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Definition: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Input: At the age of eighteen there came a change in Poe's life. Until then he had been a petted child in a wealthy family. Mr. Allan did not have that affection for him which Mrs. Allan had. He did not understand the boy's peculiar and erratic nature, and was particularly displeased when he found that Edgar had run into debt at college. There was an angry scene between the two, and Edgar was told that he must leave the university and go into the counting-room. It appears that he made some attempt to tie himself down to figures and accounts and business routine; but as he had not been brought up to this kind of life, he soon tired of it, and decided to go into the world to seek his own fortune. He went to Boston, where he published a volume of poetry. In the preface to this volume, Poe says that the poems were written before he was fourteen. Though this may not be strictly true, there is little doubt that some of them were. While he was still at school he had collected enough of his poems to make a volume, and Mr. Allan had taken them up to the master of the English and Classical School to get his advice about publishing them. This gentleman advised against it on the ground that it would make Edgar conceited,--a fault from which he was already suffering. As soon as he was free to do as he pleased, therefore, it was natural that he should rewrite his poems and publish them. <sep>Which people caused Edgar discouragement?<sep>Mrs. Allan
Output: | No |
Today for the "Local Lunchbox" segment on the Von Munz Vinyl Variety Show Eric played for you: Turn It On by Whips Slow Walker s/t LP by Slow Walker Rubicon by Space Raft City Slicker by Slow Walker Turn It On by Whips Local Lunchbox is brought to you by Outpost Natural Foods. Tune in Friday on Zero Hour with Andy for your next tasty treat!
Based on that paragraph can we conclude that this sentence is true?
You will enjoy the show.
Choose your answer from: A. Yes; B. It's impossible to say; C. No; | B. |
Q: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
What are scientist looking for that they've been unable to find?, Context: Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.
A: | biological explanations |
Can we draw the following hypothesis from the context?
Context:
How to make your relationship work<br>Play together. Develop mutual interests with your partner to help your relationship grow or stay strong. It's important to have common interests other than your love for each other.
Hypothesis: In order to make your relationship work, you need to spend time apart. | No |
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Ex Input:
Critics say that is not nearly enough compared with other prescribers, such as M.D. psychiatrists or nurse practitioners who have at least six years' medical education and clinical experience. Neither Davison nor most other RxP opponents doubt the efficacy of medications. Their greatest objection is to the notion of turning psychology into a prescribing profession. In a field that has struggled long and hard to prove that mind, mood and behavior can be studied empirically, the past decade, Davison says, has seen "exciting developments" that demonstrate the validity of various psychotherapeutic interventions and the psychosocial-behavioral models on which they are based. "The timing is peculiar to abandon psychological science or to convert it to a medical science," explains Elaine M. Heiby of the University of Hawaii, who chairs a committee of the 1,000-member American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology that is concerned about the medicalization of psychology. "Making sure that practicing psychologists are giving patients interventions based on the best available psychological science should be the APA's priority," argues Emory University's Scott Lilienfeld, president of the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology (SSCP). More than any philosophical betrayal of psychology, RxP opponents fear that the movement will undermine the science they love. They believe that if prescriptive authority becomes the norm, biomedical requirements will inevitably seep into the psychology curriculum, at the expense of traditional psychological science and methodology. Lilienfeld feels that many clinical psychologists already receive inadequate training in fundamentals such as research design and evaluation. RxP opponents charge the APA with pushing its prescription-privileges agenda without adequately assessing support for it in the field. The 300-member SSCP is the only group within the APA to have taken a formal stance against prescription privileges. The APA has scheduled 30 minutes at its meeting in August for an RxP debate, but its leadership believes it already has an accurate sense of support for its RxP policy. "Except for this small vocal minority, we have just not gotten a lot of groundswell against this from members," says APA president Philip G. Zimbardo of Stanford University. With prescription privileges now a reality in one state, some RxP opponents concede that it may be too late. This year four states besides New Mexico -- Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois and Tennessee -- have pending legislation for psychologist prescription privileges. Over the past decade, 14 state legislatures have considered such laws. Between 1991 and 1997, a U.S. Department of Defense psychopharmacology demonstration project involving two to four years' training produced 10 military psychologists who can write prescriptions. <sep>Which APA president has scheduled 30 minutes at its meeting in August for an RxP debate?<sep>Scott Lilienfield
Ex Output:
No
Ex Input:
{ { plot } } In 1964 , in the peak of Beatlemania , a reluctant John Lennon is persuaded by manager Brian Epstein to meet Freddie Lennon , the father who abandoned him seventeen years earlier , with the press in attendance . When they meet , John accuses his father of abandoning him , but his father says that `` he left it up to John . '' John and Brian quickly leave the meeting . The movie then jumps to 1967 , after Brian Epstein has died . The Beatles are giving a press conference about their new film, Magical Mystery Tour . John is skeptical about the film , but Paul ( ( ( Andrew Scott convinces him to go through with the idea . John then invites his father to his mansion to live with him . Freddie Lennon arrives and meets his grandson , Julian . Sitting with his wife , John reads the criticism of Magical Mystery Tour , while comparing his wife to Brigitte Bardot , whom he says he will meet after he returns from India . John finds a letter addressed to him , with the word `` Breathe '' written on it . Later , after finding his father in a neighbor's house , Freddie reveals that he has a 19 year old girlfriend named Pauline , with whom he wants to live . Lennon accuses his father of leaving him again , and then leaves , after telling his father that he wo n't live with him anymore . After meeting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , the Beatles quickly return to London , and in a press conference they say they made a mistake when they trusted Maharishi . The journalists are curious about the Beatles new business -- Apple Records . <sep>Brian Epstein died between what two years mentioned in the story?<sep>The year the Beatles started and the year Freddie died
Ex Output:
No
Ex Input:
The cute red ball rolled over to the blue ball and said hello. The blue ball was scared and went to cry to the green ball. The green ball laughed at the blue ball. Then the green ball told the orange ball that blue ball was stupid. Most felt this was not good to do and so they punished the green ball by taking away all his air. From that day on everyone saw the air-less green ball and knew that they could not do or say any bad things. This is how the trouble started. The purple ball used the fear of everyone to become the leader that they all feared. The purple ball was mean to everyone. Until one day the red ball spoke up and got all the other colored balls together and they took the air from the purple ball and put it in the green ball. Sadly, the green ball had been without air for too long and was dead. <sep>Why was everyone afraid to say bad things?<sep>Because they saw the green was airless because he said the blue ball was stupid
Ex Output:
| No
|
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Can BskyB refuse service to any entity?, Context: BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.
BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels
What was the name of the person who joined in on the coup with Xianfeng's empress?, Context: These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade–Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title "Tongzhi" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent.
Prince Gong
Wood is a type of?, Context: New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.
| materials
|
Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Input: (OPRAH.com) -- Chris Rock is an Emmy-winning comedian, devoted husband and loving father --but it's time to get to know a new side of this funnyman. Meet Chris Rock, hair expert. It's a detour he took after an innocent carpool ride left Rock with an idea he just couldn't shake. "I was with my daughter one day, and we're in the car and she's with one of her friends in the back seat, a little white friend," he says. "She was just kind of raving about her friend's hair a little too much for my comfort [saying]: 'You've got great hair. Oh, your hair's so good.'" Not wanting to make her comments a big deal, Rock says he tried to play his them off. "[I said]: "Oh, baby, your hair's beautiful. Come on,'" he says. "If I would have really reacted, then she would have a complex about her hair." Still, Rock couldn't let it go. "It sparked something in me," he says. Oprah.com: Oprah's hair throughout the years! What Rock discovered is a $9 billion industry that affects the daily activities, wallets, self-esteem -- and even the sex lives -- of black women. Because women spend so much time and money on their hair, Rock says men are forced to adopt a hands-off policy. "You cannot touch a black woman's hair. You are conditioned not to even go there," he says. "When I was a dating guy, I dated women from different races. Anytime I was with an Asian or a Puerto Rican girl or a white girl, my hands would constantly be in their hair. <sep>Chris Rock said whenever he was with Asian, Puerto Rican, or white girl, his hand would be in particular part of those women's body. What was it?<sep>Nose
Output: | No |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
Q: Hippocrates was the first who has looked at the relationships between disease and environmental influences .
A: | The Greek physician Hippocrates , known as the father of medicine , sought a logic to sickness ; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences . |
Instructions: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Input: What place does the Armed Forces fall compared to everyone else as far as total people actively involved?, Context: The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.
Output: | 58th |
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has said he is prepared to receive detainees held by the US military at the Guantanamo Bay camp in Cuba. US President Barack Obama has ordered the closure of the controversial camp, in which around 240 inmates are held, by next year. Mr Chavez made his offer at a summit of South American and Arab countries. It is highly unlikely the Pentagon will take him up on it, however, given the poor state of US ties with Venezuela.
Based on that paragraph can we conclude that this sentence is true?
The president gets a lot of criticism
Options are:
*Yes.
*It's impossible to say.
*No. | It's impossible to say |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Q: OK, it’s time for the presidential campaigns to stop talking about women. Seriously: It isn’t helping. Last month, it was Mitt Romney’s fuzzy-math suggestion that women lost more jobs than men in the recession. Now comes the latest bid from the Obama camp, the “Life of Julia” infographic that hit the web late last week.
The graphic shows a theoretical woman at various stages of her life, and compares her lot under Obama’s policies and Romney’s, with predictable results. At 3, Julia is eligible for Head Start funds, unless those theoretical Romney budget cuts take hold! At 27, her health care plan pays for her birth control, unless Romney moves forward with that Obamacare repeal! At 42, she qualifies for a Small Business Administration loan, unless that “Romney/Ryan” budget shrinks the pot!
Continue reading below
Conservatives, naturally, have railed against Julia’s “cradle-to-grave government dependence.” The Heritage Foundation released an alternative graphic, in which Julia takes advantage of school choice, offsets her small-business expenditures with a flatter tax, and works at a Catholic school, content in the knowledge that her employer doesn’t have to pay for contraception.
But the recoil against Julia isn’t a matter of ideology: You don’t have to be hiding under the bedcovers, quivering in fear of European-style socialism, to know that life can’t be reduced to a series of events loosely bound to government policy. On MSNBC, advertising impresario Donny Deutsch, a self-described progressive, said the graphic made him feel “weak.” On the gaming website IGN, someone posted a faux infographic, filled with absurd predictions of Obama v. Romney futures. In college, this Julia gets gender reassignment surgery under Obama’s “College Is A Confusing Time” health plan. And under Romney, fundamentalist preachers ban dancing in her town.
Continue reading below
That is, perhaps, the biggest problem with Julia: She’s far too easy to mock. The choices the campaign has made for Julia’s life are meant to be universal, but amount to a milquetoast quasi-urban East Coast fantasy existence. Her career choice is “web designer.’’ (Creative but technical! Best of both worlds!) She has a child at the demographically correct age of 31. When she retires, she ties her hair in a gray bun, puts on pearls, and works in a community garden. Where’s the sense of adventure, Julia? Can’t you get a hip injury while riding your motorcycle through the Badlands?
It’s natural for campaigns to seek out everyman stand-ins, “real” people to illustrate the effects of a candidate’s policy platform. That’s why there’s always some uncomfortable-looking regular citizen waiting to get name-checked during the State of the Union Address, and why, in 2008, the McCain campaign rallied around Joe the Plumber, who complained to candidate Obama about a small-business tax hike that, in actuality, wasn’t going to affect him. (Now, Joe, whose real name is Samuel, is using the fumes from his modest celebrity to run for Congress from Ohio.)
And it’s easy to see why “Julia” seemed like a better idea than “Joe”: She can’t talk back, go rogue, or switch sides and write a tell-all book. But her faux story doesn’t offer anything especially instructive, save for the sad realization that our politics have been reduced to arguments about the lives of avatars.
Indeed, if trotting out an actual woman on the stump can feel condescending (see: the notion that Hillary Clinton supporters would somehow flock to Sarah Palin), then trying to rally women around an infographic is even worse. Women are perfectly capable of projecting policy implications onto their own lives. The GOP’s abortion battles and birth control policies spoke volumes this winter, well before Democrats hurled overzealous accusations about a “war on women.”
Trying too hard, by contrast, can be risky. A Democratic operative’s attack on Ann Romney’s stay-at-home status backfired last month, for good reason. Most women understand that real lives are too complex, too filled with choices and changes and challenges, to be reduced to snap judgments and blanket statements about where we ought to stand. We vote our own priorities, and our own pocketbooks. In that way, we’re just like men. ||||| Under President Obama: Julia is enrolled in a Head Start program to help get her ready for school. Because of steps President Obama has taken to improve programs like this one, Julia joins thousands of students across the country who will start kindergarten ready to learn and succeed.
Under Mitt Romney: The Romney/Ryan budget could cut programs like Head Start by 20%, meaning the program would offer 200,000 fewer slots per year. |||||
A: | The Obama campaign trotted out the online avatar "Julia" last week, to show how an ordinary American woman benefits from Democratic health care policies over her lifetime. Republicans gleefully pounced, calling it a perfect example of "cradle-to-grave government dependence," notes Joanna Weiss at the Boston Globe. Weiss, too, would like Julia to go away, but not for politically ideological reasons. It's because the Julia campaign is simplistic and patronizing. "You don't need to be hiding under the bedcovers, quivering in fear of European-style socialism, to know that life can’t be reduced to a series of events loosely bound to government policy," she writes. GOP critics are having a field day with the mockable Julia, who leads "a milquetoast quasi-urban East Coast fantasy existence." Trying to stir up women with an infographic is an even bigger joke. At this point, both campaigns should stop trying to talk about women, most of whom "understand that real lives are too complex, too filled with choices and changes and challenges, to be reduced to snap judgments and blanket statements about where we ought to stand." |
Definition: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Input: What source is referenced by those believing that Jesus brothers were from Joseph's previous marriage?, Context: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.
Output: | Protoevangelium of James |
You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
(CNN) Traveling to a different time zone can be very exciting. You are ready to explore and check items off your bucket list. Jet lag is probably the last thing you want to deal with.
A math model developed by a group of researchers at the University of Maryland explains why it takes you days to establish a new sleep-wake cycle when you travel east, but you may barely feel anything when going west.
Cross-time-zone travel causes disruptions in the brain's internal clock, known as the circadian rhythm. Cells in a brain region called suprachiasmatic nucleus maintain a healthy rhythm by oscillating in a synchronized manner. Known as a "pacemaker cell," these have a natural cycle slightly longer than 24 hours.
After rapid time zone shifts, these cells cannot instantly establish a rhythm appropriate to the new time zone, making it hard for people to immediately live by a new schedule.
The study , published Tuesday in the journal Chaos, uses math equations to look at how pacemaker cells in the brain resynchronize themselves to adapt to a new sleep cycle.
Michelle Girvan, co-author of the study and associate professor at the physics department of University of Maryland, said that the project is an extension of an undergraduate research program. She wanted the research to be relatable to everyday living while mathematically workable.
Modeling the brain clock with math
Think about how you set your watch forward to match the time in the destination when you head east. You would expect your brain clock to do the same for eastward trips, which basically makes you start the day earlier. But because most pacemaker cells in the internal clock have a natural cycle of 24.5 hours (longer than a day), it actually has a much easier time stretching the day than shrinking it.
The researchers worked out a math model to represent all the pacemaker cells in our brain clock and accounted for inputs such as lights and how sensitive a person is to sunlight, cloudiness, geographical latitude and seasonal factors, therefore creating new circadian rhythms over various trajectories.
The model shows that when your eastbound trip is long enough, the pacemaker cells adjust themselves to move the brain clock backward. This "wrong direction" is what makes it extra hard to recover from long-distance eastward travels. When you go east and cross nine time zones, instead of adjusting nine hours forward, the brain clock sets 15 hours backward. This is the kind of travel where jet lag is the toughest to overcome.
Even if your eastward trip is short and your internal clock manages to adjust itself forward, it still has a harder time doing so because of its 24.5-hour natural period. For instance, according to the model, it will take an average person about four days to recover from an eastward trip crossing three time zones, but only three days from a westward one.
The model also explains why different people suffer from jet lag of various severity. "Some people may have a natural circadian rhythm with a period of 24.5 hours, while others may have longer or shorter natural rhythms," said Girvan in a news release . "Our model suggests the difference between a person's natural period and 24 hours controls how they experience jet lag."
Girvan stressed that the mathematical model they used is a greatly simplified one. "We want to see people push this further in terms of the model parameters and biological data," said Girvan, "and make the model even more biologically realistic."
How to recover faster from jet lag
The dynamics among cells, the strength of external signals and a person's inherent sensitivity to natural stimuli all affect how soon the body clock readjusts itself, according to Girvan. So it is important to keep these things in mind when preparing for your next adventure.
Girvan suggested that you know your body well, and know what kind of travel is the most disruptive for you so you can start preparing beforehand.
Before your trip, try to artificially change external light sources corresponding to the ones in the new time zone.
Join the conversation See the latest news and share your comments with CNN Health on Facebook and Twitter.
When you arrive at your destination, resist the temptation of closing the curtains in your hotel room and diving right into bed when it is still bright outside. What you should do is to fully expose yourself to the local light-dark cycle. It might not be easy to do, but your recovery will be faster if you stay awake during daytime and sleep only when it gets dark. ||||| If you've ever found that recovery from jet lag took even longer than you expected it to, physicists have answers: A new mathematical model helps explain why flying east is tougher on jet-lag recovery.
The model takes into account how certain cells in the human brain respond to crossing time zones, according to the study, published today (July 12) in the journal Chaos.
These cells, called "neuronal oscillator cells," regulate people's circadian rhythm, or biological clock, by syncing up with one another and also linking up with external cues, said Michelle Girvan, an associate professor of physics at the University of Maryland and a co-author of the study. [10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain]
But the cells don't quite operate on a perfect 24-hour schedule, Girvan told Live Science. Rather, their activity follows a cycle that lasts slightly longer than that, about 24.5 hours, she said. That means that it's easier for a person to extend the length of a day — for example, by flying west across time zones — than to shorten the day, by flying east, she said.
The researchers incorporated the activity of these cells into their model of jet lag, Girvan said. They found that jet-lag recovery doesn't quite fit into a neat pattern of the widely touted advice to give yourself "one day of recovery for every time zone crossed."
Rather, the amount of time it takes for a person to adjust to a new time zone depends on not only how many time zones are crossed but also the direction in which the person travels.
The researchers found that for westward travel, a person who crossed three time zones would fully adjust in a little less than four days. For six time zones, recovery would take about six days. For nine time zones, the recovery would take just less than eight days.
However, when a person travels eastward, the recovery times don't match up as neatly. When a person crosses three time zones going east, it takes a little more than four days to recover. For six time zones, the recovery time jumps to more than eight days. And for nine time zones, the recovery period is more than 12 days.
And when a person crosses 12 time zones, going either east or west, the recovery period is the same: around nine days.
Girvan noted that not everyone has a circadian rhythm of exactly 24.5 hours. Rather, it varies from person to person, she said.
The other factor to consider is external cues such as sunlight, Girvan added. How a person reacts to these external cues can also impact how quickly he or she will adjust to a new time zone, she said.
The researchers hope that their new model can be used in the future to figure out the best ways to beat jet lag, they wrote in their study.
But planning ahead can help you adjust. For example, if you will be traveling six time zones eastward, start by setting your clock ahead an hour or two several days before you leave, Girvan said. And when you arrive in a new time zone, make sure that the external cues you are exposed to match the new time zone, she said. That means that if it's daytime in the new time zone, expose yourself to sunlight. And if it's nighttime, avoid artificial lights, including those from smartphones and computers, to help your biological clock adjust, she said.
Originally published on Live Science. ||||| Cells in the brain's Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) are known to regulate circadian rhythms in mammals. We model synchronization of SCN cells using the forced Kuramoto model, which consists of a large population of coupled phase oscillators (modeling individual SCN cells) with heterogeneous intrinsic frequencies and external periodic forcing. Here, the periodic forcing models diurnally varying external inputs such as sunrise, sunset, and alarm clocks. We reduce the dimensionality of the system using the ansatz of Ott and Antonsen and then study the effect of a sudden change of clock phase to simulate cross-time-zone travel. We estimate model parameters from previous biological experiments. By examining the phase space dynamics of the model, we study the mechanism leading to the difference typically experienced in the severity of jet-lag resulting from eastward and westward travel.
Published by AIP Publishing.
Received Mon Mar 21 00:00:00 UTC 2016 Accepted Wed Jun 01 00:00:00 UTC 2016 Published online Tue Jul 12 00:00:00 UTC 2016
Lead Paragraph: Jet-lag due to cross-time-zone travel is thought to result from a disruption of the circadian clock within the human brain. After a rapid shift in time-zones, the brain's oscillatory pacemaker cells cannot instantly establish a rhythm appropriate to the new time-zone. We study the dynamics of how these coupled pacemakers cells adjust to the new time-zone. Experiments on suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slice cultures from neonatal mice (similar results for humans are not available) show that when the pacemaker cells are uncoupled, they display dynamical periods that are near 24 h, but differ from cell to cell, with an average slightly longer than 24 h. In this paper, we model the dynamics of the circadian clock in response to travel, starting at the level of the individual coupled oscillators and then making use of a reduction of this microscopic model to a low dimensional macroscopic description. Our model helps to explain how eastward and westward travel can have different effects on the recovery of circadian rhythms.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Army Research Office under Grant No. W911NF-12-1-0101, and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-1461089. ||||| Jet lag is terrible no matter where you're going. But regular travellers will know that your body clock seems to take way longer to recover when you're flying east, rather than heading west.
Now physicists have finally been able to explain why this could be happening, using a mathematical model to show that our brain cells respond differently depending on which direction we're travelling.
Jet lag occurs when the brain cells that regulate our circadian rhythm, called neuronal oscillator cells, can't adjust to our new time zone fast enough, messing up our metabolism, sleep pattern, and pretty much everything else on the first few days of our vacation.
Up until now, the general advice has been to give yourself one day of recovery for every time zone crossed. But the new research, led by physicists from the University of Maryland, suggests that might not be enough if you're flying east.
That's because our neuronal oscillator cells - the pacemakers for the rest of our brain - don't follow a perfect 24-hour schedule.
Studies have shown that without any external cues, their activity follows a slightly longer cycle - around 24.5 hours. And that means it's easier for someone to extend the length of their day - for example, by flying westward across time zones - than shorten their day by flying east.
To figure this out, the physicists took this 24.5-hour rhythm and applied it to a mathematical model that calculates how long it takes someone to recover from jet lag - and they showed that it's not just the amount of time zones crossed that impacts recovery time, but also the direction someone's travelling.
Their model showed that someone who crosses three time zones heading westward can adjust fully in a little less than four days. And for six time zones, recovery takes around six days - much as you'd expect based on the "one day per time zone crossed" principle.
But when people are travelling east, the model predicts that it'll take more than four days to recover from a flight that crosses three time zones, and a whopping eight days to recover from crossing six time zones (which is why it feels so hellish to fly from New York to Paris).
The model also explains why some people can cope with jet lag so much better than others - they likely have slight variations in their natural brain cell cycle.
"Some people may have a natural circadian rhythm with a period of 24.5 hours, while others may have longer or shorter natural rhythms," said lead researcher Michelle Girvan, from the University of Maryland. "Our model suggests that the difference between a person's natural period and 24 hours controls how they experience jet lag."
The research has been published in the journal Chaos, but it's important to note that none of this has been tested experimentally as yet - the researchers made their predictions by factoring in everything they know about how the human brain adjusts to new time zones, and let maths do the rest.
Further research is now needed to back up these predictions, but the researchers' ultimate goal is to help people better manage their expectations when they travel, and will "serve as a guide for developing more in-depth qualitative approaches, as well as strategies to combat circadian rhythm disruptions due to rapid cross-time-zone travel, shift work, or blindness," said Girvan. |||||
Output: | A flight from Paris to New York is easier on the brain than one from New York to Paris, according to a new study that finds jet lag is based not only on distance traveled, but also the direction of travel. In the journal Chaos, researchers from the University of Maryland present a mathematical model that considers the brain's "neuronal oscillator cells," which regulate a person's biological clock, or circadian rhythm. Though everyone's clock is different, it tends to operate on a schedule slightly longer than 24 hours, study author Michelle Girvan explains, per Live Science. That means the brain responds better to a longer day achieved by flying west across time zones than a shorter one achieved by flying east. Researchers say a person flying west across three time zones can recover in less than four days, while a person flying east would need a little more than four days. The divide becomes more apparent across more time zones. A person flying west across nine time zones would need a little less than eight days to recover, compared to more than 12 days for those flying east—though the recovery for crossing 12 time zones is about nine days either way. The mathematical model—which considers external cues like sunlight and geographical latitude, per CNN—was based on a circadian rhythm of 24.5 hours, and some people "may have longer or shorter natural rhythms," Girvan says. But overall, the study shows that the general rule of giving yourself one day of recovery for every time zone crossed is off base. Girvan says researchers hope the model will "serve as a guide for developing more in-depth qualitative approaches, as well as strategies to combat circadian rhythm disruptions due to rapid cross-time-zone travel, shift work, or blindness," per Science Alert. (This trick might stop jet lag before it starts.) |
Missed appointment<br>Suzy made an appointment to get her hair done. She promised she would be there. But the next day she woke up late. Therefore she couldn't make it. She missed it but they still charged her.
The salon was cruel to charge suzy
A: It's impossible to say
Walking on the beach<br>I was walking on the beach the other day. While I was walking I saw a cool dog. I asked it's owner if I could play with it. The owner said yes. I threw a frisbee with the dog for hours.
The person threw a frisbee with a stray dog.
A: It's impossible to say
TNT is a Norwegian heavy metal band from Trondheim, formed in 1982. The band has released twelve studio albums, three EPs and three live albums while going through numerous line-up changes since its formation. Guitarist Ronni Le Tekrø is the only consistent member of TNT. TNT has sold between 4-5 million albums worldwide as of 2016.
After 2016, TNT has released 2 more studio albums and one more live album.
A: | It's impossible to say |
Choose from options: Determine if the sentence is true based on the text below:
Log into your facebook account. To end a current relationship status on your user profile, you need not sign into your account. [substeps] Go to the facebook home page, and enter your registered email address and password in the required fields at the top right corner of the page.
How to end a relationship on facebook<br>Log into your facebook account. To end a current relationship status on your user profile, you must sign into your account. [substeps] Go to the facebook home page, and enter your registered email address and password in the required fields at the top right corner of the page.
OPTIONS: (a). Yes; (b). It's impossible to say; (c). No; | (c). |
The person is shown bathing the dog with the detachable shower head. The camera then zooms in on the dog showing its tail, back, and head. next the dog
OPTIONS:
- is shown on the bark in a bathroom where a toothbrush is displayed on the dish.
- is shown stepping out of the shower from the tub and rubbing its head with water.
- is shown performing a shower in the sink before the television is still and showing stuff from different soap opera and what the dog has been doing.
- gets a white towel wrapped around the bottom half of its body to get dried off.
gets a white towel wrapped around the bottom half of its body to get dried off.
How to stop clenching jaw
Apply a warm compress.
Soak a clean washcloth in hot water. Wring out the excess, then hold the moist cloth over the tensed or pained portion of your jaw for 10 minutes.
OPTIONS:
- Perform this procedure as soon as you notice tension or pain in your jaw. You can also repeat the procedure immediately before known times of high stress to help prevent tension before it builds.
- Don't submerge your head during this treatment, as rinsing won't help. The hot compress helps relax the muscles, removing unnecessary pressure to force you to let go.
- Strain the pus from your mouth. If your jaw is sore, stop drinking liquids or using tea in this position, as caffeine can irritate the sensitive part of your jaw, making it more susceptible to spasms.
- Set the compress over your jaw for 15-20 minutes before opening up your jaw. Lower your head to the side if you are concerned about tightening jaw muscles.
Perform this procedure as soon as you notice tension or pain in your jaw. You can also repeat the procedure immediately before known times of high stress to help prevent tension before it builds.
"tip 2 ride on sheepskin or on a saddle with no stirrups" shows up on the screen and a man is shown riding on the horse with a sheepskin under him as he hits balls with his stick. " tip 3 practice
OPTIONS:
- rotating your bottom from the left to the right so you have all round vision " shows up on the screen and a man is shown riding on his horse as he is rotating his bottom from left to right as he looks around him.
- in a leaf blower as a tissue for a dog and a bottle of water " shows up on the screen next to the horse trainer.
- ranch training to social events " replays the camera.
- practice doll shows up on the screen followed by a dart, a comb, sharpener, water and scissors appear.
rotating your bottom from the left to the right so you have all round vision " shows up on the screen and a man is shown riding on his horse as he is rotating his bottom from left to right as he looks around him.
How to have a productive day
Start preparation the night before.
You should plan ahead if you want a productive day. Before going to bed for the night, make a to-do list.
OPTIONS:
- Make sure you know the rest of the day will be your most productive day. You can get started with this by : Creating an alarm clock.
- Actually, make one that's doable. If you list an onslaught of tasks, this is more likely to stress you out than make you productive.
- Many parents have small tasks that they'd want for their kids to complete in advance. It doesn't matter what you have to do that day, just make sure to start on specific steps the next day.
- This process helps make sure you get ready in time. Try to give yourself at least an hour to prepare for the day.
| Actually, make one that's doable. If you list an onslaught of tasks, this is more likely to stress you out than make you productive. |
How to use voodoo floss
Start the voodoo floss just below your hip.
Place the end of the floss on top of your thigh, then wrap the floss once around. You shouldn't be wrapping it as tightly as possible-use about half of the stretch/tension available in the band.
OPTIONS:
- Start as close to your hipbone as possible. Wrap the strip of floss around the outer edge of your ribcage (the part opposite the band).
- Begin pulling the floss along your thigh. Don't be afraid to make the initial pulling as fast and as orderly as you can.
- Continue wrapping the band down your thigh. Start overlapping the band as you continue to wrap it around your thigh.
- Pull the floss between the glues or duct tape that holds the floss in place. This will get your glues slightly loose so that the floss can get the friction you need to apply.
Continue wrapping the band down your thigh. Start overlapping the band as you continue to wrap it around your thigh.
A male is standing by the white door, he is holding rectangular wood, and on the other hand is a board that holds big chunk of brown clay. he
OPTIONS:
- then grabs the large pieces of clay up by his shoulders, and himself, grip and then he is on the canoe, pulling it to the front margin of the canoe where was the paddle, the wooden knife, and he demonstrates how to pull when pushing the clay mixture and breaking the pole off as the paddle is in the water.
- starts taking a shower and is scrubbing his beige colored clothes and then put his wet clothes in a bucket next to an old dirty where they are gone.
- started playing the accordion type that like a lot of other songs and words and they are written down.
- pointed the wall and started to spread the brown clay on the wall, she spread it by rubbing it smoothly and in half circle way.
pointed the wall and started to spread the brown clay on the wall, she spread it by rubbing it smoothly and in half circle way.
How to get a vasectomy
Learn the overview of the procedure.
The vasectomy is a simple surgery that will cut the tubes carrying sperm to be mixed with semen. It has been proven effective as a method of birth control for males and the vasectomy is usually an outpatient procedure, using only a localized anesthetic.
OPTIONS:
- There are no painful side effects, but the procedure itself will have side effects such as decreased sperm production, nausea, abdominal problems and headaches. Decide if you are a man or woman.
- The procedure is painless and maintains no negative effects for humans. The procedure is performed exactly as instructed by doctors and generally looks exactly the same.
- It can take between 10 and 24 hours for the vasectomy to occur, as the sperm must be trapped and relocated to their future uterus before the operation can be conducted. In most cases, vasectomies can last for six to 12 years.
- Vasectomies are considered permanent. Although some may be reversible, there are no guarantees.
Vasectomies are considered permanent. Although some may be reversible, there are no guarantees.
Two men wearing scuba diving gear in an indoor pool talk to the camera. The camera follows one of the men underwater where numerous manmade obstacles are present. other men dressed like astronauts
OPTIONS:
- wear scuba gear playing on the water while instructors stand by and watch.
- are shown as they stand in a line talking.
- are underwater with them.
- are underwater as they prepare for scuba diving.
| are underwater with them. |
How to avoid the health risks of vegetarian diets
Include a healthy amount of fat in your diet.
While you shouldn't eat too much, fat is essential for your body to properly absorb vitamin a, vitamin d, and other fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Without sufficient fat, you may be at risk for vitamin deficiencies.
Fats shouldn't make up more than 30 percent of your diet. Eat more healthy, unsaturated fats that are found in fruit, seeds, and nuts.
A small boy is immersed into pool water as he looks around. he
floats and swims with his mother's help.
The young man begins to tight rope the line while bare foot and wobbling across the sand. on the other end
is a female who is also attempting to cross the line and they are about to meet each other on the rope.
How to converse and relate to british people
Assuming there is any sort of art or knack to conversing and relating to british people is setting yourself up for a fall.
You will relate to people you understand, whose company you enjoy and who value the things you do, regardless of where either of you originate from.
Learn a little bit about football.
| Not american football-but soccer, or rugby if you are going to wales. You don't need to know a lot, perhaps just the most well-known clubs, such as manchester united, chelsea and arsenal and cardiff, for rugby. |
Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
A man is seated at equipment inside a gym. he | is using a rowing machine and he talks about it. |
Multi-select problem: How does the next paragraph end?
How to paint concrete
Clean the concrete surface with soap and warm water, removing any old paint.
First, sweep away any surface leaves, debris, and dirt. Then remove any existing paint or gunk using a power washer or scraper and wire brush.
Options:
1). Scrub away any dirt, grime, or gunk that is stuck to the concrete. You do not have to worry about stains, however, if they are set in and not some sort of object stuck onto the surface..
2). Find an area that won't get wet for a long time. Concrete is prone to clearing easily, but a wet area makes cleanup much easier..
3). Spray the concrete with wd-40. Hold the spray bottle about 4 inches (10.2 cm) away from the concrete surface..
4). You can also use protective eyeglass so if paint becomes stuck on the surface you can wash it off with a wet rag or sponge. Remove any old paint or gunk.. | 1). |
In mathematics, an O*-algebra is an algebra of possibly unbounded operators defined on a dense subspace of a Hilbert space. The original examples were described by and , who studied some examples of O*-algebras, called Borchers algebras, arising from the Wightman axioms of quantum field theory. and began the systematic study of algebras of unbounded operators.
Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
O*-algebra is easy to learn if you apply yourself.
Select from:
[i] Yes
[ii] It's impossible to say
[iii] No | [ii] |
Problem:
Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true:
Sonny Bupp (born Moyer MacClaren Bupp, January 10, 1928 – November 1, 2007) was an American child film actor and businessman. His most notable film was "Citizen Kane" (1941), in which he appears as Junior, Charles Foster Kane III, the eight-year-old son of Charles Foster Kane and his first wife, Emily. Bupp was the last surviving credited member of the "Citizen Kane" cast at his death.
Hypothesis: Citizen Kane is a film enjoyed by many.
****
Answer:
It's impossible to say
Problem:
Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true:
Chantal Delsol ("a.k.a.:"Chantal Millon-Delsol), born 16 April 1947 in Paris, is a French philosopher, political historian and novelist. Founder of the Hannah Arendt research institute founded in 1993. She is openly catholic, and a disciple of Julien Freund and Pierre Boutang, describes herself as a "liberal-conservative".
Hypothesis: The Hannah Arendt research institute is still around today.
****
Answer:
It's impossible to say
Problem:
Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true:
The Terminal Tower will be lit red on Wednesday in honor of the American Red Cross organization. March has been designated Red Cross month, and the Terminal Tower is honoring the 135-year-old organization for the day. According to the Red Cross, the group responded to nearly 1,000 emergencies in 2016, which averages to approximately three disasters every 24 hours. The tribute recognizes the volunteers and partners who contribute their time or donate blood and money. Download the Cleveland 19 News app and First Alert Weather app. Copyright 2017 WOIO. All rights reserved.
Hypothesis: The Terminal Tower is usually lit green
****
Answer:
| It's impossible to say |
Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true:
How to grill halibut<br>Go to your local supermarket or fish market and purchase halibut steaks. [substeps] Look for steaks that appear solid without a fishy smell, and keep in mind that thicker steaks take longer to grill. Choose your seasonings or marinades.
pick from the following.
(a). Yes
(b). It's impossible to say
(c). No
Hypothesis: you should go to a hot dog stand to buy your halibut
| (c). |
instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
question:
Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God "is not playing at dice." Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76. In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws. Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of mechanics. This paper would inspire Schrodinger's work of 1926. <sep>Would Einstein live to disprove the theory he had a role in developing?<sep>Yes
answer:
No
question:
Rock layers extend laterally, or out to the sides. They may cover very large areas. This is especially true if they formed at the bottom of ancient seas. Seas are very large areas of water. Over time, sediment builds up on the seabed. They will be covered with the same types of material. As rocks form out of this sediment it will all be the same type. The rocks may be forced up above the water as Earths plates move. Rivers may eventually run across this area. The river will cut into the rock and erode it away. The layers of exposed rock on either side of the river will still match up. Look at the Grand Canyon in Figure 2.27. Its a good example of lateral continuity. You can clearly see the same rock layers on opposite sides of the canyon. The matching rock layers were deposited at the same time. They are the same age. <sep>What is the Grand Canyon a good example of?<sep>lateral continuity
answer:
Yes
question:
Appended to the last book, however, is a self-contained essay on aesthetics, which Durer worked on between 1512 and 1528, and it is here that we learn of his theories concerning 'ideal beauty'. Durer rejected Alberti's concept of an objective beauty, proposing a relativist notion of beauty based on variety. Nonetheless, Durer still believed that truth was hidden within nature, and that there were rules which ordered beauty, even though he found it difficult to define the criteria for such a code. In 1512/13 his three criteria were function ('Nutz'), naive approval ('Wohlgefallen') and the happy medium ('Mittelmass'). However, unlike Alberti and Leonardo, Durer was most troubled by understanding not just the abstract notions of beauty but also as to how an artist can create beautiful images. Between 1512 and the final draft in 1528, Durer's belief developed from an understanding of human creativity as spontaneous or inspired to a concept of 'selective inward synthesis'. In other words, that an artist builds on a wealth of visual experiences in order to imagine beautiful things. Durer's belief in the abilities of a single artist over inspiration prompted him to assert that "one man may sketch something with his pen on half a sheet of paper in one day, or may cut it into a tiny piece of wood with his little iron, and it turns out to be better and more artistic than another's work at which its author labours with the utmost diligence for a whole year." <sep>Which three criteria did Durer believe were the code to ordered beauty?<sep>His three criteria were function ('Nutz'), naive approval ('Wohlgefallen') and the happy medium ('Mittelmass')
answer:
| Yes
|
ZURICH, Jan 15 (Reuters) - Swiss premium chocolate maker Lindt & Spruengli shrugged off the euro zone crisis to post 2012 organic sales growth in line with its long-term target. The maker of Lindor pralines and gold foil-wrapped Easter bunnies said on Tuesday full year sales rose 7.3 percent to 2.67 billion Swiss francs ($2.91 billion). It posted organic growth of 6.8 percent in local currencies. Lindt, which traces its origins to a Zurich confectionery shop in the 1840s said it won new market share in practically every country and category.
Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
Lindt has market share in all categories
Available choices:
1). Yes;
2). It's impossible to say;
3). No; | 3). |
Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to get organized and concentrate on your work
Plan your day ahead of time.
Write down each task you expect to take on in a planner at the beginning of your work day, or the night before. Having everything laid out for you can help you get mentally prepared.
OPT:
(1). This will help you stay on track and avoid letting your mind stray off of the project at hand. Keep a small container of pens, pencils, and highlighters or notepads on hand.;
(2). Keep a calendar by your desk where you take breaks. Jot down the key things you need to do on a calendar, or get the notes off your phone with a little more practice.;
(3). This goes for all of your tasks, or tasks that need to be done on time, like making sure to pick up friends when you get home from school or showing up for work after work is cancelled. If you plan to do any tasks for dinner the night before, organize them by day.;
(4). It can also prevent you from becoming distracted since you have a schedule to maintain. Smartphone applications, such as wunderlist or todoist may keep you more on track as you can set reminders for tasks you'll need to complete.; | (4). |
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
[EX Q]: On December 4, as news came in about the discoveries in Jordan, National Security Council (NSC) Counterterrorism Coordinator Richard Clarke wrote Berger, "If George's [Tenet's] story about a planned series of UBL attacks at the Millennium is true, we will need to make some decisions NOW." He told us he held several conversations with President Clinton during the crisis. He suggested threatening reprisals against the Taliban in Afghanistan in the event of any attacks on U.S. interests, anywhere, by Bin Laden. He further proposed to Berger that a strike be made during the last week of 1999 against al Qaeda camps in Afghanistan-a proposal not adopted. Warned by the CIA that the disrupted Jordanian plot was probably part of a larger series of attacks intended for the millennium, some possibly involving chemical weapons, the Principals Committee met on the night of December 8 and decided to task Clarke's Counterterrorism Security Group (CSG) to develop plans to deter and disrupt al Qaeda plots. Michael Sheehan, the State Department member of the CSG, communicated warnings to the Taliban that they would be held responsible for future al Qaeda attacks." Mike was not diplomatic," Clarke reported to Berger. With virtually no evidence of a Taliban response, a new approach was made to Pakistan. 13 General Anthony Zinni, the commander of Central Command (CENTCOM), was designated as the President's special envoy and sent to ask General Musharraf to "take whatever action you deem necessary to resolve the Bin Laden problem at the earliest possible time." But Zinni came back emptyhanded. As Ambassador William Milam reported from Islamabad, Musharraf was "unwilling to take the political heat at home." The CIA worked hard with foreign security services to detain or at least keep an eye on suspected Bin Laden associates. Tenet spoke to 20 of his foreign counterparts. Disruption and arrest operations were mounted against terrorists in eight countries. In mid-December, President Clinton signed a Memorandum of Notification (MON) giving the CIA broader authority to use foreign proxies to detain Bin Laden lieutenants, without having to transfer them to U.S. custody. The authority was to capture, not kill, though lethal force might be used if necessary.16Tenet would later send a message to all CIA personnel overseas, saying, "The threat could not be more real. <sep>When do the events in the whole article take place?<sep>Late 1999
[EX A]: Yes
[EX Q]: Have you ever looked closely at a globe? That continents look like a giant jig-saw puzzle. North America looks like it could fit next to Europe. The edge of South America matches Africa. Scientists noticed these same features. It caused them to start asking questions. They wanted to know if these continents were was connected? If so, how can something so large move so far? What could possibly have enough force to move such a giant slab of rock? Is there other evidence that can provide clues to the past positions of continents? How can answering these questions help us? A scientist named Alfred Wegener had these same questions. Wegener look at rocks on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. He noticed they were the same type and age. He thought that the rocks must have formed side by side. He proposed that the rocks then drifted apart. One part went with North America. The other part stayed with Europe. <sep>What features did the scientists notice<sep>That the continents look like a giant jig-saw puzzle
[EX A]: Yes
[EX Q]: Albert Camus (French: [albeR kamy]; 7 November 1913 - 4 January 1960) was a French Nobel Prize winning author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay The Rebel that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. Camus did not consider himself to be an existentialist despite usually being classified as one, even in his lifetime. In a 1945 interview, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked...". Camus was born in Algeria to a Pied-Noir family, and studied at the University of Algiers. In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons to "denounce two ideologies found in both the USSR and the USA". <sep>Name an essay of Camus' that gave rise to the school of thought called absurdism.<sep>The Alchemist
[EX A]: | No
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
But I think it is certain that most of the early Christians understood these words of our Lord's ascension and coming again in glory. They believed that He was coming again in a very little while during their own life-time, in a few months or years, to make an end of the world and to judge the quick and the dead. And as they waited for His coming, one generation after another, and yet He did not come, a sadness fell upon them. Christ seemed to have left the world. The little while that He had promised to be away seemed to have become a very long while. Hundreds of years passed, and yet Christ did not come in glory. And, as I said, a sadness fell on all the Church. Surely, they said, this is the time of which Christ said we were to weep and lament till we saw Him again--this is the time of which He said that the bridegroom should be taken from us, and we should fast in those days. And they did fast, and weep, and lament; and their religion became a very sad and melancholy one--most sad in those who were most holy, and loved their Lord best, and longed most for His coming in glory. <sep>How many years had passed?<sep>Years
Output: | Yes |
What most naturally follows?
We see the title over a landscape. people | are playing instruments in a field. |
Teacher:In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: Astronomers know that interstellar water is abundantly available to young planetary systems—our blue planet collected (or accreted) plenty of it. Still, the details of water's movement in the inner solar system are elusive. Sarafian et al. measured water isotopes in meteorite samples from the asteroid Vesta for clues to the timing of water accretion. Their samples have the same isotopic fingerprint of volatiles as both Earth and carbonaceous chondrites, some of the most primitive meteorites. The findings suggest that Earth received most of its water relatively early from chondrite-like bodies.
Abstract
Determining the origin of water and the timing of its accretion within the inner solar system is important for understanding the dynamics of planet formation. The timing of water accretion to the inner solar system also has implications for how and when life emerged on Earth. We report in situ measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition of the mineral apatite in eucrite meteorites, whose parent body is the main-belt asteroid 4 Vesta. These measurements sample one of the oldest hydrogen reservoirs in the solar system and show that Vesta contains the same hydrogen isotopic composition as that of carbonaceous chondrites. Taking into account the old ages of eucrite meteorites and their similarity to Earth’s isotopic ratios of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, we demonstrate that these volatiles could have been added early to Earth, rather than gained during a late accretion event. ||||| With its distinctive reddish and white stripes, its gracefully flowing fins, and its menacing spine, not many fish can embody the beauty, mystery, and danger of the ocean quite like the lionfish. Although it's native to the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish were introduced to the Atlantic and are now found along the U.S. coast, from North Carolina to Florida, and in the Bahamas and Caribbean. The lionfish spells trouble for the balance of ecosystems and fisheries it invades, as it can out-compete native species for food and space. It lacks predators, has a voracious appetite, reproduces quicly, and is spreading fast.
Off the California coast, a group of elephant seals sleeps in the sun on a sand dune on Active Point, San Miguel Island, part of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
Here we see a close-up of brain coral in the Dry Tortugas, Florida.
Make way for the balloonfish, also known as a porcupine or spiny puffer fish. As its name suggests, it will swell up like a balloon when attacked. VIDEO: Flushed Fish Invading Oceans
This manta ray coasts over a reef, in the process inviting much smaller fish to clean parasites and other debris off of it. Manta Rays are the largest type of ray in the ocean. The World's Biggest Manta Ray Sanctuary Created
DNA testing confirmed that the eggs pictured here were those of a loggerhead turtle, a marine reptile species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The testing was done by NOAA's Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, in Charleston, S.C., the only lab in the country dedicated to forensic analysis of marine species. PHOTOS: Sea Turtles From Shell to Surf
A Caribbean spiny lobster strolls on the sea floor. This photo was shot during a 2010 NOAA expedition in the U.S. Virgin Islands to map underwater habitats and the marine life they support. Deep-Sea Methane Ecosystem Found in Atlantic
This school of permits contains 60-80 individuals, each more than a foot long. The school was observed in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. PHOTOS: Shipwreck Hunt Turns Up 'Tar Lilies'
Kelp and sardines, just doing what they do, off Anacapa Island, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Whales Get Fishing Tips From Peers
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is celebrating "30 Days of the Ocean" in the month of June, and in honor of the organization's hat-tip to life undersea, we take a look, this final June weekend, at some of the organization's captivating marine life snapshots. Here, the eyes of a queen conch ( Strombus gigas ) peek out from under its shell in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. PHOTOS: 30 Days of the Ocean
Earth's atmosphere and oceans as seen by the crew of the International Space Station.
Just 14 million years after the start of the solar system, Earth and the rest of the inner planets were inundated with water, setting back the clock for when life could have evolved, a new study shows.
Play Video What Do Our Oceans Reveal About Global Warming? A new NASA study has revealed that the ocean abyss has not warmed in the past few years. What does this mean for global warming? Crystal Dilworth is here to explain. Pete Saloutos/Blend Images/Corbis
Analysis of meteorites from the mini-planet Vesta, located in the main asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars, show hydrogen isotope ratios that match what has been found in ancient, unaltered meteorites known as carbonaceous chrondrites.
ANALYSIS: Extreme Earth Life Can Aid Search for Alien Lifeforms
Scientists already had a match between the chemical fingerprints of Earth’s hydrogen and the carbonaceous chrondites, but what they didn’t know is when the water would have been available to accrete into Earth.
The new analysis pushes water’s first appearance in Vesta and presumably on other rocky, planet-like bodies including Earth to just 14 million years after the start of the solar system.
“All the the planets could have gotten their water very early, which means the planets could have been habitable immediately after they formed. They weren’t just sitting there and looking at their watch, waiting for water to come,” Adam Sarafian, a geophysics doctorate student at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, told Discovery News.
ANALYSIS: Has Earth Splattered Life All Over the Solar System?
Water is necessary for life as we know it.
Geologic activity on Earth has destroyed the earliest records of the planet’s formation, with its oldest rocks dating back to about 200 million years after the formation of the solar system some 4.6 billion years ago.
Analysis of rocks from the moon, retrieved during the 1969-1972 Apollo missions, show water was available in the inner solar system about 150 million years after the solar system’s formation.
NEWS: Did Life on Earth Come From Mars?
The Vesta meteorites, known as eukrites, date back to 14 million years after the start of the solar system. Sarafian and collegues measured a mineral called apatite in the samples to determine their water content.
“This is the oldest water that anyone has measured that has accreted to something that resembles a planet,” Sarafian said. ||||| An illustration of the early solar system shows proto-Earth, proto-Mars, Vesta within the asteroid belt, and proto-Jupiter. The dashed white line represents the "snow line" boundary for water ice in the solar system.
The water that supports life on Earth may have been on the planet much earlier than scientists previously thought, new research suggests.
While the environmental conditions in Earth's early years made it impossible for water to remain on the planet's surface, scientists have found evidence that the ingredients for water were protectively stored inside rocky bodies near our planet — and maybe inside Earth itself. The new findings suggest that there was water in the inner solar system 135 million years earlier than previous evidence had shown.
"Our findings show the earliest evidence of water in the inner solar system," said Adam Sarafian, a Ph.D. student at the MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts and lead author of the new study. [Our Solar System: A Tour of the Planets]
The smoking gun appears inside meteorites that once belonged to the asteroid Vesta, one of the largest members of the asteroid belt that sits between Jupiter and Mars. Meteorites from Vesta —dark chunks of cooled magma often as big as grapefruits — continue to be found in Antarctica. Previous analysis found no water or water-forming ingredients in those meteorites. But Sarafian and his colleagues zoomed in on the molecular contents of the meteorites, and found trace amounts of hydrogen-oxygen molecules.
More than 4.5 billion years ago — or about 15 million years after solid bodies began to form around the young sun — water existed in the outer, cooler parts of the solar system, previous studies have shown. But in the inner solar system, where Vesta and a young Earth resided, temperatures were far too hot and solar winds would send any water vapor to the outer regions of the solar system.
While the Earth grew and changed over the next 4 billion years or so, Vesta remained frozen in time, according to Sarafian.
"Vesta gives us a snapshot of what Earth maybe looked like when it was first forming," Sarafian said.
This image of the giant asteroid Vesta was captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft on Sept. 5, 2012. Credit: NASA
Vesta also has the same chemical fingerprint as the Earth. In other words, scientists have previously shown that the nitrogen on Vesta likely originated from the same source as the nitrogen on Earth. Some bodies in the solar system, like the sun or comets, have different chemical signatures. According to Sarafian, the new study shows that Vesta and Earth also share a hydrogen chemical signature.
The Earth also shares a chemical fingerprint with the moon, which, like Vesta, gives scientists a window to the past. Scientists have found traces of water in lunar rocks, which provides evidence that the life-giving liquid was in the inner solar system as early as 150 million years after the birth of the solar system. The Vesta samples predate the lunar samples by 135 million years.
The jump back in time is significant, says Sarafian, because during those first 150 million years, the inner solar system was considerably hotter and more hostile than it was later on. Earth would have experienced major impacts from flying debris (it was potentially such an impact that broke off a portion of the Earth and formed the moon). Many scientists have suspect that through those big impacts and high temperatures, it would make sense for the hydrogen to turn into vapor and be blown out into space.
"The planets held on to the water somehow," Sarafian said. "That's going to make people rethink how planets are made."
Sarafian said the work supports the view that the water came from icy bodies near Jupiter. The newly forming gas giant likely flung the chunks of rock and ice inward. Jupiter would have been located beyond what's known as the "snow line," or the point beyond which temperatures were cool enough for water to condense into liquid or solid form, he said.
"There are models that predict that icy bodies from the outer solar system, around the Jupiter area, probably got flung into the inner solar system," Sarafian said. "But there was just no evidence for it. There wasn't any data to support the model. And our study is supporting it."
Jeremy Boyce, a geochemist at UCLA who was not involved in the new study but has collaborated with two of the study's authors on other works, said the new study's claims of water in the early inner solar system are robust. But he added that it's still unclear just how much water was present. It's likely that to make the oceans present on Earth today, more water was delivered to Earth later in its life.
"The extent to which [the early water] relates to water we see on the surface of the Earth is an open question," said Boyce. "What water was present in the early Earth and what arrived later — I don't think we know that yet."
The new study is detailed in the Oct. 31 issue of the journal Science.
Editor's Note: This article was updated to correct the following error: Adam Sarafian is a doctoral student at the MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, not the Woods Hole Research Center.
Email Calla Cofield at [email protected] or follow her @callacofield.Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com. |||||
Student: | At least when it comes to life as we know it, water is a basic requirement. So a new analysis of meteorites suggesting that water could have appeared on Earth 14 million years after the start of solar system some 4.6 billion years ago—more than a hundred million years earlier than previously thought—also raises the possibility that life began on Earth earlier as well. And the same could be said of other planets. "All the planets could have gotten their water very early, which means the planets could have been habitable immediately after they formed," a study author tells Discovery. Says another author to National Geographic, "The other inner planets could have been wet early and evolved life before they became the harsh environments they are today." Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution came to their conclusion, published in Science, by analyzing meteorites from Vesta. The asteroid lies in the main asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars, and meteorites from it have been found in Antarctica. Vesta and Earth formed in the inner solar system, and scientists have already determined that Vesta's nitrogen likely came from the same source as our own. Past analysis of the meteorites didn't turn up any water, but as Space.com puts it, the researchers "zoomed in on the molecular contents of the meteorites, and found trace amounts of hydrogen-oxygen molecules." Vesta's meteorites date to 14 million years after the solar system's start, offering proof that there was water in the inner solar system at that point. (A study in Science last month finds water to be more than 4.5 billion years old.) |
Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Example: what is the first event mentioned?, Context: The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.
Output: Russian Revolution
This is a good example, and the Russian Revolution is the first event mentioned.
New input case for you: What language is mentioned other than French and English?, Context: The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.
Output: | Japanese |
Write the next sentence in the following story.
How to make a decorative hot air balloon
First blow up a balloon until it is slightly smaller than you want your finished one to be; knot it.
Now get some papier mache and cover your balloon with it; leave a small section at the bottom clear.
Make sure there are no wrinkles in your papier mache. | While you wait for the papier mache to dry, acquire (or weave) a basket the right size for your balloon and get some string. When the papier mache has dried pop the plastic balloon and remove its remnants. |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Example input: what is the first event mentioned?, Context: The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.
Example output: Russian Revolution
Example explanation: This is a good example, and the Russian Revolution is the first event mentioned.
Q: What genre of literature is From Parts Unknown...?, Context: Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a "boxer vs. wrestler" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler "Thunderlips", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode "W.T.F." played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.
A: | stage plays |
TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
PROBLEM: Who, based on the evidence given, began his professional football career first: John Elway or Peyton Manning?, Context: Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
SOLUTION: John Elway
PROBLEM: what did the Scottish twona react to?, Context: Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.
SOLUTION: Glasgow Police Act
PROBLEM: How did religion change?, Context: With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.
SOLUTION: | redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political
|
instruction:
In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
question:
The " Geographical Names Act , 1966 " , gives the Board the right to name places , and to find out and decide on the form , spelling , meaning , pronunciation , origin and history of any geographical name .
answer:
The " Geographical Names Act , 1966 " , empowers the board to assign names to places , to investigate and determine the form , spelling , meaning , pronunciation , origin and history of any geographical name and the application of such name with regard to position , extent or otherwise .
question:
This is a list of football clubs in Sweden .
answer:
This is a list of football clubs in Sweden , for women 's football clubs , see the list of women 's football clubs in Sweden .
question:
A peace treaty is different from an armistice , which is an agreement to cease hostilities , or a surrender , in which one side agrees to give up its arms .
answer:
| It is different from an armistice , which is an agreement to stop hostilities ; a surrender , in which an army agrees to give up arms ; or a ceasefire or truce , in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting .
|
How to stag leap
Place your feet in fourth position.
To enter fourth position, line your feet up so that the toe of your back foot touches the heel of your front foot. Then, move your feet about 1 in (2.5 cm) apart and turn them away from your body.
If you'd like, you can bend your knees into a demi-plié before performing the leap. Create an " l " shape with your arms.
How to drink beer out of a duct tape cup
Find a suitable glass or a cup.
This will be used as a mold for the duct tape cup.
Measure for the cup.
Take the glass' circumference but just aim for making the height half of the glass' actual size (or a little shorter than it actually is). This will give the shape of the cup but not the same large size.
How to treat bruised ribs
Seek immediate medical attention if you have shortness of breath or chest pain.
A rib that's bruised or cracked is damaged, but still in its place in the rib cage. A broken rib, however, is dangerous because it's been dislodged from its normal position, and could potentially puncture a blood vessel, lung, or another organ.
Seek medical attention instead of attempting to treat yourself at home if you suspect your ribs are broken instead of bruised. Lightly run your hands over your ribcage.
How to fold bandanas
Fold your bandana into a triangle.
Flatten your bandana on the table. A square bandana works best for this style.
| Position it like a diamond, and fold it in half to form a triangle. Create a long strip out of your bandana. |
Q: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Honours and legacy In 1929, Soviet writer Leonid Grossman published a novel The d'Archiac Papers, telling the story of Pushkin's death from the perspective of a French diplomat, being a participant and a witness of the fatal duel. The book describes him as a liberal and a victim of the Tsarist regime. In Poland the book was published under the title Death of the Poet. In 1937, the town of Tsarskoye Selo was renamed Pushkin in his honour. There are several museums in Russia dedicated to Pushkin, including two in Moscow, one in Saint Petersburg, and a large complex in Mikhaylovskoye. Pushkin's death was portrayed in the 2006 biographical film Pushkin: The Last Duel. The film was directed by Natalya Bondarchuk. Pushkin was portrayed onscreen by Sergei Bezrukov. The Pushkin Trust was established in 1987 by the Duchess of Abercorn to commemorate the creative legacy and spirit of her ancestor and to release the creativity and imagination of the children of Ireland by providing them with opportunities to communicate their thoughts, feelings and experiences. A minor planet, 2208 Pushkin, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, is named after him. A crater on Mercury is also named in his honour. MS Alexandr Pushkin, second ship of the Russian Ivan Franko class (also referred to as "poet" or "writer" class). Station of Tashkent metro was named in his honour. The Pushkin Hills and Pushkin Lake were named in his honour in Ben Nevis Township, Cochrane District, in Ontario, Canada. UN Russian Language Day, established by the United Nations in 2010 and celebrated each year on 6 June, was scheduled to coincide with Pushkin's birthday. <sep>The book was published on what dates?<sep>1929, 1937
A: | Yes |
Q: The agent is working out tomorrow
Lifting weights<br>I went to go work out the other night. The gym was not very busy at all. I got to use all my favorite machines without waiting. I think I'll go at the same time tomorrow. I get a lot more done at the gym when it is not busy.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: Yes
Q: At Anfield, Liverpool lost 3-2.
Liverpool legend Carragher says the late goals were the only negative to the win over Man City That is the opinion of Sky Sports pundit and former Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher. Liverpool raced into a 4-1 lead in the second half of the clash at Anfield. However, goals from Bernardo Silva and Ilkay Gundogan reduced the deficit to one in stoppage time. Liverpool held on to inflict the first defeat on Manchester City in the Premier League this season.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: No
Q: 9 justices listened to the arguments made
Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926) , more commonly Euclid v. Ambler, was a United States Supreme Court landmark case argued in 1926. It was the first significant case regarding the relatively new practice of zoning, and served to substantially bolster zoning ordinances in towns nationwide in the United States and in other countries of the world including Canada.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: It's impossible to say
Q: The missionary position involves sending missionaries to third world countries in an attempt to convert them into Christians.
The missionary position or man-on-top position is generally a sex position in which a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual activity. Though commonly associated with heterosexual sexual activity, the sex position is also used by gay and lesbian couples.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: | No |
What most naturally follows?
How to understand your character for a play
Read the script.
You will need to read the script several times. This will help you get a sense of who your character is. | Pay close attention to the information that the script gives away about your role. You will learn a lot about your character from the setting, your lines, and the things that other characters say about your character. |
South Korea's deputy foreign minister says his country won't change its plan to send three-thousand soldiers to Iraq, despite the kidnapping of a South Korean man there.
Choose your answer: based on the paragraph above can we conclude that "South Korea's deputy foreign minister does not say his country won't change its plan"?
Choices:
+ Yes
+ It's impossible to say
+ No
I think the answer is | No |
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Renewable Energy Resource Sunlight Sunlight can be used to heat homes. It can also be used to produce electricity. This conversion is made possible by solar cells. However, solar energy may not always be practical. Some areas are just too cloudy. Example Solar panels on the roof of this house generate enough electricity to supply a familys needs. Moving Water Falling water can have a lot of energy. Its energy can be converted into kinetic energy. This energy can turn a turbine and generate electricity. The water may fall naturally over a waterfall or flow through a dam. A drawback of dams is that they flood land upstream. They can also reduce water flow downstream. Either effect may harm ecosystems. Wind Wind is moving air. It has kinetic energy that can do work. Wind turbines change the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy. Only certain areas of the world get enough steady wind. Many people also think that wind turbines are noisy and not very nice to look at. <sep>What are some shortcomings of wind turbines?<sep>Turbines are noisy and not very nice to look at | Yes |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Q: The properties of matter depend on the types of atoms that matter is made of. Matter can exist in two forms. It can be a pure substance. This means it is not mixed with anything. It can also be a combination of different substances. This means it can be a mix of different types of atoms. You may recall that atoms differ based on the numbers of protons they contain. Some atoms contain only one proton such as Hydrogen. Other atoms contain many protons. There are many types of atoms. For example, Helium has two protons. An Oxygen atom has eight. Water is composed of a two types of atoms. Water is made of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atoms. There are only so many types of atoms. These atoms can be mixed into an almost limitless amount of substances. So what do we call a substance that has only a single type of atom? <sep>What are two types of atoms according to the paragraph?<sep>Pure
A: | No |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Q: An atom is the very smallest particle that still the elements properties. All the atoms of an element are alike. They are also different from the atoms of all other elements. For example, atoms of gold are always the same. It does not matter if they are found in a gold nugget or a gold ring. All gold atoms have the same structure and properties. For example, all gold atoms contain 79 protons. One of golds unique properties is that it is a great conductor of electricity. Gold is a better conductor of electricity than copper. Gold is more rare and expensive than copper. Copper is used in house wiring. Gold is far too expensive. <sep>Do atoms of Gold differ?<sep>No
A: | Yes |
instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
question:
The movie is a powerful story that deals with feminism and patriarchy in the middle class of India . It is shot in the present and past tense showing lives of the characters Mahender and Sudha as they lived together as well as separately . The movie starts with Mahender getting down at the railway station and making his way to the waiting room just as it starts to rain heavily . A woman , Sudha , is already sitting in the waiting room . On seeing him , she tries to hide her face from him but later they confront each other . Mahender has an accomplished business dealing with photography . He respects his grandfather immensely . Incidentally , he had been engaged to Sudha for 5 years but always made some excuse to delay their wedding . However , this time his grandfather has fixed the wedding on the first week of the following month . He reveals to Sudha that he is having an affair with one of the most radical representations of feminism in a girl called Maya . He returns to tell Maya , but Maya has disappeared , leaving him some poetry . Mahender then marries Sudha and is quite happy , but the sudden return of Maya causes tensions in their married life . Mahender frequently tells Sudha about all the beautifully poignant , loving and authentic things Maya did over the years that they lived together . Later , Maya tries to commit suicide , and this leads to Mahender spending time with her over a few weeks . Sudha , not knowing about Maya 's suicide attempt and therefore believing that Mahender is being unfaithful to her , feels that her marriage was a mistake , and questions Mahender about his intentions . <sep>Who tries to hide her face?<sep>The photographer
answer:
No
question:
When American 11 struck the World Trade Center at 8:46, no one in the White House or traveling with the President knew that it had been hijacked. While that information circulated within the FAA, we found no evidence that the hijacking was reported to any other agency in Washington before 8:46. Most federal agencies learned about the crash in New York from CNN. Within the FAA, the administrator, Jane Garvey, and her acting deputy, Monte Belger, had not been told of a confirmed hijacking before they learned from television that a plane had crashed. Others in the agency were aware of it, as we explained earlier in this chapter. Inside the National Military Command Center, the deputy director of operations and his assistant began notifying senior Pentagon officials of the incident. At about 9:00, the senior NMCC operations officer reached out to the FAA operations center for information. Although the NMCC was advised of the hijacking of American 11, the scrambling of jets was not discussed. In Sarasota, Florida, the presidential motorcade was arriving at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School, where President Bush was to read to a class and talk about education. White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card told us he was standing with the President outside the classroom when Senior Advisor to the President Karl Rove first informed them that a small, twin-engine plane had crashed into the World Trade Center. The President's reaction was that the incident must have been caused by pilot error. At 8:55, before entering the classroom, the President spoke to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, who was at the White House. She recalled first telling the President it was a twin-engine aircraft-and then a commercial aircraft-that had struck the World Trade Center, adding "that's all we know right now, Mr. President." At the White House, Vice President Dick Cheney had just sat down for a meeting when his assistant told him to turn on his television because a plane had struck the NorthTower of the World Trade Center. The Vice President was wondering "How the hell could a plane hit the World Trade Center" when he saw the second aircraft strike the South Tower. Elsewhere in the White House, a series of 9:00 meetings was about to begin. In the absence of information that the crash was anything other than an accident, the White House staff monitored the news as they went ahead with their regular schedules. <sep>What does the acronym NMCC stand for?<sep>The world trade center
answer:
No
question:
For much of the world, the Algarve is synonymous with Portugal, yet the Portuguese will tell you the exact opposite: the region has little in common with the rest of the country. The southern stretch of coast is more reminiscent of a North African landscape than a European one. It has no cosmopolitan cities, like Lisbon and Porto, which are farther north. Most of Portugal is known for quaint towns, medieval castles, and grand palaces. The Algarve is more recognizable for impenetrable blocks of tourist apartments, hotels, and meticulously manicured golf courses. And beaches. Think Algarve and the mind pictures long, glorious stretches of golden sands, secluded coves framed by odd ochre-colored rock formations, and deep green waters. With about 160 km (100 miles) of coastline, Portugal's southern province is one of Europe's premier beach destinations. The occasionally chilly ocean is the Atlantic, but the Algarve has a sultry Mediterranean feel. Its consistent climate is the best in Portugal, and one of the kindest in the world: more than 250 days of sunshine a year — more than almost any other international resort area. The moderating effect of the Gulf Stream produces a fresh springtime breeze throughout winter, and in late January and February, white almond blossoms blanket the fields. In summer the heat is intense but rarely unbearable, and regardless, beautiful beaches and innumerable pools are always just a dive away. Magnificent year-round weather has made the Algarve a huge destination for sporting vacations. Superb golf facilities abound — several with tees dramatically clinging to cliffs and fairways just skirting the edge of the ocean — and horseback riding, tennis, big-game fishing, sailing, and windsurfing are immensely popular. Sports, beaches and hospitable weather — not to mention easily organized package vacations — are surely the reasons the Algarve receives as many visitors as the rest of Portugal in its entirety. But it's not just international tourists that descend on the Algarve; many Portuguese from Lisbon and elsewhere in the north have holiday homes and spend their summer vacations here. The coast is neatly divided into the rugged Barlavento to the west and the flat beauty of Sotavento to the east. West is where you'll find the famous orange cliffs and surreal eroded rock stacks. <sep>What land has no cosmopolitan cities, like Lisbon and Porto which are farther north?<sep>Lisbon
answer:
| No
|
ESPN’s Jemele Hill called the Quincy Harris Morning Show with K. Foxx to talk about our Philadelphia Eagles. Jemele does not think they are going to win and Quincy makes a bet with her. She also explains that she was not fired from ESPN, that her new job, The Undefeated, is owned by ESPN and why she made that decision. Listen below: Also On 100.3:
Can we draw the following conclusion?
Jemele Hill was fired from ESPN. | No |
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to use whisper
Download the whisper app from the app store or google play.
The app is free on most devices and works on ios and android devices.
If you are using your computer, you can go onto their website and send a download link to your smartphone.
Choose from: (A). Tap the file to which you want to install whisper. Tap " install " to install the app.. (B). Their website displays many whispers or secrets that you can browse, as well as information about their app. Unfortunately, you can't post or comment on the secrets displayed on their website.. (C). The app store contains several options, usually free and paid. Tap the " play " button to launch whisper.. (D). You can download the app from the app store or google play on ios devices. Open whisper under " apps and features.. | (B). |
Instructions: In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
Input: It is related to the petabyte which is 10 bytes .
Output: | The pebibyte is closely related to the petabyte ( PB ) , its corresponding unit in the decimal set of multiples defined in the International System of Units ( SI ) , and which represents 10 bytes = . |
Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Which of the following is not an animal: pigs, pottery or cattle?, Context: By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.
| pottery |
instruction:
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
question:
Which of the following people was canonized: Bacchus, Constanza or Galerius?, Context: With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.
answer:
Constanza
question:
What New York City neighborhoods are there big Orthodox communities besides Crown Heights, Midwood, and Borough Park?, Context: Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.
answer:
Williamsburg
question:
The population antisemitism was experienced by lived in communities called?, Context: The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism.
answer:
| shtetls
|
[Q]: He voted to violate the budget cap 277 times. You know, there's a main stream in American politics and you sit right on the far left bank. As a matter of fact, your record is such that Ted Kennedy, your colleague, is the conservative senator from Massachusetts. Ted Kennedy is a senator from Utah.
[A]: No
[Q]: How to grill halibut<br>Go to your local supermarket or fish market and purchase halibut steaks. [substeps] Look for steaks that appear solid without a fishy smell, and keep in mind that thicker steaks take longer to grill. Choose your seasonings or marinades. your local fish market should have halibut steaks.
[A]: Yes
[Q]: AussieMite is the registered brand name for a dark brown, salty food paste mainly used as a spread on sandwiches and toast similar to the better-known Vegemite and Marmite. It is a spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits as well as a filling for pastries like a Cheesymite scroll. AussieMite was founded by john edwards
[A]: It's impossible to say
[Q]: Helping<br>One day Susan was driving when she saw a man with crutches fall down. She stopped her car to help him. She walked over and helped him stand up. He thanked her profusely. Susan felt good after that. The man paid her for helping him off the ground.
[A]: | It's impossible to say |
Andrei Olegovich Minenkov (Russian: Андрей Олегович Миненков ; born 6 December 1954) is a Russian retired ice dancer who represented the Soviet Union. With partner and wife Irina Moiseeva, he is the 1976 Olympic silver medalist, 1980 Olympic bronze medalist, and two-time world champion (1975 and 1977).
Based on that paragraph can we conclude that this sentence is true?
Andrei is married to Irina.
(1). Yes; (2). It's impossible to say; (3). No; | (1). |
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Ex Input:
Washington The Iraqi government has agreed to let U.S. Rep. Tony Hall visit the country next week to assess a humanitarian crisis that has festered since the Gulf War of 1990, Hall's office said Monday. The Dayton Democrat, who has traveled to other crisis points including Sierra Leone and North Korea, will spend three days visiting hospitals and other facilities to seek understanding why aid has been ineffective in stemming malnourishment and other medical problems. Iraq has been under economic sanctions since the war ended, which some say have thwarted the country's ability to recover from the devastation of the bombing campaign. The Persian Gulf War destroyed much of the country's medical infrastructure, according to a report by the World Health Organization. In 1996 the WHO found that much of the population existed in a state of ``semi-starvation.'' Hall will be only the second member of Congress to travel in Iraq since the war, according to Hall's office. The last visitor was then-U.S. Rep. Bill Richardson of New Mexico, who went to help a pair of U.S. oilmen in diplomatic trouble. Hall flies to Amman, Jordan, on Friday, where he'll spend the night before driving to Iraq. Flights are not permitted into Iraq. Hall is to return to Washington on April 22. Story Filed By Cox Newspapers <sep>Why is U.S. Rep. Tony Hall visiting Iraq?<sep>To assess a humanitarian crisis that has festered since the Gulf War of 1990, and to seek understanding why aid has been ineffective in stemming malnourishment and other medical problems
Ex Output:
Yes
Ex Input:
In her storage room-turned-office, Jennifer Baum works under an expanding leak that is causing the ceiling to turn brown and crumble. Mold grows in the buckets positioned to catch the water. She shrugs it off. Outside her office she has taped up a clear plastic suit, and a sign that reads, "All employees must don protective gear before coming in." Such is life in limbo. Nearly a year after Sept. 11, the Legal Aid Society-the lawyers for New York's poor and homeless-remains, well, homeless. The nonprofit has been barred from returning to its 90 Church St. headquarters, across from the World Trade Center site, because of environmental concerns. Legal Aid has uncomfortable company. More than 11,500 New Yorkers continue to work out of temporary space, according to analysis by Manhattan-based real estate brokerage TenantWise.com Inc. and Crain's New York Business. That's 8% of the 137,000 workers who lost their offices or access to them when the Twin Towers collapsed. Legal Aid's 450 displaced attorneys and staffers have spent the past 12 months spread among previously unused spaces-some unused for good reason-in the nonprofit's other offices. It could be another year and a half before they return to their old desks. They have contended with difficult working conditions as demand for Legal Aid's services is on the rise because of Sept. 11 and the deteriorating economy. The civil division is spread among a few boroughs. Their papers and documents, some 20,000 boxes worth, are stuck in a storage facility in Linden, N.J. "I am counting the days till we can have all the parts back in one place," says Steven Banks, Legal Aid's associate attorney in chief. In the memories of the exiled workers, the old office has achieved mythical proportions. They say the wood paneling and rugs had the ability to cool emotions and lift spirits. The Legal Aid office on Montague Street in Brooklyn Heights, where 65 displaced workers have cobbled together space amid the faded and scratched walls, looks more like a bargain basement. <sep>Where was the original address of the Legal Aid Society headquarters<sep>New York
Ex Output:
No
Ex Input:
You may wonder if there are other examples of static discharge. The answer is yes. Lightning is a form of static discharge. It is much more dramatic than what happens between you and the door knocker, but it is the same principle. You can see how it occurs in the following diagram and animation. You have no doubt seen lightning in a rainstorm. What does lighting have to do with static electricity? As it turns out, everything! During a rainstorm, clouds develop regions of different charges. This happens due to the movement of air molecules, water drops, and ice particles. The negative charges are concentrated at the base of the clouds. The positive charges are concentrated at the top. The negative charges repel electrons on the ground below. The ground then becomes positively charged. Over time the differences increase. Eventually the electrons are discharged. This is what we see as lightning. You can watch an awesome slow-motion lightning strike below. <sep>How does ground become positively charged?<sep>Positive charges at the base of the clouds.attract electrons on the ground below
Ex Output:
| No
|
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
--------
Question: What did those tapped by those in power have to follow?, Context: The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.
Answer: the rule of law
Question: How known was the phrase used?, Context: The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.
Answer: in common usage
Question: Which is a town: Midleton, Ireland, or Glanmire tunnel?, Context: Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]
Answer: | Midleton
|
What is the most logical next event?
How to stop being a condescending person
Listen more.
Instead of dominating a conversation by talking all the time, try to listen more to others' opinions instead. Don't just listen, but actively listen to what the person is saying. | Focus on understanding the point that they are making, and take a few minutes to digest the information. While they're talking, listen, rather than formulating your answer. |
input hypothesis: Ai Sugiyama competed last year
Context: The 1999 SEAT Open Luxembourg – Doubles was the doubles event of the ninth edition of the most prestigious women's tennis tournament held in Luxembourg. Elena Likhovtseva and Ai Sugiyama was the defending champion but she did not compete in this year.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
true or false: Yes
input hypothesis: The device is a smart balloon.
Context: We present a novel approach to enhance avalanche companion rescue using wearable sensing technologies. The time to find and extricate victims is most crucial: once buried by an avalanche, survival chances drop dramatically already after the first 15 minutes.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
true or false: No
input hypothesis: mafia wars is involved with social media
Context: How to be good at mafia wars<br>Start out as a " street thug ". Make sure to add some mafia members from your friend list (either from myspace or facebook). Try to get at least five people.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
true or false: Yes
input hypothesis: Balázs Hatvani was born over 44 years ago.
Context: Gingerclown 3D is a 2013 Hungarian horror comedy film written and directed by Balázs Hatvani. The film stars Erin Hayes and Ashley Lloyd as high school students intruding in an old amusement park inhabited by monsters, with Tim Curry, Lance Henriksen, Michael Winslow, Brad Dourif and Sean Young providing the voices of the creatures that terrorize them.
OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
true or false: | It's impossible to say |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
Problem:SIDS is sometimes referred to as cot death or crib death .
Solution: | Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS ) , also known as cot death or crib death , is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age . |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Q: What might suggest the diagnosis of asthma is not easy?, Context: As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.
A: | It is more common in developed than developing countries |
Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
What helps bring together the components of a computer?, Context: A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires.
| groups of wires |
Figures released today show that the number of organs donated by New Zealanders in 2006 has decreased by four to a new record low of 25. In 2005 the number of organs donated equalled 29, a previous record low in New Zealand. Before 2005 the number of organ donations averaged 40, an already low number by international standards.
Based on that paragraph can we conclude that this sentence is true?
Next year, the number of organs donated by New Zealanders will be 26.
Choices:
+ Yes.
+ It's impossible to say.
+ No. | It's impossible to say |
Problem: How does the next paragraph end?
How to fit in with the popular crowd
Use your interests to your advantage.
A good way to make friends is via mutual interests, so make use of your existing interests and passions. If you have a shared interest with a popular student, this can help you lay down the foundations of a friendship.
OPTIONS:
- Try joining clubs and activities at school. Getting involved in a sports league can open you up to new learning, and you'll meet other people who share interests and skills too.
- You can swap classes with friends or go to the same school. As long as you seem like you're enjoying doing the same things together, this can be beneficial.
- Join a sport team with your school. If you have the choice between running for a team or going to a sport camp, choose either team.
- Pay attention to the clubs and teams popular students are a part of. Is there a group that strikes your interest? Maybe you could get involved.
A: Pay attention to the clubs and teams popular students are a part of. Is there a group that strikes your interest? Maybe you could get involved.
IN: Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to deal with a lazy boss
Focus on yourself.
Don't fall into a trap of matching laziness with laziness. Instead, always do your work effectively and efficiently, challenging yourself to do your very best.
OPTIONS:
- Incorporate at least one person into every aspect of your life. Having someone there to offer you his/her undivided attention can serve as a crutch.
- Delegating when you don't have the energy or time to tackle certain tasks is a good way to ensure you are not wasting time and effort on accomplishing something other than what you want to do. You can do this with the intention of meeting deadlines without causing undue stress to yourself or others.
- You'll set an example for your coworkers, your boss, and your job consistently well may have long-term payoffs, such as a promotion. You may be tempted to give your boss a taste of their own medicine and be equally lazy.
- Let your strengths shine, but don't show your boss your weaknesses, which may strain your work relationship. If your boss picks you up and says you've turned down your job offer late at night, take a calming walk away.
OUT: You'll set an example for your coworkers, your boss, and your job consistently well may have long-term payoffs, such as a promotion. You may be tempted to give your boss a taste of their own medicine and be equally lazy.
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
A man is skateboarding, he jumps up on higher levels. he
OPTIONS:
- kicks to build up some speed and does some cool tricks.
- is then seen moving on the exercise beam while pushing and pulling the lever.
- plays his baton as he jumps.
- is skateboarding fast, using the old and new speed by coming very close to the camera.
****
Answer:
kicks to build up some speed and does some cool tricks.
Problem: What happens next in this paragraph?
How to make money in school
Market things that your schoolmates might want such as candy, snacks, pencils, etc.
Make a plan on how you will split your profit, and go to your school principal or head teacher for permission.
Offer to donate ten percent of your monthly earnings to the school.
OPTIONS:
- They won't have to give you as much money. Go to the shopping malls in your area.
- This way you can't get in trouble, and you're still making money. Buy popular stuff that other students at your school like.
- By doing this you may be able to gain valuable social support and help draw interest in your school. Decide which clubs and churches your schoolmates are interested in.
- Help your son, daughter, grandson, nephew, niece, or cousin develop her knowledge about quality over quantity. His cooperation will make your shy son, daughter, nephew, niece or cousin appreciate him more.
A: This way you can't get in trouble, and you're still making money. Buy popular stuff that other students at your school like.
A taller and shorter man are standing in a track field dressed in sports clothes and talking to the camera. the taller man
OPTIONS:
- is holding a shot put in his right hand and holding it up to his neck as he demonstrates the stance and movements he goes through to throw the shot put and then eventually throws it.
- is then seen walking inside the ring.
- then shoots an arrow outside and the taller man responds and lets fly.
- holds up a pair of shoes trimmed in rhinestones.
is holding a shot put in his right hand and holding it up to his neck as he demonstrates the stance and movements he goes through to throw the shot put and then eventually throws it.
Problem: Write the next sentence for:
How to memorize the perfect squares in math
Get a stack of index cards.
You will need one for as many perfect squares you want to memorize. Start simple with 10 cards, then add another 10 as your memory improves.
OPTIONS:
- Make sure that the drawing cards you use are clearly marked. For example, you might have the joker, jack, and queen.
- Note that you will also need 8 cards for each square. Which edge does the edge of a square come from? Think of in terms of how a standard square looks.
- You don't need to get the whole stack you started with back to back! You will be using 5 of these, so round up the scores accordingly. As with all other math assignments, it's best to be sure to have at least 5 cards and just choose cards that you like.
- Write the root numbers on the front of the card. Make the numbers large enough to read from a few feet away..
Next sentence: | Write the root numbers on the front of the card. Make the numbers large enough to read from a few feet away. |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Q: With Tina Fey hosting what she called “the Mother’s Day episode of Saturday Night Live,” there was a feminine-friendly vibe you don’t get most weeks on this show. The six-months-pregnant humorist (“I have the number one book in the country and the 86th TV show”) brought out also-great-with-child Maya Rudolph to sing a duet to their so-called “feti.” The unborn children (played by Kristen Wiig and Kenan Thompson, naturally) harmonized along with their mothers.
An hour later, Rudolph co-starred in a pretty amazing birth-class sketch that parodied 25 year-old home-birthing films. It worked on every level, from the appalled reactions of Fey and other cast members watching it, to the movie itself, a document full of pseudo-mystical gush, and make-up and acting performances intentionally reduced to the level of a high-minded porn film.
Late in the show, there was a perfect parody of Bravo’s hideous Pregnant In Heels, with Abby Elliott capturing the pretentious diction of host Rosie Pope (“every morning a thousand bees sting my tongue”); her vacuous, too-rich-for-their-own-good clients (Fey ran “a p.r. firm that represents other p.r. firms”); and the show’s slavish pandering to the pampered women’s whims (Fey, in the delivery room, to doctor: “Don’t cut the cord! I might want to return it!”).
And right under the wire, Paul Brittain did a solo, taped turn in “The Hallmark Mother Collection for Weirdos,” an Anthony Perkins/Psycho-ish salute to
motherhood that was delightfully creepy.
All of the above contained pure jolts of Fey’s sharp sensibility, and gave SNL an extra, distinctive crackle. Also showing her sisterhood was Nasim Pedrad, who offered a fine new edition of her Bedelia character. That’s the brainy girl who loves, admires, and respects her mom (played this week by Fey), much to her friends’ dismay. I love that clever, independent girl.
Set aside the almost-obligatory sketch in which Fey could morph into Sarah Palin (a debate between undeclared Presidential candidates that included the return of Darrell Hammond as Donald Trump)
and a typically riotous “Weekend Update” appearance by the giggly, skeevy Stephon (Bill Hader at his most impish)
and much of the rest of the show was devoted to a single subject: Osama bin Laden.
From the cold-open to “Weekend Update” jokes (Seth Meyers’ line about conspiracy theorists doubting President Obama’s bagging of the terrorist — “the first black person ever to have to prove he killed someone” — lit up Twitter), it was Osama-a-go-go; too much so. Having bin Laden’s shrouded corpse drop in on The Little Mermaid was a visual gag that became soggy fast; so did Jason Sudeikis’ usually-reliable Devil on “Weekend Update.” Even the Devil seemed a bit bored having to complain about receiving bin Laden in hell; only Sudeikis’ unexpected throwaway jab at Outsourced made me laugh during this bit.
Music guest Ellie Goulding sang gamely in a chalky voice; the British star (oh my gosh, she sang at Kate and Will’s wedding reception!) probably didn’t win over too many new American fans with her draggy version of Elton John’s already-maudlin classic “Your Song.” Oh well, her album went to number one in Merrie Olde England!
I almost forgot: The “Digital Short” with Andy Samberg and his Lonely Island collaborators, working with a Michael Bolton who insisted on singing about movies such as Pirates of the Caribbean and Scarface when they wanted him to go hiphop-in-the-club? The notion of Bolton working against Samberg and company added an extra zing to an already amusing idea. (Don’t cheer too loudly for Bolton, though — you’ll only encourage some producer to put him on, say, The Voice.Which actually I guess is where he belongs.)
In general, this week’s SNL had a schizophrenic quality. Fey disappeared for stretches of time (hey, I’m not knocking her for that; I hope she had her feet up backstage — I would if I was six months pregnant), time that was filled with the show’s standard unpredictable unevenness. But the moments that carried her sensibility were among the strongest of the night. Of course, that’s just my guess — for all we know, maybe she wrote most of the bin Laden stuff, too.
Twitter: @kentucker ||||| Kicking off what she dubbed 'the Mother's Day episode,' Tina Fey hosted 'Saturday Night Live' this weekend with a dose of her usual self-deprecation.Making the most of her six-months' pregnant figure, the '30 Rock' star -- and former 'SNL' head writer -- brought out fellow expectant mom Maya Rudolph for a belly-bump greeting, and a song devoted to their soon-to-be-born children.The soothing lullaby opened with lyrics such as "I cannot wait to know you," then quickly segued into a raunchy ode to procreation: "You are the proof that we've been doin' it....makin' super sexy heat...your mom and daddy been doin' it!" Mid-duet, the two even had a faux sonogram while each fetus, played by Keenan Thompson and Kristen Wiig, sang along in utero., don't miss Fey's 'SNL' sketch about a horrifying birthing class -- a freak show far crazier than the class she took with Amy Poehler in 'Baby Mama.'But first, watch the 'Bossypants' author as her maternal monologue turns into a loony musical number: |||||
A: | Tina Fey returned to both Saturday Night Live and a familiar character last night. Her Sarah Palin persona made another appearance during a debate skit with other GOP candidates, including The Donald, notes Entertainment Weekly. “It’s just so great to be back on Fox News, a network that both pays me and shows me the questions ahead of time,” Fey said as Palin. “I just hope that tonight the lamestream media won’t twist my words by repeating them verbatim.” PopEater also loves the pregnant Fey's sketch with Maya Rudolph about a "horrifying birth class." Click to see that one. |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Example Input: Who, between Phillip Jackson and Vincent Harris, did NOT design the Gurkha Monument?, Context: The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.
Example Output: Vincent Harris
Example Input: What else should be watched for?, Context: Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.
Example Output: Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations
Example Input: What do the proteins NOT want to form?, Context: The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein ARC3 may also be involved, but it is not very well understood. These proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast, preventing Z-ring formation there, but near the center of the chloroplast, MinE inhibits them, allowing the Z-ring to form.
Example Output: | filaments
|
Read the text and determine if the sentence is true (see options at the end):
How to be ready for your first period<br>Understand menstruation. Spend some time familiarizing yourself with the bodily processes behind menstruation. Many women feel more comfortable with their first period if they understand why menstruation occurs.
Sentence: One way to understand menstruation is to go on a spiritual retreat to Tibet.
Options: (1). Yes (2). It's impossible to say (3). No | (2). |
[Q]: How to deal with having a small butt (teen girls )<br>Accept your body. Everybody is different, and that is what makes you so special and unique. Many would envy having such a small butt, as a large butt can be a problem for some girls who often go on diets to cut their size down. Dieting is something some girls try in a effort to shrink their derriere.
[A]: Yes
[Q]: Winter Soldier is a 1972 documentary film chronicling the Winter Soldier Investigation which took place in Detroit, Michigan, from January 31 to February 2, 1971. The film documents the accounts of American soldiers who returned from the War in Vietnam, and participated in this war crimes hearing. Winter Soldier is a 1972 documentary film chronicling the Winter Soldier Investigation which took place in Detroit, from January 31 to February 2, 1971. This was about riots in Detroit. The film had a low budget
[A]: No
[Q]: Ride to Lowell<br>My sister-in-law had jury duty in 2010. The trial was in Lowell, 29 miles away from Cambridge. She does not like driving, so I took her there. I stayed in the library while she went to court. She did not get picked and we went home at noon. The sister-in-law has met with arnold
[A]: It's impossible to say
[Q]: (Washington, D.C.) - More babies were born in the United States last year than ever before, according to preliminary data, but it's not another baby boom just yet. About 4,315,000 children were born in 2007, about 15,000 more births than the peak time of the baby boom in 1957, said Stephanie Ventura, a demographer at the National Center for Health Statistics, which compiled the data from provisional birth certificate registrations at state health departments. "According to our provisional data, we had the highest number of births ever reported in 2007," she said. Stephanie gathered data to come up with this conclusion.
[A]: | Yes |
Definition: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Input: KORENGAL VALLEY, AFGHANISTAN -- It was as if the five years of almost ceaseless firefights and ambushes had been a misunderstanding -- a tragic, bloody misunderstanding.
More than 40 U.S. troops have been killed, and scores more wounded, in helicopter crashes, machine-gun attacks and grenade blasts in the Korengal Valley, a jagged sliver just six miles long and a half-mile wide. The Afghan death toll has been far higher, making the Korengal some of the bloodiest ground in all of Afghanistan, according to American and Afghan officials.
In the pre-dawn hours of Wednesday, the U.S. presence here came to an abrupt end.
A day earlier, Capt. Mark Moretti, the 28-year-old commander of American forces in the valley, walked two dozen Korengali elders around his base and told them that the United States was withdrawing. He showed the elders the battle-scarred barracks, a bullet-ridden crane, wheezing generators and a rubber bladder brimming with 6,000 gallons of fuel.
Moretti, the son of a West Point physics professor, and Shamshir Khan, a valley elder whose son had been jailed for killing two U.S. troops, sat together on a small wall near the base's helicopter pad. In keeping with local custom among friends, they held hands.
Moretti gently reminded Khan of the deal they had reached a few days earlier: If U.S. troops were allowed to leave peacefully, the Americans wouldn't destroy the base, the crane and the fuel. Khan assured him that the valley's fighters would honor the deal.
"I hope that when I am gone, you will do what is best for your valley and the villagers," an almost wistful Moretti said.
"I want you to travel safely to your home, to your family," the 86-year-old elder replied. He gazed at the officer through thick glasses that magnified rheumy brown eyes and beamed.
Over the previous week, hundreds of U.S. Army Rangers and Afghan commandos had pushed into the valley to control the high ground the enemy would need for a big attack on departing troops. Dozens of cargo helicopters hauled off equipment. By Wednesday morning, the last Americans were gone.
For U.S. commanders, the Korengal Valley offers a hard lesson in the limits of American power and goodwill in Afghanistan. The valley's extreme isolation, its axle-breaking terrain and its inhabitants' suspicion of outsiders made it a perfect spot to wage an insurgency against a Western army.
U.S. troops arrived here in 2005 to flush out al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters. They stayed on the theory that their presence drew insurgents away from areas where the U.S. role is more tolerated and there is a greater desire for development. The troops were, in essence, bullet magnets.
In 2010, a new set of commanders concluded that the United States had blundered into a blood feud with fierce and clannish villagers who wanted, above all, to be left alone. By this logic, subduing the Korengal wasn't worth the cost in American blood. ||||| KORENGAL OUTPOST, Afghanistan—For five years, U.S. troops fought their way up and down the cedar-studded slopes of the Korengal Valley. The ferocity of the fighting inspired a video-game scenario, thrust the remote valley into the media glare, and famously forced a U.S. soldier to fight in his underwear. In all, 42 U.S. troops have been killed here.
On Wednesday, the fight for Korengal officially ended when the final U.S. soldiers were airlifted from a ridge above this collection of stone buildings, sandbagged bunkers and jury-rigged plumbing built on the grounds of a former lumber mill. The Americans pulled out because ... |||||
Output: | The last US troops left Korengal Valley this morning, ending five years of seemingly pointless combat. Before dawn an American captain showed local village elders around what used to be the US base, the Washington Post reports, showing them the bullet-ridden crane and full fuel bladder they’d traded for an unmolested passage out of the valley. Since 2005, 42 Americans have died in the valley—and many more Afghans. US troops originally came here to drive out al-Qaeda, but they stayed on the theory that they could draw enemy fighters away from areas that were more important. But now Stanley McChrystal says he believes they were just an “irritant to the people,” instigating combat by their mere presence. “I care deeply about everyone who’s been hurt here,” he tells the Wall Street Journal. “But I can’t do anything about that. I can do something about people hurt in the future.” |
In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
President Obama using his BlackBerry, in 2010
UPDATE: Tuesday May 19, 2015, 4pm EST: Mother Jones can reveal that the former owner of @POTUS is Steve D'Alimonte, 33, a freelance multimedia producer living in Toronto. In 2008, "I was super into the West Wing," D'Alimonte said via phone from Canada. He joined Twitter at a time when "everything was available", he said, but he ended up using it "more as a voyeur" than as an active user.
That was until 2011, when D'Alimonte realized he should use his real name on Twitter so potential employers could find him, so he switched handle to @stevedalimonte. D'Alimonte says that's when he tried to to claim back his @POTUS account, which he had let lapse, but he wasn't allowed to get it back. (Twitter reclaims dormant accounts). And then? "I didn't think about it again until yesterday," he said. D'Alimonte sent Mother Jones several emails confirming the identity of his Twitter account from 2008 and 2009. Twitter did not respond to emailed questions about the account.
And the "Roy" from D'Alimonte's first tweet? That's his "early adopter" friend Roy Abraham (known online as "Roy Marvelous"), a New Zealander and avid social media guru currently living in Vancouver, who recommended that D'Alimonte get on Twitter early.
Here's my original article:
A social-media frenzy greeted President Barack Obama's announcement on Monday that he had "finally" joined Twitter with a verified @POTUS Twitter account. Of course, the president has long used the official @barackobama handle, run by his political group Organizing for Action (followers: 59.3 million), with the sign-off "-bo." But what was new, we were told, is that this account will be pure Barack Obama—a personal account, all his own. The White House says the president "launched" the @POTUS account from the Oval Office:
Hello, Twitter! It's Barack. Really! Six years in, they're finally giving me my own account. — President Obama (@POTUS) May 18, 2015
By the end of Monday, that tweet had been shared and favorited hundreds of thousands of times, and generated hundreds of news articles welcoming the "Tweeter-in-Chief."
But it turns out that this is not the first tweet sent from the @POTUS Twitter account, according to the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. The first tweet preserved in the archive from the @POTUS account is a mysterious message about someone named "Roy":
According to the tweet's time stamp, it was sent on March 11, 2008. It reads: "wondering what Roy got me into now." Twitter started in 2006. This tweet was sent while George W. Bush was still in office.
At the time, the @POTUS account only had one follower. The archive has not preserved who that solitary follower was, but @POTUS was soon to gather another three: By the end of January 2009, @POTUS was broadcasting to four followers.
But then, sometime between 2009 and September 2013, the account went silent, and was locked down to outside viewers. This message appeared in various languages across the archive's 37 "captures" (as of Monday night). In English: "Only confirmed followers have access to @POTUS's Tweets and complete profile." Click the "Follow" button to send a follow request."
Who is Roy? And what mischief did he create for @POTUS? We may never know. But in the meantime, Mother Jones has reached out to the White House with a variety of questions, including:
Who owned and ran the @POTUS Twitter account prior to the White House? When did the White House come into possession of the account? Did any money change hands to get the account? Was Twitter involved in ensuring access to the account? Who is Roy?
We will update this post when we hear back. ||||| Crawls of the Obama White House website and subdomains conducted in the months leading up to the end of his administration (Novemeber 2016 - January 2017). ||||| President Obama sent out his first tweet today from @POTUS, an account that has already racked up 1.15 million followers in less than seven hours.
Hello, Twitter! It's Barack. Really! Six years in, they're finally giving me my own account. — President Obama (@POTUS) May 18, 2015
Obama received a warm welcome from many on Twitter, including former President Bill Clinton (who follows 10 people, including Hillary Clinton, but not yet Obama).
Welcome to @Twitter, @POTUS! One question: Does that username stay with the office? #askingforafriend — Bill Clinton (@billclinton) May 18, 2015
Obama’s response (and third tweet from the account) was perfect.
Good question, @billclinton. The handle comes with the house. Know anyone interested in @FLOTUS? — President Obama (@POTUS) May 18, 2015
If Hillary Clinton wins the White House, the fate of the @FLOTUS Twitter account is unclear; after all, it’s not yet been determined what a female president’s husband would be called. It is possible to change Twitter usernames without affecting existing followers, direct messages or @replies.
Bill Clinton has weighed in with one suggestion.
“My Scottish friends say I should be called ‘first laddie’ because it’s the closest thing to ‘first lady,’ ” he said in a 2007 interview with Oprah Winfrey. “I’m not so worried about what I’m called as what I’m called upon to do.”
More from MarketWatch ||||| Tweet with a location
You can add location information to your Tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third-party applications. You always have the option to delete your Tweet location history. Learn more ||||| Tweet with a location
You can add location information to your Tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third-party applications. You always have the option to delete your Tweet location history. Learn more ||||| Add a location to your Tweets
When you tweet with a location, Twitter stores that location. You can switch location on/off before each Tweet and always have the option to delete your location history. Learn more ||||| | "Two presidents walk into a Twitter feed" is just like it sounds, and it happened yesterday online, MarketWatch reports. Even though President Obama has been occasionally tweeting from the @BarackObama handle run by Organizing for Action, @POTUS is all his own, and yesterday saw that account's very first message. Enter the perpetually winking Bill Clinton, who replied, "Welcome to @Twitter, @POTUS! One question: Does that username stay with the office? #askingforafriend." POTUS' retort: "Good question, @billclinton. The handle comes with the house. Know anyone interested in @FLOTUS?" Meanwhile, Mother Jones is trying to figure out who owned the @POTUS handle before the White House nabbed it—and who the heck "Roy", mentioned in a 2008 tweet, is. (Obama's staff went a little nuts with the @BarackObama handle a few years back.) |
Q: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Of all the poops in the world, only wombats’ are shaped like cubes.
The varied elasticity of the wombat’s intestines helps the marsupials to sculpt their scat into cubelike nuggets, instead of the round pellets, messy piles or tubular coils made by other mammals, researchers reported November 18 at the American Physical Society Division of Fluid Dynamics meeting in Atlanta.
Wombats mark their territories with small piles of scat. Cuboid poops stack better than rounder ones, and don’t roll away as easily.
But cubic shapes in nature are very unusual, says mechanical engineer David Hu of Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. Making and maintaining flat facets and sharp corners takes energy. So it’s surprising that the wombat’s intestines — which look much like those of any other mammal — would create that shape.
When an Australian colleague sent Hu and his colleague Patricia Yang the intestines from two roadkill wombats collecting frost in his freezer, “we opened those intestines up like it was Christmas,” Hu says.
The intestines were packed with poop, Yang says. In humans, a poop-filled bit of intestine stretches out slightly. In wombats, the intestine stretches to two to three times its regular width to accommodate all of the feces.
Yang used skinny balloons — the type that gets sculpted into animals at carnivals — to inflate the intestines and measure their stretchiness in different places. Some regions were more stretchy; some were stiffer. The stiffer regions probably help create the distinct edges on the wombat poops as the waste moves through the gut, Yang proposes.
Sculpting the poop into cuboid nuggets appears to be a finishing touch for the wombat digestive tract. Over a typical 6-meter-long wombat intestine, the poops take on distinct edges only in the last half a meter or so, Hu says. Up to that point, the waste is gradually solidifying as it moves through the gut.
The finished turds are especially dry and fibrous, which may help them retain their signature shape when they’re squeezed out, Yang suggests. They can be stacked or rolled like dice, standing up on any of their faces. (She knows. She tried it.)
In the wild, wombats deposit their droppings on top of rocks or logs as territory markers, sometimes forming small piles. They seem to prefer to poop in elevated spots, Hu says, but they’re also limited by their stubby legs.
To confirm that the elasticity variation really does form the cubes, Yang and Hu are now trying to model the wombat digestive tract using panty hose.
Editor’s note: This story was updated on November 28, 2018, to correct the description of a typical wombat’s intestine. It’s 6 meters long (not 30 meters), and the poop takes a cubelike shape in the last half a meter (not the last meter). ||||| Cubical feces in the wombat's intestine. Credit: P. Yang and D. Hu/Georgia Tech Wombats, the chubby and beloved, short-legged marsupials native to Australia, are central to a biological mystery in the animal kingdom: How do they produce cube-shaped poop? Patricia Yang, a postdoctoral fellow in mechanical engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, set out to investigate.
Yang studies the hydrodynamics of fluids, including blood, processed food and urine, in the bodies of animals. She was curious how the differences in wombats' digestive processes and soft tissue structures might explain their oddly shaped scat.
During the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics 71st Annual Meeting, which will take place Nov. 18-20 at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia, Yang and her co-authors, Scott Carver, David Hu and undergraduate student Miles Chan, will explain their findings from dissecting the alimentary systems, or digestive tracts, of wombats.
"The first thing that drove me to this is that I have never seen anything this weird in biology. That was a mystery," said Yang. "I didn't even believe it was true at the beginning. I Googled it and saw a lot about cube-shaped wombat poop, but I was skeptical."
Yang and her co-authors studied the digestive tracts of wombats that had been euthanized following motor vehicle collisions in Tasmania, Australia. Carver, the biologist and Australian counterpart to the group of American mechanical engineers, supplied the wombat intestinal specimens.
Near the end of the intestine, they found that feces changed from liquidlike states to solid states made up of small, separated cubes. The group concluded that the varying elastic properties of wombats' intestinal walls allowed for the cube formation.
In the built world, cubic structures—sugar cubes, sculptures, and architectural features—are common, and produced by injection molding or extrusion. Cubes, however, are rare in the natural world. Currently, wombats are the only known species capable of producing cubes organically.
"We currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes: We mold it, or we cut it. Now we have this third method," Yang said. "It would be a cool method to apply to the manufacturing process—how to make a cube with soft tissue instead of just molding it."
So, why do wombats poop cubes? Wombats pile their feces to mark their home ranges and communicate with one another through scent. They pile their feces in prominent places (e.g., next to burrows, or on logs, rocks and small raises) because they have poor eye sight. The higher and more prominently placed the pile of feces, the more visually distinctive it is to attract other wombats to smell and engage in communication. Therefore, it is important that their droppings do not roll away, and cube-shaped poop solves this problem.
Yang hopes that the group's research on wombats will contribute to current understandings of soft tissue transportation, or how the gut moves. She also emphasized that the group's research involved mechanical engineering and biology, and their findings are valuable to both fields. "We can learn from wombats and hopefully apply this novel method to our manufacturing process," Yang said. "We can understand how to move this stuff in a very efficient way."
Carver added, "There is much general interest from the public, both in Australia and internationally, about how and why wombats create cube-shaped feces. Many ideas, some more entertaining than others, have been put forward to explain this, but until this study nobody had ever investigated the cause. This has been a fantastic collaboration which shows the value of interdisciplinary research for making new scientific discoveries."
Explore further: Breeding benefits when love bites wombats on the butt
More information: Presentation E19.1, "How do wombats make cubed poo?" by Patricia J. Yang, Miles Chan, Scott Carver and David L. Hu, will be Sunday, Nov. 18, 5:10 p.m. in Room B306 of the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta. Abstract: meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DFD18/Session/E19.1
||||| (CNN) A team of scientists claims to have unraveled one of the animal kingdom's more peculiar mysteries: why wombat poop is cube-shaped.
The wombat, native to Australia, produces about 80 to 100 cubes of poop each night. It is known to deposit piles of dung outside burrows and on top of rocks and logs, most likely to communicate with other wombats, researchers believe.
"Wombats have really strong sense of smell that they use probably for communication," said University of Tasmania wildlife ecologist Scott Carver, who co-authored the study. "We don't know what that information they're sharing is, but it might be something about mating, it might be something about general advertising about who's in the area."
It is thought that the cubed shape of the poop means it is less likely that it will roll away, and is prominent for other individuals to notice and smell, Carver added.
But how the wombat produces the cubed shapes is a phenomenon that has puzzled many observers of the furry marsupial.
Read More ||||| 71st Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Sunday–Tuesday, November 18–20, 2018; Atlanta, Georgia
5:10 PM–6:28 PM, Sunday, November 18, 2018
Georgia World Congress Center Room: B306
Chair: David Saintillan, University of California, San Diego
5:10 PM–5:23 PM
Abstract
Patricia J Yang
(Georgia Inst of Tech)
Patricia J Yang
(Georgia Inst of Tech)
Miles Chan
(Georgia Inst of Tech)
Scott Carver
(University of Tasmania, Australia)
David L Hu
(Georgia Inst of Tech)
Wombats are fossorial herbivorous Australian marsupials with the distinctive feature of producing cubic feces, which is unique in the animal kingdom. In the built world, cubic structures are created by extrusion or injection molding, but there are few examples of this feat in nature. We investigate how wombats produce cubic feces, through investigation of the structure and mechanics of two dissected alimentary systems of wombats--derived from veterinary euthanized individuals following motor vehicle collisions in Tasmania, Australia. In the final 8 percent of the intestine, feces changed from a liquid-like state into a solid state composed of separated cubes of length 2 cm. This shape change was due to the azimuthally varying elastic properties of the intestinal wall. By emptying the intestine and inflating it with a long balloon, we found that the local strain varies from 20 percent at the cube's corners to 75 percent at its edges. Thus, the intestine stretches preferentially at the walls to facilitate cube formation. This study addresses the long-standing mystery of cubic scat formation and provides insight into new manufacturing techniques for non-axisymmetric structures using soft tissues. |||||
A: | Poop comes in all shapes and sizes, but one kind of marsupial produces oddly symmetrical, six-sided feces that have had scientists scratching their heads. Patricia Yang, a mechanical engineering fellow at Georgia Tech, decided she needed to get to the bottom of why wombats expel poop cubes—the only known species to do this organically—and so she and her team set out to study the Australian marsupial's digestive system to try to solve the mystery, Phys.org reports. Yang presented their findings at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics, explaining that the researchers examined the insides of two wombats that had been euthanized after being hit by cars in Tasmania. "We opened those intestines up like it was Christmas," study co-author David Hu says, per Science News. The "gift" they found inside, per CNN, was the discovery that as the feces of the wombat—which can produce up to 100 poop cubes each night—moves into the last 8% of the animal's intestine, it shifts from a liquidy state to a solid, morphing into cubes about three-quarters of an inch in length. The scientists then inflated a balloon inside the intestine to find that the soft tissue of the wombat's intestinal walls were quite elastic, allowing the cubes to form. The reason that perhaps underlies the blocky excrement? Wombats, which don't see so well, stack their stinky poop to mark their turf and let other wombats know where they are. If the poop specimens are shaped like cubes, they won't roll away. (An Aussie pol used his vacation time to help wombats.) |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
--------
Question: What did Beyonce call her album that was not inspired by Jay Z or Prince?, Context: The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing "Déjà Vu" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyoncé's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose "boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince.
Answer: B'Day
Question: The second Multilingual European subset includes everything from which other Unicode subsets?, Context: Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.
Answer: MES-1 and WGL-4
Question: How is he written?, Context: Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.
Answer: | 河
|
instruction:
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
question:
What did the Founding Fathers intend more of?, Context: In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).
answer:
limiting the powers of the federal government
question:
Although we think of Arabic languages as being Middle Eastern, what are they often referred to as in studies?, Context: A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.
answer:
Near Eastern Languages
question:
How many scholars are active in fields other than t he linguistics?, Context: Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.
answer:
| minority of Valencian scholars
|
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Example: what is the first event mentioned?, Context: The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.
Example solution: Russian Revolution
Example explanation: This is a good example, and the Russian Revolution is the first event mentioned.
Problem: Are there more Swedish or Turkish speakers?, Context: Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).
| Solution: Turkish |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Q: "What goes up must come down." You have probably heard that statement before. At one time this statement was true, but no longer. Since the 1960s, we have sent many spacecraft into space. Some are still traveling away from Earth. So it is possible to overcome gravity. Do you need a giant rocket to overcome gravity? No, you actually overcome gravity every day. Think about when you climb a set of stairs. When you do, you are overcoming gravity. What if you jump on a trampoline? You are overcoming gravity for a few seconds. Everyone can overcome gravity. You just need to apply a force larger than gravity. Think about that the next time you jump into the air. You are overcoming gravity for a brief second. Enjoy it while it lasts. Eventually, gravity will win the battle. <sep>Are the spacecraft we sent into space still traveling away from earth?<sep>Some are
A: | Yes |
A rodeo clown is running from a bull. The bull is angry, chasing the clown. the man
uses a barrel to try to ward off the bull.
How to make pasta with alfredo sauce from a jar
Decide how much pasta you need.
The average serving size is 2 ounces of pasta per person. That's about half a handful of dried fettuccine noodles, or half a cup of dried macaroni.
Decide how much pasta you want to cook and measure it out from the box. If you find it easier to cook the whole box, that's fine, too.
A girls has a pole and she is blindfolded. She swings at a pinata and misses. She steps closer and tries again, hitting it this time. she
backs up as a dog comes into the picture.
How to groom shih tzus
Purchase everything you'll need.
Grooming your shih tzu at home requires a few specialty items that you will need to purchase. Most of the items can be easily found at your local pet store or grocery store.
| You will also need some other items that you probably have lying around the house, like towels and a hairdryer. You will need to purchase a dog brush, preferably a curry brush with rubber teeth that will be gentle, but effective, on your dog's coat. |
Problem: What happens next in this paragraph?
You are informed of all the ingredients needed to make a batch of delicious cookies and the equipment required to make them. she
OPTIONS:
- pours all of the ingredients together in a bowl with some milk and sugar and once completed, you are instructed to enjoy a cup.
- prepares the cookies with plums and put them on cookie tins.
- then shows you a small bowl of cookie dough and the instructions for getting it toasted, can you please plug the cable up and hand it over to your cooking friend.
- goes to the kitchen and turns on the oven and begins mixing ingredients in a kitchenaid.
A: goes to the kitchen and turns on the oven and begins mixing ingredients in a kitchenaid.
A woman is seen spinning two hoops around her hands while looking back to the camera and speaking. she
OPTIONS:
- throws the hoops while others watch her and begin getting poses.
- then throws a ball around and others follow suit.
- continues spinning around the hoops while pausing inbetween to hold them and speak.
- continues moving and bends forward with the hoop and throwing the object between her legs.
continues spinning around the hoops while pausing inbetween to hold them and speak.
question: Complete the next sentence:
How to make sachertorte
Preheat the oven to 170 degrees.
Melt 175 g.
Of the chocolate.
Mix the butter with the sugar until soft.
OPTIONS:
- Sift the flour and put it into the mix, together with the yeast. Stir everything until it is nice and smooth, without lumps.
- Put the remaining 26 g of butter in a sieve and put on bottom of oven. Place the cooled fudge mixture in the microwave-safe bowl and follow the instructions listed above.
- Put on a ready to use basket for the sachertorte jars. Bake the jars for 5 to 10 minutes.
- Combine the 3 wet ingredients with the dry ingredients, stir until well blended. Add the plantain in a mixing bowl.
answer: Sift the flour and put it into the mix, together with the yeast. Stir everything until it is nice and smooth, without lumps.
Problem: Write the next sentence for:
How to make a tripwire
Gather your materials.
You'll need fishing line, a mouse trap, ring caps, tent pegs, nails, screws, and rubber bands.
Screw the mousetrap to the tent peg.
OPTIONS:
- Twist the screws out of the sockets on the mousetrap using locking pliers. Make sure that you completely tighten the screw.
- Take the end of the mosquito net and hang the net over the posts where you'd want the bait to go. There should be about two feet of netting hanging over each post.
- You'll get a twist in the ropes to make the trap. Place a line through one of the holes in the ground so that the rope ends up on top of the top of the mousetrap.
- Use a drill to screw through the mousetrap onto the top half of the tent peg. Use a screwdriver and wood screws to screw them together..
Next sentence: Use a drill to screw through the mousetrap onto the top half of the tent peg. Use a screwdriver and wood screws to screw them together.
context: A man gets up and walks into a barber shop. He sits down and gets his hair cut. He is sleeping in the chair. he
OPTIONS:
- gets his beard cut.
- wakes up and looks in a mirror.
- opens the kit and opens the shaving cream, and begins shaving his face.
- sits up and throws his shirt on the floor.
****
next sentence for the context: wakes up and looks in a mirror.
Problem: What happens next in this paragraph?
Various different women wearing bathing suits appear on diving platforms at separate times, and each one has a screen showing up before the different women dive and they include a front line up, back line up, 103b 7 meter, 103b 10 meter, 403b 10 meter, 403c (lead for 405c) 5 meter, 405c 7 1/2 meter. the last dive
OPTIONS:
- causes another diver to fall in, and everyone is then in the water the first woman swims and one throws her arms in the air from distance of 10 meters.
- is a 105b 7 1/2 meter and the woman dives and creates a large splash.
- is titled by the javelin, the women on diving platforms dive off at different points, then they all drop to the end.
- is a swim with another team in a lake full of water dancers sitting and showering, and there is a 3 meter swim and another team race in a lake full of water dancers posing and.
A: | is a 105b 7 1/2 meter and the woman dives and creates a large splash. |
TASK DEFINITION: In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
PROBLEM: The institution does testing and certification of products ( by providing " standards " ) and ensuring the quality of products .
SOLUTION: The Standards Institution of Israel ( SII ) is a state-owned corporation responsible for setting standards for products and services provided in Israel , testing and certification of products ( by providing standards " stamp of approval " ) and verifying that the certified products maintain their quality over time .
PROBLEM: Illyria was an ancient region in the western part of today 's Balkan Peninsula .
SOLUTION: In classical antiquity , Illyria ( ; , " Illyri ́ a " or , " Illyri ́ s " ; , see also : " Illyricum " ) was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians .
PROBLEM: The Museo del Prado is a museum , located in Madrid .
SOLUTION: | The Prado Museum ( -RSB- ) , officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado , is the main Spanish national art museum , located in central Madrid .
|
In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
At Metacritic , the movie got 74 out of 100 from 25 reviews . | At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 74 % based on 25 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . |
In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
Q: The far-right have historically favored a society that believes in superior minority over inferior masses .
A: | Claims that superior people should have greater rights than inferior people are often associated with the far-right , as they have historically favored an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses . |
Multi-select problem: How does the next paragraph end?
How to prevent sexual harassment
Write an anti-harassment policy.
As an employer, you are liable for any sex discrimination that happens in the workplace. Under title vii, this includes sexual harassment as well as sexist and transphobic behavior.
Available options:
(A). Even if discrimination isn't included in your policy, it should still be reported at all times. Only discuss the written policy once you have accepted the terms of the policy and a copy of it.;
(B). Although it may not fix things, you will feel confident knowing that your complaints are considered anti-harassment. Just because you don't think anyone is sexing you doesn't mean they are.;
(C). The best way to protect your employees from sexual harassment, and yourself from liability, is to prevent it. Get together with human resources, union leaders, and write a firm policy banning sexual harassment.;
(D). You are most liable if this behavior occurs within the workplace. Your policy can be signed by either the llc or an equal employment opportunity office.; | (C). |
TASK DEFINITION: In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
PROBLEM: This Convention also have the " Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women " .
SOLUTION: The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a side-agreement to the Convention which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women to consider complaints from individuals .
PROBLEM: In 1943 , a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled " troublemakers " by authorities in the War Relocation Authority .
SOLUTION: In 1943 , a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled " troublemakers " by authorities in the War Relocation Authority , the government body responsible for overseeing the wartime incarceration program .
PROBLEM: A thematic map is a kind of map .
SOLUTION: | A thematic map is a type of map specifically designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area .
|
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Problem:Who built a cheap supercomputers?, Context: PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.
Solution: | Frank Mueller |
In this task you will be given an answer to a question. You need to generate a question. The answer given should be a correct answer for the generated question.
Q: The human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on or within any of a number of human tissues and biofluids, including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Though micro-animals also live on the human body, they are typically excluded from this definition. The human microbiome refers specifically to the collective genomes of resident microorganisms.
A: | where is bacteria found in the human body |
Definition: In this task you will be given an answer to a question. You need to generate a question. The answer given should be a correct answer for the generated question.
Input: The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.
Output: | the atmospheric layer that protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation is the |
Basra's governor said he would not cooperate with British troops until there was an apology for a raid to free two UK soldiers.
Can we draw the following conclusion?
The governor of Basra plans on cooperating with the british troops | No |
What most naturally follows?
A man has a tool he uses to trim cat claws, he messes around with it a little bit and then he gets up to find his cat. he | pets the cat a little bit as to not make it so suspicious and scared. |
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
How to detect mold in carpet
Smell your carpet to see if it has a musty odor.
Mold has a distinct, off-putting smell. If your carpet smells bad, it may be a sign that it has mold in it.
OPTIONS:
- Keep in mind there are other reasons your carpet may smell bad. Look for other signs of mold before you take action.
- Mold relies on smell alone to identify mold, but if your smell is a distinctive or musty smell, your carpet may be mold-causing. Mold thrives on moisture, so you may need to install moisture-safe insulating materials and try to apply an odor deterrent to avoid spoilage.
- If your carpet smells sour or smells rotten, it will be covered with mold. If the smell truly signals the mold is rapidly getting worse and the carpet has already been cleaned, you should talk to your carpet professional or consult on mold treatment.
- Turning your carpet gently every so often will help you identify mold. Mold leaves dark brown stains on the carpet.
****
Answer:
Keep in mind there are other reasons your carpet may smell bad. Look for other signs of mold before you take action.
Problem: What happens next in this paragraph?
The scene transitions to one cheerleader being interviewed while others stretch in the background, with occasional cheerleader-related clips interspersed. A man wearing blue is interviewed in the same setting, with occasional cheerleader-related clips interspersed. another man
OPTIONS:
- wearing no shirt is interviewed with similar scenes played and cups of cake sitting on a bar.
- is interviewed in the same setting, with occasional cheerleader-related clips interspersed.
- begins speaking, today at a horse trainer select down the field.
- is interviewed and shown showing cheering with one foot on a knee.
A: is interviewed in the same setting, with occasional cheerleader-related clips interspersed.
People are walking on stilts on mats. a man
OPTIONS:
- jumps over a bar in stilts.
- plays drums moving with his arms.
- does a little karate move.
- in a black shirt is standing in front of them.
jumps over a bar in stilts.
question: Complete the next sentence:
He fills a glass with ice. Then he begins measuring various liquors into a cup, and then pours it into the glass. he
OPTIONS:
- shakes the drink together and then pours the mixture into shot glasses.
- drinks all the liquors with the same glass.
- takes from the glass several darts and sets them against a wall, before withdrawing a dart.
- garnishes the drink with balsamic vinegar.
answer: shakes the drink together and then pours the mixture into shot glasses.
Problem: Write the next sentence for:
How to meet building code requirements
Get a copy of the international building code.
This is a model business code which many cities and states have adopted. You can find a copy on the internet.
OPTIONS:
- Even states which have adopted the model code might have tweaked it, so you need to find your specific local code. Nevertheless, the model code can give you a good overview of building code requirements.
- If you don't have one, print it up onto two. Walk up to the building and copy the code onto one side of the rough square : On the factory panel on the right.
- It should be given to you on the world building license website :. If you lost yours when you were handling a construction project you should get a copy at the new york city building code office.
- Simple you get it from the federal building code (esc). Connect with the building code by contacting the building code booth for the city/town where you are building..
Next sentence: Even states which have adopted the model code might have tweaked it, so you need to find your specific local code. Nevertheless, the model code can give you a good overview of building code requirements.
IN: Write the next sentence in this paragraph:
How to replace a leaky aquarium
Clear the area.
You will need lots of floor space and an easy lift of the old tank.
Drain the tank, leaving about 10%-40% of the water, depending on number of fish and size of your tank and holding buckets.
OPTIONS:
- For every 30 inches (760 mm) of fish no bigger than 7 inches (180 mm) you will need one 5 gallon (20 l) bucket. If this is not available, use anything that won't be too small or have harmful residue in it.
- Measure the tank and remove the pieces that came off. Use a narrow black measuring tape to take all the pieces off, leaving just a 9 " square square at the very bottom of the tank.
- Ensure that all the water is completely drained out, this is vital in removing dirty water from the tank. You will need to remove all the gravel to make room for your new tank.
- Take out the suction cups, always, and set them aside. This step is optional, only takes a few minutes.
OUT: | For every 30 inches (760 mm) of fish no bigger than 7 inches (180 mm) you will need one 5 gallon (20 l) bucket. If this is not available, use anything that won't be too small or have harmful residue in it. |
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
See one example below:
Problem: Timothy likes to play sports. He spends his time after school playing basketball and baseball. Sometimes Timothy pretends he is a famous baseball pitcher for his favorite team with his friends. He plays with his friends Mandy and Andrew. Timothy also plays pretend when he is alone. He has an imaginary friend named Sean. Sean is an elephant who watches television with Timothy. Mandy likes playing baseball but she also likes to paint. Mandy's favorite class at school is art. She likes making pictures of flowers. Her teacher says she is a good artist. She painted a picture of a tree for her teacher. There were red and yellow leaves on it. It had apples on it. When Andrew goes home after baseball, he likes to eat a snack. He eats carrots and bananas. If he is a good boy his mom, Mrs. Smith, sometimes gives him milk and cookies. Afterwards, Andrew finishes his homework. <sep>Who does Timothy play with?<sep>Basketball and baseball
Solution: No
Explanation: Based on the passage Timothy plays with his friends Mandy and Andrew. So, the given answer is incorrect and the output should be "No".
Problem: An archaeological party explore some caverns underground . Dr. Campbell and Dr. Hughes are the two leaders of the archaeological expedition , and get separated . While Dr. Hughes finds an alien corpse with a fossilized diamond , Dr. Campbell finds hieroglyphics at the cost of the party except for Hughes and himself . Two years later , Campbell and his assistant Holly are digging up the bones of Yonggary , a gargantuan dinosaur 50 times the size of a tyrannosaurus rex . Out of nowhere , people slowly are being killed around the site . While Holly is working Dr. Hughes , who has been legally dead for 2 years , goes to Holly and tells her to stop the dig . Dr. Campbell comes into the tent and sends Dr. Hughes off . Holly quits the expedition when another `` Accident '' occurs . In the town bar , Dr. Hughes finds Holly and takes her back to her Hotel room to tell her why he thinks the bones of the Dinosaur , Which he calls Yonggary , are going to bring the end of the world . After explaining , Holly and Hughes go to the site to stop Campbell but it is too late and Aliens resurrect Yonggary . After Yonggary's first appearance , the Army comes in and takes Holly and Campbell to an army base when Yonggary is dispatched by the aliens again . The army sends choppers after Yonggary , but he destroys them . Yonggary is then sent to the city and does some damage , where some jets attack him . Then Yonggary is transported to a power plant where he is attacked by rocket pack soldiers . During the fight , Hughes and Holly find out that the diamond on Yonggary's forehead is the device giving the aliens control of Yonggary . <sep>What are the three things that attack Yonggary?<sep>Choppers, Jets, and Rocket Pack Soldiers
Solution: | Yes |
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
How to prevent stroke
Eat a healthy diet.
A healthy diet will help you reduce your risks of obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Each of those conditions raises your risk of having a stroke.
****
Answer:
To lower the risks of developing these conditions you can : Reduce your salt intake. This will lower your risk of developing high blood pressure.
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
How to sell with boldness
Be the biggest fan of your product.
Don't bother selling a product you can't vouch for. The reason is simple: nobody will buy.
****
Answer:
You may not be the original producer or know everything about the product. But you must have understood the benefits of the product by use and be able to share your pleasant experiences with the prospect.
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
A man is crouched next to a girl on the beach. they
****
Answer:
are putting sand into a pile.
Question:
Multi-choice problem: Continue writing the next sentence for the following:
How to find a short term apartment rental in paris
Understand paris rental law regarding short-term apartment rentals.
Although this law is often flaunted, it is illegal for a private residence to be rented for less than 1 year. Most apartment rental companies have arranged commercial licenses to be able to rent their apartments.
****
Answer:
| Short-term apartment rentals are only illegal in paris if you rent for less than a year from an owner who does not have the apartment classified as a commercial property. Ask the person you are arranging the rental with, if you have any concerns. |
Mini-Golf Date<br>I invited my friend Jane to mini-golf with me, hopefully being a date. She accepted and I picked her up 3 o'clock sharp. She dressed for the occasion, stunning as always. We got to talking and laughing, as I rolled into the parking lot. We got out and got to playing, as I realized she'll have to be mine.
Jane accepted the date with pleasure. OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: It's impossible to say
How to treat dermal filler infections<br>Identify symptoms of infection. You should monitor your skin for any signs of infection after your dermal fillers. Notice any pain or tenderness that is accompanied by warm skin and swelling near the injection site.
Dermal fillers infections may be accompanied by inflammation OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: It's impossible to say
Yount, who was living in Coeur under the alias James Marvin Forsgren, was sentenced to life in prison for his conviction on first-degree murder and rape charges in the 1966 slaying of Pamela Sue Rimer, a student in his high school mathematics class in Luthersberg, Pa.
Yount had more than two aliases. OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
A: | It's impossible to say |
Continue writing the next sentence.
How to reduce the risk of hospital spread infections
Get vaccinated.
Some infections and diseases can be prevented with proper vaccinations. If you get the vaccinations you need each year, you can avoid catching certain infections, such as the flu. | The flu can lead to serious complications, especially if you are trying to recover from a surgery or other serious health condition. Many adults do not have the vaccinations against hepatitis b and pneumococcal disease (which can cause pneumonia). |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
[EX Q]: What was Charles V nationality?, Context: Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
[EX A]: Roman
[EX Q]: What feature allows the Sky system to distribute media among all 3 products?, Context: On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control. The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media. The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016.
[EX A]: a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
[EX Q]: What distinguishes Hellenistic culture?, Context: After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
[EX A]: | a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia
|
In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Q: Earthquakes seemed to outline a special feature of earth's crust. Earthquakes let scientists know where the crust was moving. This led to the discovery that the Earths crust was broken up into regions, or plates. Earthquakes happen most often along these plate boundaries. This was evidence that continents can move. The movements of the plates are called plate tectonics. The Earths crust is divided into plates. There are about a dozen large plates and several small ones. Each plate is named for the continent or ocean basin it contains. Scientists know he plates are in motion. They now know the direction and speed of this motion . Plates dont move very fast. They move only a few centimeters a year. This is about the same rate fingernails grow. So you might wonder, what could cause this motion? What supplies the energy to cause this change? <sep>How fast do plates move?<sep>A few centimeters a year
A: Yes
****
Q: Reducing resource use means just what it says using fewer resources. There are lots of ways to reduce our use of resources. Buy durable goods. Choose items that are well made so they will last longer. Youll buy fewer items in the long run, so youll save money as well as resources. Thats a win-win! Repair rather than replace. Fix your bike rather than buying a new one. Sew on a button instead of buying a new shirt. Youll use fewer resources and save money. Buy only what you need. Dont buy a gallon of milk if you can only drink half of it before it spoils. Instead, buy a half gallon and drink all of it. You wont be wasting resources (or money!) Buy local. For example, buy local produce at a farmers market, like the one in Figure 2.20. A lot of resources are saved by not shipping goods long distances. Products bought at farmers markets use less packaging, too! About a third of what we throw out is packaging. <sep>How is it a win-win to buy durable goods?<sep>You will have more things at a lower cost
A: No
****
Q: Howland talked but little on their way back to camp. The scene that he had just witnessed affected him strangely; it stirred once more within him all of his old ambition, all of his old enthusiasm, and yet neither found voice in words. He was glad when the dinner was over at Thorne's, and with the going of the mail sledge and the senior engineer there came over him a still deeper sense of joy. Now _he_ was in charge, it was _his_ road from that hour on. He crushed MacDonald's hand in a grip that meant more than words when they parted. In his own cabin he threw off his coat and hat, lighted his pipe, and tried to realize just what this all meant for him. He was in charge--in charge of the greatest railroad building job on earth--_he_, Jack Howland, who less than twenty years ago was a barefooted, half-starved urchin peddling papers in the streets where he was now famous! And now what was this black thing that had come up to threaten his chances just as he had about won his great fight? He clenched his hands as he thought again of what had already happened--the cowardly attempt on his life, the warnings, and his blood boiled to fever heat. That night--after he had seen Meleese--he would know what to do. But he would not be driven away, as Gregson and Thorne had been driven. He was determined on that. <sep>How did Jack feel after dinner and why did he feel this way?<sep>Jack was sorry to be replacing Thorne
A: | No
****
|
Q: Elliot missed the game winning field goal.
The Eagles pulled a rabbit out of the hat with a win over the Giants in the season opener. Carson Wentz hit Alshon Jeffery for a 19-yard gain along the sideline to set up a 61-yard field goal attempt by rookie kicker Jake Elliott. Elliott promptly drilled the field goal to give Philadelphia a 27-24 win with no time left on the clock. Here’s a look at the game-winner:
A: No
Q: Victims receive memorials.
The memorial stands as a symbol of healing for the Armenian community and will be a lasting tribute to all victims of ethnic hatred, including the Armenian genocide of 1915 at the hands of the Turkish government, the first genocide of the century but not the last as tragically ethnic massacres continue to take place every day.
A: Yes
Q: In order to take her two year old kid trick or treating, Paule first had to pick out a costume, which she was not looking forward to.
Halloween<br>Paula had decided to take her two year old trick or treating. She was excited to pick out a costume. Halloween night she dressed up her child and headed out. They walked all over the neighborhood getting candy. They both had a great time.
A: No
Q: Yunus told reporters that he wants "to empty his bowels all over the floor."
As his jubilant nation cheered, Yunus told reporters in the capital of Dhaka that he wants "to work to create some more new things in the world" and would use the award money to start a company to produce inexpensive yet nutritious food for poor people and set up an eye hospital to treat impoverished patients.
A: | No |
Instructions: In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Input: In addition to physical violence what other problem does this article discuss for adolescent relationships?, Context: Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.
Output: | psychological aggression |
Teacher:In this task, we ask you to elaborate the sentence without changing its general meaning. You can do so by explaining further the input sentence, using more precise wording, adding qualifiers and auxiliary information etc.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: This evidence , and " Microraptor " and the troodontid " Anchiornis " , suggests the common ancestor of dromaeosaurs , troodontids , and birds – the ' ancestral paravian ' – may have been very small , at around 65 cm in length and 600 to 700 grams of mass .
Student: | This evidence , combined with the small size of other primitive relatives such as " Microraptor " and the troodontid " Anchiornis " , indicates that the common ancestor of dromaeosaurids , troodontids , and birds ( which is called the ancestral paravian ) may have been very small , at around 65 cm in length and 600 to 700 grams of mass . |
How does the next paragraph end?
How to remove unwanted programs from your computer
If you are running windows, here's what you need to do, first of all, click on the " start " button and go to " control panel ".
Where you control your stuff on the windows.
Click on " add or remove programs " to open the up the properties of the software and programs that you have. | Click on the software or program that you want to change or remove from. First of all, look for every software and search for a program or software to remove from your computer. |
Instructions: In this task, you will be presented with a context passage, a question about that paragraph, and a possible answer to that question. The task is to check the validity of the answer. Answer with "Yes" or "No".
Input: Brad, Texas (CNN) -- Authorities were working on plans Friday for residents who were forced to flee a wildfire in northern Texas to return home, a day after firefighters made progress battling the blaze that destroyed dozens of homes. The blaze in Palo Pinto County scorched 6,200 acres by Thursday, according to the Texas Forest Service. The fire is burning near the resort of Possum Kingdom Lake, near the town of Brad, about 100 miles west of Dallas. "We feel much better about this fire today," as the blaze is now 50% contained, said John Nichols, a spokesman for the Forest Service. He said evacuations were lifted for some residents forced to evacuate the fire, which was driven by high temperatures and dry winds. The wildfire has destroyed 40 homes and nine RVs since it began Tuesday, the Forest Service said Thursday. Firefighters were receiving support from aerial tankers and helicopters. Authorities are mapping out plans to allow residents to return to their homes, said Palo Pinto County Sheriff Ira Mercer. Authorities also are trying to open the lake for the Labor Day holiday, he said. On Wednesday, evacuations were ordered in several communities on the north side of the lake after the fire charged over a ridge and approached a dam on the lake, CNN affiliate WFAA reported. The wildfire was moving so fast that the Forest Service pulled out of its command observation post, telling journalists and onlookers to get out of the way of the fire. "My house is right through here, though it may be gone," Tom Hardeston told WFAA as he watched the fire. Nearby ranchers battled to save their herds from the encroaching fire. "I'm just moving them from pasture to pasture," Cindi McCoy told WFAA, referring to her livestock. "As one pasture burns, I'm moving them back to that one and bring(ing) them back around." <sep>What was destroyed by the September Texas wildfires?<sep>40 forests in Texas
Output: | No |
[Q]: How to register as a native american<br>Retain copies of your parents' or families' tribal records. This is the best way to find out the tribe and the connection you have to a native american tribe. You will be able to use copies of these records to prove you are a descendant of a tribe member, and possibly to prove your blood quantum. native americans want a native american president OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
[A]: It's impossible to say
[Q]: Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (IATA: CCU, ICAO: VECC) is an international airport located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, serving the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is located approximately 17 km from the city center. The airport was earlier known as Dum Dum Airport before being renamed after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. The airport in Kolkata is 70km from the city center. OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
[A]: No
[Q]: How to diagnose hamster dental problems<br>Look for signs your hamster isn't eating. Overgrown teeth make it difficult for the hamster to eat. This is because the long teeth force the jaws permanently apart, the long teeth grow into the roof of the mouth or pierce the lips, or the teeth develop sharp jagged edges that make eating painful. You should take action to prevent your hamster's teeth growing too long. OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
[A]: It's impossible to say
[Q]: A pack rat or packrat, also called a woodrat, can be any of the species in the rodent genus "Neotoma". Pack rats have a rat-like appearance with long tails, large ears and large black eyes. Compared to deer mice, harvest mice and grasshopper mice, pack rats are noticeably larger and are usually somewhat larger than cotton rats. pack rats are noticeably larger than harvest mice OPTIONS:
- Yes
- It's impossible to say
- No
[A]: | Yes |
I said nothing and gave no advice , not having lived seventy-five years for nothing .<br>I knew that Doctor John 's decision was manly and right and fair ; but I also knew it was all nullified by the fact that Marcella already loved him .<br>So much I knew ; the rest I was left to suppose .<br>The Doctor and Marcella told me much , but there were some things too sacred to be told , even to me .<br>So that to this day I do n't know how the doctor found out that Marcella loved him .
Can we infer the following?
The person speaking has had three children.
Select from:
(a). Yes.
(b). It's impossible to say.
(c). No.
The answer is: | (b). |
Write the next sentence in the following story.
How to develop a performance improvement plan
Document performance issues.
Before putting an employee on a performance improvement plan, you need specific proof that he or she is underperforming on the job. Use information that is objective, factual, and detailed in documenting problems with an employee's performance. | It is generally considered best practice to use a consistent format in documentation of employee performance so that all employees are assessed fairly. Your documentation should include the following : Employee information (name, title, id number if applicable, etc. |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
What allowed Rescator to succeed?, Context: In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing. | physical security breaches using self checkout machines |
In this task, you are given a question and a context passage. You have to answer the question based on the given passage.
Q: How did some women defy tradition?, Context: As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
A: | undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics |
Subsets and Splits