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PowerPoint Math Warm-Up Game: Mystery Box. Fun Math Game.
This PowerPoint math game is great to use as a math warm-up or just as a fun activity to review some math skills. It can be used as a whole class activity, a small group activity, or an individual activity if the students have their own devices.
Students choose a mystery box from the home page. Each mystery box has it's own math question (20 in total). If the student gets it right they can earn points. Break the class up into groups if you want to add a bit of fun competition. |
The importance of food miles has come under fire lately. While it seems logical that food produced locally would have a smaller carbon footprint than food produced and transported cross the country or even across the globe, sometimes it's just not the case. Mass production of food can be more efficient simply because of the sheer quantity of production. But is it the healthier choice?
Production of certain types of food or livestock can be more efficient due to environmental conditions, soil conditions, and a variety of other factors in a specific region. For example, shipping lamb and apples from New Zealand to the United Kingdom initially seems counterintuitive since Britain raises its own sheep and grows its own apple orchards. But, according to a life cycle analysis presented in "Food Miles â Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand's Agriculture Industry" by Caroline Saunders, Andrew Barber and Greg Taylor, producing apples in New Zealand yields 50 tons of apples per hectare of land. In the United Kingdom, that same amount of fertilizer yields just 14 tons of apples per hectare. For lamb, the production amounts per hectare are similar for New Zealand and Britain, yet Britain needs to use 13 times more fertilizer to produce that amount of lamb. New Zealand has a better climate and landscape for raising apples and lamb, meaning even with the shipping miles factored in, New Zealand's lamb and apples are more efficient for Britain than buying locally.
But while all that efficiency may make the importance of food miles a moot point in some cases, it does not supplant the importance of local food. Here are four reasons why local food is still important even if food miles aren't a factor:
1. Direct relationships mean you know what you get. Forming direct relationships with food producers means you know what you're getting. Buying locally bolsters the local agricultural economy and allows that community to continue producing quality produce or livestock products. Supporting local growers with your wallet makes it possible for them to operate in spite of being financially outmatched by larger growers and distributors.
2. Quality of production is more important than quantity of food miles. One of the benefits to buying your food locally is that it's easy to find out how the food is produced. And often times, small growers are using more sustainable methods. You're able to visit farms or ranches to verify quality (and pick your own!). Likewise, if you're not satisfied with local growing methods, you can take measures to find healthier alternatives for you and your family.
3. Community-driven economies can survive downturns. Circulating money through your local economy means it can continue to support your community. The economic theory is referred to as plentitude economics. The term, espoused by economist Juliet Schor, refers to a reorganization of the economy to revolve around slow business, do-it-yourself culture, simple low-impact living and slow money investments.
Supporters of plentitude economics and the slow money movement believe buying local produce, meats and dairy can build relationships and communities. Slow money supporters adhere to localized food investment "in order to enhance food security, food safety and food access; improve nutrition and health; promote cultural, ecological and economic diversity; and accelerate the transition from an economy based on extraction and consumption to an economy based on preservation and restoration." One of the key slow money principles states, "we must learn to invest as if food, farms and fertility mattered. We must connect investors to the places where they live, creating vital relationships and new sources of capital for small food enterprises."Keeping money in local hands means more local benefits. It also keeps money out of the control of big corporations for which we can have little say in the daily operation. That means, in times of economic crisis, that the community can support itself more effectively since the local economic infrastructure is already in place.
4. Local seasonal produce means fewer pathogens, even on nonorganic foods. Not only do freshly picked fruits and vegetables pack maximum nutrition, but out-of-season fruits and vegetables also are often imported from countries with less-stringent regulations for pesticide use and food handling. Imported foods are three times more likely to be contaminated with pathogens than domestic produce. And the FDA only inspects a small portion of produce.
If you're having trouble finding local food producers in your area, check out these resources: |
Exercise For Diabetes Mellitus
Stan Reents, PharmD
08/02/2007 10:33 AM
Last Revision: 08/22/2019 02:42 PM
As of 2015, diabetes, or more specifically, diabetes mellitus, is listed as the 7th leading cause of death in the US. Quite frankly, diabetes is out of control, both in the US, and worldwide. Consider the following statistics:
DIABETES IN THE US
The prevalence of diabetes in the US gets worse every year:
IN THE US
Of the 30.3 million Americans (all ages) with diabetes, 23.1 million are diagnosed while 7.2 million are not officially diagnosed (source: NHANES data obtained 2011-2014).
30.3 million people represents 9.4% of the total US population. But an additional 84.1 million adults have pre-diabetes! These are people with an elevated blood glucose between 100-125 mg/dL. Most will go on to develop full-blown diabetes. As I've been saying, diabetes is going to get a lot worse before it gets better.
(US adults only,
|⢠Diabetes Mellitus
||> 125 mg%
||⢠With diagnosed
diabetes: 22.8 million
(9.2% of adults)
||100 - 125 mg%
(33.9% of adults)
⢠Diabetes in adults (ages 18 and above): If you add up adults who currently have diabetes (22.8 million) and adults with pre-diabetes (84.1 million), there are 107 million adults at risk. That's more than 40% of all adults in the US!
⢠Diabetes in children and adolescents: Because of its association with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, type 2 diabetes used to be a disease that was only found in adults. It is now being seen in children and adolescents.
⢠Diabetes in Native Americans: Most often, the cause of type-2 diabetes is lifestyle (ie., a combination of sedentary lifestyle and overeating, leading to obesity). However, genetic factors also play a role. At least 10 genes involved in the development of diabetes mellitus have been identified in humans. A prime example is the high prevalence of diabetes in Native Americans, particularly Pima Indians. The rate of diabetes in American Indians is the highest of any ethnic group in the US.
And if the stats listed above aren't depressing enough, then consider what is going on worldwide:
(source: Diabetes Atlas, 4th ed., published by the International Diabetes Federation)
In the fall of 2011, world population reached 7 billion. So, stated another way, about 5.2% of the entire world population has diabetes mellitus. It is estimated that, in 2011, one person died from diabetes every 7 seconds.
TWO TYPES OF DIABETES
Diabetes exists in 2 general types:
- Type-1: due to reduced output of insulin from the pancreas
- Type-2: insulin output is normal or increased, but responsiveness of tissues to the actions of insulin is impaired (insulin resistance)
Type-2 makes up 90-95% of all cases of diabetes.
OBESITY LEADS TO DIABETES
One of the main reasons for the steady increase in diabetes is because obesity continues to get worse. The most recent stats on obesity in the US (from NHANES) show the following:
- Males: 35% are obese
- Females: 40% are obese
- Adolescents ages 12-16: 21% are obese
Obesity, particularly if it occurs at an early age, is a strong risk factor for developing diabetes in later life. At the American Diabetes Association meeting in Washington DC (June 12, 2006), Dr. Venkat Narayan, head of epidemiology and statistics at the CDC's diabetes branch, presented a report based on survey data from over 800,000 healthy adults. He found that:
...the odds that a person who is a normal weight at age 18 yrs. will develop diabetes in later life are roughly 1-in-5, or 1-in-6. This is bad enough. But, "if you are very obese at age 18, the risk of developing diabetes rises to 3-in-4," he said.
Combined data from the Nurses' Health Study (77,690 women) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (46,060 men) also show how the risk of diabetes skyrockets as body weight increases (Field AE, et al. 2001):
|25 - 29
|30 - 34
|35 and higher
Even professional athletes are not immune to the consequences of weight gain and a sedentary lifestyle. NBA hall of famer Dominique Wilkins discovered that first-hand. After he retired from the NBA, he put on about 25 pounds, and then was diagnosed with type-2 diabetes. He has since lost about 30 pounds, improved his diet, and resumed a more disciplined exercise routine, but still requires oral medication to control his diabetes. (His father suffered from type-1 diabetes.)
Prevent Obesity by Controlling Your Calorie Intake
As summarized above, obesity is a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes. Preventing weight gain is a lot easier than dieting to lose excess weight.
Americans obtain one-third of their calories outside the home. And, as we all know, restaurant portions are huge. Research shows that the more often people eat at restaurants, the more likely they are to gain weight.
To help you make smarter choices when dining out, use our novel and award-winning Exercise Calorie Converter mobile app. Not only can you look up the calorie values of over 6000 menu items from more than 50 franchise restaurants, you can quickly convert those calories into minutes of exercise. Thinking of calories in this manner really emphasizes the importance of preventing weight gain!
"TREATING" DIABETES WITH EXERCISE
People with diabetes know how important diet is to maintain good blood sugar control. But, fewer are clear on how beneficial exercise can be.
This is not surprising. Healthcare professionals often recommend "diet and exercise" for patients with diabetes. But, while the details regarding diet are clearly spelled out for diabetics, specific information regarding exercise is not. How much exercise? How often? And what type?
In 1972, Paula Harper, a registered nurse, was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes. She discovered that the medical profession offered very little help when she asked these questions. In fact, she says, "I was most often told not to do it or given inadequate or misleading advice." She subsequently developed her own training regimen and, within a year, entered her first marathon. She has since run dozens of marathons, and competed in other endurance races, such as triathlons, ultramarathons, and century bike races (Thurm U, et al. 1992).
Sadly, for a long time, the medical profession continued to discourage diabetic athletes from competition. In 1999, American swimmer Gary Hall Jr. was diagnosed with diabetes. His doctor told him he wouldn't swim competitively. Fortunately, Hall didn't listen: At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Hall won the men's 50-meter freestyle, earning him the title "World's Fastest Swimmer!"
In fact, for many people with type-2 diabetes, regular exercise can be highly effective.
Mike Huckabee Reverses Diabetes with Diet and Exercise
Former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee is an example of someone who developed type 2 diabetes as a complication of obesity:
In 2003, Governor Huckabee weighed 280 lbs. His BMI was 39, one unit shy of being categorized as "morbidly obese." At his height (5'11"), his weight should be no greater than 175 lbs (based on desirable BMI values).
Then, one day in March 2003, Huckabee developed numbness and tingling in his arm. His physician diagnosed diabetes.
The call to action for Mike Huckabee came in June 2003 when former Arkansas governor Frank White died of a heart attack. Over the next year, Huckabee changed his diet and began running. First, he reduced his intake from 3000 down to 800 calories per day by eating meal replacement shakes and unlimited vegetables. After 3 months, his physician relaxed the diet to 1600 calories per day.
After he lost 40 lbs., exercise was added. Though tough at first, after 4 months, Huckabee could run 3-4 miles. By March 2004, he had lost 105 lbs. and all symptoms of diabetes had been reversed.
Huckabee was profiled in Runner's World magazine. He ran his first 5-K race on July 4, 2004 and finished in 28:39 minutes. As of November 2006, he had run 3 marathons and was planning to run in the NYC Marathon. At the Little Rock Marathon in March 2006, his finish time was 4:26.
PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS OF EXERCISE IN DIABETES
To better understand the effects of exercise on glucose control, we need to separate this process into two parts: (a) the acute effects of exercise (ie., what happens during an exercise session and for several hours afterwards) and (b) the chronic effects of exercise (ie., what happens when you exercise regularly week after week). The following information is from the excellent text: Action Plan For Diabetes, by Darryl E. Barnes, MD.
Immediate Effects of Exercise
During exercise, muscles use glycogen (the storage form of glucose in muscle) for energy. When glycogen is depleted, the muscle restores this loss by taking glucose out of the blood. Insulin plays a key role in controlling glucose transport into cells.
Exercise stimulates cells to become more sensitive to insulin. This allows glucose to be transported into the cells at a faster rate and, in turn, reduces the blood glucose level.
But, in type-1 diabetes, there isn't enough insulin.
Fortunately, during exercise, muscle cells take up glucose even if insulin is not present. Thus, exercise is highly beneficial for diabetics in 2 ways:
- exercise increases insulin sensitivity
- exercise increases glucose uptake (into muscle cells) independently of insulin
Both of these processes help to lower the blood glucose level. The process is the same for diabetics and non-diabetics. In fact, the effects of exercise can be so effective that in some non-diabetics, aerobic exercise can even reduce blood glucose levels below the normal range (70-100 mg%) (Felig P, et al. 1982).
Long-term Effects of Exercise
The chronic effects of exercise are related to the increase in metabolically active muscle. Regular exercise over time produces more active muscles, which in turn use more glucose, keeping the blood level in control. Improvements in glucose metabolism can be seen within one week of starting aerobic activities. However, if you stop exercising, these effects can be reversed in as few as two days.
The benefits of regular exercise in diabetes are several:
⢠Improvements in glycosylated hemoglobin: Glycosylated hemoglobin, or hemoglobin A1c (HgA1c), shows the impact of glucose levels over the previous three-month period. People with type-1 diabetes experience positive effects from exercise similar to those experienced by people with type-2 diabetes. However, in those with type-1 diabetes, the changes in HgA1c are entirely dependent on insulin doses and diet.
⢠Improved circulation: Microscopically, a muscle that has been exercised regularly has an increase in the number of very small vessels (called capillaries) compared to a muscle that has not been exercised. An increase in capillary density allows more blood flow to active muscle which, in turn, increases the efficiency of glucose metabolism.
⢠Weight loss: Weight loss is a common result of exercise in a person with type-2 diabetes. Typically weight loss will improve the overall health of someone with type-2 diabetes and will decrease the need for insulin in those who are dependent on it. However, a review of 14 studies on the effects of exercise in diabetics showed that exercise improves glycemic control even if no weight is lost (Boule NG, et al. 2001).
Thus, the effects of aerobic exercise on glucose/glycogen metabolism are very therapeutic in diabetics.
OFFICIAL EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIABETICS
So, this brings us back to the original questions: What kind of exercise is recommended for diabetics? Is aerobic exercise better than resistance exercise? And how much exercise is necessary? How often? How intense?
Official exercise recommendations for diabetics come from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). In 2000, the ACSM published a position statement recommending exercise for people with diabetes. This was followed in 2002 by similar recommendations from the ADA (note that the recommendations pertain specifically to type-2 diabetes):
All adults with type 2 diabetes should obtain at least 150 minutes
of exercise or physical activity each week.
This works out to roughly 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week.
AEROBIC EXERCISE FOR DIABETES: DURATION vs. INTENSITY
The official guidelines listed above state how long to exercise, but not how hard, or what kinds of exercise are best.
In terms of mortality, a study from the CDC concluded that 2 hours of walking per week lowered the mortality rate in adults with diabetes by 39%. Mortality rates were even lower for those who walked 3-4 hours per week. The researchers calculated that one death per year could be prevented for every 61 people who walk at least 2 hrs/week (Gregg EW, et al. 2003).
Since then, official exercise recommendations have been refined somewhat. How LONG to exercise depends on how HARD you exercise:
|⢠How long?
In a thorough review, John Ivy, PhD at the University of Texas at Austin concluded that resistance exercise improves insulin sensitivity to about the same extent as aerobic exercise (Ivy JL. 1997). Hemoglobin A1c was lower in diabetics who exercised regularly. It didn't make any difference whether exercise was aerobic exercise or resistance exercise (Boule NG, et al. 2001). However, for reasons discussed below, aerobic exercise is generally preferable than resistance exercise for diabetics.
RESISTANCE EXERCISE FOR DIABETES
Research shows that 6 months of resistance exercise improves insulin action in older adults, both males and females (Ryan AS, et al. 2001). However, there are some additional issues to consider when diabetics engage in resistance exercise:Weight-lifting (by anyone) can momentarily drive blood pressure up to astronomical levels. In one report, the brachial artery pressure in a weight-lifter during leg press hit 480/350 mmHg (MacDougall JP, et al. 1985).
One of the complications of diabetes is a change in blood vessels. A concern in diabetics is that such high pressures may damage the tiny vessels of the retina. Peter A. Farrell, PhD, Department of Exercise Science at East Carolina University, writing in a Gatorade Sports Science Institute publication in 2003 states: "Until resistance exercise is proven harmless, the person with diabetes who has preexisting retinal damage should avoid this type of exercise."
SPECIAL GUIDELINES FOR DIABETICS WHO EXERCISE
First, as with any person who is over 40, obtain clearance from your physician before starting a new exercise program, especially if you are out of shape. This may include a stress test. Baseline hemoglobin A1c level should be measured.
The best time of day for diabetics to exercise is in the morning; disturbances in blood glucose are less likely if exercise occurs before breakfast and before the morning dose of insulin (Farrell PA. 2003). Since blood glucose levels can change rapidly, check blood glucose both before and after exercising.
Peter Farrell, PhD, offers these guidelines:
- If blood glucose is < 5 mM (90 mg/dl), consuming some carbohydrates before exercising will likely be needed.
- If blood glucose is 5-15 mM (90-270 mg/dl), extra carbohydrate may not be required.
- If blood glucose is > 15 mM (270 mg/dl), delay exercise and measure urine ketones. If urine ketones are negative, exercise can be performed; no additional carbohydrates are necessary. If urine ketones are positive, administer insulin, and delay exercise until ketones become negative.
Regarding aerobic exercise, monitor RPE (ratings of perceived exertion) instead of exercise heart rate. Diabetes affects nerve conduction. The presence of neuropathy may affect the relationship between exercise intensity and exercise heart rate.
Sports like football and track and field, because activity is intermittent over a prolonged period of time, make it more difficult to balance food intake and insulin doses. Stop exercising immediately if you begin to feel nauseated or confused.
An important recommendation for diabetics is to wear thick socks and properly fitting shoes when exercising. Diabetics may not sense when a blister is forming and this could predispose them to infections.
If you are a diabetic with documented ophthalmic complications of diabetes, resistance exercises and any heavy-lifting activities are discouraged.
PREVENTING DIABETES WITH EXERCISE
So, it's clear that exercise is good for people with diabetes. The obvious next question becomes: Can the risk of developing diabetes be reduced by exercising regularly? And, the answer is, "yes" though genetics may influence this (Laaksonen DE, et al. 2007).
⢠Research from one randomized trial showed that 150 minutes of physical activity per week, combined with weight-loss of 5-7%, reduced the rate of progression from pre-diabetes (aka: impaired glucose tolerance) to diabetes by 58% (Sigal RJ, et al. 2006).
⢠Results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study also showed a dramatic decrease in the risk of developing type-2 diabetes in adults with existing glucose intolerance. In this study, changes in lifestyle included not only more physical activity, but, also, weight loss, and dietary changes (Lindstrom J, et al. 2006).
⢠A study from the Harvard School of Public Health, published in 1999, analyzed whether walking pace made any difference in the risk of developing diabetes. This study was conducted in over 70,000 female nurses, ages 40-65, who did not have diabetes. The researchers found that faster walking was better than moderate walking, and, moderate walking was better than slow walking (Hu FB, et al. 1999).
And, there's also evidence that participation in college sports reduces the risk later in life (Frisch RE, et al. 1986). Several explanations could account for this, but it certainly argues for the long-term health benefits of sports and exercise.
Q: You've said that regular exercise is important for the health of diabetics. But, can I still be competitive at an elite level if I have diabetes?
ANSWER: The short answer to this is, yes, you definitely can! Even people with type-1 diabetes can succeed at an elite level:
⢠Distance Cycling: Cyclist Phil Southerland (USA) was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes when he was just 7 months old. Doctors told his mother that he was unlikely to live past age 25. Phil began cycling competitively at age 12. In 2007, he and his team won the 3000-mile Race Across America. He was 25 years old. He went on to combine his passion for cycling with his desire to raise awareness for diabetes by establishing "Team Type-1", a cycling group for athletes with diabetes. In 2012, Southerland and his group partnered with Novo Nordisk to create "Team Novo Nordisk," a squad of elite world athletes who have diabetes. Currently, the group includes nearly 100 cyclists, runners, and triathletes. Today (2018), Phil is 36 years old.
⢠Distance Running: Distance runner Missy Foy (USA) was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes at age 33. She went on to become the first athlete with diabetes to qualify for the Olympic Marathon trials. She has since won over 70 races at various distances and holds many course records.
⢠Ironman Triathlon: David Weingard (USA) was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes at age 36 while training for a survival race. A veteran of races including triathlons, he learned how to manage his diabetes during a race and eventually completed the Escape From Alcatraz Triathlon in San Francisco. He then completed several Ironman triathlons. In 2008, he founded Fit4D to improve healthcare services for diabetics.
⢠Pro Football: Jay Cutler was the quarterback of the Chicago Bears from 2009 to 2016. He has type-1 diabetes.
⢠Rowing: Sir Steven Redgrave (UK) won gold medals in rowing at 5 successive Olympic Games from 1984 to 2000. In 1997, at age 35, he was diagnosed with type-2 diabetes.
⢠Sprint Swimming: Gary Hall Jr. (USA) competed in the 1996, 2000, and 2004 Olympics, winning a total of 10 medals. In 1999, he was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes.
Nevertheless, as mentioned previously, diabetics need to be aware of several issues:
⢠Neuropathy: Neuropathies are a complication of diabetes. This may affect the heart rate response to exercise, thus making it more difficult to monitor exercise intensity, and, may affect sensations in the feet, increasing the risk of blisters.
⢠Retinopathy: If there is any evidence of retinal damage, weight-lifting (because of blood pressure increases) and sports/activities such as boxing, football, hockey, karate, and judo (because of contact to the head and face) should be avoided.
Q: You didn't address diet. What nutritional strategies are important?
ANSWER: The focus of this article is on exercise so I intentionally didn't provide much discussion of nutrition. However, here are 2 nutritional strategies that you should keep in mind:
Minimize Your Intake of Sugar (Sucrose) and High-Fructose Corn Syrup
An evaluation of nearly 65,000 women over a period of more than 8 years in the Women's Health Initiative Study revealed that daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages substantially increased the risk of diabetes (Huang M, et al. 2017).
Most brands of non-diet soda pop are sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The HFCS used in solid foods (cookies, hard candies, etc.) is 42% fructose (HFCS-42), while the HFCS used in soft drinks is 55% fructose (HFCS-55). However, researchers at the U. Southern California revealed that the actual amount of fructose in most brands of soda pop averaged 59-60%, with some brands containing 65% fructose (Ventura EE, et al. 2011) (Walker RW, et al. 2014).
Both table sugar (sucrose) and HFCS are unnatural forms of fructose. Thus, as best as you can, minimize your consumption of sucrose and HFCS. The fructose in raw fruits doesn't cause the same health problems as sugar and HFCS (Meyer BJ, et al. 1971) (DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. 2015).
Minimize Your Intake of Soybean Oil
In 2015, researchers at UC Riverside found that soybean oil was a more potent inducer of obesity and diabetes than even fructose (Deol P, et al. 2015). This finding hasn't yet been widely reported. However, it should be taken very seriously. Soybean oil is the #1 oil in our food supply. As with HFCS, it's a virtual certainty that we consume soybean oil every single day!
As summarized above, we are facing a global health crisis from the combination of obesity and diabetes. A sedentary lifestyle is a contributing factor in both conditions. While exercise is important for everyone, it is especially important for those who are:obese, have diabetes or pre-diabetes or have a family history of diabetes. Studies show that regular exercise is not only helpful in managing diabetes, but it may also reduce the chances of developing diabetes in these high-risk groups.
So, if you have diabetes, can you exercise? Yes, you can, and, more importantly, you should!
FOR MORE INFORMATION
The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists maintains the web site Empower Your Health (www.EmpowerYourHealth.org) that offers consumer information on diabetes.
The CDC offers a variety of consumer resources on diabetes. Their "National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017" is a 20-page PDF that summarizes the most current statistics on diabetes in the US.
The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) offers a variety of educational documents on their web site at: www.NDEP.NIH.gov.
For athletes with diabetes: The Diabetes Exercise and Sports Association (DESA) was founded in 1985 by Paula Harper under the name "International Diabetic Athletes Association (IDAA)", but the name was changed in 2000. In 2011, DESA merged with Insulin Independence, a non-profit organization that was founded in 2005. It appears that DESA has now been retired.
Other useful web sites include:
Weekend warriors and more serious athletes with diabetes may want to read: Diabetic Athlete's Handbook by Sheri Colberg, PhD.
For health care professionals: Both the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) published position statements recommending exercise for people with diabetes. An excellent paper on exercise and diabetes is Sigal, et al. 2006 (see "References" below). The Gatorade Sports Science Institute document, written by Peter Farrell, PhD (listed below in References) is an excellent resource for health care professionals.
Readers may also be interested in:
EXPERT HEALTH and FITNESS COACHING
Stan Reents, PharmD, is available to speak on this and many other exercise-related topics. (Here is a downloadable recording of one of his Health Talks.) He also provides a one-on-one Health Coaching Service. Contact him through the Contact Us page.
Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Wang J, et al. Diagnosed diabetes among American Indians and Alaska Natives ages < 35 years - United States, 1994-2004. MMWR 2006;55:1201-1203. Abstract
Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:1218-1227. Abstract
Deol P, Evans JR, Dhahbi J, et al. Soybean oil is more obesogenic and diabetogenic than coconut oil and fructose in mouse. PLoS ONE 2015;10(7):e0132672. Abstract
DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lucan SC. Added fructose: A principal driver of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90:372-381. Abstract
Duncan GE. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:523-528. Abstract
Eriksson JG. Exercise and the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 1999;27:381-391. Abstract
Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. Diabetologia 1991;34:891-898. Abstract
Farrell PA. Diabetes, exercise and competitive sports. Gatorade Sports Science Institute Sports Science Exchange 2003;16(3):1-6. (no abstract available)
Felig P, Cherif A, Minagawa A, et al. Hypoglycemia during prolonged exercise in normal men. N Engl J Med 1982;306:895-900. Abstract
Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-yr period. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1581-1586. Abstract
Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, et al. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA 2016;315:2284-2291. Abstract
Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright TE, et al. Lower prevalence of diabetes in female former college athletes compared with nonathletes. Diabetes 1986;35:1101-1105. Abstract
Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Caspersen CJ, et al. Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2003;163;1440-1447. Abstract
Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA 1999;282;1433-1439. Abstract
Huang M, Quddus A, Stinson L, et al. Artificially sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, plain water, and incident diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: The prospective Women's Health Initiative observational study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:614-622. Abstract
Ivy JL. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 1997;24:321-336. Abstract
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type-2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403. Abstract
Laaksonen DE, Siitonen N, Lindstrom J, et al. Physical activity, diet, and incident diabetes in relation to an ADRA2B polymorphism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:227-232. Abstract
Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006;368(9548):1673-1679. Abstract
MacDougall JP, Tuxen D, Sale DG, et al. Arterial blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985;58:785-790. Abstract
Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991;338:774-778. Abstract
Manson JE, Nathan DM, Krolewski AS, et al. A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA 1992;268:63-67. Abstract
Meyer RJ, de Bruin EJ, Du Plessis DG, et al. Some biochemical effects of a mainly fruit diet in man. S Afr Med J 1971;45:253-261. Abstract
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman HG, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 through 2013-2014. JAMA 2016;315:2292-2299. Abstract
Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet & exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 1997;20:537-544. Abstract
Ryan AS, Hurlbut DE, Lott ME, et al. Insulin action after resistive training in insulin resistant older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:247-253. Abstract
Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, et al. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1433-1438. Abstract *** Recommended reading for health care professionals ***
Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, et al. Effects of exercise training modality on glucose tolerance in men with abnormal glucose regulation. Int J Sports Med 1994;15:283-289. Abstract
Thurm U, Harper PN. I'm running on insulin. Summary of the history of the International Diabetic Athletes Association. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1811-1813. Abstract
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type-2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-1350. Abstract
Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI. Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: Focus on fructose content. Obesity 2011;19:868-874. Abstract
Walker RW, Dumke KA, Goran MI. Fructose content in popular beverages made with and without high-fructose corn syrup. Nutrition 2014;30:928-935. Abstract
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan Reents, PharmD, is a former healthcare professional. He is a member of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM) and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). In the past, he has been certified as a Health Fitness Specialist by ACSM, as a Certified Health Coach by ACE, as a Personal Trainer by ACE, and as a tennis coach by USTA. He is the author of Sport and Exercise Pharmacology (published by Human Kinetics) and has written for Runner's World magazine, Senior Softball USA, Training and Conditioning and other fitness publications.
Browse By Topic:
diabetes, exercise and health, exercise guidelines, exercise information, exercise recommendations, health and fitness targets, sports medicine
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Merb Surname History
The family history of the Merb last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Merb:
- Merb family history
- Merb country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity
- Merb last name meaning & etymology
- Merb spelling & pronunciation
Latest photos on AncientFaces
No one from the Merb community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces:
Merb Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
No one has submitted information on Merb country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the Merb country of origin. The following is speculative information about Merb. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Merb may be difficult to determine in cases which countries change over time, leaving the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Merb may be difficult to determine based on whether the family name came about organically and independently in different locales; for example, in the case of last names that are based on a professional trade, which can crop up in multiple regions independently (such as the last name "Brewster" which refers to a female brewer).
Merb Meaning & Etymology
No one has submitted information on Merb meaning and etymology. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Merb. The following is speculative information about Merb. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Merb come may come from a craft, such as the name "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy. Some of these craft-based last names can be a profession in some other language. Because of this it is important to research the nationality of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. Many modern names like Merb originate from religious texts like the BhagavadgÄ«tÄ, the Bible, the Quran, etc. In many cases these names relate to a religious sentiment such as "Lamb of God".
Merb Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
No one has added information on Merb spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Merb. The following is speculative information about Merb. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In early history when few people could write, names such as Merb were transcribed based on how they sounded when people's names were written in official records. This could have led to misspellings of Merb. Last names like Merb change in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across tribes, family branches, and eras over generations. Knowing misspellings and spelling variations of the Merb surname are important to understanding the history of the name.
Last names similar to MerbMerbach, Merbach-gerl, Merbach-kleinert, Merbach rolf, Merback, Merbah, Merbah ben khelif, Merbai, Merbald, Merbann, Merbanwertize, Merbath, Merbauer, Merbaugh, Merbaum, Merbd, Merbe, Merbeau, Merbech, Merbeck
Merb Family Tree
Here are a few of the Merb biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Merbs
- George W Merb 1915 - 1988
- Adam Merb ? - 1917
- Albert H. Merb ? - 1913
- Amelia Merb ? - 1928
- Catherine Merb ? - 1957
- Emma Merb ? - 1954
- Lena Merb ? - 1920
- Ruth Merb ? - 1912
- Theodore J. Merb ? - 1944
- U Merb |
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Methods of Assessment
Our simple non-invasive tests determine the root cause of a health problem.
Computerized Regulation Thermography (CRT)
Computerized Regulation Thermography, or CRT, is an FDA approved, objective and non-invasive way of evaluating your bodyâs functions. It is the EKG of the natural physician. CRT represents one of several objective diagnostic evaluations in integrative medicine. It is a medical imaging method that supplies information as meaningful as MRI and X-ray, and is safe and non-invasive. Over 1500 physicians in Europe use CRT. Thermography has over 12,000 citations and studies held within current medical journals.
This particular device evaluates your body functions by a direct temperature measurement probe instead of measuring thermal radiation. The result is a scanning method that is much more precise than any other thermographic system. It maps out the complete autonomic nervous system as it projects to and from each organ or tissue. With this form of thermography, we can finally see what the body is doing long before it becomes dysfunctional enough to create an irreversible problem. This is not diagnosing disease, but rather identifying the patterns that lead to disease, so that these patterns can be successfully treated.
Why is Thermography helpful?
In chronic disease, there are often factors that block successful treatment. These include:
Infections in the teeth
Low-grade chronic viral and fungal infection
Heavy metal toxicity
Chronic psychological imbalances
Intestinal toxins and dysfunction
Immune system weaknesses
Thermography allows you to see if and where these imbalances are in your body. Remember that no illness occurs in isolation, by itself. There are always patterns of dysfunction. These eventually lead to symptoms of illness, often after years of dysfunction. It is these patterns of dysfunction that the holistic practitioner attempts to define to provide guidance in a successful treatment program.
True healing requires a change in lifestyle. Many of the imbalances in function that are seen on a thermogram are due to lifestyle imbalances over many years. With thermography, we can identify the patterns of illness that these lifestyle imbalances have impressed upon the system. Then, treatment can be better guided towards a successful direction.
Mammography versus Thermography
A major asset of regulation thermography is in the area of early detection and confirmation of breast cancers. In a German study, 54 percent of breast cancer patients were correctly diagnosed by history and physical examination. The number rose to 76 percent when mammography was added. However, when computerized regulation thermography was used, the accuracy of diagnosis rose to 92 percent. Many women today are concerned about the effects of the accumulated radiation that is associated with routine mammograms. That concern is addressed with thermography, and ultrasound when necessary. Mammography can still be a good diagnostic tool, but with thermography, we do not have to rely nearly as much on mammography.
CRT is one of the most helpful ways of stopping certain diseases before they ever start. The holistic therapies and integrative assessments at Comprehensive Health help you stop certain diseases and heal from physical ailments in all natural, healthy ways. All of our holistic treatments are noninvasive and never use harmful chemicals or medications. The alternative medicine at Comprehensive Health will get you back to a healthy way of life in no time at all. All of our holistic doctors are highly trained in integrative medicine and are ready to help you in every way they can. Learn more about Comprehensive Health, or schedule your next appointment at our Houston office today. |
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WEDNESDAY, Jan. 4, 2017 (HealthDay News) -- Want to cut your chances for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias? A new study suggests that picking a home far from major roadways might help.
The Canadian study found that people who lived relatively close to busy traffic had a slightly higher risk for dementia.
More specifically, this type of mental decline was more common among those who lived within about 160 feet of a major street, the study found. And the closer people lived to heavy traffic, the stronger the association.
The research, published Jan. 4 in The Lancet, couldn't prove cause-and-effect, only an association, the researchers stressed.
However, "our study suggests that busy roads could be a source of environmental stressors that could give rise to the onset of dementia," study author Hong Chen, with Public Health Ontario, said in a journal news release.
One neurologist who reviewed the findings said they do raise interesting questions.
"This large study brings to light a major health concern that needs to be considered," said Dr. Paul Wright. He's chair of neurology at North Shore University Hospital, in Manhasset, N.Y.
"With dementia rates on the rise and a significant public health concern, society needs to be aware of the ramifications of this study," he said. "Urban planners and policymakers need to also consider the impact of urban development on the health of its population."
In the study, Chen and his colleagues followed 6.6 million Ontarians, aged 20 to 85, from 2001 to 2012. The research team used the participants' postal codes to determine how close they lived to a main road.
The researchers also examined the residents' medical records to calculate how many developed neurological conditions such as dementia, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
The vast majority of the participants, 95 percent, lived less than a mile from a main road. The researchers also found that half of the residents lived within about 650 feet of a busy street.
Over the course of the study, more than 243,000 people developed dementia, 31,500 developed Parkinson's disease and 9,250 people were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
However, only dementia was associated with living close to a main road. And people's risk for the condition fell as the distance between their home and heavy traffic increased, Chen's team found.
Those living within 164 feet of a major road had a 7 percent higher risk for dementia, the study found. That increase in risk dropped to 4 percent for people living up to 300 feet away from a main street, and 2 percent for participants who lived up to 650 feet away.
Living more than 650 feet from a main road was not associated with any increased risk for dementia, the researchers said.
Overall, the study estimates that -- if there's a cause-and-effect relationship -- up to 11 percent of dementia cases for people living within 164 feet of a major roadway might be attributed to this proximity to traffic.
Long-term exposure to certain air pollutants -- nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter -- was associated with higher dementia risk, but the researchers pointed out that these common pollutants are likely only part of the problem. They suspect that other air pollutants, or even exposure to traffic noise, might also play a role.
"With widespread exposure to traffic and growing rates of dementia, even a modest effect from near-road exposure could pose a large public health burden," Chen speculated. "More research to understand this link is needed."
Dr. Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas is a professor of biomedical sciences at the University of Montana. In a journal commentary, she added that "traffic includes exposures to complex mixtures of environmental insults."
To help lower rates of dementia potentially linked to traffic, "we must implement preventive measures now, rather than take reactive actions decades from now," Calderon-Garciduenas wrote.
The U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences provides more information on the health effects of air pollution.
This article: Copyright © 2017 HealthDay. All rights reserved. |
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Mali: 'They attacked our village when we were trading in the market'
This article marks the anniversary of Resolution 2417, passed by the UN Security Council on 24 May 2018, banning the use of starvation as a weapon of war and confirming the links between hunger and conflict.
Sadio still remembers every single detail of the day her life â and that of her family â was turned upside down. It was a market day. Around noon. Sadio was out selling groceries with her two children when unidentified armed men broke into the village and started firing rounds.
âThey killed my husband, my uncles and many other people in the village,â she says, as tears roll down her cheeks.
Sadio and her children narrowly escaped the attack thanks to the goodwill of neighbours who helped them flee to Sevare, the capital city of Mopti region in central Mali, where many militias and non-state armed groups are roaming and preying on the local population.
Famine alert: How WFP is tackling this other deadly pandemic
Here, intercommunal conflict and population displacement, compounded with the effects of climate change, continue to push thousands of families into food insecurity. Working with the Government of Mali, the World Food Programme (WFP) and its partners continue to provide emergency food assistance through cash transfers to internally displaced persons, refugees, returnees and conflict-affected families.
âWe were welcomed here by a family. They gave us a roof and are supporting with food,â says Sadio.
As they flee, displaced persons are often empty-handed, and their children miss out on school for indeterminate periods. They rely on their host families or international solidarity to meet their basic needs including shelter, water, hygiene and food.
Whenever possible, displaced people club together to survive as a community: host families know they too could quickly become vulnerable as a result of sharing their limited resources with their guests.
âI help families with household chores such as washing dishes or clothes,â says Sadio. âIn exchange, they give me food or a little money. This is how I try to meet our needs.â
Sadio âs journey and story are similar to those of many other families who have been forced to flee their villages and find refuge in relatively secure towns such as Sevare, Ségou, and Bamako.
By January, nearly 347,000 internally displaced persons were registered in various regions of Mali. Between December and February, in the Mopti region alone, 3,000 people were internally displaced.
Basic food needs
In her village, Sadio was a businesswoman. She sold local food products and manufactured items. Her husband grew groundnuts and had a garden that was a source of food and income for the family.
Now, Sadio and her children have lost everything. They are among thousands of people in Mali who are currently unable to meet their basic food needs by themselves.
In March, the Cadre Harmonisé food security analysis revealed that 4 million people in Mali were food insecure. That includes 867,000 men, women and children in a crisis situation, requiring emergency food assistance. The main drivers of this situation include conflict, forced population displacements, climate change and the effects of the COVID19 pandemic.
Working with the Government, between January and April, WFP provided emergency food assistance through cash transfers to 180,000 newly displaced persons, including Sadio and her children.
Through its work with local communities, WFP also reinforces the capacity of individuals to absorb, adapt to and transform security and climate shocks, through a diverse set of activities. These include school-feeding, prevention and treatment of malnutrition, assets creation, support to smallholder farmers and nutrition-sensitive food value chains.
Beyond the food assistance received, Sadio dreams of only one thing: an end to the fighting so that she can return to her village.
âI feel safe here,â she says. âBut it is not the same as in our village. There, we had everything. We could drink milk as we wanted, and we also had plenty of food.â
To ensure continued emergency food assistance over the next six months, WFP in Mali requires an additional US$79 million.
In Mali, WFPâs emergency food assistance is funded by Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Government of Mali, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Spain, Switzerland, UK, and the US. |
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Engineers Explain WTC Collapse
by B.J. Novitski
After seven months of wide speculation about the causes of New York's World Trade Center collapses on September 11, 2001, a report has been issued based on physical evidence and a thorough engineering analysis.
The report, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, was produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and other organizations. The report explains why the buildings failed â but didn't fail right away, enabling 99 percent of people below the floors of impact to escape.
The authors attribute each tower's collapse to three separate but related "loading events." The first event was a Boeing aircraft hitting the building, cutting through the exterior structure and creating a fireball that immediately consumed some of the estimated 10,000 gallons (38 kiloliters) of jet fuel. The highrises' structural systems were sufficiently redundant, however, that this major damage by itself did not cause the collapse. According to the report, "most of the load supported by the failed columns is believed to have transferred to adjacent perimeter columns through Vierendeel behavior of the exterior wall frame."
The second event was the continuing fire, fed both by the remaining jet fuel and the office contents of furniture and paper. This fire heated and weakened the structural systems, adding stress to the damaged structure. Meanwhile, the sprinklers were not operating as designed. "Even if these systems had not been compromised by the impacts," says the report, "they would likely have been ineffective... the initial flash fires of jet fuel would have opened so many sprinkler heads that the systems would have quickly depressurized and been unable to effectively deliver water to the large area of fire involvement."
The third event was a progressive collapse: "As the large mass of the collapsing floors above accelerated and impacted on the floors below, it caused an immediate progressive series of floor failures, punching each in turn onto the floor below, accelerating as the sequence progressed. Freestanding exterior walls... buckled at the bolted column splice connections and also collapsed."
The Public Broadcasting Service's Nova series from WGBH Boston presented a popular account based on the engineering report. The companion Web site offers additional links to more information about the towers.
The complete story may never be known. Indeed a theme throughout the report is a call for additional research. However, the authors caution, it will be prohibitively expensive, if not impossible, to protect all structures from all hazards simply by strengthening the building codes.
B.J. Novitski is managing editor of ArchitectureWeek.
After the initial impacts, the most heavily loaded columns were probably near, but not over, their ultimate capacities. The structure successfully redistributed the building weight to the remaining elements and maintained stability long enough for a life-saving evacuation.
Heat caused steel in the floor trusses to expand, promoting buckling in columns, at the same time that the heat softened the steel and the aircraft debris contributed to gravity loads, leading to progressive collapse.
Engineers searched through piles of steel for pieces of the World Trade Center. In particular, they looked for columns exposed to fire or aircraft impact, connections, bolts, and floor trusses.
Photo: Structural Engineers of New York (SEAoNY)
Click on thumbnail images
to view full-size pictures. |
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Lyme Disease Down Under: Australia and the Great Lyme Disease Conspiracy
A growing number of native born Australians are struggling with Lyme disease and chronic Lyme disease and yet the Australian medical community and the official government stance is that there is no evidence of Lyme disease in Australia. Many of the people who are reporting Lyme-like symptoms have never traveled outside of the country and can trace the onset of their symptoms to a tick bite that they experienced close to home. Why, despite strong evidence to the contrary, does the official policy in Australia continue to deny the presence of Lyme causing bacteria in the local tick populations?
Where does this denial come from?
This widespread denial stems from a national research study that was conducted in 1994 that failed to identify the bacterium Borrelia in ticks indigineous to Australia. Based solely on this study, which can be considered so dated as to practically be ancient, an entire country is choosing to believe that Lyme disease cannot be contracted locally and has made it public policy that any Lyme disease must have been contracted elsewhere, despite clear evidence that insists otherwise. Australia even has its own medical abbreviation for native born Australians who have never traveled outside of the country, and yet are experiencing Lyme disease symptoms; they call it Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT).
The Lyme Disease Association of Australia
As you may imagine, the Lyme Disease Association of Australia is in heavy conflict with the Australian Government Department of Health. They maintain that Lyme disease causing bacteria does exist in Australia locally and that new cases are occurring rapidly that are going undiagnosed, unrecognized, and untreated. They contest the 1994 Russell and Doggett as being flawed for numerous reasons.
Here are some of the reasons that they find this research study to be suspect:
- The Russell and Doggett study identified spirochete-like objects, but these were discounted as bacterial âartifactsâ [sic] and were not further investigated.
- Testing processes used in the Russell and Doggett study may have been flawed or inadequate and relied on now-outdated processes.
- This study did not consider vectors other than ticks (such as flies, mites, fleas and mosquitoes).
Aside from the flaws in the original study itself, using a single, very dated study to make sweeping across the board policy is inherently flawed. Here are a few of the reasons that they cite to explain why:
- Other research has found evidence that Australian ticks do carry the Borrelia bacteria.
- There are numerous strains of Borrelia known to infect humans, other than the common American strain (Borrelia burgdorferi) sought in the Russell and Doggett study.
- It is possible a unique Australian strain of Borrelia (or similar pathogen) capable of causing Lyme-like illness exists in Australia (as has recently been discovered in Brazil).
- In the 20 years since the highly controversial Russell and Doggett (1994) study, six more pathogenic Borrelia genospecies have been discovered. Despite increasing anecdotal evidence of Lyme-like illness, Australia has not responded with appropriate diagnostic capability or investigation of the new strains.
The Australian medical community and the Australian government also deny that person-to-person transmission of Lyme disease is possible, despite much evidence to the contrary and the documentation and recognition of person-to-person transmission elsewhere in the world.
Why this denial attitude is problematic
This conspiracy to deny any possibility of Lyme disease transmission locally is problematic for multiple reasons. Because Australia denies even the possibility of local transmission, they refuse to pursue any research into pretty much anything related to Lyme disease such as improving diagnostic capabilities (which are woefully inept, more on that later), studying other bacteria that cause Lyme disease or other co-infections (such as any of the 6 other pathogenic Borrelia genospecies that have been discovered since the 1994 study), investigating other means of transmission, and the treatment of Lyme disease and chronic Lyme disease besides the âclassicâ course of antibiotics treatment, which is widely known to often prove ineffective.
The Australian government and the Australian medical communityâs attitude greatly affects where funds are concentrated, so naturally they are diverted away from the study of Lyme disease. There has been no move to improve the reliability and standardization of Australian pathology tests for Lyme disease. The Lyme Disease Association of Australia cites numerous incidences of weakness in the Australian pathology tests for Lyme disease which I will not go into here. If you are interested in learning more about the inaccuracies in their testing, here is a link to the Lyme Disease Association of Australiaâs website with a detailed breakdown of some of the issues.
One of the labs that the Lyme Disease Association of Australia looked at closely, called Westmead, admitted that a sample of 900 Australian patients who received a negative Lyme disease test result from them would have received a positive test result if that same test had been analyzed at an overseas lab, or even at the other major Australian pathology lab. Even more concerning, this lab Westmead, which is one of two major labs that analyze Lyme disease pathology tests in Australia, has, at the time of the writing of the article, several senior staff members who were cited as co-authors on the original 1994 Russell and Doggett tick study!
If that is not a major conflict of interest, I do not know what is.
Most importantly, the continued denial of the local existence of Lyme disease causing bacteria is problematic for the Australian Lyme disease sufferers who are being victimized by a system stacked against them. Denying the problem means that these Lyme disease and chronic Lyme disease sufferers are more likely to be ignored, dismissed, improperly treated if they are even treated at all by the medical community who denies the very existence of their condition, even going so far as to give it a different name; Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT).
Lyme disease and chronic Lyme disease sufferers have a difficult road anywhere; facing friends, family, and a medical community that does not understand this disease and the wide array of debilitating health conditions that it brings with it. But at least in the United States and in several other countries there are many medical practitioners who are working diligently to understand, treat, diagnosis, and help Lyme disease patients, and a growing community of Lyme literate functional medicine and holistic doctors. Currently, in Australia they have very few of these things when the very existence of local Lyme is considered a myth and flatly denied.
According to the Australia Department of Health Website, they are pursuing a tick survey to better understand which bacteria, viruses, and pathogens are carried by Australian ticks which is slated to be completed in 2021. It is our hope that this survey will be conducted with less bias and inaccuracies than the last, and that it will begin to bring about a change in Australian governmental and medical policy.
It is crucial for those of us in the Lyme community to band together to help one another; to be there to offer support, counsel, and a hand extended to help you navigate the sometimes long and arduous path back to health and wholeness.
If you are suffering from Lyme disease or a tick borne infection there is help. Join me in my private Facebook group; Surviving Lyme: Navigate Your Disease and Reclaim Your Health.
Lyme Disease Association of Australia. Why is Lyme Disease Controversial? Copyright 2021
Australian Government Department of Health. Communicable Diseases Information: Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks. Copyright 2021
This article was written by Lyme Support. We know living with Lyme disease is complicated and there is never one simple answer. 1-on-1 guidance and practical, cutting edge solutions make the healing journey so much easier. If you are ready to make health, happiness, and hope your new normal, reach out to us! We offer personalized health coaching using a functional medicine approach.
Lyme Support can also refer you to hospitals in Germany and Mexico offering advanced holistic Lyme protocols. For anyone struggling with tick borne illnesses, a hospital that treats the body as a whole can elevate you to a new level of normal. If youâd like more information about these specialized hospitals, we can help schedule you in and provide education on treatments.
You can reach us via email at [email protected] or book a breakthrough call here â https://calendly.com/christinelymesupport/breakthrough if you are ready to get clear on the next steps on your path to healing.
St Augustine, FL | Global
The information provided through this website is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical or psychological advice. This information is to be used at your own risk based on your own judgment.
For our full Disclaimer, please go to lymesupport.com/disclaimer. |
For emergencies, call 9-1-1
What is CPR?
It is the artificial method of circulating blood and oxygen through a body and attempting to keep the brain alive. CPR does work. When initiated within four minutes, the survival rate is 43 percent. When initiated within four to eight minutes, the survival rate is ten percent.
Why Learn CPR?
- One in seven people will have the opportunity to use CPR in their lifetime.
- More than 650,000 people die annually from heart attack in the United States each year.
- More than 350,000 die before reaching the hospital.
- When the brain starts to go four to six minutes without oxygen, brain damage/death begins.
- On the average, it takes the Round Rock Fire Department about four minutes to respond to the scene of an incident.
- When CPR is needed, the Round Rock Fire Department is the first to initiate it 85 percent of the time.
- In the United States, there are 500,000 strokes a year.
- In the United States, there are 6,000 drowning incidents a year and 3,100 incidents of airway obstructions a year.
Certain individuals are more at risk for heart attacks or strokes because of genetic and lifestyle factors.
Factors that cannot be changed:
- Heredity â cannot change your genetic background
- Sex â women have lower incidents of heart attack
- Race â Blacks have a 45 percent greater chance of high blood pressure
- Age â risks increase with age, however, one in four deaths occur under age 65.
Factors that can be changed:
- Smoking â smoking one pack a day increases a personâs heart attack rate two times over a nonsmoker and stroke rate five times over a nonsmoker.
- Hypertension â (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor but with no specific symptoms. One in three adults or 58,000 Americans have high blood pressure controlled by diet, exercise and medications.
- Diet â high fat, high cholesterol foods cause plaque to collect on artery walls constricting blood flow.
- Obesity â obese middle aged men have three times greater risk of heart attack.
- Lack of exercise â regular aerobics exercise at least three times a week can reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke.
- Stress â A Type A personality, with a sense of urgency, drive and competitiveness, has a greater risk of heart attack or stroke.
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack
- Chest pain â can be an uncomfortable pressure, tightness or feeling of indigestion, heavy squeezing pain like a weight on the chest, can radiate to left arm and neck
- Shortness of breath
- Pale, sweaty cold skin
- May have no signs or symptoms (silent Myocardial infarction)
Actions for survival
- Stop activity, rest, lay down
- If pain lasts more than two minutes, call for help
- Patientâs having early signs often deny having a heart attack
- Be prepared to do CPR, if alone do CPR for one minute, then call 9-1-1.
Four reasons to stop CPR
- Patient is revived
- You are relieved by another trained individual
- Become exhausted
- Doctor is present and pronounces death
There are steps that you can take to lessen the risk of heart attack or stroke before CPR becomes necessary.
- Avoid smoking
- Health diet (fiber, fruits, vegetables, avoid junk foods)
- Know and control blood pressure and cholesterol level
Facts about the respiratory system and CPR
- The lungsâ function is to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.
- Room air is 21 percent oxygen, exhaled air is 16 percent oxygen. All body organs and cells need oxygen to live.
- During CPR, exhalation is due to normal relaxation of the chest.
- The heart is the size of your fist with two separate halves (left and right heart). The right heart receives blood from the body and pumps it through the lungs back to the left heart. The left heart pumps fresh oxygenated blood to all body parts.
- The heart beats 60-100 times a minute, 100,000 times a day and pumps five quarts of blood a minute or 1,800 gallons a day.
- Ninety percent of the time, CPR will be done on a family member or close friend.
- People do vomit and ribs do crack sometimes during CPR.
- Never do blind finger sweeps in the mouth on anyone.
- The victim should lie on a flat, hard surface.
- If you are alone, do CPR for one minute, then call 9-1-1.
Good Samaritan Act â Article 4 ARS.#32-1471
Health care providers and other persons administering emergency aid are not liable. Any health care provider licensed or certified to practice as such in this state or elsewhere or any other person who renders emergency care at a public gathering or at a scene of an emergency occurrence gratuitously and in good faith, shall not be liable for any civil or other damages as the result of any act or omission by which person rendering the emergency care, or as the result of any act or failure to act to provide or arrange for further medical treatment or care for the injured persons, unless such person, while rendering such care, is guilty of gross negligence.
Where can you learn CPR?
The American Red Cross, 512-928-4271, and American Heart Association, 512-433-4277, both teach CPR. |
Critiques on social and education issues
Sitting in lectures has never been a favourite pastime of mine. The scenery of the room rarely has more than 3 colours, and thatâs including the door and the doorknob. The acoustics of the room are either so good that a single snore can be heard across the room, or so bad that the lecturer cannot be heard.
Most of all, Iâm not the type that learns best while sitting and merely âabsorbingâ.
And thatâs what lecturing assumes. Lecturing is an incredibly traditional method of âteachingâ that assumes the student is a sponge. However, real learning is not solely absorption. Real learning requires understanding the concepts in the studentâs own terms, then applying it and questioning the validity of these concepts so that he or she may test the boundaries. Many teachers and professors only do the first two points, but if the student is not critical of what he or she has learned, then how can the student contribute to the betterment of society?
This is why the flipped classroom was introduced.
In traditional classrooms starting from primary school, this is the typical plan of a teacher during a typical lesson:
Because most of the period is gone, there isnât a lot of time for students to apply the knowledge they are expected to have learned (read: absorbed), let alone questioning the concepts.
The flipped classroom âflipsâ the situation. Instead of the teacher lecturing to an entire class during class time, the students listen/watch lectures at home, or do the readings at home, then discuss the readings and homework next class.
Sound familiar? This is the ideal that universities are trying to achieve. The prof assigns a reading, you read it at home, you may be expected to write a summary paper, and a discussion about the readings take place the next class.
One of my classes is a flipped classroom, and I do not enjoy it.
In theory, the flipped classroom is pretty good. Iâve briefly mentioned it here, but I want to critique the glorification of the flipped classroom. Not everything new works well, after all.
The flipped classroom assumes that all students can understand the material with relatively little error. In truth, this is absolutely not true. What happens when the student misunderstands the concepts, and continues to do his or her assignment? This results in something that is taboo for all teachers who truly care about their studentsâ learning: fossilization.
Fossilization is the process through which an error is ingrained in the studentâs understanding of a concept due to a prolonged duration of not fixing the error. This happens when the teacher does not correct the studentâs error at the time of committing the error.
Students encounter all types of bumps down the road when interpreting a text or a piece for themselves. Even if the teacher corrects the mistakes in the next day, it will definitely take much longer for the student to fix the error in his or her memory than if the teacher corrected them on the spot.
Secondly, courses that are highly abstract (ex. liberal arts and humanities) are not recommended to use the flipped classroom. Obviously not all types of subjects are suitable for the flipped classroom. Abstract subjects are extremely prone to interpretation, and this can lead to misunderstood concepts left, right, and centre. Subjects like maths and hard sciences have less chance to have debatable errors, so the flipped classroom would be beneficial for these types of courses.
Iâm not suggesting that lectures be condoned for abstract subjects, but there can be a presence of a forum for students and the teacher to communicate in, like a subreddit or an EdModo to discuss difficult concepts.
Some teachers claim that students can move at their own pace because flipped classroom is student-centered. However, this assumes that all students have the self-discipline to actually do the work. This may be true for university students, and less true for high school students, and even less true (if thereâs any more âtrueâ left to use) for elementary school students. Setting your own goals and your own pace and following through requires a strong sense of commitment, a high level of interest and good self-discipline to really benefit. Yes, the flipped classroom is individualized, but is it tailored to studentsâ needs?
All educators should be cautious when deciding to use the flipped classroom. Lectures can be disengaging, but at the same time, the lecturer can use props and different ways of speaking in short periods of time to engage the audience. The main bit about lectures that makes it highly unsuccessful is lectures that are too long for what the topic is worth. In general, a lecture that is longer than an hour should definitely warrant a 5-10 minute break.
Sitting in a lecture isnât always bad. After all, itâs a lot better than standing in a lecture. |
Toll-like receptor 3
| The structure of TLR3 covered with sugars
| Available structures: 1ziw, 2a0z
|| TLR3; CD283
| External IDs
|| OMIM: 603029 MGI: 2156367 Homologene: 20696
| Molecular Function:
|| ⢠double-stranded RNA binding|
⢠transmembrane receptor activity
⢠protein binding
| Cellular Component:
|| ⢠integral to plasma membrane|
| Biological Process:
|| ⢠inflammatory response|
⢠hyperosmotic response
⢠signal transduction
⢠activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase
⢠detection of virus
⢠defense response to bacterium
⢠positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
⢠positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
⢠innate immune response
⢠positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
⢠positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
⢠negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
⢠positive regulation of JNK cascade
| RNA expression pattern
Additional recommended knowledge
More reference expression data
|| NM_003265 (mRNA)|
|| Chr 4: 187.23 - 187.24 Mb
|| Chr 8: 46.89 - 46.91 Mb
| Pubmed search
TLR 3 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. Discovered in 2001, TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic information carried by some viruses such as influenza. Upon recognition, TLR 3 induces the activation of NF-kB to increase production of type I interferons which signal other cells to increase their antiviral defenses. Double-stranded RNA is also recognised by the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I and MDA-5.
The structure of TLR3 was reported in June 2005 by researchers at The Scripps Research Institute. TLR3 forms a large horseshoe shape that contacts with a neighboring horseshoe, forming a "dimer" of two horseshoes. Much of the TLR3 protein surface is covered with sugar molecules, making it a glycoprotein, but on one face (including the interface between the two horseshoes), there is a large sugar-free surface. This surface also contains two distinct patches rich in positively-charged amino acids, which may be a binding site for negatively-charged double-stranded RNA.
Despite being a glycoprotein, TLR3 crystallises readily - a prerequisite for structural analysis by x-ray crystallography.
- ^ Alexopoulou L, Holt A, Medzhitov R, Flavell R (2001). "Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3.". Nature 413 (6857): 732-8. PMID 11607032.
- ^ Choe J, Kelker M, Wilson I (2005). "Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain.". Science 309 (5734): 581-5. PMID 15961631.
- Lien E, Ingalls RR (2002). "Toll-like receptors.". Crit. Care Med. 30 (1 Suppl): S1-11. PMID 11782555.
|Transmembrane receptors: immune receptors|
|Cytokine receptor||Type I: interleukin (IL-2, IL-3) - CSF (Erythropoietin, GM-CSF, G-CSF) - Glycoprotein 130/Oncostatin M - Leukemia inhibitory factor - common subunits (Common gamma chain, CSF2RB)|
Type II: interleukin (IL22RA2) - interferon (IFNAR, IFNGR)
Other: Chemokine - TGF-beta - Tumor necrosis factor
|Pattern recognition/Toll-like||TLR 1 - TLR 2 - TLR 3 - TLR 4 - TLR 5 - TLR 6 - TLR 7 - TLR 8 - TLR 9 - TLR 10|
|Fc receptor||ε (FcεRI, FcεRII) - γ (FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII) - α/Ό (FcαRI, Fcα/ΌR) - Neonatal|
|Lymphocyte homing receptor||CD44 - L-selectin - VLA-4 - LFA-1|
|other||Antigen receptor (B-cell, T cell) - Complement - Formyl peptide - Immunophilins - Integrin - Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like - Scavenger| |
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All About The Quran
The Quran is a Divine Miracle of Literature [Prophesy - Science - Warnings - Wisdom - Truths]...and it has been Preserved 100% In the Original Language - for over 1,400 years!
Humanity has received Divine Guidance only through two channels:
The Word of Almighty God ("Allah" [in Arabic]) [scriptures, Bible, Psalms, etc.]
The Prophets sent by the Allah to communicate His Will to mankind
These two things have always been going together, hand in hand.
More important though, there were at that time, tens of thousands of his companions ("sahabi" in Arabic) who memorized the complete Quran from the instruction of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Even the prophet himself (peace be upon him) used to recite it with angel Gabriel once a year and in the last year of his life he recited it two times just before the month in which he died.
Next, the leader who came after the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) (Abu Bakr) entrusted the collection of the Quran to be written in one volume by one of the Prophet's scribe, Zaid Ibn Thabit. He kept it till his death. Then the next leader, Umar and after him to his daughter, Hafsa who had been one of the wives of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Then from the original text which now resides in Topkope Museum, in Istanbul, Turkey, the next leader, Uthman prepared several other exact duplications and sent them to various Muslim territories such as; Uzbekistan and Turkey and other places. These scriptures are still in museums there and one has found its way to a museum in England as well. All of them are exactly the same. Today many of the Muslims from these areas are still memorizing the Quran.
The Quran was so meticulously preserved because it is the Book of Guidance for all of humanity for all times. That is why it does not address just the Arabs, in whose language it was revealed. In fact Arabs today do not comprise more than 13% of the Today of Muslims in the world today.
The Quran speaks to "mankind"
Quran speaks to all of mankind on a general basis without regard to race, tribe, color, social position, financial condition or genealogy.
Allah the Almighty says:
"O Mankind! What has seduced you from your Lord so Generous?" [Noble Quran 82:6]
The Practical Teachings of the Quran
Teachings of Quran are established by the example of Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the good Muslims throughout the ages have endeavored to emulate his teachings both in thought and conduct.
The distinctive approach of the Quran is that its instructions are aimed at the general welfare of the mankind and are based on the possibilities within his reach.
The Quran is Wisdom Conclusive.
It neither condemns nor tortures the flesh nor does it neglect the soul.
It does not humanize God, nor does it deify man.
Everything is carefully placed where it belongs in the total scheme of creation.
Yet it obviously is not written in human style (chronological order). Those who would claim that the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was the author of the Quran are claiming something that is humanly impossible.
How could any person of the 7th century utter such scientific truths as those found in the Quran?
Could he describe the evolution of the embryo inside the uterus so accurately as we find it now recorded in modern science?
[See: Dr. Keith Moore's book - on embryology]
Secondly, is it logical to believe that Muhammad (peace be upon him) who up to the age of forty was marked only for his honesty and integrity, began all of a sudden the authorship of a book matchless in literary merit and the equivalent of which the whole legion of the Arab poets and orators of the highest caliber could not produce?
And lastly, is it justified to say that Muhammad (peace be upon him) who was known as "Al-Ameen" (trustworthy) in his society and who is still admired by the non-Muslim scholars for his honesty, would lie about receiving the Quran (which forbids lying) from the Angel Gabriel and then still be able to establish the best human society on the face of the earth, based on truth?
Surely, any sincere and unbiased searcher of truth must come to the conclusion that the Quran is the revealed Book of Almighty Allah.
Readers can easily see how the modern world is coming closer to reality regarding the truth of the Quran.
We appeal to all open minded scholars to study the Quran in the light of the aforementioned points.
We invite all to challenge the validity and accuracy of the sciences known to man today and keep in mind that this is the EXACT TEXT used by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) over one thousand four hundred years ago.
We are sure that any such attempt will convince the reader that the Quran could never have been written by any human being ever.
A Source of Guidance
The ultimate manifestation of God's grace for man, the ultimate wisdom, and the ultimate beauty of expression: in short, the word of God. If one were to ask any Muslim to depict it, most likely they would offer similar words. The Quran, to the Muslim, is the irrefutable, inimitable Word of God. It was revealed by God Almighty, through the instrument of Prophet Muhammad (peace be Upon Him). The Prophet (peace be upon him) himself had no role in authoring the Quran, he was merely a human secretary, repeating the dictates of the Divine Creator:
"He (Muhammad) does not speak of his own desire. It is no less than an Inspiration sent down to him."
[Noble Quran 53:3-4]
The Quran was revealed in Arabic, to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) over a period of twenty-three years. It is composed in a style so unique, that it cannot be deemed either poetry or prose, but somehow a mixture of both. The Quran is inimitable; it cannot be simulated or copied, and God Almighty challenges mankind to pursue such an endeavor if he thinks he can:
"Or do they say he forged it? Say: Bring then a chapter like unto it, and call (to your aid) anyone you can, beside God, if it be you speak the truth."
[Noble Quran 10:38]
The Quran's language is indeed sublime, its recitation moving, as one non-Muslim scholar noted, it was like the cadence of my heartbeat. Due to its unique style of language, the Quran is not only highly readable, but also relatively easy to remember. This latter aspect has played an important role not only in the Quran's preservation, but in the spiritual life of Muslims as well. God Himself declares,
"And We have indeed made the Quran easy to understand and remember; then is there anyone that will receive admonition?"
[Noble Quran 54:17]
One of the most important characteristics of the Quran is that it remains today, the only holy book which has never changed; it has remained free from any and all adulterations. Sir William Muir noted, "There is probably in the world no other book which has remained (fourteen) centuries with so pure a text." The Quran was written down during the lifetime and under the supervision of the Prophet, who himself was illiterate, and it was canonized shortly after his death by a rigorous method which scrutinized both written and oral traditions. Thus its authenticity is unblemished, and is its preservation is seen as the fulfillment of God's promise:
"We have, without doubt, sent down the Message, and We will assuredly guard it from corruption."
[Noble Quran 15:9]
The Quran is a book which provides the human being the spiritual and intellectual nourishment he/she craves. Its major themes include the oneness of God, the purpose of human existence, faith and God-consciousness, the Hereafter and its significance. The Quran also lays a heavy emphasis upon reason and understanding. In these spheres of human understanding, the Quran goes beyond just satisfying the human intellect; it causes one to reflect on implications. There are Quranic challenges and prophecies. One of the most exciting fields in recent years has been the discovery that, of the significant amount of scientific information in the Quran, including the event of the Big Bang, embryological data, and other information concerning astronomy biology, etc., there is not a single statement that has not been borne out by modern discoveries In short, the Quran fulfills the heart, the soul, and the mind.
Perhaps the best description of the Quran was given by Ali, the cousin of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) when he expounded upon it as,
"The Book of God. In it is the record of what was before you, the judgment of what is among you, and the prophecies of what will come after you. It is decisive, not a case for levity. Whoever is a tyrant and ignores the Quran will be destroyed by God. Whoever seeks guidance from other than it will be misguided. The Quran is the unbreakable bond of connection with God; it is the remembrance full of wisdom and the straight path. The Quran does not become distorted by tongues, nor can it be deviated by caprices; it never dulls from repeated study; scholars will always want more of it. The wonders of the Quran are never ending. Whoever speaks from it will speak the truth, whoever rules with it will be just, and whoever holds fast to it will be guided to the straight path." |
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Although the test began promisingly, displaying a 98% energy transfer efficiency of the soliton wave that was 450% more efficient than the Enterprise's own warp engines, the wave unexpectedly destabilized and manifested a subspace distortion that destroyed the test ship and damaged the Enterprise. Dr. Ja'Dar believed that a transient power imbalance was responsible.
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JPEGJPEG is one of the most widespread image formats in use today. It is widely supported & implemented, well standardized, and can achieve very-high compression ratios, making it a popular choice for storing and transmitting images in a wide variety of applications.
Getting the most out of JPEG - and avoiding the pitfalls - requires an understanding of some key aspects of this powerful image format.
JPEG Compression - Quality & Loss
JPEG compression is "Lossy"; every time an image is compressed (saved) in JPEG format the resulting image is not exactly the same as the original, the difference, or error, being the "loss".
JPEG allows control over how "lossy" the compression process is, trading-off higher quality for lower compression (i.e. better quality = larger file-size). With suitable images JPEG can achieve compression ratios of between 3 to 1 and 100 to 1, though in practice ratios between 5 to 1 and 40 to 1 are likely to be useful.
The images below illustrate the effect of different JPEG Quality settings. The "Difference" pane shows the difference between the original and the compressed image. Brighter areas are more different. Note that the difference values are scaled in order to be visible with typical monitor settings.
At higher quality settings the differences are located mainly around edges and primarily in the blue color (to which the human eye is less sensitive). As the quality is reduced (i.e. compression increased) the difference becomes more pronounced until the effects of compression (known collectively as "compression artifacts"), including JPEG blocks, are clearly visible.
Different applications and devices present the JPEG Quality setting in different ways. Some use a value from 1 to 100, from 1 to 10, or named presets (e.g. low, medium, high). It may also be refered to as "compression" (i.e. the inverse of quality).
The compression & quality achieved at a given setting depends on the image itself, and can vary from one application to another, so experimentation with typical images is recommended in order to determine optimum JPEG compression settings.
Note that a Quality value of 100/maximum (or minimum compression) is not equivalent to "lossless". Special "lossless" versions of JPEG do exist, but standard JPEG does not support a lossless mode.
JPEG Compression - Generational Loss
If images are repeatedly re-compressed using JPEG then additional error/loss accumulates. This happens, for example, if an image is saved in JPEG format then later opened and edited (modified in some way) and then saved again in JPEG format. Note that there are a few specific exceptions to this (see Lossless JPEG Operations - Rotate, Mirror, Crop).
The images below illustrate the effect of repeated JPEG re-compression at various Quality settings. The "Difference" pane shows the difference between an original JPEG image and after multiple re-compressions at various quality settings. Brighter areas are more different - note that the difference values are scaled in order to be visible with typical monitor settings.
Effect of Repeated JPEG Compression at Various Quality Settings
|Click to see the results of repeated JPEG compression:|
|Number of Re-Compressions: ||2 ||4 ||8 |
Although the image is visually very little different after multiple saves, the "Difference" pane shows accumulated loss with additional re-compressions. As with an initial compression operation, the loss is concentrated around edges, and predominantly effects blues. The accumulated loss can be minimized by using the same quality/compression setting in subsequent saves.
Lossless JPEG Operations - Rotate, Mirror, Crop
Certain operations can be performed directly on JPEG images without requiring an additional lossy compression cycle. "Lossless JPEG Rotation" allows rotation of a JPEG image through 90, 180 or 270 degrees (useful for rotating digital photos taken in "portrait" mode, or for correcting the orientation of scans). Lossless cropping and mirroring is also possible with JPEG. For more details see Lossless JPEG Rotation
JPEG Metadata - EXIF & IPTC Info and Color Profiles
The JPEG format can store extra information ("metadata") as well as the image itself. Common examples of this are EXIF Info, IPTC Info, and embedded color profiles.
Note that many applications do not preserve JPEG metadata when editing or saving an image, so care should be taken to avoid losing this information accidentally.
EXIF info is stored in JPEG files by most digital cameras. It contains info such as date & time picture taken, exposure & camera settings and often a thumbnail image.
IPTC info can include a description, comments, copyright info, keywords etc. It is commonly used in press and news photography, photo libraries and archives etc.
- Color Profiles contain information to accurately reproduce colors.
There are also situations where it may be desirable not to include the metadata in an image. For example, when generating a thumbnail image for web use the EXIF info could add significantly to the file size, particularly if an EXIF thumbnail is included (which end-users would typically never see).
In DBPix you can control whether metadata is retained or removed during JPEG encoding by setting the "ImageKeepMetadata" property. By default DBPix will always preserve metadata wherever possible. Note that some operations do not support the retention of metadata, such as copying and pasting via the clipboard (which uses raw bitmaps that can't contain metadata).
Progressive JPEG Encoding
In contrast to "Baseline" JPEG encoding, "Progressive" encoding allows an initial low-quality version of an image to be displayed before the image has been completely received or decoded, rather like "Interlaced" GIF or PNG images. This is primarily of interest when images are being retrieved over lower-speed communication links, such as the World Wide Web. Note that some applications, such as the current version of Internet Explorer (at the time of writing), will not render the progressive steps of an image, just the final full quality version once the full image data has been received and decoded.
Note that when the image data is retrieved over a high-speed link (e.g. from a local disk file or database, or over a fast LAN connection) then displaying the additional low-quality versions can actually increase the overall time and CPU load of displaying the final image. For this reason DBPix does not display the progressive preview steps. However, DBPix can be used create progressively encoded JPEGs, e.g. for use on the web.
In DBPix you can control whether Progressive or Baseline (sequential) encoding is used during JPEG compression by setting the "JPEGEncoding" property.
Suitable Images for JPEG Compression
JPEG can be used with color and grayscale images. Color images generally achieve higher compression ratios than similar grayscale images.
JPEG gives best results with images such as digital & scanned photos with continuous tone variation, where the visible effects of JPEG compression are much less noticeable. Consequently higher compression ratios can be achieved with acceptable image quality.
JPEG performs less well with images such as computer generated artwork, and other graphics with large areas of solid color, where the visible effects of JPEG compression are more noticeable to the eye, even at higher JPEG Quality settings.
JPEG can be a good option for the archiving of original images, and for the storage of final/working images, particularly when handling bulk images, for example in database applications.
When working with JPEG images it is important to avoid repeatedly saving an image in JPEG format, which could lead to an accumulation of loss/error ("generational loss") and a corresponding degradation of image quality.
Image processing workflows should be designed to keep original copies of source images (in the original format), and generate JPEG output only at the final stage, using a lossless format for intermediate storage if required.
Care should be taken to preserve metadata where relevant (e.g. "master" images, photo archives), and remove it where not required (e.g. "working" thumbnails).
JPEG should only be used with suitable images, e.g. photos. It is not suitable for computer generated artwork with areas of solid color. Since JPEG is always lossy it may not be suitable for some applications, e.g. critical images used for medical diagnosis. |
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When an inmate is sent to solitary confinement, they are cut off from the world. Meals are slid through a slot in a solid steel door, and they might not see the outdoors for months or years on end. The only window to the outside world is a small peephole, trapping the inmate further inside their own mind.
Out of the two million who are incarcerated in the US today, at least 80,000 are held in rooms like this one. It can be hard to imagine spending 22 to 24 hours a day without human contact or sunlight, but a new VR project by The Guardian offers us a glimpse.
Called "6x9," the project by journalists Francesca Panetta and Lindsay Poulton gives a 360-degree view of a cell in solitary. You can experience it through the Guardian app, VR goggles, Google Cardboard, or watching the video below: |
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Trying to understand an art tradition through Halloween can be a difficult topic to research and write about. What Halloween stood for and what it has transformed into, chart a unique and meandering path.
I talked with three individuals, each from different parts of the world, in order to understand how the celebration is interpreted in their culture and how it influences art.
But first, a history lesson on Halloween. Halloween is actually the first of a three-day annual tradition, known as Allhallowtide. Halloween or All Hallowâs Eve, takes place on
Oct. 31, and was a Christian or Pagan practice to mock the power of death through humour.
And this is where much of the artistic symbolism can be found. Our contemporary celebrations around Halloween typically have ghosts, skeletons, cemeteries, and other ghoulish delights. But in dressing up in these costumes, we are also participating in the subversion of what these symbols commonly stand for.
Skyla Wayrynen, managing director for the Vancouver Visual Arts Foundation (VVAF), grew up in the Vancouver area. Her Halloween experience mirrors that of many in Canada and the United States, where the dominant view of the celebration comes from today.
âItâs more tradition as opposed to religion, something thatâs transformed over the years,â Wayrynen says. âBut itâs still, at least in North America, itâs still a significant holiday.â
She says most people no longer know about the religious roots of the day. Costumes are no longer chosen to ridicule death, but are instead chosen to be fun.
Maybe as a holiday, it has lost its religious background, but it is still something that is
meant to be communally enjoyed. And this idea of bringing people together for Halloween influences the art traditions we see come out of it. These traditions are then passed down through the generations as a way to keep family together and not for a religious purpose.
This is important to Wayrynen, and it is still significant in her memories associated with the day.
âWe both [Wayrynen and her mom] had matching, homemade dresses. And thatâs something that I will keep my whole life, and maybe if it fits me and my kid when Iâm older, then Iâll probably reuse it,â she says.
âIt just makes me think of Halloween,â she adds.
But in other cultures, Halloween is viewed quite differently.
Viviann Daza grew up in Colombia and says as a child, there were no Halloween celebrations.
âThere is still the belief that Halloween comes from the Devil,â Daza says. âSome people believe very strongly in that.â
But this perspective has been transformed by the importation of North American culture.
âThe newer generation is starting to get this North American tradition,â she says. âTheyâre changing their values. They say, âThis is nothing. Itâs just wearing costumes.ââ
Daza says the artistic tradition of wearing costumes to ward off death is recognized, but people are just as likely to wear one of a âDisney princessâ as they would one of a |
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Ouranosaurus nigeriensis is a 7 m-long (23 ft.) iguanodont dinosaur. It was discovered in 1973, in 110 million-year-old Early Cretaceous deposits in the Saharan wastes of Niger. This African cousin of the European dinosaur Iguanodon was described in 1976 by French palaeontologist Philippe Taquet.
The name Ouranosaurus effectively means "brave lizard". It is derived from the Tuareg word ourane, a name given by these nomadic people of the Sahara to the modern sand monitor lizard. The rest of its name, nigeriensis, is in reference to the country in which it was found. It is the only species in its genus.
One notable feature of this dinosaur is the tall, narrow, fin-like crest along its back. It is thought that this fin radiated excess body heat during the midday and absorbed heat when the sun was low.
Ouranosaurus is a close relativeâan ancestorâof the later duckbill dinosaurs. Duck-bills evolved in the Late Cretaceous Period. The overall appearance of some duck-billed skulls is reminiscent of the skull of Ouranosaurus, which was unusual for its time.
Ouranosaurus nigeriensis was a herbivore. It is estimated to have weighed from 1 to 2 t (1.1 to 2.2 tn.). It lived in flood-plain forests of tree ferns and primitive conifersâa habitat vastly different from that of the Sahara today. Gigantic, archaic crocodiles also lived in the area and may have preyed upon Ouranosaurus. |
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Artillery is dangerous because it is hard to find, hard to destroy, and has the ability to very quickly attack targets via indirect fire. Importance and difficulty of finding the enemy artillery was noticed early in World War I; French were the first to try to locate the enemy artillery, by locating the gun flash produced when firing. This was hard to do if the artillery was far away (reflections had to be used) and unreliable. This it was quickly replaced by sound detection techniques, which were also adapted by British and German militaries as well.
The basis of this technique is a row of 6-7 microphones in a 12 kilometre line. Since the sound spreads in the circles, microphones all detect the sound of a gun at different times, which allows calculating location of the origin of the sound. Original system was based on ordinary stopwatch and telephone cable or radio link, but it worked very well. Similar, but automated, system is in use today. Such system has major advantages in that it is low-cost and completely passive, making it very hard to find and destroy. However, it also has numerous disadvantages. Atmospheric state determination is crucial for its correct operation. The refractive index of air has to be found along the entire sound path, and wind affects systemâs performance. Up until the appearance of GPS, setting up the system was also very difficult. Due to these and other issues, it is an inherently defensive technique, difficult to use in rapid movement (albeit it is possible to have two teams of âsoundersâ alternately set up the line ahead of each other).
Fixing these problems began in World War II through utilization of a then-new sensor â radar â for the role. First proof of concept was during Anzio landings, where radar operators completely accidentally detected shells fired by ships providing fire support. Germans noticed it as well, so both sides began a work on putting it into practice, albeit unsuccessfully. In mid 1944 British and Canadian army radar batteries were formed in NW Europe, primarily in a counter-mortar role. But it was only after the end of the war that United States and Great Britain started serious development. First practical radar appeared in 1950.; it was the US radar MPQ-10, designed for detecting mortars. Between 1951. and 1954., the US Army received 485 radars of that type. It worked in frequencies of 2.740 â 2.980 MHz, allowing good resolution along with small dimensions of the antenna. It was quickly followed by General Electricâs MPQ-4A using the 16 GHz (16.000 MHz) frequency, which was widely used in the Vietnam War. Higher frequency limited its range, but that compromise was acceptable for the purpose.
British Royal Radar Establishment also undertook research of counter-battery radars. At first, efforts were focused on the development of Blue Diamond anti-mortar radars, to be continued with Green Archer radar from mid-1950s, which was more or less identical in performance to MPQ-4A. After that, development stagnated until British Army requested a lighter and simpler-to-use radar with the ability to detect 81 mm mortars up to 10 km with error no larger than 40 m, and 120 mm mortars up to 12 km distance with same error parameters. Result of the request was CYMBELINE by Thorn EMI, which actually improved upon the required characteristics. It has vertical scan page width of 720 milliradians, and can determine the location of a mortar upon two intercepts of the mine. Effectiveness against cannon and howitzer fire is far lesser due to significantly higher velocities and flatter projectile path.
United States had similar requirement, but they decided to use a phase radar. After eight years of development, the result was the TPQ-36/37 system, where TPQ-36 was optimized against short-range weapons and TPQ-37 against long-range artillery. Typical unit has three TPQ-36 in the front and two TPQ-37 in the rear. It includes electronically scanned array, which results in good ability of rejecting false signals as well as simultaneous tracking of multiple targets along with path extrapolation, and covers 90* azimuth. Step-scan when combined with stable coherent transmitter allows good clutter rejection. Due to quick scanning ability, the possibility of missed detection is significantly reduced. However, large antenna presents a very vulnerable target, easily damaged even by small fragments, despite the kevlar armoring present. Also, as the requirements of detecting small, fast projectiles â especially in a cluttered / jammed environment â require high emission power, counterbattery radars are relatively easy to discover.
In 1986., France, Germany and UK agreed on a list of requirements for new counterbattery radar. The result of that was COBRA AESA system, while at the same time Norway and Sweden developmed a smaller, more mobile ARTHUR system. COBRA is a mobile long-range system with a detection range of 40 km and coverage of 1.600 km2. It is capable of locating and classifying up to 40 batteries in two minutes.
Radar is typically attached to an artillery battery or their support groups, and can also be used for correcting batteryâs own fire. Basic technique is tracking a projectile for a sufficient time to record a portion of the trajectory; this can be either a continuous track or a composition of several individual interceptions. In the latter case, by measuring azimuth and distance of a projectile, flight path and its origin are calculated. Once a trajectory segment is captured it can then be processed to determine its point of origin on the ground by overlaying extrapolated trajectory with digital 3-D maps of the terrain.
One very basic problem is locating projectile in the first place. Modern AESA radars can cover a wide area, but with conventional radars (especially early manually-operated ones), acoustic detection was used to point radar in the right direction. Once located, the radar tracks it; due to small sizes involved, radars are typically of higher frequencies than usual, operating in C, S and Ku bands (though X band is also common).
More modern systems can detect howitzer shells at 30 km and rockets/morar shells at 50 km. They also use INS and GPS for precise determination of radarâs own coordinates, necessary to accurately determine targetâs location, and can use datalinks to pass data for counterbattery fire. This allows quick counterbattery fire as soon as the point of origin of projectiles has been determined.
This has forced the artillery to switch away from its stationary tactcs, increasing the importance of mobile artillery systems. These systems practice what is known as âshoot-and scootâ tactics, where artillery must be able to rapidly engage the enemy, switch to new firing position and reengage the enemy. This allows them to avoid counterbattery fire, which takes about two minutes to hit back, and even that only if everything works perfectly (15 s to detect and calculate origin of the rounds, 2 s to send call of fire, 13-15 s to calculate return fire, 15 s to open fire and 15 s for projectiles to reach the targets). If the artillery pieces are towed and not ready, it can take 10-12 minutes for them to return fire (15 s to detect and calculate origin of the rounds, 2 s to send call of fire, 13-15 s to calculate return fire, 7 min to hook off the guns and get the battery ready, 3 min for the first gun to fire) â times recorded by the_shadow. That being said, towed artillery is difficult to physically destroy, so it can still be effective, assuming that adequate cover for crews and ammunition is available.
Counterbattery radars are also important in naval application, as landing forces require from a shipboard system to fill the gap between landings and the operational capability of the radars brought ashore. This can be done through either provision of dedicated shipboard systems, or sparing some resources from multipurpose AESA arrays already installed on ships.
Another application where counterbattery radars are increasing in importance is defense against unmanned aerial systems. AN/TPQ-53 has proved itself capable of tracking and identifying multiple drones while at the same time tracking incoming ordnance.
Hrvatski Vojnik, Broj 81, 13. SijeÄnja 1995., ISSN 1330-500X (Croatian Soldier, No.81, 13. January 1995., ISSN 1330-500X) |
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