices after clearance and mitigate drug shortages.
“To get lifesaving drugs and devices to the patients that need them as quickly as possible, Congress must give the Food and Drug Administration the tools it needs to review and approve these products,” Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Democrat from Nevada, said May 17 on the Senate floor.
Brand-name drugmakers will pay $4.1 billion, 6 percent more than the previous five-year period, while fees for device makers will more than double to $609 million, according to the Congressional Budget Office’s cost estimate. The device makers negotiated the new fees with the FDA in February, while drugmakers reached their agreement in September.
Companies making generic versions of complex biologic drugs, a process not allowed until passage of President Barack Obama’s health law in 2010, also will pay a user fee, which the budget office determined would total $128 million through 2017.
The fees will “translate into greater transparency, efficiency and accountability from the FDA, certainly that’s the hope,” said John Manthei, a health-care lawyer and lobbyist at Latham & Watkins LLP in Washington.
Pharmaceutical companies have paid user fees since 1992 and device makers began their system in 2002. The current five-year program must be reauthorized by Oct. 1. Fees from brand-name drugmakers fund about 60 percent of FDA reviews, while the increase in device payments will support about 35 percent.
The measure is a bipartisan compromise that Senator Tom Harkin, a Democrat from Iowa, said was built through consensus from both major political parties to ensure passage. Washington- based industry lobbying groups, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association, said they support the Senate legislation.
“We have hit the sweet spot,” Harkin, who is chairman of the Senate’s health committee, said during debate May 17. “We did not allow our differences to deflect us from the critically important goal of producing a bill that everyone could support. As a result, this is a truly bipartisan bill, and it is broadly supported by the patient groups and industry.”
Reid scheduled a procedural vote today to limit debate on The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act. A final vote on passage may happen this week, based on the typical timeline for Senate proceedings. The House of Representatives plans to take up its bill the week of May 28, Laena Fallon, a spokeswoman for House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, a Virginia Republican, said in an e-mail.
The Senate bill is S. 2516, and the House version is H.R. 5651.
In the legislation, the device companies, including Minneapolis-based Medtronic Inc., and drugmakers obtained additional meetings with the FDA throughout the review process so companies can attempt to deal with concerns rather than receive a rejection letter. The legislation also directs the agency to help companies with medicines for life-threatening diseases plan clinical development programs that will most likely gain speedy approval.
“Drug developers feel there really is value in getting FDA’s perspective early to avoid surprises in an application review,” Nancy Bradish Myers, president of Catalyst Healthcare Consulting Inc. in McLean, Virginia, said in a phone interview.
Lawmakers sought to adjust device oversight, requiring post-market studies and pushing the FDA to implement a system to electronically track devices. Drug companies also would be required to report potential drug shortages to give regulators time to find alternate sources. Shortages, including cancer treatments, almost tripled to 178 in 2010 from 61 in 2005, according to a FDA report released in October.
Device companies successfully fought proposed language that would have barred clearance of low-to medium-risk devices if a similar device have been voluntarily recalled for a safety reason. The majority of devices go through a clearance process that requires proof they are similar to a product already on the market.
Vaginal mesh made by New Brunswick, New Jersey-based Johnson & Johnson -- linked to internal injuries, incontinence and painful sex -- was approved despite concerns about safety with earlier versions. Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, said he supports a legislative fix for the “loophole.”
“It may carry the same intrinsic defect that poses the same safety threat to patients,” Michael Carome, deputy director of the Health Research Group at consumer advocacy organization Public Citizen, said in a telephone interview.
J.C. Scott, the chief lobbyist for the Advanced Medical Technology Association, said the prohibition would have had “a pretty devastating impact on the ability of companies to make incremental improvements on existing products.” The FDA has the power to determine a device is unsafe and reject its application, Scott said in a telephone interview.
Myers, of Catalyst Healthcare, said she doesn’t expect any surprises or major changes to the legislation.
“Most members of Congress want to go home with a satisfying health-care bill under their belt,” she said. “It is a good political message to say ‘I streamlined
© Copyright 2024 Bloomberg News. All rights reserved. |
के लिए तय मानदंडों से नहीं करेंगे कोई समझौता पहली वजह ये कि विधान सभा चुनाव से पहले ममता मुस्लिम, दलित और पिछड़ा विरोधी नहीं दिखना चाहती। बिल का विरोध कर रही पार्टियां इसी आधार पर बिल का विरोध कर रही हैं। वन अधिकार शुल्क के नाम पर बिना रसीद दिए की जा रही वसूली हालांकि मध्य प्रदेश में भी केवल दो प्रतिशत उत्तरदाताओं ने ही महसूस किया कि उनके राज्य में उपलब्ध नौकरी के अवसर अच्छे हैं, लेकिन उनमें से 23 प्रतिशत का मानना था कि ये अवसर औसत स्तर के हैं. इस प्रकार यह पंजाब की तुलना में कम असंतुष्ट राज्य है. यहां केवल 64 प्रतिशत उत्तरदाताओं (पंजाब के 78 प्रतिशत की तुलना में) ने उपलब्ध नौकरी के अवसरों का खराब के रूप में आकलन किया. एक मैच में सबसे ज्यादा बाई के रूप में रन देने का रिकॉर्ड भारत और पाकिस्तान के नाम दर्ज है। 2007 में बंगलूरू में हुए मैच में दोनों टीमों ने 69 रन बाई के रूप में लुटाए। : राज्य के 65 हजार पारा शिक्षक एक बार फिर हेमंत सरकार से अपनी मांगों को लेकर गुहार लगा रहे हैं. पारा शिक्षकों का कहना है कि पिछली सरकार ने उनकी मांगों को पूरा करने</s> |
रफ़्तार से भाग सकता है मगर जब लम्बी दूरी तय करने की बात हो तो एक मनुष्य प्रायः सभी प्राणियों को पीछे छोड़ सकता है, ऐसा एक शोधकर्ता का दावा है। क्या यार मैं हमेशा ही हो जाता हूँ, की बजाय मेरा हमेशा इंतजार करने के लिए मैं तुम्हारा शुक्रगुजार हूँ, ज्यादा बेहतर वाक्य है। मैं भी कितना भावुक हूँ, है ना! की बजाय मुझे, जैसा मैं हूँ, वैसा स्वीकार करने के लिए तुम्हारा माफ़ी मत मांगें, धन्यवाद दें। जब तक व्यक्ति आध्यात्मिक समझ के प्राथमिक पायदान पर है, तब तक देव सहयोग पर विश्वास उसके लिए खुद पर विश्वास करने से बेहतर माध्यम हो सकता है क्योंकि यह सरल प्रतीत होता है। खुद में छिपी अनंत शक्तियों पर भरोसा करना उस परिस्थिति में संभव नहीं होता। ऐसे में देवश्रद्धा, देवपूजा का आलंबन लिया जा सकता है। हमेशा यह सोचते हैं कि एन्जॉय करेंगें। परिवार को टाइम देंगें। खुद को टाइम देंगें। मगर सिर्फ कल्पना में ही उलझकर कर जाती है सारी योजनायें। चाहीअनचाही व्यस्तताएं हों या कुछ और पा लेने की धुन, जिंदगी को बेहतर बनाने के चक्कर में जिंदगी हम जी ही नहीं पाते। यह भी पढ़ें: पुजारा को भी यार्कशायर काउंटी में झेलना पड़ा नस्लवाद, इस नाम</s> |
Coaching assumes an equal relationship exists between two adults, the purpose of which is to meet the client’s self-determined goals. Coaching can address a narrow focus or broaden to address larger life issues. The coach is responsible for developing appropriate supports based on client need, and to spontaneously adjust the approach whenever needed.
For college students with Asperger Syndrome, the approach must be adjusted to assume that the client is a developing young adult and may not yet have reached the maturity level coaching typically assumes. The coaching relationship supports that developing maturity by engaging the client in creating and investing in goals that are achievable and specific to individual need. The coach who engages in supporting college students with autism spectrum conditions must have a fundamental understanding of the condition and a full knowledge of the specific characteristics of the client to be effective.
Coaching for these students on the spectrum can very successfully address a wide range of common issues. A critical element of coaching is creating goals and systems of accountability. For the college student, the coach helps develop feelings of internal drive and mechanisms for setting and meeting interim goals.
BACK to ASCOT main page
FORWARD to "What Can Coaching Do for Students with AS?" |
|Designation|| HD 185144|
|Right ascension||19h 32m 21.5899s|
|Declination||+69° 39′ 40.236″|
|Type of object||Red dwarf|
|Magnitude|| Apparent Mag: +4.68|
Absolute Mag: +5.87
|Distance from Earth||18.8 ly|
|Radial velocity||26.78±0.08 km/s|
|Proper motion|| RA: 597.482 mas/yr|
Dec.: -1,738.313 mas/yr
Sigma Draconis is a nearby star located in the constellation of Draco. The star is one of the closest to our Sun, at only 18.8 light years away. Even though it is an orange class K star, because of its relative close distance the star is visible to the unaided eye under very dark skies, with an apparent magnitude of 4.68.
Sigma Draconis' traditional name is Alsafi, which is derived from the Arabic word athafi (or Athafiyy), meaning "the cooking tripods". This is in reference to the tripods desert nomads used for cooking in the open-air.
Sigma Draconis is an orange-red dwarf star on the main sequence of spectral class K0 V. The star has some 89 percent of our Sun's mass, and some 79 percent of its diameter, but is only 39 percent as luminous. The star's metallicity is only some 56 to 59 percent that of out Sun, based on the abundance of iron.
So far all searches using radial velocity techniques, conducted by the Lick Planet Search, to locate substellar companions around Sigma Draconis have failed to find any brown dwarf or large gas giant very near to the star. For an Earth-like world to have liquid water on its surface, the orbit would need to be around 0.62 AU, somewhat less than the orbit of Venus. At this time such a world is about impossible to detect.
Currently Sigma Draconis is considered a high priority target for the both the future NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder and the ESA's Darwin probe when they are launched around 2015. These probes will search for rocky worlds in the habitable zone of Sigma Draconis and other stars.
- Sigma Draconis from the SIMBAD Astronomical Database
- From definition of absolute magnitude, using apparent magnitude (+4.68) and distance (18.8 ly) given here.
- Calculated from given parallax of 173.77 mas.
- Allen, Richard Hinkley (1963). Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-21079-0. Avaliable online at: penelope.uchicago.edu
- Pasinetti Fracassini, L., Pastori, L., Covino, S. and Pozzi, A. (2001). Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) -Third edition -Comments and statistics. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 367(2), pp.521-524. Bibcode:2001A&A...367..521P |
उत्तर प्रदेश के फरमान और फरमानी. यह डिजिटल सेंसेशनल जोड़ी फरमान एंड फरमानी सिब्लिंग्स के नाम से मशहूर है. बाप रे बाप! कीमती ड्रेस और ज्वेलरी पहन उर्वशी ने 51.8 डिग्री हाई टेम्परेचर में करवाया फोटोशूट, बोलीं मेल्ट हो रही हूं ऐसे में करिश्मा शर्मा ने एक बार फिर इंस्टाग्राम पर बेहद हॉट फोटो शेयर की है जिसमें वह काफी बोल्ड लुक में नजर आ रही हैं और फोटो शेयर कर उन्होंने लिखा है कुछ हँसी को दें जगह. इसमें वह सेक्सी पोज भी देती दिख रही हैं जो फैंस को काफी अट्रैक्ट कर रहा है. वही सेक्सी लेग्स वाली फोटो काफी अट्रैक्टिव है जो आप देख सकते हैं. करिश्मा शर्मा ने इंस्टाग्राम पर लेटेस्ट फोटो मंगलवार यानी आज शेयर की है. परिजनों ने सोनू नाम के युवक के खिलाफ अपहरण का मुकदमा दर्ज कराया था। पुलिस ने इस दरमियान उसकी बरामदगी के काफी प्रयास किए, लेकिन युवती का सुराग नहीं मिला। वहीं, पीड़ित परिवार के दबाव बनाने पर उसने हाल ही में आरोपी के कुछ करीबी लोगों को हिरासत में लेकर सख्ती से पूछताछ की तो युवती की एक लाख में सौदेबाजी की बात सामने आई, मंगलवार को हसनपुर पुलिस अव्वलपुर गांव पहुंच गई। यहां एक घर की घेराबंदी</s> |
The art of knitting is a method which manipulates yarn to create a textile or fabric, mostly used in the forming of clothing, although other applications have been used.
Knitting creates many hooks of yarn, which are called stitches, although they are different from stitches in sewing. The stitches are woven into a line or tube, with multiple loops being stitched together to create an entire piece of knit work in a specific pattern. Knitting uses multiple active stitches held on the needles at one time, stitched together using various techniques. Knitted fabric consists of many consecutive rows of loops which are intermeshed. As each row progresses, a newly created loop is pulled through one or more loops that are in a previous row, this is repeated for all rows until the final row is eventually stitched back to the first row, depending on what is being created.
Unlike weaving, knitting does not require extensive equipment, such as a loom, which has made it a valuable technique for non-agrarian and nomadic peoples, who were far more common than established civilisations during large swathes of human history. The earliest knitted artefacts have been dated back to the 11th century AD in Egypt, and much to the amusement of many archaeologists were socks. The socks were a very fine gauge and were created with complicated colour work combined with a short row heel, which can necessitate the purl stitch, an intricate stitch in knitting. The complexity suggests that knitting may be far older than any archaeological record can prove, due to the projected time it would have taken knitters to invent and master specific techniques.
In Europe, the earliest found items are speculated to have been created by Muslim knitters, who had been employed by the Spanish royal families, who were Christian. The high skill level of the Muslim knitters can be seen on numerous items which were found in the ancient tombs in the Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Las Hueglas, which was a royal monastery near Burgos. One of the items that was found was a set of knitted cushion covers and gloves, which were discovered in the tomb of Prince Fernando de la Cerda, who died in 1275, showing just how far back knitting goes in Europe. |
विकसित करने की योजना है। निगम को 11 जनवरी 2015 को पट्टा मिला था, जिसका कानून के तहत 2 साल में वन मंजूरी जरूरी है। ऐसा न होने पर पट्टा स्वत: निरस्त हो जाता है। एनएमडीसी को पहले चरण की मंजूरी जून 2016 में मिल गई थी। दूसरे व अंतिम चरण की मंजूरी नहींमिल पाने से 11 जनवरी को पट्टा खत्म हो गया। बीसीसीआई के नियमानुसार, सीनियर टीम के एक खिलाड़ी को 750 रुपये, जबकि अंडर23 और अंडर 19 टीम के खिलाड़ी को 500 रुपये रोजाना के हिसाब से टीएडीए मिलता है। वहीं, अंडर16 खिलाड़ियों के मामले में यह राशि 350 रुपये प्रतिदिन होती है। अमेरिकी विदेश मंत्री हिलेरी क्लिंटन ने कहा कि इसके तहत इंटरनेट के जरिए विरोध करने वालों को तकनीक, उपकरण और ट्रेनिंग मुहैया कराई जाएगी ताकि वो सेंसरशिप या रोक का सामना कर सकें। अमेरिकी विदेश मंत्री हिलेरी क्लिंटन ने इंटरनेट की स्वतंत्रता को दबाने वाले देशों से कहा है कि वो ऐसा ना करें क्योंकि इससे कोई फायदा नहीं होगा। टिड्डी की समस्या को लेकर सरकार गंभीर : तोमर इस मौके पर कृष्ण सिगला ने बताया कि 30 अगस्त को श्री कृष्ण जन्माष्टमी श्री कृष्णा गोशाला नजदीक इंडोर स्टेडियम में धूमधाम से मनाई जाएगी। जिसमे</s> |
Peire Cardenal (or Cardinal) (c. 1180 – c. 1278) was a troubadour (fl. 1204–1272) known for his satirical sirventes and his dislike of the clergy. Ninety-six pieces of his remain, a number rarely matched by other poets of the age.
Peire Cardenal was born in Le Puy-en-Velay, apparently of a noble family; the family name Cardenal appears in many documents of the region in the 13th and 14th centuries. He was educated as a canon, which education directed him to vernacular lyric poetry and he abandoned his career in the church for "the vanity of this world", according to his vida. Peire began his career at the court of Raymond VI of Toulouse—from whom he sought patronage—and a document of 1204 refers to a Petrus Cardinalis as a scribe of Raymond's chancery. At Raymond's court, however, he appears to have been known as Peire del Puoi or Puei (French: Pierre du Puy). Around 1238 he wrote a partimen beginning Peire del Puei, li trobador with Aimeric de Pegulhan.
Peire subsequently travelled widely, visiting the courts of Auvergne, Les Baux, Foix, Rodez, and Vienne. He may have even ventured into Spain and met Alfonso X of Castile, and James I of Aragon, although he never mentions the latter by name in his poems. During his travels he was accompanied by a suite of jongleurs, some of whom receive mention by name in his poetry.
Among the other troubadours Peire encountered in his travels were Aimeric de Belenoi and Raimon de Miraval. He may have met Daude de Pradas and Guiraut Riquier at Rodez. Peire was influenced by Cadenet, whom he honoured in one of his pieces. He was possibly influenced by Bernart de Venzac.
In his early days he was a vehement opponent of the French, the clergy and the Albigensian Crusade. In Li clerc si fan pastor he condemned the "possession" of the laity by the clergy, for so long as the clergy order it, the laity will "draw their swords towards heaven and get into the saddle." This poem was written probably around 1245, after the First Council of Lyon, where the clergy took action against the Emperor Frederick II, but not against the Saracens. In Atressi cum per fargar Peire suggests that the clergy "protect their own swinish flesh from every blade", but they do not care how many knights die in battle. Peire was not an opponent of Christianity or even the Crusades. In Totz lo mons es vestitiz et abrazatz he urged Philip III of France, who had recently succeeded his father, Louis IX, who died in 1270 on the failed Eighth Crusade, to go to the aid of Edward Longshanks, then on the Ninth Crusade in Syria.
By the end of his life he appears reconciled to the new modus vivendi in southern France. He died at an advanced age (allegedly one hundred years old) possibly either in Montpellier or Nimes, but this is only a supposition, based on where the biographer and compiler Miquel de la Tor was active.
Three of Peire's songs have surviving melodies, but two (for a canso and a sirventes) were composed by others: Guiraut de Bornelh and Raimon Jordan respectively. Like many of his contemporary troubadours, Peire merely composed contrafacta. The third, for Un sirventesc novel vuelh comensar, may be Peire's own work. It is similar to the borrowed melody of Guiraut de Bornelh, mostly syllabic with melismas at phrasal ends. The meagre number of surviving tunes (attributable to him) relative to his output of poetry is surprising considering his vida states that "he invented poetry about many beautiful subjects with beautiful tunes."
- Aubrey, Elizabeth. The Music of the Troubadours. Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-253-21389-4.
- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
- Lavaud, R. (1957). Poésies complètes du troubadour Peire Cardenal. Toulouse: Bibliothèque méridionale, 2e série, 34.
- Boutiere, J. and Schutz, A.-H., Biographies des troubadours. Paris, 1954.
- Throop, Palmer A. "Criticism of Papal Crusade Policy in Old French and Provençal." Speculum, 13:4 (Oct., 1938), pp. 379–412.
- Peire Cardenal: Complete Works, criticism, and biography (in French and Occitan)
- Peire Cardenal: Complete searchable works, with a few melodies (in Occitan)
- Peire Cardenal: Selection of works, with notes (in Occitan and Italian)
- His name is spelled Pèire in modern Occitan.
- The estimated dates of his life come from Lavaud.
- Aubrey, 23–4.
- Called Puy Nostra Domna in his vida.
- His vida calls him the "son of a knight and a lady" (Egan, 74).
- Egan, 74. The author of Peire's vida is known: Miquel de la Tor.
- Aubrey, 233–4.
- Throop, 401–2.
- Throop, 409.
- This is not unusual for thirteenth-century sirventes. The poems with borrowed melodies are Ar mi posc eu lauzar d'amor and Ricx hom que greu ditz vertat e leu men respectively. Guiraut's poem is No posc sofrir qu'a la dolor and Jordan's is Vas vos soplei, domna, premieramen.
- Egan, 74, emphasis added. |
लिए एवं बासमती के उच्च गुणवत्तायुक्त पैदावार के लिए किसानों को जीबी पंत कृषि महाविद्यालय में तकनीकी प्रशिक्षण दिया जाएगा। इसके बाद पीड़िता के अधिवक्ता अश्वनी शर्मा की मौजूदगी में कोर्ट में महिला के बयान दर्ज कराए गए। बता दें, सोमवार को करीब साढे़ चार बजे काली घनघोर घटाओं के साथ बारिश की शुरुआत हुई। बारिश से कुछ ही देर में इलाके में पानी ही पानी दिखाई दिया। इसके कारण पाठखोरी और रावली गांव स्थित दो चैक डेम की दीवार टूट गई। कई जगह किसानों को भारी नुकसान : जिस तरह से किसान विरोधी बिल के विरोध में जहां पंजाब के किसान दिल्ली पहुंचकर विरोध कर रहे हैं तो वहीं डबरा में भी किसान बिल का विरोध डबरा अंचल के किसान करते रहे हैं। दिल्ली में आंदोलन कर रहे किसानों पर किए गए प्रशासन द्वारा बल प्रयोग का डबरा के किसानों ने विरोध किया है किसान नेता कृष्णा देवी ने अनुविभागीय अधिकारी डबरा को किसानों के साथ मिलकर एक ज्ञापन देश के प्रधानमंत्री के नाम दिया है और किसानों पर किए जा रहे बल प्रयोग की घोर निंदा की है। कृष्णा देवी का कहना है कि इस सर्दी के मौसम में किसानों पर पानी और आंसू गैस के गोले फेंके</s> |
Titus was another of the Apostle Paul’s core team and he often spoke warmly of him. Paul described Titus as his “true son in the faith” (Titus 1:4) and his “partner and co-worker” (2 Cor 8:23a). Titus himself was a Gentile (Galatians 2:3) and given his Roman name, it is likely that he was a Latin speaker who was also clearly fluent in Greek. Based on what Paul says in Titus 1:4, I think it is very likely that Titus became a Christian through Paul’s ministry (probably during AD37-47), while Paul was developing the network of churches in Syria-Cilicia (Acts 15:23,41). Strangely, Titus is never mentioned in the book of Acts, but there are a surprising number of references to him in Paul’s letters.
The theme of Developing leadership is very significant in and through the life of Titus. Paul had clearly been investing in his life for some time and like many others he spends time travelling with Paul. This was one of Paul’s main strategies for developing people. One of the reasons that Paul develops this team of people is that he is then able to minister to a wider group of people – he simply could not do it alone. He had to work through others.
In this blog I am going to work through Titus’ impact in Jerusalem, Ephesus/Corinth and on the Island of Crete: Firstly; the trip they took to Jerusalem would have been quite a big deal for Titus as he developed convictions about the gospel. Secondly, the time he spent in Ephesus, when he had a travelling ministry in Corinth, was a fantastic opportunity to use and develop his gifts. Thirdly, the work Paul gave Titus on the Island of Crete proved strategically important as he set in place people to lead others and continue the work. All in all Titus is a man who Paul made a priority to develop, and through whom Paul was able to influence and develop people in a variety of locations.
1. Leaders stand firm: Strong Beginnings
In Acts 11:27-30 we hear about a trip that Paul made with Barnabas & Paul to Jerusalem. It seems to have been motivated by Agabus’ prophecy of famine and the desire of the Christians in Antioch to send a gift to the Jewish Christians in Jerusalem. Galatians 2:1-5 also speaks to this and presents a duel aim of ensuring that the gospel not be watered down by those who Paul said had infiltrated their ranks:
2 Then after fourteen years, I went up again to Jerusalem, this time with Barnabas. I took Titus along also. 2 I went in response to a revelation and, meeting privately with those esteemed as leaders, I presented to them the gospel that I preach among the Gentiles. I wanted to be sure I was not running and had not been running my race in vain. 3 Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, even though he was a Greek. 4 This matter arose because some false believers had infiltrated our ranks to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus and to make us slaves. 5 We did not give in to them for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might be preserved for you.Galatians 2:1-5
Titus’s big role here appears to do with the decision for him not to be circumcised. Interestingly, Paul had chosen to circumcise Timothy (Acts 16:1-3) in order to ensure that there be no stumbling block for the Jewish Christians to believe (see also 1 Cor 9:19-23). At first glance it seems pretty inconsistent to not circumcise Titus also, however the situation here in Jerusalem is quite different. There was a principle at stake for those who sought to argue that the gentiles need to be circumcised. There must therefore have been immense pressure for Titus to be circumcised in order to keep the peace. Paul however writes that “he was not compelled to be circumcised” (v3). Both Paul and Titus stood firm, knowing that unlike in the case of Timothy, the truth of the gospel was at stake.
There may well be times when we need to put aside the freedom we have in Christ for the sake of others perhaps on issues of food, drink or where we hang out with others. At the same time, there may well be other times when we too need to stand firm for the sake of the truth of the gospel. The good news of the gospel says that we are saved in Christ alone. Good works should flow from that Salvation, but they do not contribute to it.
2. Leaders keep the peace: Ambassador to Corinth
Paul founded the church in Corinth and spent 18months developing the work there before moving on to Ephesus. During that time the door opened for Paul to visit Rome and so he set about making farewells to the churches and also to organise a gift for the church in Jerusalem. Titus played the role of Paul’s ambassador to Corinth, and he dispatched him to set in motion this collection. The Corinthians, however, do not seem completely convinced and seek clarification from Paul. He therefore addresses this in the letter we know as 1 Corinthians, and he informs them that he is sending Timothy to check on how they were getting on (1 Cor 16:1-4). There were also worrying reports of a sex scandal in the church (1 Cor 5) and he asks them to remove the offender from the church. Timothy’s visit does not appear to have been particularly successful because soon after Paul was forced to visit himself. This trip is described as a painful visit (2 Cor 2:1) and Paul himself appears to have been accused of seeking to fill his own pockets. Titus was tasked with delivering what was certainly a very difficult letter and undoubtedly he would have found himself having to explain and defend it. Many tears had accompanied this letter but surprisingly the church responded favourably.
While Paul waited to hear from Titus, he was clearly struggling and had “no peace of mind” (2 Cor 2:12-13). However once he had caught up with Titus there was much rejoicing:
6 But God, who comforts the downcast, comforted us by the coming of Titus, 7 and not only by his coming but also by the comfort you had given him. He told us about your longing for me, your deep sorrow, your ardent concern for me, so that my joy was greater than ever…13 By all this we are encouraged. In addition to our own encouragement, we were especially delighted to see how happy Titus was, because his spirit has been refreshed by all of you. 14 I had boasted to him about you, and you have not embarrassed me. But just as everything we said to you was true, so our boasting about you to Titus has proved to be true as well.2 Corinthians 7:6-7, 13-14
During this period of difficult tensions between Paul and the church in Corinth, the matter of the collection had been on hold. Using his gifts of tact and diplomacy, Titus was able to restore good relations and now once again he is able to exhort them to excel in their generosity:
6 So we urged Titus, just as he had earlier made a beginning, to bring also to completion this act of grace on your part. 7 But since you excel in everything – in faith, in speech, in knowledge, in complete earnestness and in the love we have kindled in you – see that you also excel in this grace of giving.2 Corinthians 8:6-7
I think this valuable role played by Titus is easily missed, but it is clearly implied in 2 Corinthians 7-8. He was the peacemaker who was able to succeed in winning over the Corinthians, something both Timothy and Paul had struggled to do. We all need such people in our lives because such tensions are unavoidable. Differing personalities, opinions, visions and values can sometimes lead to conflict. In those times we need a Titus to help us navigate our way through!
3. Leaders develop others: Growing the work on Crete
Fast forward another 6 years (approx. AD63) and Titus is now on the island of Crete. Paul had founded the church in Crete and left Titus to finish the job by appointing elders in every town. Paul later sent a letter reminding him of the task at hand (Titus 1:5) and urging him to join him in Nicopolis (3:12-14). Paul said that he was sending either Artemas or Tychicus to take over so that Titus could be released. The letter is therefore very much about working in such a way that empowered others to lead.
In chapter 1 Paul details the qualities required for those serving as elders. Then in chapter 2 Paul instructed Titus to teach sound doctrine and he detailed a plan for what to teach different generations of people within the churches:
1 You, however, must teach what is appropriate to sound doctrine. 2 Teach the older men to be temperate, worthy of respect, self-controlled, and sound in faith, in love and in endurance. 3 Likewise, teach the older women to be reverent in the way they live, not to be slanderers or addicted to much wine, but to teach what is good. 4 Then they can urge the younger women to love their husbands and children, 5 to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands, so that no one will malign the word of God. 6 Similarly, encourage the young men to be self-controlled. 7 In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness 8 and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.Titus 2:1-8
This is one of the clearest blueprints in the New Testament for intergenerational disciple-making. Paul is very deliberate in spelling out what Titus was to teach older men and women. Paul is very clear that the older women were in turn to teach the younger women and play a vital role in their discipleship. Paul also tells Titus what to teach the younger men but says nothing beyond teaching them self control. The presence of the word ‘similarly’ ties them into what Paul has said to the younger women and implies that he also sees the older men playing their part with the younger men.
In the final section of the letter (2:11-3:11) Paul spells out to Titus how Titus was teach and model godly behaviour with those involved with the churches. The emphasis is twofold: Paul is very clear on what Titus should teach but he is also careful to ensure that he continues investing in Titus also. All in all the example of the work in Crete was about developing others and specifically others who could lead and exert influence over the rest of the church. Organisational roles have their place but it’s clear that Paul saw the need to foster a culture of disciple-making through the very fabric of the churches. It is in that sense that all of us are leaders and have the privilege to impact others.
In conclusion I am really encouraged by the example of Paul and Titus. Firstly, I think it really demonstrates the power of investing in others who can, in good time, do likewise for others. Paul puts this well in 2 Timothy 2:2 where he says: “And the things you have heard me say in the presence of many witnesses entrust to reliable people who will also be qualified to teach others.” Throughout history, this has been God’s means to grow His people – often through ordinary people like us. Paul’s interaction with Titus helps us see something of Paul’s strategy in developing others – he shows us what is possible.
Secondly, we see the potential arising from ordinary people simply using the gifts God has given them. Titus proved very effective in his ministry both in Corinth (using his gifts of diplomacy and administration) and in Crete (using his gift as leader / pastor). He was a huge blessing in these places and likely further afield also. The final reference we have for Titus tells us that he had moved onto Dalmatia (2 Tim 4:10). It was the next step up the coast and perhaps it is no surprise that this area became one of the most concentrated/populous Christian regions.
Everywhere Titus went, he worked to lay foundations for faith and he invested deeply in the people he was with. If we too give our lives to such investment in others, the potential is huge – how are you going to invest your life?
See other posts in this series
- Paul & Ananias: The People God Uses
- Paul & Barnabas: The Power of Encouragement
- Paul & Timothy: Setting an Example
- Paul & Titus: Developing Leadership
- Paul & Silas: Sharing our Lives
- Paul & Lydia: Using our Resources
- Paul & Epaphras: Carrying the Gospel
- Paul, Priscilla, Aquila & Apollos: Generations
- Paul & Luke: Firm Friendship |
उनके गिल्ड का नाम शांत हो और खेल में बाहर खड़े हों। यह लेख 60 स्टाइलिश फ्री फायर गिल्ड नामों की सूची प्रदान करता है जिनका खिलाड़ी उपयोग कर सकते हैं। बहुत सारे ऐसे को और रखना पसंद करे हैं. इस में आपको 70 दिया गया हैं. जिसे आप अपने में कर सकते हैं. हिंदी न्यूज़ बिहार मधेपुरा मधेपुरा सदर अस्पताल में कोरोना मरीजों के लिए बनाया गया नियंत्रण कक्ष टाटा स्टील के शेयरों में सर्वाधिक 3.29 फीसदी की गिरावट रही। नई दिल्ली। : अगले साल पश्चिम बंगाल में होने जा रहे विधानसभा चुनाव से पहले ही राज्य की सत्ताधारी पार्टी तृणमूल कांग्रेस (टीएमसी) और भारतीय जनता पार्टी (भाजपा) के बीच टकराव देखने को मिल रहा है। दोनों पार्टियों के बीच जारी ये विवाद अब सुप्रीम कोर्ट तक पहुंच गया है। भाजपा के कई वरिष्ठ नेताओं ने सुप्रीम कोर्ट पहुंचकर ममता बनर्जी की सरकार पर उनके खिलाफ रोज नएनए मामले दर्ज करने का आरोप लगाया है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने मामले पर सुनवाई करने के बाद पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार को नोटिस जारी किया है। साथ ही अगले आदेश तक भाजपा नेताओं के खिलाफ किसी भी तरह की कार्रवाई पर रोक लगाई है। लगभग सात हजार परीक्षार्थी घटे बिहार के जमुई से</s> |
After Dr. Luz Calvo was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2006, she and Dr. Catrióna Esquibel, her partner, searched for an explanation.
Drawing on their experience as ethnic studies professors—and as Chicanas—they started examining the effects colonization has on a culture’s diet. Their findings? The all-American combination of carbs, sugar, and processed foods was making Latino immigrants sick, and repeating a harmful pattern they could trace throughout history.
Latin American food culture has been eroded by colonizing forces: Spanish missionaries forcing Mexicans to start eating bread and cheese instead of corn and beans, to white reformers in the 1920s who told immigrant Mexican mothers that feeding their children tortillas would lead to a life of crime, to Coca-Cola’s current obsession with marketing toward Latino youth. All has been to the detriment of both Latino health and culture.
I talked to Calvo and Esquibel talked about their new book, Decolonize Your Diet, the Latino Paradox, and what we can learn from Mesoamerica when it comes to agriculture. To read more by Shelby Pope, click HERE! |
A Toolkit for Art Activities
“We’re going to talk about birds today and the beautiful sounds and colors they bring to our lives,” Dalia Gottlieb-Tanaka, PhD tells her client Sylvia, who was an art teacher before she was diagnosed with dementia. Dalia, the founder of the Society for the Arts in Dementia Care in British Columbia, hopes to reconnect Sylvia with her love of birds and invite out her creative abilities through discussion and painting.
“When people living with dementia have purposeful activity while interacting with others, they’re less depressed,” Dalia says. “They find more satisfaction in life. Those who’ve been indifferent and bored suddenly show desires and interests.”
Dalia conceived and developed the Creative Expression Activities Program for people living with dementia. The comprehensive program is based on the individual and includes nurturing body/soul and mind aspirations, improving the physical environment, and training family members and caregivers in their daily interactions. The program emphasizes the importance of activities that encourage creative expressions. As a result, it has the potential to reduce anxiety and stress to both client and care partner and increase the quality of life for both.
Creating a Multi-Sensory Experience
First, Dalia creates an environment rich in visual and sound affects, such as pictures of local and foreign birds, which are either from library books, magazines or calendars. She plays birdsong in the background and shows a short video on birds that was borrowed from a local library or downloaded from YouTube. Dalia orchestrates a discussion about the video, asking what Sylvia liked about it and what it made her think about. She asks open-ended questions, such as, “What do you like about birds? What are your favorites? What kind of bird would you like to be?” She spreads feathers on the table for tactile stimulation.
“Since people have different levels of cognitive and physical abilities, I try to engage as many senses as possible,” Dalia says. “That way, I increase the level of communication and involvement. For example, those who cannot hear well may still be able to smell and touch.”
After the conversation, Dalia passes out paper and invites Sylvia to paint or draw with her. They may start a picture in tandem with Dalia asking Sylvia which bird she’d like to draw.
“Doing creative activities together enriches both individuals and the relationship,” Dalia says.
• Apply Dalia’s flexible approach to arts activities to any relevant topic that might interest you and your partner.
• Adapt the ideas to meet your partner’s attention span.
• Think of a subject the two of you would enjoy exploring. Have fun collecting photos, music, video clips, and art supplies. If preparation feels too hard, ask a friend to help, or use a simplified version of this activity.
• Introduce the project, mentioning ways you both can participate. Let your partner know, “This is just for fun. There’s no right or wrong way to do this.”
• At least ten minutes before you’re ready to end, let your partner know you’re winding down.
• Work as equals, side by side, encouraging and helping as needed.
• If desired, post your artworks and share with others.
For more information about Dalia and her work, visit www.cecd-society.org
Consider attending the CECD 7th International Conference, September 8-10, 2016, in Vernon, BC, Canada.
Deborah Shouse is the author of Love in the Land of Dementia: Finding Hope in the Caregiver’s Journey.
COMING SOON: CONNECTING IN THE LAND OF DEMENTIA: CREATIVE ACTIVITIES TO EXPLORE TOGETHER
Thank you Deborah for posting this article and help promote the Creative Expression, Communication and Dementia (CECD) 7th International Conference on Creativity and Aging, September 8-10, 2016, to take place in beautiful British Columbia, Canada. For more information on registration and abstract submissions, please visit our website: http://www.cecd-society.org and click on Events.
Thanks, Dalia. I love the work you’re doing and hope to attend your conference some day.
Just yesterday my Mother and I were wondering what the name would be for a particular bird we were watching through her kitchen window. “Grab your bird book and let’s see,” I said. She succeeded in finding the book and succeeded in looking the bird up. “Did you find it?” I later asked. “Yes,” she said. “well sort of…it’s a thrush but I still haven’t found the kind of thrush.”
Earlier before the bird sighting, Mom had not been able to sustain a long conversation. Birds and Dogs light up her heart strings and her Memorie is activated.
Thanks so much for sharing this, Debbie. I love thinking about the birds “lighting up her heartstrings.”
[…] ← A Toolkit for Art Activities May 31, 2016 · 7:00 am ↓ Jump to Comments […] |
The outside of the defensive line was discussed and that means up next is the interior of the line. I believe that this will be a position of strength with no reliable depth.
The 2010 tandem of Jewhan Edwards and Brandon Kirksey (pictured right) was solid but not spectacular. They combined for 57 tackles, 16.5 TFLs and 3 sacks. Not too bad for the first-time starters in their junior seasons, but it is not like they earned any post-season awards or strike fear in to Big Ten defensive coordinators this fall. More was expected of this tandem returning in 2011 but Mr. Edwards was one of the few casualties of the coaching change and he transferred out of the program.
So that leaves us with one returning starter and little experience behind them coming into the 2011 season. Help is coming from other positions to make this unit stronger. Reports out of camp are that a couple of former ends, Anthony Jacobs and Ra'Shede Hageman, will be moving to the inside which should bolster this unit. But the question is will this mini-unit be an upgrade over last year or not?
Brandon Kirksey is going to be one of the anchors along the defensive line. Kirksey is a three year letter winner and has appeared in 33 games starting 11 and was a junior captain last year. The Missouri native chose Minnesota over reported offers from LSU, Arkansas, Kansas State and Mississippi. Since coming to Minnesota he has added about 50 pounds and has accumulated 52 tackles, 10.5 TFLs but no sacks! That needs to change and is going to change this year. So Kirksey started last year, will be starting this year and after a brief moment of getting suspended last year he should be mentally ready to be an upgrade over himself.
Starting next to Kirksey will be Anthony Jacobs. The Minnesota native was actually a Glen Mason recruit and was maybe Mason's only four-star rated recruit. He redshirted his freshman season and since then has played in 35 games, started 14 (at defensive end) and has accumulated a total of 67 tackles, 11.5 TFLs and 4.5 sacks. Statistically his production was very similar to Jewhan's. Jacobs usually started at end and would play a lot of snaps inside as part of the rotation and he started at tackle when Kirksey was suspended for a game. These two are not exactly Ndamukong Suh and Jared Crick, but they will be two reliable guys on the inside who will eat up blockers, make a lot of tackles and HOPEFULLY get into the offensive backfield a little bit and make some noise.
Ra'Shede Hageman is expected to be in the regular rotation inside. The sophomore got a lot of hype last season and never lived up to Brewster's hype machine. I discussed this in the DE preview, but it looks like Hageman has been moved inside with the exception of short-yardage situations (I'm making an assumption here). He is young and getting a lot of snaps this year should prepare him to start next year. He is very athletic for a guy his size, with proper development he really could be very good.
Those three figure to get the vast majority of snaps. Also backing them up will be redshirt freshman and sophomore, Harold Legania is already a big 290+ as a freshman. He will need to tone up and get some reps this year which will help him immensely, for next year. Eric Jacques has switched positions what feels like a few times and is settling it at DT this year. Like Legania, getting some reps this year will be beneficial as he'll be counted on more heavily next season. If I had to pick one who will see more time this year, my money would be on Jacques but I'm not expecting much out of the sophomore this year. Austin Hahn appeared in seven games and started one last year before injuring his knee and missing the rest. The walk-on from Wisconsin has experience and may see the field some but likely not too much.
So now the million dollar question...is this group going to be better than it was a year ago? Hard to say. We are basically comparing Edwards-Kirksey-Jacobs to Kirksey-Jacobs-Hageman. My assumption is that the returners have improved, even if it is just a little. Slight upgrade? Maybe. I know that defensive tackles have more responsibilities than getting into the offensive backfield. At times if they can force a double-team that will free up linebackers to get to the rusher for short to no gains. But the good ones also get into the offensive backfield for tackles for losses and pressure on the QB. This unit needs to spend more time in the backfield than it did last year.
Much like some of the other positions I am expecting that just a little coaching + a year of experience will equate to a slight upgrade. I am tempted to vote neutral, but it is the preseason when everything is going to be better than it was a year ago. |
- Historic Sites
The Ship That Died Of Carelessness
The Normandie has been gone since World War II, but many people still remember her as the most beautiful passenger liner ever built. It is the saddest of ironies that she fled her native France to seek safety in New York Harbor.
December 1983 | Volume 35, Issue 1
In the 1920s Pierre de Malglaive, a director of Transat (Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, or the French Line) convinced his company that it could dominate Atlantic passenger trade if it built a vessel larger, faster, and more elegant than any other. Malglaive took his idea to Transat’s favorite shipyard, Penhoët, at Saint Nazaire. There he met a man with vision equal to his own: a junior engineer named Vladimir Yourkevitch, a Russian émigré who had once designed warships for the czar.
Entirely on his own Yourkevitch had drawn up plans for a radically different passenger liner. Instead of the straight, razor-sharp stem favored by the era, it had a flaring, hollowed-out prow; instead of a boxlike hull, its sides were rounded. Yourkevitch insisted that his design was the most efficient ever conceived, that it could be propelled through the water faster and with less power than any other. Transat and Penhoët were dubious, but Yourkevitch managed to persuade them to test his concept. When they ran a 28-foot model through the experimental tanks, they were amazed: the Russian’s design was everything he said it would be. But building a giant new liner was an enormous risk, even without compounding it by gambling on a revolutionary hull. Nevertheless, Transat gave the go-ahead in 1928, and Penhoët immediately started building an immense new berth and an equally imposing dry dock. It also started dredging the Loire estuary and the port of Le Havre to make room for the new ship.
In New York workmen began cutting away several hundred feet of Manhattan to make way for three immense new piers. Three, because the two great British lines, Cunard and White Star, were planning their own superliners.
Then came 1929 and the Depression. The flow of American tourists bound for Europe began to dry up. So did ship-construction money. White Star had to cancel its new vessel, the Oceanic. But Cunard plowed ahead, laying down the first keel plate of Hull 534 (one day it would be the Queen Mary) on December 1, 1930. And seven weeks later, on January 26, 1931, the first keel plate of the new Transat liner—known then only as job T6BIS—was put in place.
Work had hardly begun before the world’s deepening economic crisis threatened both ships. Things got so bad that Transat told Cunard it would cancel T6BIS if the British line scrapped Hull 534. Cunard politely refused. In the end both ships were built only with the help of their governments.
As T6BIS’s launching date approached, everyone began suggesting names for the remarkable new vessel— Jeanne d’Arc, La Belle France, Maurice Chevalier, Aristide Briand, Pax Napoleon, Benjamin Franklin, General Pershing—even Lindbergh. Not until ten days before launching did Transat finally announce its choice. Its beautiful new vessel would be named after a French province—oddly enough the very one represented by the minister of the merchant marine.
By noon on October 29,1935, the ship stood waiting to be launched, her black hull rising like a cliff over the crowd of 200,000 people who had gathered on the banks of the Loire to watch. At 3:00 P.M., to the strains of the Marseillaise, Mme. Albert Lebrun, wife of the French president, smashed a bottle of champagne against the ship’s steel plates and christened her Normandie. A workman pulled a lever, and the 30,500-ton hull slid down the ways, on an oak cradle greased with 43 tons of suet. Hurtling into the river at 17 knots, the Normandie was afloat within seven seconds—so fast that more than a hundred spectators were pulled screaming into the river by her backwash. After the launch the Normandie was towed to a nearby dry dock built to house her during fitting out, a process expected to take more than two years.
When she finally began her career, the Normandie’s beauty and originality would be obvious to all—to those who sailed aboard her, those who inspected her engine rooms, even those who simply stood on the pier and gazed. |
Whole-Grain Foods May Lower Diabetes Risk
By Merritt McKinney
"Individuals who incorporate whole-grain foods into their diets may prevent or reduce their risk of developing the metabolic syndrome, a clustering of risk factors that often precedes type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease," Dr. Nicola M. McKeown of the Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture (news - web sites) Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston told Reuters Health.
"In our study, the health benefits of whole grain foods were observed among people who consumed three or more servings of whole grains per day," McKeown said. People who ate this much whole grain had better insulin sensitivity and were less likely to have the metabolic syndrome, she said.
Type-2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease, occurs when the action of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels becomes blunted.
Type-2 diabetes is on the rise in the
Low-carbohydrate diets are all the rage these days, and there is some evidence that a low-carb diet may improve insulin sensitivity in obese people. Overweight and obese people often develop insulin resistance, a precursor to full-fledged type-2 diabetes.
But not all carbohydrates are created equal. Some research suggests that people who consume lots of whole-grain foods and fiber have more healthy insulin levels.
Now, McKeown and her colleagues report that people who eat large amounts of whole-grain foods may be less likely to develop conditions that increase the risk of diabetes.
In a study of more than 2,800 adults, higher consumption of whole-grain foods, particularly cereals, was associated with a lower risk of insulin resistance. The study also found that people who ate more fiber from cereals were less likely to develop the metabolic syndrome.
The findings, which come from data obtained in the ongoing
"Adding whole grain food to our diet does not require dramatic changes in our eating patterns, and there could be substantial health benefits," McKeown said. For instance, people can increase their consumption of whole grains by switching from white bread to whole-grain bread and by choosing brown rice instead of white rice, she said.
"But identifying whole grain products is not always that simple," McKeown cautioned. She said consumers may be deceived by breads labeled "nine-grain," "rye bread" or "made with whole grain." Breads with these labels are in fact primarily made with refined wheat flour, not whole grains, she said.
"Consumers need to carefully examine the food labels in order to identify whole grain products," McKeown said. Whole grain products should list a whole grain ingredient, such as "whole wheat," "whole rye," "whole-oats" or "graham flour," as the first ingredient on the label, she said.
SOURCE: Diabetes Care, February 2004. |
दौरान यह अवधारणा शुरू हुई, मनीष पांडे ने आखिरी गेंद पर हमारे लिए खेल जीता ... हमारे मीडिया मैनेजर ने मुझसे पूछा कि क्या मैं यह साक्षात्कार कर सकता हूं और मजाक में यह काम शुरू हुआ जो बाद मेंचहल टीवी बन गया, चहल टीवी को बहुत अच्छी प्रतिक्रिया मिली इसलिए यह हर मैच के बाद नियमित होता चला गया जिसमें कुछ गंभीर सवाल मजाकिया अंदाज के साथ पूछे जाते थे। रतन इंडिया एंटरप्राइजेज लिमिटेड से 150 करोड़ रुपये की फंडिंग के उनके निवेश से न केवल भारत भर में बल्कि अन्य दक्षिण एशियाई बाजारों में कंपनी के विस्तार की योजना बनाई है। रिवोल्ट इलेक्ट्रिक मोटरसाइकिल आरवी 400 की कीमत बढ़कर 1.04 लाख रुपये हो गई है। गर्मियों में ऐसे रहें फैशनेबल और कंफर्टेबल! हेनरी निकोलस का अर्धशतक: 17.4 ओवर में कुलदीप यादव को चौका मारते हुए हेनरी निकोल्स ने अपना अर्धशतक पूरा किया. 59 गेंद में उन्होंने यह मुकाम हासिल किया. ओवर में आए कुल 13 रन. 18 ओवर के बाद न्यूजीलैंड का स्कोर 1041, हेनरी निकोल्स (53) और टॉम ब्लंडेल (7) खर्च का तकनीकी विकल्प हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तर प्रदेश मैनपुरी प्रकृति के साथ जीने से शरीर निरोग रहता है: राज्य प्रभारी हरलाखी विधानसभा उपचुनाव के लिए कांग्रेस के</s> |
Summary and Analysis
Chapter 25 - A New Life
Moll and Jemmy had their goods placed in a warehouse. Then Moll inquired after her mother and her brother, who was once her husband. She discovered that her mother had died, but that her brother was still alive, information which brought her no pleasure. Worse still, Moll learned that he no longer lived on the plantation where the three of them had once lived, but now lived with one of his sons near the very warehouse where Moll and Jemmy had stored their belongings.
Moll decided to cautiously take a look at the plantation and see her brother, since she felt sure he would not now recognize her. She met a woman who pointed out the plantation, and Moll proceeded toward the place. The woman also pointed out the owner, whom Moll knew to be her son, and the old gentleman, who was once her husband. She felt a mixture of joy and fright upon seeing them, but then realized she did not need to be so cautious since the old gentleman was nearly blind. Moll suddenly understood how terrible it was for a mother to see her son pass by and not be able to speak to him. Moll threw herself on the ground weeping and kissed the spot where her son had walked. The woman, perceiving Moll's troubled condition and acting to divert her, told her the story about the two gentlemen. It was, of course, a story quite familiar to Moll, for it was about her own life with her mother and brother. Moll was quite moved by the account, but acted astonished so that she could question the woman for further details. Moll learned that her mother had left her some money and her plantation, in trust with her grandson. Now Moll wondered how and when, or even whether, she should make herself known so as to collect her inheritance.
Jemmy perceived that Moll was very worried about something and insisted that she tell him about it. Therefore, Moll was forced to tell him some part of the story.
Events seem to be moving in Moll's favor, if she could only clear up the problem of her brother. |
CME’s Donohue unmoved by exchange consolidation
The tables have turned for Craig Donohue. Until recently the Chicago Mercantile Exchange was seen as the chief aggressor in the global battle for bourse market share. Now, as rivals announce ever-more grandiose consolidation plans, the CME’s chief executive is standing firm on his strategy for organic growth. Helen Avery reports.
CRAIG DONOHUE, CHIEF executive of CME Group, is surprisingly calm as he speaks to Euromoney in his office on South Wacker Drive in Chicago. That day press reports emerge of Nasdaq preparing for a counter-bid for NYSE Euronext, with rumours circulating of a tie-up with the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) to do so. Exchange merger frenzy is in full flow. Since the start of the year Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext have announced talks to join up to form the world’s largest exchange. The London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (TMX Group) have announced plans to merge. US-based Bats Global Markets has bid for fellow private venue operator Chi-X Europe. The head of Vienna’s exchange, the Wiener Börse, has said he is looking to merge with exchanges in central and eastern Europe. In Russia, Moscow’s two largest exchanges, Micex and RTS, are in talks to merge. And the Singapore Exchange is still in talks with the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) after making a bid for it last year.
Donohue seems unperturbed by all this activity. "Are we under pressure to consolidate further? That’s not the way we are managing our business strategy," he says. |
- Trending Categories
- Data Structure
- Operating System
- C Programming
- Selected Reading
- UPSC IAS Exams Notes
- Developer's Best Practices
- Questions and Answers
- Effective Resume Writing
- HR Interview Questions
- Computer Glossary
- Who is Who
Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs in a cell?
(a) Golgi apparatus
(c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: (c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules found within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane.
It is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, such as protein and lipid synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a type of cell organelle made up of two subunits –
the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs in a cell.
- Find paths from corner cell to middle cell in maze in C++
- Working Principle of Voltaic Cell (Galvanic Cell)
- C++ Program to find out the maximum number of moves to reach a unblocked cell to another unblocked cell in a grid
- Cell fusion in Python
- How do we display a table cell in HTML
- Java Program to enable cell selection in a JTable
- Update the content of a specific cell in MySQL
- In dynamic fashion setting a custom class to a cell in a row
- Check if a cell can be visited more than once in a String in C++
- How to set a value in a particular JTable cell with Java?
- Java Program to retrieve the value from a cell in a JTable
- How to annotate each cell of a heatmap in Seaborn?
- Final cell position in the matrix in C++
- How can we add/insert a JRadioButton to a JTable cell in Java?
- How to create a Default Cell Editor that uses a JCheckBox in Java?
- How to create a Default Cell Editor that uses a JComboBox in Java? |
The largest battery system for a ship currently built, stores several MWh of electric energy. The consequences of fire in such a system can be catastrophic. The Norwegian Maritime Authority recently published its Circular on “Guidelines for chemical energy storage – maritime battery systems” ensuring that “…battery systems maintain the same level of safety as ships with conventional operation”. Knowledge about the safety performance, gas emissions and fire behaviour is hence strongly needed for large Li-ion battery systems.
These are key topics in the BattMarine project, which will during 2018-2022 contribute to ensure reliable, safe and economic use of batteries for maritime applications. The research partners in BattMarine are Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) (coordinator), RISE Fire Research i Trondheim, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Industry partners play key roles, for instance by ensuring that the project investigates battery cells which are relevant to the industry.
BattMarine will conduct fire testing and testing of thermal stability of selected Li-ion cells. Fire propagation and fire properties of battery cells and modules will be studied during thermal runaway, by using a cone calorimeter and large scale experimental setups. Based on the experimental results, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for fire propagation will be developed. Life cycle testing and comparison of new and aged batteries will also be in focus.
BattMarine is funded by the Research Council of Norway, program ENERGIX, project number 281005, as well as by industry partners. The project is coordinated by Institute for Energy Technology (IFE).
For more information, please contact us. |
चाहते हैं कि उन्हें देखा और सुना जाए, बल्कि ये लोग उस निडर पीढ़ी के हैं जो अपनी राय स्पष्ट रूप से देते हैं! इसीलिए उन्हें एक ऐसे फ़ोन की ज़रूरत है जो उन्हें वैसा ही कंटेंट तैयार करने में मदद करता है जिस तरह से वे चाहते हैं! यहीं 12 उपयोगी है और विशेषकर उन लोगों की मदद करता है जो जीना चाहते हैं ज़िंदगी. साथ में समाचारों के माध्यम से उन्हें देश दुनिया की खबरों से भी अवगत कराते हैं। उन्होंने पुलिस प्रशासन से केबल नेटवर्क के कर्मियों को आवश्यक सेवा कर्मी का दर्जा दिए जाने और उनके साथ अभद्रता न किए जाने की मांग की। गोपालगंज कांड के बाद एक्टिव मोड में पुलिस, डीआइजी ने की बैठक विकास कार्यों की प्राथमिकता से बनी रही कुर्सी शुक्रवार को जब महिला का पति काम पर गया हुआ था उस वक़्त महिला अपने बच्चों के साथ घर पर अकेली थी महिला के जेठ को इसकी जानकारी थी पति के घर से काम पर जाने के बाद जेठ ने इस बात का फायदा उठाया व जबरदस्ती महिला के घर घुस गया, और उसने महिला के साथ दुष्कर्म की घटना को अंजाम दे दिया जिस वक़्त ये घटना हुई उस वक़्त महिला</s> |
से शाम साढ़े 5 बजे के बीच किया जाएगा. परीक्षा 2 घंटे की थी. आधिकारिक नोटिफिकेशन के मुताबिक सीएसआईआर नेट 2019 का रिजल्ट 31 दिसंबर 2019 को जारी किया जाएगा. उम्मीदवार रिजल्ट जारी होने के बाद उसे आधिकारिक वेबसाइट से डाउनलोड कर सकेंगे. पीएम मोदी के संसदीय क्षेत्र में फूंका गया वित्त मंत्री अरुण जेटली पुतला हॉटलाइन फेसबुक के एक छोटे ग्रुप की तरफ से आता है जिसका नाम न्यू प्रोडक्ट एक्सपेरिमेंटेशन टीम है. आनेवाले समय में यूजर्स आसानी से किसी के भी लाइव इवेंट को ऑडियो के जरिए सुन पाएंगे. कटनी। कटनी जिले में कोरोना संक्रमण से 11वीं मौत हो गई है। जानकारी के मुताबिक नगर निगम कटनी के पूर्व डिप्टी कमिश्नर गांधीगंज निवासी गोकुल प्रसाद खरे का कल देर रात जिला अस्पताल में कोरोना संक्रमण से निधन हो गया। उन्होंने बताया कि हाथ करघा संघ के माध्यम से प्रदेश के 502 महिला स्वसहायता समूहों से आठ करोड़ 33 लाख रूपए के लगभग 48 लाख सेट गणवेश तैयार कराया गया। स्कूलों के लिए गणवेश सिलाई कार्य से राज्य में 502 महिला स्वसहायता समूहों की चार हजार 950 महिलाओं को रोजगार मिल रहा है। बांग्लादेश के आपदा प्रबंधन मामलों के मंत्री तपन चौधरी ने बीबीसी को बताया कि उनके विभाग</s> |
है। सुरेश चौधरी ने बताया कि जो जिम्मेदारी उन्हें सौंपी गई है वह पूरी लगन से उसका निर्वहन करेंगे। डीएम ने जारी की एडवाइजरी, दो अप्रैल तक सभी कांफ्रेंस मीटिंग रद नई नियुक्ति : संदीप इंडियन ऑयल, राजेश ओएनजीसी के निदेशक आम आदमी पार्टी के संयोजक अरविंद केजरीवाल ने गैंगरेप की घटना के विरोध में हुए प्रदर्शन के दौरान घायल पुलिस कांस्टेबल सुभाष तोमर की मौत पर दुख जाहिर करते हुए कहा कि इस मामले में किसी निर्दोष को फंसाया नहीं जाना चाहिए। दाऊद के खिलाफ डोजियर में दुबई और लंदन में उसकी कई इमारतों, होटल और व्यावसायिक भवनों का पूरा ब्योरा है। यह ब्योरा संयुक्त राष्ट्र को भी सौंपा गया है। साथ ही पाकिस्तान से भी दाऊद का काला चिट्ठा साझा किया गया है। यही वजह रही कि ईडी के अधिकारियों ने ब्रिटेन, यूएई समेत कई देशों का दौरा कर डॉन की संपत्ति से जुड़े दस्तावेज उन देशों के अधिकारियों के सामने रखे हैं। संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा वैश्विक आतंकी घोषित करने के कारण सभी देशों पर यह जिम्मेदारी है कि वह उसकी संपत्तियों को जब्त करें या उसे किसी बैंकिंग लेनदेन की इजाजत न दें। पुलिस ने आरोपित को अदालत में पेश किया। अदालत ने आरोपित को एक दिन</s> |
विवि में प्रथम यूनिट का टेस्ट अव फोटोः रविवि की लगाएं रायपुर। नईदुनिया प्रतिनिधि कॉलेजविश्वविद्यालयों में डेढ़ महीने पढ़ाई का शेड्यूल बिगड़ गया है। राजभवन की समन्वय समिति के अनुसार तय शेड्यूल के हिसाब से अभी तक कॉलेजविश्वविद्यालयों में प्रथम सत्र की आं आयुष्मान भारतनेशनल हेल्थ प्रोटेक्शन मिशन के तहत आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर परिवारों को चिह्नित किया गया है। बरेली में ऐसे परिवारों की संख्या एक लाख 30 हजार है। इन परिवारों का कार्ड बनाया गया है, जिसमें परिवार के सभी सदस्यों के नाम भी शामिल हैं। कार्ड होल्डर परिवार का कोई भी सदस्य किसी गंभीर बीमारी से ग्रसित होता है, तो उसे चिह्नित हॉस्पिटल में सिर्फ कार्ड दिखाना होगा, जिसके बाद एक रुपए दिए बिना ही इलाज शुरू हो जाएगा। इलाज के लिए भर्ती होने से लेकर डिस्चार्ज होने के बाद तक का खर्च शामिल है। लक्सर में 50 हैंडपम्प लगने हैं इनमें से 25 स्वीकृत किए जा चुके हैं। क्षतिग्रस्त पेयजल लाईन् का नवीनीकरण की डीपीआर बन गई है। गंगा नदी में वायरक्रेट का निर्माण स्वीकृत किया जा चुका है। रामपुर रायहट्टी गांव में बाढ़ सुरक्षा, नाबार्ड के तहत जल वितरण प्रणाली, जीआई सी निरंजनपुर में चारदीवारी व प्रयोगशाला का निर्माण किया जाना है। पार्किंग के लिए</s> |
लगा है। इसको देखते हुए लोगों ने सीओ को सूचना दी। कटाव की गति तीव्र होने से पूरे टोले पर खतरा मंडरा रहा है। ग्रामीणों के लगातार सूचना के बाद जब सीओ कटावस्थल पर नहीं पहुंचे तो आक्रोशित ग्रामीण गांव से निकल कर केवटसा स्थित एनएच 57 पर पहुंचे व सड़क को जाम कर प्रदर्शन करने लगे। सीओ पवन कुमार ने बताया कि कटावरोधी कार्य करने के लिए जल संसाधन विभाग को स्थल निरीक्षण करने का आग्रह किया गया। एनएच जाम के एक घंटे बाद जल संसाधन विभाग की टीम वहां पहुंची। स्थल निरीक्षण के बाद अविलंब कटावरोधी कार्य शुरू करने का आश्वासन दिया जिसके बाद ग्रामीणों ने एनएच से जाम हटाया। नहीं हो रहा है। 26 सितंबर को चौथी हनी ट्रैप गैंग पार्ट4 का खुलासा भोपाल के निशातपुरा थाना क्षेत्र में हुआ है. पुलिस को मुखबिर ने सूचना दी थी कि मुनमुन शादी हाल के पीछे राजवंश कॉलोनी में एक महिला किराये के मकान में सेक्स रैकेट का संचालन कर रही है. इस सूचना के बाद पुलिस ने घेराबंदी कर सात महिलाओं और पांच पुरुष को आपत्तिजनक स्थिति में गिरफ्तार किया. आरोपियों के पास से 13 मोबाइल फोन जब्त किए गए. सभी महिलाएं भोपाल की रहने वाली हैं. ये</s> |
The minute the locked tubs leave your sight, you are relying on an army of other people to make sure they aren't unlocked while you aren't looking and the ballots switched, so no, you can't verify the paper trail when you vote.
With an end-to-end verifiable paper ballot protocol like punchscan and integrity, however, you (individually, without relying on an army of eyeballs to preserve chain-of-custody) can verify that the vote count is accurate because throughout the election (from the printing of the ballots to the scanning of the ballots to the final vote tallies) enough information is made public about the ballots and how they are marked that it is impossible for the election authority to steal more than a few votes without being caught. The probability of one vote being stolen without being detected is 1/2, 2 votes 1/4, 3 votes 1/8, and so on. At the same time, the information revealed is not enough to determine how any individual person voted, so anonymity is preserved.
At the heart of such protocols is the concept of a cryptographic commitment. Suppose you and I want to flip a coin fairly via an email exchange. If we were face-to-face, you would call heads or tails, I would then flip the coin, and we would see who won the toss.
How do you prevent cheating in a similar exchange over email?
The key is that I flip the coin first, generate a commitment and email it to you, then you call heads or tails, and then I reveal the key that unlocks the commitment, whereupon we both know who won the toss.
How do I generate a commitment that I can't modify later? Suppose I flip the coin and it comes up heads. I then generate a 128-bit random number, concatenate "heads" to it, and calculate the SHA256 hash of that string. I send you the hash. You call heads or tails. I then send you the 128 bit random number I used, and tell you it was heads. To check me, you take the random number, concatenate heads to it, and calculate the SHA256 hash. If it matches what I originally sent you, then you know I didn't cheat. If it doesn't, then you know I tried to pull a fast one.
How do you build a paper ballot election protocol out of that? That's a longer story. If you are interested, I wrote up my explanation of it here: http://seedsofgenerality.blogspot.com/2010/09/secure-voting-protocols.html
Now I grant you that not very many people will take the time to understand how a complicated protocol like that works. But it would only take a small minority of people to vet such a scheme so that the wider population would have confidence in it. Just as it only takes a small minority of people to understand how RSA works for the rest of us to use ssh with confidence. |
Customized software development is often needed when a generic solution is not enough. New clients with a specific requirement, such as a newly designed PCB, or equipment that performs a specific task, will need the expertise and skills of our custom software developers, skills and experience that has been collected over years of providing customized software development solutions for other clients.
Using Applied Software Engineering (ASE) for your customized software development is a flexible solution. Our customized software developers can be supplied as outsourced software engineers or we can take the customized software development element of your project in-house and supply an embedded software design which will be developed by our customized software developers and delivered as part of your project.
Whichever way you choose to use our resources, you will have the confidence of knowing that you are dealing with one of the UK’s leading software engineering companies with a reputation for quality and customer support. We operate across a wide variety of industries, which gives us the advantage, and you the benefit, of applying the principles of solutions that have proved successful in other industry sectors but are not immediately obvious in your own. This cross-pollination of of proven worth brings added value to what we believe is a unique approach to customized software development and allows us to feel confident in our ability to make a positive contribution. If you would like to discuss your customized software development needs or speak to one of our customized software developers, please contact us. |
Eat Healthy – Enjoy Saturated Fat
Have you heard the news? It turns out that saturated fat isn’t so unhealthy after all.
Dr. Arne Astrup, Head of the Department of Human Nutrition at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, is urging Canadian Dietitians to reexamine their views on saturated fat in our diet. He suggests that rather than being the cause of so many health problems, like heart disease, it actually has more of a neutral effect on the risk of cardiovascular disease. To those who follow alternative medicine, the idea that the food matrix in which saturated fat exists is potentially more important than the amount of saturated fat in a food isn’t new. Different types of foods and nutrients need each other in order to benefit us. The best example is that our bodies need sufficient levels of vitamin D to help us absorb calcium efficiently.
Cheese lovers rejoice. Although cheese may contain saturated fat, other components within it, such as protein and calcium may produce an overall beneficial effect for cardiovascular health.
Dr. Astrup also points out that while some benefits can be achieved by replacing some saturated fat with the polyunsaturated kind, it really depends on the fat sources. According to Dr. Astrup, there is not enough evidence to substantiate that replacing saturated fat with monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil) or carbohydrates actually reduces cardiovascular disease. The evidence he presents suggests that replacing saturated fat with carbohydrates may actually increase cardiovascular risk, unless the carbs are from whole grain/fibre-rich sources. Dr. Astrup’s observation supports the concept that it is the entire food matrix which must be studied to determine any relationship with cardiovascular disease.
Dr. Astrup’s conclusions are part of his “State of knowledge in 2010 of Saturated fat and CVD,” which he presented at the Symposium on Nutrition and Health organized by Registered Dietitians with Dairy Farmers of Canada. Dr. Astrup’s presentation includes evidence from 20 recently published scientific papers.
“For the past three decades, saturated fat has been regarded as a major culprit with respect to cardiovascular disease. However, new evidence, from better designed studies, suggests that this may not be the case,” said Dr. Astrup. “The evidence also suggests the food in which saturated fat exists may be more important than just looking at the amount of saturated fat in isolation.” Dr. Astrup recommends that future studies should assess whole foods (the food matrix) rather than single nutrients when studying their effect on CVD risk.
As interesting as these preliminary conclusions are, it’s important to remember that the theory deserves more testing. Personally speaking, I can completely see Dr. Astrup’s argument; I think it makes a lot of sense. But, as those working in the field of alternative medicine will tell you: everyone needs to be assessed as an individual. What makes sense for one may not be very helpful at all to another. I’ll keep following this story, and let you know what other conclusions come out of it. |
को मोबाइल फोन के जरिए अपने संबोधन में कहा कि कालेधन के खिलाफ भाजपा लड़ाई लड़ रही है, लेकिन सभी विपक्षी एकजुट हैं. सीईओ की जांच में एक के बजाय तीन खेत तालाब जेसीबी मशीन से खुदाई करना पाए गए। सीईओ हालू ने बताया कि ग्राम में तीन तालाब जेसीबी मशीन से हाल ही में बनाना पाया गया है। हितग्राहियों ने स्वयं जेसीबी से कार्य करने की बात कही है। वहीं पंचायत सचिव दिनेश खर्ते, उपयंत्री अशोक जमरे व रोजगार सहायक मगन डुडवे को मशीन से काम होने की कोई जानकारी नहीं है। अखिल भारतीय विद्यार्थी परिषद के विभाग संयोजक उपेंद्र यादव ने बजट को छात्र विरोधी करार दिया है। उन्होंने कहा कि विद्यार्थियों, युवाओं, बेरोजगारों के लिए कोई प्रावधान नहीं किया गया है। सरगुजा, बलरामपुर जिले में अभी तक विद्यार्थियों को छात्रवृत्ति नहीं मिली है। बालिका सुरक्षा के लिए भी कोई प्रावधान नहीं किया गया है। सूत्रों ने बताया कि विनोद खन्ना के तीसरे बेटे साक्षी को भंसाली लांच करेंगे और फिल्म का निर्देशन मुकेश छाबड़ा के जिम्मे होगा। भंसाली इससे पहले अनिल कपूर की बेटी सोनम कपूर और ऋषि कपूर के बेटे रणबीर कपूर को वर्ष 2007 में सांवरिया से लांच कर चुके हैं। इसके अलावा भाजपा नेता</s> |
In the traditional calendar, the Feast of St Catherine of Siena falls on 30 April. This great saint did not hesitate to rebuke popes for their negligence, famously calling on one to resign if he would not or could not do his duty to root out “bad priests who poison and rot that garden” (the Church).
Today, more than ever, we need to seek the intercession of St Catherine of Siena, for the contemporary popes, especially our current Pope, Francis.
Share your favourite prayers, novenas, quotes, information about St Catherine, to help us to learn more about this great saint and Doctor of the Church. What does she teach us, that we can use for the betterment of the Church at this time of crisis?
Every nation has the right to distinguish, by country of origin, who can migrate to it and apply appropriate immigration policies, according to the great medieval scholar and saint Thomas Aquinas.
In a surprisingly contemporary passage of his Summa Theologica, Aquinas noted that the Jewish people of Old Testament times did not admit visitors from all nations equally, since those peoples closer to them were more quickly integrated into the population than those who were not as close.
Some antagonistic peoples were not admitted at all into Israel due to their hostility toward the Jewish people.
The Law “prescribed in respect of certain nations that had close relations with the Jews,” the scholar noted, such as the Egyptians and the Idumeans, “that they should be admitted to the fellowship of the people after the third generation.”
Citizens of other nations “with whom their relations had been hostile,” such as the Ammonites and Moabites, “were never to be admitted to citizenship.”
“The Amalekites, who were yet more hostile to them, and had no fellowship of kindred with them, were to be held as foes in perpetuity,” Aquinas observed.
For the scholar, it seemed sensible to treat nations differently, depending on the affinity of their cultures with that of Israel as well as their historic relations with the Jewish people.
In his remarkably nuanced commentary, Aquinas also distinguished among three types of immigrants in the Israel of the Old Testament.
First were “the foreigners who passed through their land as travelers,” much like modern day visitors with a travel visa.
Second were those who “came to dwell in their land as newcomers,” seemingly corresponding to resident aliens, perhaps with a green card, living in the land but not with the full benefits of citizenship.
A third case involved those foreigners who wished “to be admitted entirely to their fellowship and mode of worship.” Even here, dealing with those who wished to integrate fully into the life and worship of Israel required a certain order, Aquinas observed. “For they were not at once admitted to citizenship: just as it was law with some nations that no one was deemed a citizen except after two or three generations.”
“The reason for this was that if foreigners were allowed to meddle with the affairs of a nation as soon as they settled down in its midst,” Aquinas logically reasoned, “many dangers might occur, since the foreigners not yet having the common good firmly at heart might attempt something hurtful to the people.”
In other words, Aquinas taught that total integration of immigrants into the life, language, customs and culture (including worship, in this case) was necessary for full citizenship.
It requires time for someone to learn which issues affect the nation and to make them their own, Aquinas argued. Those who know the history of their nation and have lived in it, working for the common good, are best suited to participate in decision-making about its future.
It would be dangerous and unjust to place the future of a nation in the hands of recent arrivals who do not fully understand the needs and concerns of their adoptive home.
When facing contemporary problems, modern policy makers can often benefit from the wisdom of the great saints and scholars who have dealt with versions of the same issues in ages past.
Aquinas’ reflections reveal that similar problems have existed for centuries—indeed, millennia—and that distinguishing prudently between nations and cultures doesn’t automatically imply prejudice or unfair discrimination.
Sometimes, it’s just the right thing to do. Source
It seems that St Thomas Aquinas has left himself open to being labelled “racist”.
Certainly, one of the most common criticisms of those of us who voted to leave the EU, is that we have encouraged “racism”. What do you think?
In the Autobiography which she completed towards the end of her life, Saint Teresa of Avila gives us a description of her parents, along with a disparaging estimate of her own character. “The possession of virtuous parents who lived in the fear of God, together with those favors which I received from his Divine Majesty, might have made me good, if I had not been so very wicked.” A heavy consciousness of sin was prevalent in sixteenth-century Spain, and we can readily discount this avowal of guilt. What we are told of Teresa’s early life does not sound in the least wicked, but it is plain that she was an unusually active, imaginative, and sensitive child. Her parents, Don Alfonso Sanchez de Capeda and Dona Beatriz Davila y Ahumada, his second wife, were people of position in Avila, a city of Old Castile, where Teresa was born on March 28, 1515. There were nine children of this marriage, of whom Teresa was the third, and three children of her father’s first marriage.
Piously reared as she was, Teresa became completely fascinated by stories of the saints and martyrs, as was her brother Roderigo, who was near her own age and her partner in youthful adventures. Once, when Teresa was seven, they made a plan to run away to Africa, where they might be beheaded by the infidel Moors and so achieve martyrdom. They set out secretly, expecting to beg their way like the poor friars, but had gone only a short distance from home when they were met by an uncle and brought back to their anxious mother, who had sent servants into the streets to search for them. She and her brother now thought they would like to become hermits, and tried to build themselves little cells from stones they found in the garden. Thus we see that religious thoughts and influences dominated the mind of the future saint in childhood.
Teresa was only fourteen when her mother died, and she later wrote of her sorrow in these words: “As soon as I began to understand how great a loss I had sustained by losing her, I was very much afflicted; and so I went before an image of our Blessed Lady and besought her with many tears that she would vouchsafe to be my mother.” Visits from a girl cousin were most welcome at this time, but they had the effect of stimulating her interest in superficial things. Reading tales of chivalry was one of their diversions, and Teresa even tried to write romantic stories. “These tales,” she says in her Autobiography, “did not fail to cool my good desires, and were the cause of my falling insensibly into other defects. I was so enchanted that I could not be happy without some new tale in my hands. I began to imitate the fashions, to enjoy being well dressed, to take great care of my hands, to use perfumes, and wear all the vain ornaments which my position in the world allowed.” Noting this sudden change in his daughter’s personality, Teresa’s father decided to place her in a convent of Augustinian nuns in Avila, where other young women of her class were being educated. This action made Teresa aware that her danger had been greater than she knew. After a year and a half in the convent she fell ill with what seems to have been a malignant type of malaria, and Don Alfonso brought her home. After recovering, she went to stay with her eldest sister, who had married and gone to live in the country. Then she visited an uncle, Peter Sanchez de Capeda, a very sober and pious man. At home once more, and fearing that an uncongenial marriage would be forced upon her, she began to deliberate whether or not she should undertake the religious life. Reading the <Letters of St. Jerome>, helped her to reach a decision. St. Jerome’s realism and ardor were akin to her own Castilian spirit, with its mixture of the practical and the idealistic. She now announced to her father her desire to become a nun, but he withheld consent, saying that after his death she might do as she pleased. Click here to read more
It’s easy to write off St Teresa of Avila as a “role model” for religious only, and contemplative religious at that.Yet, the story of her life contains lessons on all sorts of levels, applicable to all of us, priests, religious and lay people. What, then, does she teach us? The importance of prayer, certainly, but what, precisely do we learn from her about prayer, and what other lessons can we draw from her life? |
Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) has acquired a 49% stake in luxury hotel group Rocco Forte Hotels.
According to The Financial Times, the $700bn fund plans to help the hotel chain double its size in the next five years, with the addition of new hotels in the Middle East, Italy, and the US.
Rocco Forte Hotels was founded by Rocco Forte and his sister Olga Polizzi in 1996.
The group of 14 hotels in Europe is valued at £1.2bn ($1.30bn) and including the debt, the enterprise value stands at £1.4bn, according to people familiar with the details.
Forte, in partnership with Polizzi, will maintain control with a majority stake of 51%.
He will remain as executive chairman while Polizzi will continue as deputy chairman.
How well do you really know your competitors?
Access the most comprehensive Company Profiles on the market, powered by GlobalData. Save hours of research. Gain competitive edge.
Your download email will arrive shortly
Not ready to buy yet? Download a free sample
We are confident about the unique quality of our Company Profiles. However, we want you to make the most beneficial decision for your business, so we offer a free sample that you can download by submitting the below formBy GlobalData
As part of the agreement, the Italian sovereign wealth fund CDP Equity, which held a 23% stake, will divest from the business, along with four of Rocco Forte’s five sisters.
PIF will invest in the brand’s expansion in existing and new markets using primary equity, leveraging the group’s history of growth and development.
This includes the group’s opening or plan to open eight new properties in recent years.
PIF deputy governor and head of the international investments division Turqi Al Nowaiser said: “Our investment in Rocco Forte Hotels reflects PIF’s confidence in both the commercial opportunity and strength of the international hospitality and tourism industries that have shown remarkable resilience in recent years.”
Forte said: “PIF is an excellent partner for us going forward. We have established an extremely good relationship during the course of our negotiations.
“They share the same vision for the brand and the future strategy of the group with the same ambition to take a long-term view. I look forward to working with PIF to expand the group and improve the high level of service we offer our customers.”
Rocco Forte Hotels plans to open three additional hotels in 2024 and 2025. |
) और रणबीर कपूर ( ) के फैंस के लिए एक बड़ी खुश खबरी सामने आई है। कहा जा रहा है कि रणबीर कपूर और दीपिका जल्द ही लव रंजन की अगली फिल्म में एक साथ दिखेंगे। लव रंजन की अगली फिल्म में रणबीर कपूर और अजय देवगन लीड रोल में नजर आएंगे। दीपिका पादुकोण फीमेल लीड रोल निभाएंगी। अचार और कैंडी से सुराग! दिल्ली के ऑलराउंडर खिलाड़ी ने कहा, केकेआर को उसके घर पर देंगे मात पुरानी रंजीश में मारपीट करने वाले 7 अभियुक्तों को कोतवाली पुलिस ने किया गिरफ्तार कांग्रेस ने कहाअब रमन ने चलाया वंशवाद : पश्चिम बंगाल में भवानीपुर विधानसभा सीट के लिए गुरुवार को हुए उपचुनाव में मतदान प्रतिशत सामान्य रहा. गौरतलब है कि नंदीग्राम सीट से विधानसभा चुनाव हारने के बाद मुख्यमंत्री ममता बनर्जी ( ) इस सीट से चुनाव लड़ रही हैं. अधिकारियों ने बताया कि शाम 5 बजे तक 53.32 प्रतिशत मतदान हुआ. निर्वाचन आयोग ने बताया कि शाम छह बजे तक कितना मतदान हुआ इसका आंकड़ा शुक्रवार को उपलब्ध होगा. उन्होंने बताया कि मुर्शिदाबाद जिले की समसेरगंज सीट और जांगीपुर सीट पर क्रमश: 78.60 प्रतिशत और 76.12 प्रतिशत का उच्च मतदान दर दर्ज की गई है. अप्रैलमई के विधानसभा चुनाव के</s> |
Wobble, shimmy, tank-slapper, speed wobble, and even death wobble are all words and phrases used to describe a quick (4–10 Hz) oscillation of primarily just the steerable wheel(s) of a vehicle. Initially, the rest of the vehicle remains mostly unaffected, until translated into a vehicle yaw oscillation of increasing amplitude producing loss of control. Vehicles that can experience this oscillation include motorcycles and bicycles, skateboards, and in theory any vehicle with a single steering pivot point and a sufficient amount of freedom of the steered wheel, including that which exists on some light aircraft with tricycle gear where instability can occur at speeds of less than 50 mph; this does not include most automobiles. However, coil-sprung vehicles with a track bar setup such as the Jeep WJ, XJ, ZJ, TJ, and JK with both stock and after-market suspension lifts may also have this problem. The initial instability occurs mostly at high speed and is similar to that experienced by shopping cart wheels and aircraft landing gear.
Sustained oscillation has two necessary components: An underdamped second order or higher system and a positive feedback mechanism. An example of an underdamped second order system is a spring and mass system where the mass can bob up and down (oscillate) when hanging from a spring.
In two-wheeled vehicles
Wobble or shimmy begins when some otherwise minor irregularity accelerates the wheel to one side. The restoring force is applied in phase with the progress of the irregularity, and the wheel turns to the other side where the process is repeated. If there is insufficient damping in the steering the oscillation will increase until system failure. The oscillation frequency can be changed by changing the forward speed, making the bike stiffer or lighter, or increasing the stiffness of the steering, of which the rider is a main component. While wobble or shimmy can be easily remedied by adjusting speed, position, or grip on the handlebar, it can be fatal if left uncontrolled.
Since shimmy frequency is independent of bike speed, gyroscopic effects "are clearly not essential to the phenomenon." The top five influences on wobble have been found to be lateral stiffness of the front tire, steering damper, height of bike center of mass, distance of bike center of mass from rear wheel, and cornering stiffness of the front tire.
An academic paper that investigated wobble through physical experimentation and computer modeling concludes: "the influence on wobble mode of front tyre characteristics, front frame inertia and chassis stiffness were shown. In particular, it shows that [by] increasing front tire inflation, chassis stiffness, and front frame inertia about steering axis and decreasing sideslip stiffness of front tire, wobble mode damping is improved, promoting vehicle stability."
- Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
- Caster flutter
- Hunting oscillation
- Vehicle dynamics
- Hough, David L. (2000). "Glossary". Proficient Motorcycling: The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well (2nd ed.). USA: BowTie Press. p. 253. ISBN 1-889540-53-6. "tank slapper: a speed wobble so severe that the handlebars bang alternately against the sides of the fuel tank"
- Wilson, David Gordon; Jim Papadopoulos (2004). Bicycling Science (Third Edition ed.). The MIT Press. pp. 263–390. ISBN 0-262-73154-1.
- Cossalter, Vittore (2006). Motorcycle Dynamics (Second Edition ed.). Lulu.com. pp. 241–342. ISBN 978-1-4303-0861-4.
- Kettler, Bill (2004-09-15). "Crash kills cyclist". Mail Tribune. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
- Manfred Plöchl; Johannes Edelmann, Bernhard Angrosch, & Christoph Ott (7 Jul 2011). "On the wobble mode of a bicycle". Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility (Taylor & Francis) 50 (3): 415–429. doi:10.1080/00423114.2011.594164. ISSN 0042-3114.
- Mauro, Salvador; Fabris, Davide (May 27–28, 2004). "Study of stability of a two wheeled vehicle through experiments on the road and in laboratory" (PDF). Modena, Italy. Retrieved 2008-08-31. |
Application of a vacuum pump using a foam dressing to a wound
Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a therapeutic technique using a vacuum dressing to promote healing in acute or chronic wounds and enhance healing of first and second degree burns. The therapy involves the controlled application of sub-atmospheric pressure to the local wound environment, using a sealed wound dressing connected to a vacuum pump. The use of this technique in wound management increased dramatically over the 1990s and 2000s and a large number of studies have been published examining NPWT. NPWT appears to be useful for diabetic ulcers and management of the open abdomen (laparotomy) but further research is required for other wound types.
NPWT promotes wound healing by applying a vacuum through a special sealed dressing. The continued vacuum draws out fluid from the wound and increases blood flow to the area. The vacuum may be applied continuously or intermittently, depending on the type of wound being treated and the clinical objectives. Typically, the dressing is changed two to three times per week. The dressings used for the technique include open-cell foam dressings and gauze, sealed with an occlusive dressing intended to contain the vacuum at the wound site. Where NPWT devices allow delivery of fluids, such as saline or antibiotics to irrigate the wound, intermittent removal of used fluid supports the cleaning and drainage of the wound bed.
General technique for NPWT is as follows: a dressing or filler material is fitted to the contours of a wound (which is covered with a non-adherent dressing film) and the overlying foam is then sealed with a transparent film. A drainage tube is connected to the dressing through an opening of the transparent film. A vacuum tube is connected through an opening in the film drape to a canister on the side of a vacuum pump. or vacuum source, turning an open wound into a controlled, closed wound while removing excess fluid from the wound bed to enhance circulation and remove wound fluids. This creates a moist healing environment and reduces edema. The technique is usually used with chronic wounds or wounds that are expected to present difficulties while healing (such as those associated with diabetes).
Three types of filler material are used over the wound surface: open-cell foam, gauze and transparent film, or honeycombed textiles with a dimpled wound contact surface.
Foam dressings are used to fill open cavity wounds and can be cut to size to fit wounds. The foam dressing is applied, filling the wound and then a film drape is applied over the top to create a seal around the dressing.
Open weave cotton gauze can be covered with a transparent film, and a flat drain is sandwiched in gauze and placed onto the wound. The film drape covers the wound and create a complete seal, and then the drain is connected to the pump via the tubing.
Layers of non-woven polyester, joined by a silicone elastomer, has a non-adherent wound contact surface made up of numerous small semi-rigid dome structures, though this solution has not completed a clinical trial as of December 2012.
With all three techniques, once the dressing is sealed the vacuum pump can be set to deliver continuous or intermittent pressures, with levels of pressure depending on the device used, varying between −125 and −75 mmHg depending on the material used and patient tolerance. Pressure can be applied constantly or intermittently.
The dressing type used depends on the type of wound, clinical objectives and patient. For pain sensitive patients with shallow or irregular wounds, wounds with undermining or explored tracts or tunnels, gauze may be used, while foam may be cut easily to fit a patient’s wound that has a regular contour and perform better when aggressive granulation formation and wound contraction is the desired goal.
A 2007 Cochrane Review stated that the evidence comparing NPWT to alternative care was flawed and required more study, but the evidence did support improved healing and called for more, better quality research to be conducted. A 2010 systematic review found "consistent evidence of the benefit of NPWT" in the treatment of diabetic ulcers of the feet. Results for bedsores were "conflicting" and research on "mixed wounds" was of poor quality, but promising. The review did not find evidence of increased significant complications. The review concluded "There is now sufficient evidence to show that NPWT is safe, and will accelerate healing, to justify its use in the treatment of diabetes-associated chronic leg wounds. There is also evidence, though of poor quality, to suggest that healing of other wounds may also be accelerated."
^Moch D, Fleischmann W, Westhauser A (1998). "Instillationsvakuumversiegelung: ein erster Erfahrungsbericht" [Instillation vacuum sealing—report of initial experiences]. Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie (in German) 115: 1197–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45774-6_279. PMID9931834.
^Morykwas, Michael J.; Argenta, Louis C.; Shelton-Brown, Erica I.; McGuirt, Wyman (1997). "Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment". Annals of Plastic Surgery38 (6): 553–62. doi:10.1097/00000637-199706000-00001. PMID9188970.
^Long, Mary Arnold; Blevins, Anne (2009). "Options in negative pressure wound therapy". Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing36 (2): 202–11. doi:10.1097/01.WON.0000347664.10217.2e. |
पांचाल के रूप में हुई। मौके पर पहुंची पुलिस ने तीनों को गंभीर हालत में अस्पताल पहुंचाया, जहां डाक्टरों ने मृत घोषित कर दिया। फॉरेंसिक विशेषज्ञ व डॉग स्क्वायड टीम मौके पर जांच कर रही है। पुलिस सोसाइटी के गार्ड, सीसीटीवी फुटेज व गांव में लगे सीसीटीवी फुटेज खंगाल रही है। सन्नी पर कई मामले दर्ज हैं। पुलिस तीनों मृतकों के आपराधिक रिकॉर्ड खंगाल रही है। सोमवार दोपहर ही घायल आया है। अभी उसका उपचार चल रहा है। बयान लेने के बाद ही घटना स्पष्ट होगी। यदि उसको घसीट के मारपीट की गई तो अपराध दर्ज कराया जाएगा और संबंधित थाने को सूचना देकर कार्रवाई कराई जाएगी। मैं अभी खुद जाकर पूरी जानकारी लेता हूं। दोनों का चयन मुख्य कोच मयमोल रॉकी ने एआईएफएफ अंतरिम तकनीकी निदेशक सावियो मेडेइरा के साथ मिलकर किया है । युवराज के मुताबिक, यदि आप टीम के कप्तान हैं और उसी टीम का कोई बल्लेबाज एक ओवर में 6 छक्के लगा रहा है तो खुश होना लाजिमी है। ये करो या मरो वाल मैच था जिसे हर हाल में जीतना था। युवराज ने ये बात 22 यारन्स के साथ बातचीत करते हुए कही। गरीब परिवार की इस लड़की में सात साल की उम्र से ही</s> |
Miss., Calif research may lead to autism treatment
Researchers in Mississippi and California say they have proven that the brain can be rewired which could translate into a treatment for autism.
The study was published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The report's co-author is Dr. Rick Lin, professor of neurobiology and anatomical sciences at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.
The findings, for now, are limited to the study's test subjects – rats. But the results have proven that these animals' brains can be rewired via intense auditory behavioral training, said Lin.
The intricacies of a brain's wiring remains one of the largest puzzles before scientific researchers who have spent years to solve pieces of the complex mechanism. Yet for every question answered, more seem to appear.
So when the UMMC team, working with scientists at the University of California in San Francisco, discovered the potential reset button, the discovery immediately drew questions of what the findings could mean for the future of autism treatments and, it is hoped, better outcomes.
The particular test subjects were injected with a drug that stimulated serotonin receptors which in turn induced autistic-like behaviors in the young rats, said Lin.
"The rats, they were just not going to play with one another," Lin said of the test subjects. "Just how a child with autism prefers to play by himself, so were these animals.
"They were also super nervous, and when we would try to excite them with noise, they would just freeze," said Lin. "That's not typical of rat."
Together with UCSF researcher Dr. Michael Merzenich the teams subjected the rats with the autistic-like behaviors to a specific set of tones and clicks that had proven in other experiments to drive plasticity, the process by which the brain changes over time, said Dr. Ian Paul, UMMC professor of psychiatry and human behavior.
"In your brain, there are cells connected to the nerves running to the ear that respond very precisely to one particular frequency of sound," said Paul, adding that the test rats were hearing the sounds at distorted frequencies and therefore not having typical responses.
"It's almost as if you hear the world completely muffled," explained Paul.
"It turns out autistic kids can have some of the same problems."
The study focused on the plasticity of the brain, asking if these neurological distortions could be reversed – or overcome – via simple forms of brain training, said Merzenich.
"Animals whose brains had been altered in all the above ways by administration [shortly after birth] of an anti-depressant drug were trained in a relatively simple but strongly behaviorally engaging listening task," said Merzenich. "Through this training, animals progressively sharpened their abilities to distinguish fine differences between the sounds that they heard."
In a nutshell, said Merzenich: This training had a dramatic impact on all of the austim-like neurological distortions in their brains.
The behavior training took about two months, said Lin. And the results were only prevalent in the male test subjects.
"We know in the general population, there's about four times more boys being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders than girls. We don't understand why there are sex differences."
The implications for treatment of autism spectrum disorders in humans are present, though researchers caution that could be some time away.
Lin said the intense nature of the training, which occurred every day for many hours over two months, would be the equivalent of two years or so in a human child's life.
And all the involved parties agree the findings are a sign of hope for the future.
"The most amazing part, the reason why this paper is so important and can bring hope to families with autistic children, is this is the first study to ever show on the animal side that the brain can be rewired after intensive auditory training," said Lin.
"What might be our future strategy on the human side is that we need to find a very supportive system to enforce these lessons with the kids," he added. "But these have to be intense interventions. We have to push much harder." |
सिर्फ सरकारी स्कूलों में पढाने वाले अतिथि शिक्षकों को बोनस अंक और प्राइवेट स्कूलों में पढाने वाले शिक्षकों को नही, क्या यह न्यायसंगत है ? और भी नये फ्रेशर्स डिग्रीधारियों का क्या ? यह तोे दोहरा मापदंड है योग्यता का। डार्क मोड फीचर को ऑन करने के लिए यूजर को मैसेंजर का लेटेस्ट वर्जन इंस्टॉल करना होगा। इसके बाद किसी भी कॉन्टेक्ट पर जाकर मून(चांद) ईमोजी भेजने से यह फीचर एक्टिवेट हो जाएगा। इस मैच में भारतीय कप्तान विराट कोहली पांच गेंदो में सिर्फ एक रन बनाकर आउट हो गए. उन्हें आदिल रशीद ने स्टंप आउट किया. कोहली टी20 इंटरनेशनल के अपने करियर में पहली बार स्टंपिंग हुए हैं. इंटरनेशनल क्रिकेट में किंग कोहली कुल पांच बार स्टंप आउट हुए हैं, जिसमें से चार बार वह लेग स्पिनर के जाल में फंसे हैं. साहेबगंज प्रखंड की जगदीशपुर पंचायत के पांच वार्ड सदस्यों ने मुखिया व उनके पति के आतंक से त्रस्त होकर पद से इस्तीफा देने की चेतावनी दी है। वार्ड सदस्यों ने इस बावत डीएम को स्पीड पोष्ट से आवेदन भेजा है। वार्ड सदस्य रवींद्र गिरि, नागेंद्र कुमार, महंगू दास, शीला देवी, अजंता देवी ने डीएम को भेजे गए आवेदन में लिख है कि मुखिया किरण कुमारी और उनके</s> |
A study being conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency will, in time, either vindicate the gas industry or provide ammunition for environmental radicals.
But "fracking," as it is known by many, has been in use for decades to fracture rock formations containing gas and oil. During that time we have heard of no serious instances of water pollution resulting from fracking.
Information from companies that have fracked nearly 25,000 wells is being studied. Data from water wells is being considered. Reports on chemicals used in thousands of fracked wells are being analyzed. That, in essence, was the EPA's progress report.
Neither EPA officials nor Obama should allow environmental radicals to sway the study or policy regarding gas and oil drilling. As the EPA itself noted in its progress report, gas will play a key role in the nation's clean energy future. Allowing biases - and that is the correct word - against it to deprive Americans of a plentiful, clean, relatively inexpensive source of fuel would be exceedingly unwise. |
As psychology locus of control essay
Free essay: the reason why i believe this is because in most cases we have control over certain events that happen in our life having an external locus of. Locus of control, studies and evaluations powerpoint presentation behaviour- locus of control as psychology, unit 2 locus of control where we believe our. An article explaining the difference between having external locus of control and internal locus of that are backed by psychology and that are presented. Stacy sharp psyc281-33 general psychology december 10th 2012 research question: locus of control external locus of control-individual believes that his/her. Role of locus of control on independent behaviour (12 marks) locus of control refers to a person’s perception of personal control over their own behaviour.
Honestly school is going to be the death of me tech project religion essay law test all due tomorrw :( just 3 more days in this hell hole albert. It is often thought that communist systems killed initiative in their people a number of related concepts in psychology—learned helplessness, locus of control. Locus of control, learned helplessness practical psychology 175,287 views 5:30 understanding rotter's theory of locus of control - duration: 1:30. Locus of control essay after completing and evaluating my responses to the locus of control assessment as psychology locus of control. Rotter (1966) proposed the idea of locus of control (loc), which is the extent to which people believe they have control over their lives people with an. Locus of control is broken down into two separate subcategories internal and external locus of control, psychology homework help essay i need help with a.
Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. The extent to which people believe they have power over events in their lives a person with an internal locus of control believes that he or she can influence events. Locus of control has been related you probably believe that you do control your own fate in filipino trait and personality psychology panukat ng pagakataong. Alexithymia and locus of control in graduation students - imran haider zaidi zaidi m naeem mohsin - scientific essay - psychology - clinic and health psychology.
Locus of control is the extent you feel in control of the events that influence your life do you make things happen, or are you at the mercy of chance. Revision notes for the as and a-level psychology social influence topic on the paper 1 exam including social support and locus of control. Locus of control is a psychological concept that refers to how strongly people believe they have control over the situations and experiences that affect their lives.
Locus of control essay in terms of psychology labels: example essay on locus of control, locus of control essay sample.
This free psychology essay on locus of control 2 is perfect for psychology students to use as an example. Locus of control report personal data the first personality assessment i did was on a 33 year old female college graduate student she is a business. The belief that events in one's life, whether good or bad, are caused by controllable factors such as one's attitude, preparation, and effort example: when the boy. How much control do you have in your myself to others until i realized the power of locus of control personality and social psychology. Read this essay on locus of control come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. Analysis of locus of control and educational level utilizing the internal control index thesis submitted to the graduate college of.
Locus of control is a theory in personality psychology referring to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Get access to locus of control essays only anti essays offers essay examples to help students the importance of locus of. Free essay: locus of control, originally conceptualized by julian rotter (1966), has been found to be critical to numerous studies within psychology, it is. |
Subsets and Splits